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Crime Stories: Khoj Apradhi Ki

2026-05-02T14:34:48Z

FredricKeeton9: Added new info

{{Short description|Indian crime series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khoj Apradhi Ki.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Crime
| creator =
| writer = Shubham Sharma
| director = R. Amit Kumar Jha
| starring = K. C. Shankar
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 30
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 14 minutes
| company = Keylight Productions
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|13}}
}}

'''''Crime Stories: Khoj Apradhi Ki''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] interactive [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] series started on the video streaming platform [[Flipkart Video]] from 13 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flipkart Video launches Crime Stories|url=https://www.adgully.com/flipkart-video-launches-crime-stories-101791.html|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.adgully.com|date=12 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is produced under the banner of Keylight Productions, directed by R. Amit Kumar Jha, and written by [[Shubham Sharma (writer)|Shubham Sharma]], who has written for numerous shows like Abhay and [[TVF Pitchers]]. The series is a [[Flipkart Video]] original that revolves around crime cases inspired by true events and allows viewers to be part of the interrogation in each episode by asking them questions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Crime Stories - Khoj Apradhi Ki: Join Inspector Vikrant In the Latest Flipkart Video Originals|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-crime-stories-khoj-apradhi-ki-join-inspector-vikrant-in-the-latest-flipkart-video-originals-2880801|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-13|website=[[Zee News|DNA]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313073048/https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-crime-stories-khoj-apradhi-ki-join-inspector-vikrant-in-the-latest-flipkart-video-originals-2880801 |archive-date=2021-03-13 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=इंटरैक्टिव शो 'क्राइम स्टोरीज़' की टीम के साथ, अपराधियों को पकड़ें रंगे हाथ|url=https://www.aajtak.in/impact-feature/story/catch-the-criminals-red-handed-with-the-super-cops-of-flipkarts-new-interactive-crime-show-1221486-2021-03-13|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Aaj Tak|date=13 March 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Season 1 consists of 30 short episodes in total, with each episode showcasing a story based on a real incident or crime from across the various parts of India. The episodes are 12–14 minutes in length. The plot rotates around the suspects showing their own probable motive for the crime committed or connected to the victim, making it more challenging to home in on the killer. K. C. Shankar, who appeared in a number of Bollywood films including [[Dil Dhadakne Do]] and [[Mardaani 2]], plays Inspector Vikrant Singh and knows how to make the culprit own up. In the episodes, Inspector Vikrant Singh rounds the prime suspects in the interrogation room while he and sub-Inspector Samar Pratap look into the cases and uses an unconventional method to identify the real killer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Khoj Apradhi Ki: An interactive whodunit where you can guess the killer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/khoj-apradhi-ki-an-interactive-whodunit-where-you-can-guess-the-killer-7225271/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=रोमांच से भरा है Flipkart वीडियो का यह अनोखा क्राइम शो, देखने वाले यूजर्स भी इसमें ले सकते हैं हिस्सा|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-flipkart-video-has-come-with-new-crime-thriller-show-users-has-part-of-it-21458306.html|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* K. C. Shankar as Inspector Vikrant Singh<ref name=":3" />
* Samar Pratap as sub-Inspector

== Production ==
[[Flipkart Video|Flipkart Video Original]] announced the show's release date as 13 March 2021 along with an eerie teaser on its official [[YouTube]] channel on 4 March 2021. A first look poster of the series was subsequently released on [[Twitter]] on 6 March 2021. This was followed by a one-minute trailer on 8 March 2021.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=14202548}}

[[Category:Crime web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]

Second Saadulah ministry

2026-05-02T12:06:10Z

FredricKeeton9: Made info.

{{Short description|1939 cabinet in the Indian province of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 17 November 1939
| date_dissolved = 24 December 1941
| government_head = [[Muhammed Saadulah]]
| state_head = [[Robert Reid (civil servant)|Robert Reid]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Prime Minister
| political_parties = *'''[[Assam Valley Party]]'''
*'''[[All-India Muslim League]]'''
| predecessor = [[First Bordoloi ministry (Assam Province)|Bordoloi I]]
| successor = [[Governor's Rule]]
| image = Syed Saadulla.jpg
}}

The '''Second Saadulah provincial government''' was the Cabinet of [[Assam Province]] headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam|Prime Minister of Assam]] [[Muhammed Saadulah]] from 1939 to 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saadulah government |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref>

== History ==
Following the resignation of the [[First Bordoloi provincial government|Bordoloi government]], [[Muhammed Saadulah]] formed a coalition government. The previous government had resigned in objection to the [[World War II|Second World War]], but Saadulah was a support of the British.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Amlan |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Assam_State_Gazetteer/xy5uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Assam State Gazetteer |last2=Choudhury |first2=S. B. Roy |date=1999 |publisher=Editor-in-Chief, District Gazetteers, Government of Assam |language=en}}</ref>

In December 1941, Congress leaders including Bordoloi were released from prison and became determined to remove Saadulah from his position.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Saigal |first=Sima |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Second_World_War_and_North_East_Indi/vYNlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Second World War and North East India: Shadows of Yesteryears |date=2022-04-11 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-56363-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In protest against a government circular for the participation of students in a War Fund Exhibition,<ref name=":0" /> around 2500 students<ref name=":1" /> of Cotton College staged a protest at Guwahati Judge Field on 6 December. Police attacked students with a ''[[Baton charge|lathi]]'' charge.<ref name=":0" /> Numerous schools and colleges were on three-day sympathy strikes in Assam, as well as in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=":1" /> Education Minister [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri]] resigned on 9 December<ref name=":1" /> in protest against the police action.<ref name=":0" />

Before his resignation, Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri had entered into a secret pact with Bordoloi in which Congress would support Chaudhuri in a forming a stable government but would be neutral in matters related to the war effort. Another condition in the agreement was that the executive officers responsible for the ''lathi'' charge would be suspended. [[Assam Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Assam Pradesh Congress Committee]] Muhammad Tayabulla opposed Bordoloi in this agreement, having voiced his disapproval of Chaudhuri's association with the War front, but Bordoloi persisted.<ref name=":1" />

On 9 December, the same day as Chaudhuri's resignation, five independent members (allied to Congress) tabled motions of no-confidence against the Saadulah government, and three of the motions were moved. Saadulah was determined to continue on, but with more legislators leaving him, he was left with no option but to resign.<ref name=":1" /> Saadulah announced the resignation of his cabinet on 12 December.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Documents_on_North_East_India_Assam_1936/LxqMU0dv2O4C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Documents on North-East India: Assam (1936-1957) |date=2006 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-090-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Governor [[Robert Reid (civil servant)|Robert Reid]] met Bordoloi on 18 December<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. Venkata |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Century_of_Government_and_Politics_in/wm9DAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Rohini%20Kumar%20Chaudhuri%20governor%20war |title=A Century of Government and Politics in North East India, 1874-1980: Assam |last2=Hazarika |first2=Niru |date=1983 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref> and asked him to form a government, but Bordoloi stated that he was unable to do so and voiced his support for Chaudhuri,<ref name=":1" /> and Bordoloi also made it clear that his support for the war would be limited".<ref name=":2" /> Reid was not supportive of this suggestion; he later had a discussion with Chaudhuri which made it "indisputably clear" to him that a ministry reliant on the support of Congress would be unstable, most prominently when a matter of war was concerned.<ref name=":2" />

Reid instead contemplated reinstalling Saadulah but Saadulah was unable to command a majority. He also explored forming an "all-party" government whose focus would be for the purpose of and during the war, but was unsuccessful.<ref name=":2" /> Consequently, with Reid having explored numerous other possibilities, Governor's rule was declared on 25 December.<ref name=":1" />

Chauduri felt that he could have formed his ministry, but it would have relied on the support of Congress. Both Reid and his successor [[Andrew Clow]] refused to accept a ministry which would have been formed on its support from a party which did not support the war effort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Vapal Pangunni |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Transfer_of_Power_in_India/gk3WCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Transfer of Power in India |date=2015-12-08 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7937-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers (1941) ==

=== Cabinet ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
|-
|[[Muhammed Saadulah]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Indian_Information_Series/8ThQAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Indian Information Series |date=1941 |publisher=Bureau of the public information of the government of India. |language=en}}</ref>
Prime Minister
|
* Home
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|[[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri]]
|
* Education
* Prisons
|-
|[[Munawwar Ali]]
|
* Agriculture
* Veterinary
|-
|Hirendra Chandra Chakravarty
|
* Medical
* Public health
|-
|Muddabbir Hussain Chaudhuri
|
* Judicial
* Local self-government
|-
|Mahendra Nath Saikia
|
* Excise
|-
|[[Abdul Matin Chaudhury]]
|
* Public Works
* Labour
|-
|Sayidur Rahman
|
* Finance
* Revenue
* Legislation
|-
|Mavis Dunn
|
* Registration
* Industries
* Cooperative
|-
|[[Rupnath Brahma]]
|
* Forest
|}

=== Parliamentary secretaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
|-
|B.K.J. Sarwan
|
* Labour
|-
|Benjamin Ch. Momin
|
* Hills tribal
|-
|Kalachand Roy
|
* Scheduled caste
|-
|Dhirsing Deuri
|
* Plains tribal
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Assam ministries]]

Bala Devi Ngangom

2026-04-30T02:31:30Z

FredricKeeton9: Made New Biography

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1990)}}
{{Western name order|Ngangom Bala Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Bala Devi
| image = Ngangom Bala interview.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Ngangom Bala Devi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Irengbam, [[Bishnupur district]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = 
| currentclub = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
| clubnumber = 10
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2015
| clubs1 = [[New Radiant W.S.C.|New Radiant]]
| caps1 = 7
| goals1 = 25
| years2 = 2016–2017
| clubs2 = [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2017
| clubs3 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps3 = 3
| goals3 = 4
| years4 = 2017–2018
| clubs4 = [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
| caps4 = 7
| goals4 = 12
| years5 = 2018–2019
| clubs5 = [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
| caps5 = 7
| goals5 = 26
| years6 = 2020–2021
| clubs6 = [[Rangers W.F.C.|Rangers]]
| caps6 = 9
| goals6 = 2
| years7 = 2022
| clubs7 = [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| years8 = 2023
| clubs8 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps8 = 8
| goals8 = 6
| years9 = 2023–2024
| clubs9 = [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| years10 = 2024–
| clubs10 = [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
| caps10 =
| goals10 =
| nationalyears1 = 2005
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 5
| nationalyears2 = 2006–2007
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps2 = 8
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| nationalyears3 = 2005–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 58
| nationalgoals3 = 48
| club-update = 1 October 2021
| ntupdate = 27 October 2024
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{fbw|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition |[[SAFF Women's Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010 Bangladesh]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014 Pakistan]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2016 SAFF Women's Championship|2016 India]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Bangladesh]]|[[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 India]]|[[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Nepal]]|[[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
}}
{{Meitei name|Ngangom|Bala|Devi}}
'''Bala Devi Ngangom''' ({{langx|mni|Ngangom Bala Devi}}, born 2 February 1990) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Born in Irengbam village, [[Bishnupur district]] in [[Manipur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Journey of football star Ngangom Bala Devi — from European club to inspector in Manipur Police|url=https://theprint.in/india/journey-of-football-star-ngangom-bala-devi-from-european-club-to-inspector-in-manipur-police/1327773/|work=The Print|date=22 January 2023}}</ref> Bala Devi grew up playing the game with mainly boys.<ref name=IFP>{{cite news|last1=Yen|first1=Samarjit|title=AIFF's Footballer of the year: Ng Bala Devi|url=http://ifp.co.in/page/items/24749/aiffs-footballer-of-the-year-ng-bala-devi|access-date=15 March 2015|work=IFP.co.in|date=3 January 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143923/http://ifp.co.in/page/items/24749/aiffs-footballer-of-the-year-ng-bala-devi|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was a part of the Manipur U-19 team that took part in the Under-19 Women's Championship in Assam in 2002. After the tournament she was declared the best player of the tournament.<ref name=IFP/> She was awarded the same title the next year in 2003.<ref name=IFP/> She also earned top-scorer awards at the under-17 level for her state.<ref name=IFP/> Eventually, Devi went on to represent the Manipur Senior Women's Football Team in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} She was very influential in her state, winning the women's football championship in 2014, scoring a brace as [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] defeated [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]] in the final 3–1.<ref name=Manipur2014>{{cite news|title=It's title No. 17 for Manipur women|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/its-title-no-17-for-manipur-women/article6002275.ece|access-date=15 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=13 May 2014|archive-date=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619235227/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/its-title-no-17-for-manipur-women/article6002275.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This was Manipur's first championship since 2010 and their 17th overall. While playing with Manipur, Devi was teammates with [[India women's national football team|India]] captain and AIFF Women's Player of Year, [[Oinam Bembem Devi]].<ref name=Manipur2014/> She finished the tournament scoring 29 goals in seven matches.<ref name=IFP/>

During the [[2015 National Games of India]], Devi represented her state as they won the gold medal. She scored the equalizer in the final against Odisha to make it 1–1 at the [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]. The team went on to win the match 4–2 on penalties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manipur clinch 4 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze medals Manipur ranked at 7th position on the 10th day|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..110215.feb15|access-date=15 March 2015|work=E-Pao|date=10 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122540/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..110215.feb15|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Devi signed a contract with [[New Radiant W.S.C.|New Radiant WSC]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|title=Bala Devi who earlier played in Maldives for New Radiant sports club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bala-devi-1st-indian-woman-footballer-to-bag-contract-with-foreign-club/articleshow/73753669.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 January 2020|access-date=23 May 2021|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523020907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bala-devi-1st-indian-woman-footballer-to-bag-contract-with-foreign-club/articleshow/73753669.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> of Maldives in the [[FAM Women's Football Championship]] alongside players [[Oinam Bembem Devi]] and [[Lako Phuti Bhutia]].

She played inaugural season of [[Indian Women's League]] 2016–17 with [[Manipur Police Sports Club]] in qualifying round and in Final Round played with [[Eastern Sporting Union]]. In [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18 IWL 2nd season]] she joined [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]] and in [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19 IWL 3rd season]] she re-joined [[Manipur Police Sports Club]].

In January 2020, Devi signed a professional contract of 18 months with [[Scottish Women's Premier League]] club [[Rangers W.F.C.|Rangers]], making her one of the few Indian women to become a professional footballer abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rangers Sign Indian International Bala Devi |url=https://rangers.co.uk/news/women/rangers-sign-indian-international-bala-devi/ |website=Rangers Football Club |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512200818/https://rangers.co.uk/news/women/rangers-sign-indian-international-bala-devi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/959905/an-indian-footballer-in-europe-before-bala-devi-there-was-sujata-kar-and-a-huge-lost-opportunity|title=An Indian footballer in Europe: Before Bala Devi, there was Sujata Kar and a huge lost opportunity|website=scroll.in|publisher=Scroll|date=27 April 2020|access-date=23 August 2022|first=Abhijeet|last=Kulkarni|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502082048/https://scroll.in/field/959905/an-indian-footballer-in-europe-before-bala-devi-there-was-sujata-kar-and-a-huge-lost-opportunity|archive-date=2 May 2021}}</ref> On 6 December 2020, she became the first Indian woman to score in a professional football league in Europe by netting for the [[Rangers W.F.C.|Rangers]], as they won against [[Motherwell F.C. Women|Motherwell]] by 9–0.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bala Devi becomes first Indian woman footballer to score in Europe |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/bala-devi-rangers-motherwell-scottish-league/18wghizlk35218w1utmuhb7s4 |website=Goal.com |date=6 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208143729/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/bala-devi-rangers-motherwell-scottish-league/18wghizlk35218w1utmuhb7s4 |url-status=live }}</ref> An ankle injury ruled her out for the rest of the matches and she later parted ways with the club.

In December 2022, Devi moved to Spain along with [[Elangbam Panthoi Chanu]], and underwent training cum trial stint at Spanish [[Segunda Federación (women)|Segunda Federación]] club [[Málaga CF Femenino|Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bala-sets-sights-on-spains-top-division/articleshow/96719645.cms|title=Bala sets sights on Spain's top division|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|location=Panaji|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|date=4 January 2023|access-date=4 January 2023|agency=TNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103185128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bala-sets-sights-on-spains-top-division/articleshow/96719645.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=3 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, she signed with [[Indian Women's League]] debutant [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha WFC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IWL: Tough battle awaits for debutants Churchill Brothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-tough-battle-awaits-debutants-churchill-bros/articleshow/99714198.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |location=Goa |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424053654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-tough-battle-awaits-debutants-churchill-bros/articleshow/99714198.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International career==
Devi's first tournament with the national team was at the [[India women's national under-17 football team|under-17]] level in 2005.<ref name=IFP/> She has represented [[India women's national football team|India]] at the senior level since 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Football Squad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050614/sports.htm#11 |website=Tribune India |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002160236/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050614/sports.htm#11 |url-status=live }}</ref> She also represented the [[India women's national under-19 football team|India women's under-19]] side in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bala Devi Ready for 2018 Asian Women's Championships qualifiers | url = http://www.the-afc.com/womens-asian-cup-2018/sky%E2%80%99s-the-limit-for-india%E2%80%99s-bala-devi | access-date = 2 April 2017 | archive-date = 2 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165833/http://www.the-afc.com/womens-asian-cup-2018/sky%E2%80%99s-the-limit-for-india%E2%80%99s-bala-devi | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian soccer eves to face Kyrgyzstan|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060305/sports.htm#9|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Tribune India|date=4 March 2006|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222012849/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060305/sports.htm#9|url-status=live}}</ref> She was a part of the India team that took part in the [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|first women's SAFF Championship]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Team India announced for Women's SAFF Cup|url=http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2010/12/team-india-announced-for-womens-saff.html|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Arunfoot|date=9 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702213948/http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2010/12/team-india-announced-for-womens-saff.html|archive-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> On 13 December 2010 she scored five goals in India's opening match of the tournament against [[Bhutan women's national football team|Bhutan]] as India won 18–0.<ref>{{cite news|title=Women's SAFF Cup: India hammer Bhutan|url=http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2010/12/womens-saff-cup-india-hammer-bhutan.html|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Arunfoot|date=14 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402214856/http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2010/12/womens-saff-cup-india-hammer-bhutan.html|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> India went on to win the tournament, defeating [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] 1–0.<ref>{{cite news|title=India edge Nepal to win SAFF Women's Championship|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593101/india-edge-nepal-to-win-inaugural-saff-womens-championship|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Dawn|date=23 December 2010|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132411/http://www.dawn.com/news/593101/india-edge-nepal-to-win-inaugural-saff-womens-championship|url-status=live}}</ref>
She scored total 8 goals in 5 matches.

Despite being a part of the 2010 winning team, Devi was not included in the India squad that won the tournament again in [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madaan|first1=Sachin|title=Indian Football: Its The Ladies Time To Shine Now As SAFF Women's Championship 2012 Gets Underway|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-its-the-ladies-time-to-shine-now-as-saff-women%E2%80%99s-championship-2012-gets-underway/|access-date=15 March 2015|work=The Hard Tackle|date=8 September 2012|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131828/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-its-the-ladies-time-to-shine-now-as-saff-women%E2%80%99s-championship-2012-gets-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> She did return to the team for the [[2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup]] qualifiers in May 2013 but India failed to qualify.<ref>{{cite news|title=India squad announced for Women's Asian Cup qualifiers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/India-squad-announced-for-Womens-Asian-Cup-qualifiers/articleshow/20015471.cms|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Times of India|date=12 May 2013|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402084638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/India-squad-announced-for-Womens-Asian-Cup-qualifiers/articleshow/20015471.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 October 2014, it was announced that Devi was selected into the India squad that was to participate in the [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship]], her first SAFF Championship since 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=22-member Squad announced for SAFF Women's Championship|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6028|access-date=15 March 2015|work=The All India Football Federation|date=27 October 2014|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228091533/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6028|url-status=live}}</ref> She started the tournament in fantastic form as she scored four goals in the opening match against [[Maldives women's national football team|Maldives]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jabbar Faisal|first1=Abdul|title=India crush Maldives 8-0, Bangladesh outplay Afghanistan 6-1|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/sport/14-Nov-2014/india-crush-maldives-8-0-bangladesh-outplay-afghanistan-6-1|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Daily Times|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Her form continued into the next match against [[Bangladesh women's national football team|Bangladesh]] as she scored a brace in a 5–1 victory for India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian eves thrash Bangladesh 5-1 SAFF Football Championship|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Indian-eves-thrash-Bangladesh-5-1-SAFF-Football-Championship/articleshow/45160760.cms|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Times of India|date=15 November 2014|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904124244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Indian-eves-thrash-Bangladesh-5-1-SAFF-Football-Championship/articleshow/45160760.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngangom India rout Bangladesh 5-1 |url=http://nation.com.pk/sports/16-Nov-2014/india-rout-bangladesh-5-1 |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]] |author=Mohsin Ali |date=16 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |archive-date=19 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119143350/http://nation.com.pk/sports/16-Nov-2014/india-rout-bangladesh-5-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Devi then scored five more goals in the final group stage match against [[Afghanistan women's national football team|Afghanistan]] on 17 November.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ngangom sparkles in India's 12-0 rout over Afghans |url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_Ngangom-sparkles-in-Indias-12-0-rout-over-Afghans_2_51990_Sports-News.aspx |publisher=Awaz.tv |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075313/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_Ngangom-sparkles-in-Indias-12-0-rout-over-Afghans_2_51990_Sports-News.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngangom sparkles in India's 12-0 rout over Afghans |url=http://nation.com.pk/sports/18-Nov-2014/ngangom-sparkles-in-india-s-12-0-rout-over-afghans |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]] |author=Mohsin Ali |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |archive-date=19 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119165919/http://nation.com.pk/sports/18-Nov-2014/ngangom-sparkles-in-india-s-12-0-rout-over-afghans |url-status=live }}</ref> She finished the group stage with eleven goals from three matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=We are enjoying in Pakistan, says Indian footballer |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1145111 |publisher=[[Dawn.com]] |author=Kashif Abbasi |date=18 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |archive-date=23 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123083203/http://www.dawn.com/news/1145111 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the semi-final against [[Sri Lanka women's national football team|Sri Lanka]] Devi scored only once in a 5–0 thrashing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abbasi|first1=Kashif|title=Indian women close in on hat-trick of SAFF crowns|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1145551|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Dawn|date=20 November 2014|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181027/http://www.dawn.com/news/1145551|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in the final, Devi managed to find the net four times as India defeated Nepal 6–0 to claim their third straight SAFF Championship crown.<ref>{{cite news|title=India women thrash Nepal 6-0 to win SAFF football championship|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/India-women-thrash-Nepal-6-0-to-win-SAFF-football-championship/articleshow/45231921.cms|access-date=15 March 2015|work=Times of India|date=21 November 2014|archive-date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125083027/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/India-women-thrash-Nepal-6-0-to-win-SAFF-football-championship/articleshow/45231921.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Breaking News: India Clinch 3rd SAFF Championship Beating Nepal |url=http://www.goalnepal.com/news.php?id=22451 |work=GoalNepal.com |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202225518/http://www.goalnepal.com/news.php?id=22451 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Devi finished the 2014 SAFF Championship with sixteen goals in only five matches. Due to her performance in the tournament, Devi was awarded the Women's Player of the Year award by the [[All India Football Federation]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
Also awarded in the next year 2015 Indian Women's Player of the Year. In [[2016 South Asian Games]] she scored 3 goals in 5 matches. She also captained [[India women's national football team]] in [[2016 SAFF Women's Championship]]. She also clinched the title first time as a captain.

==Personal life==
While a semi-professional footballer in India, Devi also worked as a policewoman for the [[Manipur Police]]. She was promoted to Inspector rank following her impressive performance in football for [[Rangers W.F.C.|Rangers]].<ref name=IFP/> She completed her education at the Oinam Thambal Marik College.<ref name=IFP/>

== International statistics ==
{{Updated|27 October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=18|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2007
|2
|1
|-
|2008
|0
|0
|-
|2009
|0
|0
|-
|2010
|5
|9
|-
|2011
|3
|3
|-
|2012
|0
|0
|-
|2013
|4
|0
|-
|2014
|8
|18
|-
|2015
|2
|0
|-
|2016
|6
|3
|-
|2017
|7
|1
|-
|2018
|4
|4
|-
|2019
|8
|7
|-
|2020
|0
|0
|-
|2021
|0
|0
|-
|2022
|0
|0
|-
|2023
|6
|0
|-
|2024
|3
|2
|-
! colspan=2|Total!!58!!48
|}

=== International goals ===
{{updated|27 October 2024}}
:''Score and results list India's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Bala Devi's goal.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Key
|-
! scope=row style="text-align:center" | {{double dagger|alt=Penalty}}
| Indicates goal was scored from a [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! scope="col" | Goal
! scope="col" | Cap
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Opponent
! scope="col" | Score
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Competition
! scope="col" class=unsortable| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope=row| 1.
| 1 || 20 October 2007 || [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]], [[Gurgaon]], India || {{fbw|IRI}} || align=center|2–1 || align=center| 3–1 || [[2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup 2008 Qualifiers Round 1 Inda vs Iran |url=https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/2426 |website=stats.the-afc.com |access-date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221201/https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/2426 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |date=20 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 2.
| rowspan=5| 3 || rowspan=5| 13 December 2010 || rowspan=9| [[Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium]], [[Cox's Bazar]], Bangladesh || rowspan=5| {{fbw|BHU}} || align=center|1–0 || rowspan=5 align=center| 18–0 || rowspan=9| [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship]] || rowspan=5| <ref>{{cite news |title=India maul Bhutan 18-0 in SAFF women's football |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7093092.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203102927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-maul-bhutan-18-0-in-saff-womens-football/articleshow/7093092.cms |archive-date=3 February 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 3.
| align=center|2–0
|-
! scope=row| 4.
| align=center|3–0
|-
! scope=row| 5.
| align=center|4–0
|-
! scope=row| 6.
| align=center|5–0
|-
! scope=row| 7.
| 4 || 15 December 2010 || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|1–0 || align=center| 7–0 || <ref>{{cite news |title=Indian women's rout Sri Lanka 7-0 in SAA Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indian-womens-rout-sri-lanka-7-0-in-saff-championship/articleshow/7105445.cms |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219011649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indian-womens-rout-sri-lanka-7-0-in-saff-championship/articleshow/7105445.cms |archive-date=19 December 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 8.
| rowspan=3| 6 || rowspan=3| 21 December 2010 ||rowspan=3|{{fbw|PAK}} || align=center|'''1'''–0 || rowspan=3 align=center| 8–0 || rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite news |title=India rout Pakistan 8-0, in SAFF Women's C'ships final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-rout-pakistan-8-0-in-saff-womens-cships-final/articleshow/7133955.cms |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914103133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-rout-pakistan-8-0-in-saff-womens-cships-final/articleshow/7133955.cms |archive-date=14 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 9.
| align=center|4–0
|-
! scope=row| 10.
| align=center|5–0
|-
! scope=row| 11.
| rowspan=3| 8 || rowspan=3| 18 March 2011 || rowspan=3| [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh || rowspan=3| {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|1–0 || rowspan=3 align=center| 3–0 || rowspan=3| [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Women's qualification|2012 Summer Olympics qualification]] || rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic qualifiers: India women footballers win opener |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/olympic-qualifiers-india-women-footballers-win-opener/20110319.htm |website=www.rediff.com |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126072234/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/olympic-qualifiers-india-women-footballers-win-opener/20110319.htm |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 12.
| align=center|2–0
|-
! scope=row| 13.
| align=center|3–0
|-
! scope=row| 14.
| rowspan=2| 15 || rowspan=2| 14 September 2014 || rowspan=2| [[Incheon Namdong Asiad Rugby Field|Namdong Asiad Rugby Field]], [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|3–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 15–0 || rowspan=2|[[Football at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|2014 Asian Games]] ||rowspan=2| <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women pump in 15 goals past Maldives |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-pump-in-15-goals-past-maldives |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404220615/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-pump-in-15-goals-past-maldives |archive-date=4 April 2023 |date=14 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 15.
| align=center|8–0
|-
! scope=row| 16.
| rowspan=4| 18 || rowspan=4| 13 November 2014 || rowspan=16| [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]], [[Islamabad]], Pakistan || rowspan=4| {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|1–0 || rowspan=4 align=center| 8–0 || rowspan=16| [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship]] || rowspan=4| <ref>{{cite web |title=Bala Devi scores four as India run riot |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bala-devi-scores-four-as-india-run-riot |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028200721/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bala-devi-scores-four-as-india-run-riot |archive-date=28 October 2024 |date=13 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 17.
| align=center|2–0
|-
! scope=row| 18.
| align=center|4–0
|-
! scope=row| 19.
| align=center|5–0
|-
! scope=row| 20.
| rowspan=2| 19 || rowspan=2| 15 November 2014 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|3–1 ‡|| rowspan=2 align=center| 5–1 || rowspan=2| <ref>{{cite news |title=Indian eves thrash Bangladesh 5-1 SAFF Football Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indian-eves-thrash-bangladesh-5-1-saff-football-championship/articleshow/45160760.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010141453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indian-eves-thrash-bangladesh-5-1-saff-football-championship/articleshow/45160760.cms |archive-date=10 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 21.
| align=center|5–1
|-
! scope=row| 22.
| rowspan=5|20 || rowspan=5| 17 November 2014 || rowspan=5| {{fbw|AFG}} || align=center|2–0 || rowspan=5 align=center| 12–0 || rowspan=5| <ref>{{cite web |title=India steamroll Afghans to cruise to the semifinals |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-steamroll-afghans-to-cruise-to-the-semifinals |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028193929/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-steamroll-afghans-to-cruise-to-the-semifinals |archive-date=28 October 2024 |date=17 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 23.
| align=center|4–0
|-
! scope=row| 24.
| align=center|6–0
|-
! scope=row| 25.
| align=center|7–0
|-
! scope=row| 26.
| align=center|11–0
|-
! scope=row| 27.
| 21 || 19 November 2014 || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|2–0 || align=center| 5–0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women rout Sri Lanka, breeze into final |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-rout-sri-lanka-breeze-into-final |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028193603/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-rout-sri-lanka-breeze-into-final |archive-date=28 October 2024 |date=19 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 28.
| rowspan=4| 22 || rowspan=4| 21 November 2014 || rowspan=4| {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|2–0 || rowspan=4 align=center| 6–0 || rowspan=4| <ref>{{cite web |title=Six star India retain SAFF Women's Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/six-star-india-retain-saff-womens-championship |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708021254/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/six-star-india-retain-saff-womens-championship |archive-date=8 July 2024 |date=21 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 29.
| align=center|3–0
|-
! scope=row| 30.
| align=center|5–0
|-
! scope=row| 31.
| align=center|6–0
|-
! scope=row| 32.
| rowspan=2| 27 || rowspan=2| 13 February 2016 || rowspan=3| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Shillong]], India || rowspan=2| {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|2–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 5–1 || rowspan=3| [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games - Women's tournament|2016 South Asian Games]] || rowspan=2| <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women romp into SAG Finals |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-romp-into-sag-finals |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209192124/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-romp-into-sag-finals |archive-date=9 December 2023 |date=13 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 33.
| align=center|5–1
|-
! scope=row| 34.
| 28 || 15 February 2016 || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|3–0 || align=center| 4–0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women win Gold in South Asian Games |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-win-gold-in-south-asian-games |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406131319/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-win-gold-in-south-asian-games |archive-date=6 April 2023 |date=15 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 35.
| 35 || 7 April 2017 || [[Kim Il-sung Stadium]], [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] || {{fbw|UZB}} || align=center|1–4 || align=center| 1–7 || [[2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup 2018 Qualifiers India vs Uzbekistan |url=https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/11111 |website=stats.the-afc.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031220/https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/11111 |archive-date=6 April 2023|date=7 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 36.
| rowspan=4| 40 || rowspan="4" |11 November 2018 || rowspan="4" |[[Thuwunna Stadium]], [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] || rowspan="4" |{{fbw|BAN}} || align="center" |2–0 || rowspan="4" align="center" |7–1 || rowspan="4" |[[2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament]] || rowspan=4| <ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Olympic Football Tournament Qualifying Round 1 India vs Bangladesh |url=https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/13740 |website=stats.the-afc.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405052217/https://stats.the-afc.com/match_report/13740 |archive-date=5 April 2023|date=11 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 37.
| align="center" |3–0
|-
! scope=row| 38.
| align="center" |5–0
|-
! scope=row| 39.
| align="center" |7–0
|-
! scope=row| 40.
| 42 || 29 August 2019 || Yakkasary Stadium, [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] || {{fbw|UZB}} || align=center|1–0 || align=center| 1–5 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women loose lead and match against Uzbekistan |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-lose-lead-and-match-against-uzbekistan |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927020733/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-lose-lead-and-match-against-uzbekistan |archive-date=27 September 2023 |date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 41.
| rowspan=2| 46 || rowspan=2| 3 December 2019 || rowspan=6| [[Pokhara Rangasala]], [[Pokhara]], [[Nepal]] || rowspan=2| {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|2–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 5–0 || rowspan=6| [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games - Women's tournament|2019 South Asian Games]] || rowspan=2| <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women begin SAG 2019 title defence with dominating victory |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-begin-sag-2019-title-defence-with-dominating-victory |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228220119/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-begin-sag-2019-title-defence-with-dominating-victory |archive-date=28 February 2024 |date=3 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 42.
| align=center|3–0
|-
! scope=row| 43.
| 47 || 5 December 2019 || {{fbw|SRI}} || align=center|6–0 || align=center| 6–0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=India women pump six past Sri Lanka in South Asian games |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-women-pump-six-past-sri-lanka-in-south-asian-games |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228222928/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-women-pump-six-past-sri-lanka-in-south-asian-games |archive-date=28 February 2024 |date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 44.
| 48 || 7 December 2019 || {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|1–0 || align=center| 1–0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=India enter SAG 2019 gold medal clash with third straight win |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-enter-sag-2019-gold-medal-clash-with-third-straight-win |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228223241/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-enter-sag-2019-gold-medal-clash-with-third-straight-win |archive-date=28 February 2024 |date=7 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 45.
| rowspan=2| 49 || rowspan=2| 9 December 2019 || rowspan=2| {{fbw|NEP}} || align=center|1–0 || rowspan=2 align=center| 2–0 || rowspan=2| <ref>{{cite web |title=Bala Devi brace powers Indian women's team to 3rd straight SAG Gold |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bala-devi-brace-powers-indian-womens-team-to-3rd-straight-sag-gold |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228231743/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bala-devi-brace-powers-indian-womens-team-to-3rd-straight-sag-gold |archive-date=28 February 2024 |date=9 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 46.
| align=center|2–0
|-
! scope=row| 47.
| 56 || 17 October 2024 || rowspan="2" | [[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]], Nepal || {{fbw|PAK}} || align=center|3–0 || align=center| 5–2 || rowspan="2" | [[2024 SAFF Women's Championship]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAFF Women's Championship'24 India vs Pakistan |url=https://saffederation.org/uploads/6711235dbbaaf.pdf |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028151145/https://saffederation.org/uploads/6711235dbbaaf.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2024 |date=17 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| 48.
| 57 || 23 October 2024 || {{fbw|BAN}} || align=center|1–3 || align=center|1–3 || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAFF Women's Championship'24 India vs Bangladesh |url=https://saffederation.org/uploads/671908c2e9eaa.pdf |website=saffederation.org |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028150708/https://saffederation.org/uploads/671908c2e9eaa.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2024 |date=23 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Note: Eleven matches which Devi played, one against Chinese club Century Park FC in 2014 where Devi scored a hattrick; match played against Spanish club [[UD Alzira]] in 2018 where she scored a goal;<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women make short work of Alzira in a friendly match |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-make-short-work-of-alzira-in-a-friendly-match |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404220619/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-make-short-work-of-alzira-in-a-friendly-match |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> three matches played during 2018 [[L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament|Cotif Cup]] against [[Fundación Albacete]], [[Levante UD]] & [[Madrid CFF]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Albacete Balom vs India national team |url=https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/f-albacete-vs-seleccion-nacional-india/ |website=cotifalcudia.com |language=Spanish |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063525/https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/f-albacete-vs-seleccion-nacional-india/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |date=1 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India national team vs Levante UD |url=https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-vs-levante-ud/ |website=cotifalcudia.com |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405195125/https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-vs-levante-ud/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |language=Spanish |date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madrid vs India national team |url=https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/madrid-cf-vs-seleccion-nacional-india/ |website=cotifalcudia.com|access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220648/https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/madrid-cf-vs-seleccion-nacional-india/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |language=Spanish |date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> two friendlies played against CF Athletico Carcer, where she scored a goal and UD Alzira in 2019; and four matches played during [[2019 COTIF Women's Football Tournament|2019 Cotif Cup]] against [[Villarreal CF]], [[Bolivia women's national under-20 football team|Bolivia U20]], [[Mauritania women's national football team|Mauritania]] & [[Spain women's national under-20 football team|Spain U20]] where she scored two goals, are not FIFA A international matches and thus the seven goal that she scored are also not considered FIFA A international goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=El Villarreal abre el COTIF Femenino con victoria |url=https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-femenino-2019-vs-villarreal-cf-femenino-2019/ |website=cotifalcudia.com |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405055612/https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-femenino-2019-vs-villarreal-cf-femenino-2019/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |language=Spanish |date=1 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seleccion National India (Femenino) 2019 vs Sel. Nal. Bolivia (Femenino) 2019 |url=https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-femenino-2019-vs-sel-nal-bolivia-femenino-2019-2/ |website=cotifalcudia.com |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108144226/https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/seleccion-nacional-india-femenino-2019-vs-sel-nal-bolivia-femenino-2019-2/ |archive-date=8 November 2023 |date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women thrash Mauritania 7-0 in Cotif Cup |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-thrash-mauritania-7-0-in-cotif-cup |website=www.the-aiff.com |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228223504/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-thrash-mauritania-7-0-in-cotif-cup |archive-date=28 February 2024|date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jana e Irene dan la victoria a una Rojita que apenas acusa la expulsión de Elene Espana (Femenino) vs India (Femenino) |url=https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/sel-nal-espana-femenino-2019-vs-seleccion-nacional-india-femenino-2019/ |website=cotifalcudia.com |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405131736/https://www.cotifalcudia.com/partido/sel-nal-espana-femenino-2019-vs-seleccion-nacional-india-femenino-2019/ |archive-date=5 April 2023 |language=Spanish |date=7 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014]], [[2016 SAFF Women's Championship|2016]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2016]], [[Football at the 2019 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/south-asian-games-bala-devi-grabs-brace-as-india-mauls-maldives-5-0/story-7m7NDGd5e6M94uok746PnK.html|title=South Asian Games: Bala Devi grabs brace as India mauls Maldives 5–0|work=Hindustan Times |date=3 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/indian-women-s-football-team-trounces-sri-lanka-6-0-in-south-asian-games/story-8M47PS3q1WVHCzxk0QHniL.html|title=Indian women's football team trounces Sri Lanka 6–0 in South Asian Games|work=Hindustan Times |date=5 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>

'''Eastern Sporting Union'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: 2006–07,<ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF'S Women Footballer Of The Year: Ng Bala |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2015/01/aiffs-footballer-of-the-year-ng-bala-devi/ |website=Kangla Online |last=Yen |first=Samarjit |date=2 January 2015 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922120527/http://kanglaonline.com/2015/01/aiffs-footballer-of-the-year-ng-bala-devi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2007–08,<ref>{{cite web |title=Orissa runners-up |url=http://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTgx |website=Orisports |date=16 March 2008 |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001195211/http://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NTgx |url-status=live }}</ref> 2008–09,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur's monopoly continues |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/manipurs-monopoly-continues/article29705909.ece |website=Sportstar |date=28 March 2009 |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830051428/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/manipurs-monopoly-continues/article29705909.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2013–14 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2013–14]], [[2019–20 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2019–20]], [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur champions for the 22nd time in Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-champions-for-the-22nd-time-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |website=AIFF |date=15 May 2024 }}</ref>
* [[National Games of India|National Games]] Gold medal: [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=National Games 2022, October 10 HIGHLIGHTS: Manipur wins women's football gold; Tamil Nadu tops Group A in men's volleyball |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-2022-october-10-live-updates-results-highlights-gujarat/article65991366.ece |website=Sportstar |date=10 October 2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028062338/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/national-games/national-games-2022-october-10-live-updates-results-highlights-gujarat/article65991366.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''New Radiant WSC'''
*[[FAM Women's Football Championship]]: [[2015 FAM Women's Football Championship|2015]]

'''Individual'''
* Indian Women's League Top Scorer: [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18]],<ref name="the-aiff.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8910|title=RISING STUDENT CLUB CROWNED CHAMPIONS OF HERO IWL|date=14 April 2018|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=6 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206093409/https://the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8910|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2018–19 Indian Women's League season|2018–19]]
* [[AIFF Player of the Year|AIFF Women's Player of the Year]] (3): 2014, 2015, 2020–21<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bala Devi, Manisha Kalyan named winners of annual AIFF Awards|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bala-devi-manisha-kalyan-named-winners-of-annual-aiff-awards|access-date=21 July 2021|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722014305/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bala-devi-manisha-kalyan-named-winners-of-annual-aiff-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>
* AFC International Player of the Week (2): December 2020, May 2021
* [[FAM Women's Football Championship]] Best Player: 2015
* FAM Women's Football Championship Top Scorer: 2015 (with 25 goals)
* Rajmata Jijabai Trophy MVP: 2023–24<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|archive-date=18 June 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Association football}}
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]
* [[List of Indian Women's League hat-tricks]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/asian_icons/news/shomurodov_bala_devi_and_four_japanese_stars_vote_for_your_afc_international_player_of_the_week.html|title=Shomurodov, Bala Devi and four Japanese stars: Vote for your AFC International Player of the Week!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528081628/https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/asian_icons/news/shomurodov_bala_devi_and_four_japanese_stars_vote_for_your_afc_international_player_of_the_week.html|archive-date=28 May 2022|date=19 May 2021|access-date=26 November 2022|location=Kuala Lumpur|website=the-afc.com|publisher=[[Asian Football Confederation]]}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/96074 Bala Devi] at [[All India Football Federation]]
* {{Twitter|baladevi_10}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Bala}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:KRYPHSA FC players]]
[[Category:Rangers W.F.C. players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Scotland]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the Maldives]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in the Maldives]]
[[Category:Scottish Women's Premier League players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat Karnataka

2026-04-26T19:50:37Z

FredricKeeton9: new

{{Short description|Sunni Barelvi Organisation}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = 2 November 2018
| abbreviation = JASK
| founder = [[Sayed Tanveer Hashmi]]
| status = Active
| purpose = Unity Of Muslims
| region_served = India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Sayed Tanveer Hashmi]]
}}

'''Jamaat E Ahle Sunnat Karnataka''' is a [[Muslims|Muslim]] organization Officially registered with Government of [[Karnataka]] in [[Bangalore]] on 2 November 2018. Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat Karnataka was founded by [[Sayed Tanveer Hashmi|Sayed Tanveer hashmi]]. It is becoming the voice of Sunni Muslims of Karnataka state,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/16780-unanimous-stand-of-indian-muslim-organizations-on-kashmir|title=Unanimous stand of Indian Muslim Organisations on Kashmir|first=The Milli Gazette|last=Online|date=29 August 2019|website=milligazette.com}}</ref> India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamateahlesunnat.com/intro/|title=Intro|date=10 September 2019|website=Jamat E Ahle Sunnat}}</ref>

== History ==

Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat Karnataka is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] organization. The adherents of Sunni Islam are referred to in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as ''''Ahl As-Sunnah Wa l-Jamāʻah'''' ("the people of the sunnah and the community") or ''''Ahl-as-Sunnah'''' for short.

Among Sunnis; [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi‘i|Shafe’ee]] and [[Hanbali]] are considered as Ahle Sunnat Wal Jama’at. The basic difference among the four groups of [[Sunni Islam|Ahle Sunnat Wal Jama’at]] is the fiqh (Jurisprudence of Islam). Otherwise, these four groups have unanimity in beliefs, traditions and the status of Muhammad, his Sahabah (companions), his Aal (progeny) and the Aulia Allah (The very righteous people among Muslims) in Islam. Most of the Ahle Sunnah Wal Jama’ah follow the tradition of [[Sufism]] (mysticism of Islam).

Jamat E Ahle Sunnat, Karnataka was formed under the leadership of Scholars and intellectuals in Bijapur to help 10 millions Muslim of Karnataka in various aspects of life, which includes the upliftment of Muslims' in Socio-educational and political fields.

==Religious activities==
Shaheed Azam Conference is the regular event which Jamat e Ahle Sunnat, Bijapur branch organises.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamateahlesunnat.com/2019/09/10/shaheed-e-azam-conference-bijapur/|title=Shaheed E Azam Conference, Bijapur 2019|date=10 September 2019|website=Jamat E Ahle Sunnat}}</ref>

==Stand on the revocation of Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir==
It raised questions over the manner in which the special status of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was abrogated. The body said in a joint statement that neither peace can be established nor loyalty can be bought by disregarding basic principles of the Constitution which are principles of equality, justice and human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/muslim-bodies-question-way-of-abrogating-article-370-provisions/story/375979.html|title=Muslim bodies question way of abrogating Article 370 provisions|website=businesstoday.in|date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/home.html|title=THE WEEK|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/muslim-bodies-question-way-of-abrogating-article-370-provisions/1606818|title=Muslim bodies question way of abrogating Article 370 provisions|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

==Stand on Triple Talaq==
The JAS is the petitioner in the Supreme Court against Triple Divorce Act passed by the Indian parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamat E Ahle Sunnat Karnataka vs Union of India on 20 September, 2019 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/53982635/ |publisher=Indian Kanoon |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

== Executive committee ==
*President - [[Sayed Tanveer Hashmi]]
*Vice President -Moulana Sayed Shamshuddin Misbahi
*Secretary -Mufti Mohammed Ali Kazi
*General Secretary -Moulana Niyaz Alam Shaikh

== Aims ==
The aims of Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat are as follows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamateahlesunnat.com/2019/08/06/media-news-koppal-jamate-ahle-sunnat-karnataka-ki-shakh-ka-qayam/|title=Media News Koppal Me Jamate Ahle Sunnat Karnataka Ki Shakh Ka Qayam|date=6 August 2019|website=Jamat E Ahle Sunnat}}</ref>
*To connect all [[Mosque|Masjid]] & [[Madrasa]] in the state of Karnataka, and make the Masjid as a center for helping the community in various needs.
*To create effective interaction, coordination, harmony, and mutual understanding; between Sunni Ulma, [[Mashaikh|Mashaaikh]], intellectuals and Muslim political leaders in the state of Karnataka.
*To Help community in case of any Natural climates, to rescue and relief work in the event of natural disaster & calamities and to assist and help those affected during communal or political violence without any discrimination.
*To organize educational, cultural and spiritual seminars to educate and train the Muslim Youths.
*To create a Legal Cell, which will provide legal assistance to victims of communal riots, irrespective of caste and creed.
*To approach State & Central Government for grants & facilities exclusively for Muslims, to ensure financial assistance in education & health.
*To create an information center, with multi-languages (Urdu, Kannada, English) which guide the Muslims on various current affairs like NCR, NPA
*To promote peace and communal harmony.
*To create an Educational syllabus for Islamic education, along with the State level education.
*To fight for the overall safety of Aimma o Moazzineen (The leaders of prayer at mosque & those who call for prayer at the appointed times)

== Local branches ==
Although the central secretariat of Jamaat-e-Ahle Sunnat Karnataka is situated in Bangalore, the local branches have also been established in various districts of Karnataka. JAS has established branches in [[Belgaum]], [[Devanagari]], [[Bijapur]] and Bagalkot districts.<ref>Rashtriya Sahara Urdu, Belgaum edition 27 July 2019 Page 4</ref><ref>[[The Inquilab]], 31 July 2019, Devanagari edition, page 7</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://imamhussain.org/english/newsandreports/26861 President of Ahle Sunnah Wal Jamaat of Karnataka, India: Through Imam al-Sajjad, we differentiate between Islam and terrorism]
*[http://www.milligazette.com/news/16780-unanimous-stand-of-indian-muslim-organizations-on-kashmir Unanimous stand of Indian Muslim Organisations on Kashmir]

[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Barelvi organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Karnataka]]

Chanasma Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:53Z

FredricKeeton9: Added a info - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chanasma
| mla = [[Dinesh Thakor]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Patan district|Patan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| established = 2002
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:292600}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 17
}}

'''Chanasma''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Patan district|Patan]] district. It is numbered as 17-Chanasama.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Harij Taluka
# Chanasma Taluka
# Sami Taluka (part) villages – Tarora, Sami, Nayka, Kokta, Upaliyasara, Dudkha, Memna, Moti Chandur, Kathi, Ravad, Palipur, Kukrana, Vaghel, Aritha, Buda, Rasulpura, Vagosan, Orumana, Mujpur, Loteshvar, Islampura, Jesda, Khijadiyari, Lolada, Sipur, Kunvar, Subapura, Taranagar, Rajpura, Pirojpura, Fattehganj, Mardanganj, Kanchanpura, Khandiya, Shankheshvar, Runi, Ranod, Kuvarad, Manvarpura, Biliya, Tuvad, Fatehpura, Dhanora, Dantisana, Mankodiya, Padla, Ratanpura, Bolera, Jahurpura, Murtujanagar, Panchasar.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Maljibhai Desai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Rajnikant Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017" />
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Dinesh Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Chanasma Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dinesh Thakor|Thakor Dineshbhai Ataji]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=86,406|percentage=46.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dilipkumar Virajibhai Thakor|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=85,002|percentage=45.67|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vishnubhai Jorabhai Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=7,586|percentage=4.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,404|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:292,329}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2017]]: Chanasma<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor|Dilipkumar Thakor]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73,771
|percentage = 41.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raghubhai Desai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,537
|percentage = 36.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Dineshbhai Thakor
|party = Independent
|votes = 27,633
|percentage = 15.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 3,779
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16824
|percentage = 10.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,78,529
|percentage = 68.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor|Dilipkumar Thakor]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=83,462|percentage=51.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dineshbhai Thakor|party=Indian National Congress|votes=66,638|percentage=41.42|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,824|percentage=10.46|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=160,902|percentage=70.14|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patan district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Patan district}}

{{coord|23.72|72.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Patan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Byadh

2026-04-18T13:37:29Z

FredricKeeton9: Added a details - done

{{Short description|Bengali web series}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
'''''Byadh''''' (The Hunter) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[streaming television]] series directed by [[Abhirup Ghosh]] and based on Rajarshi Das Bhowmick's story ''Chorai Hatya Rohoshya''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film-maker Abhirup Ghosh on his upcoming web series Byadh|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/film-maker-abhirup-ghosh-on-his-upcoming-web-series-byadh-streaming-on-hoichoi/cid/1851276|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It was released on Hoichoi OTT platform on 11 February 2022 under the banner of Zeoline Media production.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-04|title=কেন চড়ুই হত্যায় মেতেছে অর্নিবাণ, প্রকাশ্যে জট খুলবে 'ব্যাধ'|url=https://www.khaskhobor.com/entertainment/why-arniban-is-involved-in-killing-sparrows-byadh-will-reveal-the-secret-in-public/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Khas Khobor {{!}} Bangla News {{!}} Latest Bengali News {{!}} বাংলা সংবাদ, বাংলা খবর {{!}} Breaking News{{!}} Kolkata News {{!}}Political News {{!}} Entertainment News {{!}} Sports News {{!}} Lifestyle News}}</ref> It stars [[Anirban Chakraborty]], [[Rajatava Dutta]] and [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Byadh Online, All Seasons or Episodes, Drama {{!}} Show/Web Series|url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/byadh-788270.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=www.digit.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=অন্তর্জাল {{!}} কালের কণ্ঠ|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/rangberang/2022/02/11/1119285|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Kalerkantho|language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series begins when an unnamed mysterious man is brutally killing sparrows in different villages of West Bengal. Police commissioner sends the case to the Department of unusual cases. This department deals with worthless issues which are considered to be unimportant by the police. Experienced officer Kanaicharan and newcomer Souvik are investigating the cases. Both get deeply involved in the matter and the cat and mouse game begins. It reveals that someone is killing sparrows following the ideology of [[Four Pests campaign]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Byadh Season 1|url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/web-series-byadh-2022/6dec42c2b4694|access-date=2022-02-12|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-11|title=Byadh (2022) Review: Rajatava Dutta, Anirban Chakrabarti Star in This Average Thriller|url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/byadh-2022-review-rajatava-dutta-anirban-chakrabarti-star-in-this-average-thriller/|access-date=2022-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Kanaicharan Das
* [[Anirban Chakraborty]] as Bishu
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Bhanu Samaddar
* [[Anashua Majumdar]] as Tanima Sen, Ornithologist
* Souman Bose as Souvik
* [[Bibriti Chatterjee]] as Mrinalini Gomes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byadh Review: অভিনয়ই সেরা প্রাপ্তি, কতটা জমল 'ব্যাধ' সিরিজ? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/byadh-series-review-rajatava-dutta-anirban-chakrabarti-starrer-web-series-is-a-must-watch/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Series overview

| color1 = 6E2423
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2021)===
{{Episode table |background=6E2423 |overall=5 |forceoverall=y |title=18 |titleT=Episode |director=17 |airdate=25 |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| RTitle = Department of Unusual Cases
| DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 6E2423
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| RTitle = Fall of a Sparrow
| DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 6E2423
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| RTitle = The Killing Ground
| DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 6E2423
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| RTitle = The Bait
| DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 6E2423
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| RTitle = The Hunter and the Hunted
| DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 6E2423
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| RTitle = The Revolution
| DirectedBy = Abhirup Ghosh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|11|df=yes}}
| LineColor = 6E2423
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|17576406}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

Rajgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:01Z

FredricKeeton9: Put Up New Article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the defunct assembly constituency|Rajgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajgarh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 162
| map_image = 162-Rajgarh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Amar Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Bapu Singh Tanwar
}}
'''[[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]]''' (राजगढ़) Vidhan Sabha seat is one of the seats in [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is a segment of [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]] Lok Sabha seat.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is part of [[Rajgarh district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Pratibha Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1957
|Ram Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|1962
|Shivprasad Satyendra Khujneri
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1967
|Bijesh Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1972
|Gulab Singh
|-
|1977
|Jamnalal Bhanwarlal
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1980
|Gupta Jamnalal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1985
|Gulab Singh Sustani
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1990
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghunandan Sharma (Rajgarh)|Raghunandan Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1993
|-
|1998
|Pratap Singh Mandloi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2003
|Pandit Hari Charan Tiwari<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2008
|Hemraj Kalponi<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2013
|[[Amar Singh Yadav]]<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2018
|[[Bapusingh Tanwar|Bapu Singh Tanwar]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Amar Singh Yadav]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgarh<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amar Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:104032}}
|percentage = 53.53
|change = +24.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bapu Singh Tanwar
|votes = {{formatnum:81493}}
|percentage = 41.93
|change = -5.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Satish Kumar Bhartiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1944}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1742}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22539}}
|percentage = 11.6
|change = -6.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194347}}
|percentage = 84.0
|change = -1.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgarh<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bapusingh Tanwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81921}}
|percentage = 47.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amar Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:50738}}
|percentage = 29.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pratap Singh Mandloi
|votes = {{formatnum:33494}}
|percentage = 19.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Gordhansingh Tawar
|votes = {{formatnum:2125}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1608}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31183}}
|percentage = 17.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174231}}
|percentage = 85.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajgarh District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.01|76.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Onattukara

2026-04-15T15:39:59Z

FredricKeeton9: Put Up Details...

{{Short description|Historic state in Kerala, India}}
{{Copy edit|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Odanad
| common_name = Onattukara
| life_span = 11th – 18th century
| government_type = [[Feudal Monarchy]]
| year_start = 11th century
| year_end = 1746
| p1 = Chera Perumals
| s1 = Kingdom of Travancore
| flag_s1 = Former Travancore flag-Martanda Varma.png
| capital = [[Kayamkulam]] (after 15th century)[[Mavelikkara]] (before 15th century) 
| common_languages = [[Malayalam]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| title_leader = Kayamkulam Raja
| today = [[India]]
:[[Kerala]]
}}
'''Odanad''' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''[[ISO 15919|ōṭānāṭŭ]]'', also known as '''Onattukara''','''Kayamkulam''', '''Onad''', '''Kallikoilon''' and '''Chirava Svaroopam''') was a feudal state in late medieval [[Kerala]].

It was established in the 11th century,<ref name="ekayam" /> and disestablished in 1746 when it became part of [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]] after the King [[Marthanda Varma]]'s northern expedition. The last king of Odanad was King Kotha Varma. At the time of its dissolution, it was composed of the present-day [[taluk]]s of [[Mavelikkara]], [[Karthikapally]], [[Chenganur]] in the [[Alappuzha district]] and [[Karunagapally]] in the [[Kollam district]].<ref name="sadasivan129" /> Another name of onattukara is kayamkulam. In the 15th century, the capital of Odanad was moved from Kandiyoor-Muttom to Eruva and [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha|Krishnapuram]] in [[Kayamkulam]], which led to the state being called ''Kayamkulam''. After this shift, Kayamkulam became the commercial centre of Odanad, while Mavelikkara remained its cultural centre. Odanad was controlled by [[Nair]] lords, among whom the ruler of Kayamkulam was the most prominent.

== Etymology ==
The word ''Odanad'' is a transliteration of the Malayalam word ''ഓടനാട്'', ''ōṭānāṭŭ'', which is a portmanteau of ''ഓടം'', ōṭām meaning ''boat'', and ''നാട്'', ''nāṭŭ'', meaning ''land'', so ''Odanad'' means the ''land of boats''.<ref name="ekayam">{{cite web|url=http://www.ekayamkulam.com/mycity.php?page_val=kayamkulam-dynasty|title=Kayamkulam Dynasty|access-date=2014-02-15|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907031343/http://ekayamkulam.com/mycity.php?page_val=kayamkulam-dynasty}}</ref> An alternative hypothesis is that the first part of the word derives from ''ഓടമുള'', ''ōṭāmuḷa'', meaning ''[[bamboo]]'', and that ''Odanad'' means the ''land of bamboo''.<ref name="ekayam"/><ref name="cfamOnat">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfamavelikkara.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43&Itemid=66/|title=Onattukara|access-date=2014-02-15|archive-date=15 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215202614/http://www.cfamavelikkara.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43&Itemid=66%2F|publisher=[[Raja Ravi Varma College of Fine Arts]]|location=Mavelikkara}}</ref> [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]]'s [[Sanskrit]] work ''[[Mayura Sandesam]]'' describes Odanad as the ''land of vines''.

Kayamkulam is the capital of Odanad, the central figure in the festival of [[Onam]].<ref name="ekayam"/><ref name="sadasivan129">{{cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=S. N.|date=2000-01-01|page=129|publisher=[[APH Publishing Corporation]]|title=[[A Social History of India]]|isbn=9788176481700|oclc=44811613|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> The state was hence known as Onattukara (ഓണാട്ടുകര, ''ōṇāṭṭukara''), which translates to the ''land of Onam''.

The state was [[metonymy|metonymically]] referred to as ''Kayamkulam'' after the capital was moved to the city of [[Kayamkulam]].

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2014}}

=== 11th – 14th century ===
The history of Onattukara (Odanad) during the medieval period is documented through epigraphical records and literary works. The [[Thiruvalla copper plates]] (dated to the 11th century CE) contain references to Odanad and its early capital, [[Mattom]].<ref name="TAS_Vol2">{{cite book |last=Gopinatha Rao |first=T. A. |title=Travancore Archaeological Series |volume=II |year=1910 |publisher=Government of Travancore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367517 |pages=131–207 |language=English}}</ref>
<ref name="Menon">{{cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8126415786 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7WaZe2PBy8C |language=English}}</ref> Literary works such as the ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]'' (14th century) provide context on the region, noting the significance of [[Chennithala]].<ref name="Menon" /> Much of the genealogical information regarding the rulers of Odanad is derived from inscriptions found at the [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]], notably the record of King [[Rama Kotha Varma]] (dated 1218 CE).<ref name="TAS_Vol1">{{cite book |last=Gopinatha Rao |first=T. A. |title=Travancore Archaeological Series |volume=I |year=1908 |publisher=Government of Travancore |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367520 |pages=289–291 |language=English}}</ref>

=== 15th – 18th century ===
In 1743, Odanad was bordered by the feudal states of [[Kingdom of Pandalam|Pandalam]], [[Thekkumkur]], [[Elayadath]], [[Vadakkumkur]], [[Purakkad]] and [[Thrikkunnapuzha]], according to records left by Julius Valentin van Gollenesse, Commander of [[Dutch Malabar]] at the time.<ref name="galletti">{{cite book|first=A.|last=Galletti|title=The Dutch in Malabar|publisher=[[Government of Madras]]|year=1911|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023942828}}</ref>

By 1746, Odanad had been persuaded by the Dutch to take up the leadership of a new confederation which included Chembakassery, Thekkumkur and Purakkad. In this fourth war known as [[Battle of Purakkad]] between the states, Odanad was again defeated and its territories finally annexed to Travancore.<ref name="namboothiri">{{cite web|url=http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/naaduvaazhikal.htm|last=Pandarakalam|first=James Paul|location=Calicut|title=Namboothiri Rulers - Ambalapuzha Namboothiri Royalty - Unearthing a God-centered Kingdom|publisher=Namboothiri Websites Trust Calicut|access-date=2014-02-16|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022181125/http://namboothiri.com/articles/naaduvaazhikal.htm}}</ref>

== Politics ==

=== Government ===
Odanad was controlled by [[Nair]] lords, among whom the ruler of Kayamkulam was the most prominent.

=== Foreign relations ===
Odanad maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and the Dutch empires since the 16th century, primarily due to its strategic position on the Malabar Coast for the lucrative pepper trade. Odanad was an early ally of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Malabar and hosted a '''Portuguese factory''' in the 16th century.

====Dutch Relations and Travancore Conflict====
The relationship with the Dutch became increasingly significant in the 18th century, especially as the rising power of Travancore under [[Marthanda Varma]] threatened the independence of the northern states.<ref name=":1"/> The Dutch, aiming to maintain the balance of power and secure their commercial interests in the region, began actively supporting an [[anti-Travancore alliance]] which included Odanad ([[Kayamkulam]]), Desinganadu ([[Kollam]]), [[Cochin]], and [[Thekkumkur]].<ref name=":2">''THE DUTCH STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL SUPREMACY IN TRAVANCORE (1700-1753)'' (Academic paper detailing Dutch alliances against Travancore).</ref><ref name=":3">Day, Francis (1863). ''The Land of the Perumals, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present''. G. Norman.</ref>

* [[Battle of Colachel and Aftermath (1741)]]: The Dutch policy of political interference ultimately failed following the decisive defeat of the VOC by Travancore at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. This event significantly weakened Dutch influence in Kerala.<ref name=":4">Ibrahim Kunju, A. P. (1975). ''The Battle of Kuḷaccal (1741) and the defeat of Dutch on the Malabar Coast''. Journal of Kerala Studies. 2 (3). University of Kerala: 375–386.</ref>
* [[Treaty of Mannar|Treaty of Mannar (1742)]]: Following a [[Travancore–Dutch War|period of conflict]], the Raja of Odanad sued for peace with Travancore and signed the [[Treaty of Mannar]] in 1742.
* [[Annexation (1746)]]: Despite the earlier treaty, Odanad was later persuaded by the Dutch to take the leadership of a new confederation against Travancore in 1746, which culminated in the [[Battle of Purakkad]]. Odanad was defeated, and its territories were finally annexed into the Kingdom of Travancore, effectively ending its status as an independent state.

===Military===
The Odanad Dynasty, also known as the "Kayamkulam Dynasty" in its later period, possessed one of the strongest and most respected military forces in ancient [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1" /> The army was a major source of strength, often providing crucial military support to surrounding local states in their conflicts.<ref name=":0">Day, Francis (1863). ''The Land of the Perumals, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present''. Gantz Brothers, Madras. *Available at:* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The\_Land\_of\_the\_Permauls.html?id=rXpCAAAAIAAJ] (Historical text confirming Odanad's regional influence and military alliances.)</ref>

====Organization and Strength====
The Odanad military power was primarily controlled by [[Nair|Nair lords]], among whom the ruler of Kayamkulam was the most prominent.<ref name=":1">Koshy, M. O. (1989). ''The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758''. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170991366. (Scholarly source on the political landscape, confirming the strength of the Odanad military in the 18th century.)</ref> The Nairs were the traditional aristocratic martial class of the region, and the military structure relied heavily on their feudal contingents.<ref name=":3">"Kayamkulam Vaal" article. Helgot Arms & Armour. *Retrieved from:* [https://www.helgot.com/items/kayamkulam-vaal] (Confirms the use by Nair aristocracy, the double-edged nature, and the serpent motif.)</ref>

* '''Size:''' The king of Odanad was recorded to have commanded a substantial force of approximately 15,000 efficient and well-trained soldiers during the 18th century conflicts against Travancore.<ref name=":4">"RECAPTURING THE CULTURAL IMAGES OF ONATTUKARA". Academic Paper, University of Kerala. *Retrieved from:* [http://13.235.221.237:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/267/1/rishykes.pdf] (Source for the 15,000 soldier figure, the Kattuvalli smiths, and Krishnapuram as a military station.)</ref><ref name=":1" />
* '''Military Station:''' The town of [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha district|Krishnapuram]] served as the primary military station of Odanad before it was annexed by Travancore.<ref name=":4" />

====The Kayamkulam Vaal (Sword)====
The identity weapon of the Odanad military and aristocracy was the [[Kayamkulam Vaal]] (Kayamkulam sword). This weapon was not merely a tool of war but a significant cultural and aristocratic symbol.<ref name=":2">"Glossary: Kayamkulam Vaal". Mandarin Mansion, Asian Arms and Armour. *Retrieved from:* [https://www.mandarinmansion.com/glossary/kayamkulam-vaal] (Detailed source for the design, construction, and cultural context of the sword.)</ref>

* '''Design:''' The *Vaal* was a slightly curved, double-edged sword, distinguishing it from the single-edged [[talwar]] common in northern India.<ref name=":2" /> Its design was specially adapted for the demands of dueling and close-quarters combat on the terrain of Kerala.<ref name=":2" />
* '''Craftsmanship:''' The double-edged blade was notable for its dangerous and peculiar profile in local warfare. Its efficient construction is often attributed to the [[Kattuvalli metal smiths]] of [[Kandiyoor]].<ref name=":4" />
* '''Symbolism:''' As a double-edged sword, it symbolized royalty and elite status among the [[Nair]] aristocracy. The hilt often featured silver inlays, sometimes incorporating motifs like the [[Caduceus|caduceus (serpent)]], reflecting the cultural reverence for snakes in regional Hindu rituals.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
* '''Legacy:''' The sword remains a key cultural relic. Preserved examples of the *Kayamkulam Vaal* are prominently displayed at the '''[[Krishnapuram Palace]] Museum''' in [[Kayamkulam]].<ref name=":5">Kerala State Archaeology Department. "Krishnapuram Palace Museum, Kayamkulam". *Retrieved from:* [https://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/pages/krishnapuram-palace-museum-kayamkulam/47] (Official confirmation that the double-edged Kayamkulam Vaal is a key cultural relic displayed at the museum.)</ref>

== Economy ==
{{expand section|date=February 2014}}The King of Kayamkulam had trade relations with foreigners in the backwaters west of Pullukulangara, as proof of this, the huge trade can still be seen in the Pandikashala. From this the king had unprecedented financial reserves. When Marthanda Varma attacked Kayamkulam, the king escaped to Iringlakudak through this port.

== Demographics ==
{{expand section|date=February 2014}}

=== Religion ===
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2014}}

==== Chettikulangara Temple ====
The [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]] in [[Chettikulangara]], Mavelikkara thaluk near kayamkulam is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Chettikulangara Amma, . It is believed to have been consecrated by [[Padmapadacharyar]], a disciple of [[Adi Shankara]], on the [[Uthrattathi]] day of [[Makaram|Makara month]] in AD 823. The goddess worshipped here is believed to have been a [[family deity]], and later emerged as the [[village deity|village]] and then the [[regional deity]]. Local historians oppose the argument that the temple is not as ancient as the nearby Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple or [[Mavelikkara Krishna Swamy Temple]] and Kannamangalam Mahadeva Temple as it had not been mentioned in the ''Unnuneeli Sandesam''. written in the 14th century. Also, there is no mentioning of the temple in the British survey records. According to late Kandiyoor Mahadeva Shasthri, [[Samudra Bandhan]], a leading courtier of Ravi Varman, an ancient King of Venad had visited this temple and wrote poems on Bhagavathi. They also hold that Aadithya Kulasekharan, the King of Venad (1374 to 1389) had also visited the Chettkulangara temple.

The mythology surrounding the temple has it that after [[Parasurama]] created Kerala. He had established 108 [[Durga]] temples, 108 [[Shiva temple]]s, numerous [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]] temples, besides 108 [[Kalari]]s (place to learn traditional martial arts in front of the deity), [[Shakthi Kendra]]s and five Ambalayas, one of which was [[Jagadambika of Chettikulangara]], the Goddess of Odanad. The myth behind the temple's origin is related to clash between local landlords and it is clearly mentioned in the kuthiyotta pattu. The actual paradevatha dtas built by Kayamkulam Rajas (king). Lord Krishna is the Aradhana Moorthy (worship) of kayamkulam rajas. Makaram Festival one of the largest festivals in middle travencore. This festival is celebrated in 10 days (ulsavam). The seventh and eighth days festivals are very important. 7-ulsavam celebrated in temple's west region (padinjare kara) and 8-ulsavam celebrated in temple's east region (kizhakke kara). Eruva Sreekrishna's Arattukulam is one of biggest ponds in middle Kerala. The Valiya Kakkanadu Madom near to Eruva Sree Krishna swamy temple is famous for the Gandharva temple, warriors who trained the military arts for Odanadu army and army heads of King belonged to this family.

The ancient temple at the place Evoor is in the Onattukara region. This temple had originated in the presence of Bhagavan Sri Krishna himself.

This temple is one of the most important 26 Maha-Vishnu shrines in the world. The myth is linked to 'Khandava-dahanam' (burning of Khandava forest), described in 'Mahabharata'. The remains of burnt trees being widely found here, confirm this. Further evidence are, nearby Mannarassala and 'Pandavarkavu' temples. (The research conducted by the archeology dept. of Kerala reveals that the fossils remains found in the fields near to the temple are not burned one. The forest cover fell down centuries back due to excessive sea level increase and flooding the area under sea. Carbon dating is also done to determine the time period.)

The great Kanva Maharshi (one of the top 7 Rishis), had been living in this part of Onattukara. 'Kannamangalam' (Kanva-mangalam) is nearby. His 'Ashramam' (hermitage) later became a temple. Evoor Krishnaswamy's yearly 'Arattu' (ceremonial bath) is held in this temple's tank.

===== Origin =====
According to local mythology, [[Agni]] deva, the Hindu god of fire, had been suffering from a severe stomach ailment. As a remedy, Lord Brahma advised him to consume the herb-rich [[Khandava Forest]]. The forest was home to serpent-king Takshaka, a close friend of [[Lord Indra]]. Whenever Agni tried to consume the forest, Lord Indra's thundershowers dutifully extinguished the fire.

Agni appeared in the form of a [[brahmin]] to seek the help of [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]], who were visiting the area. They set up a fire to consume the forest. Maharshi [[Kanva]] arrived to save his 'Archa Murti'. a four armed image of [[Vishnu]]. Krishna granted a boon that the [[murti]] would not be harmed by fire. Soon, Agni started consuming Khandava Forest. Lord Indra used thundershowers promptly but on Krishna's advice, Arjuna constructed a canopy of arrows to prevent the rain from disrupting Agni's consumption of the forest. Thus Agni's ailment was cured.

As a sign of thankfulness, Agni sought permission to install that murti in a new temple there to facilitate worship. As instructed by Krishna, Arjuna fired an arrow to determine the location. A new temple was soon consecrated where the arrow had landed. Evoor is the shortened form of 'Eytha ooru', meaning the place from where the arrows were showered to make the canopy of arrows. Krishna infused his divine power into the murti and Arjuna performed its first [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]. A murti of [[Bhootha Natha Swamy]] ([[Kiratha Murti]] form of Lord Siva), together with [[Yakshi Amma]] (Devi [[Parvati]]) were consecrated as the sub-deities. The ancient trees roofing them are the survivors of Khandava Forest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evoortemple.com/ |title=Home |website=evoortemple.com}}</ref>

===== Fire and re-construction =====
In the 1880s, the temple was destroyed in a fire. When the 'Sree Kovil' (sanctum sanctorum) was caught fire, so many people tried to remove the Deity, but failed. At last, an old Brahmana-devotee of the adjacent house, after taking a dip in the temple tank, entered the raging flames and brought out the Deity, safely.

Sri [[Moolam Thirunal]], then king of Travancore, was in [[Varanasi|Kasi]] at that time. Appearing as a Brahmana-boy in his dream, Sri Krishna asked the king to re-construct the Evoor temple. Immediately, the king returned home and constructed a huge temple complex. It contained royal facilities such as security trenches atop the roof all around and underground drainage network to discharge the 'abhishka water' from 'Srikovil' to adjacent temple tank.

The renowned 'Tharananalloor Tantri' (whose ancestor had been brought to Kerala by Sri Parashurama) was appointed as the traditional 'Tantri'. Immense wealth (including lands and other assets) was arranged to ensure self-reliance. Also, extensive neighbourhood facilities and all necessary infrastructure were put in place for the temple.

===== Prayoga Chakra Prathishta =====
Evoor Bhagavan's Deity is the unique Prayoga Chakra Prathishta. Live 'Sudarshana Chakra' in rear right hand; Panchjanya Sankha in rear left hand; Butter in frontal right hand; and the frontal left hand is held on the hip as a ''mani-bandham''.

Bhagavan is in a combative mood ready to release 'Sudarshana Chakra'. He is the 72-year-old Sri Krishna at His peak glory and power.

Vedic experts have confirmed the extremely rare divine presence of "Sri Chakra" on this deity. Consequently, "Raktha-pushpanjali" is a special offering here which is unavailable in Vishnu temples elsewhere.

Evoor temple is popularly known as the "Guruvayoor of Onattukara".

Evoor temple is situated near the Cheppad Railway station between Kayamkulam and Harippad. The railway line is called the "Theera Desa" (coastal route which is not the main railway route). It is easier to reach there by bus. Cheppad is about 7 km north of Kayamkulam bus stand. From Harippad Bus stand Evoor is about 5 km south. You can get down at Cheppad Junction and go by an auto-rickshaw to Evoor temple. Alternatively, one can get down at the bus stop (south of Cheppad and north of Ramapuram Devi temple) on NH-47 and walk up to the temple which is about 1 km east of NH-47.

==== Buddhist legacy ====
[[Image:Mavelikara Buddha.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Buddha statue at Mavelikkara]]
Mavelikkara was once a flourishing centre of Buddhist culture,<ref name="ucan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucanindia.in/diocesan-directory/home/diocese/trivandrum/39|title=Short History of Trivandrum Diocese|access-date=2014-02-16|archive-date=2013-07-31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731084422/http://www.ucanindia.in/diocesan-directory/home/diocese/trivandrum/39|publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]]}}</ref> and an ancient Buddha statue currently raised in Mavelikkara town, at Buddha Junction in front of the Krishnaswamy temple, was excavated more by accident in the early 1900s from a paddy field near the Kandiyoor temple. It is possible that a lot more of the vanished Buddhist civilisation of Onnattukara still lies buried in history, yet to be unearthed. Names of towns and villages in the Onattukara region carry the ''palli'' suffix, which was common usage in [[Pāli]], the language of [[Hinayana]] Buddhism.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Karunagapalli, Karthikapalli, Pallickal, Pallippuram, Puthupalli are examples of such historical and present names of places in the Onattukara region.

==== Ramapuram Bhagavthi Temple-Odanadu Dynasty Temple ====

Ramapuram Bhagavathy Temple[Ramapurathamma ] is considered as the Kingdom deity temple of Odanadu(Kayamkulam Kingdom) [Odanadu Rulers]. After stealing the Sreechakram, sanctified at sanctum of Ramapurathamma, the then Trippappur king Marthandavarma and his Chief [Dalava] Ramayyan had conquered Kayamkulam .The absence of the most sacred Sreechakram rendered them powerless and it paved the way for Marthanda Varma to establish his supremacy over Kayamkulam dynasty .

==Syrian Christians of Odanad==
The Syrian Christians of Odanad existed even before the establishment of the Kingdom. Chengannur being the earliest centre where the [[Old Syrian Church, Chengannur|Chengannur Old Syrian Church]] was established in the 4th century by the Syrian Christian migrants from Niranam and Nilakkal. Later in the 7th century a church was built in Haripad but was demolished in the 11th century and half of the Syrian Christians of Haripad joined the Karthikapally Syrian Church which was built in AD 829 AD by the Syrian Christian migrants from Chengannur, and the other half established the [[St. George Orthodox Church, Cheppad|Cheppad Syrian Church]] in 1175 AD. Kayamkulam became a commercial capital owing to its port merchantry and many Syrian Christians migrated to Kayamkulam. These Syrians relied on the [[St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad|Kadampanad Syrian Church]] (built in AD 325) till the establishment of the Kayamkulam Kadeesha Syrian Church in AD 824 by Mar Sabor and Mar Aphroth. In AD 943 the Syrian Christians of Mavelikkara built the Mavelikkara Puthiyakavu Syrian Church when they split from the Kayamkulam Kadeesha Syrian Church. Venmoney Syrian church which was established in AD 1017 one of the famous church later destroyed when the war of kayamkulam king and later reconstructed.

== Culture ==
Festivals in Odanad include the ''[[Jeevatha Nritham]]'',<ref name="manifest">{{cite journal|url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacal_mar09/pg30-32.pdf|title=Manifesting the Rich Culture|last=Puthiavila|first=Manoj K.|pages=30–32|date=March 2009|journal=[[Kerala Calling]]|publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]|access-date=2014-02-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216181609/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacal_mar09/pg30-32.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-16}}</ref> a traditional form of dance, and the ''[[Kettukazhcha]]'', which has its origins in Buddhism.<ref name="Sadasivan2000">{{cite book|title=Buddhism in Kerala|work=A Social History of India|last=Sadasivan|first=S. N.|author-link=S. N. Sadasivan|publisher=[[APH Publishing]]|isbn=9788176481700|date=2000|page=141|quote=after Brahminism [...] legendary heroes like Bhima and heroines like Panchali replaced the Buddhist tableax}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[Battle of Purakkad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Feudal states of Kerala}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]

Talcher Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:09Z

FredricKeeton9: Made article.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Talcher}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Talcher
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 60
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Angul district|Angul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Braja Kishore Pradhan.jpg
| mla = [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,64,354{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Talcher''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of the city [[Talcher]] in [[Angul district]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Talcher]], Talcher block and 7 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Kaniha, Kamarei, Badatribida, Santribida, Bijigol, Badagunduri and Jarada) of Kaniha block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp122.htm|title= 122 - Talcher (SC) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 10 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.82}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.89}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.95}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Independent politician}}|36.21}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.95}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.44}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.88}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Independent politician}}|44.47}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.59}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.06}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|71.06}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1961.

List of members elected from Talcher constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Talcher Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/talcher.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 10 March 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Talcher Assembly Election Results 2024: Talcher Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/talcher-constituency-result-18060 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019" />
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|{{full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahesh Sahoo]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Brundaban Behera
|{{full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhajaman Behera
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |Brundaban Behera
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Kumar Chandra Behera
|-
|1961 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Pabitra Mohan Pradhan}}
|Madan Mohan Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| rowspan="3" |Pabitra Mohan Pradhan
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Kalandi Charan Samal by a margin of 32,122 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Talcher}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
|votes = 75,621
|percentage = 58.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalandi Charan Samal
|votes = 43,499
|percentage = 33.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prafula Chandra Das
|votes = 6,189
|percentage = 4.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 976
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,122
|percentage = 24.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,565
|percentage = 78.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Kalandi Charan Samal by a margin of 24,102 votes.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Talcher<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
|votes = 70,044
|percentage = 54.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalandi Charan Samal
|votes = 45,942
|percentage = 35.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suresh Chandra Behera
|votes = 4,621
|percentage = 3.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 780
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,102
|percentage = 18.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,27,634
|percentage = 72.59%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Kalandi Charan Samal by a margin of 14,322 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url= http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |title= Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014 |work= leadtech.in |accessdate= 29 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date= 18 August 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Talcher<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Talcher|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1860.htm?ac=60|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Talcher (60)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=60|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140608032629/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=60|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
|votes = 56,465
|percentage = 46.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalandi Charan Samal
|votes = 43 ,143
|percentage = 35.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sashmita Behera
|votes = 14,396
|percentage = 11.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 882
|percentage = 0.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,322
|percentage = 11.90
|change = 3.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,20,268
|percentage = 76.14
|change = 8.36
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,57,963
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Independent politician
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Mahesh Sahoo]] by a margin of 8,642 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=8642 |accessdate=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Talcher<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Braja Kishore Pradhan]]
|votes = 37,048
|percentage = 36.21
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mahesh Sahoo]]
|votes = 28,406
|percentage = 27.77
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalandi Charan Samal
|votes = 17,415
|percentage = 17.02
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Khirod Sahu
|votes = 7,636
|percentage = 7.46
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,642
|percentage = 8.45{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,02,309
|percentage = 67.78
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Angul district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.95|85.20|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Angul district]]
[[Category:Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Thet Swe

2026-04-12T15:14:48Z

FredricKeeton9: Made info

{{Short description|Retired Burmese naval admiral and politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Thet Swe|lang=Burmese}}
{{orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thet Swe
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Myanmar|Thura]]
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Vice_Admiral_Thura_Thet_Swe_on_July_29,_2013_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Vice-Admiral Thura Thet Swe during his visit to India in 2013
| office = Commander-in-Chief of the [[Myanmar Navy]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = August 2015
| predecessor = [[Nyan Tun]]
| successor = [[Tin Aung San]]
| president = [[Thein Sein]]
| birth_date = c. 1964–1965
| birth_place = [[Myanmar]]
| party = [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| branch = {{Navy|Myanmar}}
| service_years = c. 1980s–2015
| rank = [[File:15. Myanmar Navy LG.png|16px]] [[Vice-Admiral]]
| commands = [[Myanmar Navy]]
| awards = Thura title
| known_for = Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Navy, 2015 general election candidate
| profession = Naval officer, politician
| native_name = {{nobold|သူရသက်ဆွေ}}
| native_name_lang = my
}}

'''Thura Thet Swe''' ({{langx|my|သူရသက်ဆွေ}}; {{IPA|my|θùɹà θɛʔ swè|pron}}; born [[Myanmar]]) is a retired Burmese naval officer who served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Navy from 2012 to August 2015. He later entered politics as a candidate for the [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]] (USDP) in the 2015 general election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information Team of Sate Administration Council {{!}} Ministry Of Information |url=https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/content/spokesperson-teams-ministries |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.moi.gov.mm}}</ref> His career includes senior military service, naval diplomacy, and political involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |first=Security Force |title=Thura Thet Swe |url=https://myanmar.securityforcemonitor.org/explore/d1c31f7f |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Under Whose Command? |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Rising Regional Military Engagement |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/02/indias-rising-regional-military-engagement/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Thet Swe served in the Myanmar Navy and attained the rank of Vice-Admiral. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Navy in 2012, succeeding Vice-Admiral [[Nyan Tun]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Navy seeks arms from India {{!}} ARNO |url=https://www.rohingya.org/myanmar-navy-seeks-arms-from-india/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> He held this position until August 2015, when he retired and was succeeded by Vice-Admiral [[Tin Aung San]]. During his tenure, he oversaw naval operations and participated in expanding Myanmar's regional naval cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News_Test - Commander-In-Chief The Republic Of The Union... |url=https://www.mindef.gov.bn/airforce/Lists/News_Test/DispForm.aspx?ID=321&ContentTypeId=0x01005A98E14FB0FEBF4EA84BFF035D91D657 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.mindef.gov.bn}}</ref>

In July 2013, Thet Swe led an official naval delegation to India, visiting the [[Southern Naval Command]] in [[Kochi]]. The delegation toured naval training facilities including the Indian Navy’s missile and gunnery school and the [[Cochin Shipyard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commander-in-Chief, Myanmar Navy on four-day visit to India |url=https://www.spsmai.com/military/?id=2331&q=Commander-in-Chief-Myanmar-Navy-on-four-day-visit-to-India |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.spsmai.com |language=en}}</ref> According to The Times of India, the visit included meetings with senior Indian naval officers and was part of a broader bilateral naval engagement program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Htun |first=Paw |date=2022-01-18 |title=Opinion {{!}} Sacking of Myanmar Air Force Chief Fuels Personal Rift Rumors |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/sacking-of-myanmar-air-force-chief-fuels-personal-rift-rumors.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-26 |title=Myanmar Navy chief Vice Admiral Thura Thet Swe will be visiting India next week. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/myanmar-navy-chief-vice-admiral-thura-thet-swe-will-be-visiting-india-next-week-/articleshow/21370215.cms |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political involvement ==
Following his retirement from military service, Thet Swe stood as a candidate for the [[Pyithu Hluttaw]] (House of Representatives) seat representing the [[Coco Islands]] constituency during the 2015 general election, running under the Union Solidarity and Development Party.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pacific |first=Kanaha Sabapathy for Asia |date=2013-08-01 |title=India to assist Myanmar military |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-01/india-to-assist-myanmar-military/4858450 |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bipindra |first=N. C. |date=2013-07-30 |title=Myanmar Navy seeks arms from India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/Jul/30/myanmar-navy-seeks-arms-from-india-501798.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Irrawaddy noted that his candidacy was part of a broader trend involving retired senior military officers contesting parliamentary seats, particularly in remote or strategically important areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Htun |first=Paw |date=2022-01-18 |title=Opinion {{!}} Sacking of Myanmar Air Force Chief Fuels Personal Rift Rumors |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/sacking-of-myanmar-air-force-chief-fuels-personal-rift-rumors.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> Reports indicated that Thet Swe had access to the constituency via government transportation before the official campaign period began, access that was not available to other candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 August 2013 |title=India Boosts Defence Ties with Myanmar |url=https://mmbiztoday.com/india-boosts-defence-ties-with-myanmar/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=Myanmar Business Today |language=}}</ref>

== Titles and honours ==
The honorific title "Thura" is awarded by the Myanmar government for distinguished acts of bravery or military service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-07-31 |title=Myanmar Navy Chief in Kochi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/Jul/31/myanmar-navy-chief-in-kochi-502216.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Public record ==
As of 2025, Thet Swe is estimated to be around 60 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upsurge in Indo-Myanmar Naval Cooperation |url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/story/?id=276 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.spsnavalforces.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L_2008116EN.01005701.xml |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/compos/2008/349/oj/eng |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Myanmar Navy]]
* [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]
* [[2015 Myanmar general election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Government of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Burmese generals]]
[[Category:Defence Services Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Burmese Theravada Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Burmese politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:Military rule in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Silpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy

2026-04-12T12:16:38Z

FredricKeeton9: Made new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Silpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyal]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Bhuma Brahmananda Reddy]]
| successor = [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| birth_date = 1985
| birth_place = [[Nandyal]], [[India]]
| party = [[YSR Congress party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Planning and Management]]
| father = Silpa Chandra Mohan
}}
'''Silpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy''' (born 1985)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Nandyal Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-12 |title=Telugu star Allu Arjun booked for election code violation after visiting Andhra MLA |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/allu-arjun-telugu-star-booked-election-code-violation-ysrcp-mla-9324055/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-05-12 |title=Allu Arjun's visit to house of Nandyal YSRC candidate creates ripples |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/12/allu-arjuns-visit-to-house-of-nandyal-ysrc-candidate-creates-ripples |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Nandyal Constituency Election Results 2019: Nandyal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nandyal |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Nandyal Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Shilpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nandyal-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154593.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is a close friend to Allu Arjun. He lost the 2024 election from Nandyal seat, also on YSRCP ticket.

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Nandyal]] to Chandra Mohan, a two-time MLA from Nandyal. He completed a post-graduate management diploma from [[Indian Institute of Planning and Management|IIPM]], New Delhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-08 |title=Shilpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Nandyal {{!}} Kurnool |url=https://theleaderspage.com/shilpa-ravi-chandra-kishore-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career with the YSR Congress Party. He became MLA for the first time winning the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Nandyal representing [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]. He defeated [[Bhuma Brahmananda Reddy]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 34,560 votes.<ref name="Nandyal Constituency Election Results 2019">{{cite news |date=2019 |title=Nandyal Constituency Election Results 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nandyal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526135549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nandyal |archive-date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news18"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandyal Assembly Election 2024: Nandyal Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/nandyal-constituency-result-1139 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He lost the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election to [[N. M. D. Farooq]] of the Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 12,333 votes. Farooq polled 103,075 votes against 90,742 for Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandyal Constituency Election Results 2024: Nandyal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nandyal |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy, Silpa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Planning and Management alumni]]

Bhakta Tripathy

2026-04-10T02:16:49Z

FredricKeeton9: Made Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|05|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Srimukundapur, [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| education = BA, MJMC
| occupation = Chief Editor Of NEWS WORLD ODISHA, [[News anchor]] and Former Editor - ETV News Odia
| years_active = 1995{{ndash}}present
| credits = Tasty Tasty ''An Odia Foodie Programme'' Pujara Swada Sidha Katha
| website = {{URL|http://www.bhaktatripathy.in/}}
}}

'''Bhakta Tripathy''' is the chief editor of News World Odisha. He is a senior television journalist of [[Odisha]], India. He is former editor at ETV News Odia. Before this he was associated with [[Odisha TV]] as an input and investigative editor. During his stay at OTV, his special show- the first Odia popular food programme ''Tasty Tasty'' was a huge success. This show not only popularized the food culture of the state, but encouraged the state government to induct Tripathy in the Odisha Rasagola research committee. After leaving Odisha Television, Bhakta Tripathy joined as the Editor, Current Affairs in [[Focus Odisha]] TV which later turned to News World Odisha TV. Here also Bhakta Tripathy designed and produced a special foodie programme named Pujara Swada and Nuakhai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=67101|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=orissadiary.com|access-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511141817/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=67101|archive-date=2016-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=42562|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=orissadiary.com|access-date=2013-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617012424/http://orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=42562|archive-date=2016-06-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theodisha.com/category.php?cat=TastyTasty&page=2&order=DESC|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=www.theodisha.com|access-date=2013-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220700/http://www.theodisha.com/category.php?cat=TastyTasty&page=2&order=DESC|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.prameyanews.com/42576-165357466-1-article.html|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=www.theodisha.com|access-date=2015-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005220812/http://epaper.prameyanews.com/42576-165357466-1-article.html|archive-date=2015-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/cm-union-min-join-etv-annual-fest.html|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=www.dailypioneer.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dharitri.com/Bhubaneswar/100516/p10.htm|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=www.dharitri.com|access-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512183853/http://www.dharitri.com/Bhubaneswar/100516/p10.htm|archive-date=2016-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=253503&boxid=2141484|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=sambadepaper.com|access-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920164923/http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=253503&boxid=2141484|archive-date=2016-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.prameyanews.com/59080-152135820-1-article.html|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=prameyanews.com|access-date=2016-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610012902/http://epaper.prameyanews.com/59080-152135820-1-article.html|archive-date=2016-06-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sambadkalika.com/Papers/6MTEJMPKYA7RCS5.pdf|title=ETV News Odia, ETV News Network|work=www.sambadkalika.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Tripathy received a Master in Journalism & Mass Communication degree from the [[Utkal University]]. He started his journalism career with ''Sachitra Vijaya'' of Chennai-based Chandamama Group and the leading Oriya daily ''The Prajatantra''. He then moved to ''The Sambad''. He was chosen for the Outstanding Performer Award in the field of investigative reporting by ''The Sambad''. Miscreants attempted several times to attack Bhakta Tripathy for his investigating reporting during his tenure in Western Odisha. He has unearthed a number of crimes and [[Mafia Raj|mafia raj]] in coal block areas by his reporting. Bhakta worked in several districts of Odisha and outside the State. He is former editor at ETV News Odia. Women trafficking in Nayagarh, ISI activities in Nuagaon, Nayagarh were some of the most talked stories reported by him. Nexus between Jail authorities and the criminal prisoners at Puri jail and roaming of prisoners in the broad day light brought to public notice by his report. This compelled the administration to suspend 7 police officials for this reason.

==Awards and accolades==
In the year 1998, he was felicitated by [[Khurda]] NAC for the commendable achievement in the field of mass media. He also received an Outstanding Performer Award in the field of investigative reporting by ''The Sambad''. He was given a Media Fellowship from "FFDA" [[Raipur]] (CG) based organization, for reporting on socioeconomic condition of [[Western Odisha]] Migrant Labourers in the year 2002. In the year 2003 he was chosen as the Best Journalist by Western Odisha weekly ''[[Janatara Bandhu]]''. He has received "[[Bartabaha Sanman]]" by Boudha Pustak Mela in the year 2004. In the year 2010, he has received Sanjay Rout Memorial Talent Award by [[Utkal Sambadika Sangha]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/bhakta-alice-in-wonderland-of-odia-cuisines.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160617012424/http://orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaOrbit.asp?id=42562
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220700/http://www.theodisha.com/category.php?cat=TastyTasty&page=2&order=DESC
* https://web.archive.org/web/20151005220812/http://epaper.prameyanews.com/42576-165357466-1-article.html
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bhakta_Tripathy_News_Paper_Article_in_Prameya_Nespaper.jpg

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathy, Bhakta}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]

Kalakalappu

2026-04-09T00:47:57Z

FredricKeeton9: new

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Sundar C}}
{{distinguish|Kalakalappu (2001 film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kalakalappu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| writer = [[Badri (director)|Badri]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sundar C
| story = Sundar C
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] Sundar C
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
*[[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]]
*[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
*[[Oviya]]
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
}}
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Vijay Ebenezer]]
| studio = [[Avni Cinemax]] [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = UTV Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|05|11}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimated}} {{INR}}6.5 [[crore]]<ref name="Half Yearly Report" />
}}

'''''Kalakalappu''''' ({{audio|Ta-கலகலப்பு.ogg|pronunciation}}) ({{translation|Humour}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Sundar C]]. Produced by [[Avni Cinemax]] and [[UTV Motion Pictures]], the film stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Oviya]] and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], with music composed by [[Vijay Ebenezer]]. It revolves around a restaurant owner and his brother seeking to save the restaurant from closure.

The film was originally titled ''Masala Café'', but was later renamed. It was released on 11 May 2012 and became a commercial success. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Jump Jilani]]'' (2014). In 2018, a spiritual successor ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' was released. The film is loosely based on the 2009 German film ''[[Soul Kitchen (film)|Soul Kitchen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2016 |title=சுட்ட படம் |trans-title=Stolen film! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/114382-sutta-padam-soul-kitchen-kalakalappu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920083027/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/114382-sutta-padam-soul-kitchen-kalakalappu |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Seenu runs the [[Kumbakonam]]-based Masala Café, inherited from his forefathers. Masala Café was once a famous food outlet for decades ago but has lost its prominence, and now Seenu finds it difficult to manage the struggling enterprise. The café's chef and his granddaughter Maya stay with Seenu.

Madhavi, a [[Environmental health officer|health inspector]], decides to permanently shut down Masala Café due to its unhygienic environment. Seenu requests her to give him some time so he can make his food joint regain its past glory. Slowly, Seenu and Madhavi become good friends, and love blossoms between them.

Seenu's younger brother Raghu, a [[con artist]], is released from prison. Seenu allows Raghu to stay with him as Raghu saves him from Anjuvatti Alagesan ({{translation|Five-[[interest]] Alagesan}}), to whom Seenu owes money. Raghu falls in love with Maya at first sight. Manickam, a jewellery owner, sets fire to his jewellery showroom for an [[insurance fraud|insurance claim]], although he has safely hidden precious diamonds in a mobile phone which is with Kumar, his nephew. Kumar misplaces the phone containing the diamonds, which later gets into Raghu's hands.

Dharmarajan, a cunning police inspector, is a childhood friend of Seenu. A real estate developer plans to demolish Masala Café and construct a mall over there due to its prime location. But Seenu is unwilling to sell his property as he prefers to own it in the memory of his family members. Dharmarajan assures to convince Seenu and make him sell the hotel and he talks a deal with the real estate developer.

Seenu, Raghu, Madhavi, and Maya come up with a plan to introduce traditional healthy food menu in Masala Café, believing that it will be liked by the present generation. Maya's grandfather gives tips about healthy ingredients, and Masala Café becomes popular again due to differentiated menu. Seenu earns more money from Masala Café.

Meanwhile, Madhavi's wedding is fixed with her relative Vettupuli in the village by her family. Seenu goes to Madhavi's village to stop the wedding and bring her back to Kumbakonam.

When Seenu is away, Dharmarajan plans to grab Masala Café as it is now managed only by Raghu, who is addicted to gambling. Dharmarajan calls Raghu for gambling, for which Raghu accepts. Dharmarajan tricks Raghu into gambling using his hotel documents. Raghu loses, and Dharmarajan takes over Masala Café. Seenu gets shocked knowing that Dharmarajan has betrayed them. After a series of events, Vettupuli learns about Seenu and Madhavi's love and decides to let them marry.

Manickam tracks down that the phone containing diamonds is with Raghu and comes to kill him and take back the diamonds. But Seenu and Raghu get to know about the diamonds being hidden in the phone only after Manickam comes. Seenu and Raghu escape from Manickam. Manickam kidnaps Maya and Madhavi and threatens Seenu and Raghu to give back the diamonds. A fight sequence follows where Seenu and Raghu beat Manickam. In the meantime, they also grab the hotel's documents from Dharmarajan. The police restore the diamonds and arrest Dharmarajan and Manickam. Seenu unites with Madhavi and Raghu with Maya.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Seenu
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Raghu
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Madhavi
* [[Oviya]] as Maya
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Vettupuli
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Anjuvatti Alagesan
* [[Manobala]] as Marudhamuthu
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Natarajan
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Manickam
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as Manickam's henchman
* [[John Vijay]] as Dharmarajan
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as Minister Sundaram
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Mandakasaayam
* [[George Maryan]] as Constable Pachchai Perumal
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Inba Kumar
* [[Yogi Babu]] as 'Malakottai' Shankar
* [[Pei Krishnan]] as Pei
* Balaji K. Mohan as Chef
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Raghu's friend
* [[Kalloori Vinoth]] as Pickpocket
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Thimeengalam (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
A report in December 2010 suggested that [[Sundar C]] would quit acting, after his films successively bombed at the box office, and concentrate on directing only.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2010 |title=Sundar C to quit acting |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sundar-c-to-quit-acting/articleshow/21727742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241130121132/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sundar-c-to-quit-acting/articleshow/21727742.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> By September 2011, he was confirmed to be developing a film with [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=Sundar C is back to direction ! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-is-back-to-direction-news-tamil-ljyk3rjgaac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926165410/http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-is-back-to-direction-news-tamil-ljyk3rjgaac.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Shiva said Sundar wrote his character with him in mind but let him improvise to his liking.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title='Kalakalappu' is a cool film for hot summer: Shiva |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalakalappu-is-a-cool-film-for-hot-summer-shiva/articleshow/12996425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260304100353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalakalappu-is-a-cool-film-for-hot-summer-shiva/articleshow/12996425.cms |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Sundar said that idea of the film him during the shooting of ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Kalakalappu is an out and out entertainer |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/kalakalappu-out-and-out-entertainer-379 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511150735/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/kalakalappu-out-and-out-entertainer-379 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] was confirmed as one of the lead actresses in October 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2011 |title=Sundar's next is with Anjali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sundars-next-is-with-Anjali/articleshow/10324657.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304104616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sundars-next-is-with-Anjali/articleshow/10324657.cms |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Oviya]], who plays the other lead actress, said this would be her first glamorous role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=5 April 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: High on humour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-high-on-humour/article3284058.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205044914/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-high-on-humour/article3284058.ece |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2012 |title=Oviya turns glamourous for Masala Cafe |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oviya-turns-glamourous-for-masala-cafe-news-tamil-megjAPjiibb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228204357/http://www.sify.com/movies/oviya-turns-glamourous-for-masala-cafe-news-tamil-megjAPjiibb.html |archive-date=28 December 2012 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Vadivelu]] was expected to get a pivotal role in the film and make a comeback, but was later replaced by [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2011 |title=Sundar C prefers Santhanam to Vadivelu! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-prefers-santhanam-to-vadivelu-news-tamil-lkhk5Hhahch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009111541/http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-c-prefers-santhanam-to-vadivelu-news-tamil-lkhk5Hhahch.html |archive-date=9 October 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Karunakaran made his feature film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2020 |title='Maanadu' actor Karunakaran undergoes minor leg surgery, on rest for few weeks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanadu-actor-karunakaran-undergoes-minor-leg-surgery-on-rest-for-few-weeks/articleshow/77634708.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/maanadu-actor-karunakaran-undergoes-minor-leg-surgery-on-rest-for-few-weeks/articleshow/77634708.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=9 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The title of the film, ''Masala Cafe'' was announced in mid-October. It was jointly produced by [[Avni Cinemax]] and [[UTV Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2011 |title=Sundar C's Masala in Kumbakonam! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-cs-masala-in-kumbakonam-news-tamil-lkmlJvgdbbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013114737/http://www.sify.com/movies/sundar-cs-masala-in-kumbakonam-news-tamil-lkmlJvgdbbj.html |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=13 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2011 |title=UTV ties up with Sundar C & Kushboo |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-ties-up-with-sundar-c-kushboo-news-tamil-lkrmSyhifdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221092534/http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-ties-up-with-sundar-c-kushboo-news-tamil-lkrmSyhifdi.html |archive-date=21 December 2011 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2011 |title=UTV Ties Up with Sundar C for 'Masala Cafe' |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=119291 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130123657/https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=119291 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Daijiworld Media]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Filming began on 2 November in [[Kumbakonam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2011 |title=Masala Café in Summer 2012! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/masala-caf-in-summer-2012/articleshow/10630177.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130123653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/masala-caf-in-summer-2012/articleshow/10630177.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2011 |title=Masala Cafe starts in Kumbakonam today |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/masala-cafe-starts-in-kumbakonam-today-news-tamil-llcnPhfgghj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106090417/http://www.sify.com/movies/masala-cafe-starts-in-kumbakonam-today-news-tamil-llcnPhfgghj.html |archive-date=6 January 2012 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Majority of the film was shot in [[Gobichettipalayam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2018 |title=Gobichettipalayam – a 'paradise' for cinema directors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/gobichettipalayam-a-paradise-for-cinema-directors/articleshow/63193200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714173507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/gobichettipalayam-a-paradise-for-cinema-directors/articleshow/63193200.cms |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The new title ''Kalakalappu'' was announced in April 2012,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2012 |title=Shot Cuts – Masala Café is Kalakalapu now |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts-masala-caf-is-kalakalapu-now/article3324147.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130113902/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shot-cuts-masala-caf-is-kalakalapu-now/article3324147.ece |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> by which point filming was over and the film was in post-production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2012 |title=UTV's Masala Cafe gets a new title! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-s-masala-cafe-gets-a-new-title-news-tamil-meqs9iggjei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622182152/http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-s-masala-cafe-gets-a-new-title-news-tamil-meqs9iggjei.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Vijay Ebenezer]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kalakalappu Tamil Film Audio CD (sealed pack) |url=https://mossymart.com/shop/kalakalappu-tamil-film-audio-cd-sealed-pack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223034639/https://mossymart.com/shop/kalakalappu-tamil-film-audio-cd-sealed-pack/ |archive-date=23 February 2026 |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> It was initially reported that Vimal had sung a few lines for a song. Lyricist [[Pa. Vijay]] said that Vimal did practice for the song, but ultimately could not record the final version due to time constraints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivas |date=21 March 2012 |title=Vijay moves out of his comfort zone! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vijay-moves-out-of-his-comfort-zone/articleshow/12352232.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302103339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vijay-moves-out-of-his-comfort-zone/articleshow/12352232.cms |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 20 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2012 |title=Kalakalappu audio launch today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalakalappu-audio-launch-today/articleshow/12745228.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260302020316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalakalappu-audio-launch-today/articleshow/12745228.cms |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Reviewing the album, [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "Likeable second effort by Vijay Ebenezer, after ''[[Kandaen]]''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=23 April 2012 |title=Kalakalappu (Music review), Tamil – Vijay Ebenezer |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/04/23/kalakalappu-music-review-tamil-vijay-ebenezer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522185209/https://milliblog.com/2012/04/23/kalakalappu-music-review-tamil-vijay-ebenezer/ |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Angelina
| extra1 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], Dr. Burn, [[MILI (singer-songwriter)|MILI]]
| length1 = 4:29
| title2 = Ivalunga Imsai Thaanga Mudiyala
| extra2 = Amitabh Narayan
| length2 = 4:53
| title3 = Masala Café
| extra3 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Sheeba Truman & Steevevatz
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Mokkamanusha
| extra4 = Steevevatz, [[Suchitra]]
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = Unnaipattri Unnidame
| extra5 = [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Prashanthini]]
| length5 = 4:20
| title6 = Ava Thirumbipaarthu
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| length6 = 4:59
| total_length = 27:46
}}

== Release ==
''Kalakalappu'' was released on 11 May 2012, by UTV Motion Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2012 |title=UTV's Kalakalappu releasing tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/utvs-kalakalappu-releasing-tomorrow/articleshow/13080275.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304091623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/utvs-kalakalappu-releasing-tomorrow/articleshow/13080275.cms |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2012 |title=UTV confirms Kalakalappu release on May 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-confirms-kalakalappu-release-on-may-11-news-tamil-me0pDvbjiba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622013413/http://www.sify.com/movies/utv-confirms-kalakalappu-release-on-may-11-news-tamil-me0pDvbjiba.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> It was released in 255 screens in Tamil Nadu, and was the only Tamil release of the week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2012 |title=Friday Fury – May 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-11-news-tamil-mflh2gcjfag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513182953/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-may-11-news-tamil-mflh2gcjfag.html |archive-date=13 May 2012 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Ahead of the film's release, distributors predicted that the film would "work big time at the summer box-office", given the success of numerous comedy films in Tamil cinema released that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2012 |title=Kalakalappu, riding on the comedy wave |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalakalappu-riding-on-the-comedy-wave-news-tamil-mfhuCwbdbhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509010824/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalakalappu-riding-on-the-comedy-wave-news-tamil-mfhuCwbdbhj.html |archive-date=9 May 2012 |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' claimed that "''Kalakalappu'' remains true to its title and is jolly good fun throughout".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=12 May 2012 |title=Kalakalappu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kalakalappu/movie-review/13106085.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114231404/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kalakalappu/movie-review/13106085.cms |archive-date=14 November 2013 |access-date=14 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]''<nowiki/>'s critic described the film as "good fun while it lasts, with the second half better than the first".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalakalappu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalakalappu-review-tamil-14998487.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101156/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalakalappu-review-tamil-14998487.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "It's fun and funny, unpretentious and yet quite nutty!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=13 May 2012 |title=Kalakalappu review: Served with a lot of fun |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/kalakalappu-review-served-lot-fun-099 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529021249/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/kalakalappu-review-served-lot-fun-099 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=14 May 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated that it did have "its funny moments but only a few of them work".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=11 May 2012 |title=Review: Kalakalappu fails to impress |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kalakalappu-fails-to-impress/20120511.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514020404/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kalakalappu-fails-to-impress/20120511.htm |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[In.com]]'' wrote: "''Kalakalappu'' works only in bits and pieces!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2012 |title=Kalakalappu works only in bits and pieces! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/kalakalappu-works-only-in-bits-and-pieces-23030886-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013112758/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/kalakalappu-works-only-in-bits-and-pieces-23030886-in-1.html |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[In.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Predictable narrative technique is a bane, and not all attempts at comedy transcend time. Instead [Sundar] should move on, fine-tune his comedic skills and take the viewer on a more advanced and pertinent humour trip".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 May 2012 |title=In a time warp |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-a-time-warp/article12874944.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222120630/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-a-time-warp/article12874944.ece |archive-date=22 February 2026 |access-date=22 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, "Sundar C fills his lively canvas with a corrupt cop and a villain after missing diamonds, and these discursions occasionally put a brake on the proceedings. Thankfully, the kitchen sink, aka the doting grandfather who flies through a car’s windshield, is always round the corner".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=12 May 2012 |title="Kalakalappu @ Masala Café"... Gag orders |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2012/05/12/kalakalappu-masala-cafe-gag-orders/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920083027/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2012/05/12/kalakalappu-masala-cafe-gag-orders/ |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
Trade analysts considered ''Kalakalappu'' a success within a week of its release, given the low budget.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2012 |title='Kalakalappu' makes the audience laugh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalakalappu-makes-the-audience-laugh/articleshow/13136129.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241130121151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalakalappu-makes-the-audience-laugh/articleshow/13136129.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> According to ''Sify'', the film was made on a budget of {{INRConvert|6.5|c|year=2012}}, and grossed around {{INRConvert|11|c|year=2013}}.<ref name="Half Yearly Report">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2012 |title=Tamil Cinema 2012- Half Yearly Report (Jan 1-June 30) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-cinema-2012-half-yearly-report-jan-1-june-30-news-tamil-mhhsLzccaaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708101345/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-cinema-2012-half-yearly-report-jan-1-june-30-news-tamil-mhhsLzccaaa.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The success of ''Kalakalappu'', along with that of other contemporaneous Tamil films such as ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'', ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]'' and ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'', initiated a short-lived trend of comedy films becoming successful. Trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai noted a shift in Tamil cinema from violent revenge-based films to comedies, which were found to be more commercially viable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=19 May 2012 |title=Trends- Comedy Time in Kollywood |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trends-comedy-time-in-kollywood-news-tamil-mfttP1bbiad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622190909/http://www.sify.com/movies/trends-comedy-time-in-kollywood-news-tamil-mfttP1bbiad.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Kalakalappu'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Jump Jilani]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=13 June 2014 |title=Movie Review 'Jump Jilani': It's a routine comedy |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140612/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-jump-jilani-it%E2%80%99s-routine-comedy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622165835/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140612/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-jump-jilani-it%E2%80%99s-routine-comedy |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> A spiritual successor titled ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'', also directed by Sundar, was released on 9 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=3 February 2018 |title=Kalakalappu 2 trailer: Jiiva, Jai and Shiva promise a laugh riot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kalakalappu-2-trailer-jiiva-jai-and-shiva-promise-a-laugh-riot-5050220/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324055715/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kalakalappu-2-trailer-jiiva-jai-and-shiva-promise-a-laugh-riot-5050220/ |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sundar C}}
{{UTV Movies}}

[[Category:2012 comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films about fraud]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]

Eddison Fernandes

2026-04-07T15:15:25Z

FredricKeeton9:

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (1983–2009)}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since v1 from 2024, one of many AI articles by user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] - promotional tone, vocab distro typical of LLM output, etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eddison Fernandes
| image = Eddison Fernandes.jpg
| caption = Fernandes in the late-2000s
| birth_name = Eddison Rosario Fernandes
| birth_date = {{birth date|1983|6|14|df=y}}
| other_names = Edison Rosario Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Fatorda, Goa]], India
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|10|17|1983|6|14|df=y}}
| years_active = 2003–2009
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|singer|composer|keyboardist}}
| spouse = Anisha Fernandes
| notable_works = ''[[Tum Kitem Kortolo Aslo?]]'' (2010)
| burial_place = St. Michael’s Church cemetery, [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Orlim]], Goa
| awards = [[Kala Academy|KA]]'s "Best Supporting Actor Award" (2003)
}}

'''Eddisson Rosario Fernandes''' (born '''Eddison Rosario Fernandes'''; 14 June 1983 – 17 October 2009), also known [[mononymously]] as '''Edison''', was an Indian comedian, actor, singer, composer, writer, businessman, and former [[keyboardist]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. He made his debut in [[Sharon Mazarello]]'s ''tiatr Puro Korat'' (2003). He was best known for his comic role in the Konkani film ''[[Tum Kitem Kortolo Aslo?]]'' (2010).

==Early life==
Fernandes was born as Eddison Rosario Fernandes on 14 June 1983, at Dr. A. V. Da Costa Memorial Clinic in the suburb of [[Fatorda]], located in the state of [[Goa]], India. His parents were Martin and Josefa Mariquinha Alberta Fernandes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 1983 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073241/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon the conclusion of his academic pursuits, Fernandes initiated the establishment of a service entity named Master Engineering in the [[census town]] of [[Varca]]. The company offered a variety of services including [[air-conditioning]] supply and maintenance, electrical services, and technical assistance.<ref name=":0" /> They catered to a diverse clientele, serving both the public and high-end hotels in the area. In addition to his business endeavors, Fernandes undertook a theater program at the T.A.C.T Institute located in [[Margao]]. It was through his acting abilities showcased on the Konkani stage that Fernandes gained significant recognition.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Fernandes emerged as a multifaceted contributor to the world of ''[[tiatr]]s'', a unique form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]], showcasing his talents as a musician, writer, composer, singer, and actor. Initially establishing himself as a [[keyboardist]], he embarked on his ''tiatr'' journey. In 2003, Fernandes made his first appearance in ''Puro Korat'' (Enough of That), a ''tiatr'' written by [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[Sharon Mazarello]]. The production not only participated in the [[Kala Academy]]'s competition but also earned Fernandes the Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance. A breakthrough opportunity presented itself when Fernandes became involved in the non-stop show ''Tumi Tumche Dolle Ugddat'' (You All Open Your Eyes), directed by Konkani theater director [[Mario Menezes]]. It was during this phase that Fernandes showcased his acting skills, leaving an impression with his portrayal of a [[gay]] character in ''Ghorabeache Vantte'' (Division of Family). Furthermore, he displayed his comedic prowess by taking on a humorous role in Sharon's [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] film ''[[Tum Kitem Kortolo Aslo?]]'' (2010). Fernandes' talents extended beyond acting, as he proved to be a composer and singer. In Mario Menezes' ''tiatr Love Story'' from 2009, his interpretation of the opening chorus, along with his rendition of the song "Sobit Sopon" in Dominic Fernandes' Konkani [[CD]] ''Mainchem Sukh'', showcased his musical talents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=134}}</ref> Prior to his involvement in ''tiatrs'', Fernandes honed his musical skills by initially playing the [[keyboard instrument]] in a band. Subsequently, he demonstrated his skills in Konkani theatrical productions by Pascoal Rodrigues and Peter de Macazana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=J. P. |date=19 October 2009 |title=Tribute to comedian Eddison: Sobit Sopon cut short in bloom |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |pages=5}}</ref> Known for his comedic timing and promising acting potential, Fernandes made appearances in several Konkani movies, demonstrating his versatility as a performer while showcasing his vocal talents.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2009 |title=Budding tiatr comedian passes away |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=10}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Mario Menezes]], a director within the realm of Konkani theatre affiliated with Menezes Theatre, identified the talent of Fernandes and assigned him the lead comedian role in the acclaimed play ''Tumi Tumche Dolle Ughddat''. Sharing the stage with the Konkani comedienne Joanna, Fernandes delivered a memorable performance that garnered praise from both the director and the audience. This success paved the way for Fernandes to become a regular fixture in Menezes' subsequent productions, including ''Naginn'', ''Hi Maim Konnanchi'', the 2009 play ''Kal Aiz ani Faleam'',<ref name=":0" /> and the ''tiatr'' titled ''Beiman Kir'' released in the same year. However, Fernandes' acting engagements were restricted to only two productions, culminating in his final performance held in his hometown of Orlim. Beyond his theatrical pursuits, Fernandes also made appearances in Konkani video films. He featured in Jacki-E's ''Hanv Ankvar Kiteak Urlom'', where he shared the screen with Anita. Additionally, Fernandes showcased his comedic skills in comedian Michael's ''Chor Police'', as well as Martin de Ponda's productions ''Puro Anink Naka'' and ''Bhogos Saiba''. Fernandes showcased his versatility beyond acting as a musician, showcasing his talent in composing lyrics and performing his own musical compositions. One of his popular compositions was the [[solo (music)|solo]] titled "Music, Music," which was sung by the young artist Rioma in the play ''Kal Aiz ani Faleam'', a composition that left an impression on the audience. Fernandes' accomplishments include his performance of the song "Sobit Sopon" featured in the [[audio album]] "Mainche Sukh," created by Domnic and Fernandes and distributed by Manfa Music. His last stage appearance was in Mario Menezes' play ''Kal Aiz ani Faleam''.<ref name=":1" /> Beyond his involvement in the performing arts, Fernandes also held the position of [[proprietor]] at Master Engineering, showcasing his versatility and diverse interests.<ref name=":2" />

In [[Sharon Mazarello]]'s ''tiatr Tum Kitem Kortolo Aslo?'' at the [[Kala Academy]] Goa's 30th Tiatr Competition 2004–2005, Fernandes was chosen to play a comedian, a character of a [[mechanic]] helper. This theatrical production was later adapted into a [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] in 2010, featuring Fernandes in the identical role, and was released after his death. In the original theatrical production, Fernandes' role of a humorous character of a mechanic's assistant, earned recognition for his comedic prowess with a merit certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2008, Fernandes further expanded his artistic [[repertoire]] by taking part in Mario Menezes's ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Ghorabeache Vantte'' (Division of Family). Displaying his comedic timing and musical abilities, Fernandes captivated audiences as a comedian and singer. The ''tiatr'' received acclaim and had successfully staged 82 performances across Goa before captivating audiences at Nashwan Hall in Al Nasr Leisureland, [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai: Konkani Tiatr 'Ghorabeache Vantte' on Aug 14- daijiworld.com |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=879 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.daijiworld.com |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223152953/https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=879 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fernandes originated from the ward of Palcut in the village of Orlim, located in [[Goa]].<ref name=":0" /> He did not have any siblings, being the sole child of his parents. Fernandes was wedded to a young lady named Anisha.<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
On 17 October 2009, Fernandes, aged 26, died at [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]], Goa,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2009 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> following a short period of illness. His funeral took place on 20 October at 4:30 pm at St. Michael Church in Orlim, Goa.<ref name=":2" /> Surviving him were his wife, Anisha, and his parents, Martin and Josefa.<ref name=":1" />

===Reactions===
[[Mario Menezes]], a figure in the realm of [[Tiatr|Konkani theatre]] direction, expressed shock and loss upon receiving the news of Fernandes's sudden demise. Known for his talent and promising potential, Fernandes made a significant impact during his two-year involvement in the field with Menezes. He was also known for his commitment, diligent work ethic, exemplary conduct, and punctuality, Menezes stated, "Fernandes exemplified qualities that were rarely observed among emerging talents." Additionally, Menezes noted that Fernandes was well-regarded for his helpful nature and kind demeanor, as attested by others familiar with him. [[Theatre critic]] and writer J. P. Pereira from ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' characterized Fernandes as an individual with skills in comedy, singing, lyric composition, and music, highlighting his human qualities. Pereira also expressed his sympathy to the grieving family.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Eddison}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Jeotex

2026-04-07T13:17:17Z

FredricKeeton9: new

{{Short description|Canadian electronics manufacturer}}
{{advert|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jeotex, Inc.
| logo = Datawind-Logo-for-web-b2.jpg
| type = Public
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001}} ([[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canada)
| defunct = Declared bankruptcy {{End date|2021|06|10}}
| location = [[Mississauga, Ontario]], Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sedar.com/DisplayProfile.do?lang=EN&issuerType=03&issuerNo=00035880|title=Jeotex Inc. Profile}}</ref>
| caption =
| key_people = Suneet Tuli, CEO Raja Tuli, Co-founder, CTO
| shareholder =
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Computer hardware]]
| products = [[Aakash (tablet)|Aakash]] tablet Ubislate PocketSurfer UbiSurfer
| revenue =
| net_income =
| parent =
| homepage = {{URL|www.datawind.com}}
}}

'''Jeotex Inc.'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/profile?s=JTX.H:NEX|title=Jeotex Inc, JTX.H:NEX profile - FT.com|website=markets.ft.com}}</ref> (formerly known as '''Datawind Inc.''') was a British-Canadian-Indian company that developed and manufactured low-cost tablet computers and smartphones.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mims|first=Christopher|title=$25 tablets, $2 mobile data plans, and zero margins–-how the internet is about to gain 3 billion new users|url=http://qz.com/32125/25-tablets-2-mobile-data-plans-and-zero-margins-how-the-internet-is-about-to-gain-3-billion-new-users/|work=qz.com|date=29 November 2012 |publisher=quartz|access-date=November 29, 2012}}</ref> It was founded in 2001, [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]]. The company aimed to produce tablets primarily for markets in [[India]], [[Nigeria]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]]. Jeotex has created the [[Aakash (tablet)|Aakash]] [[tablet computer]], which was marketed as the "world's cheapest tablet" as it was priced at US$37.99 per unit in 2012.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |date=2012-06-25 |title=India upgrades 'world's cheapest tablet' Aakash |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18580131 |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> The [[Aakash (tablet)|Aakash]] was developed for India's [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry for Human Resource Development (MHRD)]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/meet-aakash-indias-35-laptop/?scp=1&sq=Aakash&st=cse&_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first1=Pamposh | last1=Raina | first2=Heather | last2=Timmons | title=Meet Aakash, India's $35 'Laptop' | date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=b|first=a|title=Aakash: World's cheapest tablet launched; to be sold for $60 in retail|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246812_1_tablet-mobile-phones-sim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007195419/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246812_1_tablet-mobile-phones-sim|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2011|publisher=Economic Times(India)|access-date=October 5, 2011|date=5 October 2011}}</ref>

Jeotex also manufactured mobile internet devices, including PocketSurfer smartphones and Ubi-Surfer netbooks. Datawind was listed on the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] from 2014 to October 2018 when it was relisted to the TSX Venture Exchange after failing to meet the listing requirements.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/datawind-to-delist-from-tsx-and-transfer-listing-to-nex-2018-10-10|title=Datawind to Delist from TSX and Transfer Listing to NEX|work=MarketWatch|access-date=2018-11-21|language=en-US}}</ref> It was delisted from the TSX Venture Exchange in 2021.<ref name=":3" />

Datawind maintained offices in [[Montreal]], [[Mississauga]], [[London]], [[Delhi]] and [[Amritsar]].<ref name="gazette" /> At a shareholder meeting in April 2019, it was agreed to change the name of the company to Jeotex Inc., and the change took effect later that month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accesswire.com/541253/DataWind-Releases-Results-of-Annual-General-and-Special-Meeting-and-Change-of-Auditor|title=DataWind Releases Results of Annual General and Special Meeting and Change of Auditor|website=Accesswire}}</ref> However, on 10 June 2021, the company was declared bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=Datawind Inc. (Aka Jeotex Corporation and aka Jeotex Inc. ("Jeotex")) | Insolvency Insider |url=https://insolvencyinsider.ca/filing/datawind-inc-aka-jeotex-corporation-and-aka-jeotex-inc-jeotex/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327205417/https://insolvencyinsider.ca/filing/datawind-inc-aka-jeotex-corporation-and-aka-jeotex-inc-jeotex/ |archive-date=2023-03-27}}</ref>

== History ==
Datawind was founded in Montreal<ref name="gazette">{{cite web
|title=Aakash tablet will end 'digital divide'
|publisher=Montreal Gazette, Jason Magder, October 6, 2011
|url=https://montrealgazette.com/technology/Aakash+tablet+will+digital+divide/5508723/story.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108034646/http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Aakash+tablet+will+digital+divide/5508723/story.html
|archive-date=2011-11-08
}} </ref> in 2001 by brothers Suneet and Raja Tuli.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news
|title = Meet Aakash, India's $35 'Laptop'|publisher = New York Times, October 5, 2011, Pamposh Raina and Heather Timmons|url = http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/05/meet-aakash-indias-35-laptop/?scp=1&sq=Aakash&st=cse|date = October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref name="npr1">{{cite web
| title = Will Cheap Computer Bridge India's Digital Divide?
| website = NPR.org
| publisher = NPR, Corey Flintoff, November 2, 2011
| url = https://www.npr.org/2011/11/02/141944012/will-cheap-computer-bridge-indias-digital-divide?ft=1&f=1001}}</ref> Raja Tuli grew up in [[Northern Alberta]], Canada. Suneet Tuli is a civil engineer who graduated from the [[University of Toronto]], while Raja Tuli is a computer engineer, who graduated from the [[University of Alberta]].<ref name=":3">[http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%253A%253AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=99CCB0F509994B6A9683D321CA01422B http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=99CCB0F509994B6A9683D321CA01422B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215104803/http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%253A%253AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=99CCB0F509994B6A9683D321CA01422B |date=2013-12-15 }} </ref> Suneet Tuli was Datawind's [[chief executive officer]] and was responsible for its vision, strategy, and execution. Raja Tuli was the company's co-chairman and chief technology officer; he is an inventor with dozens of patents across a broad range of technologies related to the internet, imaging, and energy sustenance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marlow |first=Iain |date=2011-12-29 |title=How a Montreal company won the race to build the world's cheapest tablet |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/how-a-montreal-company-won-the-race-to-build-the-worlds-cheapest-tablet/article548496/ |access-date=2023-03-24}}
</ref>

Datawind's product range included PocketSurfer smartphones and [[Aakash (tablet)|UbiSlate]] tablets. The company held a portfolio of 14 international patents for its web-delivery platform, which served as the foundation for its products. The company manufactured, marketed, and sold UbiSlate tablets to various countries, and also provided a year of free internet browsing in some countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Datawind announces 1-year free Internet on tablet PC |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/datawind-announces-1-year-free-internet-on-tablet-pc/articleshow/38622364.cms |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> In collaboration with the [[government of India]], the company developed the Aakash tablet, which gained worldwide attention for being "the world's cheapest tablet".<ref name="BBC News"/>

With its research and development based in Montreal, the company launched its first products in 2004,<ref name=":0">https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/18/suneet-singh-tuli {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908194538/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/18/suneet-singh-tuli |date=2015-09-08 }} </ref> and their products were sold primarily in the United Kingdom.<ref name="nyt2">{{cite news
| title = Aiming for the Other One Billion
| publisher = New York Times, October 6, 2011, Heather Timmons
| url = http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/aiming-for-the-other-one-billion/?scp=4&sq=Aakash&st=cse
| date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> In 2004, the company was described as a "small tech shop"<ref name="time2">{{cite news
| title = Biz Briefs: Web on the Run
| publisher = Time Magazine, Sean Gregory, December 17, 2004
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1009665,00.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071128131612/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1009665,00.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = November 28, 2007
| date=December 17, 2004}}</ref> while marketing its key product, the PocketSurfer, a [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]/[[mobile phone]]/web browsing device.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kidman |first=Alex |title=PocketSurfer2 review: PocketSurfer 2 |url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/pocketsurfer2-review/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> Several iterations of the PocketSurfer followed.

In 2009, the Indian government pledged a low-cost laptop to improve the quality of education within the country; however, the development process was beset by delays until Datawind won the tender for the tablet in late 2011.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} In the same year, Datawind made its entry into the Indian market with the launch of the Aakash tablet, specifically developed for the Indian government's goal of enhancing the quality of education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-05 |title=India launches Aakash tablet computer priced at $35 |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15180831 |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> To encourage the growth of nationwide internet use, the Indian government announced at the October 2011 launch of the Aakash tablet that it will be offered to students at a subsidized price of $35<ref name="nyt" /> and to the public (as the ''Ubislate 7'') for $60.<ref name="nyt" /><ref name=":1" /> Some analysts speculated the tablet will have a positive impact on the education sector and “has the potential to positively impact billions”.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wadhwa |first=Vivek |date=2012-09-20 |title=How the Aakash tablet bounced back |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/how-the-aakash-tablet-bounced-back/2012/09/20/96f42406-034f-11e2-8102-ebee9c66e190_story.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In his study, Rajat Kathuria, external consultant at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), stated the Indian economy could grow 10.08% faster with every 10% increase in internet and broadband connections in the country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wadhva|first=Vivek|title=Affordable tablets will give the poor a voice|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/all-that-matters/Affordable-tablets-will-give-the-poor-a-voice/articleshow/22873949.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925094823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/all-that-matters/42291256_1_aakash-tablet-datawind-india-start|url-status=live|archive-date=September 25, 2013|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=September 22, 2013}}</ref>

The Ubislate tablets were commercially launched in April 2012, by which time bookings for the device had exceeded three-million units - more than ten times the size of the total market for tablets in India in the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cerejo|first=Roydon|title=Datawind launches Ubislate 7+ and 7C tablets in India|url=http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/datawind-launches-ubislate-7-and-7c-tablets-in-india/301752|work=tech2.in|access-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427125952/http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/datawind-launches-ubislate-7-and-7c-tablets-in-india/301752|archive-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead}} </ref> Following the commercial launch of the UbiSlate tablets, the company was among the top three suppliers of tablets in India, according to Cybermedia Research. In the first quarter of 2013, Datawind dominated the Indian tablet market with the largest market share of tablets sold in India, excluding the Aakash devices that were to be supplied to the government.<ref>{{cite web|last=Puri|first=Nitin|title=Datawind becomes India's leading tablet maker for Q1 2013|url=http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/datawind-launches-ubislate-7-and-7c-tablets-in-india/301752|publisher=Mobile India|access-date=June 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911000451/http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/datawind-launches-ubislate-7-and-7c-tablets-in-india/301752|archive-date=September 11, 2012|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427125952/http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/datawind-launches-ubislate-7-and-7c-tablets-in-india/301752 |date=April 27, 2012 }}</ref> The company had plans to expand into tablet markets in the UK, the US, and Canada. Datawind also considered working with governments, [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], and distributors in Latin American and African countries, where its products were being deployed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=S. Ronendra|title=Datawind to bundle free Internet with tablet for a year|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/datawind-to-bundle-free-internet-with-tablet-for-a-year/article5401276.ece|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Forbes Impact List 2012|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2012/impact/suneet-singh-tuli.html|newspaper=Forbes Magazine|year=2012}}</ref> Forbes magazine named the CEO of Datawind, Suneet Tuli, among the Impact 15 list of "classroom revolutionaries", who use innovative technologies to reinvent education for students and teachers throughout the world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Agencies|first1=PTI|title=Datawind CEO in Forbes' top 15 'classroom revolutionaries'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/hardware/Datawind-CEO-in-Forbes-top-15-classroom-revolutionaries/articleshow/17166916.cms?referral=PM|access-date=23 January 2015|agency=News Service|publisher=Timesofindia.com|date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

On 26 April 2012, Datawind launched the Ubislate 7+ and 7C tablets in India, by which time three million units had been booked.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandakumar |first=Indu |title=Aakash maker Datawind becomes the third largest tablet seller in India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/aakash-maker-datawind-becomes-the-third-largest-tablet-seller-in-india/articleshow/17885169.cms |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

In 2013, according to Cyber Media Research, India's quarterly market report, during the first quarter of 2013, as published in [[The Times of India]], Datawind had a market share of 15.3%; the company pulled ahead of rivals Micromax and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], although this strong market did not include the Aakash series of tablets.<ref name="india.blogs.nytimes.com">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The New York |date=2012-12-31 |title=A Conversation With: DataWind's Suneet Singh Tuli |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/a-conversation-with-datawinds-suneet-singh-tuli/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=India Ink |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2014, the company completed its initial public offering<ref>{{cite web|title=DataWind Inc. Completes Initial Public Offering and Commences Trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange|url=http://web.tmxmoney.com/article.php?newsid=68857634&qm_symbol=DW|website=tmxmoney.com}}</ref> of 6,316,000 common shares at $4.75 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] per share, totaling $30 million [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]. Datawind's shares traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol, "DW". In November 2016, Datawind launched its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/tablets/news/datawind-launches-manufacturing-facility-in-hyderabad-1627450|title=Datawind Launches Manufacturing Facility in Hyderabad|work=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2018-05-29|language=en}}</ref>

By October 2018, the company was delisted from the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]], after its share price had fallen to $0.02 per share.<ref name=":2" />

== Technology ==
Datawind's low-cost devices allow access to the internet at lower data costs and faster speeds across congested mobile wireless networks by using the company's patented data compression technology, which serves Web pages as compressed images.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gough|first=Andrew|title=Business Traveller takes a look at the smart little Datawind Ubisurfer|url=http://www.businesstraveller.com/tried-and-tested/technology/tried-and-tested-the-datawind-ubisurfer|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=Business Traveller}}</ref> In a 2011 interview, the company stated that it would lower the price of the tablet by developing patents to shift the device's processing burden to "backend servers in the cloud,"<ref name="interview">{{cite news
| title = Aakash: We want to target the billion Indians who are cut off, says Suneet Singh Tuli, CEO of Datawind
| publisher = Economic Times, October 09, 2011, Saira Kurup
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/aakash-we-want-to-target-the-billion-indians-who-are-cut-off-says-suneet-singh-tuli-ceo-of-datawind/articleshow/10286482.cms
| date=October 9, 2011}}</ref> DataWind identified the need for low-cost devices for web access as a means to provide an alternative to increasing costs of mobile internet devices caused by the corresponding increases in web complexity, which require greater memory and processing power. Datawind's web-delivery platform reduces bandwidth consumption by creating a parallel processing environment, which shifts the burden of memory and processing power to back-end servers, thus allowing users to access the web with a lower-cost device and lower data costs.

Datawind's web-delivery platform serves as the basis for its product innovations. Based on a patent portfolio of 14 US and international patents,<ref>{{cite news|title=Datawind Aakash2 project completion|url=http://www.dqweek.com/dq-week/news/188022/datawind-announces-aakash2-project-completion|access-date=2013-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218200707/http://www.dqweek.com/dq-week/news/188022/datawind-announces-aakash2-project-completion|archive-date=2013-12-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=raja&FIELD1=IN&co1=AND&TERM2=tuli&FIELD2=IN&d=PG01 http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=raja&FIELD1=IN&co1=AND&TERM2=tuli&FIELD2=IN&d=PG01] 
</ref> DataWind's technology accelerates the delivery of web-content across wireless networks, and reduces data consumption by a factor of ten.

Datawind's acceleration and data-reduction is accomplished through the use of proprietary algorithms on its application servers, which constitute a gateway between the primary (internet-based) content server, selected by the user, and the end user.

Datawind claims that its patented, acceleration technology allows its devices to deliver the fastest, mobile-web experience across cellular networks. A product review by [[PC Magazine]] of the PocketSurfer stated that "it's the only device that allows users to browse the web on a GPRS connection with any alacrity." In 2005, [[CNET]] stated that it was impressed with PocketSurfer's page-load times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/datawind-pocketsurfer-review/|title=DataWind PocketSurfer|first=Bonnie|last=Cha|website=CNET}}</ref> Various media outlets conducted live, speed tests on television with competitive products, including some on 3G networks, which resulted in DataWind's PocketSurfer beating its competition in terms of page download time.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Zwn4Rh_e_vc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140323132631/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zwn4Rh_e_vc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zwn4Rh_e_vc| title = Pocket Surfer 2 vs. Blackberry Storm - CNN IBN Video Tech Toyz Speed Challenge | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 2 March 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Business model==
Datawind's business model focuses on providing to entry-level users a cost-effective, web-access device with free Internet access. The company, as a [[Mobile virtual network operator|mobile, virtual-network operator]] (MVNO), purchases wholesale access to mobile data from wireless-network operators or as part of a bundling relationship in order to offer free, mobile-internet access to its customers.<ref>{{cite news|last=MVNO Dynamics|title=Datawind to launch 99 with bundled data via an MVNO in UK: Total Telecom|url=http://www.mvnodynamics.com/2012/01/28/datawind-to-launch-99-tablet-with-bundled-data-via-an-mvno-in-uk-total-telecom/|access-date=26 May 2014|date=28 Jan 2012}}</ref> Datawind's web-delivery platform reduces bandwidth consumption.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=After Aakash, Datawind launches low cost tablets starting at Rs 3999|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/after-aakash-datawind-launches-low-cost-tablets-starting-at-rs-3999/articleshow_opt/23827617.cms|access-date=26 May 2014|newspaper=www.economictimes.com|date=Oct 9, 2013}}</ref>

In November 2012, in an interview with the [[The New York Times|New York Times]], Datawind's CEO explained that the company's business model was focused on pursuing price-sensitive, entry-level consumers, on forgoing hardware margins, and on driving a recurring revenue stream (i.e. after sales revenue from network operators, content, subscriptions, device warranties, page impressions, location-based content and advertising). Datawind's advertising revenues are generated by loading applications on its devices.<ref name="india.blogs.nytimes.com"/> The company has formulated a full-service ecosystem of revenue streams that drive down the cost of hardware; hence, the devices act as customer- acquisition tools that provide "free mobile-internet services". Datawind has partnered with numerous firms as part of a comprehensive supplier-and-partner strategy to build applications and generate content for its devices.

== Content, applications and advertising-based partnerships ==
Datawind has partnerships with multiple firms to develop installed, free content for its devices. The content includes educational, language-based, interactive smart books, multimedia, games, and productivity tools.

On 20 November 2013, according to an article published in [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]], "Datawind, driving its mission to see smart devices as education tools, partnered with American education provider [[CK-12 Foundation]] providing high quality free mathematics and science learning content that can be used by teachers, students, schools and parents." CK-12 content would be installed on most of the company's devices; the company stated that installed content on tablets will allow students to learn at their own pace, regardless of their locations; also, this content may be updated at regular intervals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Datawind tablets to have CK-12 content for free|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/datawind-tablets-to-have-ck12-content-for-free/1196422|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=Financial Express|date=Nov 18, 2013}}</ref>

Datawind announced content partnerships with [[The Indian Express Group]] and [[Yahoo!]]. According to this agreement the Ubislate 7+ and the Ubislate 7C will come with the Indian Express news application, and customers of these new tablets will receive a 50% discount on annual subscriptions of The Indian Express and The Financial Express.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Ubislate 7+ apps and Datawind's Partnerships|url=http://thetechgears.com/list-of-ubislate-7-apps-and-datawinds-partnerships/|work=thetechgears.com|date=29 April 2012|publisher=Tech Gear}}</ref> The tablets will also come with Yahoo! Cricket, the Yahoo! Mail application. Yahoo! India will be the default-browser homepage for the Ubislate 7+.

On December 3, 2013, Datawind partnered with IT firm Happiest Minds Technologies to develop applications for its UbiSlate range of tablets. Under the partnership, Happiest Minds will develop Datawind's app store, which will be designed for first-time Android users.<ref>{{cite news|title=Happiest Minds ties up with Datawind|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/happiest-minds-ties-up-with-datawind/article5421195.ece|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=December 4, 2013}}</ref>

== Network operator partnerships ==
In July 2009, Datawind collaborated with [[Vodafone]] to offer a bundled SIM and GPRS modem within the price of its PocketSurfer devices, thus allowing free access to the Internet<ref>{{cite news|last=Miles|first=Stuart|title=Datawind Ubisurfer netbook comes with free internet access|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/96735-datawind-ubisurfer-netbook-free-internet|access-date=15 December 2013|date=9 July 2009}}</ref> across the United Kingdom.

In December 2013, [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], one of India's largest network operators, entered a partnership with Datawind to offer its services on the company's tablets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bafna|first=Sanjay|title=BSNL ties up with Datawind to offer Four Low-cost 2G and 3G Android Tablets with Bundled offers|url=http://telecomtalk.info/bsnl-ties-up-with-datawind-to-offer-four-low-cost-2g-and-3g-android-tablets-with-bundled-offers/111736/|work=telecomtalk.info|access-date=15 December 2013}}</ref>

In March 2015, Datawind partnered with [[Reliance Communications]] to offer bundled, unlimited, internet browsing for one year with any of its devices.

In September 2015, Datawind entered a partnership with [[Telenor India]], a global, mobile- network operator with major Indian operations, to offer unlimited internet browsing for one year on all Datawind devices.

== Partnerships for social causes ==
Datawind has partnered with a number of governments and [[non-governmental organization]]s(NGOs). Subsequent to the initial launch of the Aakash tablet for higher-learning institutions, [[Kapil Sibal]], the Indian minister of human resources and development, announced that Aakash tablets will be provided free to all 220 million students in India over the next few years.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Aakash will be free in the hands of every student in India: Kapil Sibal|url=http://www.informationweek.in/informationweek/press-releases/239597/aakash-free-hands-student-india-kapil-sibal|work=informationweek.in|publisher=Information week news network|access-date=2013-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216035416/http://www.informationweek.in/informationweek/press-releases/239597/aakash-free-hands-student-india-kapil-sibal|archive-date=2013-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the 2011 elections in Thailand, the [[Pheu Thai Party]] promised free tablets for all students, with numerous placards promising "One Tablet PC per Child". Analysts estimated that approximately 20 million units would be required. A senior figure said that the Pheu Thai party would fulfill its promise by importing the $35 Android tablets from India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sambandaraksa|first=Don|title=Thailand's pricey tablet proposition|url=http://www.telecomasia.net/blog/content/thailands-pricey-tablet-proposition?Don%20Sambandaraksa|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=Telecomasia|date=July 11, 2011}}</ref>

=== Contests ===
Datawind has sponsored a number of contests. On 29 November 2011, the [[NASSCOM|Nasscom]] Foundation partnered with Datawind to announce a contest wherein 10 NGOs will have an opportunity to win 20 tablets each, mainly to improve their operations and program-implementation procedures. To win these tablets, the organizations had to showcase how they can best use the Aakash tablet for promoting education, health, and livelihood.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Agencies|first1=News|title=Datawind joins hands with NASSCOM Foundation|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/datawind-joins-hands-with-nasscom-foundation/885444/|access-date=23 January 2015|agency=Indian Express|publisher=Indian Express|date=December 8, 2011}}</ref>

On 11 January 2013, Datawind and the United Nations, in partnership with Agnite Education, American Digital University, Applications for Good, BluWorld, Cat in Woods, and Equal Access International, launched a contest for developing socially responsible applications to empower women.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan|first=Kul|title=Datawind and UN launch app development contest for women's empowerment|url=http://www.thinkdigit.com/Apps/DataWind-and-UN-launch-app-development-contest_13048.html|newspaper=Think Digit|date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> The contest measured apps from the perspective of leadership and mentorship, jobs and entrepreneurship, and education and conflict resolution. The winners of the contest were the My Rights application, the Pictoson application, and the Talking English application.<ref>{{cite web|title=Datawind announces winners for global Apps-to-Empower Contest|url=http://newdelhisamachar.wordpress.com/2013/11/14/4979/|access-date=2013-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218150810/http://newdelhisamachar.wordpress.com/2013/11/14/4979/|archive-date=2013-12-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Hackathons ===
To develop a new generation of software programmers who would focus on applications for humanitarian causes, Datawind regularly sponsors "hackathons". In 2012 and 2013, Datawind sponsored two "hackathons" with [[Geeks Without Bounds]], an accelerator for humanitarian projects.<ref>{{cite web|last=Diana|first=Alison|title=Hackathon Helps Underprivileged Kids Forge Tech Careers|url=http://www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=834&doc_id=269576|access-date=2013-11-11}}</ref>

=== Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ===
Datawind partners support a number of charitable and non-government organizations to deploy its technology for humanitarian causes.

On 23 October 2013, in an article published in [[The Washington Post]], Chris Evans, a renowned philanthropist, donated 100 Aakash tablets to [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] schools in [[Wake County, North Carolina|Wake County]], [[North Carolina]] for its "Smart Summer" program—a summer camp that prepares disadvantaged African-American children for school. Ubislate tablets that contain science and mathematics applications proved to be effective learning tools.

Datawind also partnered with Virginia Advanced Study Strategies (VASS), a non-profit organization, to launch a contest in which six school districts enrolled 85 students in either of two coding courses to compete for a Datawind tablet by completing either course and developing an application.

In November 2013, Datawind and World Vision Canada collaborated to supply $40 tablets in African countries. As part of their ongoing field testing at the community level, World Vision used the Ubislate tablets in Niger and [[Rwanda]] to collect data at the project level to monitor change and to measure the impact and the effectiveness of their development in the areas of health, education to families, and aid to children in need.<ref>{{cite news|title=Datawind and World Vision Partner to Supply Tablet in African Countries |url=http://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2013/11/datawind-and-world-vision-partner-to-supply-tablet-in-african-countries/|newspaper=Digital Learning Magazine}}</ref>

== Products ==
=== PocketSurfer series ===
The PocketSurfer was Datawind's handheld, mobile-network-access device. The first version of the PocketSurfer was launched in 2004.<ref name="time2" />

The device featured a QWERTY keyboard and a 5.3-inch (diagonal) screen.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cha|first1=Bonnie|title=DataWind PocketSurfer review|url=https://www.cnet.com/products/datawind-pocketsurfer/|access-date=7 May 2015|publisher=cnet|date=6 June 2005}}</ref> Reviews for the PocketSurfer had been mixed as PC Magazine's review of the product exclaimed that "it's the only device that lets you browse the web on a [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]] connection with any alacrity"<ref>{{cite news|last=SEGAN|first=SASCHA|title=DataWind PocketSurfer|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1774849,00.asp|work=PC magazine}}</ref> and [[CNET]] in 2005 stated that it was impressed with PocketSurfer's page-load times.

In February 2007, at the 3GSM forum in Barcelona, Datawind introduced the improved "PocketSurfer 2". It was described as the world's fastest handheld Internet device.<ref>{{cite web|title=3GSM: Pocket Surfer 2 Hands-On|url=https://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/3gsm-pocketsurfer-2-hands-on|work=techeblog.com|date=17 February 2007}}</ref> The sleek mobile device offered free mobile-internet access and provided a desktop-like experience with a 640-pixel-wide, color screen that displayed web pages with HTML, graphics, Java-Script, Ajax, Frames, and other complex, web functionality. The PocketSurfer 2 includes a built-in [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] receiver for location-based services with page-load times of less than seven seconds. [[Engadget]] referred to the original PocketSurfer devices as "Iconic".<ref>{{cite web|last=JOIRE|first=MYRIAM|title=DataWind Ubislate 3G7 mystery tablet visits FCC with HSPA in tow|date=4 August 2013 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/08/04/datawind-ubislate-3g7-mystery-tablet-visits-fcc-with-hspa-in-tow/|access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

In December 2013, on the tenth anniversary of the launch of the original PocketSurfer, the company entered the smartphone market with the launch of the PocketSurfer range of smartphones in India. Featuring 5" inch touchscreens, these dual-sim smartphones were available at an extremely low, price point. In reaction to the launch of the smartphone in India, [[The Economic Times]] exclaimed "Aakash maker Datawind enters smartphone market, breaks all price points!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Akash maker DataWind enters smartphone market, breaks all price points!|url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/consumer-durables-and-information-technology/mobiles/just-in-akash-maker-datawind-enters-smartphone-market-breaks-all-price-points/27290632|access-date=16 December 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=Dec 13, 2013}}</ref>

In March 2015, the company launched its range of low-cost smartphones, the PocketSurfer 2G4 and the PocketSurfer 3G4<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|title=Datawind PocketSurfer Smartphones Launched With 1-Year Free Internet via RCom|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/datawind-pocketsurfer-smartphones-launched-with-1-year-free-internet-via-rcom-671784|access-date=7 May 2015|agency=PTI|publisher=NDTV|date=18 Mar 2015}}</ref> with one year of free internet browsing on its proprietary UbiSurfer browser.

Datawind has partnered with [[Reliance Communications|Reliance Communication]], one of the largest Telecom operators in the India to offer one year of free internet browsing along with its devices.<ref name="NDTV"/>

'''PocketSurfer Smartphone Range'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!PocketSurfer 2G4!!PocketSurfer 3G4!! PocketSurfer 3G5
|-
| '''Networks'''|| WiFi & EDGE || WiFi & 3G || WiFi & 3G
|-
| '''OS''' ||Android 4.2.2 Jellybean|| Android 4.4.2 KitKat || Android 4.4.2 KitKat
|-
| '''CPU''' || Cortex A7 - 1 GHz || Cortex A7 – 1 GHz || Cortex A7 – 1 GHz
|-
| '''RAM''' || 256 MB || 256 MB || 512 MB
|-
| '''FLASH''' || 512 MB || 512 MB || 4 GB
|-
| '''Camera''' || N/A || Front VGA/Rear 5 MP || Front VGA/Rear 3 MP
|-
| '''Screens''' ||3.5" TFT Capacitive|| 4" TFT Capacitive || 5" TFT Capacitive
|-
| '''Ports''' || Micro SD & Micro USB || Micro SD & Micro USB || Micro SD & Micro USB

|}

=== UbiSurfer netbooks ===
The UbiSurfer is Datawind's range of netbooks. In April 2010, Datawind launched UbiSurfer netbooks in India. The UbiSurfer name is an amalgamated form of the two words, ''ubiquitous'' and ''surfing''. The netbook offers [[mobile web]] browsing with an integrated modem and a SIM-card slot. The UbiSurfer supports both CDMA (1x) and GSM networks. The device offers [[Wi-Fi]] and [[Local area network|LAN]] connectivity, an in-built cellular modem, and an embedded SIM card that allows access to the internet with a mobile-phone signal. The UbiSurfer is also equipped with an ARM processor that runs at 450 MHz with 128 MB RAM, 1 GB Flash memory, and up to 50 GB of online storage. The UbiSurfer has a seven-inch, bright TFT screen that supports a 800×480 pixel resolution. The device is also equipped with the UbiSurfer browser, which allows webpage delivery times of under seven seconds.

The UbiSurfer 9 was made available in India at a price of Rs. 7999, which also included a one-year free Internet browsing plan. On 7 April 2011, Datawind unveiled its new version of the mobile internet device, the UbiSurfer 9 3G, in London, England. This netbook offered users free Internet access in the UK and low cost roaming in Europe and USA. It had a nine-inch screen and weighed 700g, its free-usage model eliminated the user from any form of binding contracts, activation fees or credit checks.

=== Aakash tablets ===
In 2009, the National Mission on Education through Information Communication Technology (NME-ICT) initiative of the Indian Government cited that a lot could be done for education using information and communication technologies. An initiative by India's Ministry for Human Resource Development (MHRD) was launched to procure a low cost mobile web access device with built in features ensuring that technologies and content were accessible to everyone. In late 2011, Datawind won the Indian government tender to design the Aakash tablet computers with an initial trial run of 100,000 units. Upon its launch, [[The Wall Street Journal]] stated that the Aakash was the World's cheapest tablet.

On 5 October 2011, the Aakash was launched by Kapil Sibal, the then Minister of Human Resource and Development. Datawind designed, developed and manufactured this first version of Aakash on the specifications set by IIT Rajasthan. Its extremely low price garnered global attention and the tablet is known as the world's cheapest tablet device.<ref>{{cite web|last=SN|first=Vikas|title=India's $35 Tablet 'Aakash' Launched, Actually Costs $47|url=http://www.techinasia.com/indias-35-dollar-tablet-aakash/|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>

On 11 November 2012, [[President of India]], Pranab Mukherjee launched the Aakash 2, an improved version of the Aakash tablet. This updated new version had a better processor based on the ARM Cortex A8 architecture and had a multi-touch projective capacitive screen in place of a resistive one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/newsite/erelease.aspx|title=Untitled Page|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The Aakash 2 (Ubislate 7Ci) was considered the world's most cost effective web access device, it utilized a 1 GHz processor, of the same caliber as the original iPad, and contained 512 MB of RAM (twice that of the original iPad). The tablet supported a flash memory of 4 GB that can be supplemented by up to 32 GB with the use of a microSD card. In addition it was loaded with Wi-Fi supported connectivity and also an external [[3G]] and an EVDO dongle for mobile broadband data. Other features included Google's Android 4.0 operating system, a VGA camera, G-sensors, an internal microphone, speakers and a headphone jack. The Aakash 2 is considered a full-featured tablet computer.

=== Ubislate tablets ===
The UbiSlates are a series of Android tablets with touch screens that are also capable of performing as smart-phones and are built for mobile web access, multimedia content, android games and applications. The UbiSlate tablet has a High-Definition video co-processor for high quality video and comes equipped with Datawind's UbiSurfer browser that accelerates web page delivery. The device includes WiFi & GPRS connectivity as well as allows for mobile internet access through SIM and Phone connectivity. Optional 3G modems are also supported via USB. In addition to a microSD card slot, a full-sized USB port is integrated into the unit allowing pen-drives, external keyboards, web-cams, dongles and other inexpensive accessories can also be attached.

On 26 April 2012 Datawind launched Ubislate 7+ and 7C tablets in India, in the same month the company declared that it had 3 million pre-bookings for Ubislate tablets. The commercial version of Aakash was released online as the UbiSlate7 tablet PC at [[Indian rupee|INR]] 3000 (US$46) and the Ubislate 7c+ tablet PC at [[Indian rupee|INR]] 3500 (US$54)[12][25] on 11 November 2012 with plans to offer it at a subsidized cost for students of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1130 (US$17). In October 2013, Datawind launched UbiSlate 7Cx, UbiSlate 3G7 and UbiSlate 9Ci tablets in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech News - Latest Technology News Today, Mobile News, Latest Gadget Advice {{!}} Techlusive India |url=https://www.techlusive.in/news/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Techlusive |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2013, Datawind officially launched three products from its range of UbiSlate Tablets in Canada,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Brian |date=16 December 2013 |title=Datawind brings sub-$40 Android tablet to Canada |url=http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/datawind-brings-sub-40-android-tablet-to-canada/45631 |access-date=27 January 2014 |newspaper=ITBusiness.ca}}</ref> the United States<ref>{{cite news|last=Kooser|first=Amanda|title=Datawind releases $37.99 Android tablet in US|url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57615722-1/datawind-releases-$37.99-android-tablet-in-us/|access-date=27 January 2014|newspaper=news.cnet.com|date=16 December 2013}}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Collins|first=Katie|title=Datawind's Aakash 2 tablet now on sale in the UK for £30 as the UbiSlate 7Ci|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-12/16/aakash-tablet-ubislate-uk|access-date=27 January 2014|newspaper=www.wired.co.uk|date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122203339/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-12/16/aakash-tablet-ubislate-uk|archive-date=22 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Ubislate Tablet Range'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/datawind-launches-3-ubislate-android-tablets-starting-from-rs-3999-285342/|title=Datawind launches 3 UbiSlate Android tablets starting from Rs 3,999|first=Harshita|last=Rastogi|date=October 10, 2013|website=BGR India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! UbiSlate 10Ci!! UbiSlate 3G10 !! UbiSlate 7C+ !! UbiSlate 7CZ !! UbiSlate 9Ci !! UbiSlate 3G7
|-
| '''Networks'''|| WiFi & 3G || WiFi & 3G || WiFi & EDGE || WiFi & EDGE || WiFi || WiFi & UMTS (2100) & BT
|-
| '''OS''' || Android 4.4.2 Kitkat || Android 4.2.2 Jellybean || Android 4.2.2 Jellybean || Android 4.4.2 Kitkat || Android 4.4.2 Kitkat || Android 4.4.2 Kitkat
|-
| '''CPU''' || Cortex A9 - 1.1 GHz || Cortex A7 - 1.3 GHz || Cortex A5 - 1 GHz || Cortex A7 - 1.3 GHz || Cortex A7 - 1.2 GHz || Cortex A7 - 1.3 GHz
|-
| '''RAM''' || 1 GB || 1 GB || 512 MB || 512 MB || 512 MB || 1 GB
|-
| '''Flash''' || 4 GB || 8 GB || 4 GB || 4 GB || 4 GB || 4 GB
|-
| '''Cameras''' || Front VGA/Rear 2 MP || Front VGA/Rear 5 MP || Front VGA || Front VGA/Rear 2 MP || Front VGA/Rear VGA || Front VGA/Rear 2 MP
|-
| '''Screen''' || 10.1" TFT Capacitive || 10.1" TFT Capacitive|| 7" TFT Capacitive || 7" TFT Capacitive || 9" TFT Capacitive || 7" TFT Capacitive
|-
| '''Ports''' || Micro SD & Micro USB || Micro SD & Micro USB || Micro SD & Micro USB|| Micro SD & Micro USB || Micro SD & Micro USB || Micro SD & Micro USB
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Home computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]
[[Category:Networking hardware companies]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Defunct computer systems companies]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mississauga]]
[[Category:Computer companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Quebec]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics brands]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian brands]]
https://www.techgizmoindia.com/category/tech/

Anusha Mandala

2026-03-30T11:13:40Z

FredricKeeton9:

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Anusha Mandala
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Atmakur, [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Kemp FC|Kemp]]
| clubnumber = 25
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Kemp FC|Kemp]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2024–2025
| clubs2 = [[Tungabhadra FC|Tungabhadra]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Kemp FC|Kemp]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Anusha Mandala''' (born 04 June 2008) is an Indian professional footballer from [[Andhra Pradesh]] who plays as a midfielder for the [[ Indian Women's League 2]] club [[Kemp FC|Kemp]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=1 January 2025 |title=Indian women’s football team coach Joakim Alexandersson makes six changes for second Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-maldives-joakim-alexandersson-make-six-changes-debut-blue-tigresses-news/article69050661.ece |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandersson makes six changes in squad for second Maldives FIFA friendly |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/alexandersson-makes-six-changes-ahead-of-second-maldives-fifa-friendly |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Mandala is from [[Atmakur, Anantapur district|Atmakur]], Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. She comes from a farming community. She joined [[Rural Development Trust Stadium|Anantapur Sports Academy]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Anusha Mandala's inspiring journey from rural fields to national football arenas |url=https://thebridge.in/football/anusha-mandalas-inspiring-journey-rural-fields-national-football-arenas-44452?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ash |first=Sauradeep |date=20 October 2023 |title=Anusha Mandala: Andhra girl's incredible wings for glory - from Rural fields to National Football |url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/anusha-mandala-andhra-girls-incredible-wings-for-glory-from-rural-fields-to-national-football-240111.html |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=www.mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref> She joined the Anantapur Sports Academy, a sport for development initiative of an Anantapur NGO, Rural Development Trust under Laliga Foundation in 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=From Rural Fields to National Arenas: Anusha-'s Inspirational Journey in Football {{!}} From Rural Fields to National Arenas: Anusha\'s Inspirational Journey in Football |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/201023/anusha-mandalas-selection-in-andhra-pradesh-junior-team-signals-new-b.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Laliga is India's first women's residential football academy in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
She made her Senior India debut on 2 January 2025, in the second of the two friendlies against the [[Maldives]] at [[Bengaluru]] .<ref name=":0" /> In October 2023, she was selected to play for the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state junior football team.<ref name=":1" /> After the first game, chief coach [[Joakim Alexandersson]] made six changes in the squad and including Mandala, who played the second match as a defender to make her India debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandersson makes six changes in squad for second Maldives FIFA friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/alexandersson-makes-six-changes-in-squad-for-second-maldives-fifa-friendly20250101213100/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In October 2024, she represented Andhra Pradesh senior team in the 29th Senior Women’s National Football Championship for the Rajmata Jijabai Trophy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways qualify for final rounds of Sr Women’s NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/railways-qualify-for-final-rounds-of-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandala, Anusha}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Kemp FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development (Telangana)

2026-03-28T23:56:16Z

FredricKeeton9: Added entry

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Municipal Administration and Urban Development
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Purapālaka Paripālana mariyu Paṭṭaṇābhivr̥d'dhi Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = Shri Anumula Revanth Reddy (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Revanth Reddy|Anumula Revanth Reddy]]
| incumbentsince = 7 December 2023
| department = Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = MA&UD
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]] [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]] [[Telangana Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Telangana|Governor of Telangana]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister of Telangana]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[K. T. Rama Rao|Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao]]
| formation = 2 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://emunicipal.telangana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development''' is a cabinet level ministerial post in the [[Government of Telangana]]. First held on 2 June 2014, this ministry has one of the important portfolios in the cabinet. The current Minister of MA&UD for the state of [[Telangana]] is [[Revanth Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana municipal administration minister KT Rama Rao Archives |url=https://www.siasat.com/tag/telangana-municipal-administration-minister-kt-rama-rao/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://cm.telangana.gov.in/council-of-ministers/]

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!rowspan=2 |1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|rowspan=2 |[[File:Kalvakuntla_Taraka_Rama_Rao.jpg|97x97px]]
|rowspan=2 |'''[[K. T. Rama Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1976) MLA for [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]}}
|2 June 2014
|6 September 2018
|'''{{ayd|2 June 2014|6 September 2018}}'''
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[1st Telangana Assembly|(1st)]]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]'''
|rowspan=2 |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|rowspan=2 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=KCR expands cabinet with 6 ministers; re-inducts son KTR, nephew Harish Rao |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kcr-expands-cabinet-with-6-ministers-re-inducts-son-ktr-nephew-harish-rao/story-SzNphg4yKVK4eKk8lwh2JN.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8 September 2019
|6 December 2023
|'''{{ayd|8 September 2019|6 December 2023}}'''
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|(2nd)]]}}
|bgcolor="#FFA1F4"| '''[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]'''
|-
!–
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Portrait of Telangana CM Revanth Reddy.png|97x97px]]
|'''[[Revanth Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MLA for [[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]}} (Chief Minister)
|7 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|7 December 2023}}'''
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|(3rd)]]}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Revanth Reddy ministry|Reddy]]'''
|[[Revanth Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tupaki |date=2023-12-07 |title=Revanth Reddy’s Cabinet: Ministers Allotted the Portfolios |url=https://english.tupaki.com/latest-news/ministersallottedtheportfolios-1330016 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=english.tupaki.com |language=en}}</ref>[https://cm.telangana.gov.in/council-of-ministers/]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government departements of Telangana]]

Basava

2026-03-27T17:36:08Z

FredricKeeton9: further corrected details for consistency and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian philosopher and reformer (1131–1196)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox Lingayat leader
| name = Basava
| image = Basava Gaint Statue 108 feet, Basava Kalyana.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = 1131<ref name=carlolson/>
| birth_place = [[Basavana Bagewadi]], [[Western Chalukya Empire|Kalyani Chalukya Empire]] now in [[bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = 1196<ref name=carlolson/> (aged 65)
| death_place = [[Kudalasangama]], [[Hoysala Kingdom]] now in [[Bagalkote district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| sect = [[Lingayat /Lingayatism]] (Sharana)<ref name=britannica/><ref name="blake7"/>
| known_for = Socio-religious reforms, [[Anubhava Mantapa]], [[Vachana sahitya|Vachana literature]], Women empowerment movement in South India, Founder of [[Lingayatism]]
| literary_works = ''[[Vachana Sahitya|Vachanaas]]''
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| honorific prefix = Jagajyoti
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Lingayatism}}
'''Basava''' (1131–1196), also called '''{{transliteration|kn|ISO|Basavēśvara}}''' and '''{{transliteration|kn|ISO|Basavaṇṇa}}''', was an Indian philosopher, poet, [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] social reformer in the Shiva-focused [[bhakti movement]], and a [[Hindu]] [[Shaivite]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jestice|first=Phyllis G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=basavanna+hindu&pg=PA107|title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-355-1|pages=107|language=en}}</ref> [[Social reformers of India|social reformer]] during the reign of the [[Kalyani Chalukya]] and the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri Dynasty]]. Basava was active during the rule of both dynasties, but his influence peaked during the reign of King [[Bijjala II]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name=britannica>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Basava#ref287077 Basava] Encyclopædia Britannica (2012), Quote: "Basava, (flourished 12th century, South India), Hindu religious reformer, teacher, theologian, and administrator of the royal treasury of the Kalachuri-dynasty king Bijjala I (reigned 1156–67)."</ref><ref name="Ramanujan1973p175">{{cite book|author=A. K. Ramanujan|title=Speaking of Śiva|url=https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama|url-access=registration|year=1973|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-044270-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama/page/175 175]–177}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gene Roghair|title=Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hwABAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6090-6|pages=11–14}}</ref>

Basava spread social awareness through his poetry, popularly known as ''Vachanaas''. He rejected gender or social discrimination, superstitions and rituals<ref name="carlolson">Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pages 239–240</ref> but introduced ''[[Ishtalinga]]'' necklace, with an image of the [[lingam]],<ref>Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes, {{ISBN|9788124601457}}, page 983</ref> to every person regardless of their birth, to be a constant reminder of one's [[bhakti]] (devotion) to Shiva. A strong promoter of [[ahimsa]], he also condemned [[Human sacrifice|human]] and [[Animal sacrifice|animal sacrifices]]. As the chief minister of his kingdom, he introduced new public institutions such as the ''[[Anubhava Mantapa]]'' (or, the "hall of spiritual experience"),<ref name=janpeter4/> which welcomed men and women from all socio-economic backgrounds to discuss spiritual and mundane questions of life, in open.<ref name=skdas163/>

The traditional legends and hagiographic texts state Basavanna to be the founder of the Lingayats. However, modern scholarship relying on historical evidence such as the Kalachuri inscriptions state that Basava was the poet philosopher who revived, refined and energized an already existing tradition.<ref name=carlolson/><ref name=britannica/><ref name=edrice/> The ''Basavarajadevara Ragale'' (13 out of 25 sections are available) by the Kannada poet [[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]] ({{c.|1180}}) is the earliest available account on the life of the social reformer and is considered important because the author was a near contemporary of his protagonist.<ref name="bio">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 179</ref> A full account of Basava's life and ideas are narrated in a 13th-century sacred Telugu text, the ''[[Basava Purana]]'' by [[Palkuriki Somanatha]].<ref>Velchuri Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, [[Princeton University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0691604879}}, pp. 1–14</ref>

Basava literary works include the [[Vachana Sahitya]] in [[Kannada Language]]. He is also known as '''Bhaktibhandari''' ({{lit|the treasurer of devotion}})<ref name="janpeter"/> and '''Basavanna'''.

==Early life==
[[File:Arjunavad-inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Arjunwad|Arjunavad]] inscription of the Seuna king Kannara, dated 1260 CE An inscription related to Basava and his family details. Names references Basavaraj and Sangana Basava.]]

Basava was born in 1131 CE<ref name=carlolson/> in the town of Basavana Bagewadi in the northern part of [[Karnataka]], to Maadhavarasa and Madalambike, a Kannada Orthodox [[Brahmin]] family<ref>{{cite news|title=Basavanna, the Immortal, Being Invoked by the Mortals to Achieve Political Goals|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/basavanna-the-immortal-invoked-by-the-mortals-to-achieve-political-goals-1722279.html|publisher=News18|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> devoted to the Hindu deity Shiva.<ref name="edrice">Edward Rice (1982), A History of Kannada Literature, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|978-8120600638}}, pages 52–53</ref><ref name="janpeter">Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Lingayatism, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812383}}, pages 2–3</ref><ref name="skdas">SK Das (2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|978-8126021710}}, pages 161–162</ref> He was named Basava, a Kannada form of the Sanskrit ''Vrishabha'' in honor of Nandi bull (carrier of Shiva) and the local Shaivism tradition.<ref name=skdas/>

Basava grew up in [[Kudalasangama]] (northwest Karnataka), near the banks of rivers Krishna and its tributary Malaprabha.<ref name=edrice/><ref name=janpeter/> Basava spent twelve years studying in the Hindu temple in the town of Kudalasangama,<ref name=janpeter/> at Sangameshwara then a Shaivite school of learning, probably of the ''Lakulisha-Pashupata'' tradition.<ref name=skdas/>

Basava married Nilambike (aliyas-NeelaGangambike) at magalwadi,<ref name=janpeter/> Her father was the provincial prime minister of Bijjala, the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] king.<ref name=edrice/><ref name=skdas/> He began working as an accountant to the court of the king.

As chief minister of the kingdom, Basava used the state treasury to initiate social reforms and religious movement focussed on reviving Shaivism, recognizing and empowering ascetics who were called [[Jangam]]as.<ref name=edrice/> One of the innovative institutions he launched in the 12th century was the ''Anubhava Mantapa'', a public assembly and gathering that attracted men and women across various walks of life from distant lands to openly discuss spiritual, economic and social issues of life.<ref name="skdas163">SK Das (2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|978-8126021710}}, page 163</ref> He composed poetry in local language, and spread his message to the masses. His teachings and verses such as ''Káyakavé Kailása'' (Work is the path to ''Kailasa'' [bliss, heaven], or work is worship) became popular.<ref name=wisw/>

==Literary works==
{{Further|Vachana sahitya}}
Several works are attributed to Basava, which are revered in the Lingayat community. These include various ''Vachana''<ref name=carlolson/> such as the ''Shat-sthala-vachana'' (discourses of the six stages of salvation), ''Kala-jnana-vachana'' (forecasts of the future), ''Mantra-gopya'', ''Ghatachakra-vachana'' and ''Raja-yoga-vachana''.<ref>Edward Rice (1982), A History of Kannada Literature, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|978-8120600638}}, pages 53–54</ref>

===Hagiography===
The ''[[Basava Purana]]'', a Telugu biographical epic poem, first written by [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] in 13th-century,<ref name="raobpdate">Velchuri Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604879}}, pages 21–23</ref> and an updated 14th century Kannada version, written by [[Bhima Kavi]] in 1369, are sacred texts in Lingayat.<ref name=britannica/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat/BasavaPuranas.htm |title=Basava in Literature |publisher=Lingayatreligion.com |access-date=18 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527092032/http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat/BasavaPuranas.htm |archive-date=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

Other hagiographic works include the 15th-century ''Mala Basava-raja-charitre'' and the 17th-century ''Vrishabhendra Vijaya'', both in Kannada.<ref name=edrice/>

===Authenticity===
Scholars state that the poems and legends about Basava were written down long after his death.<ref name=raobpdate/> This has raised questions about the accuracy and creative interpolation by authors who were not direct witness but derived their work relying on memory, legends, and hearsay of others. Michael states, "All 'Vachana'collections as they exist at present are probably much later than the 15th-century [300 years post-Basava]. Much critical labor needs to be spent in determining the authenticity of portions of these collections".<ref>R Blake Michael (1992), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807761}}, page 64 footnote 19</ref>

==Philosophy==
Basava grew up in a Shaivite family.<ref name="edrice" /><ref name="janpeter" /> As a leader, he developed and inspired a new devotional movement named ''LINGAYATH'', or "ardent, heroic worshippers of ISTALINGA".Basava championed devotional worship that rejected temple worship and rituals led by Brahmins and replaced it with personalized direct worship of Shiva through practices such as individually worn icons and symbols like a small [[linga]]. This approach brought Shiva's presence to everyone and at all times, without gender, class or caste discrimination.<ref name="janpeter4">Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Lingayatism, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812383}}, page 4</ref><ref>R Blake Michael (1992),Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807761}}, pages 1–5</ref> Basava's poem, such as Basavanna 703, speak of strong sense of gender equality and community bond, willing to wage war for the right cause, yet being a fellow "devotees' bride" at the time of their need.<ref>AK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140442700}}, page 29</ref>

A recurring contrast in his poems and ideas is of ''Sthavara'' and ''Jangama'', that is, of "what is static, standing" and "what is moving, seeking" respectively. Temples, ancient books represented the former, while work and discussion represented the latter.<ref name="akraman">AK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140442700}}, pages 19–22</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
The rich
will make temples for Shiva,
What shall I,
a poor man do?

My legs are pillars,
the body the shrine,
the head a cupola of gold.

Listen, O lord of the meeting rivers,
things standing shall fall,
but the moving ever shall stay.
</poem>
|Basavanna 820|Translated by Ramanujan<ref>AK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140442700}}, page 19</ref>}}

Basava emphasized constant personal spiritual development as the path to profound enlightenment. He championed the use of vernacular language, [[Kannada]], in all spiritual discussions so that translation and interpretation by the elite is unnecessary, and everyone can understand the spiritual ideas.<ref name=janpeter4/> His approach is akin to the [[protestant]] movement, states Ramanuja.<ref name=akraman/> His philosophy revolves around treating one's own body and soul as a temple; instead of making a temple, he suggests being the temple.<ref name=akraman/> His trinity consisted of ''guru'' (teacher), ''linga'' (personal symbol of Shiva) and ''jangama'' (constantly moving and learning).

Basava established, in 12th-century, ''Anubhava Mantapa'', a hall for gathering and discussion of spiritual ideas by any member of the society from both genders, where ardent devotees of Shiva shared their achievements and spiritual poems in the local language.<ref name=janpeter4/> He questioned rituals, dualism, and externalization of god, and stated that the true God is "one with himself, self-born".

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
How can I feel right
about a god who eats up lacquer and melts,
who wilts when he sees a fire?

How can I feel right
about gods you sell in your need,
and gods you bury for fear of thieves?

The lord Kudalasangama,
self-born, one with himself,
he alone is the true god.
</poem>
|Basavanna 558|Translated by Ramanujan<ref>AK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0140442700}}, page 28</ref>}}

While Basava rejected rituals, he encouraged icons and symbols such as the wearing of ''Istalinga'' (necklace with personal linga, symbol of Shiva), of [[Rudraksha]] seeds or beads on parts of one body, and apply ''Vibhuti'' (sacred ash on forehead) as a constant reminder of one's devotion and principles of faith.<ref name="olson244">Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pages 243–244</ref> Another aid to faith, he encouraged was the six-syllable mantra, ''Shivaya Namah'', or the ''shadhakshara mantra'' which is ''Om Namah Shivaya''.<ref name=olson244/>

===Bhakti marga as the path to liberation===
The Basava Purana, in Chapter 1, presents a series of impassioned debates between Basava and his father.<ref>Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604879}}, pages 55–58</ref> Both declare Hindu [[Sruti]] and [[Smriti]] to be sources of valid knowledge, but they disagree on the ''marga'' (path) to liberated, righteous life. Basava's father favors the tradition of rituals, while Basava favors the path of direct, personal devotion ([[bhakti]]).<ref name="raophiloso">Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604879}}, pages 57–58</ref>

According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair,<ref name=raophiloso/> Basava calls the path of devotion as "beyond [[Hindu philosophy|six systems of philosophy]]. Sruti has commended it as the all-seeing. the beginning of the beginning. The form of that divine linga is the true God. The ''guru'' [teacher] of the creed is an embodiment of kindness and compassion. He places God in your soul, and he also places God in your hand. The six-syllabled [[mantra]],<ref>'''Om Namah Shivaya''', see: Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, {{ISBN|978-0813540689}}, pages 243–244</ref> the supreme mantra, is its mantra. The dress – locks of hair, ashes and rudrashaka beads – place a man beyond the cycle of birth and death. It follows the path of liberation. (...) This path offers nothing less than liberation in this lifetime."<ref name=raophiloso/>

===Roots in the Vedanta philosophy===
Sripati, a lingayat scholar, explained Basava's philosophy in ''Srikara Bhasya'', using the [[Vedanta Sutra]], suggesting Basava's Lingayat theology to be a form of qualified nondualism, wherein the individual [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atma]] (soul) is the body of God, and that there is no difference between Shiva and Atma(self, soul), Shiva is one's Atma, one's Atma is Shiva.<ref name=olson244/> Sripati's analysis places Basava's views in [[Vedanta]] school, in a form closer to the 11th century [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosopher [[Ramanuja]], than to [[Advaita]] philosopher [[Adi Shankara]]. However, Sripati's analysis has been contested in the Virasaiva community.<ref name=olson244/>

==Legacy and influence==
[[File:Kudala Sangama.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kudala sangama]] in [[Bagalkot district]], where Basava's Aikyasthala is located.]]
Modern scholarship relying on historical evidence such as the Kalachuri inscriptions state that Basava was the 12th-century poet-philosopher who revived and energized an already existing tradition.<ref name=carlolson/><ref name=britannica/><ref name=edrice/> The community he helped form is also known as the ''Sharanas''. The community is largely concentrated in [[Karnataka]], but has migrated into other states of India as well as overseas. Towards the end of the 20th century, Michael estimates, one-sixth of the population of the state of Karnataka, or about 10 million people, were Lingayat or of the tradition championed by Basava.<ref name="wisw">R Blake Michael (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462945 Work as Worship in Lingayat Tradition], Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 50, No. 4, pages 605–606</ref> Lingayat constitutes around 17% of Karnataka's population and has dominance over 100 out of 223 constituencies. Among the total of 23 chief ministers that Karnataka had since 1952, 10 were from [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2023 |title=Lingayats hold key to electoral outcome in poll-bound Karnataka |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/lingayats-hold-key-to-electoral-outcome-in-poll-bound-karnataka/articleshow/99137504.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Social reform===
[[File:Necklace with Shiva's Family LACMA M.85.140.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by devotees of the tradition championed by Basava. [[Rudraksha]] beads (shown above) and ''Vibhuti'' (sacred ash on forehead) are other reminders of one's principles of faith.<ref name=olson244/>]]
Basava taught that every human being can attain salvation, irrespective of caste, and that all forms of manual labor was equally important.<ref name=mnsrinivas/> Michael states that it wasn't birth alone but behavior that determined a true saint and Shaiva bhakta in the view of Basava and the ''Sharanas'' community.<ref name=blake7/> This, writes Michael, was also the position of south Indian man, that it was "behavior, not birth" that determines the true man.<ref name="blake7">R Blake Michael (1992), The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807761}}, pages 7–9</ref> One difference between the two was that Sharanas welcomed anyone, whatever occupation he or she might have been born in, to convert and be reborn into the larger family of Shiva devotees and then adopt any occupation he or she wanted.<ref name=blake7/> Basava insisted on [[ahimsa]] or non-violence and vehemently condemned all forms of [[Sacrifice|sacrifices]], [[Human sacrifice|human]] or [[Animal sacrifice|animal]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Uppar
| first = Ravindra
| title = 'Prevent sacrificing thousands of animals at Kakkeri fair-seer'
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Belagavi
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 8 October 2016
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/prevent-sacrificing-thousands-of-animals-at-kakkeri-fair-seer/articleshow/54755106.cms
| access-date = 4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Lankesh
| first = Gauri
| title = Basavanna: India's first free thinker
| newspaper = Bangalore Mirror
| location = Bangalore
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = IndiaTimes.com
| date = 9 May 2016
| url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/basavanna-indias-first-free-thinker/articleshow/52194903.cms
| access-date = 4 May 2022}}</ref>

===Synthesis of diverse Hindu traditions===
Basava is credited with uniting diverse spiritual trends during his era. Jan Peter Schouten states that ''Lingayathism'', the movement championed by Basava, tends towards monotheism with Shiva as the godhead, but with a strong awareness of the unity of the [[Brahman|Ultimate Reality]].<ref name="janviramon">Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812383}}, pages 9–10</ref> Schouten calls this as a synthesis of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita and Shankara's Advaita traditions, naming it ''Shakti-Vishishtadvaita'', that is monism fused with Shakti beliefs.<ref name=janviramon/> An individual's spiritual progress is viewed by Basava's tradition as a six-stage ''Satsthalasiddhanta'', which progressively evolves the individual through phase of the devotee, to phase of the master, then phase of the receiver of grace, thereafter Linga in life-breath (god dwells in their soul), the phase of surrender (awareness of no distinction in god and soul, self), to the last stage of complete union of soul and god (liberation, [[moksha|mukti]]).<ref name=janviramon/> Basava's approach is different from [[Adi Shankara]], states Schouten, in that Basava emphasizes the path of devotion, compared to Shankara's emphasis on the path of knowledge – a system of monistic [[Advaita]] philosophy widely discussed in Karnataka in the time of Basava.<ref>Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of LINGAYATISM, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120812383}}, pages 111–112</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=サイ|title=Sai.|date=2005 |publisher=[Sai]|oclc=852251154}}</ref>

Jessica Frazier et al. state that Basava laid the foundations of a movement that united "Vedic with Tantric practice, and Advaitic [[monism]] with effusive [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti devotionalism]]."<ref>Jessica Frazier et al. (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1472511515}}, page 281</ref>

===Icons and symbols===
[[File:Bronze bust of Basaveswara on Albert Embankment in London, facing Parliament.JPG|thumb|The bust of Basava, unveiled in [[London]] in 2015, facing the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] ]]

Basava advocated the wearing of ''Ishtalinga'', a necklace with [[pendant]] that contains a small Shiva linga.<ref name="mnsrinivas">MN Srinivas (1980), The Remembered Village, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520039483}}, pages 307–308</ref> He was driven by his realization; in one of his Vachanas he says ''Arive Guru'', which means one's own awareness is his/her teacher. Many contemporary Vachanakaras (people who have scripted Vachanas) have described him as ''Swayankrita Sahaja'', which means "self-made".

==Monuments and recognition==
* The then [[President of India]] [[Abdul Kalam]] inaugurated Basaveshwara's statue on 28 April 2003 in the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2003|title=Basava, Shivaji statues for Parliament {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/basava-shivaji-statues-for-parliament/articleshow/43806404.cms |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2003 |title=Kalam to unveil statues of Shivaji, Basaveshwara in Parliament {{!}} India News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/kalam-to-unveil-statues-of-shivaji-basaveshwara-in-parliament_94534.html |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
* Basaveshwara is the first [[Kannadiga]] in whose honour a commemorative [[coin]] has been minted in recognition of his social reforms. The former [[Prime Minister of India]], Dr [[Manmohan Singh]] was in [[Bengaluru]], the capital of [[Karnataka]] to release the coins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's address on the occasion of release of Commemorative Coin in honour of Mahatma Basaveshwara |url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/speech-details.php?nodeid=333 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=archivepmo.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ataulla |first=Naheed |date=14 November 2015 |title=PM Modi unveils 12th century social reformer Basavanna's statue in London |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-unveils-12th-century-social-reformer-basavannas-statue-in-london/articleshow/49784040.cms |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=23 June 2006 |title=Manmohan arrives in Bangalore ahead of schedule |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/23/manmohan-singh-arrives-in-bangalore-ahead-of-schedule-1151051705.html |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[Oneindia]] |language=en}}</ref>
* On 14 November 2015 The Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the statue of Basaveshwara along the bank of the river [[Thames]] at [[Lambeth]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/11/stories/2011021166550900.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907225523/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/11/stories/2011021166550900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2013|title=Basaveshwara's statue may come up in London|author=T.V. Sivanandan|date=11 February 2011|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethbasaveshwara.co.uk/|title=Lambeth Basaveshwara - Home|website=www.lambethbasaveshwara.co.uk}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/paris-bloodbath-an-attack-on-humanity-modi/article7877775.ece?w=alauto Image of the Prime Minister paying homage to Basaveshwara statue in London] The Hindu (14 November 2015)</ref>
* Basava Dharma Peetha has constructed 108 ft (33 m) tall statue of Basava in [[Basavakalyana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2012|title=Basavakalyan to get 108-ft statue of Basaveshwara |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/basavakalyan-to-get-108ft-statue-of-basaveshwara/article4031682.ece |access-date=31 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Vishwaguru Basaveshwara Statue is constructed in the year 2015 next to the lake in Gadag district of Karnataka. This is the tallest standing basaveshwara statue with the height of 111ft.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''Speaking of Siva'', by [[A. K. Ramanujan]]. Penguin. 1973. {{ISBN|978-0-14044-270-0}}
*Dr. J. P. Dodamani (1996). Research essay. Kannada. "''[https://www.jpdodamani.com/2024/03/blog-post_7.html Sharanara Kurita Kannada Kadambari galu]''". p.52-194.
*{{cite book |last=Shiva Prakash|first=H.S.|editor=Ayyappapanicker|title=Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology |year= 1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|chapter= Kannada}}
* [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00013793 Understanding Basavana: history, hagiography and a modern Kannada drama], Julia Leslie (1998), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pages 228–261
* [https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852782X00033 "Linga" as Lord Supreme in the Vacancies of Basava], R Blake Michael (1982), Numen, Volume 29, Issue 2, pages 202–219
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844333 Lingayats as a Sect], William McCormack (1963), The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 93, No. 1, pages 59–71
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462945 Work as Worship in Vīraśaiva Tradition], R Blake Michael (1982), Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 50, No. 4, pages 605–619

== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote inline}}
* {{Wikisource inline|ಬಸವಣ್ಣ}}
* {{Commons category inline|Basava}}

{{Lingayatism topics}}
{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basava}}
[[Category:1131 births]]
[[Category:1196 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Brahmins who fought against discrimination]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Lingayat poets]]
[[Category:Lingayat saints]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shaivite religious leaders]]

Baghi Di Dhee

2026-03-25T18:17:32Z

FredricKeeton9: Made Details...

{{Short description|2022 Indian drama film by Mukesh Gautam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baghi Di Dhee
| image = Baghi Di Dhee.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mukesh Gautam]]
| writer = [[Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] Pali Bhupinder Singh
| based_on =
| producer = Rabindra Narayan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]]
* Dilnoor Kaur
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]]
* [[Gurpreet Bhangu]]}}
| music = Tejwant Kittu
| studio = PTC Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|11|25}}
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
}}
'''''Baghi Di Dhee''''' ({{translation|Rebel's Daughter}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Mukesh Gautam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nijher |first=Jaspreet |date=2024-08-17 |title=National Award has validated my personal vision: Mukesh Gautam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/national-award-has-validated-my-personal-vision-mukesh-gautam/articleshow/112570203.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film stars [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]], Dilnoor Kaur, [[Vaquar Shaikh]], and [[Gurpreet Bhangu]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=2024-08-17 |title=70th National Film Awards: Baghi di Dhee, film based on original story by Punjab's ex-CM Gurmukh Musafir, wins award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/70th-national-film-awards-baghi-di-dhee-punjabs-ex-cm-musafir-9518685/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grewal |first=Navdeep Kaur |date=2024-08-17 |title='ਬਾਗੀ ਦੀ ਧੀ': ਗੁਰਮੁਖ ਸਿੰਘ ਮੁਸਾਫ਼ਰ ਦੀ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਨੇ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਕੌਮੀ ਐਵਾਰਡ ਜੇਤੂ ਫਿਲਮ ਦਾ ਰੂਪ ਲਿਆ |url=https://www.bbc.com/punjabi/articles/c0mnrnyrmlgo |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=BBC News ਪੰਜਾਬੀ |language=pa}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Baghi Di Dhee'' follows the story of Deep, a young girl from [[Punjab]] whose father is a [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar revolutionary fighting]] for [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] against the [[British Raj|British]]. Deep inherits her father's rebellious spirit and courage and participates in the Ghadar movement with him. When British officers come to arrest her father, Deep attacks and kills a British officer with her pen. Her father is jailed and Deep is taken by a relative working for the British and thrown into a canal, where she drowns. Years later, her father seeks revenge for her death.

== Cast ==

* [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]] as Deep's father
* Dilnoor Kaur as Deep
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]]
* [[Gurpreet Bhangu]]

== Production ==
The trailer of ''Baghi Di Dhee'' was released on 18 November 2022, and the film premiered in theaters on 25 November 2022''.<ref name=":0" />'' It was produced under the banner of [[PTC Punjabi|PTC Motion Pictures]]. Mukesh Gautam directed the film and it was produced by Rabindra Narayan, MD and President of PTC Network. The movie was filmed in and around [[Chandigarh]] including areas in [[Rupnagar|Ropar]] and [[Balachaur]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. A bungalow near Chandigarh dating back to 1914 was used as a filming location. The film is based on an original work written by [[Gurmukh Singh Musafir|Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir]], a freedom fighter and the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India#Chief Ministers of Punjab|fifth Chief Minister of Punjab]].

The film's music was composed by Tejwant Kittu and songs were written and performed by the singer-lyricist Bir Singh.''<ref name=":0" />''

== Awards ==
In August 2024, ''Baghi Di Dhee'' won the Best Punjabi Film category at the [[70th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=70th National Film Awards: 'Baghi Di Dhee' triumphs in the Best Punjabi Film category |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/70th-national-film-awards-baghi-di-dhee-triumphs-in-the-best-punjabi-film-category/articleshow/112569138.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nonika |title='Baghi Di Dhee' and its National award-winning Punjabi filmmaker Mukesh Gautam |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/variety/baghi-di-dhee-and-its-national-award-winning-punjabi-filmmaker-mukesh-gautam/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=23321482}}

[[Category:2022 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Punjabi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:PTC Punjabi original programming]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films based on literature]]
[[Category:Films about rebels]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Tiruchchirappalli - Mayiladuthurai Express

2026-03-25T09:02:59Z

FredricKeeton9: Made entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 27em
| name = '''★TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI EXPRESS★'''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = '''[[Mail/Express]]'''
| status = '''Active'''
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| predecessor =
| first =
| last =
| successor =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| formeroperator =
| ridership = '''Express'''
| ridership2 = '''Mail'''
| website = www.indianrailways.gov.in
| start = {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} (TPJ)
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}} (MV)
| distance = {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 2 hours, 30 minutes
| frequency = '''Daily'''
| trainnumber = 16233/16234
| line_used = [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur line]] ({{abbrlink|MV|Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|TJ|Thanjavur Junction railway station}}) Nagapattinam–Tiruchirappalli line ({{abbrlink|TJ|Thanjavur Junction railway station}}{{snd}}{{abbrlink|TPJ|Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station}})
| class = 2A, 3A, SL, GS and SLRD
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = [[Corridor coach]] (Unreserved)
| sleeping = [[Couchette car]]
| autorack = No
| catering = No
| observation = Windows in all carriages
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks Baggage carriage
| otherfacilities =
| stock = '''[[WAP-4]] Locomotive from [[Arakkonam]], [[Erode]] Electric Shed'''
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el = '''[[25kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]''' '''(Overhead Traction)'''
| speed = {{convert|48|km/h}}
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| routenumber = 9{{\}}9A<ref>{{cite web|title=Passenger time table|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1375157384199-Table_1-10_Pages%2051-112_SRS.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|pages=45–48 (95–98)|publisher=[[Railway Board]]|accessdate=17 March 2014}}</ref>
| sharing = [[Mysore-Mayiladuthurai Express]], [[Mysore-Tuticorin Express]]
| maintenance = '''[[Tiruchirappalli Junction]]'''
| map =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Tiruchirappalli–Mayiladuthurai Express (via Kumbakonam)''' is a train which runs from [[Trichy, Tamil Nadu|Trichy]] to [[Mayiladuthurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. This train is operated and the rakes are owned by [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]. The train has numbered as (16233/16234) in both directions.

==General information==
This train was run between Tiruchchirappalli Jn to Mayiladuthurai Jn. When it completes its drive from Mysuru–Mayiladuthurai Express. The train starts from Mayiladuthurai Jn at 8.15 hrs and reaches Tiruchchirappalli Jn at 10.40 hrs. In return direction the train originates from Tiruchchirappalli Junction at 12.50 hrs and reaches Mayiladuthurai Junction at 15.15 hrs. This train is more useful for people those who are travelling from Tiruchchirappalli Jn, Thanjavur Jn, Papanasam, Kumbakonam, Aduthurai, Kutralam and Mayiladuthurai Jn. These trains originates from both sides on Everyday.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#00ff7f;" |16233 ~ Mayiladuthurai Junction → Tiruchchirappalli Junction '''★TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI EXPRESS★'''
|-
!Station Name
!Station Code
!Arrival
!Departure
!Day
|-
|'''[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]([[Mayavaram]])'''
|MV
| -
|08:35
| rowspan="5" |1
|-
|[[Kutralam]]
|KTM
|08:47
|08:48
|-
|[[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]]
|ADT
|08:59
|09:00
|-
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|KMU
|09:10
|09:12
|-
|[[Papanasam]]
|PML
|09:22
|09:23
|-
|'''[[Thanjavur Junction]]([[Tanjore]])'''
|TJ
|09:42
|09:44
|-
|[[Budalur]]
|BAL
|10:00
|10:01
|-
|'''[[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]([[Trichy]])'''
|TPJ
|11:05
| -
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#00ff7f;" |16234 ~ Tiruchchirappalli Junction → Mayiladuthurai Junction ★'''MAYILADUTHURAI EXPRESS'''★
|-
|'''[[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]([[Trichy]])'''
|TPJ
| -
|13:05
|-
|[[Budalur]]
|BAL
|13:35
|13:36
|-
|'''[[Thanjavur Junction]]([[Tanjore]])'''
|TJ
|13:51
|13:53
| rowspan="5" |2
|-
|[[Papanasam]]
|PML
|14:13
|14:14
|-
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|KMU
|14:26
|14:28
|-
|[[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]]
|ADT
|14:38
|14:39
|-
|[[Kutralam]]
|KTM
|14:50
|14:51
|-
|'''[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]([[Mayavaram]])'''
|MV
|15:45
| -
|}

==Rakes==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#893bff;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#893bff;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 21
|-
|[[File: BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] ||EOG|| GS || GS || S13||S12||S11|| S10 || S9 || S8 || S7 || S6 || S5 || S4 || S3||S2||S1||B3||B2||B1||A1||EOG
|}

==Rakes sharing==
[[Mysore-Mayiladuthurai Express]] & [[Mysore-Tuticorin Express]]

== See also ==
* [[Cholan Express]]
* [[Vaigai Superfast Express]]
* [[Rockfort Superfast Express]]
* [[Tiruchirappalli–Tirunelveli Intercity Express]]
* [[Mayiladuthurai–Mysore Express]]
* [[Pallavan Superfast Express]]
* [[Vasco da Gama–Velankanni Weekly Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.srailway.com/ Southern Railway]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiruchirappalli-Mayiladuthurai Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Mayiladuthurai]]

Raza Foundation

2026-03-23T08:31:06Z

FredricKeeton9: Put Up A Post...

{{Short description|Delhi-based non-profit organisation dedicated to arts, culture and ideas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Raza Foundation {{!}} रज़ा फ़ाउंडेशन
| formation = 2001
| logo = File:The Raza Foundation Logo.png
| founder = [[Sayed Haider Raza]]
| headquarters = New Delhi
| leader_title = Managing Trustee
| leader_name = [[ Ashok Vajpeyi]]
| website = https://www.therazafoundation.org/
}}

'''Raza Foundation ('''[[Hindi]]: '''रज़ा फ़ाउंडेशन)''' is a Delhi-based non-profit organisation dedicated to [[The arts|arts]], [[culture]] and [[Idea|ideas]]. It was established in 2001 by the Indian painter [[S. H. Raza|Sayed Haider Raza]], the foundation creates venues for diverse artistic expressions by promoting conversations through [[Presentation|presentations]], [[Panel discussion|panel discussions]], [[Concert|concerts]], and [[theatre]]. It has been hosting events such as [[Publication|publications]], [[Seminar|seminars]], [[Lecture|lectures]], concerts, recitals, and [[Art exhibition|art exhibits]], with a focus on the younger generation.

Since 2001, [[Ashok Vajpeyi]] has been serving as the managing [[trustee]] for the Raza Foundation.

== History ==
The Raza Foundation founded in 2001 by painter and artist Sayed Haider Raza.<ref name="thehindu_article2923125">{{Cite news |date=2012-02-23 |title=Raza turns 90 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/raza-turns-90/article2923125.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The foundation has intention of advancing the [[visual arts]], [[music]], and [[poetry]], among other things. The foundation supports emerging talent in [[poetry]], [[performing arts]], and artistic arts.<ref name="indianexpress_6520600">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Sayed Haider Raza: An artist who was a grateful heir to the plurality, richness and depth of Indian civilisation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sayed-haider-raza-artwork-6520600/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The name of the foundation was dedicated to the SH Raza. In the beginning, Raza did not want his name to be used in the foundation. But Vajpeyi persuaded Raza to include his name in the foundation's title. With the foundation of this [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], Arun Vadehra (of the Vadehra Art Gallery), and poet and critic Ashok Vajpeyi and Raza were the only three trustees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title=Death hasn't intervened: S H Raza's rich legacy lives on |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/death-hasnt-intervened-s-h-razas-rich-legacy-lives-on-4762485/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Raza Foundation has archived SH Raza's work and legacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farago |first=Jason |date=2018-09-27 |title=Firebrands Who Forged a New Art for a New India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/arts/design/the-progressive-revolution-review-asia-society.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Popli |first=Bhumika |date=2017-07-29 |title=Raza's legacy |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/art/10263-raza-s-legacy |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> The cornerstone of his legacy is being adhered to by the foundation. The first is the [[tangible]] or creative element, encompassing Raza's residence, [[workplace]], [[artwork]], and [[literary works]]. Under Ashok Vajpeyi's direction,<ref name="thehindu_article68043013">{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2024-04-09 |title=Dhrupad Vaibhav: A festival that celebrates the history and beauty of the musical form |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/dhrupad-vaibhav-a-festival-that-celebrates-the-history-and-beauty-of-the-musical-form/article68043013.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the foundation has worked hard enough to guarantee the preservation of each of these elements. And then there was his readiness to lend a hand to others. He forbade the Foundation from spending any money on him while he was still living. By awarding [[Grant (money)|grants]] and providing assistance to up-and-coming artists and organisations that advance the arts across the [[nation]], the foundation is continuing this tradition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Ashutosh |date=2024-01-11 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Ashok Vajpeyi: 'Literature has to retrieve spirituality from the clutches of religion' |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/interview-ashok-vajpeyi-literature-has-to-retrieve-spirituality-from-the-clutches-of-religion/article67694890.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

The Raza Foundation played a crucial role in organizing the [[retrospective]] [[exhibition]] of SH Raza at the [[Centre Pompidou]] in [[Paris]]. They worked for more than five years to pitch and organize the show, which is the largest-ever retrospective of the artist. The foundation was also pivotal in organizing a series of shows in India in 2022, the centenary year of Raza's birth, in three Indian private [[Museum|museums]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Leading Indian Modernist SH Raza gets first public museum retrospective at Centre Pompidou in Paris |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/16/leading-indian-modernist-sh-raza-gets-first-public-museum-retrospective-at-centre-pompidou-in-paris |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_article66535450">{{Cite news |last=Pande |first=Alka |date=2023-02-23 |title=Artist S.H. Raza dazzles Centre Pompidou, Paris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/artist-sh-raza-dazzles-centre-pompidou-paris/article66535450.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Work and impact ==
The Raza Foundation under Vajpeyi guidance, has created an ecology of exploring, supporting and experiencing arts and legacy through seminars, concerts, exhibitions, [[fellowships]], books, and journals.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, it offers fellowships to young talent for rigorous study into masterworks and current cultural challenges. The Raza Foundation embraces [[Indian classical dance]] forms, music, literature, and [[modern art]], and it organises several events in 20 locations every year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=S.H. Raza Retrospective at Centre Pompidou Honors Indian Modernist Master |url=https://culture.org/art-and-culture/s-h-raza-retrospective-at-centre-pompidou-honors-indian-modernist-master/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Culture |language=en}}</ref>

Foundation organises regular exhibitions of Raza's paintings, as well as those of his friends and fellow artists.<ref name="thehindu_article66535450"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.removepaywall.com/https:/indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/sh-raza-solo-dubai-exhibition-oeuvre-9217316 |title=How S H Raza's solo in Dubai represents his vast oeuvre |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.removepaywall.com}}</ref> The foundation works with public organisations to increase the audience for literature, art, classical dance, and music.<ref name="indianexpress_6520600">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Sayed Haider Raza: An artist who was a grateful heir to the plurality, richness and depth of Indian civilisation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/sayed-haider-raza-artwork-6520600/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The organisation has published 200 Hindi books on [[Gandhism|Gandhianism]], [[philosophy]], the arts, culture, poetry, [[Translation|translations]], and [[biographies]] as of Raza's centenary year in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=2017-04-06 |title=Raza Foundation plays host to India's first poetry biennale |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/raza-foundation-plays-host-indias-first-poetry-biennale/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=S.H. Raza Retrospective at Centre Pompidou Honors Indian Modernist Master |url=https://culture.org/art-and-culture/s-h-raza-retrospective-at-centre-pompidou-honors-indian-modernist-master/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Culture |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dhrupad Vaibhav ===
Dhrupad Vaibhav is a festival that celebrates the history and beauty of the ''[[Dhrupad]]'' musical form in [[Hindustani classical music]]. Derived from ancient ''chhand-prabandh gayan'', Dhrupad offered a compositional structure to abstract raags. It gained prominence through musicians like [[Swami Haridas]], [[Tansen]], and [[Raja Mansingh|Raja Mansingh Tomar]] in the 15th and 16th centuries. Despite a decline in popularity, Dhrupad remains an epitome of classicism. Institutions like the [[Dhrupad Kendra Bhopal|Dhrupad Kendra]] at [[Bharat Bhavan]] in Bhopal have revived its contemporary relevance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHRUPAD VAIBHAV {{!}} India International Centre |url=https://iicdelhi.in/programmes/dhrupad-vaibhav |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=iicdelhi.in}}</ref> The Dhrupad Vaibhav festival, organized by the Raza Foundation, celebrates the unhurried and immersive style of Dhrupad. The recent third edition of the festival was held in Delhi in collaboration with the India International Centre and Naad-Chakra Trust of Pt. Nirmalya De. The festival features performances by renowned artists, including [[rudra veena]] recitals and renditions of rare ragas like Adbhut Kalyan.<ref name="thehindu_article68043013"/>

=== Annual Memorial Lectures ===
Seven yearly memorial lectures honouring the following masters: [[Daya Krishna]] (philosophy), [[Kumar Gandharva]] (music),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=T. M. |date=2021-06-07 |title='Is this judgement intrinsically problematic?' TM Krishna on Karnatik music versus Hindustani music |url=https://scroll.in/article/996839/is-this-judgement-intrinsically-problematic-tm-krishna-on-karnatik-music-versus-hindustani-music |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] (dancing), [[Agyeya]] (poetry), [[Habib Tanvir]] (theatre), and [[V. S. Gaitonde]] (visual arts). Speakers from the performing arts, visual arts, literature, and other fields will be included in Art Dialogue, another series of panel discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Jaideep |date=2017-07-28 |title=Framing the inner eye: The last of the great masters, S H Raza |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/cover-story/2017/Jul/28/framing-the-inner-eye-the-last-of-the-great-masters-s-h-raza-2878.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2017-12-19 |title=Language is linked with power, says Prof Alok Rai |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/191217/language-is-linked-with-power-says-prof-alok-rai.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_article2923125"/>

=== Art Matters ===
[[File:Raza Foundation - Art Matters.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Journalist Saeed Naqvi is speaking on Poetry at '''Art Matters''' organised by Raza Foundation, in July 2023. ]]
The Raza Foundation and the India International Centre collaborated on the 'Art Matters' program. It is a platform for all kinds of art, such as performing, visual, and literary arts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2023-06-13 |title=A portrait of Kumar Gandharva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-portrait-of-kumar-gandharva/article66950583.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> To create an atmosphere where [[Artist|artists]] and [[Audience|audiences]] may have meaningful debates about art and culture, the programme is the intersection of [[literature]], [[politics]], [[social justice]], poetry, and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debdutta |date=2024-02-01 |title=Chikankari workers stood up to maulvis during Shah Bano protests—art gave them courage |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/chikankari-workers-stood-up-to-maulvis-during-shah-bano-protests-art-gave-them-courage/1948566/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The programme includes a number of presentations, panel discussions, performances, and concerts. By offering a forum for both established and arising artists to present their work and ideas, Art Matters pursues to foster [[creative thinking]] and [[Innovation|innovativeness]] through these events.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khanna |first=Shailaja |date=2024-05-08 |title=Raza Foundation's 'Art Matters' explored the connect between music and memory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/raza-foundations-art-matters-explored-the-connect-between-music-and-memory/article68124215.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=swati |date=2017-08-12 |title=The most beautiful thing about art experience is the idea of empathy, says vocalist T.M. Krishna |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/10437-most-beautiful-thing-about-art-experience-idea-empathy-says-vocalist-tm-krishna |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

Under 'Art Matter', Gandhi Matters is a series presented by the Raza Foundation. It features unique programs like 'Singing Gandhi', which was held at the [[India International Centre]]. This particular event included [[Kalapini Komkali]], who spoke about and performed 'Gandhi Malhar', a raga created by her father, Pt. Kumar Gandharva, to honour [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on his birth centenary. The series aims to explore and celebrate Gandhi's legacy through various artistic and cultural expressions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2019-07-26 |title=Melody and the Mahatma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/melody-and-the-mahatma/article28719920.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Aaj ki Kavita ===
In July 2017, a new poetry reading series called Aaj Kavita was launched. The purpose of the Raza Foundation's poetry reading sessions is to honour the literary arts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Jaideep |date=2017-07-28 |title=Framing the inner eye: The last of the great masters, S H Raza |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/cover-story/2017/Jul/28/framing-the-inner-eye-the-last-of-the-great-masters-s-h-raza-2878.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> By bringing poets and [[Audience|listeners]] together, these gatherings provide a forum for exchanging and appreciating poetry. The readings during the sessions frequently include readings by well-known poets and young talent, which encourage a lively literary community and the sharing of thoughts and artistic expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-28 |title=रज़ा फाउंडेशन के 'समवाय' में हिंदी कविता पर उठे सवालों के बाद क्या कवियों में आपसी संवाद बनेगा? |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/raza-foundation-samvay-program-indian-poets-apoorvanand-hindi-kavita-ashok-vajpeyi-madan-soni-and-om-thanvi-7043769.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Samman ===
The "Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Samman" is given by the Raza Foundation in honour of the late poet [[Bharat Bhushan Agarwal]]. It is a highly esteemed accolade bestowed upon Hindi poetry. This award was once granted for a single poem, but it is currently presented for a collection of poems. The honoured poet receives Rs 21,000 as part of this award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title='भारत भूषण अग्रवाल पुरस्कार' के लिए राजस्थान के देवेश पथ सारिया का चयन |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/sahitya-sansar-rajasthani-youth-poet-devesh-path-sariya-to-be-honored-by-bhushan-agarwal-award-2023-for-his-poetry-collection-nooh-ki-naav-7925645.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Among the distinguished recipients are: Geet Chaturvedi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=author |first=Admin |title=Geet Chaturvedi {{!}} The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/geet-chaturvedi |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.therazafoundation.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Saumya Malviya,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Team |first=Outlook |date=2 August 2022 |title=भारत भूषण पुरस्कार सौम्य मालवीय को |url=https://outlookhindi.com/art-and-culture/general/soumya-malviya-gets-bharat-bhushan-puraskar-69105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=दर्शन सोलंकी ने आत्महत्या नहीं की |url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2023/06/15/darshan-solanki-ne-aatmhathya-nahi-ki/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Indian Cultural Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> Devesh Path Sariya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=देवेश पथ सरिया होंगे भारत भूषण अग्रवाल पुरस्कार-2023 से सम्मानित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/halchal/bharat-bhushan-agrawal-award-2023-to-devesh-path-sariya-2023-12-23 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

=== Raza Fellowships ===
The Raza Foundation offers 'Sayed Haider Raza Fellowship' to scholars, writers, artists, and poets based on the calibre of their proposed projects. The recipients of the Raza fellowship are [[Geet Chaturvedi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geet Chaturvedi {{!}} Center for the Art of Translation {{!}} Two Lines Press |url=https://www.catranslation.org/person/geet-chaturvedi/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Geet Chaturvedi |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/geet-chaturvedi/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> Prof Madhav Hada,<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=भारतीय भक्ति कविता संचयन के लिए आलोचक और विद्वान प्रो माधव हाड़ा को रजा फेलोशिप की घोषणा |url=https://jagranhindi.in/raza-fellowship-announced-to-critic-and-scholar-prof-madhav-hada-for-collection-of-indian-devotional-poetry/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=हिंदी हैं हम |date=29 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Manisha Kulshreshtha,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manisha Kulshreshtha विवरण {{!}} वाणी प्रकाशन |url=https://www.vaniprakashan.com/author-details/5396-manisha-kulshreshtha |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.vaniprakashan.com}}</ref> [[R. Siva Kumar|Prof. R. Siva Kumar]], Pankaj Chaturvedi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Literature Festival |first=Kalinga |date=27 July 2024 |title=Pankaj Chaturvedi |url=https://kalingaliteraryfestival.com/speakers/pankaj-chaturvedi/}}</ref> Irfan Zuberi,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irfan Zuberi {{!}} University of Tübingen |url=https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/fakultaeten/philosophische-fakultaet/fachbereiche/asien-orient-wissenschaften/indologie/personen/doktorandinnen/irfan-zuberi-1/#c1792381 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=uni-tuebingen.de}}</ref> Aashish Tripathi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashish Tripathi विवरण {{!}} वाणी प्रकाशन |url=https://vaniprakashan.com/compiler-details/3774-Ashish-Tripathi |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=vaniprakashan.com}}</ref> and [[Anamika (poet)|Anamika Anu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=अनामिका अनु - दो पत्र : ख़त में ख़बर अपने-अपने ख़ुदा की |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/prabhat-literature/anamika-anu-two-letters |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Publication ==
Raza Foundation has supported scholars and artists for their creative and [[academic publication]] through finance and publication. There are many publications on personalities and artistic affairs that have come out with the collaboration of respected publication houses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Supported Publication {{!}} The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/supported-publication |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.therazafoundation.org |language=en-us}}</ref> '''Pustak Mala'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raza Pustak Mala |url=https://rajkamalprakashan.com/raza-pustak-mala |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=rajkamalprakashan.com}}</ref> is a series of 65 such books which includes important books from different languages as well as books based on literature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=The many initiatives that are keeping 'serious literature' in Hindi alive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/popular-hindi-literature-outreach-future-5546026/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Hindi biography of [[Kumar Gandharva|Pt. Kumar Gandharva]], '<nowiki/>''Va Ghar Sabse Nyara - Jeevan Charit: Pt. Kumar Gandharva''', was penned by poet and litterateur Dhruv Shukla and co-published by Setu Prakashan and Raza Foundation in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Manjari |date=2023-06-13 |title=A portrait of Kumar Gandharva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-portrait-of-kumar-gandharva/article66950583.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The latest book on SH Raza is by Mapin publication and Raza Foundation. The book name is ''Raza: The Other Modern''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book celebrates S H Raza's artistic odyssey |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/07/25/lst1-book-raza.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-07-25 |title=Book celebrates S H Raza's artistic odyssey |url=https://theprint.in/india/book-celebrates-s-h-razas-artistic-odyssey/2190576/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]
* [[Cultural heritage]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Arts organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 2001]]
[[Category:National academies of arts and humanities]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in India]]

Financial regulation in India

2026-03-20T16:23:25Z

FredricKeeton9: Added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}

'''Financial regulation in India''' is governed by a number of [[Regulatory body|regulatory bodies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulatory policy in India |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/regulatory-policy-in-india_b335b35d-en?crawler=true&mimetype=application%2Fpdf |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720162942/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/b335b35d-en.pdf?expires=1689871482&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=9264B9C7780A86EC64DF5BC4505E5D79 |url-status=live }}</ref> Financial regulation is a form of [[regulation]] or supervision, which subjects [[financial institution]]s to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to maintain the stability and integrity of the [[financial system]]. This may be handled by either a [[government]] or non-government organization. Financial regulation has also influenced the structure of banking sectors by increasing the variety of financial products available. Financial regulation forms one of three legal categories which constitutes the content of [[financial law]], the other two being market practices and [[case law]].{{efn|Joanna Benjamin 'Financial Law' Oxford University Press}}

==History==
The history of [[financial regulation]] in India can be traced back to the early 19th century when the British [[East India Company]] established the [[Bank of Bengal]]<ref>''Banker's Magazine'', Vol. 22, p.565-6.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A walk down history when India banked on Calcutta|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-walk-down-history-when-india-banked-on-calcutta/articleshow/73103013.cms|date=January 5, 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016101300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-walk-down-history-when-india-banked-on-calcutta/articleshow/73103013.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm|title= 200 years and going strong|newspaper= [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date= 2006-09-08|archive-date= 3 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200311/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050626/spectrum/main1.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> in 1806. Over time, other banks were established, including the [[Bank of Bombay]] in 1840 and the [[Bank of Madras]] in 1843, which collectively came to be known as the Presidency Banks.<ref name=":0" />

In 1921, the three Presidency Banks were merged to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]], which was later nationalized and renamed as the [[State Bank of India]] in 1955.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Reserve Bank of India]] was established in 1935 as the central bank of the country, with the objective of regulating the [[currency]] and credit system of the country and promoting its economic growth.<ref name=":2" />

After [[India]] gained independence in 1947, the government took several steps to regulate the [[financial sector]]. In 1949, the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949|Banking Regulation Act]] was passed, which gave the Reserve Bank of India greater control over the functioning of banks and other financial institutions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) was established in 1988 to regulate the [[securities markets]] and protect the interests of investors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Securities and Exchange Board of India |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.sebi.gov.in |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320184004/https://www.sebi.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1990s, India embarked on a program of [[economic liberalization]] and reforms, which included significant changes in the financial sector. The [[Narasimham Committee]] was set up in 1991 to examine the state of the financial sector and make recommendations for its reform. Based on the recommendations of the committee, several measures were taken to liberalize the [[Financial services|financial sector]] and promote competition.<ref name=":6" />

In 1993, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992|Securities and Exchange Board of India Act]] was passed, which gave SEBI statutory powers to regulate the [[securities market]]s.<ref name=":7" /> In 1997, the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] (IRDA) was established to regulate the [[Insurance|insurance sector]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority |url=https://www.irdai.gov.in/ |website=[[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323062115/https://irdai.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]] (PFRDA) was established in 2003 to regulate the [[Pension|pension sector]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority |url=https://www.pfrda.org.in/ |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323133226/https://www.pfrda.org.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Chronology ===
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Timeline of Indian Financial Registrations
|-
|
* 1806: The [[Bank of Bengal]] is established by the British [[East India Company]].
* 1840-1843: The [[Bank of Bombay]] and the [[Bank of Madras]] are established, which together with the Bank of Bengal, came to be known as the Presidency Banks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Banerji |first=Arun Kumar |date=1988 |editor-last=Bagchi |editor-first=Amiya Kumar |title=The Presidency Banks: The Transition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378608 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=23 |issue=24 |pages=1215–1222 |jstor=4378608 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227060050/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378608 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1921: The three Presidency Banks are merged to form the [[Imperial Bank of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Howard |first=H. F. |date=1921 |title=The Imperial Bank of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2222811 |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=31 |issue=122 |pages=147–171 |doi=10.2307/2222811 |jstor=2222811 |issn=0013-0133 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114210/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2222811 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1935: The [[Reserve Bank of India]] is established as the [[central bank]] of the country.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India history |url=https://rbi.org.in/history/Brief_History.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=rbi.org.in |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114213/https://rbi.org.in/history/Brief_History.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India (RBI) {{!}} Functions & Organization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reserve-Bank-of-India |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190811/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reserve-Bank-of-India |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1947: India gains [[independence]] from British rule.
* 1949: The [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949|Banking Regulation Act]] is passed, which gives the Reserve Bank of India greater control over the functioning of [[bank]]s and other [[financial institution]]s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Act No. 10 of 1949 - Banking Regulation Act, 1949 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1885/1/A1949_10.pdf |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127120225/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1885/1/A1949_10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1955: The [[Imperial Bank of India]] is nationalized and renamed as the [[State Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=Company News: Company Business News, Indian Companies News, Company Analysis, Corporate Industry News |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331115713/https://www.business-standard.com/companies |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Bank of India (SBI) {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/State-Bank-of-India |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220111752/https://www.britannica.com/topic/State-Bank-of-India |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Banking In India |url=https://www.thecivilindia.com/banking/history-of-banking-in-india/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Civil India |language=en-us |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114213/https://www.thecivilindia.com/banking/history-of-banking-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1988: The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) is established to regulate the [[securities markets]] and protect the interests of [[investor]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEBI {{!}} About SEBI |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/about-sebi.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.sebi.gov.in |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316121032/https://www.sebi.gov.in/about-sebi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) - Working, History, Functions and Powers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/amp/about/what-is-sebi |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/securities-exchange-board-india-sebi |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114210/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/securities-exchange-board-india-sebi |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1991: The [[Narasimham Committee]] is set up to examine the state of the financial sector and make recommendations for its reform. Based on the recommendations of the committee, several measures are taken to [[Economic liberalism|liberalize]] the financial sector and promote competition. The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992|Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act]] is also passed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=What is a Narsimham Committee? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-narasimham-committee |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331122541/https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-narasimham-committee |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-21 |title=Banking Sector Reforms in India: Narasimhan Committee 1&2, Nachiket Mor Committee, P J Nayak Committee - Civilsdaily |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/banking-sector-reforms-in-india-narasimhan-committee-12-nachiket-mor-committee-p-j-nayak-committee/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121041/https://www.civilsdaily.com/banking-sector-reforms-in-india-narasimhan-committee-12-nachiket-mor-committee-p-j-nayak-committee/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1992: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is given statutory powers under the [[SEBI Act 1992|SEBI Act]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=SEBI Act 1992 |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/act15ac.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.sebi.gov.in |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306194516/https://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/act15ac.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1993: The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992|Securities and Exchange Board of India Act]] is passed, which gives SEBI statutory powers to regulate the securities markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Anirudh Laskar, Vyas |date=2013-05-21 |title=Sebi's 25-year journey |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xer1j7wBRbQH1UTOBVrRaL/Sebis-25year-journey.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121039/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xer1j7wBRbQH1UTOBVrRaL/Sebis-25year-journey.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1997: The [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] (IRDA) is established to regulate the [[Insurance|insurance sector]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Mathur |first=Somesh K. |date=2001 |title=Insurance Regulation: Some Issues |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41954375 |journal=The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance. Issues and Practice |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=54–70 |doi=10.1111/1468-0440.00094 |jstor=41954375 |s2cid=154307718 |issn=1018-5895 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41954375 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 1999: The [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) introduces [[Electronic trading platform|electronic trading]], which revolutionizes the [[National Stock Exchange of India|Indian stock market]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSE Milestones |url=https://www.nseindia.com/national-stock-exchange/history-milestones |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121051/https://www.nseindia.com/national-stock-exchange/history-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Electronic Stock Exchange? Definition of Electronic Stock Exchange, Electronic Stock Exchange Meaning - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/definition/electronic-stock-exchange/amp |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=m.economictimes.com |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121051/https://m.economictimes.com/definition/electronic-stock-exchange/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2000: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduces regulations for internet trading and dematerialization of securities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dematerialized Securities |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/dematerialized_securities.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121055/https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/dematerialized_securities.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2003: The [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]] (PFRDA) is established to regulate the [[Pension|pension sector]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PFRDA {{!}} NPS Trust |url=https://npstrust.org.in/content/pfrda |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=npstrust.org.in |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121041/https://npstrust.org.in/content/pfrda |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PFRDA |url=https://www.licpensionfund.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.licpensionfund.in |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720163021/https://www.licpensionfund.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2005: The Forward Contracts Regulation Act (FCRA) is passed to regulate the commodity futures market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1771012/|title=The Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121040/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1771012/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Forward Contracts (Regulation) Amendment, 2006 - Legislative Brief |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/INPRSLS/tfca2006lb549/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121042/http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/INPRSLS/tfca2006lb549/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2012: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduces the concept of [[Real estate investment trust|Real Estate Investment Trusts]] (REITs) to enable [[investor]]s to invest in the [[Real estate|real estate sector]] through a regulated mechanism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=sebi real estate investment trusts regulations: Latest News & Videos, Photos about sebi real estate investment trusts regulations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/sebi-real-estate-investment-trusts-regulations |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121038/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/sebi-real-estate-investment-trusts-regulations |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2015: The Reserve Bank of India announces the introduction of the [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) to facilitate digital payments in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPI: Unified Payments Interface - Instant Mobile Payments {{!}} NPCI |url=https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/upi/product-overview |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.npci.org.in |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329144706/https://www.npci.org.in/what-we-do/upi/product-overview |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2015: The [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre|International Financial Services Centre]] (IFSC) is set up at the [[GIFT City|Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City)]] to promote offshore [[financial services]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasal |first=Vikas |date=2021-12-06 |title=IFSC GIFT City: unlocking potential for financial services |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/ifsc-gift-city-unlocking-potential-for-financial-services-11638782203187.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202121912/https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/ifsc-gift-city-unlocking-potential-for-financial-services-11638782203187.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ravi Teja |date=2015-10-27 |title=First International Financial Services Centre banking unit starts operations at GIFT City |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/first-international-financial-services-centre-banking-unit-starts-operations-at-gift-city/articleshow/49553536.cms |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322222708/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/first-international-financial-services-centre-banking-unit-starts-operations-at-gift-city/articleshow/49553536.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat International Finance Tec (GIFT) City |url=https://www.grantthornton.in/en/campaign/gujarat-international-finance-tec-city/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Grant Thornton Bharat |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331060134/https://www.grantthornton.in/en/campaign/gujarat-international-finance-tec-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2019: The [[International Financial Services Centres Authority]] (IFSCA) is established to regulate financial services in the [[GIFT IFSC|IFSCs]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centre Authority |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/AboutIFSCA |website=[[IFSCA]] |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331211525/https://ifsca.gov.in/Pages/Contents/AboutIFSCA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Financial Services Centres Authority: All About The Gift City Regulator (Part II) - Financial Services - India |url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/financial-services/1046280/international-financial-services-centres-authority-all-about-the-gift-city-regulator-part-ii |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.mondaq.com |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121038/https://www.mondaq.com/india/financial-services/1046280/international-financial-services-centres-authority-all-about-the-gift-city-regulator-part-ii |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2020: The Reserve Bank of India announces a moratorium on loan repayments and a restructuring scheme for borrowers impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. [[SEBI]] introduces new norms for [[investment adviser]]s and [[portfolio manager]]s to enhance investor protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS : RBI Allowed Banks to Declare Moratorium on Term Loans |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1609820 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720163029/https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1609820 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rbi loan moratorium: How borrowers can use second loan moratorium offered due to coronavirus: Should you opt for it? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/borrow/how-borrowers-can-use-second-loan-moratorium-offered-due-to-coronavirus-should-you-opt-for-it/articleshow/83542400.cms |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121057/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/borrow/how-borrowers-can-use-second-loan-moratorium-offered-due-to-coronavirus-should-you-opt-for-it/articleshow/83542400.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2021: The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) introduces a new framework for investment advisors to strengthen their role as fiduciaries to their clients. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) sets up a committee to review the functioning of asset reconstruction companies (ARCs) and recommend measures to improve their effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rbi: RBI amends regulatory framework for ARCs to strengthen their functioning |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-amends-regulatory-framework-for-arcs/articleshow/94788429.cms |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121100/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-amends-regulatory-framework-for-arcs/articleshow/94788429.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Acts and rules==
India has a comprehensive system of [[financial regulation]]s that includes a range of acts and rules to govern various aspects of the financial sector. Some of the key acts and rules that regulate the financial sector in India include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fintech Laws and Regulations Report 2022-2023 India |url=https://iclg.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/india/amp |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=International Comparative Legal Guides International Business Reports |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415080807/https://iclg.com/practice-areas/fintech-laws-and-regulations/india/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acts and rules |url=https://dea.gov.in/acts-rules |website=dea.gov.in |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415080808/https://dea.gov.in/acts-rules |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]: This act provides the legal framework for the functioning of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the central bank of India. The RBI is responsible for regulating the [[monetary policy]] of the country, managing the foreign exchange reserves, and supervising the banking sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2398/1/A1934_02.pdf |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218091111/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2398/1/A1934_02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pathak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPaT-RJf-00C&pg=PA460 |title=Legal Aspects Of Business |date=2007-05-01 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited |isbn=978-0-07-065613-0 |language=en |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720162947/https://books.google.com/books?id=bPaT-RJf-00C&pg=PA460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Vijayaragavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWLuY_ABdZkC&pg=PA155 |title=Introduction to Banking |date=2009 |publisher=Excel Books India |isbn=978-81-7446-569-6 |language=en |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720163019/https://books.google.com/books?id=eWLuY_ABdZkC&pg=PA155 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Government invokes Section 7 Act 1934: History and amendment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/central-government-invoke-section-7-act-1934-history-and-amendment-1380387-2018-11-01 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104806/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/central-government-invoke-section-7-act-1934-history-and-amendment-1380387-2018-11-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Banking Regulation Act, 1949: This act regulates the functioning of banks in India and empowers the RBI to supervise and regulate the banking sector.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Anulekha |date=2020-09-17 |title=Banking Regulation Amendment Bill passed. What it means for banks, customers |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/banking-regulation-amendment-bill-2020-passed-what-it-means-for-banks-customers-11600337144895.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331104805/https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/banking-regulation-amendment-bill-2020-passed-what-it-means-for-banks-customers-11600337144895.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Bimal N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7PI25CBkXYC&pg=PA218 |title=India and International Law: Introduction |date=2008 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-16152-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-25 |title=The Companies Act 1956 Indian Bare Acts - India Bare Act - Law Firm Lawyers India |url=http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/the-companies-act-1956 |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625110523/http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/the-companies-act-1956 |archive-date=25 June 2016 }}</ref><ref name=":4"/>
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992]]: This act established the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), which is responsible for regulating the securities market in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Security and Exchange Board of India Act 1992" |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/act15ac.pdf |website=[[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725160705/https://www.sebi.gov.in/acts/act15ac.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA ACT, 1992 – Lawyers Law |date=3 October 2013 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-act-1992/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331110553/https://lawyerslaw.org/the-securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-act-1992/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Act No. 15 of 1992 - Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/acts/jan-1992/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-act-1992-as-amended-by-the-international-financial-services-centres-authority-act-2019-w-e-f-october-01-2020-_3.html |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125140550/https://www.sebi.gov.in/legal/acts/jan-1992/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-act-1992-as-amended-by-the-international-financial-services-centres-authority-act-2019-w-e-f-october-01-2020-_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999: This act established the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA), which is responsible for regulating the insurance sector in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1999-12-29 |title=Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1893 |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720163627/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1893 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/insurance-divisions/Insurance-Regulatory-%26-Development-Authority |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=financialservices.gov.in |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523185120/https://financialservices.gov.in/insurance-divisions/Insurance-Regulatory-%26-Development-Authority |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act, 2013]]: This act governs the formation, management, and operation of companies in India, including those in the financial sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=IBC Laws |date=2015-02-19 |title=Section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013: Definitions of the Companies Act, 2013 |url=https://ibclaw.in/section-2-of-the-companies-act-2013-definitions-of-the-companies-act-2013/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=IBC Laws |language=en-US |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617032034/https://ibclaw.in/section-2-of-the-companies-act-2013-definitions-of-the-companies-act-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2013-08-29 |title=Companies Act, 2013 |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2114 |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629094148/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2114 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Companies Act, 2013 |url=https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/CompaniesAct2013.pdf |website=www.mca.gov.in |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419102055/https://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/CompaniesAct2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999]]: This act regulates foreign exchange transactions in India and aims to facilitate external trade and payments.
* [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]: This act aims to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities in India.
* Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957: These rules regulate the trading of securities in India and provide guidelines for the functioning of stock exchanges.
* Insider Trading Regulations, 2015: These regulations aim to prevent insider trading in securities and promote fair trading practices.
* Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act, 2005: This act regulates the functioning of credit information companies in India and aims to promote responsible lending practices.
* Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007: This act provides the legal framework for payment and settlement systems in India, including electronic funds transfer, mobile payments, and card payments.
* [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019]]: This act aims to protect the rights of consumers in India and includes provisions related to financial services, such as banking, insurance, and investment products.
* National Pension System Trust Regulations, 2015: These regulations govern the functioning of the National Pension System (NPS) in India, which is a voluntary retirement savings scheme for individuals.
* Depositories Act, 1996: This act regulates the functioning of depositories in India, which hold securities in electronic form and facilitate their transfer.
* Public Financial Management System, 2016: This system is an online platform for the management of government finances in India, including budget preparation, expenditure management, and reporting.
* [[Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010]]: This act regulates the receipt of foreign contributions by non-profit organizations in India and aims to prevent money laundering and financing of terrorism.
* Prudential Norms for Classification, Valuation and Operation of Investment Portfolio by Banks, 2021: These norms provide guidelines for the management of investment portfolios by banks in India, including the classification and valuation of assets.
* Reserve Bank of India (Digital Payment Security Controls) Directions, 2021: These directions provide security controls for digital payments in India, aimed at protecting users from fraud and other risks.
* [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002]]: This act provides a framework for the securitisation and reconstruction of financial assets, and enforcement of security interest in such assets, by banks and financial institutions.
* [[Indian Stamp Act, 1899]]: This act regulates the payment of stamp duty on various financial instruments, such as promissory notes, bills of exchange, and share certificates.
* [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]]: This act governs the use of negotiable instruments, such as cheques, bills of exchange, and promissory notes, in financial transactions.
* Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989: This act provides for the prevention of offences against members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and includes provisions related to financial fraud and exploitation of these communities.
* [[Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016]]: This act regulates the real estate sector in India, including the registration of real estate projects and agents, and the protection of homebuyers.
* [[Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006]]: This act provides for the promotion and development of micro, small, and medium enterprises in India, including access to credit and other financial services.
* Foreign Trade Policy, 2015-2020: This policy provides a framework for promoting exports and imports in India, including incentives for exporters and regulations for importers.
* Prevention of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act, 2016: This act provides for the resolution of insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings in India, including the restructuring of debts and liquidation of assets.
* [[International Financial Services Centres Authority|International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019]]: It is an Indian legislation that provides for the establishment of an independent [[regulatory authority]] for the development and regulation of financial services in [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre|International Financial Services Centres]] (IFSCs) in India.The IFSCA Act was enacted to promote the development of financial services in IFSCs in India, with the objective of making India a hub for [[international finance]] and business. The Act establishes the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) as a statutory body to oversee the development and regulation of financial services in IFSCs.The IFSCA Act provides for a wide range of functions for the IFSCA, including the regulation and supervision of financial institutions and financial services in IFSCs, the promotion of development of financial services in IFSCs, and the protection of the interests of investors and consumers in IFSCs.The IFSCA Act also provides for the establishment of a unified regulatory framework for financial services in IFSCs, including banking, insurance, securities, and other financial services. The Act empowers the IFSCA to make regulations for the conduct of financial services in IFSCs, and also provides for the resolution of disputes related to financial services in IFSCs.

==Regulatory bodies==
{{see also|List of regulators in India}}
India has several financial regulatory bodies that oversee and regulate different sectors of the financial system. Here are the major regulatory bodies and the sectors they oversee:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Financial Technology Law Review - The Law Reviews |url=https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-financial-technology-law-review/india |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=thelawreviews.co.uk |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415080807/https://thelawreviews.co.uk/title/the-financial-technology-law-review/india |url-status=live }}</ref>

# Reserve Bank of India (RBI): RBI is the [[Central Bank of India|central bank of India]] and regulates the overall [[Banking|banking sector]] in the country, including commercial banks, cooperative banks, and development banks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Reserve Bank Of India And The Regulation Of Fintech - Fin Tech - India |url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/fin-tech/1241220/the-reserve-bank-of-india-and-the-regulation-of-fintech |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.mondaq.com |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402061412/https://www.mondaq.com/india/fin-tech/1241220/the-reserve-bank-of-india-and-the-regulation-of-fintech |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI): SEBI is responsible for regulating the securities market in India, including [[stock exchange]]s, [[broker]]s, and other market intermediaries.
# International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA): It is a [[regulatory body]] that was established in April 2020 under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019.The IFSCA is responsible for regulating all financial services that are provided within the [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre|International Financial Services Centre]] (IFSC) located in [[GIFT City]], [[Gujarat]], India. The [[GIFT IFSC|IFSC]] is a [[special economic zone]] that was set up to promote international financial services in India.
# Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA): IRDA regulates the insurance sector in India, including life insurance, general insurance, and reinsurance.
# Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA): PFRDA regulates the pension sector in India, including pension funds and the National Pension System.
# [[Forward Markets Commission]] (FMC): FMC regulates the [[commodity futures]] market in India.
# [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] (MCA): MCA regulates [[corporate governance]], [[corporate social responsibility]], and the formation and management of companies in India.
# [[National Housing Bank]] (NHB): NHB regulates housing finance companies and the housing sector in India.
# [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]] (DEA): DEA is responsible for the overall economic policies of India, including fiscal and monetary policies.
# [[Financial Stability and Development Council]] (FSDC): The FSDC is a high-level coordinating body that oversees and coordinates the functioning of various financial regulatory bodies in India. It aims to ensure financial stability and promote financial sector development in the country.
# [[Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation]] (DICGC): The DICGC provides insurance to depositors in case a bank fails or becomes insolvent. It insures bank deposits up to a certain amount, which is currently set at Rs. 5 lakhs per depositor per bank.
# [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD): NABARD regulates and supervises the rural banking sector in India. It provides credit and other support to farmers, rural development organizations, and other rural institutions.
# [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]] (SIDBI): SIDBI provides financial assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India. It also promotes the development of the SME sector in the country.
# Insurance Ombudsman: The Insurance Ombudsman is an independent grievance redressal mechanism for insurance policyholders. It investigates and resolves complaints against insurance companies and other intermediaries.
# Pension Fund Ombudsman: The Pension Fund Ombudsman is an independent grievance redressal mechanism for NPS and APY subscribers. It investigates and resolves complaints against pension fund managers and other intermediaries.
# Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India (FEDAI): FEDAI sets rules and guidelines for foreign exchange transactions in India. It also acts as a self-regulatory organization for banks dealing in foreign exchange transactions.
# [[Clearing Corporation of India|Clearing Corporation of India Limited]] (CCIL): It is responsible for providing clearing and settlement services for foreign exchange and money market transactions.
# [[Securities Appellate Tribunal]] (SAT): It is a quasi-judicial body that hears appeals against SEBI's decisions.

==Foreign investment==
[[Foreign investment in India]] is regulated by the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA)<ref>{{Cite web |title="THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999" |url=http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/capital_market_div/FEMA_act_1999.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210004120/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/capital_market_div/FEMA_act_1999.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> and the regulations issued thereunder by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The [[Indian government]] has [[liberalized]] its foreign investment policies over the years, making it easier for [[foreign investors]] to invest in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FDI Statistics {{!}} Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade {{!}} MoCI {{!}} GoI |url=https://dpiit.gov.in/publications/fdi-statistics |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=dpiit.gov.in |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111242/https://dpiit.gov.in/publications/fdi-statistics |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Foreign direct investment regulations |url=https://globalcompetitionreview.com/guide/foreign-direct-investment-regulation-guide/second-edition/article/india |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=globalcompetitionreview.com |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111230/https://globalcompetitionreview.com/guide/foreign-direct-investment-regulation-guide/second-edition/article/india |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Foreign direct investment|Foreign Direct Investment]] (FDI) is allowed in most sectors under the automatic route, which means that foreign investors do not require prior approval from the [[Government of India|government]] or the RBI for their investment. However, certain sectors such as [[Defense Sector|defense]], telecom, and media require prior approval from the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Direct Investment {{!}} Make In India |url=https://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.makeinindia.com |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201041519/https://www.makeinindia.com/policy/foreign-direct-investment |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign direct investment in India |url=https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/guides/foreign-direct-investment-india |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Pinsent Masons |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111230/https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/guides/foreign-direct-investment-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recent Changes To India's FDI Laws - Inward/ Foreign Investment - India |url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/inward-foreign-investment/1186244/recent-changes-to-indias-fdi-laws |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.mondaq.com |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111230/https://www.mondaq.com/india/inward-foreign-investment/1186244/recent-changes-to-indias-fdi-laws |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FDI Regulation In India |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-7883-fdi-regulation-in-india.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=legalserviceindia.com |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111230/https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-7883-fdi-regulation-in-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Foreign portfolio investment|Foreign Portfolio Investment]] (FPI) is another avenue for foreign investors to invest in India. FPI refers to investments by [[Non-Resident Indians|non-resident Indians]] (NRIs), [[foreign institutional investors]] (FIIs), and qualified foreign investors (QFIs) in securities listed on [[Indian stock exchange (disambiguation)|Indian stock exchange]]s. FPI is subject to certain limits and conditions prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's FDI Policy |url=https://indbiz.gov.in/invest/fdi-policy/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=IndBiz {{!}} Economic Diplomacy Division |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111230/https://indbiz.gov.in/invest/fdi-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Quote frame|
Foreign investment in certain sectors is subject to sector-specific caps on foreign ownership, which vary depending on the sector. For example, in the insurance sector, foreign ownership is capped at 49%, while in the defense sector, it is capped at 74%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - India liberalized FDI rules in various sectors {{!}} Investment Policy Monitor {{!}} UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub |url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-policy-monitor/measures/2909/india-india-liberalized-fdi-rules-in-various-sectors |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=investmentpolicy.unctad.org |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111230/https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-policy-monitor/measures/2909/india-india-liberalized-fdi-rules-in-various-sectors |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

The Indian government has also established the [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] (FIPB), which is responsible for reviewing and approving foreign investment proposals that do not fall under the automatic route. However, the FIPB has been abolished and the government has streamlined the approval process for foreign investment proposals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://fifp.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=fifp.gov.in |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331111231/https://fifp.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Anti-money laundering ==
India has implemented several measures to prevent [[money laundering]] and [[Terrorism financing|terrorist financing]], including the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act]] (PMLA) of 2002. The PMLA is the primary legislation for combating [[money laundering]] in India and is administered by the [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)|Financial Intelligence Unit]] (FIU) of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Anti-Money Laundering Laws in India |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/money-laundering-prevention/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331112137/https://blog.ipleaders.in/money-laundering-prevention/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the PMLA, financial institutions, including banks, [[insurance companies]], and securities firms, are required to conduct due diligence on their customers, monitor their transactions, and report any suspicious transactions to the FIU. The Act also provides for the freezing and seizure of assets suspected to be the proceeds of crime. The act also sets up a specialized agency, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED), to investigate and prosecute money laundering cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prevention of Money Laundering |url=https://dor.gov.in/prevention-of-money-laundering-list |website=dor.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210093154/https://dor.gov.in/prevention-of-money-laundering-list |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to the PMLA, India has also implemented other measures to combat money laundering, including the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) and the [[Income Tax Act, 1961|Income Tax Act]]. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) have also issued guidelines to their regulated entities for compliance with [[Anti Money Laundering|anti-money laundering]] regulations.

India is also a member of the [[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF), an intergovernmental organization that sets standards and promotes effective implementation of legal, regulatory, and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing, and other related threats to the integrity of the [[international financial system]]. India is subject to regular reviews by the FATF to ensure compliance with its standards.

In addition to the PMLA, India has implemented several other financial regulations to combat money laundering. These regulations include:

# [[Know your customer|Know Your Customer]] (KYC) norms: KYC norms require banks and financial institutions to verify the identity of their customers before providing any financial services. KYC norms involve obtaining and verifying personal information and documents, such as [[Aadhar card|Aadhaar card]], [[PAN card]], [[passport]], and [[driver's license]]. KYC norms help to prevent the use of fake or forged documents in financial transactions.
# Suspicious Transaction Reporting (STR): STR requires banks and financial institutions to report any suspicious transactions to the [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)|Financial Intelligence Unit]] (FIU) of India. Such transactions could include those that are unusual or inconsistent with the customer's known sources of income. Banks and financial institutions are also required to maintain records of these transactions.
# [[Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act]] (FATCA): FATCA is a US law that requires foreign financial institutions to report information about US taxpayers to the US [[Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS).India has signed an agreement with the United States to implement FATCA. Under this agreement, Indian financial institutions are required to report information about their American clients to the Indian government, which will then be shared with the US government.
# [[Common Reporting Standard]] (CRS): India has also signed the CRS agreement with other countries to exchange information on financial accounts held by foreign residents.
# [[Anti Money Laundering|Anti-Money Laundering]] (AML) guidelines: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued AML guidelines for banks and financial institutions to follow while conducting financial transactions. These guidelines include measures such as customer due diligence, record keeping, and risk management.
# Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA): The PMLA defines money laundering as an act of disguising the proceeds of a crime as legitimate funds. It also sets out the penalties for those found guilty of money laundering, which can include imprisonment and fines. The act applies to all individuals and entities, including banks, financial institutions, and money changers.

==Banking regulation==
[[Banking Regulation|Banking regulation]] in India is overseen by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the [[central bank]] of the country. The RBI was established in 1935 and is responsible for regulating and supervising banks and other financial institutions in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Regulations That Govern Banking in India |url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/112714/regulations-govern-banking-india.asp |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Investopedia |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164022/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/112714/regulations-govern-banking-india.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nataraj |first1=Geethanjali |last2=Ashwani |date=September 2018 |title=Banking Sector Regulation in India: Overview, Challenges and Way Forward |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556118783065 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |language=en |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=473–486 |doi=10.1177/0019556118783065 |s2cid=189669805 |issn=0019-5561 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331113023/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019556118783065 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The RBI's primary objective is to maintain the stability of the Indian financial system, which it achieves through various regulatory measures. Some of the key regulations enforced by the RBI include:<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Thakore |first1=Talwar |last2=Dubash |first2=Associates-Feroz |last3=Mahapatra |first3=Sonali |last4=Zota |first4=Shruti |date=2019-04-04 |title=Banking Regulation in India |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a1976e5b-288e-4dce-be91-ecd57fc575c9 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Lexology |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164024/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a1976e5b-288e-4dce-be91-ecd57fc575c9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanoujiya |first1=Jagjeevan |last2=Bhimavarapu |first2=Venkata Mrudula |last3=Rastogi |first3=Shailesh |date=2021-08-23 |title=Banks in India: A Balancing Act Between Profitability, Regulation and NPA |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09722629211034417 |journal=Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective |volume=27 |issue=5 |language=en |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1177/09722629211034417 |s2cid=238739149 |issn=0972-2629 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331113024/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09722629211034417 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rbi regulation |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/BANKI15122014.pdf |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=rbidocs.rbi.org.in |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164032/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/BANKI15122014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banking Regulation in India |url=https://www.complybook.com/blog/banking-regulation-in-india |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=ComplyBook |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164025/https://www.complybook.com/blog/banking-regulation-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulations of Bank and Financial Institutions {{!}} RBI Grade-B Main |url=https://www.careerlauncher.com/rbi-grade-b/regulations-of-banks-and-financial-institutions/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.careerlauncher.com |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164024/https://www.careerlauncher.com/rbi-grade-b/regulations-of-banks-and-financial-institutions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banking regulation in India: overview |url=https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/banking-regulation-in-india-overview/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=azb |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164024/https://www.azbpartners.com/bank/banking-regulation-in-india-overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Capital adequacy ratio|Capital Adequacy Ratio]] (CAR): The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has prescribed a minimum CAR that banks in India must maintain to ensure that they have sufficient capital to absorb unexpected losses.
* Asset Quality Review (AQR): The RBI conducts regular AQRs of banks to ensure that they are accurately reflecting the quality of their assets and that they are adequately provisioned for any losses.
* Prudential Norms: The RBI has prescribed various prudential norms for banks, including limits on exposure to individual borrowers, classification of assets, and provisioning requirements.
* Liquidity Requirements: Banks in India are required to maintain a certain level of [[Liquidity regulation|liquidity]] to ensure that they can meet their obligations as they fall due. The RBI has prescribed the minimum liquidity ratio (SLR) and the minimum net stable funding ratio (NSFR) for banks in India.
* Prudential Norms: The RBI has prescribed various prudential norms for banks, including limits on exposure to individual borrowers, classification of assets, and provisioning requirements. These norms are designed to ensure that banks are operating prudently and managing risks effectively.
* [[Corporate governance|Corporate Governance]]: The RBI has issued guidelines on corporate governance for banks in India, which require banks to have a strong board of directors, robust risk management processes, and effective internal controls.
* Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) norms: The RBI has put in place strict guidelines on AML and KYC to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Banks are required to carry out due diligence on their customers, monitor transactions, and report suspicious transactions to the relevant authorities.
* [[Know your customer|Know Your Customer]] (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML): Banks are required to comply with KYC and AML guidelines to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism.

===Banking regulation acts===
There are several banking regulation acts in India that govern the functioning of banks and other financial institutions in the country. Some of the key acts are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banking Acts {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/act-rule/Banking/Banking-Acts |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=financialservices.gov.in |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317114353/https://financialservices.gov.in/act-rule/Banking/Banking-Acts |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]: This is the primary legislation governing the functions and powers of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the central bank of India. The act provides for the regulation of banking and credit in India and gives the RBI the authority to issue licenses to banks and regulate their activities.
* Banking Regulation Act, 1949: This act provides for the regulation and supervision of banking companies in India. It sets out the rules for the establishment and operation of banks, their capital requirements, and the powers of the RBI to inspect and supervise their activities. The act also provides for the appointment of the Banking Ombudsman, who is responsible for resolving complaints against banks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banking regulation act, 1949 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1885/1/A194910.pdf |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208090408/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1885/1/A194910.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]]: This act governs the use and transfer of negotiable instruments such as cheques, promissory notes, and bills of exchange. It provides for the rights and obligations of parties to these instruments and sets out the rules for their payment and discharge.
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992]]: This act provides for the regulation of securities markets in India and the protection of the interests of investors in these markets. It gives the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) the power to regulate and supervise the activities of stock exchanges, brokers, and other market intermediaries.
* Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002: This act provides for the prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorism in India. It requires banks and other financial institutions to carry out customer due diligence and maintain records of transactions to prevent the use of the financial system for illegal activities.

== Securities market regulation ==
[[Securities market]] regulation in India is primarily overseen by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), which is responsible for regulating the securities markets in the country. SEBI has issued various regulations and [[guideline]]s to ensure that the securities markets operate in a fair, transparent, and efficient manner. Here are some key aspects of securities market regulation in India:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathew |first=Joby |date=2023-02-18 |title=Explained {{!}} How is the stock market regulated in India? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/explained-how-is-the-stock-market-regulated-in-india/article66526291.ece |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164023/https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/explained-how-is-the-stock-market-regulated-in-india/article66526291.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabarinathan |first=G |date=October 2010 |title=SEBI's Regulation of the Indian Securities Market: A Critical Review of the Major Developments |journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=13–26 |doi=10.1177/0256090920100402 |s2cid=55869136 |issn=0256-0909 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

* [[Investor protection|Investor Protection]]: SEBI's primary objective is to protect the interests of investors in the securities markets. It has issued various regulations to ensure that investors have access to accurate and timely information about securities, and that they are protected from fraudulent and unfair practices. For example, SEBI has issued regulations on [[insider trading]], [[market manipulation]], and [[disclosure requirement]]s for [[listed companies]].
* Market Operations: SEBI regulates the operations of the securities markets in India, including [[stock exchange]]s, [[broker]]s, and other market intermediaries. It has issued regulations on the conduct of brokers and intermediaries, including rules on capital adequacy, registration requirements, and compliance standards.
* [[Listing requirements|Listing Requirements]]: SEBI has issued regulations on listing requirements for companies that wish to list their securities on Indian stock exchanges. These regulations prescribe disclosure requirements, eligibility criteria, and other conditions that must be met by companies seeking to list their securities.
* [[Disclosure requirement|Disclosure Requirements]]: SEBI has issued regulations on disclosure requirements for listed companies, which prescribe the information that must be disclosed by companies to investors and the public. These regulations cover areas such as [[financial statement]]s, [[management discussion and analysis]], and related party transactions.
* [[Investor education|Investor Education]]: SEBI is also responsible for investor education and awareness programs, aimed at educating investors about the securities markets and the risks and opportunities associated with investing in securities.
* Enforcement: SEBI has the power to investigate and take enforcement action against violations of securities laws and regulations. It can impose fines and other penalties on market participants who violate regulations, and can take legal action against offenders.

===Securities markets regulation acts===
The securities markets in India are regulated by several acts, [[Business rule|rules]], and regulations. Here are some of the key securities market acts in India:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-27 |title=Laws governing the stock market in India |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/laws-governing-the-stock-market-in-india/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164023/https://blog.ipleaders.in/laws-governing-the-stock-market-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992]]: This is the primary legislation governing the securities markets in India. It established the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) as the regulator for the [[securities markets]] and gave it powers to regulate and develop the securities markets, protect the interests of investors, and promote investor education.
* [[Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956]]: This act regulates the trading of securities in India and governs the functioning of [[stock exchange]]s, brokers, and other intermediaries in the securities markets. It defines the types of securities that can be traded in India, sets out the rules for the conduct of trading, and provides for the regulation and registration of stock exchanges and other market intermediaries.
* Depositories Act, 1996: This act provides for the establishment of depositories in India and governs the transfer and registration of securities in electronic form. It enables investors to hold securities in dematerialized form and facilitates faster and more efficient settlement of trades.
* Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957: These are the rules made under the [[Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956]], and provide for the regulation of stock exchanges, brokers, and other intermediaries in the securities markets. The rules cover areas such as eligibility criteria for listing on stock exchanges, margin requirements, and the conduct of brokers and intermediaries.
* SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015: These regulations prescribe the [[listing requirements]] for companies that wish to list their securities on [[Indian stock exchange (disambiguation)|Indian stock exchange]]s. They set out the eligibility criteria, disclosure requirements, and other conditions that must be met by companies seeking to list their securities.
* SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015: These regulations prohibit insider trading in securities and prescribe the rules for the prevention of insider trading. They require companies to maintain a list of insiders and to disclose certain information to the stock exchanges and the public.
* SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011: These regulations govern the acquisition of shares and takeovers of listed companies in India. They require acquirers to make certain disclosures and offer an open offer to minority shareholders in case of a change in control of a listed company.

== Bullion regulation ==
Bullion regulation in India is overseen by the government and various regulatory bodies. [[Bullion]] refers to [[precious metal]]s such as [[gold]] and [[silver]], which are often used as a store of value and a hedge against inflation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does the Commodity Market Work in India {{!}} IIFL Knowledge Center |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/knowledge-center/commodities/how-does-the-commodity-market-work-in-india |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164024/https://www.indiainfoline.com/knowledge-center/commodities/how-does-the-commodity-market-work-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dash |first=Shridhar Kumar |date=September 1999 |title=Effect of Liberalization on Integration between Indian and World Bullion Market |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019466219990107 |journal=The Indian Economic Journal |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=82–96 |doi=10.1177/0019466219990107 |s2cid=254294196 |issn=0019-4662 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331113334/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019466219990107 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaura |first1=Ruchika |last2=Rajput |first2=Namita |date=2021-06-10 |title=Future–Spot Relationship in Commodity Market: A Comparison Across Commodity Segments in India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09721509211017291 |journal=Global Business Review |language=en |pages=097215092110172 |doi=10.1177/09721509211017291 |s2cid=236314971 |issn=0972-1509 |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331113333/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09721509211017291 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Here are some key aspects of bullion regulation in India:

* [[Import]] and [[Export]]: The import and export of [[bullion]] in India is regulated by the [[Directorate General of Foreign Trade]] (DGFT) under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]. Importers and exporters of bullion must obtain relevant licenses and comply with various regulations and guidelines issued by the government.
* [[Taxation]]: Bullion is subject to various taxes in India, including [[customs duty]], [[Excise Duty (India)|excise duty]], and [[Value-added taxation in India|value-added tax]] (VAT). The government may also impose a tax on the sale or transfer of bullion, depending on the transaction size and other factors.
* Hallmarking: The [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS) is responsible for hallmarking of gold and silver in India. Hallmarking is a process by which the purity and quality of bullion are verified and certified by an independent agency. Hallmarked bullion carries a [[BIS mark]], which indicates the purity and quality of the metal.
* [[Trading]]: Bullion trading in India is primarily conducted through [[Spot market|spot]] and [[futures markets]]. The [[India International Bullion Exchange]] (IIBX), [[National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange]] (NCDEX) and [[Multi Commodity Exchange]] (MCX) are the three major exchanges for trading in bullion futures contracts in India. These exchanges are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and International Financial Services Centres Authority(IFSCA).
* [[Investment]]: Bullion is a popular investment option in India, and investors can purchase physical bullion or invest in bullion-based financial products such as [[exchange-traded fund]]s (ETFs) or [[mutual fund]]s. The regulation of bullion-based financial products falls under the purview of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

===Bullion regulation acts===
Bullion regulation in India is governed by various Acts and regulations. Here are some of the key Acts and regulations that are relevant to bullion regulation in India:

* IFSC Authority (Bullion Exchange) Regulations, 2020: The act governs [[India International Bullion Exchange]](IIBX) in [[GIFT International Financial Services Centre|International Financial Services Centre]](IFSC).
* Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992: This Act regulates the import and export of goods in India, including bullion. The [[Directorate General of Foreign Trade]] (DGFT) under the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] is responsible for issuing licenses for the import and export of bullion.
* Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016: This Act empowers the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS) to regulate the quality and standard of goods in India, including bullion. The BIS is responsible for hallmarking of gold and silver in India.
* Central Excise Act, 1944: This Act levies excise duty on the manufacture and production of goods in India, including bullion. Excise duty is currently not applicable on gold and silver bullion in India.
* Customs Act, 1962: This Act regulates the import and export of goods in India, including bullion. The Act specifies the procedures for clearance of imported and exported goods, including bullion.
* [[Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956]]: This Act regulates the securities market in India, including the trading of bullion futures contracts on [[commodity exchanges]].
* Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002: This Act aims to prevent money laundering and terrorism financing in India, including in the bullion industry. Bullion dealers and traders are required to comply with various anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) regulations.

==Financial services licenses==
In India, financial services licenses are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) depending on the type of financial activity being conducted. Here are some financial services licenses in India:

# [[Banking license|Banking License]]: Banks in India are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. The RBI is responsible for issuing banking licenses in India, and banks are classified into different categories based on their ownership, size, and type of operations. Scheduled banks are those that are included in the Second Schedule of the RBI Act and are eligible for certain privileges such as borrowing from the RBI. Non-scheduled banks are those that are not included in the Second Schedule of the RBI Act. [[Public sector banks in India|Public sector banks]] are those that are owned by the government of India, while private sector banks are those that are owned by private individuals or entities. Foreign banks are those that have a presence in India but are headquartered outside the country. Cooperative banks are those that are owned and operated by cooperatives.
# [[Non-banking financial company|Non-Banking Financial Company]] (NBFC) License: NBFCs are financial institutions that provide various financial services such as lending, investment, and deposit-taking, but are not licensed to accept demand deposits. The RBI is responsible for issuing NBFC licenses in India, and NBFCs are classified into different categories based on their activities. Systemically Important NBFCs (SI-NBFCs) are those that have a balance sheet size of over Rs. 500 crore or accept public funds, while Non-Systemically Important NBFCs (NSI-NBFCs) are those that do not meet these criteria.
# Insurance License: The [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI) is responsible for issuing licenses for insurance companies in India. [[Insurance companies]] can operate in different categories such as life insurance, general insurance, and health insurance. Life insurance companies offer various types of life insurance policies such as term insurance, [[endowment policies]], and [[unit-linked insurance plan]]s (ULIPs). General insurance companies offer various types of non-life insurance policies such as motor insurance, home insurance, and travel insurance. Health insurance companies offer various types of health insurance policies such as individual health insurance, family floater health insurance, and critical illness insurance.
# Mutual Fund License: [[SEBI]] is responsible for regulating mutual funds in India and issuing licenses to mutual fund companies. Mutual fund companies are allowed to operate different types of funds such as [[equity funds]], debt funds, and hybrid funds. Equity funds invest primarily in stocks, debt funds invest primarily in bonds, while hybrid funds invest in a combination of stocks and bonds.
# Stock Broker License: [[SEBI]] also issues licenses to [[Stockbroker|stock brokers]] in India. Stock brokers are intermediaries that facilitate buying and selling of securities on behalf of clients on stock exchanges in India. Stock brokers can operate in different categories such as full-service brokers and discount brokers.
# Depository Participant License: SEBI also issues licenses to depository participants in India. [[Depository participant]]s are intermediaries that offer services related to holding and trading of securities in electronic form through a depository system. Depository participants can operate in different categories such as NSDL and CDSL.

== See also ==
* [[Finance in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian company law]]
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)]]
* [[Enforcement Directorate]]
* [[Financial technology in India]]
* [[List of regulators in India]]
* [[National Stock Exchange of India|Indian stock exchange]]
* [[Income Tax Department]]
* [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)]]
* [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India]]

==Sources==
The information for the above points was gathered from various sources, including:

* Reserve Bank of India: [https://www.rbi.org.in/ Official website]
* Securities and Exchange Board of India: [https://www.sebi.gov.in/ Official website]
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India: [https://www.finmin.nic.in/ Official website]
* Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority: [https://www.irdai.gov.in/ Official website]
* Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority: [https://www.pfrda.org.in/ Official website]
* [[National Stock Exchange of India]]: [https://www.nseindia.com/ Official website]
* International Financial Services Centre Authority: [https://www.ifsca.gov.in/ Official website]

==Journals and Further reading==

* Journal of Banking Regulation: [https://link.springer.com/journal/41261 link]
* Indian Journal of Finance: [http://www.indianjournaloffinance.co.in/ link]
* Finance India: [http://www.financeindia.org/ link]
* Economic and Political Weekly: [https://www.epw.in/ link]
* Financial sector regulation in India: [https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_vis=1&q=financial+regulation+in+india+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1680266549247&u=%23p%3DXQP4BXhC2J8J Link]
* The status of financial inclusion, regulation, and education in India: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773949/ link]
* Financial Regulation in India by Jayant Verma and Sumit Agarwal
* Financial Regulation: Changing Dynamics by Rajesh Chakrabarti and T.T. Ram Mohan
* Financial Markets and Institutions in India by T.R. Bhat
* Banking Regulation in India by M. L. Tannan
* Indian Financial System by Bharati V. Pathak

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline}}

{{Economy of India}}
{{Financial services in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Economics|Business and economics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regulation in India]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Financial regulatory authorities of India|India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of India| ]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]

2025 Uttarakhand local elections

2026-03-16T11:18:15Z

FredricKeeton9: Made New Data...

{{Short description|Uttarakhand Elections}}
{{about|the local urban body elections delayed from 2023|the local elections Panchayat for 2025|July 2025 Uttarakhand local elections}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Uttarakhand municipal general elections
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Uttarakhand local elections
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 23 January 2025
| next_election = July 2025 Uttarakhand local elections
| next_year = 2025
| ongoing = no
| seats_for_election = 1382 seats of the urban local bodies in Uttarakhand{{efn|Not a single vote was cast in Ward no 2 of Tharali nagar panchayat and it remained vacant.}}
| turnout = '''65.41%''' ({{decrease}} 4.38 [[percentage point|pp]])<ref>{{Cite web|date= 24 January 2025|title=उत्तराखंड निकाय चुनाव: 65.41 फीसदी मतदान, रुद्रप्रयाग-उधमसिंह नगर सबसे आगे, राजधानी पिछड़ी, देखिए आंकड़े |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-concluded-know-voter-turnout-of-nagar-nigam-and-nagar-panchayats-uttarakhand-news-uts25012400601|access-date=2025-01-24 |website=ETV Bharat |language=hi}}</ref>
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| image1 = [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|60px]]
| leader1 = [[Mahendra Bhatt]]
| leader_since1 = 2022
| last_election1 = 381{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| seats1 = '''499'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}118
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 = [[File:Hand INC.svg|75px]]
| leader2 = [[Karan Mahara]]
| leader_since2 = 2022
| last_election2 = 215{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| seats2 = '''195'''
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}20
| image3 = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|75px]]
| party3 = Bahujan Samaj Party
| leader3 = Shishpal Singh
| leader_since3 = 2024
| last_election3 = 6{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| seats3 = '''4'''
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}2
| party4 = Aam Aadmi Party
| image4 = [[File:AAP Symbol.png|75px]]
| leader4 = Sawinderjeet Singh Kaler
| leader_since4 = 2022
| last_election4 = 2
| seats4 = '''2'''
| seat_change4 = {{no change}}
| image5 = [[File:Chair (Indian Election Symbol).svg|75px]]
| party5 = Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
| leader5 = [[Kashi Singh Airy]]
| leader_since5 = 2022
| last_election5 = 1
| seats5 = '''1'''
| seat_change5 = {{no change}}
| image6 =
| party6 = Independent politician
| leader6 = ''none''
| leader_since6 =
| last_election6 = 611{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| seats6 = '''680'''
| seat_change6 = {{increase}}69
}}

The '''2025 Uttarakhand Municipal general elections'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP dominates Uttarakhand local body elections, bags 10 of 11 corporations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/27/bjp-dominates-uttarakhand-local-body-elections-bags-10-of-11-corporations|access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand Civic Polls Result: BJP sweeps election as Congress fails to open its account |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/uttarakhand-civic-polls-result-bjp-sweeps-election-as-congress-fails-to-open-its-account-11737901076433.html|access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Live Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-27 |title=Cong routed in Uttarakhand municipal polls held through ballot papers |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/cong-routed-in-uttarakhand-municipal-polls-held-through-ballot-papers-1503391141.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> were held on 23 January 2025 to elect members of 100 municipalities in the state. Elections were conducted in all of the 11 municipal corporations, 43 municipal councils, and 47 nagar panchayats and the results were declared on 25 January 2025. Elections were postponed for municipal councils of [[Kichha]] and [[Narendranagar]] and notified area council of [[Pati (town)|Pati]] and [[Garhinegi]].

Elections were not conducted in the nagar panchayats of [[Badrinath]], [[Kedarnath]] and [[Gangotri]] due to their status of temporary settlements. Local interim administration councils administer these three [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage sites]] for a period of six months during the summers.

The BJP won a decisive victory and made notable gains, securing 10 out of 11 municipal coroporations and winning the maximum number of chairperson seats in municipal councils and notified area councils. Congress, on the other hand failed to win any municipal corporation but managed to win some municipal councils and performed well in notified area councils. Independents dominated the election as they won the maximum number of seats owing to their strong performance in the wards of municipal councils and notified area councils. BSP also managed to win 1 municipal council and 1 notified area council, though its number of ward members decreased.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Uttarakhand Local Body Election Results 2025: BJP Secures Big Win in Nikay Chunav, Bags Mayor Post in 10 Out of 11 Nagar Nigams |url=https://www.latestly.com/india/politics/uttarakhand-local-body-election-results-2025-live-news-updates-on-uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-result-6591823.html#101148|access-date=2025-01-27|website=Latest Live |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The schedule of the tenure of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand excluding [[Roorkee]], [[Bajpur]], Selakui, [[Badrinath]], [[Kedarnath]], and [[Gangotri]] was supposed to end on 2 December 2023. However, elections were delayed due to the delay in delimitation of the constituencies and the publication of rolls. The term of the above-mentioned municipalities also ended on 22 November 2024. The election was held on 23 January and the results were declared on 25 January. The state election commission announced that elections will be held in all urban bodies barring [[Kichha]], [[Narendranagar]], Pati and Garhinegi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Urban Local Body Polls in Uttarakhand on Jan 23, results on 25|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-on-jan-23-results-on-25/articleshow/116608026.cms|access-date=2024-12-23|website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The elections in Kichha, Narendranagar, Pati and Garhinegi were expected to be held later alongside the panchayat elections later this year, but were postponed for an indefinite period.

== Election schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the state election commission on 23 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Urban Local Body Polls in Uttarakhand on Jan 23, results on 25|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/urban-local-body-polls-in-uttarakhand-on-jan-23-results-on-25/articleshow/116608026.cms|access-date=2024-12-23|website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 27 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 30 December 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 31 December 2024
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 2 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 3 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''23 January 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''25 January 2025'''
|}

== Parties and Alliance ==
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
!colspan="4"|Alliance/Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!colspan="2"|Seats Contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Mahendra Bhatt]]
|colspan="2"|93
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Karan Mahra]]
|colspan="2"|89
|-
|{{party color cell |Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| Shishpal Singh
|colspan="2"|21
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral Election===
In a significant move, both major parties denied tickets to their sitting mayors. No incumbent mayor stood for re-election.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! align="Centre" |No.
! align="Centre" |Municipal Corporation
! align="Centre" |District
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP candidate''']]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|'''INC candidate''']]
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 1
| [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]
| Virendra Pokhriyal
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 2
| [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]]
| Shambhu Paswan
| Deepak Jatav
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 3
| [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| Kiran Jaisal
| Amresh Baliyan
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 4
| [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]]
| Anita Agarwal
| Pooja Gupta
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 5
| [[Kotdwar Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| [[Shailendra Singh Rawat]]
| Ranjana Rawat
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 6
| [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
| Asha Upadhyaya
| Meena Rawat
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|7
|[[Almora Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Almora district|Almora]]
| Ajay Verma
| Bhairav Goswami
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|8
|[[Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
| Kalpana Devlal
| Anju Lunthi
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 9
| [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
| [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| Gajraj Singh Bisht
| Lalit Joshi
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 10
| [[Rudrapur Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| Vikas Sharma
| Mohan Khera
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 11
| [[Kashipur Municipal Corporation]]
| Deepak Bali
| Sandeep Sehgal
|}

== Voter turnout ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! District
! Seats (Mayors and chairpersons)
! Turnout (%)
|-
|[[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
|5
|61
|-
|[[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
|10
|66.64
|-
|[[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
|5
|71.15 (highest)
|-
|[[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
|9
|61.48
|-
|[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
|7
|55 (lowest)
|-
|[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
|14
|65
|-
|[[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
|7
|66.05
|-
|[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|6
|64.75
|-
|[[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
|3
|67.19
|-
|[[Almora district|Almora]]
|6
|63
|-
|[[Champawat district|Champawat]]
|4
|64
|-
|[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
|7
|69.78
|-
|[[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
|17
|70.6
|-
!Total
!100
!65.41
|}

==Results==
=== Party-wise ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Municipal general election results
|-
! rowspan=2; colspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| Mayors/Chairpersons
! colspan=2| Corporators/Ward Members
! colspan=2| Total
|-
! Seats
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 42
| {{increase}}8{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| 457
| {{increase}}110
| '''499'''
| {{increase}}'''118'''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 27
| {{no change}}{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| 168
| {{decrease}}20
| '''195'''
| {{decrease}}'''20'''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| 2
| {{increase}}1{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| 2
| {{decrease}}3
| '''4'''
| {{decrease}}'''2'''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 0
| {{no change}}
| 2
| {{no change}}
| '''2'''
| {{no change}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
| 0
| {{no change}}
| 1
| {{no change}}
| '''1'''
| {{no change}}
|-
| {{Party name with color no link|Others}}{{efn|Includes the seat won by the [[Samajwadi Party]] in the last election which it lost in this election.}}
| 0
| {{no change}}
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
| '''0'''
| {{decrease}}'''1'''
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| 29
| {{increase}}4{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
| 651
| {{increase}}65
| '''680'''
| {{increase}}'''69'''
|-
| colspan=2| '''Total'''
|'''100'''
|{{increase}}'''13'''{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
|'''1282'''
|{{increase}}'''152'''{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
|'''1382'''{{efn|Not a single vote was cast in Ward no 2 of Tharali nagar panchayat and it remained vacant.}}
|{{increase}}'''165'''{{efn|Includes combined figures of [[2018 Uttarakhand local elections]] and [[2019 Uttarakhand local elections]]'s urban bodies.}}
|}

=== Results of mayors/chairpersons ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|Division
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!Municipal Corporation
!11
|style="text-align:center;" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
!Municipal Council
!43
|style="text-align:center;" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" | 17
|style="text-align:center;"|12
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
!Notified Area council
!46
|style="text-align:center;"|15
|style="text-align:center;"|15
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
!Total
!100
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|42
!27
!2
!29
|}

=== Results of ward members ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|Division
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}"|
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Others
![[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
!Municipal Corporation
!540
|style="text-align:center;" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:black;"|261
|style="text-align:center;"|85
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|192
|-
!Municipal Council
!444
|style="text-align:center;"|129
|style="text-align:center;"|46
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|style="text-align:center;" style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" | 269
|-
!Notified Area council
!298
|style="text-align:center;"|67
|style="text-align:center;"|37
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;" style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" | 190
|-
!Total
!1282{{efn|Not a single vote was cast in Ward no 2 of Tharali nagar panchayat and it remained vacant.}}
!457
!168
!5
!style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;"|651
|}

===Municipal Corporation Mayor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Municipal Corporation Mayoral election<ref name="SEC Uttarakhand Result Portal"/>
|- style="text-align:center; height:45px;"
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Municipal Corporation
! District
! colspan=2| Winning candidate
! Winning party
! colspan=2| Runner up candidate
! Runner up
! Margin
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 1
| [[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| [[Saurabh Thapliyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
| Virendra Pokhriyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,05,694'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 2
| [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]]
| Shambhu Paswan
| Dinesh Chandra
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''3,020'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 3
| [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| Kiran Jaisal
| Amresh Baliyan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''28,570'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 4
| [[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]]
| Anita Devi Agarwal
| Shreshtha Rana
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''2,851'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 5
| [[Kotdwar Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| [[Shailendra Singh Rawat]]
| Ranjana Rawat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''14,231'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 6
| [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
| Arti Bhandari
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Asha Upadhyay
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,639'''
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|7
|[[Almora Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Almora district|Almora]]
|Ajay Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|Bhairav Goswami
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''2,479'''
|-style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
|8
|[[Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|Kalpana Devlal
|Monika Mahar
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''17'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 9
| [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
| [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| Gajraj Singh Bisht
| Lalit Joshi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''3,894'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 10
| [[Rudrapur Municipal Corporation]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| Vikas Sharma
| Mohan Khera
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''12,921'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 11
| [[Kashipur Municipal Corporation]]
| Deepak Bali
| Sandeep Sehgal
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''5,158'''
|}

==== Ward-wise results ====
Corporation Election Data Published by State [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] of [[Uttarakhand]]<ref name="SEC Uttarakhand Result Portal"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|No.
!rowspan="2"|Municipal Corporation
!rowspan="2"|Total Wards
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent}}"|
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Others
|-
|-
!1
|[[Almora Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|15
|0
|25
|-
!2
|[[Dehradun Municipal Corporation]]
|'''100'''
|63
|24
|13
|-
!3
|[[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]]
|'''60'''
|23
|2
|35
|-
!4
|[[Haridwar Municipal Corporation]]
|'''60'''
|40
|15
|5
|-
!5
|[[Kashipur Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|19
|8
|13
|-
!6
|[[Kotdwar Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|18
|9
|13
|-
!7
|[[Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|5
|0
|35
|-
!8
|[[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|18
|6
|16
|-
!9
|[[Roorkee Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|24
|2
|14
|-
!10
|[[Rudrapur Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|21
|14
|5
|-
!11
|[[Srinagar Municipal Corporation (Uttarakhand)|Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
|'''40'''
|16
|6
|18
|-
! align="Centre" |
! align="Centre" |Total
! align="Centre" |540
! align="Centre" |259
! align="Centre" |86
! align="Centre" |195
|}

===Municipal Council Chairpersons===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Municipal Council Chairpersons election<ref name="SEC Uttarakhand Result Portal">{{cite web|url=https://secvoter.uk.gov.in/UlbResult/ElectionResultDashboard_main2|title=2025 Uttarakhand Local Elections: Municipal Council Chairpersons results|work=State Election Commission Uttarakhand|accessdate=26 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:45px;"
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Municipal Council
! District
! Winning candidate
! colspan=2| Winning party
! Runner up
! colspan=2| Runner up party
! Margin
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 1
| [[Chiliyanaula]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Almora district|Almora]]
| Arun Rawat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kavindra Kunwarbi
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''296'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 2
| [[Khatima]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| Ramesh Joshi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| Rashid Ansari
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''11,162'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 3
| [[Sitarganj]]
| Sukhdev Singh
| Sarfaraz Ahmed
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''3,906'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 4
| [[Gadarpur]]
| Manoj Gumber
| Chandra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''2,579'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 5
| [[Bajpur]]
| Gurjit Singh Gitte
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Raj Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''2,651'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 6
| [[Jaspur]]
| Mohammad Naushad
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| Ashok Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''3,080'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 7
| [[Mahua Kheraganj]]
| Rizwan Ahmed
| Abdul Hasan
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''2,622'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 8
| [[Nagla]]
| Sachin Shukla
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| Vikram Mahauri
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,856'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 9
| [[Tanakpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Champawat district|Champawat]]
| Vipin Verma
| Heema
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,150'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 10
| [[Champawat]]
| Prema Pandey
| Mamata Verma
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''110'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 11
| [[Lohaghat]]
| Govind Verma
| Ranjeet Adhikari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,441'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 12
| [[Bhowali]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| Pankaj Arya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Prakash Chandra Arya
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''3'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 13
| [[Nainital]]
| Saraswati Khetwal
| Jeevanti Bhatt
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''3,919'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 14
| [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]
| Akram Khan
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Madan Mohan Joshi
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,129'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 15
| [[Bhimtal]]
| Seema Tamta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Kamla Arya
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''56'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 16
| [[Kaladhungi]]
| Rekha Katyura
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Bhawana Sati
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''411'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 17
| [[Gangolihat]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
| Vimal Rawal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Narayan Singh Bohra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''271'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 18
| [[Dharchula]]
| Shashish Thapa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| Bela Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''248'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 19
| [[Didihat]]
| Girish Chuphal
| Lalit Mohan Kaphaliya
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''124'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 20
| [[Berinag]]
| Hemwanti Pant
| Rajni Rawat
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''73'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 21
| [[Bageshwar]]
| [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
| Suresh Khetwal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Kavi Joshi
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,043'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 22
| [[Uttarkashi]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
| Bhupendra Chauhan
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
| Kishore Bhatt
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''3,322'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 23
| [[Chinyalisaur]]
| Manoj Kohli
| Jeet Lal
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''493'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 24
| [[Barkot, Uttarakhand|Barkot]]
| Vinod Dobhal
| Atol Singh Rawat
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,933'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 25
| [[Purola]]
| Bihari Lal Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pyare Lal Himani
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''698'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 26
| [[Gopeshwar]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| Sandeep Rawat
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pramod Bisht
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''527'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 27
| [[Joshimath]]
| Deveshwari Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sushma Dimri
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''446'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 28
| [[Karnaprayag]]
| Ganesh Chandra Shah
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Dayal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''87'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 29
| [[Gauchar]]
| Sandeep Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sunil Panwar
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''187'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 30
| [[Tehri]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| Mohan Singh Rawat
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| Kuldeep Singh Panwar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''3,452'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 31
| [[Muni Ki Reti]]
| Neelam Vijlwan
| Beena Joshi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''6,051'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 32
| [[Chamba, Uttarakhand|Chamba]]
| Shobhni Dhanola
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| Beena Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,234'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 33
| [[Devprayag]]
| Mamta Devi
| colspan="5" bgcolor=#E9E9E9|'''Won uncontested'''<ref name="BJP wins 3 posts unopposed">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-2025-bjp-wins-3-unopposed-posts-intense-fight-in-bjp-congress-in-others-seats-23860342.html|title=BJP wins 3 unopposed posts in Uttarakhand civic elections 2025|work=Jagran|access-date=4 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 34
| [[Vikasnagar]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| Dheeraj Nautiyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pooja Chauhan Garg
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''569'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 35
| [[Doiwala]]
| Narendra Singh Negi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| Sagar Manwal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''2,634'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 36
| [[Herbertpur]]
| Neeru Devi
| Saraswati Panyuli
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''3,881'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 37
| [[Mussoorie]]
| Meera Saklani
| Upma Panwar Gupta
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''312'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 38
| [[Pauri]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| Himani Negi
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=4}}
| Yashoda Negi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''228'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 39
| [[Dugadda]]
| Shanti Bisht
| Bhavna Chauhan
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''75'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 40
| [[Rudraprayag]]
| [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
| Santosh Rawat
| Chandra Mohan Semwal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''369'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 41
| [[Manglaur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| Mohiuddin
| Kainsar
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,610'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 42
| [[Laksar]]
| Sanjeev Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Jagdev Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;" |'''164'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 43
| [[Shivalik Nagar]]
| Rajiv Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Mahesh Pratap Rana
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''2,318'''
|}

===Nagar Panchayat Chairpersons===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Nagar Panchayat Chairpersons election<ref name="Uttarakhand Municipal Election Live Result">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav/live-updates/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-result-2025-live-updates-civic-body-election-results-today-on-nagar-nigam-and-nagar-panchayats-uttarakhand/2615704|title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav Result 2025 Live|work=Zee News UP Uttarakhand|accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Uttarakhand Local Election Live Result Amar Ujala">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/city-and-states/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-2025-municipal-corporation-vote-counting-results-2025-01-25?page=1|title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav Result 2025 Live|work=Amar Ujala|accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Uttarakhand Municipal Election Live Result Jagran">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-result-2025-live-bjp-vs-congress-winner-loser-and-latest-update-lb-23872613.html|title=Uttarakhand Nikay Chunav Result 2025 Live|work=Jagran|accessdate=25 January 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="SEC Uttarakhand Result Portal"/>
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
! scope="col" | S. No.
! Nagar Panchayat
! District
! Winning candidate
! colspan=2| Winning party
! Runner up
! colspan=2| Runner up party
! Margin
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;
| 1
| [[Dwarahat]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Almora district|Almora]]
| Sangeeta Arya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Lakshmi Arya
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''342'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 2
| [[Chaukhutia]]
| Revti Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Pooja Goswami
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''873'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 3
| [[Bhikiyasain]]
| Ganga Bisht
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Leela Bisht
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''448'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 4
| [[Dineshpur]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| Manjeet Kaur
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="4" bgcolor=#E9E9E9|'''Won uncontested'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-nikay-chunav-2025-bjp-won-without-even-one-vote-being-cast-manjit-kaur-became-president-2853645|title=BJP's Manjeet Kaur wins Dineshpur Town Panchayat uncontested|work=ABP Live|access-date=31 December 2024|language=hi}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 5
| [[Shaktigarh]]
| Sumit Mondal{{efn|Elected as an independent, joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|date= 2 March 2026|title=Chairman Sumit Mandal joins BJP after winning election|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rudrapur/story-chairman-sumit-mandal-joins-bjp-after-winning-election-development-plans-announced-201772456455812.html|access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Hindustan|language=hi}}</ref>}}
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| Vishwajit Haldar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''395'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 6
| [[Kelakhera]]
| Mohammad Safi
| Babli
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''42'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 7
| [[Lalpur, Udham Singh Nagar|Lalpur]]
| Balwinder Kaur
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shahana Bano
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,386'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 8
| [[Mahua Dabra Haripura]]
| Gayatri Devi
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Bahadur Lal
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''649'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 9
| [[Sultanpur, Uttarakhand|Sultanpur]]
| Rajeev Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| Sajid Hussain
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,044'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 10
| [[Nanakmatta]]
| Prem Singh
| colspan="4" bgcolor=#E9E9E9|'''Won uncontested'''<ref name="BJP wins 3 posts unopposed"/>
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 11
| [[Gularbhoj]]
| Satish Chugh
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Sanjeev Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,290'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 12
| [[Banbasa]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Champawat district|Champawat]]
| Rekha Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Vijendra Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''75'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 13
| Selakui
| [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| Sumit Chaudhary
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
| Bhagat Singh Rathore
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''2,281'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 14
| [[Lalkuan]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| Surendra Lotni
| Asmita Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''197'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 15
| [[Munsiyari]]
| [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
| Rajendra Singh Pangati
| Manohar Singh Toliya
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''527'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 16
| [[Kapkot]]
| rowspan=2|[[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
| Geeta Aithani
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dhana Bisht
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''107'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;
| 17
| [[Garur]]
| Bhawna Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Lalita Verma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''37'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 18
| [[Naugaon]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
| Vijay Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Vipin Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''223'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 19
| [[Nandaprayag]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| Prithvi Rautela
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Pankaj Sajwan
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''30'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 20
| [[Gairsain]]
| Mohan Bhandari
| Mamata Negi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''460'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 21
| [[Pokhari, Uttarakhand|Pokhari]]
| Sohan Lal
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| Rajendra
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''7'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 22
| [[Pipalkoti]]
| Arti Nawani
| Jyoti Devi Hatwal
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''194'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 23
| [[Tharali]]
| Sunita Rawat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Suman Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''544'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;
| 24
| [[Nandanagar]]
| Beena Devi
| Sandhya Devrari
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''183'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 25
| [[Kirtinagar]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| Rakesh Mohan Maithani
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ramlal Nautiyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''795'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 26
| Gaja
| Kunwar Singh Chauhan
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Rajendra Singh Khati
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''156'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 27
| [[Ghansali]]
| Anand Bisht
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| Shankar Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''222'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 28
| Chamiyala
| Govind Singh Rana
| Tajvir Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''290'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 29
| Lambgaon
| Roshan Rangad
| Anujwant Singh
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''407'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;
| 30
| [[Tapovan]]
| Vineeta Bisht
| Roshni Bisht
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''266'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 31
| Swarg Ashram
| rowspan="3" | [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| Bindiya Agrawal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| Himani Rana
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''580'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 32
| [[Thalisain]]
| Beera Devi
| Vineeta Devi
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''27'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 33
| [[Satpuli]]
| Jitendra Chauhan
| Anjana Verma
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''471'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 34
| [[Agastmuni]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]
| Rajendra Prasad
| Satish Prasad
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''18'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 35
| Tilwara
| Vineeta Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Seema Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''62'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 36
| [[Ukhimath]]
| Kubja Dharmvan
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| Kalpeshwari Devi
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''91'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;
| 37
| [[Guptakashi|Guptkashi]]
| Vishweshwari Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Smriti Lata
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |'''35'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 38
| [[Jhabrera]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| Kiran Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Manvendra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''860'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 39
| [[Piran Kaliyar]]
| Sameena
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| Munasreena
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;" |'''1,128'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 40
| [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand|Bhagwanpur]]
| Gul Bahar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Rachit Agarwal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''2,250'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 41
| [[Landhaura]]
| Mohammad Naseem
| {{Party name with color|Independent|rowspan=4}}
| Khaleel Ahmed
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,710'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 42
| [[Dhandera]]
| Satish Singh Negi
| Ravi Rana
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''152'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 43
| Imlikhera
| Manoj Kumar
| Shamsher Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,117'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 44
| Rampur
| Mohammad Parvez
| Mohammad Imran
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;" |'''1,264'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 45
| Sultanpur Adampur
| Rubia Anjum
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| Sultan Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''1,086'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:30px;"
| 46
| Padali Gujjar
| Shahrun
| Sunita Singh
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |'''1,824'''
|}

== Analysis of result ==
The BJP won 10 municipal corporations, 17 municipal councils and 15 notified area councils. Independents won 1 municipal corporation, bagged 13 municipal councils and won 15 notified area councils. Congress drew a blank in municipal coroprations but managed to win 12 municipal councils and 15 notified area councils. BSP won 2 municipal councils. BJP won 259 wards in municipal corporation whereas Independent won 193. Congress won 86. BSP and UKD won 1 each. BJP won 129 wards in municipal councils while Independents bagged 269. Congress won 46. BJP won 67 wards in notified area councils while Independents won 190. Congress won 37 and AAP won 2 seats. BSP bagged 1.

==See also==
* [[2025 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Roorkee Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haridwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Haldwani Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rudrapur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kotdwar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Rishikesh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Almora Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Kashipur Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Pithoragarh Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 Srinagar, Uttarakhand Municipal Corporation election|2025 Srinagar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 elections in India]]
* [[July 2025 Uttarakhand local elections]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sec.uk.gov.in State Election Commission]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India|Uttarakhand local elections]]
[[Category:2025 in Uttarakhand|Local elections]]
[[Category:Local elections in Uttarakhand]]

Muzaffarpur shelter case

2026-03-09T07:30:09Z

FredricKeeton9: improved lead based on references per sources

{{Short description|Incident of sexual assault in Bihar's shelter home}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2019}}

The '''Muzaffarpur shelter case''' refers to a shelter home that ran under a [[non-governmental organization]] called "''Sewa Sankalp Evam Vikas Samiti''" at [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], where cases of sexual abuse, rape and torture were reported. In a medical examination, sexual abuse of 34 out of 42 of the girls living at the shelter was confirmed.
A [[first information report]] (FIR) was lodged against 12 people on 31 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rape-case-supreme-court-pulls-up-nitish-kumar-govt-asks-why-state-was-funding-ngo-that-raped-girls-4909701.html|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home rapes: Supreme Court pulls up Bihar govt, asks why state was funding NGO that raped girls - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=7 August 2018|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> '''Brajesh Thakur''' was the chief of the state-funded NGO, ran several other NGOs and a [[Hindi]] newspaper called ''Pratah Kamal''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/accused-in-bihars-child-rapes-has-a-shocking-response-to-arrest-a-grin-1892985|title=Accused In Bihar's Child Rapes Has A Shocking Response To Arrest: A Grin|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> Because of the political connections of Brajesh Thakur and the involvement of government officials and the apparent delay in investigation and [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] interference, the case drew criticism of [[Nitish Kumar]]'s government by opposition and the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/nitish-kumar-bihar-shelter-home-muzaffarpur-rape-minor-girls-corruption-opposition-bjp-congress/story/1/25937.html|title=Nitish Kumar has traced the real culprit in the Muzaffarpur shelter home outrage - the 'system'|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rape-case-supreme-court-pulls-up-nitish-kumar-govt-asks-why-state-was-funding-ngo-that-raped-girls-4909701.html|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home rapes: Supreme Court pulls up Bihar govt, asks why state was funding NGO that raped girls - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=7 August 2018|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>

==Discovery==

In May 2018, reports of repeated sexual abuse of inmates at a short-stay home in [[Muzaffarpur]], India, surfaced after [[Mumbai]]’s [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) carried out a social audit of shelter homes across [[Bihar]] for 2017. The audit report pointed to sexual abuse of girls at the Muzaffarpur short-stay home. TISS submitted its report in April 2018 and the government after its review registered the [[First information report|FIR]] on 31 May. Following the expose, the girls were rescued from the shelter home and shifted to [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], [[Patna]] and [[Mokama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-bihar-scandal-brajesh-thakur-paratah-kamal-sexual-abuse-under-his-care-5292021/|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home case: Brajesh Thakur- under his care 34 girls were 'sexually assaulted'|date=5 August 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

Later, the medical board of [[Patna Medical College Hospital]] (PMCH) in June confirmed the sexual abuse of a majority of the girls of the ‘Balika Grih’. Brajesh Thakur, the main accused in the Muzaffarpur shelter home rape case, was booked in another case after it was found that 11 women were missing from another shelter home his NGO ran. Of the 42 girls housed at Balika Grih, medical tests confirmed sexual assault on 34. While girls were allegedly forced to undergo abortion, one was allegedly killed and buried on the shelter home campus. In late June the authorities dug the vacant space inside the Muzaffarpur short-stay home over allegations that one girl was allegedly killed and buried after an argument with the staff. The authorities, however, did not find any human body.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-rules-out-cbi-probe-into-muzaffarpur-shelter-home-sex-scandal-oppn-cries-foul/story-lrD31eGMglNr11bnOrBjrO.html|title=29 of 44 girls in Muzaffarpur shelter home raped, Bihar rules out CBI probe|work=Hindustan Times |date=24 July 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

On 2 August 2018, [[Supreme Court of India]] took a [[suo moto]] cognizance in the Muzaffarpur shelter home case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/sc-takes-suo-motu-cognizance-in-muzaffarpur-shelter-case-118080200500_1.html|title=SC takes suo motu cognizance in Muzaffarpur shelter case|last=ANI|date=2018-08-02|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>

Brajesh Thakur is the prime accused in Muzaffarpur shelter home case where 34 girls, aged between 7 and 17, were raped for months. Ten out of 11 accused have been arrested, including Thakur and the then district child protection officer. They are to be tried under the POCSO act.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rape-case-main-accused-brajesh-thakur-fears-threat-to-life/articleshow/65452645.cms|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home rape case: Main accused Brajesh Thakur fears threat to life - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> The case was later transferred to the CBI which has taken over the probe and has obtained all relevant documents from the local police.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-muzaffarpur-11-women-found-missing-from-another-shelter-home-run-by-brajesh-thakur-s-ngo-case-lodged-2643787|title=Muzaffarpur: 11 women found missing from another shelter home run by Brajesh Thakur's NGO, case lodged|date=31 July 2018|publisher=}}</ref> A public interest litigation (PIL) regarding alleged abuse in several shelter homes in Bihar mentioned in the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) report was filed in the Supreme Court by journalist [[Nivedita Jha]], seeking a court-monitored investigation and registration of FIRs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plea in Supreme Court seeks court-monitored probe into affairs of 14 shelter homes in Bihar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/plea-in-supreme-court-seeks-court-monitored-probe-into-affairs-of-14-shelter-homes-in-bihar-5460048/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New plea in SC questions Bihar shelter home probe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/new-plea-in-sc-questions-bihar-shelter-home-probe/story-QNfXFttU5smHgIpxMSsDTN.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Investigation in 17 cases complete, CBI tells SC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Jan/06/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-investigation-in-17-cases-complete-cbi-tells-sc-2085917.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Plea filed in SC seeking court-monitored probe into 14 shelter homes in Bihar |url=https://thewire.in/law/plea-filed-in-sc-seeking-court-monitored-probe-on-14-shelter-homes-in-bihar |work=The Wire}}</ref>

==Trial and verdict==
On the directions of Supreme Court's CJI Ranjan Gogoi bench, the case, as requested by CBI, was transferred in February 2019 from a local court in Muzaffarpur to the POCSO court at Saket district court in Delhi. SC asked the Saket court to conclude the trial within six months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-transfers-muzaffarpur-shelter-home-sexual-assault-case-from-bihar-to-delhi/article26201443.ece|title=Supreme Court transfers Muzaffarpur shelter home abuse case from Bihar to Delhi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 February 2019}}</ref>

The court, in 1,546 page judgment, convicted Brajesh Thakur and 18 others, in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-brajesh-thakur-among-19-convicted-by-court-sentencing-on-jan-28/1829045/|title = Muzaffarpur shelter home case: Brajesh Thakur among 19 convicted by court; sentencing on Jan 28|date = 20 January 2020}}</ref> Thakur was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for offences under [[Indian Penal Code]] sections 120-B (criminal conspiracy), 324 (causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means), 323 (voluntarily causing hurt) and those relating to abetment, Section 21 (failure to report commission of an offence) of the [[POCSO Act]] and Section 75 (cruelty to child) of the [[Juvenile Justice Act]].<ref name=":0" />

Shaista Praveen, Indu Kumari, Minu Devi, Manju Devi, Chanda Devi, Neha Kumari, Hema Masih, Kiran Kumari were held guilty of criminal conspiracy, abetment to rape, cruelty to child and failure to report commission of an offence. Dillip Kumar Verma, Ravi Roshan, Vikas Kumar, Vijay Kumar Tiwari, Rama Shankar Singh, Ashwani, Guddu Patel, Kishan Kumar and Ramanuj Thakur were also held guilty in the case on various counts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-convict-brajesh-thakur-11-others-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment/story-gPYZr7Yk9Yn8Y3T2gHClCP.html|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home convict Brajesh Thakur sentenced to life imprisonment|date=11 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Thakur challenged the verdict in the Delhi High Court in July 2020. His appeal alleged that the Bihar Police and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] failed to conduct a "potency test," a requirement in cases of rape,<ref>{{cite news |last=Dhara |first=V. Ramana |date=June 6, 2022 |title=In India, ‘Potency Tests’ of Those Accused of Rape Aren’t Very Scientific |url=https://science.thewire.in/law/jubilee-hills-sexual-assault-potency-test/ |publisher=The Wire Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123114531/https://science.thewire.in/law/jubilee-hills-sexual-assault-potency-test/ |archive-date=January 23, 2026 |access-date=March 6, 2026}}</ref> and that "despite examining his wife" under section 161 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Cr.P.C.]], her statement was not placed on record by the prosecution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-brajesh-thakur-challenges-verdict/article32144963.ece |title=Muzaffarpur shelter home case: Brajesh Thakur challenges verdict |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110212329/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-brajesh-thakur-challenges-verdict/article32144963.ece|archive-date=January 10, 2025 |access-date=March 6, 2026}}</ref>

In January 2025, Thakur, Shaista Praveen, and Krishna Kumar were acquitted in a case related to eleven missing women and four missing girls "due to lack of evidence." All three continue to serve life in prison for sexual and physical assault of girls at the shelter home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-horror-brajesh-thakur-two-others-acquitted-in-scst-case/article69055264.ece |title=Muzaffarpur shelter home horror: Brajesh Thakur, two others acquitted in SC/ST case |newspaper=The Hindu |date= January 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108085357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-horror-brajesh-thakur-two-others-acquitted-in-scst-case/article69055264.ece |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |access-date=March 6, 2026}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
On 3 August 2018, the Supreme court of India reprimanded media organizations for repeatedly interviewing the victims to avoid traumatizing them and asked for pictures not to be published, even in morphed form.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rape-case-supreme-court-completely-restrains-photos-of-occupants-and-interviews-in-media-4883661.html|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home rape case: Supreme Court completely restrains photos of occupants and interviews in media - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=3 August 2018|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>

On 4 August 2018, some political parties led a statewide strike in [[Bihar]], which was also supported by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rape-case-day-long-bandh-by-left-parties-hits-daily-life-in-bihar-opposition-lends-support-to-strike-4877881.html|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home rape case: Day-long bandh by Left parties hits daily life in Bihar; Opposition lends support to strike - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=2 August 2018|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref> There was a protest at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] at [[New Delhi]], organized by 12 different political parties together, in a show of unity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rapes-opposition-targets-bihar-govt-at-tejashwi-yadav-led-jantar-mantar-protest-4893001.html|title=Muzaffarpur shelter home rapes: Opposition targets Bihar govt at Tejashwi Yadav-led Jantar Mantar protest - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=4 August 2018|access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/12-parties-hold-hands-at-jantar-mantar-as-you-see-opposition-stands-united-5292073/|title=12 parties hold hands at Jantar Mantar: 'As you see, Opposition stands united'|date=2018-08-05|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

Ruling party JD(U) has fielded controversial former state cabinet minister [[Manju Verma]], who had resigned over shelter case row, as a candidate in [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/bihar-assembly-election-jdu-offers-ticket-to-manju-verma/article32797658.ece|title=Bihar Assembly election: JD(U) offers ticket to Manju Verma|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 October 2020|last1=Tewary|first1=Amarnath}}</ref> Though CBI gave a clean chit to Manju Verma and her husband Chandrasekhar Verma, publicly available data, for instance, Call Data Records show that "Chandrasekhar Verma and Brajesh Thakur spoke to each other more than 17 times between January and May 2018." Also, the fact that "Manju Verma had gone into hiding" when Brajesh Thakur was arrested in June 2018 continues to be used as a political weapon to cast aspersions on Verma's innocence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/091020/bihar-polls-2020-jdu-ticket-to-ex-minister-manju-verma-sparks-contr.html|title = Bihar polls 2020: JD(U) ticket to ex-minister Manju Verma sparks controversy|date = 9 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/bihar-polls-JDU-fields-woman-minister-resign-muzaffarpur-shelter-home-rape-case|title = Bihar Polls: JD-U Fields Woman Minister Who Had to Resign over Muzaffarpur Shelter Home Rape Case| work=NewsClick |date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>
However, speaking to a news outlet, she said that she should have been given credit for exposing the scandal, for she, as a minister of the department "ordered the social audit of shelter homes and the report exposed the scandal. I personally visited the shelter home once, and at that time, everything looked okay."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-nitish-gave-bihar-ticket-to-ex-minister-who-lost-post-and-party-to-muzaffarpur-scandal/519737/|title = Why Nitish gave Bihar ticket to ex-minister who lost post and party to Muzaffarpur scandal| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 9 October 2020}}</ref>

More so, investigative news reports<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/tag/house-of-horrors|title = House of Horrors | the Caravan}}</ref> on the handling of case by CBI do not exalt Vermas and the investigating agency. According to [[The Caravan]]'s series of reports,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-verdict-sentence-cbi-bihar-police-sexual-assault|title=Muzaffarpur shelter-home case: How the CBI ignored crucial leads by the Bihar police}}</ref> CBI "ignored crucial leads from the Bihar police." Reports find that the CBI never investigated the connection between Verma and one Poonam Sinha of Integrated Child Protection Scheme, whose possible complicity was indicated by Ravi Roshan (also pronounced as 'Raushan'), a convict in the case. In contrast, CBI turned "Sinha into a witness instead of an accused."

{{Blockquote
|text=The supervision report said, "further Raushan said that Manju Verma, Amaresh Kumar Amar (PA to minister) and Poonam Sinha, who was earlier child district protection officer and is now an assistant director in the Ministry; It was Poonam who used to talk to all the directors." Raushan alleged that the witness statements against him were "a conspiracy" by Verma and Sinha, since the counsellor who filed the complaint against him was Sinha’s sister. He claimed that Verma and Sinha were trying to frame him to save themselves.
|author=Sagar
|title= "House of Horrors" in [[The Caravan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-verdict-sentence-cbi-bihar-police-sexual-assault|title=Muzaffarpur shelter-home case: How the CBI ignored crucial leads by the Bihar police}}</ref>
}}

In one of reports in the series, containing exclusively accessed statements of 33 victims , [[The Caravan]] refutes the claim of CBI that no children were murdered in the shelter-home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/inmates-statements-defy-muzaffarpur-shelter-home-case-cbi-no-murders|title = Statements of 33 inmates belie the CBI's claim of no murders in Muzaffarpur shelter-home case}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=Brijesh killed one girl and put her in a tank. Brijesh through [two other victims] and Meenu Aunty got a mentally challenged girl [name redacted] killed. Brijesh had told them, "If you don’t kill her, I will kill you." Brijesh killed her by stepping on her neck and [the two others] and Meenu had held her limbs. After the death, Meenu Aunty had her thrown into a gunny bag. I saw through a window. If someone asked, it was told that a dog has died.
|author= One of victims in the shelter-home case.}}

== In popular media ==

* ''[[Bhakshak]]'' is a 2024 [[Netflix]] film made on this case, where Muzaffarpur has been changed into [[pseudonym]] "Munnawarpur".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Bhakshak Review: क्राइम थ्रिलर में भूमि-संजय मिश्रा ने डाली जान, कई सीन उड़ा देंगे होश |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/film-review/story/bhakshak-review-bhumi-pednekar-sanjay-mishra-in-powerful-roles-hold-you-to-witness-shocking-shelter-home-case-tmovs-1874262-2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muzaffarpur women's shelter case inspired Netflix's 'Bhakshak'. Here's the story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/muzaffarpur-womens-shelter-case-inspired-netflixs-bhakshak-heres-the-story-abiout-brajesh-thakur-bhumi-pednekar-aditya-srivastava-sanjay-mishra-netflix-film-2495791-2024-01-31 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=India Today |date=31 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:Child sexual abuse in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in India]]
[[Category:Violence against children in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against girls]]

Eco Park, New Town

2026-03-09T01:13:22Z

FredricKeeton9: Added new place

{{short description|Urban park in Rajarhat, Kolkata, India}}
{{Other uses|Eco Park (disambiguation){{!}}Eco Park}}
{{how-to|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Eco Park
| native_name = প্রকৃতি তীর্থ
| native_name_lang = bn
| photo = File:Lush green grass along the lake.jpg
| photo_width = 300px
| photo_caption = Lush green grass along the lake at Eco Park
| type = Urban Park
| location = [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news|title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| coords = {{coord|22|35|56|N|88|28|01|E|region:IN_scale:30000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map =
| label =
| map_width =
| area = {{convert|480|acre|ha|order=flip}}
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|12|29}}
| visitation_num =
| status =
| open =
* Monday: {{color|red|'''Closed'''}}
* Tuesday to Sunday: {{color|green|'''11:30 A.M. to 08:30 P.M.'''}}
| operator = [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|'''WBHIDCO''']]
| founder = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| designer =
# Pradeep Sachdeva Design Associates (PSDA)
# Bengal Urban Infrastructure Development Limited (BUIDL)
| parking = 2 lots, 350 total vehicles
| publictransit ={{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Orange|croute}}
* [[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park metro station]]
* [[Mother's Wax Museum metro station]]

| website = {{URL|https://www.ecoparknewtown.com|Eco Park}}
}}

'''Eco Park''' (প্রকৃতি তীর্থ) is an [[urban park]] in [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref name="tourismhub">{{cite news|last=Chakraborti|first=Suman|title=Tourism hub at wetland|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-17/kolkata/30634876_1_eco-tourism-hidco-waterbody|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103165406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-17/kolkata/30634876_1_eco-tourism-hidco-waterbody|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2014|access-date=10 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 January 2012}}</ref> With an area of {{convert|480|acre|ha|order=flip}}, including a {{convert|104|acre|ha|order=flip}} waterbody, '''Eco Park''' is the largest urban park in [[India]].<ref name="Ecoresort">{{cite web|title=Development of Eco-Resort within Eco Park in New Town, Kolkata|url=http://www.wbhidcoltd.com/notice/Notice_ECO_Resort.pdf|publisher=WBHIDCO|access-date=11 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000959/http://www.wbhidcoltd.com/notice/Notice_ECO_Resort.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The park was conceptualised by [[Mamata Banerjee]], the [[Chief minister|CM]] of [[West Bengal]], in July 2011.<ref name="island" /> It is constructed under the oversight of [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|WBHIDCO]], along with different other government bodies responsible for implementation of different works inside the park.<ref name=island /> Eco Park offers diverse attractions, including theme gardens and recreational activities, making it a prime spot for eco-friendly tourism in '''Kolkata'''.

The park has been divided into three broad parts; 1) ecological zones like wetlands, grasslands, and [[urban forest]], 2) theme gardens and open spaces, 3) and urban recreational spaces.<ref name="Ecoresort" /> The Eco Park is further divided into different sub-parts according to the different types of fauna planted. The copies of the Seven Wonders of the World have also been made for people to visit in this park.<ref name=island>{{cite news|title=Island of green|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120803/jsp/saltlake/story_15804438.jsp#.UMYchOQ3s9M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215042/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120803/jsp/saltlake/story_15804438.jsp#.UMYchOQ3s9M|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2014|access-date=10 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 August 2012}}</ref> According to the plan, the park will have different areas like wild flower meadows, a bamboo garden, grasslands, tropical tree garden, bonsai garden*, tea garden, Cactus Walk*, a heliconia garden*, a butterfly garden, a play area and an amphitheatre(*-yet to be added).<ref name=island /> Further, there is plan to develop an eco-resort in public-private partnership, and will also include an area where handicrafts from different part of the state will be exhibited.<ref name="Ecoresort" /> The park was inaugurated on 29 December 2012 by Mamata Banerjee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajarhat eco park opens on Dec 29|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/kolkata/36007782_1_waterbody-eco-tourism-hidco|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103165544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/kolkata/36007782_1_waterbody-eco-tourism-hidco|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2014|access-date=29 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 December 2012}}</ref><ref name=aainag>{{cite news|title=CM inaugurates eco-tourism park|url=http://www.asianage.com/kolkata/cm-inaugurates-eco-tourism-park-162|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=Asian Age|date=30 December 2012|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222547/https://www.asianage.com/kolkata/cm-inaugurates-eco-tourism-park-162|url-status=dead}}</ref> Etc.

==Location==
The Eco park is located along the Major Arterial Road (part of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]]) in Action Area - II of [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] at {{coord|22|35|55|N|88|28|03|E}}, 10 km away from Kolkata International Airport. The park is surrounded by the [[Kolkata Museum of Modern Art]] on the North, the upcoming Central Business District and International Financial Hub on the east, the Kolkata International Convention Center, [[HIDCO|HIDCO Bhawan]] and [[Rabindra Tirtha]] on the south and existing human settlement of Jatragachi/[[Hatiara]] on the West.<ref name="Ecoresort" /> It is well connected with [[VIP Road, Kolkata|VIP Road]] and [[EM Bypass]]. Buses are available from [[Ultadanga]], [[Baguiati]], [[Kolkata Airport]], [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] and Chingrighata.

==Places of interests and activities==
[[File:Butterfly eco park.JPG|thumb|Entrance of the Butterfly Garden]]
According to the masterplan made by Bengal Urban Infrastructure Development Limited, the park has been divided into the following areas:<ref name="Ecoresort" />
* Active Zone - Consisting of Visitor center, Restaurants, Food courts, Urban Museum, Crafts Haat, Seven Wonders
* Theme Area (North) - Consisting of Maidan (open field), Amphitheatre, children's play area, Chinese garden, formal garden, Bonsai garden, Cactus walk, Butterfly garden, heliconia garden and mist house and bamboo garden
* Theme Area (South) - Play area, tea plantation, Water garden and utility area
* Lake Zone - A bridge connecting the island, Bengali restaurant, Sculpture court, Lakefront Promenade, Wildflower meadows
* 3 different Eco-zones consisting of wetlands, grasslands, tropical and mixed-moist deciduous forests.<ref name="guide-map-parent">[http://www.wbhidcoltd.com/org_desc_pjt.php?pg=invschedule&typ=ep&pg_sub=schedule], Eco Park Schedule, Guide Map & Rides Rate Chart.</ref>
[[File:Eco Park Butterfly Lab DSCN8945.JPG|thumb|Butterfly Lab]]

===Places of interest===
[[File:Mask Garden.jpg|thumb|Thailand Mask at Mask Garden ...]]
[[File:Musical Fountain.jpg|thumb|Musical Fountain at Eco Park ...]]
[[File:Roses blooming in the rose garden during winter.jpg|thumb|Roses blooming in the rose garden during winter]]
[[File:Model of a book showing one of Tagore's poems in Bengali.jpg|thumb|Model of a book showing one of Tagore's poems in Bengali]]
[[File:Replica of a temple from Bishnupur at the Eco Park.jpg|thumb|Replica of a temple from Bishnupur at the Eco Park]]
[[File:Bell eco park.JPG|thumb|An exact replica of the Bell at the Visva Bharati University, Shantiniketan]]
[[File:Walkway through the rose garden.jpg|thumb|Walkway through the rose garden]]
[[File:Eco Park, Rajarhat, Kolkata, India 2013-09-24 08-36.jpg|thumb|Waterbody at Eco Park]]
[[File:Gaming Zone.JPG|thumb|Gaming_Zone]]
[[File:Amphitheatre eco park kolkata.JPG|thumb|Amphitheatre]]
[[File:Eco Park Butterfly Lab DSCN8945.JPG|thumb|Butterfly Lab]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Thematic Areas
!Details
|-
| Glass House on Sabuj Sathi
|| "Sabuj Sathi" is the name of an Island. This island is in centre of the huge lake of Eco Park. Its area is {{convert|7|acre|ha|order=flip}}. It can be accessed only by boat. This is an uninhabited island. On this Sabuj Sathi Island a glass house has been built. All four sides of this {{convert|2,800|ft2|m2|order=flip}} building is made of glass. The 360° view of the Eco Park across the lake through the glass walls is extensive. There are three open-air viewing galleries, green lawn and paved pathways in the island. More than 100 persons can assemble in Sabuj Sathi Island and glass house and its surroundings for official, corporate or family programmes. Wedding / Birthday parties, product launches and brand promotion can be done in a tranquil environment that is possible only on the zero populated island like Sabuj Sathi in Eco Park.
|-

| Amphitheatre
|| Artfully conceived, the semi-circular open gallery can hold up to 2,000 people. The stage-greenroom complex is, as if, 'floating' on water. The adjoining food gallery has interesting brick-twisted pillars that I have not seen elsewhere. The whole construction has been done by KMDA. The amphitheatre was inaugurated by Minister Firhad Hakim on 22 September 2014 at 5 pm.
|-

| Lake Front Promenade
|| Spine of the Eco Park, the Promenade is a paved, coconut-tree lined pathway designed for the visitors to enjoy the {{convert|112|acre|ha|adj=on|order=flip}} water body that defines the Park.
|-

|Seven Wonders Replica
|| Egyptian Pyramids of Giza, Brazil's Christ the Redeemer, Great Wall of China, India's Taj Mahal, Great Sphinx of Giza, Petra in Jordan, Eiffel Tower in France, Colosseum of Rome in Italy, Moai Statues of Easter Island.
|-

| Rabi Aranya || With reference to the spirit and ambience of Santinikean Ashram, Rabi Aranyafeatures trees and plants mentioned by Tagore in his literary works. Other elements of the garden include, among others, a commemorative pavilion, walkways, seating area, lotus pond, etc.
|-
| Tropical Tree Garden|| As the name suggests, this zone caters specifically to tropical trees. Even with the recently planted trees, one can get the aura of a tropical forest, especially a Bengal one, in the middle of New Town.
|-
| Wild Flower Meadow and Formal Garden || A flower lover's zone, these two areas will have varieties of both garden and wild flowers to enjoy. Near to one of the food kiosks and overlooking the lakefront promenade, a walk among the meadow and the garden are highly solicited.
|-
| Rose Garden || This space is a long stretch of walk with varieties of roses planted along, colourful fountains sprinkling by, sculptures to feast the eye and occasional benches to rest a little.
|-
| Artist's Cottage || Overlooking the flower lake and breathing fresh air from the rose garden behind, this cottage is poised to be a dream destination to any poet, singer or painters to instigate their creative urges
|-
| Eco Children's Park || With fountains, play areas, sculptures and elevated platforms connected by causeways, this area is a dynamic space intended to stimulate play and learning experiences in a garden setting.
|-
| Formal Garden 2|| Located between the upcoming Visitor Centre and Eco Children's Park, Formal Garden 2 explores the concept of vertical gardening amidst a flat landscape.
|-
| Graffiti Walls || The wall along the South Parking has been rejuvenated by colourful paintings. The two sides of the wall had been taken up by two eminent artists of our era - JogenChowdhury and Subhaprasanna and transformed into canvases of artwork.
|-

| Butterfly Garden|| The garden is poised to consist of a large dome to enclose a plant habitat consisting of different species of flowering annuals and perennials that support a large range of butterflies organised around a circular body of water.
|-
| Play Area|| Right next to the Butterfly Garden, the Play Area offer learner's golf courses amidst a green landscape.
|-
| Bamboo Garden|| The Bamboo Garden is a specialised garden showcasing multiple varieties of bamboo. The planting effects is designed to create a variety of experiences through imaginative bamboo plant mixes with species ranging from giant varieties to short grasses.
|-
| Fruits Garden|| A thematic zone dedicated to the Bengal delicacy of fruits, to showcase the bountiful nature of this part of earth and to encourage nature learning through identification of fruit bearing trees.
|-
| Food Court|| The Food Court will provide more affordable dining options to the visitors. Around 20 food stalls are being arranged in a cluster around a square courtyard that also has four dining pavilions.
|-
| Adda Zone|| Placed opposite to the Artist's Cottage, the Adda Zone consists of simple seating arrangements overlooking the lake and the musical fountains.
|-
| Musical Fountain|| As the name suggests, fountains, music and laser shows have been prepared on the Northern banks of the lake. The view is visible from all around the Park when the fountains start showering in the evenings and laser shows tell stories on the water screen.
|-
| Tea Garden|| A touch and feel of Darjeeling has come up near Gate No. 1. This zone includes winding pathways through a tea plantation area – complete with a composting plant.
|-
| Mask Garden|| Near the Northern parking lot and adjacent to the tea garden, this new zone has masks from various districts of West Bengal, then various states of India and finally from various countries of the world.
|-
| Eco Island|| A vast area of {{convert|480|acre|ha|order=flip}} of green terrain surrounding a water body is being developed in Eco Park which has been opened by the Hon’ble Chief Minister, West Bengal on 29 December 2012 for the public. Within Eco Park there is an island named 'Sabujsathi'. The island is in centre of the huge lake of Eco Park comprising an area of {{convert|7|acre|m2|order=flip}} which is accessible only by boat. This is an uninhabited island. On this Sabujsathi Island an amazing glass house has been built. All four sides of this {{convert|2,800|ft2|m2|order=flip}} building is made of glass. There are three open-air viewing galleries, green lawn and paved pathways in the island.

|-

|}

== Special events ==
On 5 January 2013, Vokatta - a kite festival was organized by Benchmark Developers Pvt. Ltd, in association with [[HIDCO]] ([[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation]]) in Eco Park ground. There was an open invitation for all to participate after 11 AM onwards.

On 5 January 2014, again Vokatta-2014 was organised by Benchmark NewTown Kolkata International Kite Festival Trust, In co operation with WBHIDCO. Kite fliers from the UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, the US, Singapore and Malaysia participated in Vokatta 2014. National kite fliers from Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Kochi, Mumbai and Rajkot also joined the festivity, This year, the emphasis was on Fancy kites. Hot Air Balloon was another attraction.

== See also ==
*[[Kolkata Museum of Modern Art]]
*[[Nicco Park]]
*[[Millennium Park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]]
*[[Nature Park of India|Nature Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Eco Park, New Town}}
*[https://www.ecoparknewtown.com/ Official Website]

{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Parks in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]

Sasken Technologies

2026-03-06T16:51:59Z

FredricKeeton9: expand page additionally and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sasken Technologies Ltd
| logo = [[File:Sasken Logo.svg|180px|Sasken Corporate Logo]]
| logo_size = 150px
| image = Sasken's Bengaluru Headquarters in 2018.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Sasken's headquarters at [[Bangalore]], India
| former_name = Sasken Communication Technologies Limited
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532663}}|{{NSE|SASKEN}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE231F01020}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1989}}
| hq_location = 139/25, Ring Road, [[Domlur]]
| hq_location_city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*Rajiv C Mody ([[Chairman]], [[Managing director|MD]] and [[CEO]])
*Priyaranjan ([[CFO]])<ref>https://hrnxt.com/news/executive-moves/sasken-names-priyaranjan-as-cfo-b-ramkumar-as-chief-risk-officer/51049/2022/08/10/</ref>}}

| industry = {{Unbulleted list|[[Technology company|Technology]]}}
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Product engineering]]
*[[Digital transformation]]}}
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INR}} 504.31 crores ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 18–19)
| net_income = {{profit}} {{INR}} 90.42 crores ([[Fiscal year|FY]] 18–19)
| num_employees = 2,000 (March 2019)
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.sasken.com}}
}}

'''Sasken Technologies Limited''' (formerly '''Sasken Communication Technologies Limited''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] technology services company, based in [[Bengaluru]].

== Origin ==
Sasken was founded by Rajiv C Mody, its chairman & MD, and three other co-founders: Krishna Jhaveri, Suresh Dholakia, and Badruddin Agarwala. Sasken came into being as '''Silicon Automation Systems''' in 1989 in a small warehouse in [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[California]]. Later, the company changed its name to '''Sasken Communication Technologies Limited'''. The name 'Sasken' is a portmanteau of its original name (SAS) and 'ken', the Scottish word for knowledge.

Sasken acquired the operations of Blue Broadband Technologies in 2005, creating Sasken Network Engineering Limited (SNEL).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-02-19|title=Sasken acquires firm to foray into telecom network management|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/sasken-acquires-firm-to-foray-into-telecom-network-management-105021901049_1.html|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> Sasken acquired iSoftTech Private Limited, Chennai in June 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sasken acquires iSoftTech for $1.5m|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1479902.cms|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> In September 2006, Sasken acquired the Finnish company Botnia Hightech [[Osakeyhtiö|Oy]], now known as Sasken Finland [[Osakeyhtiö|Oy]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sasken acquires Finland-based co in all cash deal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/sasken-acquires-finland-based-co-in-all-cash-deal/articleshow/1812910.cms|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>

On 24 January 2007, Sasken entered into a joint venture with Tata Autocomp, known as TACO Sasken Automotive Electronics Pvt Ltd (TSAE).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2007-01-26|title=Sasken enters into JV with Tata AutoComp|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sasken-enters-into-jv-with-tata-autocomp-107012601101_1.html|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>

In February 2017, Sasken Communication Technologies Limited announced that it had changed its name to Sasken Technologies Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sasken Communication Technologies Limited announces corporate name change to Sasken Technologies Limited to reflect its broad range of services|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/sasken-communication-technologies-limited-announces-corporate-name-change-to-sasken-technologies-limited-to-reflect-its-broad-range-of-services/article21899145.ece|access-date=2021-04-14|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> In January 2018, Sasken unveiled a new logo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-25 |title=Sasken unveils new logo to reflect its 30-year-old heritage |url=https://www.dqchannels.com/sasken-unveils-new-logo-reflect-30-year-old-heritage/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=-DQChannels |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2022, Sasken announced that Abhijit Kabra was appointed as the CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Sasken appoints Abhijit Kabra as its chief executive officer |url=https://equitybulls.com/category.php?id=316737 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=EquityBulls}}</ref> In June 2024, Sasken's board designated Rajiv C. Mody as CEO in addition to his existing position of chairman and managing director.<ref>{{cite web |title=CMD Rajiv C. Mody Appointed CEO of Sasken Technologies |url=https://boardstewardship.com/cmd-rajiv-c-mody-appointed-ceo-of-sasken-technologies/ |website=Board Stewardship}}</ref>

In April 2025, Sasken acquired BORQS International Holding Corp, an embedded software and products company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasken Technologies Completes Acquisition of Borqs Technologies |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/sasken-technologies-completes-acquisition-of-borqs-technologies-125891}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasken Technologies Limited}}
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Paika Rebellion

2026-03-06T16:19:50Z

FredricKeeton9: Put Up Info

{{Short description|1817 rebellion in Odisha against East India Company rule}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Paika Rebellion
| image = Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 829309 - Bicentenary of the Paika Rebellion.jpeg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Commemoration of Paika Rebellion on Indian Postage Stamp (2018)
| date = May 1817 – December 1818
| place = The modern state of [[Odisha]] and neighbouring areas
| result = Company victory
*Formal end of the Paika rule.
*Paikas subjected to East India Company suzerainty.
*Gajapati and Garhjat kings retained under East India Company suzerainty.
*Control over Odisha by the East India Company is established.
| combatant1 = [[Khurda Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[British East India Company]]
* [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Bengal Presidency]]
| commander1 = [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|Thomas Hislop]]
| strength1 = Over 10,000
| strength2 = Over 10,000
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
[[File:Bakshi Jagabandhu.jpg|thumb|200px|Statue of [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]], the leader of Paika Rebellion, in [[Bhubaneswar]].]]
The '''Paika Rebellion''', also known as the '''Paika Bidroha''' or '''Paik Rebellion''', was an armed rebellion against [[Company rule in India]] in 1817. The Paikas rose in rebellion under their leader [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]] and projecting [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]] as the symbol of [[Odia people|Odia]] unity, the rebellion quickly spread across most of Odisha before being put down by the [[Presidency armies|Company's forces]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalia|first=Ravi|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|year=1994|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|pages=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&dq=paik+rebellion&pg=PA31|isbn=9780809318766|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311152235/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&dq=paik+rebellion&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q=paik%20rebellion&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Paikas ==
[[File:PaikaPanchasakha.jpeg|left|thumb|From Left to Right: Krutibas Patsani, [[Madhab Chandra Routray]], [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]], [[Jayi Rajaguru]], and [[Pindiki Bahubalendra]].]]

The [[Paika (caste)|Paika]]s were peasant [[Militia]] of the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati rulers]] of Odisha who offered military services to the kings while taking up cultivation during peacetime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paika Rebellion of Odisha|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168762|access-date=2022-02-13|website=pib.gov.in|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213114029/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168762|url-status=live}}</ref> The Paikas were organised into three ranks distinguished by their occupation. The [[Paika (community)|Paikas]] were led by [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayats]] during the rebellion. These were the Prahari, who served as initial defenders tasked with guarding lands with swords in their hands; the Banua – adept [[Archery|archers]] and marksmen skilled in using [[matchlock]]s; and the Dhenkiya – [[khanda (sword)]] and shield bearers who fought on the frontlines.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=N.R.|title=The Oriya Paika Rebellion of 1817|journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2008|pages=1–3|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/August-2008/engpdf/1-3.pdf|accessdate=13 February 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111185749/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/August-2008/engpdf/1-3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> With the conquest of Odisha by the [[East India Company]] in 1803 and the dethronement of the Raja (king) of [[Khurda Kingdom|Khurda]], the power and prestige of the [[Paika (community)|Paikas]] began to decline. The attitude of the company to the Paikas was expressed by Walter Ewer, on the commission that looked into the causes of the Rebellion, stating that "now there is no need of assistance of Paikas at [[Khordha|Khurda]]. It is dangerous to keep them in the [[Presidency armies]]. Thus they should be treated and dealt as common [[Ryot]]s and land revenue and other taxes should be collected from them. They must be deprived of their former [[Jagir]] lands. Within a short period of time the name of Paika has already been forgotten. But still now where the [[Paika (community)|Paikas]] are living they have retained their previous aggressive nature. In order to break their poisonous teeth, the colonial Police Force must be highly alert to keep the [[Paika (community)|Paikas]] under their control for a pretty long period, unless the Paika community is ruined completely Company rule cannot run smoothly.<ref name="orissa">{{cite journal|last=Paikaray|first=Braja|title=Khurda Paik Rebellion - The First Independence War of India|journal=Orissa Review|date=February–March 2008|pages=45–50|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/feb-march-2008/engpdf/45-50.pdf|accessdate=13 February 2013|archive-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422232307/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/feb-march-2008/engpdf/45-50.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Causes of the rebellion ==

The origins of the Paika Rebellion lay in several social, economic and political causes. Odisha had four ports for trading, with the networks in the region involving millions of traders. However, the East India Company, to protect their own [[Monopoly|monopolies]], closed these ports for trade, alienating large swathes of the local population. The local administrators who were educated and wealthy, the Paikas, were alienated by the East India Company administration, who took over the hereditary rent-free lands granted to them after the conquest of Khurda. Many Paikas were compelled to cede their land to absentee Bengali landlords, often in exchange for a mere pittance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Paika Rebellion & why its ‘omission’ in NCERT books has triggered political slugfest in Odisha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/paika-rebellion-omission-ncert-odisha-10144924/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723163419/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/paika-rebellion-omission-ncert-odisha-10144924/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Paikas were also subjected to extortion by the Company administration and its servants. The extortionist land revenue policy of the Company affected the peasants and the zamindars alike. A source of much consternation for the common people was the rise in prices of salt due to [[History of the British salt tax in India|taxes]] imposed on it by the Company administration. The East India Company also abolished the system of cowrie currency that had existed in Odisha prior to its conquest and required that all taxes now be paid in silver. This caused much popular hardship and discontent.

The main trouble had already come in the event of British annexation of Odisha after expelling Marathas. In 1803, Colonel Harcourt, in order to expel Marathas, advanced from Madras to Cuttack with little resistance. He had also secured an agreement with Khurda’s ruler Mukunda Deva II for safe passage in exchange for Rs 1 lakh and four Maratha-held parganas. However, once they had defeated the Marathas, the British failed to honour the full terms, prompting [[Jayi Rajaguru|Jayee Rajguru]], the king’s advisor, to mobilize 2,000 Paikas in protest. Though partial payment of Rs 40,000 was made by Harcourt, the promised parganas were withheld. Rajguru's attempt to resist British control led to his arrest and execution in 1806, while the king was exiled to Puri. This marked the collapse of indigenous rule in Odisha and the decline of the Paikas, who lost their privileges and landholdings under exploitative British revenue policies. Then came the changes in the currency system, with the British demanding revenue payments in cash, increased pressure on dispossessed and marginal tribals. These sections had to cope with greater demands from landlords, who now had to pay taxes in silver. Additionally, extension of British control over salt in coastal Odisha in 1814 angered the people. All these factors led to the eruption of the revolt <ref name=":1" />

== Leaders and participants ==

The Paika Rebellion was led by [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]], the former ''bakshi'' or commander of the forces of the Raja of Khurda. Jagabandhu's familial estate of Killa Rorang was taken over by the East India Company in 1814, reducing him to [[penury]]. When the rebellion broke out in March 1817, the Paikas came together under his leadership. The rebellion enjoyed widespread support in Odia society with feudal chiefs, [[zamindar]]s and the common people of Odisha participating in it.The rebellion proved to be a unity among the medieval odia society visualizing Jaganath as symbol of odia unity and Gajapati as his lieutenant.The zamindars of Karipur, Mrichpur, Golra, [[Balarampur district|Balarampur]], Budnakera and Rupasa supported the Paikas. While the rebellion started from [[Banapur]] and Khurda, it quickly spread to other parts of Odisha such as [[Puri]], [[Pipili]] and [[Cuttack]] and to several remote villages, including Kanika, [[Kujang (Indian town)|Kujang]] and [[Pattamundai]]. The Rajas of Kanika, Kujang, [[Nayagarh]] and Ghumusur aided Jagabandhu and Dalabehera Mirhaidar Alli of Jadupur was an important Muslim rebel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paika revolt of 1817|url=http://orissa.oriyaonline.com/medieval_orissa.html?page=5|accessdate=13 February 2013|archive-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308065549/http://www.orissa.oriyaonline.com/medieval_orissa.html?page=5|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Rebellions in British India}}

== Course of the rebellion ==

Discontent over the policies of the Company was simmering in Odisha when, in March 1817, a 400-strong party of [[Khonds|Kandhas]] crossed over into Khurda from the State of [[Bhanjanagar|Ghumsur]], openly declaring their rebellion against [[Company rule in India|Company rule]]. The Paikas under Jagbandhu joined them, looting and setting to fire the police station and post office at Banpur. The rebels then marched to Khurda itself, which the Company abandoned, sacking the administration buildings and the treasury there. Another body of rebels captured Paragana Lembai, where they killed Indian officials of the Company.<ref name="orissa" /><ref name="as">{{cite web|title=Paik Rebellion|url=http://as.ori.nic.in/gis/khurda/paik.htm|accessdate=13 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312004826/http://as.ori.nic.in/gis/khurda/paik.htm|archivedate=12 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The company government, led by E. Impey, the magistrate at Cuttack, dispatched forces to quell the rebellion under Lieutenant Prideaure to Khurda and Lieutenant Faris to Pipli in the beginning of April. These met with sustained attacks from the Paikas, forcing them to retreat to Cuttack, suffering heavy losses, and Faris himself was killed by the Paikas. Another force sent to Puri under Captain Wellington, however, faced little opposition, and on 9 April a force of 550 men were sent to Khurda. Three days later they took Khurda and declared martial law in the Khurda territory.<ref name="orissa" /><ref name="as" />

Even as the East India Company managed to wrest control of Khurda, Puri itself fell to the insurgents led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, and the Company forces were forced to retreat to Cuttack by 18 April. Cuttack remained cut off from the now rebel-held portions of southern Odisha, and therefore the Company administration remained unaware of the fate of the force they had dispatched to Khurda. The force's successes in Khurda allowed the commanding officer, Captain Le Fevere, to pursue the insurgents into Puri. This party defeated a thousand-strong but ill-equipped force of the Paikas as they marched to Puri, and they retook Puri and captured the Raja before he could escape from the town.<ref name="orissa" /><ref name="as" />

The uprising spread rapidly across Odisha, and there were several encounters between Company troops and Paik forces, including at Cuttack, where the latter were quickly defeated. By May 1817, the East India Company had managed to reestablish their authority over the entire province, but it proved to be a significant period of time before tranquility finally returned to the region.<ref name="orissa" /><ref name="as" />

== The Effects ==
In May 1817, the East India Company posted judges to Khurda to sentence the captured rebels. The sentences handed out included [[Capital punishment in India|execution]], [[penal transportation]] and imprisonment. Between 1818 and 1826, Company troops undertook several operations in the jungles of Khurda to capture or kill rebels who had managed to escape. The leader of the remaining band of rebels, Jagabandhu, surrendered to the East India Company in 1825 and lived as their prisoner in Cuttack until 1829, when he died.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death Anniversary of Buxi Jagabandhu|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/40Buxi_Jagabandhu.pdf|accessdate=13 February 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212239/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/40Buxi_Jagabandhu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Jagabandhu had offered to reinstate Raja Mukunda Deva – whom the Company had dethroned in 1804 and exiled to Puri – as the Raja of Khurda, however Raja of Khurda rebuked Jagabandhu and compelled him to apologise and surrender to the British and accept a pension.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXFyDwAAQBAJ&dq=jayi+rajguru&pg=PT30 |title=A Time Elsewhere |date=2018-10-13 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-340-6 |language=en}}</ref>

The East India Company also appointed a commission to inquire into the causes of the rebellion. The Company set about reorienting their administration under the newly appointed Commissioner of Cuttack, Robert Ker, to ensure such a rebellion would not repeat itself. These attempts remained halfhearted at best, with the Company authorities viewing Odisha largely as a convenient land-based link between their [[Madras Presidency|presidencies of Madras]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications|location=New Delhi|pages=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&dq=paik+rebellion&pg=PA30|isbn=9788171995745|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311152236/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&dq=paik+rebellion&pg=PA30|url-status=live}}</ref> Further Odia resistance continued in campaigns against Company rule in Tapanga in 1827 and involvement in the Banapur Rebellion of 1835.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Paikaray|first=Braja|title=Sahid Krutibas Patasani: The Crusader of Banapur Rebellion of 1836|journal=Orissa Review|date=January 2005|pages=21, 22|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Sahid_KrutibasPatasani.pdf|accessdate=13 February 2013|archive-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423040227/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Sahid_KrutibasPatasani.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major uprisings against the rule of the East India Company were followed by two separate Kandha uprisings under Dora Bisoi and Chakra Bisoi, Kol rebellion, the Sambalpur uprising led by [[Surendra Sai|Veer Surendra Sai]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]] Sardars, Bhuyan uprising under Dharanidhar Naik, etc. The revenue policies of the Company in Odisha, which was a major cause of discontent to the local population, remained unchanged. In October 2017, the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] formally proposed union government to recognize the Paika Rebellion as first Indian war of independence, replacing the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Nihar Ranjan|title=Economic History of Orissa|year=1997|publisher=Indus Publishers|location=New Delhi|pages=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&dq=paika+rebellion&pg=PA315|isbn=9788173870750|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311152122/https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&dq=paika+rebellion&pg=PA315#v=onepage&q=paika%20rebellion&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In Winter Session of Parliament of 2021, Union Culture Minister [[G. Kishan Reddy|G Kishan Reddy]] through a written reply to a question by BJD MP [[Prashanta Nanda]] in the Rajya Sabha, said the Paika rebellion cannot be called the First War of Independence. However the minister declared that it would now be included in the curriculum of Class VIII history textbook of NCERT, as it was among the first popular uprisings against the British in India, and lasted for a long time from 1817 to 1825.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Explained: Why Centre has refused to accept Paika revolution as first war of independence|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/paika-revolution-odisha-demand-explained-7653963/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203093511/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/paika-revolution-odisha-demand-explained-7653963/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Paika Rebellion Memorial==
The Paika Rebellion Memorial will be built by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Ministry of Culture]] over ten acres of land near Barunei Hills. Its foundation stone was laid by the [[President of India|President]], [[Ramnath Kovind]], on 7 December 2019.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Paika akhada]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:19th century in Odisha]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1817 in India]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Asia]]
[[Category:Asian resistance to colonialism]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]

T. Kallupatti

2026-03-06T06:58:30Z

FredricKeeton9: quick fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = T. Kallupatti
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Panchayat town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.75|N|77.89|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = vacant
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,762
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 625 702
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04549
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000-1001 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''T. Kallupatti''' is a [[panchayat town]] in the [[Madurai district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Etymology==
The town has an initial similar to that of a person. Initials in the name, is a common feature of towns in Southern Tamil Nadu. The initial for Kallupatti comes from the name of the mother village from which it derives its existence. The form is similar to that between a mother and her children, a convention which was a feature of the original Tamil culture for years. T. Kallupatti's mother village is [[Devankuruchi]] (spelled as Thevankurichi), a small village on the road towards [[Peraiyur]]. The Devankurichi hill is a symbol of spirituality, one which is visible while driving near to T. Kallupatti. Many people throng to the Agneeswaran Temple of Devankurichi in order to perform the last rites of those who are dead and so it is equated to Kasi.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-02-22 |title=தேவன்குறிச்சி - சிறுமலையில் பெருந்தெய்வங்கள் - தமிழ்ஹிந்து |url=http://www.tamilhindu.com/2010/02/devankurichi-hill-temple/ |access-date=2016-12-01 |publisher=Tamilhindu.com}}</ref>

==History==
Archaeological excavations conducted in 1977 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the Upper Gundar Basin discovered [[Iron Age]] historical remains in T.Kallupatti. The early history of the region can be dated back to the fifth century A.D. T.Kallupatti and Chinnakattalai are among the few places in South India with Iron Age historical remains of copper and gold. The findings of the investigation were reported by the ''Journal for South Asian Studies''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_RtAAAAMAAJ&q=kallupatti |title=South Asian Studies: Journal of the Society for South Asian Studies ... - Google Books |date=2008-08-29 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> The region also features in the book ''Distinctive Beads in Ancient India''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbcYAAAAYAAJ&q=kallupatti |title=Distinctive Beads in Ancient India - Google Books |date=2000-01-01 |isbn=9781841710679 |access-date=2016-12-01|last1=Jyotsna |first1=Maurya |publisher=Archaeopress }}</ref>

== Geography ==
T.Kallupatti is at the crossroads of the highways connecting Madurai to Rajapalayam, and Virudhunagar to Theni. Due to this, it is considered a rural hub. The [[Western Ghats]] reach to the western, northeastern and southwestern sides of the town. Due to its proximity to the Western Ghats, the town has a cooler average temperature than that of the city of Madurai and other eastern areas.<ref name="Google Maps">{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/ |title=Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = T. Kallupatti
|Northeast = [[Madurai]]
|Northwest = [[Western Ghats]]
|North = [[Usilampatti]]
|West = [[Peraiyur]]
|East = [[Virudhunagar]]
|Southwest = [[Western Ghats]]
|South = [[Rajapalayam]]
|Southeast = [[Sivakasi]]
}}

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803751-t-kallupatti-tamil-nadu.html|title = T.Kallupatti Town Panchayat City Population Census 2011-2021 | Tamil Nadu}}</ref> T.Kallupatti had a population of 10,762. Males constituted 51% of population and females 49%. Then, T.Kallupatti had an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy was 75% and female literacy was 64%. By 2019, the literacy rate had increased to 86.5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-tamilnadu.php?cityid=3342418000|title=T.kallupatti Ward No 01 - 2019|publisher=Census Population 2015 Data |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> In T.Kallupatti, 11% of the population was under six years of age in 2011. At 25,000, the floating population is high for a rural town.

===Languages===
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
Tamil is spoken commonly everywhere here.

==Politics==
T.Kallupati comes under the [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]] (State Assembly Constituency) (Madurai). The parliamentary constituency is that of the [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. T.Kallupatti also has Seva Groups for each community. These include Perarasar [[Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar]] Sangam, [[Ambalakarar]] Peravai, Karana Maravar Seva Sangam, All Telugu Sangam and branches of AITUC.

Current Representations:

*TN Legislative Assembly - R.B. Udhayakumar of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] - Thirumangalam Constituency.
*Member of Parliament - B.Manickam Tagore Congress<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|title = Government | Tamil Nadu Government Portal}}</ref> - [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Public administration ==
The T.Kallupatti Block comprises about 42 Villages and is one of the more effectively administered rural blocks of the state. There is 100% electricity coverage in all villages. Protected Water Supply is available in all villages under the Block. The Male to Female Ratio is 1000–1001, which shows a major shift from [[Usilampatti]] Block (just 20 km away) where female infanticide is high. Forty-four per cent of women are employed, which constitutes a diverse workforce. Sixty-five per cent depend on agriculture. MicroFinance and illegal money lending are uncommon in the Block as there are 15 Agriculture Cooperative Banks. All 42 Villages are Panchayats and 39 of the 42 are Revenue Villages. There are 88 Child Welfare Centres with most of them concentrated in the town of T.Kallupatti and these are well connected by village roads. Although Peraiyur is the [[Taluk]], the Central Location of T.Kallupatti and its being on the NH 208 provided it with an advantage in development and so [[Peraiyur]] comes under the T.Kallupatti block as a revenue firka.

===T.Kallupatti Block===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Density of population per km2 || 319
|-
| Percentage of urban population to total Population || 22.69
|-
| Number of females per 1000 males || 1001
|-
| Percentage of workers to total population || 51.12
|-
| Percentage of female workers to total workers || 44.24
|-
| Percentage of agricultural workers to total workers || 67.46
|-
| Percentage of gross cropped area to net area sown || 99.54
|-
| Bovine population per km2 || 50.23
|-
| Percentage of villages electrified || 100%
|-
| Percentage of villages covered by prot. water supply || 100%
|-
| No. of police stations || 3
|-
| No. of noon meal centres || 88
|}
<ref name="Madurai - T Kallupatti Block">{{cite web |url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/kallupatti.htm |title=Madurai - T Kallupatti Block |publisher=Madurai.tn.nic.in |access-date=2016-12-01 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Police station===
T.Kallupatti police stations are present in mother villages and in hamlets under each mother village. There are 15 mother villages.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/station_details.php?stype%3DLS%26code%3D2959414%26desc%3DT.KALLUPATTI |title=Station Details |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004025601/http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/station_details.php?stype=LS&code=2959414&desc=T.KALLUPATTI |archive-date=2011-10-04 }}</ref>

==Facilities==
Town Panchayat community center

===Healthcare===
There are many private hospitals at Kallupatti along with a Government primary health centre. The major hospitals are the Semanthi Clinic run by (Dr. J.Mahendra Varman), Srinivas clinic (run by Dr R.Muthukrishnan), the Sugam clinic run by Dr Thanga Ram, the Seva clinic, the Jeyam nursing home, the Lakshmi clinic, the Vanaraj clinic and the Suga Nivas clinic of Kallikudi road run by Dr Geetha. An NGO called the Nagar Nala Committee operates in the town, providing a Free Eye Camp on the last Saturday of every month in association with Aravindh Eye Hospital Madurai. This is organised by its secretary, Thiru. N. Rajagopal Ayya. By 2016, the organisation had completed more than 200 camps.

===Electricity===
T.Kallupatti has a substation of TNEB which supplies electricity to the town and nearby villages. The capacity of this plant was upgraded in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661490300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130220304/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661490300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2010-11-26 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

===Sustainable development===
At T. Kallupatti, 35 street lights, seven sodium vapour lamps at a bus stand, and a motor pumpset of 7.5 horsepower used for an overhead tank are powered by a [[biomass]] gasifier unit. The unit of 12 KVA (kilovolt ampere) generates 220 units a day at a mere Rs.500. The bus stand and a nearby park are lit up round the clock, even in times of load shedding.

====Biomass power generation method====
The unit is fuelled completely by Julia Flora, a plant known as Seemakaruvellai (Thorny tree). A feasibility study for the project showed that the plant was available in abundance in the locality. This was critical to ensure the long-term sustainability of the project. Self-help groups supply the wood, which is dried in the sun for 10 days and then chopped into pieces. The progress of the unit is closely monitored.
The advantages of biomass power generation method include:
* Reduction in the emission of carbon and in soil erosion.
* Provision of a means of restoring degraded land.
* Reuse of residues from the raw materials of wood, [[bagasse]], rice husk and other agricultural materials. These can be used to generate heat and electricity for agricultural and industrial processes.
* Short-rotation of wood species, including [[casuarina]], which is used to fuel the biomass units.

By harvesting crop in rotation, a standing plantation of 250 hectares will grow 10,000 tonnes of casuarina, which is sufficient to generate 1 megawatt. A 2,500-hectare casuarina energy plantation could support a plant of 10-12 MW.

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/23/stories/2008122354720500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226182424/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/23/stories/2008122354720500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-12-26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2008-12-23 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Economy==
'''Agriculture''' is the highest grossing industry in and around T.Kallupatti. [[Cucumber]] cultivation yields the most revenue along with other seasonal crops. Cucumber sales can be seen when vehicles cross the town and stop near the Bus Station.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2008 |title=நெல்லையில் சூடு பறக்கும் வெள்ளரி விற்பனை |work=[[Oneindia]] |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2008/07/12/tn-cucumber-sale-on-high-in-nellai.html |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>

Cotton is a major crop here due to the presence of extensive black cotton soil. This has contributed to the rise of more textile industries in the area. Rice is cultivated in the western side of the town and the block. Due to the presence of black soil there is also a high level of [[Peanut|Groundnut]] cultivation.

===The Institute for Village Industries===
The Dr. J.C. Kumarappa Institute of Rural Technology and Development at T. Kallupatti (an institutional training centre of the [[Khadi]] and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)), provided training in a variety of skills. It offer: six-months training in footwear and leather goods manufacturing; five-months training in tailoring and embroidery; four-months training in the servicing of electronics and electrical appliances; three-months training in welding and fabrication, fancy leather and resin-goods making, motor winding, cutting and tailoring; two-months training in exercise book manufacturing, toilet and laundry soap making, handmade paper conversion (notebooks, file, cover, carry bag, etc.) and fruit and vegetable processing; one-month training in spices and masala making, detergent cake making; two-week training in screen printing; week-long training in cleaning powder making, detergent powder, fruit jam, squash and pickle-making, and four-day training in bio manure and vermin-compost. From 2011, this institute was closed by the administration of the Gandhi Niketan ashram.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article40384.ece |title=Training in village industries from Nov 9 |work=The Hindu |date=2009-10-29 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

===Recent industrialisation===
T.Kallupatti is at the centre of the Madurai-Rajapalayam belt of textile industries. These textile mills arose because of the extremely rich black soil deposits in and around Kallupatti, which favours cotton cultivation in large volumes.
Textile industries (weaving mills, spinning mills, dyeing units), handlooms, handicrafts and factories have grown around T.Kallupatti, leading to a large number of jobs for men and women. This is due to the cheap labour around the town. Textile mills from [[Rajapalayam]] have opened their units in the vicinity. The subsequent availability of jobs for women accounts for more than 40% jobs for women, with the Chennai-based ROPE Enterprises pvt ltd company providing handicrafts and handloom products training and job opportunities for women. Rope created huge potential in women employment.

Major employers include:

* Vee Bee Textile Mills
* Small-Scale Industrial units in Gandhi Niketan, including leather factories.
* Khadi Units.
* M/s. Rope Enterprises (p) Ltd.
* M/s. Rope Artisans and crafts foundation.
<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/>

===Banking===
*[[Indian Overseas Bank]]: the T.Kallupatti branch covers most of the customers and nearby villages.
*[[State Bank of India]]: a T.Kallupatti branch
*[[Canara Bank]]: a T.Kallupatti branch
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iob.in/BranchDisplay.aspx?BranchId=228 |title=IOB - Branch Information |publisher=Iob.in |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
*15 Primary Agricultural Co-operative Banks.
*2 Scheduled Banks
*5 Nationalised Banks
<ref name="Madurai - T Kallupatti Block"/>

===Rural industrial service centre===
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission has a rural industrial service centre here. There are only three centres like this. The other two centres are in Chennai and Madurai. The cells guide budding entrepreneurs to set up industries in rural areas. This free service gives a boost to the rural employment-generation programme of the KVIC .<ref name="hindu2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/13/stories/2004011311260300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411174124/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/13/stories/2004011311260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-04-11 |title=Rural industries consultancy service cells inaugurated |date=2004-01-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Karaikeni]] is a small village where the Padukalam is celebrated by many villages coming together to have different war-like activities. The history of this practice goes back over five hundred years to when the Karaikeni ruler Arasuthevar decided to resolve a dispute between two other small rulers. His decision was that there should be a military contest to decide the winner. One of the rulers and his army was destroyed but one warrior escaped. His descendants come together every two years to celebrate this festival. Now the festival involves a fight between groups dressed in typical, traditional Tamil garb, which includes the [[Silambu]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Published: Saturday, 28 February 2009, 14:22 [IST] |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/art-culture/essays/2009/0228-unique-festival-near-madurai.html |title=இது படுகள திருவிழா..! | Unique festival near Madurai, மதுரை அருகே நடக்கும் படுகள திருவிழா - Tamil Oneindia |publisher=Oneindia |date=2009-02-28 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724024220/http://thatstamil.oneindia.in/art-culture/essays/2009/0228-unique-festival-near-madurai.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?%26SectionName%3DEdition-Madurai%26artid%3D130812%26SectionID%3D137%26MainSectionID%3D137%26SEO%3D%26Title%3D |title=| Edition-Madurai | Dinamani |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002013443/http://www.dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?&SectionName=Edition-Madurai&artid=130812&SectionID=137&MainSectionID=137&SEO=&Title= |archive-date=2011-10-02 }}</ref>

===Landmarks===
Notable locations within this historical place include Eazhoor (seven villages); the Muthalamman Temple; the Devankurichi Temple; the Gandhi Niketan Ashram; the Rural Extension Training Centre (RETC) and the District Institutions of Education and Training (called the teacher-training school),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikieducator.org/Diet_roles_and_functions |title=Diet roles and functions |publisher=WikiEducator |date=2014-10-17 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> along with government hospitals, etc.

== Transport ==
[[File:The Pain of Poor.jpg|thumb]]
===By road===
The town is well connected by [[National Highway 208 (India)]] as far as [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Thirumangalam]] where it joins with [[National Highway 7 (India)]] to [[Madurai]] in the North. The NH208 runs via [[Rajapalayam]] until it reaches [[Kollam]] (Kerala) in the south. All buses to Rajapalayam and Tenkasi run through the town and it is the route for [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Courtallam]], Ayyappa Temple in Pamba and southern Kerala Towns including Trivandrum via [[Shencottah]].<ref name="Google Maps"/>

===By rail===
The nearest Railway Stations are Kalligudi (13.64 km&8.48 mile), Thirumangalam (18 km) and [[Virudhunagar]] (27 km).

==Education==
T. Kallupatti comes under the Usilampatti Educational District.{{Citation needed | date=November 2024}}

==Education==
Kallupatti has a high literacy rate. There are a number of villages surrounding Kallupatti and every village has a government primary school or high school or higher-secondary school. Most of the teachers working in these villages are resident at Kallupatti. Kallupatti is well connected to all these villages by good roads. The government provides a regular bus service from Kallupatti for the schools, so it is easy for the teaching population to go to the village schools in the morning and reach home in the evening.

===Higher secondary schools===
*Gandhi Niketan Higher Secondary School. Students wear the traditional Khadi dress and the institution educates almost 80% of the students in the union and villages. The school is part of the ECO CLUB and is evaluated as part of the National Green Corps.<ref name="hindu2004"/>
*Govt. Higher Secondary School.
*M.S.R. Matriculation Higher Secondary School, run by Dr.R.Muthukrishnan.
*Lord Venkateshwara Matriculation Higher Secondary School
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/03/stories/2008070358480200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705212212/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/03/stories/2008070358480200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-07-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2008-07-03 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

===Primary and middle schools===
*Jaya Nursery English School, started in 1990
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/schools.html#tk7 |title=Welcome to Madurai - Schools |publisher=Madurai.tn.nic.in |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710231725/http://www.madurai.tn.nic.in/schools.html#tk7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>[http://wserver1.tn.nic.in:8080/tpanchayat/data/1264824241647~MAJOR%20EDUCATIONAL%20INSTITUTIONS.pdf Unknown]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Colleges===
*DIET Government Teacher Training College
*MSR Teacher Training Centre
*Sri Nagalakshmi Ammal College of sciences

===Gandhiniketan Ashram===
Gandhi Niketan Ashram is one of the few surviving Gandhian Institutions in India, teaching Gandhian thoughts and ideals. It is spread over 40 acres of land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gandhi Niketan |url=http://www.gandhiniketan.com/ |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref>

====History====
Gandhi Niketan Ashram, is the brain-child of Freedom fighter G. Venkatachalapathy ("The Architect of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Movement in Tamil Nadu") and was started in 1940 to help create an independent India and reconstruct the type of rural India envisioned by [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]].

After India attained independence in 1947, the Gandhi Niketan Ashram was involved in areas like community development, panchayati raj, and khadi and village industries. Development officials and activists from all over India were trained here to work at a grassroots level. The Ashram also played a key role in the Bhoodan movement spearheaded by [[Acharya Vinoba Bhave]].

[[Martin Luther King Jr.]], the American [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureate]] and [[civil rights movement]] leader, visited the founder of the Madras twice and obtained a first-hand account of the experiences of Venkatachalapathy in organizing Satyagraha and constructive programmes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} [[E. F. Schumacher]], one of the founders of the Green Movement in the west and renowned author of the book ''Small is Beautiful'' visited the Ashram in 1962 and obtained valuable insights into the areas of appropriate technology for the benefit of the rural poor. Schumacher was later seen as an adviser for the Indian planning commission in the early 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==== e-Learning ====
An ambitious programme to introduce computer-aided learning and interactive curriculum support in 1,000 rural schools in the country was launched here in 2008. The e-learning/digital content programme was launched by former President [[A P J Abdul Kalam]] at the Gandhi Niketan Ashram School. The initiative helps students clarify their doubts while sitting in their class. Schools are given the infrastructure required for IT-based education which includes animation and interactive tools for various projects at the high/higher secondary school level.
<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/|title=Business News Today, Latest Market News, Finance News|website=BusinessLine}}</ref>

==Notable people==
A prominent leader from this region is [[R. Muthiah]]. From 1991 to 1996, R. Muthiah was the Former Tamil Nadu Assembly Speaker while part of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). He was also the Union Minister for Surface Transport in the NDA Government led by A.B. Vajpayee. He later joined [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-22 |title=Former Tamil Nadu assembly speaker Sedapatti R Muthiah dead |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-former-speaker-sedapatti-r-muthiah-dead/articleshow/94361236.cms |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mr. Muthiah was elected for Sedappatti as a Member of Legislative Assembly for five terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/10/stories/2006041015980700.htm |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Sedapatti Muthaiah joins DMK |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410150546/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/10/stories/2006041015980700.htm |archive-date=10 April 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Jamnalal Bajaj Award winners}}
{{Madurai district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Madurai district]]

Renigunta

2026-03-05T05:02:19Z

FredricKeeton9:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{for|the 2009 film of the same name|Renigunta (film)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Renigunta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]] of [[Tirupati]]
| image_skyline = Padmavathi Express.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Padmavathi Express near Renigunta
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|79.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority|Tirupati Urban Development Authority(TUDA)]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 107
| population_total = 26,031
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636607 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517520
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91–877
| registration_plate = AP–03
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Renigunta''' is a [[suburb]] and outgrowth of [[Tirupati]] located in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Tirupati]] [[urban agglomeration]].<ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636607 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> [[Tirupati Airport]] is located in Renigunta. It is also one of the mandals in [[Tirupati district]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2015|pages=452, 510|format=PDF}}</ref> It also falls in the jurisdictional limit of [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TUDA Right to Information Act, 2005|url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|website=TUDA|access-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025001/http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Renigunta Junction railway station|Tirupati Airport}}

It has road connectivity by means of [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]]. [[Kadapa]] [[Chennai]] [[National Highway 716 (India)]] [[NH 716]] connects [[Tirupati]] with [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[National Highway 71 (India)|National Highway 71]] that connects [[Madanapalle]] with [[Nayudupeta]] also passes through it.<ref name="ap">{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> Bus services operated by [[APSRTC]] provides local transport for the people. [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]] is one of the main junctions that connects [[Chennai-Bangalore line]] and the [[Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section]] of [[Mumbai–Chennai line]]. It is also connected to {{rws|Gudur}} on the [[Vijayawada-Chennai line]] of [[Howrah-Chennai main line]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Renigunta station map|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/838|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref> [[Tirupati Airport]] serves passengers of [[Tirupati]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic Statistics – International Passengers|url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k14annex3.pdf|website=Airports Authority of India|publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India|access-date=24 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212421/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k14annex3.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>

== Education ==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Renigunta}}

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Tirupati district|collapsed=true}}

[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]

I Love You (2007 Bengali film)

2026-03-04T03:46:41Z

FredricKeeton9: revise

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I Love You
| image = I love you bangla.jpg
| director = [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer = [[N. K. Salil]] (Dialogues) [[Veeru Potla]] (story)
| screenplay = [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Payel Sarkar|Payel]] [[Tapas Paul]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]] [[Devi Sri Prasad]] ({{abbr|unc.|uncredited}})
| cinematography = Premendu Bikash Chaki K.V. Ramanna
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Shree Venkatesh Films
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|07|12}}
| runtime = 157:37 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''I Love You''''' is a 2007 Indian Bengali [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy|drama]] film by [[Ravi Kinagi]] and starring [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Payel Sarkar|Payel]] and [[Tapas Paul]]. It was a [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] production. The movie is a remake of 2005 Telugu movie ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''.

==Plot==
Rahul is a rich, city boy, born to billionaire parents and brought up in [[Kolkata]]. On the other hand, Puja is a traditional, simple [[desi]] girl, from a village of [[West Bengal]] who was brought up by her only brother, Indra. He is heartbroken when their father marries another woman and throws them out of the house, humiliating them in the process. Their mother dies and her tomb is built on the small land which they own until the [[zamindar]] tells them that it is his land, since their mother had taken a loan from him. Indra volunteers to work day and night, to pay off the loan as long as they don't tear down his mother's tomb. The Zamindar agrees and the local station master helps them. Slowly Indra and Puja grow up. One day, Barsha, Puja's best friend, comes to their house to invite Puja to their house as she is getting married. Barsha's elder brother Rahul also arrives on the same day from [[United Kingdom|UK]], having finishing his studies.
Slowly Rahul and Puja fall in love but Rahul's father does not approve of it as Puja is not as rich as them, and is thus not to their standards; Rahul is also to be married to Rahul's father Shantonu Chowdhury's business partner's daughter, Mona. Shantonu Chowdhury humiliates Puja as well as Indra, who arrives a minute before, and both are thrown out of the house after Shantonu Chowdhury accuses them of trying to entice and trap Rahul. When Rahul learns of this, he goes to Puja's house and pleads to her brother to accept him. Indra gives him a chance, just like he was given a chance by the Zamindar when he was little. Rahul is tasked to take care of the cows, clean up after them and grow more crops than Indra by the end of the season; if he does not, Rahul will be thrown out of the village and can never see Puja again. A village boy who was beaten up by Indra earlier, doesn't bear it. With his goons, Mona's father, trying to get Rahul to lose the competition, makes him work hard for his love, eating red chilies and rice everyday, even though he can't bear it. Through many antics from the Village goons side and Mona's side, Rahul eventually proves his love for Puja to Indra, and succeeds in growing more grains. However, the village goon kidnaps Puja and then later tries to rape her. A fight takes place in which Rahul kills the goon, Indra, after realizing that Rahul and Puja should be together, takes the blame for this and spends 5 years in prison. The movie ends with Indra's release from prison which is also when Puja and Rahul get married, in everyone's presence. Shantonu Chowdhury also becomes happy to get Puja as daughter-in-law.

==Cast==

{{Cast listing|
*[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Rahul Chowdhury
*[[Payel Sarkar|Payel]] as Pooja Chatterjee
*[[Tapas Paul]] as Indranath Chatterjee aka Indra, Pooja's elder brother
*[[Anshu Bach]] as Indra (Tapas Paul's Junior)
*[[Arun Bannerjee]] as Santanu Chowdhury, Rahul's father
*[[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]] as Parvati Chowdhury, Rahul's mother
*[[Rajatava Dutta]] as SK, Mona's father
*[[Kamalika Banerjee]] as Mona's mother
*[[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Kartik
*[[Paoli Dam]] as Barsha Chowdhury (Bhebli)
*[[Gita Nag]] as Rahul & Barsha's Grandmother
*[[Bharat Kaul]] as Village goon
*[[Sayantani Nandi]] as Mona
*Sumit Ganguly as Shambhu, caretaker of Indra's firm
*[[Joy Badlani]] as Jailor
*[[Debu Bose]] as station master
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Bhalobasha Jitbe''. The rural scenes shown in this movie were filmed in the original location and set where the Telugu film was filmed at a village near [[Araku Valley|Araku]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The film was also shot in Hyderabad, [[Raychak |Raichak]], [[Siliguri]] and Dubai, which was the first Bengali film to be shot there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060731/asp/calcutta/story_6548744.asp|title=One two ka four: Screen On & Off|location=Calcutta, India|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021081849/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060731/asp/calcutta/story_6548744.asp|archive-date=21 October 2012|access-date=2024-02-24}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = I Love You
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| prev_title = [[Minister Fatakeshto]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = Tiger
| next_year = 2007
| misc = {{Singles
| name = I Love You
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = I Love You Title Track
| single1date = 1 Feb 2016
| single2 = Bhalobasa Haat Baralo
| single2date =
| single3 = Mon Mane Na
| single3date = 19 Nov 2018
| single4 = Cholre Cholre Bhai
| single4date = 19 Nov 2018
| single5 = Dure Oi Pahar
| single5date = 19 Nov 2018
| single6 = Ekta Kotha
| single6date = 19 Nov 2018
}}
}}

Choreography by Naidu.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Gautam Sushmit, Priyo Chattopadhyay, Chandarani Gannguli
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| title1 = Mon Mane Na
| lyrics1 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| music1 = Jeet Gannguli
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Bhalobasa Haat Baralo
| lyrics2 = Gautam Sushmit
| music2 = Jeet Gannguli
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:37
| title3 = Ekta Kotha
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| music3 = Jeet Gannguli
| extra3 = [[Babul Supriyo]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length3 = 4:57
| title4 = I Love You Title Track
| lyrics4 = Gautam Sushmit
| music4 = Devi Sri Prasad, Jeet Gannguli (arranger)
| extra4 = Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal
| length4 = 6:03
| title5 = Cholre Cholre Bhai
| lyrics5 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| music5 = Jeet Gannguli
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam
| length5 = 5:13
| title6 = Dure Oi Pahar
| lyrics6 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| music6 = Jeet Gannguli
| extra6 = Shreya Ghoshal, Numon Pint, Sweta
| length6 = 4:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' wrote that the film had "some well-conceived comic scenes".<ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070126/asp/etc/story_7309546.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115349/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070126/asp/etc/story_7309546.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 February 2013
|title=Fails to conquer: I LOVE YOU
|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]
|access-date=2008-10-23
|last=Bhattacharya
|first=Arnab
|location=Calcutta, India
|date=2007-01-26
}}
</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1390838|I Love You}}

{{Rabi Kinagi}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}
{{Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana and its remakes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:I Love You (2007 Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:2007 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rabi Kinagi]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 romantic comedy films]]

Three Men Army

2026-03-03T21:20:59Z

FredricKeeton9: add references per standard format and improved wording

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Three Men Army
| image = Three Men Army.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Nissar (director)|Nissar]]
| producer = Nandu
| writer = [[Govardhan]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Premkumar]] [[Indrans]]
| music = Achu Rajamani
| cinematography = Venu
| editing = G. Murali
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Three Men Army''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Nissar (director)|Nissar]], starring [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] and [[Indrans]] in the titlular roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/indrans-shaheen-siddique-film-two-men-army-release-date-announced-article-115426104|title=Indrans-Shaheen Sidhique's Two Men Army Release Date Announced!|date=18 November 2024|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=October 2020}}
Three roommates, Madhukumar, Benny Kurien, and Surendran have optimistic dreams. Surendran fantasizes about becoming a movie star like [[Rajinikanth]]. Madhukumar, who aspires to be a police officer, in turn wants to marry his lover Shubha. Shubha is the daughter of K. R. G. Menon. Benny Kurien is a con artist who needs to support his family. The trio confronts a bad guy named Thomas who kidnaps Shubha and Benny's girlfriend. With the help of a former police officer, Rajesh, the three men fight back.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Muthukulam Madhukumar
*[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Benny Kurien
*[[Indrans]] as "Basha" Surendran
*[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Shubha
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Susheelan
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as K. R. G. Menon
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Thomas
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Rajesh
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Indira Devi
*[[Zeenath]] as Subhashini
*[[K. T. S. Padannayil]] as House Owner
*[[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Temple Committee Member
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Police Constable
*[[Silk Smitha]] as herself
*[[Jayasurya]] as Boy at cinema theater (cameo appearance)
*[[Adoor Pankajam]] as Indira Devi's mother
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Gunda
*Darshana as Maya
*Elias Babu as Shiv Amarnath Kulkarni
*Jayasanker Karimuttam as Kathaprasangam troupe member
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{empty section|date=October 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0356124|Three Men Army}}

[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1995 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nissar]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-comedy-film-stub}}

Kariyilakkattu Pole

2026-03-03T21:02:20Z

FredricKeeton9: General improvements and edits

{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kariyilakkattu Pole
| image = Kariyila Kattu Pole.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster designed by Roy P. Thomas
| director = [[P. Padmarajan]]
| producer = Thankachan
| screenplay = [[P. Padmarajan]]
| story = [[Sudhakar Mangalodayam]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Mammootty]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Sripriya]] [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]] [[Jalaja]] [[Unni Mary]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]
| studio = [[Vishudhi Films]]
| distributor = [[Jubilee Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1986|3|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kariyilakkattu Pole''''' ({{Translation|Like a zephyr of dry leaves}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[P. Padmarajan]]. It is based on the [[radio drama]] ''Sisirathil Oru Prabhatham'' by [[Sudhakar Mangalodayam]], the plot follows [[Deputy superintendent of police|DySP]] Achuthankutty who is investigating the murder of a film director, Harikrishnan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Midhun|date=2021-01-15|title=Top 10 Malayalam Thriller Movies of 90s|url=https://theprimetime.in/top-10-malayalam-thriller-movies-of-90s/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The PrimeTime|language=en-US}}</ref> The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Mammootty]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sripriya]], [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]], [[Jalaja]], and [[Unni Mary]]. The background score was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|last= Ravindranath|first=Sarita|title=Murder and the Malayalee|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/murder-and-the-malayalee-news-malayalam-oifmk1jaejjfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224010605/http://www.sify.com/movies/murder-and-the-malayalee-news-malayalam-oifmk1jaejjfg.html|archive-date=24 December 2015|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 December 2015|date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A Padmarajan classic, the film is widely considered one of the best investigative thrillers ever made in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/five-mollywood-investigative-thrillers-world-should-watch-802051|title=Five Mollywood investigative thrillers the world should watch|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 July 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
Harikrishnan, a famous movie director, is found dead at his house one morning. [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]] Achuthankutty is assigned to probe the death. Anilkumar, his younger brother, is in love with Shilpa, who had personally known the director and was shocked by his death. Achuthan Kutty's investigation leads to three different female suspects.

A woman's shoe from the murder scene and other shreds of evidence leads Achuthankutty to conclude that a woman was the killer. Achuthankutty finds a woman's photograph in Harikrishnan's diary. The investigation leads to a middle-aged woman: Parvathi, who has now become Bhagini Sevamayi, a saint who has long renounced her identity and has been living in a Hindu ashram ever since. He arrests her as she refuses to answer his questions. Shilpa tries to talk to Achuthankutty as Bhagini turns out to be her aunt.

Later, he is told more about the relation between Harikrishnan and Shilpa by Shilpa's mother and that she would visit him a lot. He is not able to figure out whether the relationship is purely paternal, seeing as she does not have a father figure in her life, or romantic. Shilpa breaks down and tells him that Harikrishnan was like an uncle and guide for her, but somehow her mother could not digest their relationship. Achuthankutty then uncovers Harikrishnan's past from Shilpa's mother.

As lecturers in their youth, Harikrishnan was a flirt. He gets into a relationship with a girl, who is revealed to be Parvathi, the woman that had been apprehended early. She tries to warn Parvathi about his flirtatious nature and bad intentions yet she wouldn't listen. Harikrishnan denies this and convinces Parvathi that he is loyal. He then rapes Shilpa's mother and leaves, breaking Parvathi's heart who eventually took up the life of a nun. Shilpa is revealed to be Harikrishnan's illicit child and her mother was afraid he would do the same to his own daughter without the knowledge that she was his child. She accepts that she had planned to kill Harikrishnan, but found him dead when she arrived at his house.

Achuthankutty decides to question Shilpa and her mother again, with more brutal methods. His brother Anil unsuccessfully tries to change his mind. Anil finally confesses his love for Shilpa. He then reveals that it was he who had murdered Harikrishnan out of jealousy but that it was an accident. He then commits suicide, leaving a bewildered Achuthankutty staring at his corpse. Achuthankutty burns Anil's suicide note and declares that he is unable to find the culprit.

==Cast==
*[[Mohanlal]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DySP]] Achuthankutty
*[[Mammootty]] as Film director Harikrishnan(Character that in flashback seen)
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Anil Kumar, Achuthankutty's brother
*[[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]] as Shilpa
*[[Sripriya]] as Shilpa's mother
*[[Jalaja]] as Ragini
*[[Unni Mary]] as Bhaginisevamayi / Parvathi
*[[Valsala Menon]] as actress Thulasi's mother
*Krishnankutty Nair as watchman Appu Pilla
*[[Prem Prakash]] as Menon

==Production==
The film is based on the [[radio drama]] ''Sisirathil Oru Prabhatham'' written by [[Sudhakar Mangalodayam]] and broadcast on [[Akashavani]]. His name was credited as Sudhakar P. Nair in the film. The film was first titled ''Aram'' (''അറം''), but later changed to ''Kariyilakkattu Pole'' due to superstitious reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title='അറം' അങ്ങനെ കരിയിലക്കാറ്റ് പോലെ'യായി; അന്ധവിശ്വാസങ്ങളുടെ ഫലമായി പേര് മാറ്റിയ അറിയാക്കഥ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sudhakar-mangalodhayam-padmarajan-ananthapadmanabhan-kariyilakkattupole-movie-1.4913805 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi|മാതൃഭൂമി]] |date=18 July 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> The title was taken from a short story written by Padmarajan titled "Kariyilakkattu Pole".{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0248934|Kariyila Kattu Pole}}

{{Padmarajan}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Padmarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Films directed by Padmarajan]]

Lucky Jokers

2026-03-03T20:50:17Z

FredricKeeton9: adjust details and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Lucky Jokers
|image = Lucky_Jokers.jpg
|director = [[Sunil (director)|Sunil]]
|producer = D. Ramesh Babu
|writer = [[Saju Kodiyan]]
|starring = [[Anoop Menon]] [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Ajmal Ameer]] [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] [[Jagadeesh]] [[Harishree Ashokan]]
|music = [[M. Jayachandran]] [[Berny-Ignatius]]
|cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
|editing = P. C. Mohanan
|studio = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]
|distributor = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd]]
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|04|29}}
|country = India
|language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Lucky Jokers''''' is a 2011 [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] written by Saju Kodiyan, directed by [[Sunil (director)|Sunil]], and produced by D. Ramesh Babu under the banner of [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]'s [[Aascar Films]]. The cast includes [[Anoop Menon]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Jagadeesh]], [[Harishree Ashokan]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Vidisha (actress)|Vidisha]], [[Indrans]] and [[Jaffar Idukki]]. The film was released in theatres on 29 April 2011.<ref>[https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-11-05/aascar-ravichandran-lucky-jokers-29-03-11.html Aascar Ravichandran Lucky Jokers] {{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Thalikulam Vishnu Sharman
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Valiya Thampuran
* [[Ajmal Ameer]] as Vishal
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in a dual role as:
** Pitambaran (Sanyasin Himagirisringan)
** Narasimha Gounder
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Krishnavarma Thampuran
* [[Jagadeesh]] as Pisharadi
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Madhava Varma Thampuran
* [[Harishree Ashokan]] as Vijayan
* [[Vidisha Srivastava]] as Lakshmi Thampuratty
* [[Indrans]] as Thamarakshan
* [[Jaffar Idukki]]
* [[Saju Kodiyan]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Surya Varma
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Sekhara Varma
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Chithira Thampuratti
* [[Zeenath]] as Parvathy Thampuratti
* Nimisha as Deepa Thamburatti
* [[Subi Suresh]] in a dual role as:
** Ratnam
** Yakshi
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Servant
* [[Meenakshi Anoop|Meenakshi]]
* [[Kaushik Babu]] in Special appearance in a song
* [[Manakkad Ravi]]
* KPAC Saji as Vishal's father
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
* [[Dinesh Panicker]]
* Kishor
}}

== Production ==
''Lucky Jokers'' is the first Malayalam film from [[Aascar Films]]. The film was shot in [[Kerala]], [[Nepal]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/ravichandran-lucky-jokers-release-160411-aid0062.html "Ravichandran's Lucky Jokers likely to release on April 22"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120708010755/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2011/ravichandran-lucky-jokers-release-160411-aid0062.html |date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> The film was to mark the Malayalam debut of [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] and [[Vadivelu]] but they did not feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Prasanna-in-Malayalam/articleshow/8056846.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106122344/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/news-interviews/29462647_1_muran-malayalam-indrajith|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Prasanna in Malayalam? |access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/aascar-films-lucky-jokers-during-easter-20110418-063136-127.html | title=Aascar Films' Lucky Jokers during Easter | date=18 April 2011 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
*"Ennum Ninne Kaanaan" - Alphonse Joseph, Jyotsna Radhakrishnan
*"Madhuram Madhuram" - KJ Yesudas, Sindhu Bhairavi
*"Puliyeppole Cheerippaayum" - Uncategorized
*"Vennilaa Thankamani" - Subin Ignatious

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.luckyjokersmovie.com/}}
*[https://www.indiaglitz.com/lucky-jokers-review-malayalam-movie-12957 ''Indiaglitz'' review]
*[https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8505/malayalam/lucky-jokers/3082/review.htm ''Nowrunning'' review]

[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2011 comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Berny–Ignatius]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sunil]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal

2026-03-03T03:21:40Z

FredricKeeton9: Added new stub

{{short description|2017 Tamil film by Mahendran Rajamani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal
| image = Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mahendran Rajamani
| producer = [[Vansan Movies|Shan Sutharsan]]
| writer = Mahendran Rajamani
| starring = [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]] [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] [[Kaali Venkat]] Naveen George Thomas
| music = [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| studio = [[Vansan Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|02|02}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal''''' ({{translation|The slaves destined to me}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Mahendran Rajamani and produced by [[Vansan Movies|Shan Sutharsan]]. The film stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]], with [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Kaali Venkat]] and Naveen George Thomas in supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] and cinematography by [[Mahesh Muthuswami]], the film began production during June 2016 and was released on 2 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai's 'Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal' to release on February 2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-s-enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal-to-release-on-february-2-news-tnpl-rbzjLlabdjjff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219103829/http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-s-enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal-to-release-on-february-2-news-tnpl-rbzjLlabdjjff.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around Krishna, who works in an IT company. He has three friends: Ramesh, a bank cashier; Moideen, an auto driver; and Sowmya, a call center executive. Krishna goes on a vacation with his colleagues, where he falls in love with his colleague Divya. Everything goes fine in the initial few days, and their love life is a bliss. One day, Divya breaks up with Krishna, citing a reason that she is going to marry someone else. Krishna gets heartbroken and depressed, so he consults a psychiatrist named Muthu Vinayagam for counsel. Muthu listens to Krishna's story and advises him to get in touch with his friends whenever he feels depressed. As a result, Krishna reaches out to his three friends, who turn out to be busy with their personal lives and do not pay heed to his words. Krishna becomes dejected, rents a lodge, and gets drunk. He calls up his friends and threatens them that he is about to commit suicide. Realizing that their friend is in serious trouble, they immediately act upon to reach out to him. As they are unaware of his location, they are not able to find him. During the search process, all three of them get into various troubles for no fault of their own. Despite the troubles, will they be able to reach out to their friend and stop his suicide constitutes the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Krishna
*[[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]] as Divya
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Ramesh
*[[Kaali Venkat]] as Mohideen Basha
*Naveen George Thomas as Sowmya Narayanan
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Muthu Vinayagam
*[[Rajendran]] as Karuppu Rock
*[[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Krishna's father
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Police Inspector
*John Ranjith as Rubesh
*[[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Maaran]] as Sowmya Narayanan's friend
*Easter as Dhanapal
*Kothandam
*Antony
*[[Kalloori Vinoth]] as Sowmya Narayanan's friend
*[[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Parvathy
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
*[[Cool Suresh]] as Rishi
*Vinitha as Fathima, Mohideen Basha's wife
*Balambika as Sowmya Narayanan's mother
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as Ramesh's father
*Sai Priyanka Ruth as Vanathi
*[[TSR Srinivasan]]
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Badava Gopi]] as himself (guest appearance)
*[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as Sandhya (guest appearance)
}}

==Production==
In March 2016, Mahendran Rajamani and [[Vansan Movies]] held discussions with actors [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] and [[S. Thaman|Thaman]] about casting them in a script titled ''Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal''. Despite Thaman's announcement that the trio would reunite again after ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' 2003), the project failed to materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-23 |title=Siddharth to team up with Nakul for a film which would feature Thaman's music |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/siddharth-to-team-up-with-nakul-for-a-film-which-would-feature-thamans-music.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720061509/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/siddharth-to-team-up-with-nakul-for-a-film-which-would-feature-thamans-music.html |archive-date=20 July 2016 |access-date=2016-10-28 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Soon after, Vansan Movies announced that they had instead signed on actor [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] to be a part of a film in early June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai combines with a debut director |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130616/jai-combines-with-a-debut-director.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901032934/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130616/jai-combines-with-a-debut-director.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2016 |title=IndiaGlitz – Vansan Movies Shaun Sudharshan launches new film with Jai in lead role – Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vansan-movies-shaun-sudharshan-launches-new-film-with-jai-in-lead-role-tamil-news-160800.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901023344/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vansan-movies-shaun-sudharshan-launches-new-film-with-jai-in-lead-role-tamil-news-160800.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]] joined the team to portray the lead actress, while [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Kaali Venkat]] and theatre actor Naveen were selected to portray Jai's friends. [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and [[Rajendran]] were also bought in to portray characters in the film, with the latter copying the body language of American actor [[Dwayne Johnson]] for his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Rajendran as Karuppu Rock! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajendran-as-Karuppu-Rock/articleshow/55887715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208123107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajendran-as-Karuppu-Rock/articleshow/55887715.cms |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |work=indiatimes.com}}</ref> The film was officially launched on 22 June 2016, with a poster of the film released depicting the technical crew as a part of a [[WhatsApp]] group conversation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai teams up with Pranitha |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200616/jai-teams-up-with-pranitha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901033320/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200616/jai-teams-up-with-pranitha.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranitha is the heroine for Jai |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/pranitha-is-the-heroine-for-jai/122039/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210548/http://www.nowrunning.com/pranitha-is-the-heroine-for-jai/122039/story.htm |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> The film was shot extensively in the final quarter of 2016 across [[Kodaikanal]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story is her priority over language |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/18/story-is-her-priority-over-language-1561008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023240/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/18/story-is-her-priority-over-language-1561008.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cr |first=Sharanya |title=When Pranitha trekked during the shoot |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-pranitha-trekked-during-the-shoot/articleshow/56200954.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208124631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-pranitha-trekked-during-the-shoot/articleshow/56200954.cms |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |work=indiatimes.com}}</ref> In December 2016, [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] shot for a cameo appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2016 |title=Santhanam to play a cameo in Jai's Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-to-play-a-cameo-in-jais-enakku-vaitha-adimaigal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024113/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/santhanam-to-play-a-cameo-in-jais-enakku-vaitha-adimaigal.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was initially announced to be releasing on 14 January 2017, during the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] holidays in Tamil Nadu, but was later delayed after most screens were handed to the [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Bairavaa]]''. The film was subsequently released on 2 February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai's 'Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal' to release on February 2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jai%E2%80%99s-enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal-to-release-on-february-2-news-tamil-rbzjLlabdjjff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044338/http://www.sify.com/movies/jai%E2%80%99s-enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal-to-release-on-february-2-news-tamil-rbzjLlabdjjff.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=sify.com}}</ref>

===Reception===
Sify.com called the film "a slow paced comedy entertainer, which evokes some laughter at a few places" stating that Mahendran Rajamani "has some sharp and funny dialogues" but "however, his direction lacks the punch and pace required for such a multi-layered film".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal review: Laid-back comedy entertainer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal-review-laid-back-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-rcdlgQdjehjfa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203092148/http://www.sify.com/movies/enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal-review-laid-back-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-rcdlgQdjehjfa.html |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=sify.com}}</ref> Likewise, The New Indian Express wrote "a promising work of a debutant maker, the film could have done with more punch and fizz" adding that "the dialogue is laced with sparkling one-liners which to an extent manages to keep the narration lively".<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal Review {2/5}: The film feels like a spiritual cousin to Kappal, which released a couple of years ago |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal/movie-review/56949116.cms |access-date=3 February 2017 |work=indiatimes.com}}</ref> The critic from Times of India compared the film to ''[[Kappal]]'' (2014), while giving the film a mixed review.<ref name="indiatimes.com" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 December 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:07
| label = Vansan Music [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = Santhosh Dhayanidhi
| prev_title = [[Mo (2016 film)|Mo]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Kattappava Kanom]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]] was signed on as music composer and revealed that the director had given him a brief of producing "an anthem kind of number on friendship". Looking for a renowned singer, Santosh requested [[Anirudh Ravichander]] to sing that particular song in the film. The soundtrack also features a [[gaana]] number sung by Jagan, a [[YouTube]] find and a melody song by [[Haricharan]] and [[Jonita Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2016 |title=Music composer Santhosh Dhayanidhi on Anirudh singing in Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/music-composer-santhosh-dhayanidhi-on-anirudh-singing-in-enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129061854/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/music-composer-santhosh-dhayanidhi-on-anirudh-singing-in-enakku-vaaitha-adimaigal.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> The audio rights of the film was acquired by Vansan Music, a subsidiary of the production house, and the complete album was released on 26 December 2016.

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil (Original)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ondroduthan Ondroga
| lyrics1 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]], Chennai Boys Choir
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Kannadi Poovukku
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Mannenna Vepenna
| lyrics3 = [[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Comedy Bazaar Maaran]]
| extra3 = Dolak Jagan, [[Mukesh Mohamed]], Chennai Boys Choir
| length3 = 3:40
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6493974}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thittakudi (film)

2026-03-03T03:00:00Z

FredricKeeton9: Made new stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thittakudi
| image =

| caption =
| director = Sundaran
| producer = R. Sivagokul Raj
| writer = Sundaran
| starring = Ravi Aswatha
| music = Selvanambi
| cinematography = A. Karuppaiyah
| editing = P. G. Vel
| distributor =
| studio = Sri Krishna Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|06|25}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thittakudi''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[drama film]] directed by Sundaran. The film stars newcomers Ravi and Aswatha, with [[Munnar Ramesh]], R. Sivakumar, Dindigul Meyyappan, [[Senthi Kumari]] and [[Sujibala]] playing supporting roles. The film, produced by R. Sivagokul Raj, had musical score by Selvanambi and was released on 25 June 2010.

==Plot==

In the village [[Tittakudi]], Velu was a bad student at school and a hardcore fan of actor [[Rajinikanth]], but his father did not want him to give him money to watch films; thus, he dropped out of school. Under the guidance of the workman Ramaswamy ([[Munnar Ramesh]]) and archenemy of his father, he became a construction worker against his father's will. With the money obtained from his hard work, he went to watch his favourite star's films.

Many years later, Velu (Ravi) and his friend Kulanji (R. Sivakumar) have become wastrels: they drink alcohol and have sex with prostitutes. When the village girl Kalaiselvi (Aswatha), the daughter of Ramaswamy, attained puberty, Velu falls under her spell and tries to woo her. She eventually falls in love with him. Ramaswamy wants his relative Durai to marry his daughter and decides to arrange their wedding, but Kalaiselvi does not want to wed him. Thereafter, Velu sleeps with Kalaiselvi and gives her money for the service. Kalaiselvi is astonished for being in love with a cold-hearted man. A villager witnesses it, the news is spread, and people begin to talk ill about them. Ramaswamy complains to the police that Velu raped his daughter, and Velu is arrested. At the police, Kalaiselvi confesses that it was a consensual act; therefore, Velu is released from jail. Fearing of losing her daughter, Kalaiselvi's mother makes her leave the village. Meanwhile, Ramaswamy's relatives plan to kill Velu.

Kalaiselvi starts working in a cotton factory in a remote village, whereas Velu realises his mistakes. Velu tries to compromise with Ramaswamy and asks him to marry his daughter, and Ramaswamy surprisingly accepts. The day of the marriage, Velu's father drinks poison to stop it, and Velu could not attend his marriage. Ramaswamy then forces Kalaiselvi to marry a drunkard. In addition to that, Velu's family rejects him; hence, Velu becomes depressed and kills himself.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*Ravi as Velu
*Aswatha as Kalaiselvi
*[[Munnar Ramesh]] as Ramaswamy
*R. Sivakumar as Kulanji
*Dindigul Meyyappan
*[[Senthi Kumari]]
*[[Sujibala]] as Mallika
*Uma Ravi
*Sindhuja
*Gokulraj
*J. Durairaj as Durai
{{colend}}

==Production==
Sundaran, a former associate of director [[Agathiyan]], made his directorial debut with the village drama film ''Thittakudi''. Newcomers Ravi and Aswatha were selected to play the lead roles. Selvanambi composed the music, A. Karuppaiyah took care of camera work and the editing was by P. G. Vel. Politician [[M. Karunanidhi]]'s grandson M. K. M. Arivunidhi sang a song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=3108|title=Thittakudi - A new film in making|date=9 February 2010|accessdate=15 March 2019|publisher=ayngaran.com}}</ref><ref name="song">{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/news/jan2010/cm%27s-grandson-sings-again.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406094518/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/news/jan2010/cm%27s-grandson-sings-again.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 April 2019|title=CM's grandson sings again|accessdate=15 March 2019|publisher=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Thittakudi
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Selvanambi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 20 January 2010
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:58
| label =
| producer = Selvanambi
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by Selvanambi. The soundtrack features seven tracks with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], Ravisentha and Ekadhasi. The audio was released on 20 January 2010 was released by [[M. Karunanidhi]] at his [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]] residence in [[Chennai]]. [[T. R. Baalu]], [[Rama Narayanan]] and director Amirtham were present during the audio launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Thittakudi+(2010)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331104424/http://mio.to/album/Thittakudi+(2010)|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2017|title=Thittakudi (2010) - Selvanambi|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thittakudi/XSdEPYfvAmk_|title=Thittakudi Songs|accessdate=15 March 2019|publisher=jiosaavn.com}}</ref><ref name="song"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Annaiye En Annaiye" || Selvanambi || 1:58
|-
|2 || "Idhayathula Theeariya" || Selvanambi || 4:25
|-
|3 || "Kaathukinge Kathavugalum" || Prasanna || 4:47
|-
|4 || "Kudi Kudi Thittakudi" || [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]], M. K. M. Arivunidhi || 4:49
|-
|5 || "Maru Genmam" || Selvanambi || 1:18
|-
|6 || "Nenjukulle" || Selvanambi, [[Bombay Jayashri]] || 5:16
|-
|7 || "Otha Usurukulla" || [[Saindhavi]] || 5:25
|}

==Release==
The film was released on 25 June 2010 alongside four other films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=14946765|title=Friday Fury - June 25|date=25 June 2010|accessdate=15 March 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
Bhama Devi Ravi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 and said, "Director Sundaram fails to convert a good story into a must-watch film. To a large extent, this is due to poor casting choice and below-par performance by hero Velu (Ravi). He fails to stir anything in you, the way Paruthiveeran, a cheeky wastrel did.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thittakudi/movie-review/6094331.cms|title=Thittakudi Movie Review|date=26 June 2010|accessdate=15 March 2019|author=Bhama Devi Ravi|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film took a below average opening at the [[Chennai]] box office, beginning in the fifth position the first week and finishing in the fifth position the second week.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Raksha Bandhan (film)

2026-03-02T04:31:37Z

FredricKeeton9: general fixed lead per standard format further and added references

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Aanand L. Rai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raksha Bandhan
| image = Raksha Bandhan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aanand L. Rai]]
| producer = {{ubl|Alka Hiranandani|Aanand L. Rai|[[Himanshu Sharma]]|}}
| writer = {{ubl|Himanshu Sharma|[[Kanika Dhillon]]}}
| narrator = [[Sadia Khateeb]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar ]]|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]|[[Sadia Khateeb]]|[[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]]|Sahejmeen Kaur|Smrithi Srikanth|Deepika Khanna}}
| music = '''Score:''' Ishaan Chhabra '''Songs:''' [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cinematography = [[K. U. Mohanan]] Anshuman Mahaley
| editing = Abhijeet Parekh
| studio = {{ubl|[[Cape of Good Films]]|[[Colour Yellow Productions]]}}
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|08|11}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref name="Raksha Bandhan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/raksha-bandhan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2ndqz |title=Raksha Bandhan |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>
| country = India
| budget = {{INR|70
}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Slow start for 'Laal Singh Chaddha,' 'Raksha Bandhan', experts bank on word-of-mouth |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/slow-start-for-laal-singh-chaddha-raksha-bandhan-experts-bank-on-word-of-mouth-344390-2022-08-11 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|61.61}} crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=RAKSHA BANDHAN BOX OFFICE |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raksha-bandhan-3/box-office/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Raksha Bandhan''''' ({{lit|[[Raksha Bandhan]]}}; {{Translation|The bond of protection}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Family film|family]] [[comedy-drama film]] directed by [[Aanand L. Rai]] and written by [[Himanshu Sharma]] and [[Kanika Dhillon]].<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekars-rakshabandhan-is-himanshu-sharma-kanika-dhillons-first-collaboration-7353784 |title=Akshay Kumar-Bhumi Pednekar's Rakshabandhan is writers Himanshu Sharma-Kanika Dhillon's first collaboration |work=The Indian Express |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> The film stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Sadia Khateeb]], [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-sahil-mehta-on-raksha-bandhan-co-star-akshay-kumar-treated-us-to-tandoori-parathas-when-he-himself-was-on-a-diet-plan/6facb67a51339
| title = Exclusive! Sahil Mehta on ‘Raksha Bandhan’ co-star Akshay Kumar: Treated us to tandoori parathas when he himself was on a diet plan
| website = OTTplay
| date = 8 August 2022
| access-date = 2025-11-05
}}</ref> Sahejmeen Kaur, Smrithi Srikanth and Deepika Khanna.<ref name="Raksha Bandhan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/raksha-bandhan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2ndqz |title=Raksha Bandhan |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zee-studios-comes-board-akshay-kumar-starrer-raksha-bandhan-directed-aanand-l-rai/ |title=Zee Studios comes on board for Akshay Kumar starrer Raksha Bandhan directed by Aanand L Rai |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=13 April 2021 |date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 11 August 2022, coinciding with [[Raksha Bandhan]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref name="Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar sta">{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-starrer-raksha-bandhan-goes-floors-today/ |title=Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar starrer Raksha Bandhan goes on floors today |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2021 |title=Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar starrer Raksha Bandhan to release on August 11, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-starrer-raksha-bandhan-release-august-11-2022/ |access-date=26 September 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, but emerged as a [[box office failure]].

==Plot==
In [[Old Delhi]], Lala Kedarnath, the eldest and only brother of four sisters named Gayatri, Durga, Laxmi, and Saraswati, runs a [[chaat]] shop named ''Premlata Chat Bhandar'', that was started by his grandfather, which now he runs along with his loyal helper, Gaffar. Lala promises his frail mother on her deathbed that he will only get married after he fulfills the responsibility of marrying his sisters into suitable homes first. Lala's relentless efforts to get his sisters married while upholding his family values go in vain, as he faces hurdles in finding suitable grooms due to Laxmi's dark skin, Durga's weight, and Saraswati's masculine behaviour. At the same time, Lala's commitment to his sisters stands as a huge roadblock for his and, his childhood love, Sapna's relationship to take off.

Understanding the importance of Lala's vow, Sapna decides to wait until his goal is achieved. But her father, Harishankar, always nags her to get married. Sometime later, Lala manages to gather {{INRConvert|18|l|lk=on}} for Gayatri's [[dowry]]. Gayatri gets married. After the marriage, it is revealed that Lala is not their real brother and that their mother adopted him long ago when his real mother died near the temple. Lala arranges money for Durga and Laxmi's wedding by selling his one kidney, but things did not go as planned. Gayatri's husband and in-laws were asking for more dowry, but she did not say anything to Lala as she did not want him to get more stressed. Gayatri commits suicide by drinking poison. Lala realizes the curse of the [[dowry system in India|dowry system]], and vows that he will make his other three sisters capable enough for their future so they can choose their own groom and marry without a dowry.

Lala breaks all ties with Sapna and asks her to marry the guy of her father's choice. But on Sapna's wedding day, Harishankar realises that she is still in love with Lala and asks her to break the alliance. Sapna breaks the marriage and decides to wait for Lala; her fiancé, Swapnil, later falls for Laxmi and marries her 12 years later. Durga completes her graduation and becomes a [[Advocate|lawyer]], where she gets Gayatri's husband punished by sending him to prison on charges of dowry. Later she marries her classmate. Saraswati becomes a [[police officer|cop]] and marries her colleague. At last, Lala marries Sapna at the age of 60 after fulfilling his mother's wish.

== Cast ==
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Lala Kedarnath Agarwal
* [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Sapna Gupta
* [[Sadia Khateeb]] as Gayatri Agarwal–Mishra
* Deepika Khanna as Durga Agarwal
* Smrithi Srikanth as Laxmi Agarwal–Verma
* Sahejmeen Kaur as Saraswati Agarwal
* [[Seema Pahwa]] as Shanoo Sharma
* [[Neeraj Sood]] as Harishankar Gupta
* [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)| Sahil Mehta]] as Gaffar
* [[Abhilash Thapliyal]] as Swapnil Verma
* [[Manu Rishi]] as Maternal Uncle
* Karan Puri as Sunil Mishra
* Salim Siddiqui as Neelu's Husband
* Bullet Prakash as Siddiqui (Uncredited)

==Production==
===Development===
The film was officially announced on 3 August 2020 to mark the occasion of [[Raksha Bandhan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-and-aanand-l-rai-team-up-for-a-film-titled-raksha-bandhan-film-to-release-on-november-5-2021/ |title=Akshay Kumar and Aanand L Rai team up for a film titled Raksha Bandhan, film to release on November 5, 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 August 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> [[Akshay Kumar]] stated that it is the quickest film he has signed in his career, and dedicated the film to his sister Alka Hiranandani who also serves as co-producer.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-announces-new-film-raksha-bandhan-dedicates-it-to-sister-alka-quickest-i-ve-signed-a-film-in-my-career/story-WZ7Iq2Q1NhEShxf2xjk3UJ.html |title=Akshay Kumar announces new film Raksha Bandhan, dedicates it to sister Alka: 'Quickest I've signed a film in my career' |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 August 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raksha-bandhan-akshay-kumar-begins-shooting-dedicates-film-to-his-sister-alka-2468756 |title=Raksha Bandhan: Akshay Kumar Begins Shooting, Dedicates Film To His Sister Alka |publisher=NDTV |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Originally this film was scheduled to release on 13 December 2021.

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] for the film commenced on 23 January 2021.<ref name="Outlook India">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/akshay-kumar-begins-raksha-bandhan-shoot-dedicates-film-to-sister/2106084 |title=Akshay Kumar begins ''Raksha Bandhan'' shoot, dedicates film to sister |work=Outlook India |date=4 August 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar dedicates 'Raksha Bandhan' to his sister as he begins shooting for Anand L Rai's film |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/akshay-kumar-dedicates-raksha-bandhan-to-his-sister-as-he-begins-shooting-for-anand-l-rai-s-film-713451 |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=India TV}}</ref> In April 2021, K.U Mohanan replaced Anshuman Mahaley as a Cinematographer due to scheduling conflicts. First schedule ended in July 2021 at [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar wraps up Raksha Bandhan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-raksha-bandhan-1863766-2021-10-12 |date=12 October 2021 |work=India Today |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> The film was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped up]] in [[Delhi]] in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar wraps up shooting of Aanand L Rai's 'Raksha Bandhan' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-wraps-up-shooting-of-aanand-l-rais-raksha-bandhan20211012094435/ |date=12 October 2021 |work=ANI News |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raksha Bandhan: Akshay Kumar is 'off to the next' as he wraps up Anand L Rai's film |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/akshay-kumar-raksha-bandhan-actor-finishes-shooting-for-anand-l-rai-next-see-bts-pic-latest-bollywood-news-739875 |date=12 October 2021 |work=India TV News |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Raksha Bandhan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| released = 6 August 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/raksha-bandhan/8dBFvXI4PLY_ |title=Raksha Bandhan – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=6 August 2022 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 48:55
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Middle Class Love]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Bad Boy (2023 film)|Bad Boy]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|2TMHLA7Kauc|Raksha Bandhan - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The songs were composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] while [[film score]] was composed and produced by Ishaan Chhabra. [[Irshad Kamil]] has written the lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay on 'Raksha Bandhan', 'Laal Singh Chadha' face-off: Hope both films have a good run |url=https://theprint.in/features/akshay-on-raksha-bandhan-laal-singh-chadha-face-off-hope-both-films-have-a-good-run/1006470/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=21 June 2022}}</ref>
The first song of the album "Tere Sath Hoon Main", sung by Nihal Tauro was released on 29 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raksha Bandhan song Tere Saath Hoon Main: Akshay Kumar shows the tender bond between brother and sister. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-s-film-raksha-bandhan-s-song-tere-saath-hoon-main-out-now-101656504471193.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
The second song "Kangan Ruby", sung by Reshammiya himself was released on 6 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raksha Bandhan song Kangan Ruby: Akshay Kumar, Bhumi Pednekar groove to Himesh Reshammiya's wedding song |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raksha-bandhan-song-kangan-ruby-akshay-grooves-to-himesh-reshammiya-s-music-101657015687998.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 July 2022}}</ref> The third song titled "Done Kar Do", sung by [[Navraj Hans]] was released on 18 July 2022 and it was the first song from an Indian film to have an international release, being launched in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title='Done Kar Do' to make Akshay Kumar and Aanand L Rai's Raksha Bandhan the first Indian movie to have an international song release |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/done-kar-make-akshay-kumar-aanand-l-rais-raksha-bandhan-first-indian-movie-international-song-release/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 July 2022}}</ref> The fourth song "Dhaagon Se Baandhaa", sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Arijit Singh]] was released on 28 July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raksha Bandhan का नया गाना 'Dhaagon Se Baandhaa' रिलीज, दिल छू जाएगा अक्षय कुमार का इमोशनल अंदाज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-film-raksha-bandhan-new-song-dhaagon-se-baandhaa-out-4425304.html |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 48:55
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Tere Saath Hoon Main
| extra1 = Nihal Tauro
| length1 = 5:45
| title2 = Dhaagon Se Baandhaa
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Kangan Ruby
| extra3 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| length3 = 4:02
| title4 = Done Kar Do
| extra4 = [[Navraj Hans]], [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| length4 = 3:48
| title5 = Kangan Ruby
| note5 = House Mix
| extra5 = Himesh Reshammiya, [[Akasa Singh]], Akshay The One
| length5 = 4:33
| title6 = Raksha Bandhan
| extra6 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 4:43
| title7 = Raksha Bandhan
| note7 = Reprise
| extra7 = Shreya Ghoshal, [[Stebin Ben]]
| length7 = 5:27
| title8 = Bidaai
| extra8 = Romy
| length8 = 5:44
| title9 = Bidaai
| note9 = Reprise
| extra9 = [[Nooran Sisters]], Romy
| length9 = 5:44
| title10 = Tu Bichhde Toh
| extra10 = Nihal Tauro
| length10 = 4:24
}}

==Marketing==
The cast of Raksha Bandhan was on a promotional spree, visiting different cities across India, ahead of its release. The team, including Akshay Kumar, Aanand L Rai, Sadia Khateeb, Smrithi Srikanth, Sahejmeen Kaur and Deepika Khanna, visited [[Dubai]], [[Pune]], [[Indore]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-and-his-on-screen-sisters-go-for-some-jewelry-shopping-to-promote-raksha-bandhan-11019071.html |title=Akshay Kumar and his on-screen sisters go for some jewelry shopping to promote Raksha Bandhan |date=7 August 2022}}</ref> On 7 August 2022, the team of Raksha Bandhan film visited Hyderabad to attend a press conference at a multiplex. Akshay took his on-screen sisters to the famous [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Secunderabad)|MG Road]] at Durga Gold and Silver (Durga Jewellers),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/akshay-kumar-gifts-pearl-necklaces-to-on-screen-raksha-bandhan-sisters-tells-shopkeeper-discount-nhi-chahiye/videoshow/93407190.cms |title=Akshay Kumar gifts pearl necklaces to on-screen 'Raksha Bandhan' sisters, tells shopkeeper 'discount nhi chahiye' |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> for some pearl shopping and continued the tradition of gifting.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-raksha-bandhan-star-akshay-kumar-buys-pearls-for-on-screen-sisters-let-goes-of-discount-at-billing-2974297 |title=Raksha Bandhan star Akshay Kumar buys pearls for on-screen sisters, says 'discount nahi chaiye'}}</ref>

==Controversy==
{{see also|Hindutva boycott of Bollywood films}}
Right wing [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalists]] started a [[Twitter]] campaign to boycott the film, the campaign was against the film's screenwriter [[Kanika Dhillon]] for her old allegedly [[Anti-Hindu sentiment|anti-Hindu]] tweets with offensive references to [[gomutra]] and tweets where she had mocked the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi government]]; these Tweets were later deleted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Bushra |date=3 August 2022 |title=Kanika Dhillon deletes 'Hinduphobic' tweets amid #BoycottRakshaBandhanMovie trend |url=https://www.siasat.com/kanika-dhillon-deletes-hinduphobic-tweets-amid-boycottrakshabandhanmovie-trend-2382508/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released on 11 August 2022, coinciding with [[Raksha Bandhan]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref name="Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar sta"/><ref name="release date">{{Cite web |date=26 September 2021 |title=Akshay Kumar and Bhumi Pednekar starrer Raksha Bandhan to release on August 11,.This movie is a box office disaster.2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-starrer-raksha-bandhan-release-august-11-2022/ |access-date=26 September 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[ZEE5]]. The film digitally was released on ZEE5 from 5 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 October 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar starrer Raksha Bandhan to premiere on ZEE5 on October 5 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-starrer-raksha-bandhan-premiere-zee5-october-5/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=October 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Raksha Bandhan'' earned {{INR}}8.20 crores at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected {{INR}}6.40 crore. On the third day, the film collected {{INR}}6.51 crore. On the fourth day, the film collected {{INR}}7.05 crore taking a total domestic weekend collection to {{INR}}28.16 crore.<ref name="bo" />

{{As of|2022|9|8}}, the film grossed {{INRConvert|52.82|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|8.76|c}} overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|61.58|c}}.<ref name="bo"/>

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|18|2.8|11|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raksha_bandhan |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The Akshay Kumar starrer ''Raksha Bandhan'' is a touching family saga, with a highly emotional second half that uplifts the film."<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan Movie Review: RAKSHA BANDHAN is a touching family saga, with a highly emotional second half that uplifts the film. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raksha-bandhan-3/critic-review/raksha-bandhan-3-movie-review/raksha-bandhan-is-a-touching-family-saga-with-a-highly-emotional-second-half-that-uplifts-the-film/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> Aman Wadhwa of ''[[DNA India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Akshay Kumar's heartfelt and earnest performance is the biggest strength of ''Raksha Bandhan.''"<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan movie review: Akshay Kumar's performance is the heart of this emotional family drama |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-raksha-bandhan-movie-review-akshay-kumar-performance-is-the-heart-of-this-emotional-family-drama-2975880/amp |website=[[DNA India]] |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "This highly emotional drama doesn't fail to touch you, but it had the potential to be a far more entertaining watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=Raksha Bandhan Movie Review : A touching sibling bond story that turns into a social commentary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/raksha-bandhan/movie-review/93486447.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "it is one of those films that you can watch with the entire family, as they come together for Raksha Bandhan. Moreover, it will make you laugh and cry in equal parts."<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan Review: Akshay Kumar Delivers Earnest Performance in a Simple, Straightforward Story |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raksha-bandhan-review-one-of-akshay-kumars-most-earnest-performances-in-a-simple-straightforward-story-5728459.html |website=[[News 18]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

In contrast, Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Raksha Bandhan'' harps away on the evils of the bride price practice before concluding that in an ideal world, women should be the ones demanding dowry."<ref>{{cite web |title='Raksha Bandhan' review: An outdated ode to brotherly love |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1029952/raksha-bandhan-review-an-outdated-ode-to-brotherly-love |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Do the filmmakers truly believe that such low-rent family dramas, with their uneasy mix of humour and crassness, is the way out for a beleaguered Bollywood?"<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan movie review: A committed Akshay Kumar can't save this mothballed, melodramatic film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/raksha-bandhan-review-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-8083718/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "It is hard to believe that anybody would make a film such as this in 2022. The girls of ''Raksha Bandhan'', like the film itself, are caught in a time warp."<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan Review: Akshay Kumar Has Enormous Workload In Tone Deaf Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/raksha-bandhan-review-akshay-kumar-has-enormous-workload-in-tone-deaf-film-1-star-3245218 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Akshay Kumar's films delivers a strong message on dowry without trivialising the issue while managing to be an entertaining watch."<ref>{{cite web |title=Raksha Bandhan review: Akshay Kumar film moves you to tears with strong message on dowry, entertains with clean humour |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raksha-bandhan-review-akshay-kumar-film-moves-you-to-tears-with-strong-message-on-dowry-101660190649177-amp.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12834962}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama title|raksha-bandhan-3}}
*[https://www.hungama.com/album/raksha-bandhan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/91404523/ Raksha Bandhan Album] at [https://www.hungama.com/ Hungama Music]
{{Films by Aanand L. Rai}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Cape of Good Films films]]
[[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]

E. C. George Sudarshan

2026-02-25T11:56:18Z

FredricKeeton9: general adjusted intro to improve readability additionally after review

{{Short description|Indian-American theoretical physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = George Sudarshan
| image = ECG_Sudarshan.jpg
| image_size = 245px
| caption = E. C. G. Sudarshan at TIFR Mumbai in 2009
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{Birth date|df=yes|1931|09|16}}}}
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=y|2018|05|13|1931|09|16}}}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan September 16, 1931 - May 13, 2018|url=http://www.beckchapels.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=2104766|access-date=17 May 2018|publisher=Beck Funeral Home|date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Austin, Texas]], United States
| birth_place = [[Pallom]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[CMS College Kottayam]] [[Madras Christian College]] [[University of Madras]] [[University of Rochester]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Robert Marshak]]
| doctoral_students = [[Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil]] [[Narasimhaiengar Mukunda]]
| known_for = [[Coherent states]] [[Optical equivalence theorem]] [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]] [[Lindbladian|GKSL equation]] [[V-A theory]] [[Tachyon]] [[Quantum Zeno effect]] [[Open quantum system]] [[Spin–statistics theorem]]
| footnotes =
| field = [[Theoretical physics]]
| work_institution = [[University of Texas at Austin]] [[Syracuse University]] [[Indian Institute of Science]] [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]] [[Harvard University]] [[University of Rochester]] [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| prizes = {{ublist|2010 [[Dirac Medal of the ICTP|ICTP Dirac Medal]] |2007 [[Padma Vibhushan]] |2006 [[Majorana Prize]] |1985 [[TWAS Prize]] |1977 Bose Medal |1976 [[Padma Bhushan]] |1970 C. V. Raman Award}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lalita Rau|1954|1990}}
* {{marriage|Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan|1990}}
}}
| children = 3
| mother = Achamma<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
| father = Ipe Chandy<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
}}
'''Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan''' (also known as '''E. C. G. Sudarshan'''; 16 September 1931 – 13 May 2018)<ref name="Bhamathi2021">{{cite journal
| last = Bhamathi
| first = Gopalakrishnan
| title = George Sudarshan: Perspectives and Legacy
| journal = Quanta
| volume = 10
| issue =
| pages = 75–104
| year = 2021
| doi = 10.12743/quanta.v10i1.174
| s2cid = 245482293
| doi-access = free
| url = https://quanta.ws/ojs/index.php/quanta/article/view/174/144
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/acclaimed-scientist-ecg-sudarshan-passes-away-in-texas-physicist-1.2809679 | title=Acclaimed scientist ECG Sudarshan passes away in Texas | date=14 May 2018 | newspaper=Mathrubhumi | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> was an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]]<ref>[https://s3.cern.ch/inspire-prod-files-0/0cc0dff327a3c9470c3dba13cab58f9d Luis J. Boya, Laudatio for E. C. G. SUDARSHAN On his 75th BirthDay. Jaca, (HU), Spain, 18 September 2006, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 87 (2007) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/87/1/012001]</ref> theoretical [[physicist]] and a professor at the [[University of Texas]]. Sudarshan has been credited with numerous contributions to the field of theoretical physics, including [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation]], [[V-A theory]], [[tachyon]]s, [[quantum Zeno effect]], [[open quantum system]] and [[Lindbladian|quantum master equations]], [[spin–statistics theorem]], non-invariance groups, positive maps of density matrices, and quantum computation.

==Early life==
Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan was born in [[Pallom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]. He was raised in a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian family]], but later left the religion and converted to [[Hinduism]] following his marriage.{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =I was born in an Orthodox Christian family. I was very deeply immersed in it, and so by the age of seven I had read the entire Bible from Genesis to Revelation two or three times. I was not quite satisfied with Christianity, and gradually I got more and more involved with traditional Indian ideas.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =PC: Did your training as a scientist contribute at all to your growing dissatisfaction with the church?
GS: No. It was simply that I found that the people who professed to practice were really not practicing. In other words, there was a great deal of show and not that much genuine spiritual experience. Further, a God "out there" did not fully satisfy me.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=250|quote =God is not an isolated event, something separate from the universe. God is the universe.}} He married Lalita Rau on 20 December 1954, and they have three sons, Alexander, Arvind (deceased) and Ashok.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/> George and Lalita were divorced in 1990 and he married Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan in Austin, Texas.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/>

He studied at [[CMS College Kottayam]],<ref name=Ht>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802160931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2008|title=A proud moment for CMS College: Prof. Sudarshan delights all at his alma mater |date=5 July 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> and graduated with honors from the [[Madras Christian College]] in 1951. Sudarshan obtained his [[master's degree]] at the [[University of Madras]] in 1952. He moved to [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and worked there for a brief period with Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] as well as others. Subsequently, he moved to [[University of Rochester]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] to work under Prof. [[Robert Marshak]] as a graduate student. In 1958, he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree from the University of Rochester. At this point he moved to [[Harvard University]] to join Prof. [[Julian Schwinger]] as a postdoctoral fellow.

==Career==
Sudarshan made significant contributions to several areas of physics. He was the originator (with [[Robert Marshak]]) of the V-A theory of the [[weak force]] (later propagated by [[Richard Feynman]] and [[Murray Gell-Mann]]), which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. Feynman acknowledged Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.<ref>''The beat of a different drum: The life and science of Richard Feynman'' by J. Mehra Clarendon Press Oxford (1994), p. 477, and references 29 and 40 therein</ref> He also developed a [[quantum]] representation of [[coherent light]] later known as [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]] (for which controversially Glauber was awarded the 2005 Nobel prize in Physics ignoring Sudarshan's contributions).

Sudarshan's most significant work may have been his contribution to the field of [[quantum optics]]. His theorem proves the equivalence of classical wave optics to quantum optics. The theorem makes use of the Sudarshan representation. This representation also predicts optical effects that are purely quantum, and cannot be explained classically. Sudarshan was also an advocate for the existence of [[tachyon]]s, particles that travel faster than light.<ref>''Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction'', p. 346, by [[Paul J. Nahin]]</ref> He developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of [[open quantum system]]. He, in collaboration with Baidyanath Misra, also proposed the [[quantum Zeno effect]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sudarshan | first1 = E. C. G. | last2 = Misra | first2 = B. | title = The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory | journal = Journal of Mathematical Physics | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 756–763 |year=1977 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/51139/1/211-pub.pdf| doi = 10.1063/1.523304| bibcode=1977JMP....18..756M| osti = 7342282 }}</ref>

Sudarshan and collaborators initiated the "Quantum theory of charged-particle beam optics", by working out the focusing action of a magnetic quadrupole using the [[Dirac equation]].<ref>[[Ramaswamy Jagannathan|R. Jagannathan]], [[Rajiah Simon|R. Simon]], E. C. G. Sudarshan and [[Narasimhaiengar Mukunda|N. Mukunda]],
[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90685-3 Quantum theory of magnetic electron lenses based on the Dirac equation],
''Physics Letters A'', 134, 457–464 (1989).</ref><ref>
[[Ramaswamy Jagannathan|R. Jagannathan]] and [http://inspirehep.net/author/S.A.Khan.5/ S. A. Khan],
[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1076-5670(08)70096-X Quantum theory of the optics of charged particles],
Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics,
Editors: Peter W. Hawkes, B. Kazan and T. Mulvey,
(Academic Press, Logo, San Diego, 1996), Vol. 97, 257–358 (1996).</ref>

He taught at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), University of Rochester, [[Syracuse University]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Catterall |first1=Simon |last2=Hubisz |first2=Jay |last3=Balachandran |first3=Aiyalam |last4=Schechter |first4=Joe |date=5 January 2013 |title=Elementary Particle Physics at Syracuse. Final Report |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1095082 |journal=Office of Scientific and Technical Information |language=English |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |page=14 |doi=10.2172/1095082 |osti=1095082 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> and Harvard. From 1969 onwards, he was a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Austin and a senior professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He worked as the director of the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai]], India, for five years during the 1980s dividing his time between India and USA. During his tenure, he transformed it into a centre of excellence. He also met and held many discussions with philosopher [[J. Krishnamurti]]. He was felicitated on his 80th birthday, at IMSc Chennai<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudarshan Fest|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~semadm/blurb/sudarshan-fest.pdf|date=16 September 2011}}</ref> on 16 September 2011. His areas of interest included [[elementary particle physics]], [[quantum optics]], [[quantum information]], [[quantum field theory]], [[gauge field theories]], [[classical mechanics]] and foundations of physics. He was also deeply interested in [[Vedanta]], on which he lectured frequently.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Controversy regarding Nobel Prize==
Sudarshan began working on quantum optics at the University of Rochester in 1960. Two years later, Glauber criticized the use of classical electromagnetic theory in explaining optical fields, which surprised Sudarshan because he believed the theory provided accurate explanations. Sudarshan subsequently wrote a paper expressing his ideas<ref name="Sudarshan1963">{{cite journal
| last = Sudarshan
| first = Ennackal Chandy George
| title = Equivalence of semiclassical and quantum mechanical descriptions of statistical light beams
| journal = Physical Review Letters
| volume = 10
| issue = 7
| pages = 277–279
| year = 1963
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.277
| bibcode = 1963PhRvL..10..277S
}}</ref> and sent a preprint to Glauber. Glauber informed Sudarshan of similar results and asked to be acknowledged in the latter's paper, while criticizing Sudarshan in his own paper.<ref name="Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/02/stories/2005120206181100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned |date=2 December 2005 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> "Glauber criticized Sudarshan's representation, but his own was unable to generate any of the typical quantum optics phenomena, hence he introduces what he calls a P-representation, which was Sudarshan's representation by another name", wrote a physicist. "This representation, which had at first been scorned by Glauber, later becomes known as the [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]]."<ref name="ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/ecg-sudarshan-physicist-who-proposed-faster-than-light-theory-dies-at-86/story-STfgrT2o5xC2tC7olCFS0I.html |title=ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86 |date=14 May 2018 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

Sudarshan was passed over for the Physics Nobel Prize on more than one occasion, leading to [[Nobel Prize controversies#Physics|controversy]] in 2005 when several physicists wrote to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan diagonal representation (also known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation) in quantum optics, for which [[Roy J. Glauber]] won his share of the prize.<ref>{{cite web | last = Zhou | first = Lulu | title = Scientists Question Nobel | work = The Harvard Crimson | date = 6 December 2005 | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=510342 | access-date = 22 February 2008 | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204151327/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/12/6/scientists-question-nobel-a-group-of/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Sudarshan and other physicists sent a letter to the Nobel Committee claiming that the P representation had more contributions of "Sudarshan" than "Glauber".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Epstein |first1=David |title=Nobel Doubts |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/12/07/nobel-doubts |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=7 December 2005 |language=en}}</ref> The letter goes on to say that Glauber criticized Sudarshan's theory—before renaming it the "P representation" and incorporating it into his own work. In an unpublished letter to ''The New York Times'', Sudarshan calls the "Glauber–Sudarshan representation" a misnomer, adding that "literally all subsequent theoretic developments in the field of Quantum Optics make use of" Sudarshan's work— essentially, asserting that he had developed the breakthrough.<ref name="UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics">{{Cite web |url=https://cns.utexas.edu/news/ut-austin-mourns-passing-of-george-sudarshan-titan-of-20th-century-physics |title=UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics |date=20 December 2018 |website=cns.utexas.edu |language=en-gb |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="First Runner-up">{{Cite web |url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |title=First Runner-up |date=20 December 2018 |website=seedmagazine.com |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121806/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>

In 2007, Sudarshan told the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn't the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that this Nobel was given for work based on my research."<ref name="HT">{{cite news | last = Mehta | first = Neha | title = Physicist cries foul over Nobel miss | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 4 April 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | access-date = 22 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080320234139/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | archive-date = 20 March 2008 }}</ref> Sudarshan also commented on not being selected for the 1979 Nobel, "[[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]] built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn't the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second floor?"<ref name="HT"/>

==Awards==

* [[Honorary doctorate]] by [[University of Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=KU to confer honorary doctorates on Narlikar, Kris Gopalakrishnan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ku-to-confer-honorary-doctorates-on-narlikar-kris-gopalakrishnan/article29185917.ece |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* Kerala Sastra Puraskaram for lifetime accomplishments in science, 2013<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2013 |title=Sudarshan against Plan panel proposal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sudarshan-against-plan-panel-proposal/article4339291.ece |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=The Hindu |quote=on his arrival to receive the first Kerala Sastra Puraskaram (State award for lifetime accomplishments in science)}}</ref>
* [[Dirac Medal of the ICTP]], 2010
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], second highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 2007<ref name=":0" />
* [[Majorana Prize]], 2006
* Presidential Citation Award from the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] at Austin, 2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Cory |date=2007-01-08 |title=Award Recipients to be Recognized at The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://news.utexas.edu/2007/01/08/award-recipients-to-be-recognized-at-the-university-of-texas-at-austin/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=UT News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The first [[TWAS Prize]] in Physics awarded by the [[World Academy of Sciences]], 1985<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/72/4/63/827429/Ennackal-Chandy-George-Sudarshan |access-date=2023-10-20 |journal=Physics Today |doi=10.1063/pt.3.4190|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan|date=2019 |last1=Balasubramanya |first1=M. K. |last2=Srinivas |first2=M. D. |volume=72 |issue=4 |page=63 |bibcode=2019PhT....72d..63B }}</ref>
* Bose Medal, 1977<ref name=":0" />
* [[Padma Bhushan]], third highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 1976<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* C. V. Raman Award, 1970<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Renowned theoretical physicist E C G Sudarshan passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/theoretical-physicist-e-c-g-sudarshan-dead-5176030/lite/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=E.C.G. Sudarshan, theoretical physicist nominated for Nobel 9 times, passes away |url=https://theprint.in/science/e-c-g-sudarshan-theoretical-physicist-nominated-for-nobel-9-times-passes-away/58385/?amp |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=ThePrint |quote=He was the recipient of the... Bose Medal (1977), Padma Bhushan (1976), and the C.V. Raman Award (1970).}}</ref>

==Books==
* 1961: (with [[Robert Marshak]]) ''Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics'', Interscience Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FN55AAAAIAAJ Google Books snippet view]
* 1968: (with [[John R. Klauder]]) ''Fundamentals of Quantum Optics'', Dover Books {{ISBN|0486450082}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=rbSfWTrKwnAC Google Books preview of 2006 edition]
* 1974: (with [[N. Mukunda]]) ''Classical Dynamics: a modern perspective'', World Scientific {{ISBN|9814730017}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ETg8DQAAQBAJ&q=editions:GcCd7QxvphgC Google Books preview of 2015 edition]
* 1998: (with [[Ian Duck]]) ''Pauli and the Spin–Statistics Theorem'', World Scientific, {{ISBN|9814497452}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7tCgAAQBAJ Google Books preview]
* 1999: (with [[Tony Rothman]]) ''Doubt and Certainty: The celebrated academy debates on science, mysticism, and reality'', Basic Books {{ISBN|0738201693}}
* 2004: (with Giampiero Esposito and Giuseppe Marmo) ''From Classical to Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to the Formalism, Foundations and Applications'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|1139450549}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=STGH8fuDhe0C Google Books preview]
* 2014: (with Giampiero Esposito, Giuseppe Marmo, and Gennaro Miele) ''Advanced Concepts in Quantum Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|9781107076044}}

==See also==

*[[Padma Bhushan#List of awardees|Winners of Padma Bhushan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|
refs=<ref name="Clayton-2002">{{cite book
| first = Philip
| last = Clayton
|editor-last1 = Richardson
|editor-first1 = W. Mark
|editor-last2 = Russell
|editor-first2 = Robert John
|editor-last3 = Clayton
|editor-first3 = Philip
|editor-last4 = Wegter-McNelly
|editor-first4 = Kirk
| chapter = George Sudarshan
| title = Science and the Spiritual Quest: New Essays by Leading Scientists
| publisher = Routledge
| location = London
| year = 2002
| isbn = 9780415257664
| url = https://www.routledge.com/9780415257671
| doi =
}}</ref>
<ref name="utphysicshistory">{{cite web
| title = Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (September 16, 1931 – May 13, 2018)
| publisher = University of Texas
| location = Austin, Texas
| year = 2021
| access-date = 24 December 2021
| url = https://utphysicshistory.net/GeorgeSudrshan.html
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713003459/http://www.keral.com/celebrities/georgesudarshan/georgespeaks.htm A LOOK-BACK AT FOUR DECADES OF RESEARCH By ECG SUDARSHAN]
*[http://quest.ph.utexas.edu/symposium/index.html ''Seven Science Quests Symposium'', The University of Texas at Austin, 2006]
*[http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~gsudama Home page with vita and publications]
*[https://arxiv.org/find/quant-ph/1/au:+Sudarshan_E/0/1/0/all/0/1 Publications on ArXiv]
*[http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~gsudama/publications.htm Collected works]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051022114132/http://www.keral.com/celebrities/georgesudarshan/Index.htm ECG Sudarshan on Keral.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205446/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202002610200.htm Sudarshan's letter to Nobel Committee]
*[http://www.here-now4u.de/eng/perspectives_and_perceptions__.htm Lecture- ''Perspectives And Perceptions: Causality And Unpredictability'']
*{{MathGenealogy|id=33262|title=George Sudarshan}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–1979}}
{{Scientific Research in Kerala}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan, George}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian particle physicists]]
[[Category:Pantheists]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Syracuse University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Indian optical physicists]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:CMS College Kottayam alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian former Christians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]

Kozhikode district

2026-02-17T18:52:49Z

FredricKeeton9: quick cleanup section additionally

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|District of Kerala state, India}}
{{About|the district in Kerala|other uses|Kozhikode (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kozhikode district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Kerala|District]]
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = '''Location in [[Kerala]]'''
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.25|N|75.77|E|region:IN-KL_type:adm3rd|display=inline,title}}
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo2a = View point of Thamarassery Churam.jpg
| photo2b =
| photo3a = Calicut mini bypass.jpg
| photo3b = HiLITE City - Mixed Use Development Project in Calicut.jpg
| photo4a = IIM Kozhikode Aerial View s.jpg
| photo4b = Chaliyam Harbour, Calicut.jpg
| photo5a = NITC AB.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = white
| size = 225
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from top:''' , [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus stand complex, [[Hilite Mall Calicut|Hilite Mall]], [[Chaliyam]] harbour, Administrative block of [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT Calicut]], [[IIM Kozhikode]], Calicut Mini Bypass, and [[Thamarassery Churam]].
}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kozhikode]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{Collapsible list
| title = Revenue Divisions: 2
| 1 = [[Kozhikode]]
| 2 = [[Vatakara]]
}}

{{Collapsible list
| title = Taluks: 4
| 1 = [[Kozhikkode]]
| 2 = [[Vatakara]]
| 3 = [[Koyilandy]]
| 4 = [[Thamarassery]]
}}
| leader_title1 = Collector
| leader_name1 = Snehil Kumar Singh<ref>{{cite web |title=Who's Who|url=https://kozhikode.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/|website=District Kozhikode |access-date=5 June 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = District Panchayat President
| leader_name2 = Sheeja Sasi [[CPI (M)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kozhikodejillapanchayath.in/index.html|title=District Panchayath Kozhikode|website=kozhikodejillapanchayath.in|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219021157/http://kozhikodejillapanchayath.in/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = Members of Parliament
| leader_name3 = * [[M. K. Raghavan]]
* [[Shafi Parambil]]
* [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 2,344
| area_rank = [[List of districts of Kerala|9th]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_max_m = 2339
| elevation_max_point =  [[Vavul Mala]]
| population_total = 3,249,761
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_footnotes = <ref name="kkddemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 1386
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 673---
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| registration_plate = '''KL-11''' [[Kozhikode|Calicut City]], '''KL-18''' [[Vatakara]], '''KL-56''' [[Koyilandy]], '''KL-57''' [[Koduvally]], '''KL-76''' [[Nanmanda]], '''KL-77''' [[Perambra]], '''KL-85''' [[Ramanattukara]] ([[Feroke]])
| unemployment_rate =
| website = {{URL|kozhikode.nic.in}}
| blank_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.781<ref name="unhdi-gdl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|title=Kerala | UNDP in India|website=UNDP}}</ref> ({{color|Green| High}})}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2005)}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| official_name =
| blank_info_sec2 = {{unbulleted list|
[[Hopea erosa|Theyyakam]]|
[[Melastoma malabathricum|Athirani]]|
[[Manis crassicaudata|Indian Pangolin]]|
[[Ceyx erithaca|Meniponman]]|
[[Pachliopta pandiyana|Malabar rose]]|
[[Cycas circinalis|Eenthu]]|
[[Lutrogale perspicillata|Otter]]|
[[Pangio bhujia|Pathala Poontharakan]]
}}
| blank_name_sec2 = {{unbulleted list|
Official Tree<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kozhikode-gets-official-flower-bird-animal-and-tree/article69614425.ece|title=Kozhikode gets official flower, bird, animal and tree|access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>|
Official Flower|
Official Animal|
Official Bird|
Official Butterfly|
Official Heritage Tree|
Official Aquatic Animal|
Official Fish
}}
}}
'''Kozhikode district''' ({{IPA|ml|koːɻikːoːɖɨ̆|pron|Kozhikode_mal.ogg}}), is one of the [[List of districts of Kerala|14 districts]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]], along its southwestern [[Malabar Coast]]. The city of [[Kozhikode]], also known as Calicut, is the district headquarters.<ref name="up">{{cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=18 April 2018 |title=Kozhikode emerges fastest growing urban district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kozhikode-emerges-fastest-growing-urban-district/article23581284.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Kozhikode |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

The [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]] has a corporation limit population of 609,224<ref name="Census2011cities"/> and a metropolitan population of more than 2 million, making [[Kozhikode metropolitan area]] the [[Demographics of Kerala|second-largest in Kerala]] and the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|19th largest]] in India.<ref name="ma">{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163132/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> Kozhikode is classified as a Tier 2 city by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/tier-1-and-2-cities.html|title=Tier I and Tier II Cities of India, Classification of Indian Cities|website=Mapsofindia.com|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|NIT Calicut]], [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology|NIEIT]] and [[IIM Kozhikode]] are institutions of national importance located in the district.

[[Kozhikode]] is the largest city in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] and acted as its headquarters during [[British Raj]].<ref name="feudal states in early 18th century Kerala"/> In antiquity and the medieval period, Kozhikode was dubbed the ''City of Spices'' for its role as the major trading point for [[spice trade|Indian spices]].<ref name="purdue1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture26/lec26.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191222/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture26/lec26.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2009|title=Lectures 26–27|date=16 July 2009|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> It was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the [[Samoothiri]]s (Zamorins), which was also the largest kingdom in [[Kerala]] prior to the expansion of [[Travancore]] in the mid-18th century CE.<ref name="feudal states in early 18th century Kerala">{{cite book|last1=Sreedhara Menon|first1=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82|title=''Kerala Charitram''|date=January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415885|edition=2007|location=Kottayam|access-date=22 June 2022|language=ml}}</ref> The port at Kozhikode acted as the gateway to medieval [[South India]]n coast for the Chinese, the [[Arab]]s, the Portuguese, the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] and finally the [[East India Company|British]].<ref name="feudal states in early 18th century Kerala"/>

Kozhikode district is bordered by the districts of [[Kannur]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]] ([[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]) to the north, [[Wayanad]] to the east, and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] to the south. The [[Arabian Sea]] lies to the west and [[Western Ghats|the Western Ghats]] mountain range stretches towards the east. [[Vavul Mala]], a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Kozhikode, [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] districts, is the highest point of elevation in the district. It lies between latitudes 11° 08'N and 11° 50'N and longitudes 75° 30'E and 76° 8'E. The [[Thamarassery Churam]] connects the city of [[Kozhikode]] with the [[Wayanad district|plateau of Wayanad]].<ref name="feudal states in early 18th century Kerala"/>

The district is divided into four [[taluka|taluk]]s: Kozhikode, [[Vatakara]], [[Koyilandy]] and [[Thamarassery]]. By the 2011 census there are 12 block panchayats: Balusseri, Chelannur, Koduvally, Kozhikode, Kunnamangalam, Kunnummal, Melady, Panthalayani, Perambra, Thodannur, Thuneri and Vatakara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Block Panchayats of Kozhikode, Kerala|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=561&parenttype=D&ptype=B|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113204450/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=561&parenttype=D&ptype=B|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] report prepared by [[NITI Aayog]] based on the National Family Health Survey 2015–16 declared Kozhikode as the third-least poor [[List of districts of India|district in India]], only after to [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], with a negligible multidimensional poverty rate of 0.26%.<ref name="mpi">{{cite news |last=News Bureau |first=ABP |date=27 November 2021 |title=Kottayam Only District With Zero Poverty: NITI Aayog's Poverty Index Report |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/kottayam-only-district-with-zero-poverty-niti-aayog-s-poverty-index-report-1496078/amp |work=ABP News |location=Chennai |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The exact origin of the name Kozhikode is uncertain. According to many sources, the name Kozhikode is derived from ''Koyil-kota'' (fort), meaning ''fortified palace''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Kozhikode – Gazetteer of India, ''Volume 5 of Kerala District Gazetteers, Kerala (India)''
|first= A. Sreedhara |last= Menon| publisher= Superintendent of Govt. Presses| year= 1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsO1AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> ''Koil'' or ''Koyil'' or ''Kovil'' is the [[Malayalam]]/[[Tamil language|Tamil]] term for a [[Hindu temple]], referring to the [[Tali Shiva Temple]].<ref name="a-s-menon-1">{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=A. Sreedhara |title=Kerala History and Its Makers |date=2011 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788126437825 |pages=252}}</ref> Both the terms ''kōyil'' and ''kōvil'' are used interchangeably. The name also got corrupted into ''Kolikod'', or its Arab version ''Qāliqūṭ'' and later its anglicised version Calicut.<ref name="Krishna-iyer">{{Cite book|title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806
|first=K. V. Krishna| last=Ayyar|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut; University of Michigan| year=1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsO1AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>
The [[Arab people|Arab]] merchants called it ''Qāliqūṭ'' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: qˠaːliqˠːuːtˤ).<ref name=Battuta1>{{Cite book |title=A History of India |author=Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund |chapter=18. Ibn Battuta: International Trade at the Malabar Coast |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415485432 |chapter-url=http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485432/18.asp |quote=Thence we travelled to the town of Qāliqūṭ. [Calicut], which is one of the chief ports in Mulaibār. |year=2010 |access-date=4 September 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027035017/http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485432/18.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chinese merchants called it ''Kūlifo''. Tamils called it as Kallikottai.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=366}}

The city is officially named Kozhikode in Malayalam, and in English, it is known by its anglicised version, ''Calicut''.<ref name="Narayanan.M.G.S. 2006">M.G.S. Narayanan, ''Calicut: The City of Truth'' (2006) Calicut University Press, Kozhikode.</ref>
The word ''[[calico (textile)|calico]]'', a fine variety of hand-woven cotton cloth that was exported from the port of Kozhikode, is thought to have been derived from ''Calicut''.<ref name=eb-calico>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''calico''</ref> The term for tricolour cats called [[calico cat]]s, is as well derived from the fabric name.<ref name=dreamstress>{{Cite web|url=http://thedreamstress.com/search/calico%2C+Muslin%2C+gauze/|title=You searched for calico, Muslin, gauze|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410075034/https://thedreamstress.com/search/calico,+Muslin,+gauze/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/calico|title=Calico definition and meaning|work=Collins English Dictionary|access-date=10 February 2023|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501193908/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/calico|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|left|''[[Uru (boat)|Uru]]'', a type of ship built at [[Beypore]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]]]
Following the formation of [[Kerala]] in 1956, the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] was divided into three: [[Kannur district]], Kozhikode district, and [[Palakkad district]].<ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) – Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf}}</ref>

At that time, Kozhikode district had two [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Revenue Divisions]]: Kozhikode Revenue Division and Malappuram Revenue Division.<ref name="1961_kkd"/> Kozhikode Revenue Division had four Taluks: Vatakara, Koyilandy, Kozhikode, and South Wayanad.<ref name="1961_kkd"/> Malappuram Division had two Taluks: [[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]] and [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]].<ref name="1961_kkd"/>
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|The path [[Vasco da Gama]] took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the [[Age of Discovery|discovery of a sea route]] from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the [[Colonial India|European colonisation]] of [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
On 16 June 1969, Malappuram Revenue Division of Kozhikode district excluding three Revenue villages, [[Feroke]], [[Ramanattukara]], and [[Kadalundi]], was separated to form [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook – Malappuram (Part-C) – 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref>

Again on 1 November 1980, the South Wayanad Taluk of Kozhikode district was separated to form [[Wayanad district]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,10,058|13=1911|14=6,54,846|15=1921|16=6,78,122|17=1931|18=7,96,881|19=1941|20=8,92,078|21=1951|22=11,16,391|23=1961|24=14,03,413|25=1971|26=18,21,734|27=1981|28=22,45,265|29=1991|30=26,19,941|31=2001|32=28,79,131|33=2011|34=30,86,293|35=2018|36=32,49,761|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>|align=left}}

(Details for 'Kozhikode Urban' retrieved from Census of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |access-date=23 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103061419/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=3 January 2009 }}</ref>)

According to the [[Vital statistics (government records)|2018 Statistics Report]], Kozhikode district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,249,761,<ref name="kkddemo_2018"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Mongolia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote =Mongolia 3,133,318 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Iowa 3,046,355
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> [[2011 Census of India]] gives the district a ranking of 115th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book: Kozhikode |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/656/download/2272/DH_2011_3204_PART_A_DCHB_KOZHIKODE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 7.31%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kozhikode has a [[sex ratio]] of 1097 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 95.24%. 67.15% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.45% and 0.49% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The [[Kozhikode metropolitan area]] has a population of more than 2 million, making it the [[Demographics of Kerala|second-largest in Kerala]] and the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|19th largest]] in India.<ref name="ma"/> 67.15% of the total population of Kozhikode district live in urban areas (which includes Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Census Towns), according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="up"/>

The [[Multidimensional Poverty Index]] report prepared by [[NITI Aayog]] based on the National Family Health Survey 2015–16 declared Kozhikode as the third-least poor [[List of districts of India|district in India]], only after to [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], with a negligible multidimensional poverty rate of 0.26%.<ref name="mpi"/>

[[Malayalam]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.05% of the population. Small minorities speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]], mainly in urban areas.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb =
| radius = 101
| caption= Religions in Kozhikode district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
| footer =
| label1 = [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]
| value1 = 56.21
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]
| value2 = 39.24
| color2 = green
| label3 =[[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]
| color3 = dodgerblue
| value3 = 4.26
| label4 = Other or not stated
| color4 = silver
| value4 = 0.29%
}}

According to the 2011 census, [[Hindu]]s constitute the majority of the population, followed by [[Muslim]]s and Christians. The proportion in the 2011 census was 56.21% Hindus; 39.24% Muslims and 4.26% Christians.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

There is a small presence of Jains (601), Sikhs (297), and Buddhists (235).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Climate==
The district has a generally humid climate with a very hot season extending from March to May. The rainy season is during the South West [[Monsoon]], which sets in the first week of June and extends up to September. The North East Monsoon extends from the second half of October through November. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|3266|mm|inch|0|disp=or}}. The best weather is found in towards the end of the year, in December and January – the skies are clear, and the air is crisp. The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|39.4|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} in March 1975. The lowest was {{convert|14|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} recorded on 26 December 1975.

{{Weather box|width = auto
| location = Kozhikode
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 31.6
| Feb high C = 32.0
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 33.1
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 29.4
| Jul high C = 28.4
| Aug high C = 28.3
| Sep high C = 29.5
| Oct high C = 30.6
| Nov high C = 31.3
| Dec high C = 31.6
| year high C = 30.9
| Jan low C = 22
| Feb low C = 23.4
| Mar low C = 25
| Apr low C = 26.1
| May low C = 25.8
| Jun low C = 24
| Jul low C = 23.5
| Aug low C = 23.5
| Sep low C = 24
| Oct low C = 24
| Nov low C = 23.6
| Dec low C = 22.7
| year low C = 23.8
| Jan rain mm = 2.7
| Feb rain mm = 3.4
| Mar rain mm = 21.4
| Apr rain mm = 90.2
| May rain mm = 310.9
| Jun rain mm = 818.2
| Jul rain mm = 902.5
| Aug rain mm = 447.3
| Sep rain mm = 233.4
| Oct rain mm = 263.5
| Nov rain mm = 136.6
| Dec rain mm = 35
| rain colour = green
| source 1 =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/kozhikode2.htm|title=Kozhikode weather|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=14 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505121941/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/kozhikode2.htm|archive-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
| date = March 2011}}

==Administration==

The headquarters of the district administration is [[Kozhikode]] Civil Station in West Hill. The district administration is headed by the [[District collector]]. He is assisted by deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections.<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm Administration] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004457/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |date=7 February 2009 }}</ref>

===Urban Local Bodies===
{{Main|List of cities and towns in Kerala}}

There are seven municipal towns in the district, in addition to the [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]], which was established in 1962 as the second municipal corporation in Kerala after Trivandrum.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080209134539/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/05/stories/2008020561140500.htm Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency redrawn Delimitation impact], ''The Hindu'' 5 February 2008</ref> The district's municipal towns are:<ref name="Census2011cities">{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|url=http://urbanaffairskerala.org/images/downloads/ulb_population2011.pdf|work= Population of the urban local bodies in Kerala (2011)|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Urban local bodies in Kozhikode district
!Municipality
!Population (2011)
!Area(km2)
!Population density (/km2)
! Taluk
|-
! span="row" | [[Vatakara]]
| 75,295 || 21.32 || 3,532 || Vatakara
|-
! span="row" | [[Koyilandy]]
| 71,873 || 29.05 || 2,474 || Koyilandy
|-
! span="row" | [[Feroke]]
| 54,074 || 15.54 || 3,480 || [[Kozhikode]]
|-
! span="row" | [[Payyoli]]
| 49,470 || 22.34 || 2,214 || [[Koyilandy]]
|-
! span="row" | [[Koduvally Municipality|Koduvally]]
| 48,687 || 23.85 || 2,041 || [[Thamarassery]]
|-
! span="row" | [[Mukkam]]
| 40,670 || 31.20 || 1,304 || [[Kozhikode]]
|-
! span="row" | [[Ramanattukara]]
| 35,937 || 11.70 || 3,072 || [[Kozhikode]]
|}

===Legislative representation===
{{See also|Kerala Legislative Assembly|Lok Sabha}}
[[File:Kozhikode-district-map-en.svg|thumbnail|A map of 13 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] constituencies from Kozhikode district with their limits]]
There are three [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in Kozhikode: [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]], [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]], and [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]].

There are 13 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] seats in Kozhikode district.<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members.htm Niyamsabha official site]</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Constituencies from Kozhikode district
! Constituency
! Member
!Party
!Alliance
|-
|[[Vatakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vatakara]] ||[[K. K. Rema]] ||style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}}; color:white;"|RMPI||{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Kuttiady (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttiady]] ||K. P. Kunhahammed Kutty||style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Nadapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Nadapuram]] ||[[E. K. Vijayan]]||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; color:white;"|CPI||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]] ||[[Kanathil Jameela]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Perambra (State Assembly constituency)|Perambra]] ||[[T. P. Ramakrishnan]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]] ||[[K. M. Sachin Dev]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]] ||[[A. K. Saseendran]] ||style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; color:white;"|NCP||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]||[[Thottathil Ravindran]]||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode South]] ||[[Ahamed Devarkovil]]||style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National League}}; color:white;"|INL||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]] ||[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]] ||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]] ||[[P. T. A. Rahim]] ||style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white;"|LDF Ind.||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]] ||[[M. K. Muneer]]||style="background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; color:white;"|IUML||{{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|-
|[[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]] ||[[Linto Joseph]]||style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}; color:white;"|CPI(M)||{{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
|}

===Administrative divisions===
{{See also|List of taluks of Kerala}}
{| align="left" class="wikitable"
|-
!Revenue division<ref name="kkdrvn">{{cite web |url=https://kozhikode.nic.in/revenue-divisions/ |title=Revenue divisions in Kozhikode district |last=District Administration, Kozhikode |website= |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
!Taluk
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)<ref name="democalicut">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3204_PART_B_KOZHIKODE.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title= Taluk-wise demography of Kozhikode |access-date= 19 April 2020 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |pages=161–193}}</ref>
!Number of villages<ref name ="kkdvlg">{{cite web |title = Revenue Villages in Kozhikode |url = https://kozhikode.nic.in/villages/ |website = kozhikode.nic.in |last=District Administration, Kozhikode |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India |access-date = 17 August 2020 }}</ref>
!Towns
!Revenue villages<ref name ="kkdvlg"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Vatkara
| [[Vatakara]] || 576 || 687,726 || 28
| {{startflatlist}}
*[[Vadakara]]
*[[Nadapuram]]
*[[Kuttiady]]
*[[Chorode]]
*[[Eramala]]
*[[Vanimal]]
*[[Azhiyur]]
{{endflatlist}}
|{{startflatlist}}
* [[Ayancheri|Ayanchery]]<ref name ="kkdvlg"/>
* [[Azhiyur]]
* [[Chekkiad]]
* [[Chorode]]
* [[Edacheri|Edachery]]
* [[Eramala]]
* [[Kavilumpara]]
* [[Kayakkodi|Kayakody]]
* [[Kottappally]]
* [[Kunnummal]]
* [[Kuttiady]]
* [[Maniyoor]]
* [[Maruthonkara]]
* Nadakkuthazha
* [[Nadapuram]]
* [[Narippatta Grama Panchayat|Narippatta]]
* [[Onchiam]]
* Palayad
* [[Purameri]]
* [[Thinoor]]
* Thiruvallur
* [[Thuneri]]
* [[Vatakara]]
* [[Valayam]]
* [[Vanimal|Vanimel]]
* [[Velom]]
* [[Vilangad]]
* [[Villiappally]]
{{endflatlist}}
|-
| [[Koyilandy]] || 642 || 645,879 || 31
| {{startflatlist}}
*[[Koyilandi]]
*[[Chemancheri]]
*[[Ulliyeri]]
*[[Balussery]]
*[[Perambra]]
{{endflatlist}}
|{{startflatlist}}
* [[Arikkulam]]<ref name ="kkdvlg"/>
* [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]]
* [[Avitanallur]]
* [[Balussery]]
* [[Chakkittapara]]
* [[Changaroth]]
* [[Chemancheri]]
* [[Chempanoda]]
* [[Chengottukavu]]
* [[Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat|Cheruvannur]]
* [[Eravattur]]
* [[Iringal]]
* [[Kayanna]]
* [[Keezhariyur]]
* [[Koorachundu]]
* [[Koothali]]
* [[Kottur, Kerala|Kottur]]
* [[Kozhukkallur]]
* Menhannyam
* [[Meppayur]]
* [[Moodadi]]
* [[Naduvannur]]
* [[Nochad]]
* [[Palery]]
* Panthalayany
* [[Payyoli]]
* [[Perambra]]
* [[Thikkodi]]
* [[Thurayur]]
* [[Ulliyeri]]
* [[Viyyur (Koyilandy taluk)|Viyyur]]
{{endflatlist}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Kozhikode
| [[Thamarassery]] || 574 || 401,831 || 20
| {{startflatlist}}
*[[Thamarassery]]
*[[Thiruvambady]]
*[[Koodaranji]]
*[[Koduvally]]
*[[Kodencheri]]
*[[Omassery]]
*[[Poonoor]]
{{endflatlist}}
|{{startflatlist}}
* [[Engapuzha]]
* [[Kanthalad]]
* [[Kattippara]]
* [[Kinalur]]
* [[Kizhakkoth]]
* [[Kodencheri]]
* [[Koduvally Municipality|Koduvally]]
* [[Kedavoor]]
* [[Koodaranji]]
* [[Koodathayi]]
* [[Narikkuni]]
* [[Nellipoyil]]
* [[Panangad, Kozhikode|Panangad]]
* [[Puthuppadi]]
* Puthur
* [[Raroth]]
* Sivapuram
* [[Thiruvambady]]
* [[Unnikulam]]
* [[Vavad, India|Vavad]]
{{endflatlist}}
|-
| [[Kozhikode]] || 547 || 1,354,107 || 39
| {{startflatlist}}
*[[Kozhikode]]
*[[Kadalundi]]
*[[Feroke]]
*[[Ramanattukara]]
*[[Mukkam]]
*[[Kunnamangalam]]
*[[Beypore]]
{{endflatlist}}
|{{startflatlist}}
* [[Beypore]]
* [[Chathamangalam]]
* [[Chelannur]]
* Celavoor
* [[Cheruvannur Nallalam|Cheruvannur]]
* Chevayoor
* [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]]
* [[Feroke]]
* Kacheri
* [[Kadalundi]]
* [[N. N. Kakkad]]
* [[Kakkodi]]
* [[Kakkur]]
* [[Karuvanthuruthy]]
* Kasaba
* [[Kodiyathur]]
* [[Kottooli and Pottammal|Kottooli]]
* Kumaranallur
* [[Kunnamangalam]]
* [[Parambil Bazar]]
* [[Kuttikkattoor and Velliparamba]]
* [[Madavoor, Kozhikode|Madavoor]]
* [[Mavoor]]
* Nagaram
* [[Nanmanda]]
* Neeleshwaram
* [[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
* [[Olavanna]]
* [[Panniyankara]]
* [[Pantheeramkavu]]
* [[Perumanna, Kozhikode|Perumanna]]
* [[Peruvayal]]
* [[Poolacode]]
* [[Puthiyangadi, Kozhikode|Puthuyangadi]]
* [[Ramanattukara]]
* [[Thalakkulathur]]
* [[Thazhecode, Kozhikode district|Thazhekode]]
* [[Valayanad]]
* Vengeri
{{endflatlist}}
|}

{{clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Kozhikode district}}
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Kozhikode]] was the capital city of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]]]
[[Kozhikode]] is one of the largest economic hubs in Kerala. Being home to about 8% of the state's population, the district contributes more than 12% to the state's income. Nedungadi Bank, the first and oldest bank in the modern state of [[Kerala]], was established by [[Appu Nedungadi]] at [[Kozhikode]] in the year 1899.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=386}} Cyberpark at [[Kozhikode]] is one of [[Information Technology|IT]] hubs in [[Kerala]]. The economy of [[Kozhikode]] significantly depends upon its Service sector.

==Culture==
[[File:Wellington, soldier and statesman, and the revival of the military power of England (1904) (14593177119).jpg|left|thumbnail|An old map of India in 1804. Note that only [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Kochi]], are marked as cities within the present-day state of [[Kerala]]]]

===Malayalam language===
In the field of [[Malayalam language]] and literature, Kozhikode district has made many significant contributions. During the 17th century, His Highness Sri Samoothiri Manavedan Maharaja authored the famous ''Krishnattam'', a [[Manipravalam]] text describing the childhood of Lord Krishna in eight volumes. The district is famous for folk songs or ballads known as ''[[Vadakkan Pattukal]]''. The most popular songs celebrate the exploits of Thacholi Othenan and [[Unniyarcha]]. An intellectual debate for Vedic scholars, where winners receive the title of ''Pattathanam'', takes place at Thali temple during the month of [[Malayalam calendar|Thulam]]. Kozhikode also has a strong associations with [[ghazal]]s and [[Association football|football]].

===Malayalam literature===
[[File:Pottekkatt 1 choosetocount.JPG|thumbnail|150px|right|A bust of S. K. Pottekkatt facing S.M. Street in Kozhikode]]
Many prominent writers of Malayalam literature hail from Kozhikode district. Among them are [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thikkodiyan]], [[Punathil Kunjabdulla]], [[U. A. Khader]], [[Akbar Kakkattil]], [[N. N. Kakkad]], [[P. Valsala]] and M. N. Karassery. S. K. Pottekkatt was perhaps the most celebrated writer from Kozhikode whose award-winning work ''[[Oru Theruvinte Katha]]'' is set in [[S. M. Street]]. Several leading Malayalam publishing houses are based in the city, including Poorna, [[Mathrubhumi]], [[Mulberry Publications|Mulberry]], Lipi and Olive. Several libraries are located in and around the city. The Kozhikode Public Library and Research Centre at [[Mananchira]] was constructed in 1996.<ref>Krishnadas Rajagopal (10 December 2013). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/a-library-in-its-last-chapter/article5443268.ece "A library in its last chapter"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref> In 2023, Kozhikode became India's first UNESCO City of Literature.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gwalior-kozhikode-unesco-creative-cities-network-9009592/ "Gwalior, Kozhikode join UNESCO Creative Cities Network"]. 1 November 2023. ''Indian Express''. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</ref>

===Music===
In addition to the Malabar Mahotsavam, the annual cultural fest of Kozhikode,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/malabar-mahotsavam-set-for-a-comeback/article674648.ece "Malabar Mahotsavam set for a comeback"]. ''The Hindu''. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref> every year since 1981 the Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust has been conducting a five-day music festival in honour of [[Tyagaraja]]. The festival is complete with the Uncchavritti, rendering of Divyanama kritis, [[Pancharatna Kriti]]s, concerts by professional artistes and students of music from morning to late in the evening.<ref>[http://tyagaraja-aradhana-calicut.org/ "Paying tribute to Sathguru Sri Tyagaraja"]. Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref>

Kozhikode has a tradition of [[Ghazal]] and [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] music appreciation. There are many Malayalam Ghazals. The late film director and play back singer [[M. S. Baburaj]], from Kozhikode was influenced by Ghazal and Hindustani.<ref>Ramin Raveendran (20 October 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Keeping-the-harmonium-close-to-his-heart/2013/10/20/article1844055.ece "Keeping the harmonium close to his heart"]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 4 September 2015.</ref>

There are DJ parties and events that are held in hotels and malls and pubs and IT parks in Calicut. Ragam and Thatva fest in NITC and different fests in IIM gets participation of international bands.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unstop.com/festival/ragam-22-national-institute-of-technology-nit-calicut-23169 | title=Unstop – Competitions, Quizzes, Hackathons, Scholarships and Internships for Students and Corporates }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://unstop.com/festival/echoes21-indian-institute-of-management-iim-kozhikode-10112 | title=Unstop – Competitions, Quizzes, Hackathons, Scholarships and Internships for Students and Corporates }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{See also|S. M. Street}}
Kozhikode offers a variety of [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian]], [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian]], [[European cuisine|European]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Arab cuisine|Arab]], Gujarati and Jain food. The culinary culture of the city has been moulded by Portuguese, Dutch, French, British, Arab and other Indian influence. It offers both veg and non-veg dishes in great variety. The mall culture in the city has gained momentum and fast foods are very popular. The new generation is more inclined to Chinese, Arab and American food culture and a new trend of vegetarianism is getting popular because of health concerns.
The city is also famous for [[Halva#India|Haluva]] called as ''Sweet Meat'' by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet. Kozhikode has a main road in the town named [[S. M. Street]] (''Mittayi Theruvu''). It derived this name from the numerous ''Halwa'' stores which used to dot the street. The history of this Street dates back to time of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], when the ruler invited [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] sweetmeat makers to set up shop in the city and accommodated their shops just outside the palace walls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of the streets|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kozhikode-street-names/article6621905.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Another speciality is [[Banana chip#India|banana chips]], which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes include seafood preparations (prawns, mussels, mackerel) . Vegetarian fare includes the [[sadya]].

===Films===
The film history of Kozhikode dates back to 1950s. Some of the main production companies of Malayalam films like Grihalakshmi Productions, Kalpaka and Swargachitra are based in Kozhikode. The city was also an important hub of prominent filmmakers like [[I. V. Sasi]] and [[T. Damodaran]]. Kozhikode produced such notable actors as [[K. P. Ummer]], [[Mammukoya]], [[Balan K. Nair]], [[Santha Devi]] and [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]. The evergreen musician [[Baburaj]], lyricist [[Gireesh Puthenchery]], filmmakers [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], [[V. M. Vinu]], [[A. Vincent]], [[Shajoon Kariyal]] and [[Anjali Menon]], and cinematographer [[P. S. Nivas]] also hail from Kozhikode. Some of the other cine actors like [[Nellikode Bhaskaran]], [[Augustine]], [[Madhupal]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Neeraj Madhav]] and Vijayan Malaparamba are from Kozhikode.

The 1947 [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] Hollywood thriller, ''[[Sinbad the Sailor (1947 film)|Sinbad the Sailor]]'', mentions Kozhikode.

Kozhikode, the largest city in the Malabar region, also has a vital role in the entertainment segment. The city's first theatre, Calicut Crown, was opened as early as 1925. The city has more than 10 theatres and two multiplexes, the PVS Film City (the first multiplex in Malabar region) and Crown Theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pvsfilmcity.in/events.php |title=PVS film city |publisher=Pvsfilmcity.in |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Kozhikode EMS Stadium.jpg|thumbnail|[[EMS Stadium]]]]
Kozhikode is known as the second Mecca of [[association football|football]] (after [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.com/importance.htm|title=football in Calicut}}</ref> The other most popular games in Kozhikode are [[cricket]],<ref name="Sports and Games">{{cite web
|title=Games in Kerala
|publisher=Information and Public relations office of Kerala
|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/sportsmain.htm
|quote=Football and Cricket – the Most Popular Games
|access-date=12 June 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428081830/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/sportsmain.htm
|archive-date=28 April 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> football, basketball, badminton and volleyball. The [[Municipal Corporation Stadium, Kozhikode|EMS Stadium]] hosted many international football matches of major football teams in the past. The city is home to many international footballers. One of the famous was [[T. Abdul Rahman|Olympian Abdurahman]] who played for the nation in many international games including Melbourne Olympic games. K.P. Sethu Madhavan, Premnath Phillips, Muhamad Najeeb, M Prasannan, Sudheer etc. are some international footballers from Kozhikode. The [[Sevens football in Kerala|seven-a-side form of football]] is also very famous in the city.
[[P. T. Usha]], is a famous athlete who is regarded as one of the greatest athletes India has ever produced and is often called the "queen of Indian track and field". She is nicknamed [[Payyoli]] Express. Currently she runs the [[Usha School of Athletics]] at Koyilandy in Kerala.
[[T. Abdul Rahman]], popularly known as Olympian Rahman, was an Indian Olympian footballer from Kozhikode. Rahman was a member of the Indian team that reached the semi-final in 1956 Melbourne Olympics.
Other sports personalities include Jimmy George, Tom Joseph (Indian volleyball player and was captain of Indian volleyball team) and Premnath Phillips.
[[Jaseel P. Ismail]], [[Valiyaveetil Diju|V. Diju]], [[Aparna Balan]] & [[Arun Vishnu]] are international badminton players from the city.
The Sports & Education Promotion Trust (SEPT) was established to promote sports development in India with focus on football. Started in 2004 and based in Kozhikode, the trust has set up 52 centres called "football nurseries" spread across thirteen districts in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sept.in/|title=SEPT Calicut}}</ref> Since 2010, [[Calicut Mini Marathon]] runs have been organised by IIM Kozhikode and witness participation of around 7000 people every year.

===Radio===
The Kozhikode radio station of [[All India Radio]] has two transmitters: Kozhikode AM (100 kilowatt) and Kozhikode FM [Vividh Bharathi] (10 kilowatt). Private FM radio stations: [[Radio Mango 91.9]] operated by Malayala Manorama Co. Ltd.
and [[Red FM (India)|Red FM 93.5]] of the SUN Network. AIR FM radio station: Kozhikode – 103.6 MHz; AIR MW radio station: Kozhikode – 684 kHz.

===Television===
[[File:MediaOne TV Headquarters And Studio.jpg|thumbnail|The headquarters and studio of [[MediaOne TV]] at Velliparamba, Kozhikode]]
A television transmitter has been functioning in Kozhikode since 3 July 1984, relaying programmes from Delhi and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] [[Doordarshan]]. Doordarshan has its broadcasting centre in Kozhikode located at Medical College. The Malayalam channels based on Kozhikode are the [[Shalom (TV channel)|Shalom Television]], Darshana TV and [[Media One TV]]. All major channels in Malayalam viz. [[Manorama News]], [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], [[Surya TV]], [[Kairali TV]], [[Amrita TV]], [[Jeevan TV]], [[Indiavision]] and [[Jaihind]] have their studios and news bureaus in the city. Satellite television services are available through [[DD Direct+]], [[Dish TV]], [[Sun Direct DTH]] and [[Tata Sky]]. Asianet Cable Vision popularly known as ACV telecasts daily city news. Spidernet is another local channel. Other local operators include KCL and Citinet.

The Calicut Press Club came into existence in 1970. It is the nerve centre of all media activities, both print and electronic. Began with around 70 members in the roll, this Press Club, over the years, became a prestigious and alert media centre in the state with a present membership of over 280.<ref name="calicut press club">{{cite web|url=http://www.calicutpressclub.com/aboutus.htm|title=Calicut press club|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030623175252/http://www.calicutpressclub.com/aboutus.htm|archive-date=23 June 2003}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Air===
[[File:Flights Parked at Calicut Airport.jpg|thumb|Flights Parked at [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut Airport]]]]
Kozhikode is served by [[Calicut International Airport]] {{Airport codes|CCJ|VOCL}} located at [[Karipur]] in [[Malappuram District]], about {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=off}} from Kozhikode city. The airport started operation in April 1988. It has two terminals, one for domestic flights and second for international flights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Silver-jubilee-does-not-bring-cheer-to-Karipur-airport-users/articleshow/12498757.cms|title=Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users | Kozhikode News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2012 |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>

===Road===
Kozhikode is well connected by road. NH 66 and NH 766 connects Calicut to rest of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/national-highway-766 |title = National Highway-766 – Drishti IAS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aspireias.com/daily-news-analysis-current-affairs/NH-66-to-be-redeveloped-as-an-economic-corridor |title = NH 66 to be redeveloped as an economic corridor – AspireIAS}}</ref> It has bus services to all parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and to important cities like [[Hyderabad]] and [[Mumbai]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}. New national highway is planned from Calicut to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/nhai-starts-dpr-for-new-mysuru-kerala-nh-project/articleshow/89812643.cms | title=NHAI starts DPR for new Mysuru-Kerala NH project | newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Kozhikode}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

;Literature
* [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]
* [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
* [[Thikkodiyan]]
* [[N. P. Mohammed]]
* [[Punathil Kunjabdulla]]
* [[U. A. Khader]]
* [[Akbar Kakkattil]]
* [[N. N. Kakkad]]
* [[P. Valsala]]
* [[N. P. Hafiz Mohamad]]
* [[M. N. Karassery]]

;Politics
* [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]
* [[John Matthai]]
* [[K. P. Unnikrishnan]]

;Industry
* [[Verghese Kurien]]

;Music
* [[M. S. Baburaj]]
* [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]

;Film
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
* [[I. V. Sasi]]
* [[T. Damodaran]]
* [[Ummer]]
* [[Mammukoya]]
* [[Balan K. Nair]]
* [[Santha Devi]]
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
* [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
* [[V. M. Vinu]]
* [[A. Vincent]]
* [[Shajoon Kariyal]]
* [[Anjali Menon]]
* [[P. S. Nivas]]
* [[Neeraj Madhav]]
* [[Madhupal]]
* [[Anoop Menon]]
* [[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
* [[Augustine]]

;Sports
* [[T. Abdul Rahman]]
* [[P. T. Usha]]
* [[Jaseel P. Ismail]]
* [[Valiyaveetil Diju|V. Diju]]
* [[Aparna Balan]]
* [[Arun Vishnu]]
* [[Tom Joseph]]
* [[Roy Joseph]]
* [[Mayookha Johny]]
* [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]]
* [[Jinson Johnson]]
* [[Kishor Kumar]]
* [[Rehenesh TP]]
* [[Muhammed Nemil]]
* [[Gani Nigam]]
* [[Leon Augustine]]

;Others
*[[Ali Manikfan]]
*[[M. P. Ahammed]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Kozhikode]](City)
* [[Malabar district|Malabar]]
* [[Zamorin]]
* [[Vasco da Gama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = M. K. Devassy | year=1965
| title= 1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook – Kozhikode (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3204_PART_A_KOZHIKODE.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of India | year=2014–15
| title= District Census Handbook – Kozhikode (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
| url= https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3204_PART_B_KOZHIKODE.pdf
}}
{{Commons category|Kozhikode district}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Kozhikode District}}
* [https://kozhikode.nic.in/ Kozhikode District official website]

{{Geographic Location
| Centre = Kozhikode district
| North =
| Northeast = [[Wayanad district]]
| East =
| Southeast = [[Malappuram district]]
| South =
| Southwest =
| West = ''[[Lakshadweep Sea]]''
| Northwest = [[Kannur district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Articles Related to Kozhikode district
| list =
{{Kozhikode district}}
{{Districts of Kerala}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozhikode District}}
[[Category:Kozhikode district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Kerala]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Seriton Fernandes

2026-02-12T06:27:57Z

FredricKeeton9:

{{short description|Indian professional footballer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Seriton Fernandes
| image =
| fullname = Seriton Benny Fernandes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.74}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Full-back (association football)|Right-back]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| youthyears2 = 2014
| youthclubs2 = [[Laxmi Prasad S.C.|Laxmi Prasad]]
| youthyears3 = 2015
| youthclubs3 = [[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
| years1 = 2015–2017
| clubs1 = [[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps1 = 13
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2015–2016
| clubs2 = → [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] (loan)
| caps2 = 8
| goals2 = 0
| years4 = 2017–2025
| clubs4 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps4 = 140
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2021–2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 10:00, 8 March 2025
| ntupdate = 17:24, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
| caption = Seriton under training for FC Goa in 2020
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021 Maldives]]|}}
}}

'''Seriton Benny Fernandes''' (born 26 October 1992), is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]].

==Career==
Born in [[Goa]], Fernandes started his career with the [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] youth set-up.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dempo To Begin Pre-Season Training From 15th July|url=http://demposportsclub.com/dempo-to-begin-pre-season-training-from-15th-july/|access-date=11 February 2016|work=Dempo Sports Club|date=12 July 2012}}</ref> After leaving Dempo, Fernandes played with both [[Laxmi Prasad S.C.|Laxmi Prasad]] and [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] in the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vasco SC and Tuff Laxmi Prasad qualify|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/vasco-sc-and-tuff-laxmi-prasad-qualify/article6536219.ece|access-date=11 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Seriton sends Churchill back on top|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/seriton-sends-churchill-back-on-top/|access-date=11 February 2016|work=Navhind Times|date=9 December 2015}}</ref>

Before the [[2015–16 I-League]] season, Fernandes was loaned to [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Payback Time For Strike Force Odafa|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/PAYBACK-TIME-FOR-STRIKE-FORCE-ODAFA/articleshow/50459814.cms|access-date=11 February 2016|work=Times of India|date=6 January 2016}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the club on 6 February 2016 against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]. He started the match and played 70 minutes as Sporting Goa won the match 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 1-2 Sporting Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/02/06/india/i-league/bengaluru/sporting-club-de-goa/2176898/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

On 8 July 2016, it was announced that Fernandes had signed on permanently with Sporting Goa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sporting Clube de Goa start pre-season practice amidst uncertainty over I-League future|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/07/08/25448712/sporting-clube-de-goa-start-pre-season-practice-amidst|access-date=12 July 2016|work=Goal.com|date=8 July 2016}}</ref> Seriton then was selected by Derick Periera to play for [[FC Goa|Goa]] for the 2017-18 Indian Super League season. He has also appeared with Goa in the [[2021 AFC Champions League]].

==Career statistics==

=== Club ===
{{updated|25 February 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|seriton-fernandes/431679}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] (loan)
|{{Nowrap|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||8||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
|13||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearances in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||16||0
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2017–18 FC Goa season|2017–18]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]
|19||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||colspan="2"|—||22||0
|-
|[[2018–19 FC Goa season|2018–19]]
|21||0||4{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||1||colspan="2"|—||25||1
|-
|[[2019–20 FC Goa season|2019–20]]
|19||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||19||0
|-
|[[2020–21 FC Goa season|2020–21]]
|19||0||0||0||5{{efn|name=AFCCL|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}}||0||24||0
|-
|[[2021–22 FC Goa season|2021-22]]
|17||2||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||18||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022-23]]||15||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||15
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Goa Total!!110!!0!!8!!1!!5!!5!!123
!1
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!131!!0!!11!!1!!5!!0!!147!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|26 March 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|seriton-fernandes/431679}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|Rowspan="2"|[[India national football team|India]]
|2021
|3
|0
|-
|2022
|1
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!4
!0
|}

== Honours ==
=== Club ===
;FC Goa
*[[Indian Super Cup]]: [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]]<ref>{{cite web |title=FC Goa’s long wait for a trophy ends|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-goas-long-wait-for-a-trophy-ends/article26832013.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref>
* [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League Premiers]]: [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2021 Durand Cup|2021]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/fc-goa/story/4490517/fc-goa-clinch-maiden-durand-cup-trophy-after-beating-mohammedan-sporting-1-0-in-final|title=FC Goa clinch maiden Durand Cup trophy after beating Mohammedan Sporting 1–0 in final|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 October 2021|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref>

=== International ===

; India

* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{FC Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Seriton}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:SC de Goa players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Seriton Fernandes

2026-02-12T06:27:57Z

FredricKeeton9:

Sandip Sen

2026-02-11T07:01:13Z

FredricKeeton9: Made new details.

{{short description|Indian business executive (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandip Sen
| image = Sandip_Sen.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]
([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])[[XLRI]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| occupation = [[Business executive]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Sandip Sen''' (born 4 October 1966) is an Indian [[business executive]]. He was the Global Chief Executive Officer & Executive Director of Indian company Aegis Limited.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandip Sen Global Chief Executive Officer & Executive Director, Aegis Ltd/India|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/17871763-sandip-sen|website=Bloomberg.com|publisher=bloomberg|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=N V|first1=Vijayakumar|title=Aegis to add 5,000 workers in India by end of 2016|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/571876/aegis-add-5000-workers-india.html|accessdate=23 September 2016|work=Deccan Herald|date=23 Sep 2016}}</ref> He was appointed as the CEO of Aegis on 1 December 2012 and left the position and moved to the Board in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aegis announced the appointment of Sandip Sen as its interim CEO from December, 1 2012. He takes over from Aparup Sengupta, who spent about eight years with the company.|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Aegis-announced-the-appointment-ofSandip-Sen-asits-interim-CEO-from-December-12012-He-takes-over-from-Aparup-Sengupta-who-spent-about-eight-years-with-the-company-/articleshow/17571611.cms|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=timesofindia|issue=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sengupta-appointed-chairman-of-startek-aegis/articleshow/65098880.cms |title=Sengupta appointed chairman of Startek-Aegis |date=July 23, 2018 |publisher=The Times of India }}</ref>

==Early life==
Sandip became an Honors Graduate in Economics from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]] Kolkata and obtained a [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management]].

==Career==
Sandip started his career with the [[UB Group]], and later went on to become the Head of Marketing & Network Head at Hutchison Telecom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandip Sen Global CEO Aegis Ltd|url=http://www.indiaukbusinessconvention.com/speakers/sandip-sen/|website=India-UK Business Convention|accessdate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Committee Bios|url=http://www.indo-usbposummit.com/committee.cfm|website=indo-usbposummit.com|publisher=Indo-US BPO Summit|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>

Before joining Aegis in 2001, Sandip founded Customer First Services and supported several blue chip companies. Customer First Services was acquired by Aegis in 2006 and Sandip became the Global Chief Marketing Officer at Aegis. In 2009 he became the President, and later the CEO for the Customer Lifecycle Management Division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandip Sen, President of the firm's Global Customer Life-cycle Management Business|url=http://www.nearshoreamericas.com/peru-outsourcing-bpo-bust/|website=nearshoreamericas.com|publisher=Nearshore America|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sandip Sen, Global CEO, Aegis Limited at the BPO Summit India 2014 Chronicle Daily|url=http://chronicledaily.com/2016/01/13/sandip-sen-global-ceo-aegis-limited-at-the-bpo-summit-india/|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=Chronicle Daily|agency=chronicledaily|publisher=David Chambers|date=13 January 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216123038/http://chronicledaily.com/2016/01/13/sandip-sen-global-ceo-aegis-limited-at-the-bpo-summit-india/|archivedate=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2012, Sandip Sen, became the Global Chief Executive Officer and executive director of Aegis Limited. At that point he had over 25 years of experience in the IT & ITES domain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movers & Shakers Interview with Sandip Sen, Global, Chief Executive Officer, Aegis Limited|url=http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/exec-brief-movers-feature.pag?mode=open&sid=288661891|website=frost.com|publisher=Frost & Sullivan|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>

In six years, Sandip expanded Aegis from a $60 million company to a $1 billion company with over 55,000 employees from 85 nationalities across 13 countries. Under his guidance, Aegis extended their presence to countries like the United States, [[South Africa]], Australia, Philippines, the [[Middle East]], India and the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=CNBC TV 18 Interview: Aegis' Future Plans - Growth is Top Priority|url=http://www.veoh.com/watch/yapi-GNQXWAqxjyg?h1=Aegis%27+Future+Plans+-+Growth+is+Top+Priority|website=veoh.com|publisher=VEOH|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Growth top priority, not divestment: Essar BPO|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/growth-top-priority-not-divestment-essar-bpo_895462.html|website=moneycontrol.com|publisher=Moneycontrol|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, he became the head of LitmusWorld, a loyalty startup.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Aegis chief Sandip Sen takes over as LitmusWorld head|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/former-aegis-chief-sandip-sen-takes-over-as-litmusworld-head/articleshow/66596316.cms|access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref>

Sandip is a writer who contributes to national newspapers and industry journals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roadmap 2015 – Multi-channel Optimization Utilizing SMAC|url=http://www.communicationstoday.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14119|website=ADI Media Private Limited|accessdate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Outsourcing Versus Offshoring - Despite common confusion, the two are not one and the same|url=http://www.speechtechmag.com/Articles/Column/Inside-Outsourcing/Outsourcing-Versus-Offshoring-83606.aspx|website=[[Speech Technology Media]]|accessdate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sandip Sen of Aegis will deliver the welcoming keynote address, The Economic Story of India|url=http://uknow.uky.edu/content/aegis-global-ceo-opens-patterson-school-event|website=uknow.uky.edu|publisher=University of Kentucky|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aegis's Sandip Sen on BPO Strategies: Go Global and Span the Customer Lifecycle|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/aegiss-sandip-sen-on-bpo-strategies-go-global-and-span-the-customer-lifecycle/|website=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=3 March 2016}}</ref> He has been a part of several key industry summits globally such as the IAOP, NASSCOM India BPM Strategy Summit, the Business World BPO Forum, and The Outsourcing Summit.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Leadership Forum 2011|url=http://www.nasscom.in/sit-local-reach-global|website=nasscom.in|publisher=Nasscom|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nasscom BPM Strategy Summit in Bengaluru|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bs-roundtable-it-s-an-exciting-time-to-be-in-the-bpo-business-115092600025_1.html|accessdate=3 February 2016|agency=business-standard.com|publisher=Business Standard|date=26 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The 2016 INDO-US BPO SUMMIT|url=http://www.indo-usbposummit.com/index.cfm|website=www.indo-usbposummit.com|accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His father, Sankar Sen, served as an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]] following which he was later appointed as Director of the [[National Police Academy of India|National Police Academy]] and Director General of the [[National Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Police Gymkhana Library|url=http://nagpurpolice.info/manage_pages?id=55|website=nagpurpolice.info|publisher=Nagpur Police|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sankar Sen|url=http://www.sagepub.in/authorDetails.nav?contribId=653975|website=sagepub.in|publisher=SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Training for transformation - Sankar Sen|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/1999/483/483%20sankar%20sen.htm|website=india-seminar.com|publisher=Seminar|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> Sandip's mother is associated with the [[Commission for Women's Rights|National Commission for women]].

== Recognition ==
*2013: 9th Indo-American Corporate Excellence Awards 2013 received from [[Prithviraj Chavan|CM Shri Chavan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iaccindia.com/page.asp?pageid=342|title=9th Indo-American Corporate Excellence Awards 2013|website=iaccindia.com|publisher=Indo American Chamber of Commerce (IACC)|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>
*2013: Most Talented Leaders (Outsourcing Industry <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiaoutsourcingcongress.org/Awards_Winner_2013.html|title=Most Talented Leaders (Outsourcing Industry)|website=asiaoutsourcingcongress.org|publisher=Asia Outsourcing Congress and Awards.|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>
*2014: Thought Leaders : HR Awards <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrexcellenceawards.in/thought-leaders.html|title=Thought Leaders|website=hrexcellenceawards.in|publisher=BW HR Awards|accessdate=3 February 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216041739/http://www.hrexcellenceawards.in/thought-leaders.html|archivedate=16 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*2016 : Synergy Business Excellence Award at XLRI<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/aegis-ceo-conferred-synergy-business-excellence-award-xlri/100312/|title=Aegis CEO conferred with Synergy Business Excellence Award at XLRI|date=2016-11-07|work=Avenue Mail|access-date=2017-08-14|language=en-US|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230819/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/aegis-ceo-conferred-synergy-business-excellence-award-xlri/100312/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Sandip}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]

Meghana Erande

2026-02-11T03:47:01Z

FredricKeeton9: small refine page for clarity further and corrected details after review

{{short description|Indian voice actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2013}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghana Erande
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alias = {{ubl|Meghana Sudhir Erande|Meghna Vikram Joshi|Meghana Erande Joshi}}
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|voice actress}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Vikram Joshi|2010}}
| children = 1
| years_active = 1989–present
| credits = {{ubl
|[[Ninja Hattori-kun]]
| [[Noddy (character)|Noddy]]
}}
}}

'''Meghana Erande''' (or '''Meghna Sudhir Erande''', ''Mēghanā Sudhīr Ēraṇḍē'', [[Marathi language|Marathi ]] - मेघना सुधीर एरंडे) is an Indian actress and voice actress. She is popularly known for voicing the main character Hattori of ''[[Ninja Hattori-kun#1981 anime series|Ninja Hattori]]'' animated series in Hindi. She has been working in the industry for more than 30 years.

== Dubbing career ==
Meghana first auditioned for Disney's [[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|DuckTales]] series in 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet the voice behind your favourite cartoons |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/achievers-meghana-erande-voice-behind-your-favourite-cartoons/20150427.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> She was favoured among 25 artistes to voice for the titular character of [[Ninja Hattori-kun|''Ninja Hattori'']] series in Hindi. She has dubbed Canadian actress [[Pamela Anderson]]'s role as [[C. J. Parker]] in ''[[Baywatch]]'', on all the episodes on the seasons she appeared in, and other films since as for some roles in some of the Barbie films and other roles as well, such as [[Denise Richards]]'s role as Kelly Lanier Van Ryan in ''[[Wild Things (film)|Wild Things]]'' and [[Angelina Jolie]]'s role as Police Officer Amelia Donaghy in ''[[The Bone Collector]]'', both of which were dubbed in Hindi much later in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2010 |title=Dub-star Confidential |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dubstar-confidential/616906 |accessdate=2 March 2013 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> She worked on regional national channel on a programme called DAHAVI DIWALI.

She can do voices for children, teenage girls and young women, and she has also dubbed for many [[Bollywood]] actresses.

==Dubbing roles==

===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Episodes !! Original Release !! Dub Release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' || [[Noddy (character)|Noddy]] || rowspan="12" | Hindi || rowspan="5" | English || 39 || 9/2/2002-2008 || || Aired on [[Cartoon Network India]] and [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]].
|-
| ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]''|| Dee Dee || 78 || 4/27/1996-11/20/2003 || 8/22/1999-2006 || Aired on [[Cartoon Network India]].
|-
| ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]''|| Princess Morbucks || 78 (Dubbed 3) || 11/18/1998- 25 March 2005 || 2000-2005 || Dubbed for this character for three episodes throughout her appearances in Seasons 5-6, which includes the Christmas special. [[Meena Gokuldas]] previously voiced her in the episodes of the first 4.
|-
| ''[[Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!]]''|| Nova || 52 || 18 September 2004 – 16 December 2006 || ||
|-
| ''[[Bob the Builder]]''|| Dizzy || 199 || 1998-2003 || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninja Hattori-kun]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ec0oxqXhAew |title=Ninja Hattori's Voice by Meghana Erande & Punjabi Food Festival by Chef Sweety Singh-TV9 /part4 |via=YouTube |date=29 April 2013 |accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref>''|| Kanzo Hattori || rowspan="4" | Japanese || 694 || 9/28/1981- 25 December 1987 || || Aired on [[Nickelodeon India]].

|-
| [[Pokémon (TV series)|''Pokémon'']]|| Officer Jenny (Junsar) '''(First Dub)''' || 1000+ || 4/1/11997-Ongoing || '''First dub''' 5/12/2003-10/2013 (India) 2004-2013 (Pakistan) '''Second dub''' 5/19/2014-Current || The First 8 seasons dubbed, were based on the [[4Kids Entertainment]] English dub. The later seasons were also dubbed in Hindi and are also revised translations based on the English dub. A Second Hindi dub has been produced featuring a new Hindi voice cast and translation by UTV Software Communications and aired on [[Hungama TV]]. The first dub that Erande was involved in, was produced by [[Sound & Vision India]] for [[Cartoon Network India]], [[Cartoon Network Pakistan]] and [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]]. Sabina Malik Mausam voiced this character in the second Hindi dub.
|-
| ''[[Chibi Maruko-chan]]''|| Momoko "Maruko" Sakura || 142 || 1/7/1990- 27 September 1992 ||Unknown. || Aired on [[Nickelodeon India]].
|-
| ''[[Perman]]''|| Pako / Sumire Hosino / Sumire-chan || 526 (+3 specials) || 4/4/1983- 7/2/1987 || Unknown. || Aired on [[Nickelodeon India]].
|-
| ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]''|| Greta || English || 18 (dubbed 1) || 15 March 2019 – present || || Episode: "Beyond the Aquila Rift"
|-
| [[Doraemon (2005 TV series)|''Doraemon'']]|| Dorami / Doraemon || Japanese || || 15 April 2005 – present || 20 November 2020 – present / 1 March 2021 – present ||Aired on Disney Channel
|-
|''[[Little Krishna]]''
|Baby Krishna
|Hindi
|13
|2009
|
|
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Films !! Character(s) !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Release !! Dub Release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Barbie as Rapunzel]]''|| Princess Melody || Hindi || English || 2002 || 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhythmhouse.in/Detail.aspx?productListing=80580 |title=Barbie As Rapunzel (Dubbed in Hindi) (2002) VCD |publisher=Rhythmhouse.in |accessdate=4 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130218150254/http://www.rhythmhouse.in/Detail.aspx?productListing=80580 |archivedate=18 February 2013}}</ref> || Her name was mentioned in the Hindi dubbing credits that were shown after the original ending credits.
|-
| ''[[Barbie as the Island Princess]]''|| Tallulah Rita || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 || Her name was mentioned in the Hindi dubbing credits that were shown after the original ending credits. For Tallulah, only her dialogue was dubbed into Hindi. The Hindi singing voice for Tallulah was performed by Sunayana S. Dasgupta, who also serves as the director of the Hindi dubbed songs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJUlVV5KcZw |title=Barbie Diamond Castle + Island Princess HINDI DUBBING CREDITS. |via=YouTube |date=2 March 2013 |accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || Baby Ghatothkach "Ghattu", Kid Gajju, Animal voices || Hindi, Marathi || Hindi || colspan="2"|2008 ||
|-
|''[[The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea]]''|| [[Princess Melody]] (Speaking) || Hindi || English || 2000 || 2011 || The singing voice was provided by Amrita Beni
|-
|[[Big Hero 6 (film)|''Big Hero 6'']] || Abigail Callaghan || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Despicable Me 3]]''|| Lucy Wilde || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 || An Unknown Voice-Actress dubbed this character in previous movie.
|-
| ''[[Olaf's Frozen Adventure]]''|| [[Elsa (Frozen)|Elsa]] (Speaking) || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017
|Meghana voiced speaking parts of Elsa in the Hindi dubbing of Olaf's Frozen Adventure, Singing voice is provided by Tarannum Malik, This movie's Hindi dub was shown in cinemas on 24 November 2017 free with Pixar's Coco, And It aired on 30 December 2017 on Disney Channel. And This movie is available in CDs from 8 January 2018. She was credited with her nickname Meghana Joshi in Cinemas End Credits.
|-
| ''[[Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker]]''|| Delia and Deidre Dennis / Dee Dee || Hindi || English || 2000 || ||
|}

===Live-action TV series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Series !! Actress !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Episodes !! Original Release !! Dub Release !! Notes
|-
|''[[Baywatch]]''|| [[Pamela Anderson]] || [[C. J. Parker]] || Hindi || English || 242 (Dubbed 109) || 22 September 1989 - 14 May 2001 ||Unknown. || Meghana has dubbed this character throughout all episodes she appeared in, when it was later dubbed into Hindi.
|-
| ''[[Teletubbies]]''|| [[Pui Fan Lee]] || Po || Hindi || English || 365 || 1997-2001|| ||
|-
| ''[[Drake & Josh]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMr1QN7rlxM&ab_channel=HINDIDUBBINGARTISTS |title=(DRAKE & JOSH) SHOW ALL HINDI DUBBING ARTISTS HINDI VOICE ACTORS OF DRAKE AND JOSH SITCOM |via=YouTube |date=23 November 2020 |accessdate=14 December 2020}}</ref>''|| [[Miranda Cosgrove]] Various Actresses || [[Megan Parker]] Various Characters || Hindii1 || English || 56 || 11 January 2004 – 16 September 2007 || || Performed along with Brian D'Costa as Drake Parker ([[Drake Bell]]), Prasad Barve as Josh Nicols ([[Josh Peck]]), Meena Nahta as Audrey ([[Nancy Sullivan (American actress)|Nancy Sullivan]]) and Vinod Sharma as Walter Nicols ([[Jonathan Goldstein (actor)|Jonathan Goldstein]])
|-
|''[[Power Rangers Ninja Storm]]''

| rowspan="3" |[[Sally Martin]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tori Hanson]]
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
| rowspan="3" |English
|
38

|2003

| rowspan="3" |Unknown
|Voiced Ninja Storm Blue Ranger for 42 episodes
|-
|''[[Power Rangers Dino Thunder]]''
|38(dubbed 2)
|2004
|
|-
|''[[Power Rangers Operation Overdrive]]''
|32(dubbed 2)
|2007
|
|-
|''[[Stranger Things]]''|| [[Winona Ryder]] || [[Joyce Byers]] || Hindi || English || 34 || 2016-Present ||Unknown. || Meghana has dubbed this character throughout all episodes she appeared in, when it was later dubbed into Hindi.
|-
|''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]''
|[[Kajol]]
|Noyonika Sengupta
|Marathi
|Hindi
|8
|2023
|
|
|}

===Live action films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Actress !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Release !! Dub Release !! Notes
|-
| [[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|''Tom, Dick, and Harry'']] || [[Kim Sharma]] || Bijli || colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Hindi || 2006 || 2006 || Meghana was called in to dub the dialogues during [[post-production]] because Kim was not good in giving a particular Marathi accent, thus ending up speaking in a typical Machchiwali style. Dissatisfied by the director, Meghana was then contacted to dub for Kim to make her accent sound better, even though this film was already shot in Hindi.
|-
| [[Wild Things (film)|''Wild Things'']] || [[Denise Richards]] || Kelly Lanier Van Ryan || Hindi || English || 1998 || 2010 || rowspan="2"|This Hindi Dub that Meghana participated in, has been produced in 2010 and aired on TV.
|-
| ''[[The Bone Collector]]''|| [[Angelina Jolie]] || Police Officer Amelia Donaghy || Hindi || English || 1999 || 2010
|-
| [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'']] || [[Shirley Henderson]] || [[Moaning Myrtle]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 || She only voiced this character in this film only. In [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]] where she originally made her first appearance, she was dubbed by another Hindi voice actress.
|-
| ''[[Zathura: A Space Adventure]]''|| [[Kristen Stewart]] || Lisa Budwing || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2006 ||
|-
|''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]''|| [[Isabella Leong]] || Lin || Hindi || English [[Mandarin Chinese]] [[Sanskrit]] || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[The Prestige]]''|| [[Scarlett Johansson]] || Olivia Wenscombe || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| [[Daredevil (film)|''Daredevil'']] || [[Jennifer Garner]] || [[Elektra Natchios]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| [[Kick-Ass 2 (film)|''Kick-Ass 2'']] || [[Chloë Grace Moretz]] || [[Hit-Girl (character)|Mindy Macready / Hit-Girl]] || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
| ''[[Lingaa]]''|| [[Anushka Shetty]] || Lakshmi || Hindi || Tamil || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| [[Lucy (2014 film)|''Lucy'']] || [[Scarlett Johansson]] || Lucy || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 || Hindi dub only created for the Home media release.
|-
| ''[[Knocked Up]]''|| [[Katherine Heigl]] || Alison Scott || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| [[Shooter (2007 film)|''Shooter'']] || [[Kate Mara]] || Sara Fenn || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory'']] || [[AnnaSophia Robb]] || [[Violet Beauregarde]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| [[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|''Beauty and the Beast'']] || [[Gugu Mbatha-Raw]] || [[Plumette]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | [[Speed Racer (film)|''Speed Racer'']] || [[Christina Ricci]] || Trixie || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" |
|-
| [[Ariel Winter]] || Young Trixie || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008
|-
| ''[[The Firm (1993 film)|The Firm]]''|| [[Jeanne Tripplehorn]] || [[Abby McDeere|Abigail "Abby" McDeere]] || Hindi || English || 1993 || ||
|-
| ''[[Leap Year (2010 film)|Leap Year]]''|| [[Amy Adams]] || Anna Brady || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[Tanhaji]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Kajol]]
|Savitri Bai
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |2020
|
|
|-
|''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]''
|Anuradha "Anu" Apte
|
|
|}

=== TV Commercials ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Brand
!Actress
!Dub Language
!Original language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|INA Diamond Collection
|PNG Jewellers
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|Marathi
|Hindi
|
|
|}

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Program
!Role
!Note
|-
|1993-1997
|''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]''
|young Tara
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Guest performer
|Episode 275
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="3" |India Voice Fest Awards
|Dubbing Live Action - Marathi
|
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|Audio Book Female - Hindi
|
|{{Won}}
|
|
|-
|2022
|Dubbing Voice Animation Series - Hindi
|
|{{Won}}
|
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Dubbing]]
*[[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|3865129}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQ44Rrt3Jkw Meghana Erande] at Tedx Talks

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erande, Meghana}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Kalabhavan

2026-02-05T14:35:36Z

FredricKeeton9: edit

{{Short description|Art school in Kochi, India}}
{{distinguish|Kala Bhavana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
|image = Cochin-Kalabhavan.JPG
|formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969|09|03}}
|headquarters = Kalabhavan Road, [[Kochi, Kerala]], India
|coords =
|language =
|leader_title = 
|leader_name =
|main_organ =
|affiliations =
|budget =
|remarks =
|name = Kalabhavan
|bgcolor =
|fgcolor =
|location =
|region_served =
|membership =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|website = [http://www.kalabhavan.org/ kalabhavan.org]
|founder = [[Abel Periyappuram|Fr. Abel]]}}

'''Kalabhavan''' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] "The House of Arts"), also known as '''Cochin Kalabhavan''', is a centre for learning the performing arts in [[Kochi]], India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Pick-and-choose-for-an-activity-filled-vacation/article14667486.ece | title=Pick and choose for an activity filled vacation | date=2 April 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=21 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article426074.ece |title=The Hindu. 'Indulge in fun and games'. |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903130610/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article426074.ece |archive-date=3 September 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''Kalabhavan'' is notable for being the first organised performing [[Impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]] group in [[Kerala]] and which popularised the art of mimicry in the state of Kerala. Ever since its founding, Kalabhavan has served as a grooming centre for acting aspirants. As a result, Kalabhavan has contributed numerous actors and film directors to [[Malayalam cinema]].

==History==
Founded on 3 September 1969,<ref>[http://www.kalabhavan.org/ kalabhavan.org]</ref> by [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|C.M.I.]] priest [[Abel Periyappuram|Fr. Abel]], with the help of K. K. Antony, a music teacher, and [[K. J. Yesudas]], then a budding playback singer, started Kalabhavan as the Christian Arts Club to promote Christian music. Kalabhavan received the patronage of Cardinal [[Joseph Parecattil]], the Archbishop of Ernakulam.<ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/cities/kochi/fr-abel-remembered/328338.html Indian Express. 'Fr Abel remembered'.]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was K. J. Yesudas, who suggested renaming the institution as 'Kalabhavan'. Kalabhavan initially took up the production of Christian religious songs. Later they moved on to ''Ganamela'' (Concerts for film songs).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ganamela.com/cochin-kalabhavan-ganamela/ |title=ganamela.com |access-date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228202814/http://www.ganamela.com/cochin-kalabhavan-ganamela/ |archive-date=28 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Mimicry performances of individual artists were used as 'fillers' between stage programs. Later, mimicry was organised as a team event to form the now popular ''Mimics Parade''.

The professional mimicry troupe of Kalabhavan began with a team of six members consisting of [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], Anzar, K. S. Prasad, Varkkichan, and Rahman. It was this team that developed ''Mimics Parade'' in its present form. ''Harisree'' is another notable mimics troupe in Kerala.

In 2015, Kalabhavan opened its [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] centre at [[Sharjah]].

== Notable alumni ==
(In chronological order)
* [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]], director
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], actor and director
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]]
* [[Jayaram]], actor
* [[Kalabhavan Rahman]]
* [[Harisree Ashokan]], actor
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], actor
* [[Nadirshah]]
* [[Kalabhavan Abi]]
* [[N. F. Varghese]]
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]], actor
* [[Salim Kumar]]
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
* [[Narayanankutty]]
* [[Fayiz Muhammed]], violinist and composer
* [[Thesni Khan]]
* [[Hakim (director)|Hakim Rawther]]
* [[Bindu Panicker]], actress
* [[Machan Varghese]]
* [[Sujatha Mohan]], playback singer
* [[Kalabhavan Navas]]
* Rafi of [[Rafi Mecartin]] duo
* Mecartin of [[Rafi Mecartin]] duo
* Berny of [[Berny-Ignatius]] duo
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=2020-06-06 |title=Kalabhavan launches online classes for music, dance and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalabhavan-launches-online-classes-for-music-dance-and-more/articleshow/76237038.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507070648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kalabhavan-launches-online-classes-for-music-dance-and-more/articleshow/76237038.cms |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=7 May 2024 }}</ref>
{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

<references responsive="0" />

[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]
[[Category:Performing arts in Kerala]]
[[Category:Arts in Kochi]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Art schools in India]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Kerala]]

Gud Se Meetha Ishq

2026-02-05T04:24:28Z

FredricKeeton9: Added pg - done

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gudsemeethaishq.jpeg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]]|[[Meera Deosthale]]| [[Ishaan Dhawan]] |[[Arhaan Behll]]}}
| open_theme = ''Gud Se Meetha Ishq'' by [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 130
| executive_producer =
| producer = Pintoo Guha Rupali Guha
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = [[Film Farm India]]
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|18}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|10|1}}
| related = ''[[Jol Nupur]]''
}}
'''''Gud Se Meetha Ishq''''' ({{Translation| ''Love Is Sweeter Than Jaggery''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that premiered on 18 April 2022 on [[Star Bharat]] and digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by [[Film Farm India]] as an official remake of [[Star Jalsha]]'s Bengali series ''[[Jol Nupur]]'', it stars [[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]], [[Meera Deosthale]], [[Ishaan Dhawan]], and [[Arhaan Behll]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/pankhuri-awasthy-on-gud-se-meetha-ishq-kaju-and-neils-love-story-is-like-a-divine-intervention/videoshow/90843397.cms|title=Pankhuri Awasthy on Gud Se Meetha Ishq: Kaju and Neil's love story is like a divine intervention | TV - Times of India Videos|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> It went off air on 1 October 2022.<ref name="MD" />

==Plot==
Kajal is a shy girl who is a travel guide and works under Phool Singh. She lives with her mother and is often questioned about her father's absence. Neel, is a free-spirited photographer who lives life on his own terms and is close to his family and his sister Paridhi. Pari is a special child, the eldest child in her family who needs special care. She is often scolded by her uncle for her irresponsible behaviour and labelled mental.

The show traces their lives. Circumstances causes Neel to marry Kajal. However, Neel's father and his family do not approve of their relationship. It shows how Pari plays an important role in Kajal and Neel's acceptance.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]] as Kajal "Kaju" Khurana (née Bhatt): Surya and Pallavi's daughter; Bhoomi's cousin; Neel's wife
* [[Ishaan Dhawan]] as Neel Khurana: Jaydeep and Sonia's son; Ritika's brother; Pari and Dhruv's cousin; Pavitra's former boyfriend; Kaju's husband
* [[Meera Deosthale]] as Paridhi "Pari" Shergill (née Khurana): Nutan and Rajat's daughter; Dhruv's sister; Neel and Ritika's cousin; Dev's wife; Noor's stepmother
* [[Arhaan Behll]] as Dev Shergill: Navdeep's brother; Chandni's former husband; Pari's music teacher and husband; Noor's father; Neel's friend; Kaju's sworn brother

===Recurring===
* Sakshi Sharma as Pavitra Bhalla: Rajendra's daughter; Neel's former girlfriend
* [[Amrapali Gupta]] as Chhavi Rawat: Pallavi's sister; Satyakam's wife; Bhoomi's mother
* Patrali Chattopadhyay as Bhoomi Rawat Khurana: Satyakam and Chhavi's daughter; Kajal's cousin; Dhruv's wife
* Vishal Chaudhary as Dhruv Khurana: Nutan and Rajat's son; Pari's brother; Neel and Ritika's cousin; Bhoomi's husband
* Rajoshi Vidyarthi as Pallavi Bhatt: Chhavi's sister; Surya's wife; Kajal's mother
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Satyakam Rawat: Chhavi's husband; Bhoomi's father
* [[Ananya Khare]] as Nutan Khurana: Rajat's wife; Pari and Dhruv's mother
* [[Jaya Ojha]] as Sonia Khurana: Jaydeep's wife; Neel and Ritika's mother
* Vicky Ahuja as Rajat Khurana: Nutan's husband; Pari and Dhruv's father
* Sunil Singh as Advocate Jaydeep "JD" Khurana: Sonia's husband; Neel and Ritika's father
* Prabhleen Sandhu as Ritika "Ritu" Khurana: Jaydeep and Sonia's daughter; Neel's sister; Pari and Dhruv's cousin
* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Mr. Khurana: Rajat and Jaydeep's father; Neel, Pari and Dhruv and Ritika's grandfather
* Akshita Arora as Mrs Khurana: Rajat and Jaydeep's mother; Neel, Pari and Dhruv and Ritika's grandmother
* [[Ishita Ganguly]] as Chandni: Nimrit's younger sister; Dev's ex-wife; Noor's mother; Bunty's aunt
* [[Jasveer Kaur]] as Nimrit Shergill: Chandni's elder sister; Navdeep's wife; Dev's sister-in-law; Bunty's mother
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Navdeep Shergill: Dev's brother; Nimrit's husband; Bunty's father
* Shivika Rishi as Noor Shergill: Dev and Chandni's daughter; Pari's stepdaughter
* Shubham Pamecha as Bunty Shergill: Navdeep and Nimrit's son; Dev's nephew
* Rishi Khurana as Phool Singh: Kajal's boss-turned-obsessive lover
* Shantanu Monga as Madhur Sharma: Pari's prospective groom
* Sagar Saini as Advocate Rajendra Kumar Bhalla: Pavitra's father
* Sharanpreet Matharoo as Mrs. Bhalla: Pavitra's mother
* Muktamukhi Sarkar

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Pankhuri Awasthy Rode]] was cast to portray the lead role of a tourist guide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/gud-se-meetha-ishq-pankhuri-awasthy-roped-in-hot-news-1514154/amp#aoh=16464518930954&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title=Gud Se Meetha Ishq: Pankhuri Awasthy Roped In|work=ABP Live|date=19 February 2022|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankhuri-awasthy-i-have-learnt-from-gautam-how-to-be-free-of-inhibitions/articleshow/90149484.cms|title=Pankhuri Awasthy: I have learnt from Gautam how to be free of inhibition - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 March 2022 }}</ref> Ishhan Dhawan was cast as a photographer opposite Rode.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishaan-dhawan-my-role-in-gud-se-meetha-ishq-will-remind-you-of-ranbir-kapoor-from-yehjawaani-hai-deewani/articleshow/89726097.cms|title=Ishaan Dhawan: My role in Gud Se Meetha Ishq will remind you of Ranbir Kapoor from YehJawaani Hai Deewani - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 February 2022 }}</ref>

[[Meera Deosthale]] was cast as the other lead, in the role of a mentally challenged girl.<ref name="MD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/meera-deosthale-draws-inspiration-from-tom-hanks-in-forrest-grump-for-her-role-of-pari-in-gud-se-meetha-ishq|title=Meera Deosthale draws inspiration from Tom Hanks in 'Forrest Grump' for her role of 'Pari' in 'Gud Se Meetha Ishq'|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-was-hesitant-about-taking-up-a-twin-heroine-project-initially-but-the-two-characters-are-very-different-meera-deosthale-on-her-new-show-gud-se-meetha-ishq-ishq/articleshow/90623165.cms|title=I was hesitant about taking up a two-heroine project initially but the two characters are very different: Meera Deosthale on her new show Gud Se Meetha Ishq Ishq - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 April 2022 }}</ref> [[Arhaan Behll]] was cast opposite Deosthale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/television/meera-deosthale-draws-inspiration-from-tom-hanks-in-forrest-grump-for-her-role-of-pari-in-gud-se-meetha-ishq|title=Gud Se Meetha Ishq: Arhaan Behll to join the cast opposite Meera Deosthale |website=ABP News|date=22 April 2022}}</ref>

Vishal Chaudhary was roped in to play Dhawan and Deosthale's brother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-chaudary-to-be-seen-in-gud-se-meeth-ishq-soon/articleshow/90912840.cms|title=Vishal Chaudary to be seen in Gud Se Meetha Ishq soon - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 April 2022 }}</ref> [[Sudesh Berry]] was cast in a prominent role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sudesh-berry-on-his-role-in-gud-se-meetha-ishq-its-a-lively-character-which-audience-will-enjoy/articleshow/90982532.cms|title=Sudesh Berry on his role in 'Gud Se Meetha Ishq': It's a lively character which audience will enjoy - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2022 }}</ref> [[Ananya Khare]] was roped in to portray Deosthale's mother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ananya-khare-i-play-negative-characters-with-a-lot-of-fun/articleshow/90822067.cms|title=Ananya Khare: I play negative characters with a lot of fun - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 April 2022 }}</ref>

===Filming===
The series is set in [[Delhi]]. It is mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankhuri-awasthy-to-play-a-tour-guide-in-gud-se-meetha-ishq/articleshow/89964921.cms|title=Pankhuri Awasthy to play a tour guide in Gud Se Meetha Ishq - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 March 2022 }}</ref> The shooting of the series began in March 2022. Some initial scenes were shot in [[Jaunsar-Bawar|Lakhamandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-tv-seria-gur-se-meetha-ishql-shooting-in-lakhamandal-at-dehradun-22554016.html|title=पर्यटन स्थल लाखामंडल में इस टीवी सीरियल की हुई शूटिंग, कलाकारों को देखने के लिए उमड़े ग्रामीण|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
''Gud Se Meetha Ishq'' went off air on 1 October 2022, due to low viewership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-star-bharats-gud-se-meetha-ishq-wrap-last-day-of-the-shoot-commence-date-220919|title=EXCLUSIVE! Star Bharat's Gud Se Meetha Ishq to wrap up, last day of the shoot to commence on THIS date|date=2022-09-19}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Premiere date
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Jol Nupur]]'' জল নূপুর
| 21 January 2013
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 5 December 2015
| Original
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Hindi]]
| ''Gud Se Meetha Ishq'' गुड़ से मीठा इश्क
| 18 April 2022
| [[Star Bharat]]
| 1 October 2022
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| ''[[Jhanak]]'' झनक
| 20 November 2023
| [[StarPlus]]
| Ongoing
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2022
|rowspan="5"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|Popular Actress (Drama)
|[[Pankhuri Awasthy]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now|access-date=9 September 2022|work=Indian Television Academy Awards|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meera Deosthale]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Popular Actor (Drama)
|Ishaan Dhawan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Arhaan Behll]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Popular Serial (Drama)
|Gud Se Meetha Ishq
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gud-se-meetha-ishq/1260097458 Gud Se Meetha Ishq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712062528/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gud-se-meetha-ishq/1260097458 |date=12 July 2022 }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt19754172}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]

Brammah Parvat

2026-02-01T09:45:27Z

FredricKeeton9: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Pithoragarh district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film

2026-01-30T13:41:01Z

FredricKeeton9: made new data added tags

{{Short description|None}}
{{featured list}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Best International Feature Film submissions from India
| image = Flag of India.svg
| award1_type = Debut
| award1_winner = [[List of submissions to the 30th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film|1957]]
| award2_type = Submissions
| award2_winner = 58
| award3_type = Nominations
| award3_winner = 3
| award4_type = Oscar winners
| award4_winner = none
| main = [[List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film|List]]
}}
[[India]] has submitted films for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] (formerly Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film){{efn|The name change was proposed in April 2019 after the Academy deemed the word "Foreign" to be outdated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-announces-rules-92nd-oscars |title=Academy announces rules for 92nd Oscars |website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |date=23 April 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711223230/https://www.oscars.org/news/academy-announces-rules-92nd-oscars |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ewing |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffewing/2019/04/24/academy-announces-rule-changes-for-92nd-oscars/#7b9d85ac3d5b |title=Academy Announces Rule Changes For 92nd Oscars |website=Forbes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527181952/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffewing/2019/04/24/academy-announces-rule-changes-for-92nd-oscars/#7b9d85ac3d5b |archive-date=27 May 2019}}</ref>}} since 1957, a year after the incorporation of the category.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history02.html |title=History of the Academy Awards – Page 2 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406060609/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history02.html |archive-date=6 April 2008 |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The award is given annually by the United States [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] to a [[feature length|feature-length]] motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue.<ref name="Rules">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/86/rule13.html |title=Rule Thirteen: Special Rules for the Foreign Language Film Award |website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822101822/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/86/rule13.html |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=2013-08-26}}</ref> The "Best Foreign Language Film" category was not created until 1956; however, between 1947 and 1955, the academy presented a non-competitive [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Award]] for the best foreign language films released in the United States.<ref name="academy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history01.html |title=History of the Academy Awards – Page 1 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413201500/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history01.html |archive-date=13 April 2008 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>

The [[Film Federation of India]] (FFI) appoints a committee to choose one film among those released that year to be submitted as India's official entry to the academy for a nomination for "Best Foreign Language Film" the following year.<ref name="2011nom">{{Cite news |date=23 September 2011 |title=Malayalam film ''Adaminte Makan Abu'' is India's Oscar entry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Malayalam-film-Adaminte-Makan-Abu-is-Indias-Oscar-entry/articleshow/10093834.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925154018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/news-interviews/30193803_1_official-entry-malayalam-film-feature-film |archive-date=25 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The chosen films, along with their English subtitles, are sent to the academy, where they are screened for the jury.<ref name="Ind_express">{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indias-oscar-drill/265710/0 |title=India's Oscar drill |last=Roy |first=Piyush |date=17 January 2008 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>

As of 2025, India has been nominated three times, for: 1957's ''[[Mother India]]'' (India's first submission,<ref name="30th Oscars" /> which came close to winning but lost to ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' by a single vote),<ref name="Thaindian 1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/for-bollywood-oscar-is-a-big-yawn-again_10020729.html |title=For Bollywood, Oscar is a big yawn again |last=Khanna |first=Priyanka |work=Thaindian News |date=24 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930012303/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/for-bollywood-oscar-is-a-big-yawn-again_10020729.html |archive-date=30 September 2012 |access-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> 1988's ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' and 2001's ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1370877603332 |title=Nominations for India |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616051745/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1370877603332 |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>

== Submissions ==
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Mehboob Khan in early 1940s.jpg
| image2 = Mira Nair.jpg
| image3 = Ashutosh Gowariker at the launch of T P Aggarwal's trade magazine 'Blockbuster' 15 (cropped).jpg
| footer = [[Mehboob Khan]], [[Mira Nair]], and [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]: the directors of the three Indian film to be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]].
| align = right
}}

From the 58 films submitted, 36 of the which were [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films (including five [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] films, one [[Urdu cinema|Urdu]] film and one Hindi-Tamil bilingual film), three of which received nominations. Ten [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films (including one Hindi-Tamil bilingual film), four [[Malayalam]] films, three [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films, two of each [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] films and one film of each [[Assamese cinema|Assamese]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] languages have been submitted.

Since 1984, India has not submitted a film on only one occasion; in 2003, the FFI controversially chose not make an entry as they felt no film would be in a position to compete with films from other nations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2003 |title=No Indian entry this year for Oscars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-Indian-entry-this-year-for-Oscars/articleshow/206100.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925155504/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-28/india/27191153_1_indian-film-oscars-nominations |archive-date=25 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Oscar entry in this decade – Shwaas (2004) |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/25slid3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925134214/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/25slid3.htm |archive-date=25 September 2013 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

In 2011, the jury of the [[58th National Film Awards]] made a recommendation that the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] winners at the annual [[National Film Awards]] be chosen as the official entry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2011 |title=National Film Awards jury's new plans for Oscars |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-film-awards-jurys-new-plans-for-oscars/182127-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927232201/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-film-awards-jurys-new-plans-for-oscars/182127-8.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref name="2011nom" />

Bengali filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]] has represented India three times in this competition, the most by any director. As actors [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Raghubir Yadav]] have been part of seven films submitted for the consideration—more than any other performer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/actor/kamal-haasan/ |title=Kamal Haasan's Biography |publisher=Koimoi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503015037/http://www.koimoi.com/actor/kamal-haasan/ |archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghubir Yadav Has A Unique Connection With Oscars, 'Newton' Is His 8th Entry To Academy Awards |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raghubir-yadav-has-a-unique-connection-with-oscars-newton-is-his-8th-entry-to-academy-awards-330409.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171543/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raghubir-yadav-has-a-unique-connection-with-oscars-newton-is-his-8th-entry-to-academy-awards-330409.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of Haasan's directorial effort was also submitted.<ref name="Heyram">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hey-Ram-is-my-discovery-of-Gandhi-Kamal/articleshow/6147205.cms |title=Hey Ram is my discovery of Gandhi: Kamal |last=Pratibha |date=10 July 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006153320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-10/news-interviews/28319780_1_kamal-haasan-film-industry-manmadhan-ambu |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> [[Aamir Khan]] has represented India four times as an actor, including once as a director and four times as a producer; ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), which he produced and starred in, received a nomination.

Since the 2010s, the country has failed to submit a number of films considered favorites by critics to a nomination or win, especially: ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' (2013), ''[[RRR]]'' (2022) and ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'' (2024). ''RRR'' went to win the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]].

{|class="wikitable sortable" width="98%" style="background:#ffffff;"
! Year (Ceremony) !! Film title used in nomination !! Original title !! Language !! Director(s) !! Result
|-
! 1957 [[30th Academy Awards|(30th)]]
| ''[[Mother India]]''
| मदर इंडिया
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| {{Sortname|Mehboob|Khan}}
| {{nom}}{{efn|The film lost to the Italian film ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' by one vote.<ref name="30th Oscars">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1958 |title=The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706094132/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/30th-winners.html |archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Thaindian 1" />|group=Note}}
|-
! 1958 [[31st Academy Awards|(31st)]]
| ''[[Madhumati]]''
| मधुमती
| {{Sortname|Bimal|Roy}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1959 [[32nd Academy Awards|(32nd)]]
| ''{{sort|World of Apu|[[The World of Apu]]}}''
| অপুর সংসার
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{Sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1962 [[35th Academy Awards|(35th)]]
| ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]''
| साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Abrar|Alvi}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1963 [[36th Academy Awards|(36th)]]
| ''[[The Big City (1963 film)|Mahanagar]]''
| মহানগর
| Bengali
| {{Sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1965 [[38th Academy Awards|(38th)]]
| ''{{sort|Guide|[[Guide (film)|Guide]]}}''
| गाइड
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Vijay|Anand|film maker}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1966 [[39th Academy Awards|(39th)]]
| ''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]''
| आम्रपाली
| {{Sortname|Lekh|Tandon}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1967 [[40th Academy Awards|(40th)]]
| ''{{sort|Last Letter|[[Aakhri Khat|Aakhri Khat]]}}''
| आख़री ख़त
| {{Sortname|Chetan|Anand|Chetan Anand (director)}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1968 [[41st Academy Awards|(41st)]]
| ''[[Majhli Didi]]''
| मझली दीदी
| {{Sortname|Hrishikesh|Mukherjee}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1969 [[42nd Academy Awards|(42nd)]]
| ''[[Deiva Magan (1969 film)|Deiva Magan]]''
| தெய்வ மகன்
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{Sortname|A. C.|Tirulokchandar}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1971 [[44th Academy Awards|(44th)]]
| ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''
| रेशमा और शेरा
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Sunil|Dutt}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1972 [[45th Academy Awards|(45th)]]
| ''[[Uphaar]]''
| उपहार
| {{Sortname|Sudhendu|Roy}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1973 [[46th Academy Awards|(46th)]]
| ''[[Saudagar (1973 film)|Saudagar]]''
| सौदागर
| {{Sortname|Sudhendu|Roy}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1974 [[47th Academy Awards|(47th)]]
| ''[[Garm Hava]]''
| گرم ہوا
| [[Urdu]]
| {{Sortname|M. S.|Sathyu}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1977 [[50th Academy Awards|(50th)]]
| ''[[Manthan]]''
| मंथन
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Shyam|Benegal}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1978 [[51st Academy Awards|(51st)]]
| ''{{sort|Chess Players|[[Shatranj Ke Khilari|The Chess Players]]}}''
| शतरंज के खिलाड़ी
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1980 [[53rd Academy Awards|(53rd)]]
| ''[[Payal Ki Jhankaar]]''
| पायल की झंकार
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Satyen|Bose}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1984 [[57th Academy Awards|(57th)]]
| ''[[Saaransh]]''
| सारांश
| {{Sortname|Mahesh|Bhatt}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1985 [[58th Academy Awards|(58th)]]
| ''[[Saagar (1985 film)|Saagar]]''
| सागर
| {{Sortname|Ramesh|Sippy}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1986 [[59th Academy Awards|(59th)]]
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| స్వాతి ముత్యం
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{Sortname|K.|Viswanath}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1987 [[60th Academy Awards|(60th)]]
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| நாயகன்
| Tamil
| {{Sortname|Mani|Ratnam}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1988 [[61st Academy Awards|(61st)]]
| ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
| सलाम बॉम्बे
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Mira|Nair}}
| {{nom}}{{efn|The film, India's second accepted nomination in 31 years, lost to the Danish film ''[[Pelle the Conqueror]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |date=5 October 2014 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074956/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/61st-winners.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|-
! 1989 [[62nd Academy Awards|(62nd)]]
| ''[[Parinda]]''
| परिंदा
| {{Sortname|Vidhu Vinod|Chopra}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1990 [[63rd Academy Awards|(63rd)]]
| ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
| அஞ்சலி
| Tamil
| {{Sortname|Mani|Ratnam}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1991 [[64th Academy Awards|(64th)]]
| ''[[Henna (film)|Henna]]''
| हिना
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Randhir|Kapoor}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1992 [[65th Academy Awards|(65th)]]
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| தேவர் மகன்
| Tamil
| {{Sortname|Bharathan|}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1993 [[66th Academy Awards|(66th)]]
| ''[[Rudaali]]''
| रुदाली
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Kalpana|Lajmi}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1994 [[67th Academy Awards|(67th)]]
| ''[[Bandit Queen]]''
| बैंडिट क्वीन
| {{Sortname|Shekhar|Kapur}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1995 [[68th Academy Awards|(68th)]]
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
| குருதிப்புனல்
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| {{Sortname|P. C.|Sreeram}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1996 [[69th Academy Awards|(69th)]]
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| இந்தியன்
| {{Sortname|S.|Shankar}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1997 [[70th Academy Awards|(70th)]]
| ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]''
| ഗുരു
| [[Malayalam]]
| {{Sortname|Rajiv|Anchal}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1998 [[71st Academy Awards|(71st)]]
| ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
| ஜீன்ஸ்
| Tamil
| {{Sortname|S.|Shankar}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 1999 [[72nd Academy Awards|(72nd)]]
| ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]''
| ''1947:'' अर्थ
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Deepa|Mehta}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2000 [[73rd Academy Awards|(73rd)]]
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| ஹே ராம் हे राम
| Tamil, Hindi
| {{Sortname|Kamal|Haasan}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2001 [[74th Academy Awards|(74th)]]
| ''[[Lagaan]]''
| लगान
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Ashutosh|Gowariker}}
| {{nom}}{{efn|The film, being India's last accepted nomination to date, lost to the Bosnian film ''[[No Man's Land (2001 film)|No Man's Land]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |title=The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109213431/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|-
! 2002 [[75th Academy Awards|(75th)]]
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
| देवदास
| {{Sortname|Sanjay Leela|Bhansali}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2004 [[77th Academy Awards|(77th)]]
| ''{{sort|Breath|[[Shwaas|Shwaas]]}}''
| श्वास
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| {{Sortname|Sandeep|Sawant}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2005 [[78th Academy Awards|(78th)]]
| ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''
| पहेली
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Amol|Palekar}}
| {{notnom}}{{efn|''[[Morning Raga]]'', an English film released during the same year, was submitted as an independent entry by its producers; neither film received the nomination.<ref name="oscar_race">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Indias-Oscar-race-Losers-weepers/articleshow/16528481.cms |title=India's Oscar race: Losers weepers? |last=Saxena |first=Kashika |date=25 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820051225/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-25/news-interviews/34062854_1_official-entry-film-federation-paheli |archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|-
! 2006 [[79th Academy Awards|(79th)]]
| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| रंग दे बसंती
| {{Sortname|Rakeysh Omprakash|Mehra}}
| {{notnom}}{{efn|''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', a [[Hindi]] film released during the same year, was submitted as an independent entry; neither film received the nomination.<ref name=oscar_race />|group=Note}}
|-
! 2007 [[80th Academy Awards|(80th)]]
| ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]''
| एकलव्य: दी रॉयल गार्ड
| {{Sortname|Vidhu Vinod|Chopra}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2008 [[81st Academy Awards|(81st)]]
| ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
| तारे ज़मीन पर
| {{Sortname|Aamir|Khan}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2009 [[82nd Academy Awards|(82nd)]]
| ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory|Harishchandra's Factory]]''
| हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी
| Marathi
| {{Sortname|Paresh|Mokashi}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2010 [[83rd Academy Awards|(83rd)]]
| ''[[Peepli Live]]''
| पीपली लाइव
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Anusha|Rizvi}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2011 [[84th Academy Awards|(84th)]]
| ''[[Adaminte Makan Abu|Abu, Son of Adam]]''
| ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു
| Malayalam
| {{Sortname|Salim|Ahamed}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2012 [[85th Academy Awards|(85th)]]
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| बर्फी!
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Anurag|Basu}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2013 [[86th Academy Awards|(86th)]]
| ''[[The Good Road]]''
| ધી ગુડ રોડ
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| Gyan Korrea
| {{notnom}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-good-road-nominated-as-indias-entry-for-oscars/article5153986.ece?homepage=true |title=The ''Good Road'' nominated as India's entry for Oscars |date=21 September 2013 |work=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923015506/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-good-road-nominated-as-indias-entry-for-oscars/article5153986.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
! 2014 [[87th Academy Awards|(87th)]]
| ''[[Liar's Dice (film)|Liar's Dice]]''
| लायर्स डाइस
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Geetu|Mohandas}}
| {{notnom}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Geethu-mohandas-Liars-Dice-is-Indias-official-entry-to-the-Oscars/articleshow/43248230.cms |title=Geethu mohandas' Liar's Dice is India's official entry to the Oscars! |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=24 September 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929173931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Geethu-mohandas-Liars-Dice-is-Indias-official-entry-to-the-Oscars/articleshow/43248230.cms |archive-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
! 2015 [[88th Academy Awards|(88th)]]
| ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]''
| कोर्ट
| Marathi
| {{Sortname|Chaitanya|Tamhane}}
| {{notnom}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/court-chosen-as-indias-official-entry-for-oscars/ |title=Court is India's official entry for Oscars |date=23 September 2015 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190414/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/court-chosen-as-indias-official-entry-for-oscars/ |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
! 2016 [[89th Academy Awards|(89th)]]
| ''[[Visaranai]]''
| விசாரணை
| Tamil
| {{Sortname||Vetrimaaran}}
| {{notnom}}<ref name="visar">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/visaranaifalls-out-of-the-oscar-race/articleshow/56014548.cms |title='Visaranai' falls out of the Oscar race |date=16 December 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201953/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/visaranaifalls-out-of-the-oscar-race/articleshow/56014548.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! 2017 [[90th Academy Awards|(90th)]]
| ''[[Newton (film)|Newton]]''
| न्यूटन
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Amit V.|Masurkar}}
| {{notnom}}<ref name="90th">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/newton-is-indias-official-entry-to-oscars-2018/articleshow/60792920.cms |title='Newton' is India's official entry to Oscars 2018 |date=22 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924105318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/newton-is-indias-official-entry-to-oscars-2018/articleshow/60792920.cms |archive-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
! 2018 [[91st Academy Awards|(91st)]]
| ''[[Village Rockstars]]''
| ৱিলে'জ ৰকষ্টাৰ্চ
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| {{Sortname|Rima|Das}}
| {{notnom}}<ref name="91st">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rima-das-village-rockstars-is-india-official-entry-to-oscars-2019-1885501.html |title=Rima Das' Village Rockstars is India's Official Entry to Oscars 2019 |date=22 September 2018 |work=News 18 |access-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922101748/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rima-das-village-rockstars-is-india-official-entry-to-oscars-2019-1885501.html |archive-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
! 2019 [[92nd Academy Awards|(92nd)]]
| ''[[Gully Boy]]''
| गली बॉय
| Hindi
| {{Sortname|Zoya|Akhtar}}
| {{notnom}}<ref name="92nd">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zoya-akthars-gully-boy-is-indias-official-entry-for-the-oscars/article29477153.ece |title=Zoya Akhtar's 'Gully Boy' is India's official entry for the Oscars |date=21 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607060833/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zoya-akthars-gully-boy-is-indias-official-entry-for-the-oscars/article29477153.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 2020 [[93rd Academy Awards|(93rd)]]
| ''[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]''
| ജല്ലിക്കട്ട്
| Malayalam
| {{Sortname|Lijo Jose|Pellissery}}
| {{notnom}}<ref name="93rd">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/Sallikattu-is-indias-entry-for-oscars-2021-7065545/|title=Malayalam film sallikattu is India's entry for Oscars 2021|website=The Indian Express|date=25 November 2020|author=Pooja Pillai}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
! 2021 [[94th Academy Awards|(94th)]]
| ''[[Pebbles (film)|Pebbles]]''
| கூழாங்கல்
| Tamil
| [[PS Vinothraj]]
| {{notnom}}<ref name="94th">{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1008382/oscars-tamil-film-koozhangal-will-represent-india-in-the-international-feature-film-category |title=Oscars: Tamil film 'Koozhangal' will represent India in the international feature film category |work=Scroll.in |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506121954/https://scroll.in/reel/1008382/oscars-tamil-film-koozhangal-will-represent-india-in-the-international-feature-film-category |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 2022 [[95th Academy Awards|(95th)]]
| ''[[Last Film Show]]''
| છેલ્લો શો
| Gujarati
| {{Sortname|Pan|Nalin}}
| {{shortlisted|Made shortlist}}<ref name="95th">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/oscars-2023-chhello-show-last-film-show-not-nominated-95th-academy-awards-8401574/|title=Chhello Show snubbed at the 95th Academy Awards|website=The Indian Express|date=24 January 2023|author=Entertainment Desk of The Indian Express|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313182618/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/oscars-2023-chhello-show-last-film-show-not-nominated-95th-academy-awards-8401574/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 2023 [[96th Academy Awards|(96th)]]
| colspan="2" | ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]<ref name="96th">{{Cite web |author=Entertainment Desk of The Indian Express |date=27 September 2023 |title=Malayalam blockbuster 2018, starring Tovino Thomas, selected as India's official entry for 2024 Oscars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-blockbuster-2018-starring-tovino-thomas-selected-as-indias-official-entry-for-2024-oscars-8958300/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927103905/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-blockbuster-2018-starring-tovino-thomas-selected-as-indias-official-entry-for-2024-oscars-8958300/ |url-status=live }}</ref>''
| Malayalam
| {{Sortname|Jude Anthany|Joseph}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2024 [[97th Academy Awards|(97th)]]
| ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]<ref name="97th">{{Cite web |author=Entertainment Desk of The Indian Express |date=23 September 2024 |title=India's official entry to the 97th Oscars is Kiran Rao's Laapataa Ladies |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/laapataa-ladies-indias-official-entry-to-the-97th-oscars-aamir-khan-kiran-rao-9583337/lite/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=23 September 2024 }}</ref><ref name="osc:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-2025-india-laapataa-ladies-best-international-feature-1236009468/ |title= Oscars 2025: India Selects 'Laapataa Ladies' for Best International Feature Race |author= Scott Roxborough |website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 23 September 2024 |access-date= 23 September 2024|lang=en}}</ref>''
| लापता लेडीज़
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
| {{Sortname|Kiran|Rao}}
| {{notnom}}
|-
! 2025 [[98th Academy Awards|(98th)]]
| colspan="2" | ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-09-19 |title=Neeraj Ghaywan's Cannes Title 'Homebound' Selected as India's Oscar Entry |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/india-oscar-entry-homebound-1236524286/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| {{shortlisted|Made shortlist}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]
*[[List of Academy Award–winning foreign-language films]]
*[[List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best International Feature Film]]
*[[List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
;General
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web|title=List of Indian Submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|url=http://www.filmfed.org/indian-submission.html|publisher=[[Film Federation of India]]|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516054357/http://www.filmfed.org/indian-submission.html|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080707023727/http://www.oscars.org/awardsdatabase/ The Official Academy Awards Database]
*[https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_Awards_USA/ IMDb Academy Awards Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409102636/https://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_Awards_USA/ |date=9 April 2010 }}

{{Academy Award for Best Foreign Film submissions}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}
{{Cinema of India}}

[[Category:Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award submissions by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, submissions for]]

Results of the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-27T20:23:33Z

FredricKeeton9: Put Up New Data

{{Short description|none}} 
'''The following is the performance of candidates from major alliances of the 2021'''

Kerala Legislative Assembly election, namely the candidates from the Left Democratic Front (LDF), United Democratic Front (UDF) and National Democratic Alliance (NDA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results 2021|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/result/kerala-assembly-election-2021/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502134449/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/result/kerala-assembly-election-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-S11.htm?st=S11|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{row hover highlight}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" cellpadding="5" style="width:85%; font-size:95%;"

! Number
! Constituency
! District
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background:#0087BD; color:black;"| UDF candidate|UDF candidate<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala election 2021: UDF constituent IUML to contest on 27 seats, announces candidates for 25 constituencies|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/kerala/article/kerala-election-2021-udf-constituent-iuml-to-contest-on-27-seats-announces-candidates-for-25-constituencies/731688|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RSP declares first list of candidates for Kerala polls|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=806417|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>
! Party
! Votes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background:#ED1C24; color:black;"| LDF candidate'''<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2021|title=CPI announces initial list of candidates|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cpi-announces-initial-list-of-candidates/article34029394.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2021-03-10|title=Kerala Election 2021: CPI-M Releases List of 83 Candidates, Pinarayi Vijayan to Contest From Dharmadam {{!}} Check Full List|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/kerala-election-2021-cpi-m-candidate-list-released-83-candidates-names-announced-pinarayi-vijayan-to-contest-from-dharmadam-check-full-list-seat-details-4480964/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Election 2021: Get latest updates on Kerala Assembly Election 2021 news, polling schedule and result dates|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>'''
! Party
! Votes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="background:#F97D09; color:black;"| NDA candidate<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=BDJS announces third list of candidates; candidates for Kodungallur and Kuttanad seats not announced|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=508982&u=bdjs-announces-third-list-of-candidates-candidates-for-kodungallur-and-kuttanad-seats-not-announced|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2021-03-14|title=Kerala Assembly Polls: BJP Releases List of 112 Candidates, E Sreedharan to Contest From Palakkad|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/kerala-assembly-elections-2021-bjp-to-contest-on-115-seats-releases-list-of-112-candidates-4490485/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>
! Party
! Votes
! Winner
! Margin
! Winning party
! Winning Alliance
|-
|| 1
|| [[Manjeshwar Assembly constituency|Manjeshwaram]]
|| [[Kasaragod]]
|| [[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
|| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|| 65758 || [[V. V. Rameshan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|| 40639 || [[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]]
|| 65013 || [[A. K. M. Ashraf]] || 745 || Indian Union Muslim League|[[IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 2
|| [[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasargod]]
|| [[Kasaragod]]
|| [[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]
|| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|| 63296 || [[M. A. Latheef]] || INL || 28323 || [[K. Sreekanth]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]]
|| 50395 || N. A. Nellikkunnu || 12901 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 3 || [[Udma Assembly constituency|Udma]]|| [[Kasaragod]] || [[Periya Balakrishnan]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 65342 || [[C. H. Kunhambu]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 78664 || [[A. Velayudhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 20360 || C. H. Kunhambu || 13322 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 4 || [[Kanhangad Assembly constituency|Kanhangad]]|| [[Kasaragod]] || [[P. V. Suresh]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 57476 || E. Chandrasekharan || CPI || 84615 || M. Balraj || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21570 || E. Chandrasekharan || 27139 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 5 || [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikkaripur]]|| [[Kasaragod]] || M. P. Joseph || KC || 60014 || M. Rajagopal || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 86151 || T. V. Shibin || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10961 || M. Rajagopal || 26137 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 6 || [[Payyanur Assembly constituency|Payyannur]]|| [[Kannur]] || [[M. Pradeep Kumar]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 43915 || T. I. Madusoodhanan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 93695 || K. K. Sreedharan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11308 || T. I. Madusoodhanan || 49780 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 7 || [[Kalliasseri Assembly constituency|Kalliasseri]]|| [[Kannur]] || Brijesh Kumar || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 43859 || M. Vijin || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 88252 || [[Arun Kaithapram]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11365 || M. Vijin || 44393 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 8 || [[Taliparamba Assembly constituency|Thaliparamba]]|| [[Kannur]] || Abdul Rasheed V. P. || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 70181 || M. V. Govindan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 92870 || Gangadharan A. P. || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 13058 || M. V. Govindan || 22689 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 9 || [[Irikkur Assembly constituency|Irikkur]]|| [[Kannur]] || Sajeev Joseph || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 76764 || Saji Kuttiyanimattom || KC(M) || 66754 || Aniyamma Rajendran || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 7825 || Sajeev Joseph || 10010 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 10 || [[Azhikode Assembly constituency|Azhikode]]|| [[Kannur]] || [[K. M. Shaji]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 59653 || K. V. Sumesh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 65794 || K. Ranjith || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 15741 || K. V. Sumesh || 6141 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 11 || [[Kannur Assembly constituency|Kannur]]|| [[Kannur]] || [[Satheeshan Pacheni]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 58568 || Kadannappalli Ramachandran || Con(S) || 60313 || Archana Vandichal || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11587 || Kadannappalli Ramachandran || 1745 || Con(S) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 12 || [[Dharmadam Assembly constituency|Dharmadom]]|| [[Kannur]] || [[C. Raghunath]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 45399 || [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 95522 || [[C. K. Padmanabhan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14623 || Pinarayi Vijayan || 50123 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 13 || [[Thalassery Assembly constituency|Thalassery]]|| [[Kannur]] || M. P. Aravindakshan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 45009 || A. N. Shamseer || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 81810 || No Candidate || NA || NA || A. N. Shamseer || 36801 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 14 || [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency|Kuthuparamba]]|| [[Kannur]] || Pottankandi Abdulla || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 61085 || K. P. Mohanan || LJD || 70626 || C. Sadanandan Master || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21212 || K. P. Mohanan || 9541 || LJD || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 15 || [[Mattanur Assembly constituency|Mattannur]]|| [[Kannur]] || Illikkal Agasthy || RSP || 35166 || K. K. Shailaja || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 96129 || Biju Elakkuzhi || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 18223 || [[K. K. Shailaja]] || 60963 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 16 || [[Peravoor Assembly constituency|Peravoor]]|| [[Kannur]] || Sunny Joseph || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 66706 || Sakeer Hussain || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 63534 || Smitha Jayamohan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 8943 || Sunny Joseph || 3172 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 17 || [[Mananthavady Assembly constituency|Mananthavady (ST)]]||[[ Wayanad ]]|| [[P. K. Jayalakshmi]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 64767 || O. R. Kelu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 74085 || Mukundan Palliyara || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 13373 || O. R. Kelu || 9282 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 18 || [[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency|Sulthanbathery (ST)]] ||[[ Wayanad ]]|| I. C. Balakrishnan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 83002 || M. S. Viswanathan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 70894 || [[C. K. Janu]] || JRS || 15462 || I. C. Balakrishnan || 11822 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 19 || [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency|Kalpetta]]||[[ Wayanad ]]|| [[T. Siddique]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 71859 || [[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]] || LJD || 66172 || [[T. M. Subeesh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14358 || T. Siddique || 5470 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 20 || [[Vadakara Assembly constituency|Vatakara]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || [[K. K. Rema]] || RMPI || 65093 || [[Manayath Chandran]] || LJD || 57602 || [[M. Rajesh Kumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10225 || K. K. Rema || 7491 || RMPI
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 21 || [[Kuttiady Assembly constituency|Kuttiady]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || [[Parakkal Abdulla]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 79810 || K. P. Kunhahammed Kutty || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 80143 || P. P. Murali || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 9139 || K. P. Kunhahammed Kutty || 333 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 22 || [[Nadapuram Assembly constituency|Nadapuram]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || [[K.Praveen Kumar]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 76902 || E. K. Vijayan || CPI || 80287 || M. P. Rajan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10290 || E. K. Vijayan || 3385 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 23 || [[Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)|Koyilandy]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || N. Subramanian || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 67156 || [[Kanathil Jameela]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 75628 || N. P. Radhakrishnan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 17555 || Kanathil Jameela || 8472 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 24 || [[Perambra Assembly constituency|Perambra]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || [[C. H. Ibrahimkutty]] || Ind. || 63431 || [[T. P. Ramakrishnan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 86023 || K. V. Sudheer || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11165 || T. P. Ramakrishnan || 22592 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 25 || [[Balussery Assembly constituency|Balusseri (SC)]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || Dharmajan Bolgatty || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 71467 || K. M. Sachin Dev || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 91839 || Libin Bhaskar || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 16490 || K. M. Sachin Dev || 20372 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 26 || [[Elathur Assembly constituency|Elathur]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || Sulfikar Mayoori || Ind. || 45137 || A. K. Saseendran || NCP || 83639 || T. P. Jayachandran || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 32010 || A. K. Saseendran || 38502 || NCP || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 27 || [[Kozhikode North Assembly constituency|Kozhikode North]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || K. M. Abhijith || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 46196 || [[Thottathil Ravindran|Thottathil Raveendran]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 59124 || M. T. Ramesh || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 30952 || Thottathil Raveendran || 12928 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 28 || [[Kozhikode South Assembly constituency|KozhikodebSouth]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || [[P. K. Noorbeena Rasheed]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 40098 || [[Ahamed Devarkovil]] || INL || 52557 || Navya Haridas || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 24873 || Ahamed Devarkovil || 12459 || INL || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 29 || [[Beypore Assembly constituency|Beypore]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || P. M. Niyas || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 53418 || P. A. Mohammed Riyas || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 82165 || K. P. Prakash Babu || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 26267 || P. A. Mohammed Riyas || 28747 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 30 || [[Kunnamangalam Assembly constituency|Kunnamangalam]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || Dinesh Perumanna || Ind. || 74862 || P. T. A. Rahim || Ind. || 85138 || [[V. K. Sajeevan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 27672 || P. T. A. Rahim || 10276 || Ind. || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 31 || [[Koduvally Assembly constituency|Koduvally]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || [[M. K. Muneer]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 72336 || [[Karat Razak]] || Ind. || 65992 || T. Balasoman || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 9498 || M. K. Muneer || 6344 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 32 || [[Thiruvambady Assembly constituency|Thiruvambadi]]|| [[ Kozhikode]] || C. P. Cheriya Muhammed || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 63224 || Linto Joseph || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 67867 || Baby Ambat || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 7794 || Linto Joseph || 4643 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 33 || [[Kondotty Assembly constituency|Kondotty]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[T. V. Ibrahim]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 80597 || Sulaiman Haji || Ind. || 62884 || Sheeba Unnikrishnan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10723 || T. V. Ibrahim || 17713 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 34 || [[Eranad Assembly constituency|Eranad]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || P. K. Basheer || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 78076 || K. T. Abdurahman || Ind. || 55530 || Dinesh || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 6683 || P. K. Basheer || 22546 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 35 || [[Nilambur Assembly constituency|Nilambur]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || V. V. Prakash || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 78527 || P. V. Anvar || Ind. || 81227 || T. K. Ashok Kumar || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 8595 || P. V. Anvar || 2700 || Ind. || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 36 || [[Wandoor Assembly constituency|Wandoor (SC)]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || A. P. Anil Kumar || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 87415 || P. Midhuna || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 71852 || P. C. Vijayan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 7057 || A. P. Anil Kumar || 15563 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 37 || [[Manjeri Assembly constituency|Manjeri]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || U. A. Latheef || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 78836 || P. Dibona Nassar || CPI || 64263 || P. R. Rashmilnath || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11350 || U. A. Latheef || 14573 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 38 || [[Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency|Perinthalmanna]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || Najeeb Kanthapuram || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 76530 || K. P. Mustafa || Ind. || 76492 || Suchithra Mattada || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 8021 || Najeeb Kanthapuram || 38 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 39 || [[Mankada Assembly constituency|Mankada]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || Manjalamkuzhi Ali || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 83231 || T. K. Rasheed Ali || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 76985 || Sajesh Elayil || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 6641 || Manjalamkuzhi Ali || 6246 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 40 || [[Malappuram Assembly constituency|Malappuram]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[P. Ubaidulla]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 93166 || P. Abdurahman || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 57958 || Sethumadhavan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 5883 || P. Ubaidulla || 35208 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 41 || [[Vengara Assembly constituency|Vengara]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 70193 || P. Jiji || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 39671 || Preman || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 5938 || P. K. Kunhalikutty || 30522 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 42 || [[Vallikunnu Assembly constituency|Vallikunnu]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || P. Abdul Hameed || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 71823 || A. P. Abdul Wahab || INL || 57707 || Peethambaran Palat || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 19853 || P. Abdul Hameed || 14116 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 43 || [[Tirurangadi Assembly constituency|Tirurangadi]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[K. P. A. Majeed]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 73499 || [[Niyas Pulikkalakath]] || Ind. || 63921 || Sathar Haji || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 8314 || K. P. A. Majeed || 9578 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 44 || [[Tanur Assembly constituency|Tanur]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[P. K. Firos]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 69719 || [[V. Abdurahiman|V. Abdurahman]] || NSC || 70704 || Narayanan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10590 || V. Abdurahman || 985 || NSC || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 45 || [[Tirur Assembly constituency|Tirur]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || ''[[Kurukkoli Moideen]]'' || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 85314 || Ghafoor P. Lillis || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 75100 || M. Abdul Salam || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 9097 || Kurukkoli Moideen || 7214 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 46 || [[Kottakkal Assembly constituency|Kottakkal]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 81700 || N. A. Muhammad Kutty || NCP || 65112 || P. P. Ganesan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10796 || K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal || 16588 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 47 || [[Thavanur Assembly constituency|Thavanur]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || Firoz Kunnumparambil || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 67794 || K. T. Jaleel || Ind. || 70358 || Ramesh Kottayipuram || BDJS || 9914 || K. T. Jaleel || 2564 || Ind. || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 48 || [[Ponnani Assembly constituency|Ponnani]]|| [[ Malappuram]] || [[A. M. Rohit]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 57625 || P. Nandakumar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 74668 || [[Subrahmanian Chungappalli]] || BDJS || 7419 || P. Nandakumar || 17043 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 49 || [[Thrithala Assembly constituency|Thrithala]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || V. T. Balram || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 66798 || M. B. Rajesh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 69814 || Sanku T. Das || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 12851 || M. B. Rajesh || 3016 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 50 || [[Pattambi Assembly constituency|Pattambi]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || Riyas Mukkoli || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 57337 || Muhammed Muhsin || CPI || 75311 || K. M. Haridas || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14578 || Muhammed Muhsin || 17974 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 51 || [[Shornur Assembly constituency|Shornur]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || [[T. H. Feroz Babu]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 37726 || P. Mammikutty || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 74400 || [[G. Sandeep Warrier]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 36973 || P. Mammikutty || 36674 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 52 || [[Ottapalam Assembly constituency|Ottappalam]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || P. Sarin || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 59707 || K. Premkumar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 74859 || P. Venugopal || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 25056 || K. Premkumar || 15152 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 53 || [[Kongad Assembly constituency|Kongad (SC)]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || U. C. Raman || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 40662 || K. Shanthakumari || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 67881 || M. Suresh Babu || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 27661 || K. Shanthakumari || 27219 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 54 || [[Mannarkkad Assembly constituency|Mannarkkad]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || [[N. Samsudheen|N. Shamsudheen]] || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 71657 || K. P. Suresh Raj || CPI || 65787 || B. Naseema || AIADMK || 10376 || N. Shamsudheen || 5870 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 55 || [[Malampuzha Assembly constituency|Malampuzha]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || S. K. Anandakrishnan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 35444 || A. Prabhakaran || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 75934 || [[C. Krishnakumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 50200 || A. Prabhakaran || 25734 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 56 || [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || [[Shafi Parambil]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 54079 || C. P. Pramod || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 36433 || [[E. Sreedharan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 50220 || Shafi Parambil || 3859 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 57 || [[Tarur Assembly constituency|Tarur (SC)]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || [[K. A. Sheeba]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 43213 || P. P. Sumod || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 67744 || K. P. Jayaprakash || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 18465 || P. P. Sumod || 24531 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 58 || [[Chittur Assembly constituency|Chittur]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || Sumesh Achuthan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 50794 || K. Krishnankutty || JD(S) || 84672 || V. Natesan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14458 || K. Krishnankutty || 33878 || JD(S) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 59 || [[Nenmara Assembly constituency|Nenmara]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || [[C. N. Vijayakrishnan]] || CMP(J) || 51441 || K. Babu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 80145 || A. N. Anurag || BDJS || 16666 || K. Babu || 28074 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 60 || [[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur]]|| [[ Palakkad]] || [[Palayam Predeep]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 40535 || K. D. Prasenan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 74653 || Prashanth Sivan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 18349 || K. D. Prasenan || 34118 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 61 || [[Chelakkara Assembly constituency|Chelakkara (SC)]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || C. C. Sreekumar || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 44015 || K. Radhakrishnan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 83415 || Shajumon Vattekkad || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 24045 || K. Radhakrishnan || 39400 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 62 || [[Kunnamkulam Assembly constituency|Kunnamkulam]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || K. Jayasankar || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 48901 || A. C. Moideen || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 75532 || K. K. Aneeshkumar || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 27833 || A. C. Moideen || 26631 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 63 || [[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayoor]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || K. N. A. Khader || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 58804 || N. K. Akbar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 77072 || Dileep Nair* || DSJP || 6294 || N. K. Akbar || 18268 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 64 || [[Manalur Assembly constituency|Manalur]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Vijay Hari || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 48461 || Murali Perunelly || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 78337 || A. N. Radhakrishnan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 36566 || Murali Perunelly || 29876 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 65 || [[Wadakkanchery Assembly constituency|Wadakkanchery]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Anil Akkara || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 65858 || Xavier Chittilappilly || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 81026 || T. S. Ullas Babu || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21747 || Xavier Chittilappilly || 15168 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 66 || [[Ollur Assembly constituency|Ollur]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Jose Valloor || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 55151 || K. Rajan || CPI || 76657 || B. Gopalakrishnan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 22295 || K. Rajan || 21506 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 67 || [[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Padmaja Venugopal || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 43317 || P. Balachandran || CPI || 44263 || Suresh Gopi || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 40457 || P. Balachandran || 946 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 68 || [[Nattika Assembly constituency|Nattika (SC)]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Sunil Lalur || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 44499 || C. C. Mukundan || CPI || 72930 || A. K. Lochanan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 33716 || C. C. Mukundan || 28431 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 69 || [[Kaipamangalam Assembly constituency|Kaipamangalam]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Sobha Subin || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 50463 || E. T. Taison || CPI || 73161 || C. D. Srilal || BDJS || 9066 || E. T. Taison || 22698 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 70 || [[Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency|Irinjalakuda]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Thomas Unniyadan || KC || 56544 || R. Bindu || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 62493 || Jacob Thomas || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 34329 || R. Bindu || 5949 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 71 || [[Puthukkad Assembly constituency|Puthukkad]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || Sunil Anthikad || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 46012 || K. K. Ramachandran || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 73365 || A. Nagesh || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 34893 || K. K. Ramachandran || 27353 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 72 || [[Chalakudy Assembly constituency|Chalakudy]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 61888 || Dennis Antony || KC(M) || 60831 || Unnikrishnan || BDJS || 17301 || T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph || 1057 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 73 || [[Kodungallur Assembly constituency|Kodungallur]]|| [[ Thrissur]] || M. P. Jackson || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 47564 || V. R. Sunil Kumar || CPI || 71457 || Santhosh Chirakulam || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 28204 || V. R. Sunil Kumar || 23893 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 74 || [[Perumbavoor Assembly constituency|Perumbavoor]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Eldhose Kunnappilly || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 53484 || Babu Joseph || KC(M) || 50585 || T. P. Sindhu Mol || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 15135 || Eldhose Kunnappilly || 2899 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 75 || [[Angamaly Assembly constituency|Angamaly]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Roji M. John || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 71562 || Jose Thettayil || JD(S) || 55633 || K. V. Sabu || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 8677 || Roji M. John || 15929 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 76 || [[Aluva Assembly constituency|Aluva]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| [[Anwar Sadath]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 73703 || Shelna Nishad || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 54817 || M. N. Gopi || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 15893 || Anwar Sadath || 18886 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 77 || [[Kalamassery Assembly constituency|Kalamassery]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| V. E. Gafoor || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 61805 || P. Rajeev || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 77141 || P. S. Jayarajan || BDJS || 11179 || P. Rajeev || 15336 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 78 || [[Paravur Assembly constituency|Paravur]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| V. D. Satheesan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 82264 || M. T. Nixon || CPI || 60963 || A. B. Jayaprakash || BDJS || 12964 || V. D. Satheesan || 21301 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 79 || [[Vypen Assembly constituency|Vypin]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Deepak Joy || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 45657 || K. N. Unnikrishnan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 53858 || [[K. S. Shyju]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 13540 || [[K. N. Unnikrishnan]] || 8201 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 80 || [[Kochi Assembly constituency|Kochi]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Tony Chammany || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 40553 || K. J. Maxi || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 54632 || [[C.G. Rajagopal]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10991 || K. J. Maxi || 14079 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 81 || [[Thrippunithura Assembly constituency|Thripunithura]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| K. Babu || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 65875 || M. Swaraj || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 64883 || [[K. S. Radhakrishnan]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 23756 || K. Babu || 992 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 82 || [[Ernakulam Assembly constituency|Ernakulam]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| T. J. Vinod || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 45390 || Shaji George || Ind. || 34960 || Padmaja S. Menon || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 16043 || T. J. Vinod || 10970 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 83 || [[Thrikkakara Assembly constituency|Thrikkakara]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| P. T. Thomas || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 59839 || J. Jacob || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 45510 || S. Saji || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 15483 || [[P. T. Thomas]] || 14329 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 84 || [[Kunnathunad Assembly constituency|Kunnathunad (SC)]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| V. P. Sajeendran || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 49636 || P. V. Sreejin || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 52351 || Renu Suresh || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 7218 || [[P. V. Srinijin|P. V. Sreejin]] || 2715 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 85 || [[Piravom Assembly constituency|Piravom]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Anoop Jacob || KC(J) || 85056 || Sindhumol Jacob || KC(M) || 59692 || M. A. Ashish || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11021 || Anoop Jacob || 25364 || [[KC(J)]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 86 || [[Muvattupuzha Assembly constituency|Muvattupuzha]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Mathew Kuzhalnadan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 64425 || Eldo Abraham || CPI || 58264 || Jiji Joseph || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 7527 || Mathew Kuzhalnadan || 6161 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 87 || [[Kothamangalam Assembly constituency|Kothamangalam]]|| [[Ernakulam ]]|| Shibu Thekkumpuram || KC || 57629 || Antony John || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 64234 || Shine K. Krishnan || BDJS || 4638 || Antony John || 6605 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 88 || [[Devikulam Assembly constituency|Devikulam (SC)]]||[[ Idukki ]]|| D. Kumar || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 51201 || A. Raja || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 59049 || S. Ganeshan* || AIADMK || 4717 || A. Raja || 7848 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 89 || [[Udumbanchola Assembly constituency|Udumbanchola]]||[[ Idukki ]]|| E. M. Augusthy || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 39076 || M. M. Mani || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 77381 || Santhosh Madhavan || BDJS || 7208 || M. M. Mani || 38305 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 90 || [[Thodupuzha Assembly constituency|Thodupuzha]]||[[ Idukki ]]|| P. J. Joseph || KC || 67495 || K. I. Antony || KC(M) || 47236 || Shyam Raj P. || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21263 || P. J. Joseph || 20259 || KC
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 91 || [[Idukki Assembly constituency|Idukki]]||[[ Idukki ]]|| Francis George || KC || 56795 || Roshy Augustine || KC(M) || 62368 || Sangeetha Viswanathan || BDJS || 9286 || Roshy Augustine || 5573 || KC(M) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 92 || [[Peerumade Assembly constituency|Peerumede]]||[[ Idukki ]]|| Syriac Thomas || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 58306 || Vazhoor Soman || CPI || 60141 || Srinagari Rajan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 7126 || Vazhoor Soman || 1835 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 93 || [[Pala Assembly constituency|Pala]]||[[ Kottayam]] || Mani C. Kappan || Ind. || 69804 || Jose K. Mani || KC(M) || 54418 || Prameela Devi || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 10869 || Mani C. Kappan || 15386 || Ind.
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 94 || [[Kaduthuruthy Assembly constituency|Kaduthuruthy]]||[[ Kottayam]] || Monce Joseph || KC || 59666 || Stephen George || KC(M) || 55410 || Lijinlal G. || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11670 || Monce Joseph || 4256 || KC
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 95 || [[Vaikom Assembly constituency|Vaikom (SC)]]||[[ Kottayam]] || P. R. Sona || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 42266 || C. K. Asha || CPI || 71388 || Ajitha Sabu || BDJS || 11953 || C. K. Asha || 29122 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 96 || [[Ettumanoor Assembly constituency|Ettumanoor]]||[[ Kottayam]] || Pr [[Indian National Congress|INC]]e Lukose || KC || 43986 || V. N. Vasavan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 58289 || [[T. N. Harikumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 13746 || V. N. Vasavan || 14303 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 97 || [[Kottayam Assembly constituency|Kottayam]]||[[ Kottayam]] || Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 65401 || K. Anilkumar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 46658 || Minerva Mohan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 8611 || Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan || 18743 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 98 || [[Puthuppally Assembly constituency|Puthuppally]]||[[ Kottayam]] || [[Oommen Chandy]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 63372 || Jaick C. Thomas || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 54328 || N. Hari || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 11694 || [[Oommen Chandy]] || 9044 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 99 || [[Changanassery Assembly constituency|Changanassery]]||[[ Kottayam]] || V. J. Laly || KC || 49366 || Job Michael || KC(M) || 55425 || [[G. Raman Nair]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14491 || Job Michael || 6059 || KC(M) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 100 || [[Kanjirappally Assembly constituency|Kanjirappally]]||[[ Kottayam]] || [[Joseph Vazhackan]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 46596 || N. Jayaraj || KC(M) || 60299 || Alphons Kannanthanam || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 29157 || N. Jayaraj || 13703 || KC(M) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 101 || [[Poonjar Assembly constituency|Poonjar]]||[[ Kottayam]] || Tomy Kallany || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 34633 || Sebastian Kulathunkal || KC(M) || 58668 || M. P. Sen || BDJS || 2965 || Sebastian Kulathunkal || 16817 || KC(M) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 102 || [[Aroor Assembly constituency|Aroor]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || Shanimol Usman || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 66804 || Daleema Jojo || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 73626 || Aniyappan || BDJS || 17215 || Daleema Jojo || 6802 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 103 || [[Cherthala Assembly constituency|Cherthala]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || [[S. Sarath]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 77554 || P. Prasad || CPI || 83702 || [[P. S. Jyothis]] || BDJS || 14254 || [[P. Prasad]] || 6148 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 104 || [[Alappuzha Assembly constituency|Alappuzha]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || K. S. Manoj || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 61768 || P. P. Chitharanjan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 73412 || R. Sandeep Vachaspathi || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21650 || P. P. Chitharanjan || 11644 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 105 || [[Ambalappuzha Assembly constituency|Ambalappuzha]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || M. Liju || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 50240 || H. Salam || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 61365 || Anoop Antony Joseph || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 22389 || H. Salam || 11125 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 106 || [[Kuttanad Assembly constituency|Kuttanad]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || Jacob Abraham || KC || 51863 || Thomas K. Thomas || NCP || 57379 || Thampi Mettuthara || BDJS || 14946 || Thomas K. Thomas || 5516 || NCP || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 107 || [[Haripad Assembly constituency|Haripad]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || Ramesh Chennithala || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 72768 || R. Sajilal || CPI || 59102 || K. Soman || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 17890 || Ramesh Chennithala || 13666 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 108 || [[Kayamkulam Assembly constituency|Kayamkulam]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || Aritha Babu || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 71050 || U. Prathibha || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 77348 || Pradeep Lal || BDJS || 11413 || [[U. Prathibha]] || 6298 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 109 || [[Mavelikara Assembly constituency|Mavelikkara (SC)]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || K. K. Shaju || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 47026 || M. S. Arun Kumar || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 71743 || Sanju || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 30955 || M. S. Arun Kumar || 24717 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 110 || [[Chengannur Assembly constituency|Chengannur]]|| [[Alappuzha]] || M. Murali || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 39309 || Saji Cheriyan || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 71293 || [[M. V. Gopakumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 34493 || [[Saji Cherian|Saji Cheriyan]] || 31984 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 111 || [[Thiruvalla Assembly constituency|Thiruvalla]]|| [[Pathanamthitta]] || Kunju Koshy Paul || KC || 50757 || Mathew T. Thomas || JD(S) || 62178 || [[Ashokan Kulanada]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 22674 || [[Mathew T. Thomas]] || 11421 || JD(S) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 112 || [[Ranni Assembly constituency|Ranni]]|| [[Pathanamthitta]] || Ringoo Cherian || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 43060 || Pramod Narayan || KC(M) || 44774 || Padmakumar K. || BDJS || 16089 || Pramod Narayan || 1123 || KC(M) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 113 ||[[ Aranmula ]]|| [[Pathanamthitta]] || K. Sivadasan Nair || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 55947 || Veena George || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 74950 || Biju Mathew || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 29099 || Veena George || 19003 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 114 || [[Konni Assembly constituency|Konni]]|| [[Pathanamthitta]] || Robin Peter || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 53810 || [[K. U. Jenish Kumar]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 62318 || [[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 32811 || K. U. Jenish Kumar || 8508 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 115 || [[Adoor Assembly constituency|Adoor (SC)]]|| [[Pathanamthitta]] || [[M. G. Kannan]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 51064 || Chittayam Gopakumar || CPI || 54026 || Pandalam Prathapan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 20105 || Chittayam Gopakumar || 2962 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 116 || [[Karunagappally Assembly constituency|Karunagapally]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| C. R. Mahesh || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 93932 || R. Ramachandran || CPI || 64836 || Bitty Sudheer || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 12031 || C. R. Mahesh || 29096 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 117 || [[Chavara Assembly constituency|Chavara]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| Shibu Baby John || RSP || 62186 || [[Sujith Vijayanpillai]]|| Ind. || 63282 || Vivek Gopan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14211 || Sujith Vijayan || 1096 || Ind. || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 118 || [[Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]] (SC) || [[Kollam ]]|| [[Ullas Kovoor]] || RSP || 66646 || [[Kovoor Kunjumon]] || Ind.[10] || 69436 || Raji Prasad || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21760 || Kovoor Kunjumon || 2790 || Ind.[10] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 119 || [[Kottarakkara Assembly constituency|Kottarakkara]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| Resmi R. || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 57956 || K. N. Balagopal || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 68770 || Vayakkal Soman || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21223 || K. N. Balagopal || 10814 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 120 || [[Pathanapuram Assembly constituency|Pathanapuram]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| Jyothikumar Chamakkala || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 52776 || K. B. Ganesh Kumar || KC(B) || 67078 || Jithin Dev || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 12364 || K. B. Ganesh Kumar || 14302 || KC(B) || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 121 || [[Punalur Assembly constituency|Punalur]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| Abdul Rahman Randathani || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 43421 || P. S. Supal || CPI || 80428 || Ayoor Murali || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 20069 || P. S. Supal || 37007 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 122 || [[Chadayamangalam Assembly constituency|Chadayamangalam]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| M. M. Naseer || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 53574 || J. Chinchu Rani || CPI || 67252 || Vishnu Pattathanam || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 22238 || J. Ch [[Indian National Congress|INC]]hu Rani || 13678 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 123 || [[Kundara Assembly constituency|Kundara]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| [[P. C. Vishnunadh|P. C. Vishnunath]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 76341 || [[J. Mercykutty Amma]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 71887 || Vanaja Vidyadharan || BDJS || 6097 || P. C. Vishnunath || 4454 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 124 || [[Kollam Assembly constituency|Kollam]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| Bindhu Krishna || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 56452 || Mukesh || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 58524 || M. Sunil || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 14252 || Mukesh || 2072 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 125 || [[Eravipuram Assembly constituency|Eravipuram]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| [[Babu Divakaran]] || RSP || 43452 || [[M. Noushad]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 71573 || [[Ranjith Raveendran]] || BDJS || 8468 || M. Noushad || 28121 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 126 || [[Chathannoor Assembly constituency|Chathannoor]]|| [[Kollam ]]|| [[Peethambara Kurup]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 34280 || G. S. Jayalal || CPI || 59296 || [[B. B. Gopakumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 42090 || G. S. Jayalal || 17206 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 127 || [[Varkala Assembly constituency|Varkala]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || B. R. M. Shafeer || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 50995 || [[V. Joy]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 68816 || Aji S. R. M. || BDJS || 11214 || V. Joy || 17821 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 128 || [[Attingal Assembly constituency|Attingal]] (SC) || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || A. Sreedharan || RSP || 36938 || O. S. Ambika || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 69898 || P. Sudheer || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 38262 || O. S. Ambika || 31636 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 129 || [[Chirayinkeezhu Assembly constituency|Chirayinkeezhu]] (SC) ||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Anup B.S. || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 48617 || V. Sasi || CPI || 62634 || Ashanath || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 30986 || V. Sasi || 14017 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 130 || [[Nedumangad Assembly constituency|Nedumangad]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| P. S. Prasanth || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 49433 || G. R. Anil || CPI || 72742 || J. R. Padmakumar || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 26861 || [[G. R. Anil]] || 23309 || CPI || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 131 || [[Vamanapuram Assembly constituency|Vamanapuram]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Anad Jayan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 62895 || D. K. Murali || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 73137 || [[Thazhava Sahadevan]] || BDJS || 5603 || D. K. Murali || 10242 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 132 || [[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakoottam]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| S. S. Lal || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 32995 || Kadakampally Surendran || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 63690 || Shobha Surendran || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 40193 || Kadakampally Surendran || 23497 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 133 || [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|| Veena S. Nair || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 35455 || [[V. K. Prasanth]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 61111 || [[V. V. Rajesh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 39596 || V. K. Prasanth || 21515 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 134 || [[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[V. S. Sivakumar]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 41659 || [[Antony Raju]] || JKC || 48748 || [[Krishna Kumar (actor)|Krishna Kumar]] || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 34996 || Antony Raju || 7089 || JKC || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 135 || [[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || K. Muraleedharan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 36524 || V. Sivankutty || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 55837 || Kummanam Rajasekharan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 51888 || V. Sivankutty || 3949 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 136 || [[Aruvikkara Assembly constituency|Aruvikkara]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || K. S. Sabarinathan || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 61730 || G. Stephen || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 66776 || C. Sivankutty || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 15379 || G. Stephen || 5046 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 137 || [[Parassala Assembly constituency|Parassala]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Ansajitha Ressal || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 52720 || [[C. K. Hareendran]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 78548 || Karamana Jayan || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 29850 || C. K. Hareendran || 25828 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 138 || [[Kattakada Assembly constituency|Kattakada]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || Malayainkeezhu Venugopal || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 43062 || I. B. Sathish || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 66293 || P. K. Krishnadas || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 34642 || I. B. Sathish || 23231 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|-
|| 139 || [[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[M. Vinent]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 74868 || [[Neelalohithadasan Nadar]] || JD(S) || 63306 || Vishnupuram Chandrasekharan || KKC || 18664 || M. Vincent || 11562 || [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background:#0087BD; color:white;"| UDF
|-
|| 140 || [[Neyyattinkara Assembly constituency|Neyyattinkara]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[R. Selvaraj (politician)|R. Selvaraj]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 51235 || [[K. Ansalan]] || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || 65497 || Rajasekharan S Nair || [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] || 21009 || [[K. Ansalan]] || 14262 || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] || style="background:#f00; color:black;"| LDF
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]

Morsing

2026-01-24T08:51:06Z

FredricKeeton9:

{{Short description|Instrument played with the help of mouth and hand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{unreliable|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Instrument
| name = Morsing
| names =
| image = Morsing2.jpg
| classification = [[hand percussion]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 121.2
| range = struck using the other hand to produce sound.
| related =
}}
The '''morsing''' (also '''mukharshanku''', '''mourching''', '''morching''' or '''morchang'''; [[Sanskrit]]: दंत वाद्यन्तरात्मसत्रस्य, [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: మోర్సింగ్, [[Kannada]]: ಮೋರ್ಸಿಂಗ್, Rajasthani: मोरचंग, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: நாமுழவு அல்லது முகச்சங்கு, [[Malayalam]]: മുഖർശംഖ്, [[English language|English]]: "[[Jew's harp|jaw harp]]") is an instrument similar to the [[Jew's harp]], mainly used in [[Rajasthan]], in the [[Carnatic music]] of [[South India]], and in [[Sindh]], Pakistan. It can be categorized under [[lamellophone]]s, which is a sub-category of plucked [[idiophone]]s. The instrument consists of a metal ring in the shape of a [[horseshoe]] with two parallel forks that form the frame, and a metal tongue in the middle, between the forks, fixed to the ring at one end and free to vibrate at the other. The metal tongue, also called the trigger, is bent at the free end in a plane perpendicular to the circular ring so that it can be struck and made to vibrate.<ref>{{cite web|title=The morchang: an iron jews harp from Rajasthan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcKN55h2KFM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/tcKN55h2KFM |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|publisher=Asian Music Circuit|access-date=28 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:Morsing1.jpg|thumb|Morsing (Jaw Harp)]]
The morsing can be traced back over 1,500 years. Its exact origin in the [[Indian subcontinent]] is not well documented, with most ancient accounts being derived from folk tales. It is found mainly in [[South India]], [[Rajasthan]], and some parts of [[Assam]]. In [[Bengal]]i and Assamese folk music, it is sometimes played with a [[Rabindrasangeet]], while in South India, it features in Carnatic concerts and percussion ensembles. In [[Rajasthan]] it is known as ''morchang'' and is used as a percussion instrument in ''lok geet'' (folk music). It was often used in [[Hindi cinema]] by music directors like [[R.D. Burman]] and [[S.D.Burman|S.D. Burman]], and has resurfaced in the twentieth century, with street performers like Varun Zinje playing it in a renewed style.<ref name="Saving"/> It is said to be the precursor to subsequent instruments such as the [[harmonica]] and the [[Pump organ|harmonium]].<ref name="Saving">{{cite web|title=Saving the jaw harp: Varun Zinje a.k.a. Morchangwala at TEDxEMWS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk6FKDn7Slw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/yk6FKDn7Slw |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|website=Tedx|publisher=YouTube|access-date=28 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Playing technique==
[[File:Srirangam Kannan.jpg|thumb|Morsing by Srirangam Kannan]]
[[File:Morsingh.ogv|thumb|Morsing]]
The morsing is placed on the front teeth, with slightly pouted lips and held firmly in the hand. It is struck using the index finger of the other hand to produce sound. Movement of the player's [[tongue]] while making nasal sounds is used to change the pitch. This can be achieved when the syllable 'Nga' or a variant thereof, is sounded through the nose while air is pushed out or pulled in through the mouth. This aids the meditation process and thus some players use it as a form of practising [[pranayama]]. Others speak into the instruments while playing, thus giving it the effect of a light haunting echo.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The morsing is firmly held in the hand, the frame or the ring between the palm and the fingers usually in the left hand. Care should be taken to see that the middle part or the metal tongue is not being touched when held idle. Then the upper of the two parallel forks is firmly pressed against the front upper teeth; the lower fork, against the front lower teeth with the lips helping to keep the contact, so that the metal tongue will not contact the teeth when it moves. The trigger is plucked with the tip of the index finger. Sound is produced due to the vibration of the metal tongue that is transferred through the teeth and sounds in mouth and nasal cavity. Movement of the player's tongue with constant plucking can produce very fast patterns of sound. By constricting the space in the mouth the nostrils can produce sounds in different phases, similar to [[phaser (effect)|phaser]]s in electronic music.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

While traditionally made of iron, variants can be made from brass, wood, bone, and even plastic and credit cards.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Tuning==
The basic pitch of the instrument can be varied very little. Significantly, the pitch of the instrument can only be reduced and not increased. To reduce the pitch a little, [[beeswax]] can be applied on the plucking end. To increase the pitch, it can be filed, although this may damage the instrument.

==Advanced playing and the art of accompaniment==
{{Carnatic}}
In Carnatic music, the morsing is usually played along with the [[mridangam]] or [[dhol]], so it is necessary to know the syllables or aural interpretation of what is played on mridangam. It is important to know the aural representation of the ferns (pattern of syllables played on percussion instruments) played on mridangam as it is being silently recited while playing the morsing. This vocal art of reciting the syllables played on the mridangam is called [[konnakol]]. But while playing on morsing you don't actually make sound of reciting the syllable but just move your tongue that way so that the air passages gets blocked and cleared in a pattern so as to produce the sound of the ferns. It is essential to follow the mridangam and play the same ferns as far as possible, though it is difficult owing to the limitations of the instrument.

Glimpses of uniqueness and versatility of the morsing can be shown when accompanying singly for the song or during [[neraval]] or [[swara prastara]] (stages of song rendition in Carnatic music). The morsing is played as a shadow of the mridangam throughout the concert and the instrument's capabilities should be exhibited when playing or accompanying alone or during Thani (percussion round in a concert) or [[talavadyas]] (percussion ensembles).

Though working on completely different principles, the music of the Morchang sounds similar to that emanating from the Australian [[didgeridoo]].{{cn|date=September 2022}}

==Variants around the world==
The Morchang exists, in nearly the same form and design all over the world, and is called by different names (estimated to be around 900) in different languages. For example: Morchang / morsing (India), Kou-Xian ([[China]]), Vargan ([[Russia]]), Munnharpe ([[Norway]]), Zanboorak ([[Iran]]), Maultrommel (Germany), Guimbarde (France), Marranzano (Italy), Doromb (Hungary), Dambrelis (Lithuania) and Drymba (Ukraine).<ref name="It">{{cite web|title=Jew's Harp, Listen and You Will Hear It: Valentinas & Viaceslavas at TEDxVilnius|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SpWuseQGys |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/4SpWuseQGys |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|publisher=Tedx|access-date=28 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It may have spread and been shared between countries through the ancient trade routes between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]], including the [[Silk route]]. There is a theory according to which the popular name ''Jew's harp'' is a corruption of the name ''jaw harp''. This theory is described by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as "baseless and inept". The OED says that, "More or less satisfactory reasons may be conjectured: e.g. that the instrument was actually made, sold, or imported to England by Jews, or purported to be so; or that it was attributed to them, as a good commercial name, suggesting the trumps and harps mentioned in the Bible."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=1989|title=Jews' trump, Jew's-trump|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

==Notable players==
Players of the instrument are sometimes called ''Morsingists''. Current day players include Bhagyalakshmi M. Krishna, Sundar N, Minjur M Yagnaraman, Bejjanki V Ravi Kiran, Ortal Pelleg, Valentinas, Viaceslavas,<ref name="It"/> the [[Barmer Boys]], T S Nandakumar and a number of Rajasthani folk music players from the traditional entertainer tribe of Laggas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pelleg|first1=Ortal|title={{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|POWERFULL}} Mouth Harp(morchang) in 7 Beat|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W4VcDS8AO4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/2W4VcDS8AO4 |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|publisher=Ortal Pelleg|access-date=28 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Morsingists from earlier eras include [[Abraham Lincoln]],{{Dubious|date=June 2013}} the Russian [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] {{Dubious|date=June 2013}} and Mannargudi Natesa Pillai, Hariharasharma (father of Vikku Vinayagaram), Pudukkottai Mahadevan, and Kalaimamani A S Krishnan, Mysore M Gururaj, Bharadwaj R Sathavalli and the great late L. Bhimachar from South India.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Music}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.carnatica.net/sangeet/morsing.htm Morsing at Carnatica.net]
*[http://www.mridangam.com/morsing.html Morsing at Mridangam.com]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=606yeeuz1lY Morchang Music Video by Rajasthani Artist]
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Strings (music)}}
{{Plucked idiophones}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Heteroglot guimbardes and jaw harps]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]

[[ta:மோர்சிங்]]

Kevadyacha Paan Tu

2026-01-19T23:24:53Z

FredricKeeton9: starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Kevadyacha Paan Tu
| cover = Kevadyacha Paan Tu.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| type = song
| artist = [[Arya Ambekar]], [[Ajay Gogavale]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kevadyacha Paan Tu Song Download by Ajay Gogavale |url=https://www.hungama.com/song/kevadyacha-paan-tu/98602557/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
| album = [[Sarla Ek Koti]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|07}}.
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Audio Talkies, Pune
* Dawn Studio, Pune
* Euphony Studio, Mumbai
* Hilltop Studio, Mumbai
* Sound Idea, Mumbai
}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=05}}
| label = [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Music]]
| composer = [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
| lyricist = [[Guru Thakur]]
| producer = Avi Lohar
| tracks = # "'''Kevadyacha Paan Tu'''"
# "Tharyavar Jeev Raahina"
# "Saimaya Sajani Le"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|eIcz71oxlbU|Kevadyacha Paan Tu}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Kevadyacha Paan Tu'''" ({{Translation|You are a leaf of [[Pandanus tectorius|Kevda]]}}) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language song from the soundtrack album of 2023 Indian drama film ''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]'', written and directed by Nitin Supekar. The song was composed by [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]], voiced by [[Ajay Gogavale]] and [[Arya Ambekar]], while lyrics are penned by [[Guru Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title='केवड्याचं पान तू कस्तुरीचं रान तू' मराठी गा |url=https://www.dainikprabhat.com/marathi-song-kevdyachan-paan-tu-kasturichan-ran-tu-is-creating-a-stir-on-social-media/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Dainik Prabhat |language=en-US}}</ref> The music video of the track was released on 7 January 2023 on [[YouTube]], featuring [[Isha Keskar]] and [[Onkar Bhojane]].<ref name=":1" /> The song became popular and gained traction on social media following its release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=कितीदा नव्याने ते केवड्याचं पान; गायिका आर्या आंबेकरची Top 5 गाणी |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/aarya-ambekar-birthday-kitida-navyane-to-kevdyach-paan-tu-singer-top-5-songs-mhgm-904500.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title="आम्ही एकमेकांचे हात धरले अन्..." ओंकार भोजनेबरोबरच्या 'त्या' रोमँटिक सीनबद्दल ईशा केसकर स्पष्टच बोलली |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/actress-isha-keskar-talk-about-onkar-bhojane-romantic-scean-in-sarla-ek-koti-movie-kevadyacha-paan-tu-song-nrp-97-3391137/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627044248/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/actress-isha-keskar-talk-about-onkar-bhojane-romantic-scean-in-sarla-ek-koti-movie-kevadyacha-paan-tu-song-nrp-97-3391137/ |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Credits ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kevadyacha Paan Tu {{!}} Ajay Gogavale, Aarya Ambekar {{!}} Vijay Gavande {{!}} Onkar Isha {{!}} Sarla Ek Koti | date=7 January 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIcz71oxlbU |access-date=2024-03-17 |language=en}}</ref>
*Music – [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
*Background score – [[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
*Lyrics – [[Guru Thakur]]
*Singers – [[Ajay Gogavale]], [[Arya Ambekar]]
*Cinematography – Nagraj Diwakar
*Editor – Nitesh Rathod
*Choreographer – Sujeet Kumar
*DI Colorist – Vinod Raje
*Music Production – Avi Lohar
*Flute – Paras Nath
*[[Shehnai]] – Yogesh More
*Ethnic String Instruments – Tapas Roy
*Percussion Instruments – Pratap Rath
*Orchestra section – Jitu Javada and team
*Mix and Mastering – Ishan Devsthalli
*Recording – Tushar Pandit, Sagar Sathe (Dawn Studio Pune), Abhishek Kate (Audio Talkies Pune), Kittu Mayank (Sound Idea Mumbai), Partha Das (Euphony Studio Mumbai), Rohan Mistry (Hilltop Studio Mumbai)
*Actors – [[Isha Keskar]], [[Onkar Bhojane]]
*Music label – [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Music]]

== Music video ==
The song is picturized on actors [[Onkar Bhojane]] and [[Isha Keskar]].<ref name=":0" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient (s) and Nominee (s)
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2024
|Radio City Cine Awards
|Best Playback Singer Female
|[[Arya Ambekar]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd @radiocityindia Cine Awards |url=https://www.instagram.com/ambekaraarya/p/C3t5iVUomEi/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|"'''Kevadyacha Paan Tu'''"
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Male Playback Singer|Favourite Singer – Male]]
|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Female Playback Singer|Favourite Singer – Female]]
|[[Aarya Ambekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2023
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|Best Playback Singer Female
|[[Aarya Ambekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=कलाकारांच्या सन्मानासाठी रंगणार 'फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान' सोहळा |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/fakt-marathi-awards-show-will-take-place-on-15th-september-sh04 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/kevadyacha-paan-tu/PFgoaA1,YWo?autoplay=enabled JioSaavn]
*[https://wynk.in/music/song/kevadyacha-paan-tu/pp_8905778785994_INU102300003 Wynk Music]
*[https://music.apple.com/in/album/kevadyacha-paan-tu-from-sarla-ek-koti-original-motion/1663176249 iTunes]
*[https://gaana.com/song/kevadyacha-paan-tu Gaana]
*[https://www.shazam.com/track/648396145/kevadyacha-paan-tu Shazam]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Ajay Gogavale songs]]
[[Category:Arya Ambekar songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Guru Thakur]]

Sandalwood oil

2026-01-15T15:15:40Z

FredricKeeton9: Made new data.

{{Short description|Essential oil}}

[[Image:SandalwoodEssOil.png|thumb|right|200px|A glass vial containing pure Sandalwood Essential Oil]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
'''Sandalwood oil''' is an [[essential oil]] obtained from the [[steam distillation]] of chips and billets cut from the heartwood of various species of [[sandalwood]] trees, mainly ''[[Santalum album]]'' (Indian sandalwood)<ref name=Kapoor2001/> and ''[[Santalum spicatum]]'' (Australian sandalwood).<ref name=acne-soe/>

Sandalwood oil is used in [[perfume]]s, [[cosmetics]], sacred [[unguent]]s, and as a mild food flavouring.<ref name=Kapoor2001>{{ cite book | author = Kapoor LD | title = Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants | volume = 2 | series = Herbal Reference Library Series | publisher = CRC Press | location = Boca Raton, Florida | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8493-2929-6 }}</ref>

==Main constituents==
Sandalwood oil contains more than 90% [[sesquiterpene|sesquiterpenic]] [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s of which 50–60% is the [[tricyclic]] [[α-Santalol|α-santalol]]. [[β-Santalol]] comprises 20–25%.<ref name=acne-soe>{{cite web |url=http://scienceofacne.com/sandalwood-essential-oil/ |title=Sandalwood Essential Oil |year=2015 |website=The Science of Acne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224053817/http://thescienceofacne.com/sandalwood/ |archive-date=2015-02-24 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal |vauthors=Krotz A, Helmchen G | title = Total Syntheses, Optical Rotations and Fragrance Properties of Sandalwood Constituents: (−)-(''Z'')- and (−)-(''E'')-β-Santalol and Their Enantiomers, ''ent''-β-Santalene | journal = Liebigs Ann Chem | year = 1994 | volume = 1994 | issue = 6 | pages = 601–609 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.199419940610 }}</ref>

The composition of the oil will depend on the species, region grown, age of tree,<ref name=acne-soe/> and possibly the season of harvest and details of the extraction process used.

Current [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) standards for ''S. album'' oil are 41–55% α-santalol and 16–24% β–santalol (ISO 3518: 2002E).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/content_migration/about_us/media/releases/20060328B.aspx |title=Preliminary oil results from a 14-year-old Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) plantation at Kununurra, WA |date=2006-03-28 |website=Forest Products Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304180731/http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/content_migration/about_us/media/releases/20060328B.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

==Traditional uses==
Due to its highly coveted fragrance, the essential oil produced from sandalwood is often used in [[aromatherapy]], and is also added to soaps, [[cosmetics]] and perfumes (usually combined with floral, resinous and spicy notes)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сандаловое эфирное масло (Oleum Santali) |url=https://oleumsantali.ru/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=oleumsantali.ru}}</ref>. It is used in [[Ayurvedic]] medicine for the treatment of both [[Somatic nervous system|somatic]] and mental disorders, including common colds, bronchitis, fever, [[urinary tract infection]]s, and inflammation.<ref name=pmid16783696/> A study investigating the effects of inhalation of East Indian sandalwood oil and its main compound, α-santalol, on human physiological parameters found that the compounds elevated pulse rate, skin conductance, and [[systolic blood pressure]].<ref name=pmid16783696>{{cite journal | last1 = Heuberger | first1 = E | last2 = Hongratanaworakit | first2 = T | last3 = Buchbauer | first3 = G | title = East Indian Sandalwood and alpha-santalol odor increase physiological and self-rated arousal in humans | journal = Planta Medica | year = 2006 | volume = 72 | issue = 9 | pages = 792–800 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-941544 | pmid = 16783696 }}</ref>

There is also religious significance associated with sandalwood oil and it is used in many different religions around the world, including [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Zoroastrianism]].{{cn|date=July 2022}}

==Production==
{{See also |Sandalwood#Production|Sandalwood#Distillation}}
The oil is distilled from the wood of the entire tree including stump and roots.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tony Page |author2=Hanington Tate |author3=Joseph Tungon |author4=Michael Tabi |author5=Phyllis Kamasteia |url= http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/14881/mn151_vanuatu_sandalwood_growers_guide_for_san_46020.pdf |title= Vanuatu sandalwood: growers' guide for sandalwood production in Vanuatu |publisher= Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |page= 47 |year= 2012 |access-date= 9 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022931/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/14881/mn151_vanuatu_sandalwood_growers_guide_for_san_46020.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-05 }}</ref> Australian sandalwood (''S. spicatum'') is unique in that the white [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] does not require removal before distilling the oil, while Indian Sandalwood (''S. album'') does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation.<ref name=waspfaq>{{cite web | title=Frequently Asked Questions | website=WA Sandalwood Plantations | url=https://www.wasandalwood.com/faq | access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

== Fragrance ==
Sandalwood oil is used extensively for its woody-floral scent. Sandalwood oil can also, under certain conditions, have a creamy or even pickled aroma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Парфюмерный словарь - Термины из парфюмерии. |url=https://slovarparfum.ru/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=slovarparfum.ru}}</ref> It pairs well with other wood or floral scents such as violet, rose, tuberose, clove, and oakmoss.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author1=Burdock, George A |author2=Carabin, Ioana G |date=Summer 2007|title=Safety assessment of sandalwood oil|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=421–432|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092|pmid=17980948}}</ref> But since the wood is so rare and expensive, cosmetic companies use synthetic substitutes of similar structure and scent.

There are several synthetic [[odorants]] with odor similar to sandalwood oil, used as lower-cost alternatives for perfumes, emollients, and skin cleaning agents. Common synthetic substitutes include [[Bacdanlol]], Brahmanol, [[Ebanol]], [[Firsantol]], Sandalore, and [[Sandaxol]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Cancellieri | first=Maria C. | last2=Maggioni | first2=Davide | last3=Di Maio | first3=Lorenzo | last4=Fiorito | first4=Daniele | last5=Brenna | first5=Elisabetta | last6=Parmeggiani | first6=Fabio | last7=Gatti | first7=Francesco G. | title=Biocatalytic approaches for a more sustainable synthesis of sandalwood fragrances | journal=Green Chemistry | volume=26 | issue=10 | date=2024 | issn=1463-9262 | doi=10.1039/D4GC00746H | doi-access=free | pages=6150–6159 | url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/gc/d4gc00746h| hdl=11311/1265004 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Two of these, [[Sandalore]] and [[Brahmanol]], have been found to be [[agonist]]s of the cutaneous [[olfactory receptor]] [[OR2AT4]], with potential therapeutic benefits for wound healing. Natural sandalwood oil, and other synthetic sandalwood odorants, did not have the same effect.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Busse | first=Daniela | last2=Kudella | first2=Philipp | last3=Grüning | first3=Nana-Maria | last4=Gisselmann | first4=Günter | last5=Ständer | first5=Sonja | last6=Luger | first6=Thomas | last7=Jacobsen | first7=Frank | last8=Steinsträßer | first8=Lars | last9=Paus | first9=Ralf | last10=Gkogkolou | first10=Paraskevi | last11=Böhm | first11=Markus | last12=Hatt | first12=Hanns | last13=Benecke | first13=Heike | title=A Synthetic Sandalwood Odorant Induces Wound-Healing Processes in Human Keratinocytes via the Olfactory Receptor OR2AT4 | journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume=134 | issue=11 | date=2014 | doi=10.1038/jid.2014.273 | doi-access=free| pmid = 24999593 | pages=2823–2832 | url=http://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022202X15365386/pdf}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25865-skins-ability-to-smell-seems-to-help-it-heal-itself/ New Scientist magazine, Skin's ability to 'smell' seems to help it heal itself, 8 July 2014]</ref>

== Safety ==
There hasn't been extensive research conducted on the safety of sandalwood oil. But because there haven't been any significant adverse effects documented in [[scientific literature]], it continues to be used cosmetically and in food. A few studies were found to identify sandalwood oil's potential toxic effects, but it was determined to be safe at the present levels that the oil is used in food as flavorings.

==See also==
* [[Isobornyl cyclohexanol]], a synthetic sandalwood oil
* [[Sandalore]], a synthetic sandalwood odorant
* [[Mysore Sandalwood Oil]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wood products}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}

[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:Santalum|*]]