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Ratha Sapthami (film)

2026-05-07T07:27:57Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{See also|Ratha Saptami}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rathasapthami
| image = Ratha Sapthami Poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
| producer = S. A. Govindaraj
| writer = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] [[P. Vasu]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Ratha Sapthami'' (novel)|Vidyullatha Sasanoor}}
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Niveditha Arjun|Asharani]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| editing = P. Bhakthavathsalam
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|12|12}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Ratha Sapthami''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[musical film]] directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]] and produced by S. A. Govindaraj. It stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in his second venture after ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]''. Debutant actress [[Niveditha Arjun|Asha Rani]] and playwright Parvathavani also star in the movie. The musical score was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], while the lyrics, screenplay and dialogues were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. [[P. Vasu]] was the co-screenplay writer of this movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shivalinga-mounts-kannada-news-121138.html|title=IndiaGlitz - Shivalinga Mounts - Kannada Movie News|date=17 December 2014|work=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/11433-shivalinga-launched.html|title=Shivalinga Launched - chitraloka.com - Kannada Movie News, Reviews - Image|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinecircle.in/cinema_news/Shivalinga_film.html|title = Cinecircle | Kannada Movies News | Kannada Movies Gallery | TV News | Kannada Movie Reviews - cinecircle.in}}</ref> Co-screenplay writer [[P. Vasu]] remade the movie in Tamil in 1996 as ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]''.<ref name=me>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@bollywoodbeatles/did-you-know-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-is-inspired-by-the-kannada-blockbuster-ratha-sapthami-1986-eeb7bff168c|title = Did You Know Kaho Naa… Pyaar Hai is inspired by the Kannada blockbuster Ratha Sapthami (1986)?|date = 12 April 2018}}</ref>
The story is based on a Kannada novel of the same name by Vidyullatha Sasanoor. ''Ratha Sapthami'' opened on 12 December 1986 and was declared a musical blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Shashiprasad S. |date=2023-12-12 |title=37 years of 'Ratha Sapthami' — Dr Shiva Rajkumar's second film that inspired Hrithik's 'Kaho Naa Pyar Hai' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/37-years-of-ratha-sapthami-dr-shiva-rajkumars-second-film-that-inspired-hrithiks-kaho-naa-pyar-hai/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

The interval twist of the film where the hero supposedly dies in an accident and the second half of the film where the heroine is sent out of her hometown to overcome her depression but is shell-shocked to catch a glimpse of hero's lookalike in a vehicle nearby, and later finds him dancing merrily in a discotheque — went on to be reused in the 2000 Hindi film ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-globalisation-my-love-how-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-won-the-world/article69095261.ece| title= It’s globalisation, my love: On 25 years of ‘Kaho Naa… Pyaar Hai’| date=14 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-hrithik-roshans-debut-film-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-was-included-in-the-guinness-book-of-world-records/articleshow/63269339.cms|title=Did you know that Hrithik Roshan's debut film 'Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai' was included in the Guinness Book of World Records? - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/dr-shivarajkumar-films-that-inspired-remake-across-languages/photostory/151152399.cms| title= Dr. Shivarajkumar Films That Inspired Remakes Across Languages| date=1 Feb 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/hit-kannada-films-of-shivanna-that-were-remade-in-other-languages/ | title=Hit films of Kannada superstar Shivanna that were remade in other languages | date=12 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name=me/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.femina.in/celebs/indian/bollywood-movie-that-made-it-big-81837.amp|title = Indian movie that was in Guinness Book of World Records}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Vishwanath/Lawrence
*[[Niveditha Arjun|Asha Rani]] as Deepa
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]]
*Parvathavani
*[[Doddanna]] as Srikantaiah, Deepa's father
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Sharada, Vishwa's mother
*Rajeshwari
*Prashanthi Nayak
*[[Sudha Narasimharaju]] as Sumathi, Vishwa's younger sister
*Kumari Rekha
*[[Mysore Lokesh]]
*Shivaprakash
*Thimmaiah
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar]]
*Bharathish
*Bheema Rao
*Aravind as Jagadish
*Chi Ravishankar
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*Krishna
*[[Balaraj]]
*[[Sundar Raj]]

{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Upendra Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/rathasapthami/lrfe4sCpSkQ_|title=RATHASAPTHAMI|work=JioSaavn|date=27 January 1986 |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| all_music = [[Upendra Kumar]]

| title1 = Ananda Seri Haadalu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Nee Yaaru Naan Yaaru
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 =

| title3 = Jotheyagi Hithavagi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Olave Hoovagi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 =

| title5 = Shilegalu Sangeethava
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 =
}}

==Release==
After ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' (1986), ''Rathasapthami'' alongside ''[[Manamecchida Hudugi]]'' (1987), became commercially successful, earned Shivarajkumar the nickname of Hat-trick Hero, coined by the media and his fans.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2014 |title=Why Shivarajkumar got the title Hat-trick hero? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/why-shivarajkumar-got-the-title-hat-trick-hero/articleshow/37946040.cms |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=7431750|title=Ratha Sapthami}}

{{M. S. Rajashekar}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Rajashekar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1980s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1986 musical films]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{romantic-musical-film-stub}}

List of songs recorded by Puneeth Rajkumar

2026-05-06T21:23:18Z

Freaklabsindia: Starting the bio nd citations

{{Short description|none}}
[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] was an Indian actor and singer who worked in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada films]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5; width:100%;"
|- style="background:#b0e0e66;
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Song
! scope="col"|Composer(s)
! scope="col"|Writer(s)
! scope="col"|Co-artist(s)
! scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1981
| rowspan="2"|''[[Bhagyavantha]]''
| "Baana Dariyalli Soorya"
| rowspan="2"| [[T. G. Lingappa]]|| rowspan="3"|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]||||||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/I-wanted-to-earn-money-and-make-merry-Puneeth-Rajkumar/articleshow/44797577.cms|title=I wanted to earn money and make merry: Puneeth Rajkumar - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| "Amma Seethamma"|| Poornachandra ||||
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Chalisuva Modagalu]]''
| "Kaanadante Maayavadano" || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1983
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''
| "Govinda Govinda" || rowspan="2"| T. G. Lingappa|| |||| ||
|-
| "Ela Elavo" || ||Rajkumar ||||
|-
| rowspan="3"|''[[Eradu Nakshatragalu]]''
| "Nanna Udupu Ninnadu" || rowspan="3"| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || Chi. Udayashankar ||||||
|-
| "Howdu Endare Howdu" || Chi. Udayashankar || Rajkumar, [[Vani Jairam]] ||||
|-
| "Amma Kanu Bidamma" || Chi. Udayashankar || Sulochana ||||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1984
| rowspan="2"|''[[Yarivanu]]''
| "Kannige Kaanuva"
| rowspan="4"| [[Rajan–Nagendra]] || Chi. Udayashankar || ||||
|-
| "Aakashade Haaraduva" || Chi. Udayashankar ||Rajkumar ||||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1985
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]''
| "Thaye Sharadhe"
| || [[P. B. Srinivas]] || ||
|-
| "Bisile Irali Maleye Barali"
| Chi. Udayashankar
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]''
| "Kadre Thappu" || [[Hamsalekha]] || T P Kailasam |||| ||
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''
| "Taliban Alla Alla" || rowspan="2"|[[Gurukiran]] || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] |||| ||
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]''
| "Mama Mama Maja Madu" || [[Hamsalekha]] |||| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]''
| "Nai Re Nai Re Baba"
| [[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]] || Bhangi Ranga|| ||||
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Maurya (film)|Maurya]]''
| "Simpalagi Heltheeni"
| rowspan="3"| [[Gurukiran]] || S. Narayan || || ||
|-
| "Machhalli Kocchodilla" || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''[[Rishi (2005 film)|Rishi]]''
| "Bandarura Bandarelle" || V. Manohar
|| [[Chaitra H. G.]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakash (2005 film)|Aakash]]''
| "Hodi Hodi"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]] || [[K. Kalyan]] || || ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Basava]]''
| "Rukku Rukku Rukkamma" || [[Gurukiran]] || Bhangi Ranga |||| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
| ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''
| "Baaro Baaro" || [[Joshua Sridhar]] || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| [[Suchitra]]||||
|-
| ''[[Lava Kusha (2007 film)|Lava Kusha]]''
| "Hotappa Hot Sakkath" || rowspan="2"|[[Gurukiran]] || [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]|| [[Chaitra H. G.]]||| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Bindaas (2008 film)|Bindaas]]''
| "Bengalooru Mangalooru"|| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|||| ||
|-
| ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]''
| "Jothe Jotheyali" || [[R. P. Patnaik]] || Ram Narayan || [[Shreya Ghoshal]] ||||
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Raam (2009 film)|Raam]]''
| "Hosa Gaana Bajaana" || rowspan="2"|[[V. Harikrishna]] || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| Suri Suresh ||||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
| "Edavatt Aythu" || [[Jayanth Kaikini]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]]|| [[Priya Himesh]] ||||
|-
| ''[[Mylari]]''
| "Mylapura Mylari" || [[Gurukiran]] ||Kaviraj|| || ||
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Shyloo]]''
| "Pada Pada Kannada" || [[Jassie Gift]] || S.Narayan|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Sidlingu]]''
| "Barbhad Building" || [[Anoop Seelin]] || Vijaya prasad|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Anna Bond]]''
| "Kaanadante Maayavadanu (Remix)" || [[V. Harikrishna]] || Chi. Udayashankar |||| ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013
| ''[[Tony (2013 film)|Tony]]''
| "Pakka Paapi Naanu" || [[Sadhu Kokila]] ||[[Yogaraj Bhat]]|| || ||
|-
| ''Ale''
| "Solu Nanagagodilla" || [[Mano Murthy]] || Yogaraj Bhat |||| ||
|-
| ''[[Savaari 2]]''
| "Motu Beedi (Pipi Song)" || [[Manikanth Kadri]] || Manju M. Doddmani Anupama || || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014
| ''[[Adyaksha]]''
| "Adyaksha Adyaksha" || [[Arjun Janya]]|| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| [[L. N. Shastry]] || Won - Zee Kannada Music Award For Best Male Playback Singer ||
|-
| ''[[Aryan (2014 film)|Aryan]]''
| "Kannada Mannina" || [[Jassie Gift]] ||[[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]|| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
||||
|-
| ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]''
| "Guruvara Sanje" || [[S. Thaman]] || [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]|| || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] ||
|-
| ''[[Dove (film)|Dove]]''
| "Ello Nan Dove"
| rowspan="2"|[[Arjun Janya]] || Santhu|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Tirupathi Express (film)|Tirupathi Express]]''
| "Naanu Righta" || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2015
| ''[[Krishna Leela (2015 film)|Krishna-Leela]]''
| "Pesal Man" || [[V. Sridhar]] ||[[V. Sridhar]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Rudra Tandava]]''
| "Ondooralli" || rowspan="2"|[[V. Harikrishna]] || ||||||
|-
| ''[[Rana Vikrama]]''
| "Neene Neene" || [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] || [[Palak Muchhal]] ||||
|-
| ''[[Rocket (2015 film)|Rocket]]''
| "Thannage Idvi"
| Poornachandra Tejasvi ||Hariparak|| [[Aishani Shetty]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Uppi 2]]''
|"Uppittu Uppittu" || [[Gurukiran]] || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] |||| ||
|-
| ''[[Jaathre]]''
| "Tarikere Yerimele" || [[Manikanth Kadri]]|| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| [[Supriya Lohith]] ||||
|-
| ''[[Krishna-Rukku]]''
| "Lipstick Olagina" || [[V. Sridhar]] || Anand Priya || Shweta Prabhu |||| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/krishna-rukku-complete-hollywood-news-144508.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718103309/https://www.indiaglitz.com/krishna-rukku-complete-hollywood-news-144508.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 18, 2019|title=- Hollywood News|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ram-Leela (2015 Kannada film)|Ram Leela]]''
| "Teri Beautiful Ankhein" || [[Anoop Rubens]] || D. C. Sudarshan |||| || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/12416-after-darshan-it-is-puneeth-in-ramleela.html|title=After Darshan, It Is Puneeth in Ramleela - chitraloka.com | Kannada Movie News, Reviews | Image|website=www.chitraloka.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2016
| ''[[Killing Veerappan]]''
| "Spot Spot"
| Munna Kasi||Chethan Kumar||||||
|-
| ''Preethi Kitaabu''
| "Keli Marayre" || [[V. Manohar]] || V. Manohar ||| || ||
|-
| ''[[Akira (2016 Kannada film)|Akira]]''
| "Kanna Sanneyindalene" || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || Dhananjay Ranjan |||||| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Puneeth-Rajkumar-sings-for-Akira/articleshow/49754647.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar sings for Akira - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai Maruthi 800]]''
| "Jai Maruthi" || [[Arjun Janya]] || Chethan Kumar || [[Indu Nagaraj]] ||||
|-
| ''[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]''
| "Yenaithu"
| [[S. Thaman]]
| Kaviraj
| [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kajal-aggarwal-enters-sandalwood-as-a-singer-puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-tamil-news-150119|title=Kajal Aggarwal's dual debut - Tamil News|date=January 8, 2016|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.gulte.com/movienews/45679/After-NTR-Kajal-To-Sing-For-Powerstar|title=After NTR, Kajal To Sing For Powerstar|date=January 6, 2016|website=Gulte}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bilinder''
| "Chilre Shooki" || [[Ravi Basrur]] |||||| ||
|-
| ''Thale Bachkolli Powder Hakkolli''
| "143 Naa Helali Hege" || Vijaya Bharathi || Shivu Jamakhandi|| [[Vijayalakshmi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|Zoom]]''
| "Raja Di Raja"
| [[S. Thaman]]
|[[Prashant Raj]]|||| ||
|-
| ''[[Run Antony]]''
| "Jhanak Jhanak" || [[Manikanth Kadri]] || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| |||Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Kannada Nominated - [[2nd IIFA Utsavam#Kannada cinema|IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Kannada]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/puneeth-rajkumar-to-sing-for-vinay-rajkumar-next-run-antony-208662.html|title=Puneeth Rajkumar To Sing For Run Antony|date=December 16, 2015|website=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nanna Ninna Prema Kathe]]''
| "Orchestra" || Shivu Jamakhandi || Shivu Jamakhandi || || Nominated - [[2nd IIFA Utsavam#Kannada cinema|IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Kannada]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/may/26/five-actors-one-album-for-nanna-ninna..-908084.html|title=Five actors one album for nanna ninna..|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalpana 2]]''
| "Nan Sigdhakadru Kannada" || [[Arjun Janya]] ||[[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]|| || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/apr/27/patriotic-kannada-song-for-uppi-in-horror-film-929727.html|title=Patriotic Kannada Song For Uppi in Horror Film|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| "Abhimanigale Nammane Devru" || [[V. Harikrishna]] || [[Yogaraj Bhat]]|| [[Shiva Rajkumar]] ||||
|-
| ''[[Crazy Boy (film)|Crazy Boy]]''
| "Thirugi Node Gantogalla"
| [[Jassie Gift]] || Anand ||||||
|-
| ''[[Nataraja Service]]''
| "Nataraja Service" || [[Anoop Seelin]] || [[Pavan Wadeyar|Pawan Wadeyar]]|| |||| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Puneeth-Rajkumar-sings-for-Sharan/articleshow/53364577.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar sings for Sharan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golisoda]]''
| "Lo Eddelo" || [[Sai Karthik]] || [[Ramajogayya Sastry|Ram Jogaiah Shastry]]|| ||||
|-
| ''Jalsa''
| "Roadal Hogo Hudugeernella"
| Veer Samarth || Shashank |||| ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai (film)|Mumbai]]''
| "Dasavald Hoova"
| [[V. Sridhar]] || V. Sridhar |||| ||
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2017
| ''[[Chowka]]''
| "Party Party Nightu"
| [[Anoop Seelin]]||[[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chetan Kumar]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Melkote Manja]]''
| "Lifey Subjectu" || Giridhar Diwan ||[[Yogaraj Bhat]]|| |||| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/puneeth-croons-for-melkote-manja-news-kannada-oj3jn2dgjdgdf.html |title=Puneeth croons for Melkote Manja |website=www.sify.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006060621/http://www.sify.com/movies/puneeth-croons-for-melkote-manja-news-kannada-oj3jn2dgjdgdf.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raajakumara]]''
| "Yaakingagidhe" || [[V. Harikrishna]]|| [[Santhosh Ananddram|Santosh Ananddam]]|| || ||
|-
| ''Raajaru''
| "Swachcha Manasu" || [[V. Sridhar]]|| V. Nagendra Prasad || Shweta Prabhu ||||
|-
| ''Preethiya Raayabhari''
| "Nangu Beka Introduction" || [[Arjun Janya]]|| M. M. Mutthu ||||||
|-
| ''[[Uppu Huli Khara]]''
| "Ro Ro Romeo" || Prajwal Pai || [[A. P. Arjun]]|| Sangeetha Ravindranath ||||
|-
| ''Sihir''
| "Please Adjust Maadkoli" || [[Chaitra H. G.]] || V. Nagendra Prasad ||||||
|-
| ''[[Anjani Putra]]''
| "1234 Shille Hodi" || [[Ravi Basrur]] || [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]|| |||||
|-
| ''[[Brihaspathi (film)|Brihaspathi]]''
| "Damaru Damaru Dam" || V. Harikrishna || [[Yogaraj Bhat]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanubhavaru]]''
| "Gadige Hornu Breaku" || Satish Mourya || Sandeep Nagalikar || [[Sriimurali]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2018
| ''[[Kumari 21F (2018 film)|Kumari 21F]]''
| "Dhakku Dhakku"|| [[Mahati Swara Sagar]] || Kaviraj || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Dhakku Dhakku song details |url=https://music.apple.com/lk/album/dhakku-dhakku/1417887633?i=1417888175 |website=iTunes |access-date=3 September 2018 |date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samhaara]]''
| "Yenachariyu" || [[Ravi Basrur]]|| [[Jayanth Kaikini]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismath]]''
|"Churuchurumuri" || Rajesh Murugesan || [[Vijay Raghavendra]] |||| ||
|-
| ''[[Johnny Johnny Yes Papa (film)|Johnny Johnny Yes Papa]]''
| "Johnny Johnny Yes Papa" || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]|| || || ||
|-
| ''[[Raambo 2]]''
| "Elli Kaan Ellikaaneno" || [[Arjun Janya]]|| [[Yogaraj Bhat]]|| || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaasu Naan Pakka Commercial]]''
| "Rangeride"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] ||Kiran Kaverappa|| C.R. Bobby || ||
|-
| ''[[Umil]]''
| "Ravond Ravond Bathund Umil"
| [[Ravi Basrur]] || Keerthan Bandary || || Tulu song || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/puneeth-rajkumar-took-4-months-sing-his-first-tulu-song-776673|title=Puneeth Rajkumar took 4 months to sing his first Tulu song|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|date=August 1, 2018|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-sings-his-first-song-in-tulu/articleshow/65213246.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar sings his first song in Tulu - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-masters-dialect-and-sings-his-first-truly-north-karnataka-song/articleshow/64633415.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar masters dialect and sings his first truly North Karnataka song - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9"|2019
| ''[[Aduva Gombe]]''
|"Aa Deva Roopisisda Andadaa Gombe"
| Violin Hemanth Kumar
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/s-k-bhagwan-film-raj-sons-sing-kannada-news-213046|title = S K Bhagwan film Raj sons sing - Kannada News|date = 4 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kavaludaari]]''
| "Kavaludaari Title Track"
| [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
|Kiran Kaverappa
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-as-never-heard-before-in-the-kavaludaari-title-track/articleshow/68670118.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar as never heard before in the Kavaludaari title track - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ratnamanjarii]]''
| "Mina Mina"
| Harshvardhan Raj || K. Kalyan || || || <ref>Ratnamanjarii</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]''
| "BetteGowda V/s ChikkaBoramma"
| [[V. Harikrishna]]
| [[A. P. Arjun]]
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kiss-puneeth-rajkumar-croons-the-new-song-bettegowda-v/s-chikaboramma/articleshow/70467223.cms|title='Kiss': Puneeth Rajkumar croons the new song 'Bettegowda v/s Chikaboramma' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mataash''
| "Chajji Rotti Chavakailli" || S. D. Arvind || Sunil Kumar Sudhakar || || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/when-puneeth-got-into-the-north-karnataka-rhythm/articleshow/66154356.cms|title=When Puneeth got into the North Karnataka rhythm|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]''
| "Kannadiga Kannadiga"
| [[Anup Rubens]]
| [[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/power-star-puneeth-rajkumar-sings-a-song-for-the-movie-geetha/articleshow/70799478.cms|title=Power Star Puneeth Rajkumar sings a song for the movie Geetha - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| "Cauvery Calling" (single)
| "Haadu Cauvery"
|
| [[Jaggi Vasudev]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/puneeth-rajkumar-sings-cauvery-haadu-cauvery-calling-a-song-by-sadhguru/articleshow/70856246.cms|title=ಸದ್ಗುರು ಜಗ್ಗಿ ವಾಸುದೇವ್‌ ಕಾವೇರಿ ಕೂಗಿಗೆ ದನಿಯಾದ ಪವರ್ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಪುನೀತ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್|date=27 August 2019|website=Vijaya Karnataka| access-date=31 October 2021|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-croons-a-special-number-for-cauvery-river/articleshow/70877857.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar croons a special number for Cauvery river - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakasha|Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakaasha]]''
| "Yenu Swamy Maadona"
|Midhun Mukundan
|[[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/puneeth-rajkumar-sings-for-rishis-next-film/articleshow/71182705.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar sings for Rishi's next film - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Girmit]]''
| "Dhoom Ratta"
| [[Ravi Basrur]]
|[[Ravi Basrur]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Voice of heavyweight celebs to boomerang in Girmit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/may/13/voice-of-heavyweight-celebs-to-boomerang-in-girmit-1976047.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Kaanadante Maayavadanu]]''
| "Kaledhoda Kaalidaasa"
| Gummineni Vijay
| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumars-song-for-vikas-next-is-out/articleshow/71276526.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar's song for Vikas' next is out - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[French Biriyani]]'' || "Yen Maadodu Swamy" || [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] || [[Vasuki Vaibhav]], Avinash Balekkala|| || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/i-experimented-out-of-my-comfort-zone-for-french-biriyani-vasuki-vaibhav/articleshow/77054023.cms|title=I experimented out of my comfort zone for French Biriyani: Vasuki Vaibhav|first=Prathibha|last=Joy|work=The Times of India|date=20 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| ''[[Ramarjuna]]''
| "Manase Chooru"
|Ananda Rajavikrama
|Naveen Reddy G
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeth-rajkumar-sings-a-romantic-number-for-ramarjuna/articleshow/72423611.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar sings a romantic number for Ramarjuna - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
|"Oorigobba Raaja"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|[[Santhosh Ananddram]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಯುವರತ್ನ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಹಾಡು ರಿಲೀಸ್ ಡೇಟ್ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/video/sandalwood/cinema-hungama-kannada-movie-yuvarathna-updates-dpl-qp14xc|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|''Gajanana and Gang''
|"Naan Olleyavne"
|Praddyottan
|Abhishek Shetty
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puneeth Rajkumar's Naan Olleyavne video song from Gajanana and Gang out now - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/puneeth-rajkumars-naan-olleyavne-video-song-from-gajanana-and-gang-out-now/articleshow/85273708.cms|access-date=2021-09-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
|"Gicchi Giligili"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|Shivu Bhergi
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/sandalwood/puneeth-rajkumar-lends-voice-gicchi-giligili-song-rathnan-prapancha-144707|title=Puneeth Rajkumar Lends Voice for Gicchi Giligili Song in Rathnan Prapancha|date=11 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Man of the Match (film)|Man of the Match]]''
|"Rangamandira"
|[[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
|[[V. Manohar]]
|
|
|
|-
| ''Yellow Board''
|"Hathro Yellow Boardu"
| Adhvik
| [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]
|
|
|
|-
| ''Hareesha Vayassu 36''
|"Hareesha Vayassu 36"
| Adhvik
| Gururaj Jyeshta
| Bhavya Pradeep
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5TnPjU0fPtxRei2n5qLKJO |title=Puneeth Rajkumar Lends Voice for Hareesha Vayassu 36 (title) Song in Hareesha Vayassu 36|website=[[Spotify]] |date= October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Namma Hudugaru''
|"I Love You"
| [[Abhimann Roy]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Chethan Kumar (director)|Chethan Kumar]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/7I1PDlxV1Xo3kQvUnTHuCI|title=Puneeth Rajkumar Lends Voice for I Love You Song in Namma Hudugaru|website=[[Spotify]] |date= October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[O (2022 film)|O]]''
| "Yeno Ondhu Jaadhu"
| Kiran Ravindranath
| [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=O: ಸಿದ್ದು ಮೂಲಿಮನಿ, ಅಮೃತಾ ಅಯ್ಯಂಗಾರ್, ಮಿಲನಾ ನಾಗರಾಜ್ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪುನೀತ್‌ರ ರೊಮ್ಯಾಂಟಿಕ್ ಹಾಡು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/siddu-moolimani-milana-nagaraj-amrutha-iyengar-starrer-o-kannada-movie/articleshow/95110671.cms |access-date=13 August 2024 |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=O (Kannada) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - EP by Kiran Ravindranath on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/o-kannada-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1644271941 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=13 August 2024 |date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkumar, Puneeth}}
[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers]]
[[Category:Songs written for Kannada films]]
[[Category:Songs in Kannada]]
[[Category:Rajkumar family]]

Louis Rousselet

2026-05-06T04:39:46Z

Freaklabsindia: Starting some details more to come!

{{Short description|French traveller, writer, photographer and pioneer of the darkroom}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Louis Rousselet
| image = Louis-Théophile Marie Rousselet portrait circa 1910.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Louís Rousselet {{center|ca. 1910}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1845|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Perpignan]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1929|11|19|1845|5|15}}
| death_place = [[Vineuil, Loir-et-Cher]], France
| language = French
| nationality = French
| citizenship = France
| alma_mater =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Thérèse Trotignon (1853-1944)
| children = 4
| occupation = Traveller, [[Author]], [[Photographer]], [[Archaeologist]]
}}

'''Louis-Théophile Marie Rousselet''' (1845–1929) was a French traveller, writer, photographer and pioneer of the [[darkroom]]. His photographic work now commands high prices. Many of his drawings and photographs were made into engravings by others.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040404062641/http://www.forbes.com/lifestyle/2003/05/30/cx_0530hot.html], [http://www.iphotocentral.com/news/issue_view.php/65/60]</ref>

==Life==
The son of a wealthy [[Freight forwarder]], an only child; he was educated in Paris and [[Heidelberg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rousselet family|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/pierfit?lang=en&p=louis&n=rousselet&oc=1|website=gw.geneanet.org|publisher=Geneanet|accessdate=7 October 2017}}</ref>
He made [[ethnological]] and [[archaeological]] explorations in India and the Himalayas, He travelled to Morocco, and was a Secretary of the [[Society of Anthropology of Paris]]. His travels have inspired several books. He made various archaeological expeditions in the southern French department of [[Pyrénées-Orientales]].

==Travels in India==
[[File:Louis Rousselet portrait.jpg|left|thumbnail|160px|Portrait of Louís Rousselet dressed as an Indian native. 1867]]
[[File:Le Tour du Monde.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|[[Crushing by Elephant]], an execution depicted in Rousselet's "Le Tour du Monde", 1868.]]
He was in [[India]] from 1864 to 1868<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010707/windows/slice.htm The Tribune – Windows – Slice of history]</ref> He spent much time in central India ([[Alwar]], [[Baroda]], [[Bhopal]], [[Gwalior]], [[Udaipur]] and several other cities in [[Rajasthan]]).

Roussellet wrote: "On 20 June 1863<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rousselet|first1=Louis|title=L'Inde des Rajahs|date=1877|publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris|page=1}}</ref> I embarked at Marseilles on board the "Vectis", an English steamer bound for the East", he stopped off in Malta, Cairo and Aden, before boarding the "Malta" taking the Suez Canal to Bombay and India,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rousselet|first1=Louis|title=India and Its Native Princes|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpyiEDfTbSUC&q=who%20travelled%20with%20louis%20rousselet%20in%20india&pg=PR20|isbn=9788120618879|year=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref> "I intended to mainly visit all the northern region, which includes, besides the English Presidency of Bengal, the feudal states of Rajasthan, the Bundelcund, the Goundwana, The Punjab and the Kingdom of Nepal".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rousselet|first1=Louis|title=Intentions for the Indian expedition|url=http://www.quaritch.com/books/rousselet-louis/l-inde-des-rajahs-voyage-dans-l-inde-centrale-et-d/T2217/|website=quaritch.com|accessdate=7 October 2017}}</ref> He arrived at Bombay on 8 July 1863.<ref>{{cite book|title=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris|date=1877|page=3}}</ref>

While in Bombay he met "Jules Henri Jean Schaumburg" (1839–1886) a Belgian, who was to be his travelling companion from May 1865 – Sept 1868. Schaumburg was later appointed as an artist to The Geological Survey of India in Calcutta.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Sylvia|title=Jules Henri Jean Schaumburg|url=http://quivis.uk/LINKLATER/gedcom_pages/indiI213.html|website=quivis.uk|accessdate=10 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212240/http://quivis.uk/LINKLATER/gedcom_pages/indiI213.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His intention was for a 6-month trip but he stayed 4 years. He was only the second photographer (after [[Samuel Bourne]]) to do so. Both men's photographs were extensively made into etchings without attribution in many cases worldwide.

On arrival in India he decided to learn photography (October 1865)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rousselet|first1=Lous|title=L'Inde des Rajahs|date=1877|publisher=Librairie Hachette et cie, Paris|page=141}}</ref> in order to supplement his diaries. after visiting the ruins at Dabhoi, he realized that his pencil sketches were not doing justice to the beauty of the elaborate architecture and carving. He was to write, "It was on seeing these generally unknown masterpieces at [[Dabhoi|Dubbhoee]] that I regretted I had not the power of reproducing them by photography, and felt that it would be impossible to continue my explorations profitably without the assistance of that art. As soon, therefore, as I returned to [[Baroda]], I applied myself seriously to learn photography; and with that view I procured from Bombay all the necessary apparatus".<ref>{{cite book|last1=(Rousselet|first1=Louis|title=India and its Native Princes|date=1869|publisher=Goupil|page=122}}</ref>

He took more than 600 photographs. On his return to France he published excerpts from his Indian diary along with [[woodcut]] illustrations taken mostly from his sketches and photographs in a French weekly journal ''[[Le Tour du Monde]]''. Many of the engravings were by Émile Thérond.

[[File:LluisRousselet.jpg|right|thumbnail|160px|Louís Rousselet with Jules Henri Jean Schaumburg. 1867]] He visited the [[Datia Palace|Bir Singh Dev Palace]] and it's lake Datia (Lala ka Taal) (1867).

When in [[Bhopal]] in 1867, the two companions were presented with Sirdar costumes: "The glittering costumes ordered by the Queen consisted of long tunics of green silk gauze embossed with gold; vast petticoat pantaloons of crimson satin embroidered with silver, kumerbunds, or cashmere belts, of violet and gold, cloaks of deep scarlet-coloured cashmere embroidered with gold and silver, and to crown all, toque diadems in fine gold."

He first visited [[Varanasi|Banaras (Kashi)]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Delhi in 1868.

Rousselet then left India for the last time: "...and on the 1st September 1868, I went on board the "Labourdonnais" ... I had also to say good-bye to my good and faithful companion (Schaumburg), who was detained by fresh projects in the country. My old bearer Devi, the trusty servant who had followed me for two years through so many good and evil fortunes, was there also, melted in tears, and embracing my knees. At last the moment of parting arrived; the bell rang; I saw Schaumburg, and the old bearer pushing off in the boat, and waving me their last adieu."

==After India==
On return to France, in 1868, he began to work with [[Goupil & Cie]] on a publishing project entitled "travel in India ML Rousselet", composed of one hundred sixty photographic plates. This publication, was intended to be prestigious, rare and expensive. Unfortunately the project nearing completion, was abandoned as the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870 broke out. Rousselet was then mobilized and Goupil workshops suffered significant damage. However Rousselets extraordinary set of high quality technical and aesthetic quality photographs remained.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abandoned project|url=http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/fr/article/-le-palais-de-birsing-deo-et-le-lac-duthhia-1867|website=musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr|accessdate=7 October 2017}}</ref>

In 1873 he became editor-in-chief of Hachette's ''Le Journal de la jeunesse'', a weekly magazine aimed at educating and entertaining youths aged between 10 and 15; the advent of World War I put a stop to it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Journal de la jeunesse|url=http://data.bnf.fr/12356011/le_journal_de_la_jeunesse__periodique_/|website=data.bnf.fr|publisher=Hachette|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref>

He was also director of the new dictionary of universal geography (Hachette), an Academy Officer, and a member of the Society for the Advancement of Science

The publication in 1875 by [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] of his journal, ''The Rajahs of India'' ("L'Inde des [[Raja]]s"), a compilation of his notes, drawings and photographs, was a great success with a large audience. Rousselet was to remain faithful to Hachette thereafter and make a great career.

In 1876 he got married in Paris, to Thérèse Trotignon, they would have four children born in 1877, 1878, 1881, and 1891.

Rousselet's photographs are the most copied images published worldwide of 19th century India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gutschow|first1=Niels|title=Visualizing Space in Banaras: Images, Maps, and the Practice of Representation|date=2006|publisher=Otto Harrossowitz Verlag Wiesbaden|isbn=3-447-05187-6|pages=191, 218–220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMJMNvvpEuYC&pg=PA219|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref>

His photograph collection and travel book ''L'Inde des Rajahs: Voyage Dans l'Inde Centrale, dans les Presidences de Bombay et du Bengale'' (1875)<ref>In English, ''India and Its Native Princes'', 1875, English edition 1876, revised by Buckle.</ref> documented court life. Other photographs were of monuments and temples.<ref>[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/GOUPIL/FILES/Inde.html], in French.</ref>

==Death==
Rousselet died at [[Vineuil, Loir-et-Cher|Vineuil]] and was buried at [[Bourré, Loir-et-Cher]], in France.

==Honours==
[[Legion of Honour]] (Chevalier)
[[Palmes Académiques]]

==Works==
* ''L'Inde des [[Raja]]s: voyage dans l'Inde centrale et dans les présidences de Bombay et du Bengale'' (1875)
* ''India and its Native Princes'', éditions Chapman & Hall, 1876
* Les royaumes de l'Inde (1879)
+ " The Son of the Constable of France or the Adventures of Jean de Bourbon" (1882)
* ''Nouveau dictionnaire de géographie universelle'', with Vivien de Saint-Martin
* ''Au vieux pays de France'' (1906)
* Sur les confins du Maroc (1912)
* ''L'Inde: photographies de Louis Rousselet 1865–1868'', Musée Goupil, 1992

== Collection ==
* [[Musée d'Aquitaine]], Bordeaux. The museum contains the archives (Musée Goupil) of Goupil & Cie, one of the greatest art dealers and publishers of the 19th century. The collection includes – The India photographs of Louis Rousselet 1865-1868<ref>{{cite web|title=Exhibition catalog – India photographs of Louis Rousselet in 1865 ~ 1868|url=http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/fr/search/node/Rousselet|website=musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr|accessdate=7 October 2017}}</ref>

== Expositions ==
* 1996, Musée des beaux-arts et d'archéologie, [[Libourne]]
* 1992, [[Musée d'Aquitaine]]

==Gallery of photographs==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
File:Tour Eiffel, Juillet 1888.jpg|Eiffel Tower under construction (1888)
File:Galerie des Machines.jpg|Galerie des Machines de l'Exposition Universelle (1889)
File:Eglise de Plozévet 1899.jpg|File:Eglise de Plozévet (1899)
</gallery>

==Gallery of works after Rousselet==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="4">
File:Le costume historique. Cinq cents planches, trois cents en couleurs, or et argent, deux cents en camaieu. Types principaux du vêtement et de la parure, rapprochés de ceux de l'intérieur de (14783957273).jpg|Costumes of India
File:Le costume historique. Cinq cents planches, trois cents en couleurs, or et argent, deux cents en camaieu. Types principaux du vêtement et de la parure, rapprochés de ceux de l'intérieur de (14764084285).jpg|Costumes of India
File:"Bas-relief on the left, under the gateway at Karli".jpg|Bas-relief on the left, under the gateway at Karli
File:Ambir and Sambher Hindoo Jeweller.jpg|Hindoo Jeweller
File:Golconda 1878.jpg|Golconda 1878
File:Ruins of the Palace of Feroze, Plains of Delhi - a wood engraving by E. Therond.jpg|Palace of [[Feroze]], Plains of Delhi
File:Queen's tomb.jpg|[[Sarkhej Roza]] near Ahmedabad
File:Montage Tour Eiffel.jpg|Workers assembling the Eiffel Tower 1889
</gallery>

==References==
* ''L'Inde: photographies de Louis Rousselet 1865–1868''. Musée Goupil – Bordeaux, Bordeaux. (1992)

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=7806| name=Louis Rousselet}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Louis Rousselet}}

{{Early French photographers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rousselet, Louis}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century French archaeologists]]
[[Category:19th-century French anthropologists]]
[[Category:19th-century French journalists]]
[[Category:19th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century French photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century French archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century French anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century French journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century French photographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Occitania (administrative region)]]
[[Category:Children's literature]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:French expatriates in India]]
[[Category:French expatriates in Morocco]]
[[Category:French magazine editors]]
[[Category:French non-fiction outdoors writers]]
[[Category:French travel writers]]
[[Category:People from Loir-et-Cher]]
[[Category:People from Perpignan]]
[[Category:Writers from Occitania (administrative region)]]
[[Category:French recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:19th-century French male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century French male journalists]]

Maheshtala Assembly constituency

2026-05-03T13:31:53Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Maheshtala
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Maheshtala.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Maheshtala Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Dulal Chandra Das]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| constituency_no = 155
| established = 1951
| electors = 270,858
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Maheshtala Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Maheshtala Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
* Ward Nos. 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35 of [[Maheshtala|Maheshtala Municipality]].

Maheshtala Assembly constituency is a part of No. 21 [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2"|Sudhir Chandra Bhandari
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ahammad Ali Mufti
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" | Sudhir Chandra Bhandari
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Bhupen Bijali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sudhir Chandra Bhandari
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Mir Abdus Sayeed]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2" | Abul Basar
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" | Mursalin Molla
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kasturi Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2018 elections in India#West Bengal|2018^]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Dulal Chandra Das]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Maheshtala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subhasis Das
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tamanath Bhowmik
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sayan Banerjee
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Haji Abdul Hannan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Maheshtala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dulal Chandra Das]]
|votes = 1,24,008
|percentage = 56.38
|change = {{down}}2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Umesh Das
|votes = 66,059
|percentage = 30.03
|change = {{up}}13.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pravat Chowdhury
|votes = 25,276
|percentage = 11.49
|change = {{down}}0.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,049
|percentage = 0.93
|change = {{down}}0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 57,949
|percentage = 26.35
|change = {{down}}15.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,19,969
|percentage = 81.17
|change = {{up}}8.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016–21 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-elections#2018|West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election, 2018]]: Maheshtala<ref>{{cite web |title=Maheshtala Assembly Bypoll |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-maheshtala-assembly-bypoll-counting-live-updates-west-bengal-byelections-2018-results-live-streaming-444710}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dulal Chandra Das]]
|votes = 1,04,818
|percentage = 59.13
|change = {{up}}11.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sujit Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 42,053
|percentage = 16.90
|change = {{up}}9.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pravat Chowdhury
|votes = 30,384
|percentage = 12.45
|change = {{down}}29.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 3,742
|percentage = 1.50
|change = {{down}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 62,765
|percentage = 42.23
|change = {{up}}35.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,81,002
|percentage = 72.73
|change = {{down}}8.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Maheshtala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Kasturi Das]]
|votes = 93,675
|percentage = 47.84
|change = {{down}}4.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Samik Lahiri]]
|votes = 81,223
|percentage = 41.48
|change = {{up}}2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kartick Chandra Ghosh
|votes = 14,909
|percentage = 7.61
|change = {{up}}5.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 3,144
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,452
|percentage = 6.36
|change = {{down}}7.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,95,827
|percentage = 80.89
|change = {{down}}0.82
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Maheshtala<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=155| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171339/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=155| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Mahestala| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Kasturi Das]]
|votes = 92,211
|percentage = 52.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sheikh Mohammed Israil
|votes = 67,928
|percentage = 38.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ramani Naskar
|votes = 7,971
|percentage = 4.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sisir Kumar Mukherjee
|votes = 3,689
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Sagirauddin Laskar
|votes = 1,882
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Debashish Bose
|votes = 1,168
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Monoranjan Naskar
|votes = 807
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,283
|percentage = 13.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,75,656
|percentage = 81.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006, 2001 and 1996, Mursalin Molla of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Maheshtala Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rivals Dulal Das of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Biman Banerjee of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Gouranga Mukherjee of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Abul Basar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Malay Chowdhury of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Habibur Rahman of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Mir Abdus Sayeed of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Dilip Ghose, [[Independent politician]], in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sudhir Chandra Bhandari of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Mali Safiuddin of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp115.htm |title = 115 - Maheshtala Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Bhupen Bijali of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sudhir Chandra Bhandari of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Ahammad Ali Mufti of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sudhir Chandra Bhandari of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1957<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1952.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Medical ethnobotany of India

2026-04-30T14:48:36Z

Freaklabsindia: Starting initial pg needs work!

{{Short description|Herbal medicine practiced in India}}
{{Redirect|Indian medicinal plants|the main article regarding the system of folk medicine broadly practiced in India|Ayurveda}}

The '''medical [[ethnobotany]] of India''' is the study of Indian [[medicinal plants]] and their traditional uses. [[Plant]]s have been used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] for treatment of [[disease]] and health maintenance for thousands of years, and remain important staples of health and [[folk medicine]] for millions. Indians today utilize plants for both primary medical care (principally in Rural and undeserved areas) and as supplementary treatment alongside modern [[Healthcare in India|medical science]]. It is estimated that 70% of rural Indians use traditional plant based remedies for primary healthcare needs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=Saikat|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Raja|date=April 2017|title=Revival, modernization and integration of Indian traditional herbal medicine in clinical practice: Importance, challenges and future|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=234–244|doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.006|pmc=5388083|pmid=28417092}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Choudhury|first1=Suvashish|title=Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3: North-East India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|last2=Bahadur|first2=Bir|last3=Pullaiah|first3=T.|date=2017|others=K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-36583-1|editor-last=Pullaiah|editor-first=T.|edition=First|chapter=Chapter 5. Ethnomedicinal Plants of North-East India|oclc=1003930404|editor-last2=Krishnamurthy|editor-first2=K.V.|editor-last3=Bahadur|editor-first3=Bir}}</ref> This reliance of plants for medicine is consistent with trends widely observed in the [[Developing country|developing world]], where between 65% and 80% of people use medicinal plant remedies.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Palhares|first1=Rafael Melo|last2=Gonçalves Drummond|first2=Marcela|last3=dos Santos Alves Figueiredo Brasil|first3=Bruno|last4=Pereira Cosenza|first4=Gustavo|last5=das Graças Lins Brandão|first5=Maria|last6=Oliveira|first6=Guilherme|date=2015-05-15|title=Medicinal Plants Recommended by the World Health Organization: DNA Barcode Identification Associated with Chemical Analyses Guarantees Their Quality|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=5|article-number=e0127866|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0127866|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4433216|pmid=25978064|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1027866P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=World Health Organization|title=WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019|date=2019|isbn=978-92-4-069932-8|location=[Geneva]|oclc=1122458802}}</ref>

[[Herbal medicine]] in India is largely guided by [[folk medicine]], both in codified cultural practices shared widely ([[Ayurveda]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pole|first=Sebastian|title=Ayurvedic medicine: the principles of traditional practice|date=2006|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|isbn=0-443-10090-X|location=[Edinburgh]|oclc=460904361}}</ref> [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]]), and highly localized practices unique to individual tribes or tribal groups ([[Adivasi]]). Between 3,000<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schipmann|first1=U.|last2=Leaman|first2=D.J.|last3=Cunningham|first3=A.B.|last4=Walter|first4=S.|title=Impact of Cultivation and Collection on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants: Global Trends and Issues|date=February 2005|journal=Acta Horticulturae|issue=676|pages=31–44|doi=10.17660/actahortic.2005.676.3|issn=0567-7572}}</ref> and 5,000<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 2, Western Ghats and west coast of peninsular India|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy|isbn=978-1-315-36614-2|location=Oakville, ON|chapter=Chapter 6. Ethnobotanicals of Western Ghats|oclc=965340581}}</ref> species of [[medicinal plants]] grow in India with roughly 1,000 threatened with [[extinction]].<ref name=":2" /> Of these, more than 2,400 plant species have been documented for medicinal use.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Tushar|last2=Basak|first2=Supriyo|last3=Sarma|first3=Gajen C.|last4=Rangan|first4=Latha|date=2010-10-28|title=Ethnomedical uses of Zingiberaceous plants of Northeast India|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874110005799|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|language=en|volume=132|issue=1|pages=286–296|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.032|pmid=20727402|issn=0378-8741|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Sajem|first1=Albert L|last2=Gosai|first2=Kuldip|date=December 2006|title=Traditional use of medicinal plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assam, northeast India|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|page=33|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-33|issn=1746-4269|pmc=1563446|pmid=16899114 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Ethnobotany_of_India_V1.png|thumb|341x341px|Regions of India as described in ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9781315186627/ethnobotany-india-5-volume-set-pullaiah-krishnamurthy-bir-bahadur Ethnobotany of India]'' (2017), publication edited by T. Pullaiah, K.V. Krishnamurthy, & Bir Bahadur<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Ethnobotany of India|date=2021|others=T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-18662-7|edition=First|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1249021654}}</ref>]]

== Herbal Ayurveda ==
[[Ayurveda]] practitioners believe certain plants can restore balance distorted by disease.<ref name=":0" /> The vast majority (90%) of Ayurvedic remedies are plant based.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Syal|last2=Dobos|first2=Gustav J.|last3=Rampp|first3=Thomas|date=2016-10-05|title=The Significance of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants|journal=Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine|volume=22|issue=3|pages=494–501|doi=10.1177/2156587216671392|issn=2156-5872|pmc=5871155|pmid=27707902}}</ref>

Although firmly rooted in folk medicine, Ayurvedic herbal remedies have been evaluated by laboratory and clinical studies to evaluate treatment efficacy. Some plants used in Ayurveda have biologically active [[secondary metabolites]] with potential value.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Meena|first1=Ajay Kumar|last2=Bansal|first2=Parveen|last3=Kumar|first3=Sanjiv|last4=Rao|first4=M. M.|last5=Garg|first5=V. K.|date=2009-12-18|title=Estimation of heavy metals in commonly used medicinal plants: a market basket survey|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=170|issue=1–4|pages=657–660|doi=10.1007/s10661-009-1264-3|pmid=20020323|s2cid=27675880|issn=0167-6369}}</ref> Other remedies do not have established therapeutic value, and some may have deleterious health effects.<ref name=":13" />

At least 700 plants have been identified from Ayurvedic medicinal systems. Although more than 12,000 [[Sanskrit]] plant names have been identified in classical Ayurvedic texts (including [[samhita]]s and [[nighantu]]s) there is great difficulty in establishing exact botanical identities of many referenced species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Varghese|last2=Nair|first2=S.N.Venugopalan|last3=Ved|first3=D.K.|last4=Shankar|first4=Darshan|date=October 2020|title=Controversial identities of medicinal plants in classical literature of Ayurveda|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=565–572|doi=10.1016/j.jaim.2019.09.003|pmc=7772482|pmid=32070638}}</ref> Plants are prepared according to tradition, utilizing specific plant parts as indicated in historical texts.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /> Ayurvedic belief stipulates that certain plant parts (e.g. leaf, flower, root) have specific properties key to treating disease.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Parasuraman|first1=Subramani|last2=Thing|first2=Gan Siaw|last3=Dhanaraj|first3=Sokkalingam Arumugam|date=2014|title=Polyherbal formulation: Concept of ayurveda|journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews|volume=8|issue=16|pages=73–80|doi=10.4103/0973-7847.134229|issn=0973-7847|pmc=4127824|pmid=25125878 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Plant properties in Ayurveda ===
Ayurvedic medicine is guided by a complex set of cultural, religious, and textual practices. Despite diversity in its application and practice, it operates as a codified system of folk medicine with a coherent methodology. Broadly speaking, Ayurvedic practitioners evaluate plants for medical use by examining 5 purported physical and energetic properties:

# ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]]'' - taste or "essence"- broadly categorized into sweet (''madhura''), sour (''amla''), salty (''lavana''), pungent (''kaṭu''), bitter (''tikta'') or astringent (''kaṣaya'').
# ''[[Vīrya]]'' - effect on metabolism or body temperature
# ''Vipāka'' - effects on digestion
# ''Prabhāva'' - unique properties inherent to the plant
# ''Karma'' - therapeutic action (e.g. digestive, stimulant, purgative)<ref name=":0" />

=== Herbal Preparations in Ayurveda ===
[[File:Teamaking.JPG|thumb|[[Masala chai]] is a staple drink in Indian cuisine. The drink is prepared with a spice mixture (''karha'') and is widely believed to have health-sustaining benefits. Consumption of chai is not necessarily a part of Ayurveda, but is used in some traditional remedies.<ref name=":0" />]]

==== Processing herbs ====
Ayurvedic practitioners process plants with the goal of enhancing absorption. Shelf life and ease of production are additional concerns in herbal preparations. Some common herbal preparations include herbal paste (''kalka''), powder (''curna''), [[decoction]] (''kasaya''), [[tea]]s (''phanta''), [[Fruit preserves|jams]] (''paka''), medicated wines (''arista''), pills (''vati''), and herbal oils (''taila'').<ref name=":0" />

===== Mixed herbal remedies and synergism =====
Ayurvedic treatments are usually mixtures of multiple herbs ([[polyherbal formulation]]s). Ayurvedic practitioners believe that certain herbs, when combined, have complementary effects which can enhance treatment efficacy; this concept is called synergism. The Ayurvedic text ''Sarangdhar Samhita'' (c. 1300 AD) emphasizes the importance of synergism.<ref name=":4" /> One common Ayurvedic remedy (trikatu) is prepared by combining [[ginger]], [[long pepper]], and [[black pepper]] as an aid for digestion or gastric distress. Ayurvedic practitioners believe that such combinations can enhance absorption.<ref name=":12" /> A 2014 review proposed several mechanisms that may be the basis for therapeutic herbal synergism.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Yong|last2=Zhang|first2=Zaiqi|last3=Li|first3=Shuping|last4=Ye|first4=Xiaoli|last5=Li|first5=Xuegang|last6=He|first6=Kai|date=2014-01-01|title=Synergy effects of herb extracts: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X13002840|journal=Fitoterapia|language=en|volume=92|pages=133–147|doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010|pmid=24177191|issn=0367-326X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Safety and Medical Efficacy ===

==== Ayurvedic medicine and drug interactions ====
Herbal preparations in Ayurveda can impact the absorption (or [[bioavailability]]) of [[Medication|pharmaceuticals]]. Because Ayurveda is often used by practitioners to supplement conventional modern medicine, the interactive effects of Ayurvedic treatments can medically significant. For instance, medicinal plant remedies can interfere with the [[Cytochrome P450|cytochrome enzyme system]] (CYP), a network of liver enzymes extremely important in drug metabolism. [[Enzyme inhibitor|Inhibiting]] or [[Enzyme activator|potentiating]] CYP enzymes is [[Cytochrome P450#Drug interaction|the most common adverse effect of herbal remedies on medication absorption.]]<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last1=Strandell|first1=J.|last2=Neil|first2=A.|last3=Carlin|first3=G.|date=2004-01-01|title=An approach to the in vitro evaluation of potential for cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition from herbals and other natural remedies|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711304703025|journal=Phytomedicine|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=98–104|doi=10.1078/0944-7113-00379|pmid=15070158|issn=0944-7113|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Potentiation of CYP can cause medication activity to drop low beyond the point of therapeutic effect, while inhibition of the CYP system can cause medication levels to [[Drug overdose|spike dangerously high]].

Some Ayurvedic medicinal plants (''[[Silybum marianum]], [[Cannabis]]'' [[Cannabis|spp.]]) are [[CYP3A4]] inhibitors. A commonly used antifungal medication, [[ketoconazole]], is processed by the CYP3A4 enzyme. Use of this ketoconazole with any CYP3A4 inhibitor is potentially dangerous and a cause for medical concern. There are countless other herb-pharmaceutical interactions with potentially serious effects.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />

Responsible Ayurvedic practitioners must take into account how herbal medications can interact with other drugs, or even other concurrent consumed herbals.<ref name=":0" />

==== Quality control ====
While some preparations may be of high quality, many herbal medicines and supplements are not subject to rigorous [[quality control]]. Herbal concoctions may contain little-to-nothing of the herb advertised, or may even be contaminated with [[heavy metals]] or other toxic substances.<ref name=":13" /> This is not an issue relegated to Ayurvedic practice, but is a global phenomenon, even in developed countries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skerrett|first=Patrick|date=2015-11-16|title=Experts debate: Do we need tougher regulation of dietary supplements?|url=https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/16/experts-debate-do-we-need-tougher-regulation-of-dietary-supplements/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=STAT|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamblin|first=James|date=2016-06-26|title=Why Vitamins and Other 'Dietary Supplements' Can Contain Anything|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/06/supplements-make-tobacco-look-easy/488798/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref>

Recognizing the key importance of herbal medications to healthcare in the developing world, the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization (WHO)]] has proposed quality control mechanisms for marketed medicinal plant medicines, including Ayurveda. This includes [[DNA barcoding]] to ensure contents of herbal preparations match advertised/labelled species.<ref name=":14" /> An important milestone was reached in 2019, when 65% of WHO member states had a documented registration system for herbal medicines, a significant improvement over the previous two decades.<ref name=":15" />

==== Research into efficacy ====
In 2021, a systemic review into Ayurvedic treatments for sinusitis determined the necessity of further rigorous clinical studies before conclusions about safety and [[efficacy]] could be reached.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Azeem|last2=Gundeti|first2=Manohar S.|last3=Dave|first3=Parth P.|last4=Jameela|first4=Sophia|last5=Khanduri|first5=Shruti|last6=Rao|first6=Bhogavalli Chandrashekhar|last7=Srikanth|first7=Narayanam|date=2021-10-11|title=Efficacy and safety of Ayurveda interventions for sinusitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine|volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=316–327 |language=en|doi=10.1515/jcim-2021-0390|pmid=34634197|s2cid=238584967|issn=1553-3840|doi-access=free}}</ref> A major challenge in assessing Ayurvedic herbal medicines is substantial variation in quality between remedies. Multiple reviews on Ayurveda determined that standardization of quality and herbal contents is required for research. This includes research into herbal contents, therapeutic efficacy, chemical profiling of medicines, and identification of actual therapeutic modes of action (i.e., how the medicines actually work).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Pulok K.|last2=Harwansh|first2=Ranjit K.|last3=Bahadur|first3=Shiv|last4=Banerjee|first4=Subhadip|last5=Kar|first5=Amit|last6=Chanda|first6=Joydeb|last7=Biswas|first7=Sayan|last8=Ahmmed|first8=Sk. Milan|last9=Katiyar|first9=C.K.|date=February 2017|title=Development of Ayurveda – Tradition to trend|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874116307826|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|language=en|volume=197|pages=10–24|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.024|pmid=27633405|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Another review found that Ayurvedic herbs could be the basis for research into [[Neuroprotection|neuroprotective]] compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gregory|first1=Julie|last2=Vengalasetti|first2=Yasaswi V.|last3=Bredesen|first3=Dale E.|last4=Rao|first4=Rammohan V.|date=2021-04-08|title=Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease|journal=Biomolecules|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|page=543|doi=10.3390/biom11040543|issn=2218-273X|pmc=8068256|pmid=33917843|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Ethnobotany by region ==
India is home to speakers of between 453<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-22|title=What countries have the most languages?|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/countries-most-languages|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref> and 780<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-26|title=The man who 'discovered' 780 Indian languages|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41718082|access-date=2022-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Faheem|first=Haddow, Barry Kirefu|title=PMIndia -- A Collection of Parallel Corpora of Languages of India|date=2020-01-27|oclc=1228387523}}</ref> [[Languages of India|languages]] with many [[Demographics of India|different cultures and subcultures]] present across [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and 8 union territories. This diversity is reflected in complex regional variation in the usage of herbal medicines.<ref name=":20" /> While Ayurveda and other elements of folk medicine are practiced nationally, the [[Scheduled Tribe|tribal peoples of India]] ([[Adivasi]]) have uses for medicinal plants unique to themselves or their geographic locale.

At least 50 million people belong to Adivasi communities, constituting at least 427 tribal groups (with some much higher estimates).<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 4, Western and Central Himalayas|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-20739-1|location=Waretown, NJ|chapter=Chapter 1. Introduction|oclc=987070583}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Much of the regional variation in plant use can be attributed to the ethnobotany practiced by Adivasis in rural India. Local variations in climate, ecology, and culture determine the availability and use of medicinal plant species.<ref name=":20" />

=== Eastern Ghats Range ===
[[File:Namma_Aruvi.jpg|alt=Waterfall and hill from the Kolli Hills region of the Eastern Ghats|left|thumb|The [[Kolli Hills]] region of the '''Eastern Ghats''' is a biodiversity-rich area with a number of species reportedly used as treatment for poisonous animal bites and stings. 34 plant species are used for [[Snakebite|snake bite]] alone.<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017">{{cite book|last1=Pullaiah|first1=T.|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 1, Eastern Ghats and Deccan|last2=Karuppusamy|first2=S.|isbn=978-1-77188-338-2|editor1-last=Pullaiah|editor1-first=T.|chapter=Chapter 7. Ethnomedicinal Plants of Eastern Ghats and Adjacent Deccan Region|date=2016 |publisher=Apple Academic Press Incorporated |editor2-last=Krishnamurthy|editor2-first=K.V.|editor3-last=Bahadur|editor3-first=Bir}}</ref>]]
The [[Eastern Ghats|'''Eastern Ghat Mountain range''']] begins in the state of [[Odisha]], traveling south through [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], terminating finally in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Eastern Ghats, and the accompanying western portion of the central '''Deccan plateau''', are characterized by a [[tropical savanna climate]]. Severe dry seasons allow for a landscape dominated by grasslands with sparse trees ([[savanna]] ecosystem) or [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical deciduous forests]].
[[File:எலி பிடிக்கும் இருளர் சமூகத்தினர் படம் 2.JPG|thumb|The [[Irula people]] of Tamil Nadu are found in the Javadhu hills region of the Eastern Ghats. At least 57 medicinal plants species are used by the Irulas for medicinal purposes.<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" />]]
These mountains have been home to many tribal peoples since ancient times. In 2017, over 200 tribes were reported in the regions of the Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau. A summary of ethnobotanical surveys identified 1,800 species of medicinal plants occurring in these regions of India, with 782 species actually used.<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" /> Medicinal plants are used in codified indigenous healthcare practices, such as Ayurveda, as well as local practices unique to tribes or tribal groupings. Of the ethnic or tribal groups in this region, 54 are reported to utilize plants for their primary medical needs, though only 40 have been surveyed for exact plant species used.<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" />

==== Medicinal plant taxonomy ====
The 782 medicinal plants used in this region belong to 132 families. Overwhelmingly, identified plants belonged to the [[Fabaceae|legume]], [[Apocynaceae|dogbane]], [[orchid]], [[Solanaceae|nightshade]], and [[Rubiaceae|coffee]] families. Legumes ([[Fabaceae]]), the largest single family, accounted for 67 species. The most prolific genera were ''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]'' ([[Fabaceae]]) and ''[[Solanum]]'' ([[Solanaceae]]), each containing 11 species. By plant habit, utilized plants were [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] (41%), [[tree]]s (24%), [[shrub]]s (22%) and [[liana]]s/[[vine]]s (13%).<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" />

75 species of plants used for medicine in the region are [[Endemic|unique]] to the Eastern Ghats.<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" />

==== Local plants and their uses ====
Of 782 utilized plants, only 28 species were used by all assessed tribal communities. Plant species were most frequently utilized for issues relating to the [[Stomach disease|stomach]] and [[Skin condition|skin disease]], with 120 species being used as primary treatments in either of these problem categories.<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" />

''[[Abrus precatorius]]'' was the medicinal plant most widely cited in ethnobotanical surveys of the region. Although parts of the plant are extremely toxic and hazardous when ingested, leaves of this species are utilized for treatment of bronchitis, eczema, hepatitis, skin disease, gynecological disease and in treatment of venomous snake bites. ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'', or Bael, is a tree with religious significance utilized for treatment of gastrointestinal and skin disease. Although used throughout India as a treatment for [[jaundice]], the plant creat (Hindi: kaalmegha) (''[[Andrographis paniculata]]'') is used in the Eastern Ghats as an [[Antimalarial medication|anti-malarial]].<ref name="ETHNOBOTANY 2017" />

Tribal communities in this region are noted for the [[Trees in mythology|reverence paid to trees]] in religious practice.

=== Western Ghats and West Coast ===
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[[File:Toda_people_in_front_of_their_hut_in_the_Nilgiri_Hills_(c._1870).jpg|alt=Toda people (1870 photograph).|thumb|The [[Toda people]] of the [[Nilgiri Mountains|Nilgiri sub range]] (Tamil Nadu) create traditional huts out of bamboo and rattan. The Toda use [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] in the treatment of skin infections, including ''[[Marchantia]]'' and ''[[Lunularia]]'' species.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alam|first=Afroz|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 2, Western Ghats and west coast of peninsular India|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy|isbn=978-1-315-36614-2|location=Oakville, ON|page=322|chapter=Chapter 13. Ethnobryology of India|oclc=965340581}}</ref>]]
The [[Western Ghats|'''Western Ghat Mountain range''']] begins in the southeastern corner of [[Gujarat]], traversing the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Kerala]]. The western portion of these mountains, and the accompanying coastal regions, receive among the highest annual rainfalls of any part of India.The [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]] (from Goa to the southernmost part of peninsular India) receives over 250 cm of rain annually. These areas are characterized by a [[Tropical monsoon climate|tropical monsoon/tropical wet climate]]. Coastal areas and much of the mountain slopes contain [[Tropical evergreen forests of India|tropical evergreen]] and [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous forests]], with [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|rain forests]] in Kerala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Husain|first=Majid|title=Geography of India|date=2014|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-93-5134-357-8|edition=5th|location=New Delhi|oclc=920395111}}</ref>

Because of the [[Rain shadow|rain shadow effect]], eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and the accompanying portions of the Deccan Plateau are very dry, receiving <40 cm a year. This dry area, affecting eastern Gujarat, Maharasthra, and Karnataka, is classified as [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid steppe climate]]. These areas are qualify as [[Deccan thorn scrub forests|tropical thorny woodland]] and dry deciduous forest.<ref name=":1" />

The Western Ghats region is a global [[biodiversity hotspot]], with more than 1500 endemic plant species. Though only 5% of India's landmass, the region contains about a third of India's plant species. As many as 35% of plant species here are endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012|title=World Heritage List: Western Ghats|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342|website=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 2, Western Ghats and west coast of peninsular India|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy|isbn=978-1-315-36614-2|location=Oakville, ON|chapter=Chapter 1. Introduction|oclc=965340581}}</ref>

Tribal agriculture has been practiced in the Western Ghats for 4000 years. Tribal communities are usually focused in mountain areas, though some live in lowlands not far from cities, with at least 40 indigenous groups identified.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 2, Western Ghats and west coast of peninsular India|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy|isbn=978-1-315-36614-2|location=Oakville, ON|chapter=Chapter 2. Ethnic Diversity|oclc=965340581}}</ref> Ethnobotanical surveys have found 2100 medicinal plants growing in this region, with at least 1116 used locally.<ref name=":2" />

At least 50 medicinal plants unique to the Western Ghats and west coast region are [[Threatened species|threatened]] with extinction.<ref name=":2" />

==== Medicinal plant taxonomy ====
A 2017 survey found 31 species of shrubs and herbaceous plants used for purported anti-malarial properties. These plants belong to 23 different families, the most important being the [[Fabaceae|legume]] (4 species), [[Lamiaceae|mint]] (3 species), [[Rubiaceae|coffee]] (2 species) and [[Solanaceae|nightshade]] (2 species) families.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Prakash|first1=B.N.|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 2, Western Ghats and west coast of peninsular India|last2=Unnikrishnan|first2=P.M.|last3=Hariramamurthi|first3=G.|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, Bir Bahadur, K. V. Krishnamurthy|isbn=978-1-315-36614-2|location=Oakville, ON|chapter=Chapter 8. Medicinal Flora and Related Traditional KNowledge of Western Ghats: A Potential Source for Community-Based Malaria Management Through Endogenous Approach|oclc=965340581}}</ref>

==== Local plants and their uses ====
104 plant species are used for treatment of fevers and malaria (inclusive of the 31 species specifically used for malaria).<ref name=":3" />

=== Northeast India ===
[[File:The Dzukou Valley.JPG|alt= Dzüko Valley |left|thumb|The [[Dzüko Valley]] on the border of [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]]. ]]
[[File:Hollongapar Gibbon WS.jpg|alt=Rainforest, Assam|left|thumb|Rainforest ecosystem in [[Assam]] (at the [[Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary|Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary]]).]]
'''[[Northeast India]]''' (officially '''North Eastern Region''', '''NER''') is a complex region of eight Indian states and 45 million people. The region borders five countries: [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], China ([[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan Autonomous Region]]), [[Myanmar]], and [[Bangladesh]]. Geographically, Northeast India is bounded on the north by Eastern Himalayan mountains, the east by the [[Purvanchal Range|Purvanchal]]/[[Patkai|Patkai mountain ranges]], and the southwest by the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]]. The northernmost states of [[Sikkim]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh|Aryunachal Pradesh]] are formed by Himalayan valleys. The rugged eastern states ([[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], and [[Mizoram]]) are formed by the Patkai mountains and a series of steep hill ranges. Likewise, [[Meghalaya]] is a hilly state stretching across the northern border of Bangladesh. [[Assam]] is largely the river valley of the broad [[Brahmaputra River|Bramaputra river]].<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Bathow.jpg|alt=Euphorbia trigona worship of Shiva|thumb|A [[Euphorbia|euphorb plant]] venerated in the worship of [[Shiva]] (state of Assam). This plant is considered holy by the '''[[Boro people]]''', the largest scheduled tribe of NER.]]
Climatically, Northeast India is largely defined by a subtropical climate with massive annual rainfalls. The flat sweep of the Gangetic plain ending in the Himalayas ensures that monsoons are particularly intense; the state of Meghalaya receives more rain than anywhere else on earth (>1200 cm per year).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-27|title=Wettest Places On Earth By Annual Rainfall|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-ten-wettest-places-in-the-world.html|access-date=2022-01-28|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref>

Northeast India is one of the most ethnically diverse regions in the world. These states contain 130 tribes with 300 distinct subtribes, over 200 ethnic groups, and 220 spoken languages. Many of India's tribal peoples are concentrated here, with the hilly states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland being 90% Adivasi by population. The largest state by population, Assam contains 30 million people, of which a minority are Adivasi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Pullaiah|first=T.|title=Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3: North-East India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|date=2017|others=K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-36583-1|editor-last=Pullaiah|editor-first=T.|edition=First|chapter=Chapter 1. Introduction|oclc=1003930404|editor-last2=Krishnamurthy|editor-first2=K.V.|editor-last3=Bahadur|editor-first3=Bir}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

At least 4,000 plant species have been documented in Northeast India with others likely undiscovered. The region is among the most biodiverse in India, containing half of all Indian species diversity and more than 25% of Indian endemic plants.<ref name=":6" /> 1,953 plants are used by tribal peoples of this region, accounting for 80% of all ethnomedicinal plants documented in India.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

==== Medicinal plant taxonomy ====
At least 37 members of the ginger family ([[Zingiberaceae]]) have been identified as medicinal plants in NER, 88% of which were found in Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> A 2012 survey found the [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] tribe (Assam) used non-flowering plants like [[fern]]s and [[cycad]]s. NER has over 80 species of ''[[Rhododendron]]'',<ref name=":6" /> with multiple documented ethnomedicinal uses.<ref name=":7" />

==== Local plants and their uses ====
Because NER is one of the most ethnically and botanically diverse places on the planet, broadly characterizing the utilization of medicinal plants here is difficult. Research into the indigenous use of plants in NER has been conducted since the 1970s. One of the most widely cited species in surveys, ''[[Ageratum conyzoides]]'' (flowers, leaves, roots and whole plant) is used for throat pain, [[Helminthiasis|helminth infections]], [[arthritis]], fever, malaria treatment, dysentery, and liver disease.<ref name=":7" /> Studies have identified this plant as carcinogenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=P.P.|last2=Yang|first2=Y.-C.|last3=Xia|first3=Q.|last4=Chou|first4=M.W.|last5=Cui|first5=Y.Y.|last6=Lin|first6=G.|date=2020-07-14|title=Pyrrolizidine alkaloids - Tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements|journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.38212/2224-6614.2743|s2cid=56263200|issn=2224-6614|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Mimosa pudica|''Mimosa pudica'' (sensitive plant)]] is used as treatment for skin infections, helminths, urological disease, toothaches and as a contraceptive. The rhizome of ''[[Acorus calamus]]'' (calamus, or Vacā in Sanskrit) is documented as a treatment for cough, cold, snake bite, asthma, rheumatic fever, and hemorrhoids.<ref name=":7" /> Though calamus is used in NER folk medicine (and in Ayurveda<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian herbal remedies: rational Western therapy, ayurvedic, and other traditional usage, botany|date=2004|publisher=Springer|others=C. P. Khare|isbn=978-3-642-18659-2|location=Berlin|oclc=847678719}}</ref>), this plant is considered extremely carcinogenic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calamus Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/calamus.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Andrographis paniculata]]'' has been cited for use in stomach pain, malaria, and jaundice. Another plant widely referenced in ethnobotanical surveys, ''[[Callicarpa]] arborea'' is used for skin disease, [[leukorrhea]], and treating [[scorpion sting]]s.<ref name=":7" />

The [[Meitei people|Meithei Manipuri]] people produce herbal vapors for the treatment of 41 diseases, using both single plant species and multi-species concoctions. ''[[Rhododendron arboreum|Rhododendron arboretum]]'' is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, throat pain, headaches, and fish bones stuck in throat.<ref name=":7" />

=== Western Himalayas ===
[[File:Thenu Lahaul Himachal Jul16 D32 13040.jpg|left|thumb|Thenu village in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. ]]
The '''[[Western Himalayas]]''' region consists of the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]. The '''[[Great Himalayas|Central (Great) Himalayas]]''' are mostly within [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] though a portion lie within Uttarkand. These states forms part of the foothills of the largest mountains on Earth. Climatically, much of the region is defined by a [[Polar climate|polar]] or [[Tundra climate|tundra]] type climate, but southern portions of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand are humid subtropical. Vegetation includes [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows|alpine shrubs and meadows]], [[Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|subalpine conifer forests]], [[Western Himalayan broadleaf forests|Himalayan broadleaf dry forests]], and [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests|subtropical deciduous and pine forests]]. A portion of [[Bhabar|dry grassland (the Bhabar)]] is found in lower Uttarakhand.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":18" /> Predominant trees include [[Pinus roxburghii|chir pine]], [[Pinus wallichiana|blue pine]], [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]], fir, and juniper.

There is substantial ethnic diversity in this region. At the broadest level, these Himalayan regions contain [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indic]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan-Burman]], and Afghan-Persian speaking peoples.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 4, Western and Central Himalayas|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-20739-1|location=Waretown, NJ|oclc=987070583}}</ref>

In the Western Himalayas, Ladakh contains the nomadic mountain [[Changpa]]s with agricultural [[Ladakhis|Laddakhis]], [[Dardic peoples|Dardi]], and [[Balti people|Balti]] peoples inhabiting valleys. [[Kashmir Valley]] (Jammu & Kashmir) and the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pirpanjal valley]] (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh) are inhabited by [[Kashmiris]], [[Gurjar|Gujjars]], and [[Bakarwal|Bakkarwal]] peoples. The Central Himalayas (Uttarakhand) contain the agirucltural [[Pahari people (Nepal)|Paharis]] in valley regions and the Tibetan-speaking [[Bhotiya]] peoples in the mountains. The Paharis are a diverse group are [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|also found in Kashmir.]]

Between 4,000 and 5,000 plants are reported in the Western and Central Himalayas. Surveys have identified 1,338 medicinal plant species specifically from the state of Uttarakhand, 948 species from Jammu & Kashmir, and 643 species from Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":18" />

==== Medicinal plant taxonomy ====
A review found 109 different families of medicinal plants in the former state of Jammu & Kashmir.<ref name=":18" />

==== Local plants and their uses ====
Plants in this region most frequently used in medicinal preparations include ''[[Terminalia chebula]], [[Terminalia bellirica|Terminlia bellirica]], Emblica officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra'' ([[liquorice]]), ''[[Justicia adhatoda]], [[Withania somnifera]]'', and ''[[Cyperus rotundus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kala|first=Chandra Prakash|date=2005-12-31|title=Current Status of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Vaidyas in Uttaranchal State of India|journal=Ethnobotany Research and Applications|volume=3|page=267|doi=10.17348/era.3.0.267-278|issn=1547-3465|doi-access=free|hdl=10125/179|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":19" />

The rhizome ''[[Turmeric|Curcuma domestica]]'' (turmeric) is used for cuts, burns, and scalds. Fruits of the ''[[Black pepper|Piper nigrum]]'' species (black pepper) are popularly used for colds and coughs. The fruits from ''[[Ajwain|Trachyspermum ammi]]'' (ajawain) and plants from the genus ''[[Ferula]]'' are commonly used to treat gastrointenstinal disorders and in some cases, [[whooping cough]].<ref name=":19" />

=== Indo-Gangetic Region and central India ===
[[File:Indo-Gangetic_Plain.en.png|thumb|The '''Indo-Gangetic plain''' is a flat arc dominating much of Northern India as well as Bangladesh. More than 400 million people live in an area of 700,000 km2, making it one of the most densely population regions on earth.]]
The '''Indo-Gangetic Region''' and '''central''' '''Indian''' '''region''' consists of the 13 states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Chandigarh. These are the most populous region of India, with a combined total of almost 900 million people. Geographically, the area is defined by [[Sivalik Hills|Outer Himalays (Siwalik Mountains)]] to the north, the sprawling [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic plain]] in the middle, and the more rugged central India. Central India consists of hills, a portion of the Deccan plateau, and the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] mountains. Flat coastal predominates in most of West Bengal. The Western border with Pakistan features the [[Thar Desert]], more than half of which lies within Rajasthan.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last1=Krishnamurthy|first1=K.V.|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 5, The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India|last2=Pullaiah|first2=T.|last3=Bahadur|first3=Bir|last4=Adams|first4=S. John|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-18784-6|location=Waretown, NJ|chapter=Chapter 1. Introduction|oclc=987070626}}</ref>

The dense population of the Indo-Gangetic Region ensures that much of the land is taken up sprawling urban areas and intensive agriculture. The region is climatically diverse, featuring desert, semi-arid areas, coastal areas and the central plain. Multiple forest ecosystems are found here, including [[Tropical wet forest|tropical wet]], [[tropical moist deciduous forests]], tropical semi-evergreen, [[Dry deciduous forest|dry deciduous]], and [[Thorn forest|tropical thorn forests]] in the northern Deccan, Gangetic plains, and in semi-arid regions.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" />

The vast majority of the people are speakers of Hindi languages. Some 90 scheduled tribes are found in these 13 states, including the [[Bhil people|Bhil]] and [[Gondi people|Gond peoples]], the two largest Adivasi groups in India, together making up 70% of all members of scheduled tribes. Other tribes surveyed for medicinal plants include the [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]], [[Bharia people|Bharia]], [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]], Kaul, [[Korku people|Korku]], Maria, and [[Saharia|Sahariya]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sikarwar|first=R.L.S.|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 5, The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-18784-6|location=Waretown, NJ|chapter=Chapter 2. Ethnic Diversity of the Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India|oclc=987070626}}</ref>

Around half of the flowering plants of India are found in these states (11,000-12,000 species).<ref name=":10" /> A 2017 survey identified 528 plant species used for medicine in this region.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last1=Rahaman|first1=Chowdhury H.|title=Ethnobotany of India. Volume 5, The Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India|last2=Mandal|first2=Suman K.|last3=Pullaiah|first3=T.|date=2017|others=T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-18784-6|location=Waretown, NJ|chapter=Chapter 5. Ethnomedicinal Plants of the Indo-Gangetic Region and Central India|oclc=987070626}}</ref> Another study records 610 species used by the tribal people of Rajasthan alone, though this includes food and shelter plants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vijendra.|first=Singh|title=Ethnobotany of Rajasthan, India|date=1998|publisher=Scientific Publ. (India)|isbn=81-7233-182-7|oclc=237384907}}</ref><ref name=":11" />

==== Medicinal plant taxonomy ====
The 528 medicinal plants used in this region belong to 112 families, the most important being the [[Fabaceae|legume]] (74 species), [[Malvaceae|mallow]] (30 species), [[Asteraceae]] (29 species), [[Lamiaceae|mint]] (24 species), and [[Apocynaceae|dogbane]] (21 species) families.<ref name=":11" />

==== Local plants and their uses ====
Leaves are the plant part most frequently utilized. ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' is a frequently cited species in ethnobotanical surveys, and used for the most diverse array of treatments. Local uses include treatment for snake bite, scorpion stings, skin disease, wounds, malaria, eczema, diabetes, even [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":11" />

=== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ===
[[File:Nicobar_islands_1.jpg|alt=Island of Bompuka, Nicobar|left|thumb|The island of [[Bompuka]], part of the [[Nicobar Islands]]]]
[[File:Andamanese Onge.png|alt=Andamanese family (2006)|thumb|[[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese family]] (2006)]]
The '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicboar Islands]]''' are a union territory located southeast of continental India, consisting of two island chains. These islands have a [[Tropical monsoon climate|tropical wet/monsoon climate]] with tropical rainforest vegetation. The more northerly [[Andaman Islands]] have some mixed deciduous forest, with a landscape of steep hills and valleys. Though dominated by a [[Nicobar Islands rain forests|unique rainforest ecosystem]], some [[Nicobar Islands]] are predominantly grassland and [[mangrove forest]]s are found throughout coastal areas of both island chains.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Pullaiah|first1=T.|title=Ethnobotany of India, Volume 3: North-East India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|last2=Bahadur|first2=Bir|last3=Krishnamurthy|first3=K.V.|last4=Adams|first4=S. John|last5=Teron|first5=Robindra|date=2017|others=K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur|isbn=978-1-315-36583-1|editor-last=Pullaiah|editor-first=T.|edition=First|chapter=Chapter 8. Ethnobotany of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|oclc=1003930404|editor-last2=Krishnamurthy|editor-first2=K.V.|editor-last3=Bahadur|editor-first3=Bir}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The islands are home to at least 2650 species of vascular plants and 150 plant families, with around 300 endemic species.<ref name=":6" />

The indigenous inhabitants of the Andaman islands, the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]], number in total less than 500 people. Surviving tribes include the [[Great Andamanese]], the [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]], the [[Onge]], and the [[Sentinelese]]. The majority of the population is now constituted of people from the Indian mainland ([[Tamils|Tamil]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]], [[Oriya people|Oriya]], [[Malayali]], [[North Indian culture|North Indian]]) as well as [[Bengalis|Bengali]] and [[Malayali]] peoples. Some 2000 [[Karen people]] inhabit the city of [[Mayabunder]] in [[Middle Andaman Island]].

The [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]] consist of some 22,000 people who share ancestry with Southeast Asians. On the island of [[Great Nicobar Island|Great Nicobar]], the Nichobarese share the island with the [[Shompen people]], a semi-nomadic tribe of hunter-gatherers confined to the island interior. About 200 Shompen people have been documented.

A 2009 study documented 289 plant species used for medicinal purposes by the indigenous peoples of both the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=R.P.|last2=Rasingam|first2=L.|last3=Lakra|first3=G.S.|date=December 2009|title=Ethnomedicinal Plants of the Aborigines in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India|journal=Nelumbo, Journal of the Botanical Survey of India|volume=51|pages=5–40|doi=10.20324/nelumbo/v51/2009/58064|doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study found 150 plant species used for 47 unique treatments by the people of Car Nicobar, the northernmost Nicobar island.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chander|first1=M. Punnam|last2=Kartick|first2=C.|last3=Gangadhar|first3=J.|last4=Vijayachari|first4=P.|date=December 2014|title=Ethno medicine and healthcare practices among Nicobarese of Car Nicobar – An indigenous tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874114007016|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|language=en|volume=158|pages=18–24|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.046|pmid=25305516|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Medicinal plant taxonomy ====

==== Local plants and their uses ====
The indigenous Andamanese have lived a mixed agricultural/hunter-gatherer lifestyle for tens of thousands of years. Food crops consist of rice, coconuts, area, fruit, palm oil and cashews. [[Turmeric]] is an important spice used both in medicine and in cooking. The Great Andamanese chew and spray leaves of ''[[Polyalthia]] jenkinsii'' in order to deter [[Bee sting|bee attacks]] during [[Honey|honey gathering]].<ref name=":5" />

''[[Alstonia macrophylla]]'' is the plant most widely cited from ethnobotanical studies of both island chains.The bark, root, and leaves of this tree are used in the treatment of fever, gastric disorders, swelling, bone fractures, [[urinary tract infection]]s, and skin diseases. ''[[Ocimum sanctum]]'' [[Ocimum sanctum|(Holy Basil)]] is documented as a plant used for cough and cold treatment. The [[ginger]] plant ''[[Zingiber]] squarrosum'' has [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] that are chewed to relieve thirst.<ref name=":5" />

== Significance and application ==

{{Empty section|date=January 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnobotany]]
[[Category:Environment of India]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants by tradition]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Traditional knowledge]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]

==See also==
*[[Traditional Knowledge Digital Library]]

Swati Chitnis

2026-04-20T09:46:00Z

Freaklabsindia: article

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 17th oct 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Swati Tipnis
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|62|2021|5|27}}
| birth_place = India
| name = Swati Chitnis
| occupation = [[Actress|Television, Stage, Movies actress]]
| years_active = 1984{{ndash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Cdr Amol Chitnis|1981|2008|end=died}}<ref name=HindustanTimes_Swati>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150214081551/http://www.hindustantimes.com/sexandrelationships/why-are-indian-families-shrinking/article1-471292.aspx HindustanTimes: Why are indian families Shrinking] Interview with Swati Chitnis.</ref>
| children = 1 Neel Chitnis.
}}
'''Swati Chitnis''' (born 1958/1959<ref name="62-2021-5-27">{{Cite web|title=If we don't act, we will die even without Covid:Senior actors on missing shoots; are eager to return|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/if-we-don-t-act-we-will-die-even-without-covid-senior-actors-on-missing-shoots-are-eager-to-return-101622114800360.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=27 May 2021 }}</ref>) is an Indian television [[actress]] who works in films, television and Marathi stage. She played the pivotal role of Suhasini Ajmera Goenka, who is Kartik Goenka's grandmother; Akshara Goenka Sharma's great-grandmother and Abhira Sharma Poddar's great-great-grandmother in the second and third generations of [[Star Plus]]'s longest-running soap opera ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' from 2016 to 2023.

Chitnis has appeared in films such as ''Shubhamangal Savadhan'' and ''Hee Porgi Kunachi''. She later appeared in television shows such as ''Laagi Tujhse Lagan'', ''Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother''. She also appeared in [[Star Plus]]'s series ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'', where she played Dadi (Subhadra / Sumi), Arnav's paternal grandmother.

==Filmography==
*''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' (2016) as Indu
*''[[Lagna Pahave Karun]]'' as Nalini Dixit
*''[[Rajjo]] (2013)'' as Ammi
*''[[Road to Sangam]]'' (2010) as Aara
*''[[Shubha Mangal Saavadhan]]'' (2006)
*''[[Hee Porgi Kunachi]] (2006)'' as Mrs. Deshmukh
*''[[Jungle (2000 film)|Jungle]]'' (2000) as Mrs. Malhotra

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Series
! Character
! Channel
|-
| 1997
| Paltan
|
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2000
| ''Alag Alag''
| Lalita
|
|-
| 2001-2003
| ''[[Avantika (TV series)|Avantika]]''
| Ratna
| [[Alpha TV Marathi]]
|-
| 2004-2008
| ''[[Adhuri Ek Kahani]]''
| Anandita
| [[Alpha TV Marathi]]
|-
| 2008-2009
| ''[[Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family]]''
| Jasumati Jayantilaal Joshi
| [[NDTV Imagine]]
|-
| 2009-2010
| ''[[Mitwa Phool Kamal Ke]]''
| Mahaviri
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2009-2012
| ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''
| Aayi Sahib
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''<ref name=TOI_MyRole_Swati>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/My-role-in-Iss-Pyaar-Ko-is-a-challenging-one-to-play-Swati-Chitnis/articleshow/15420216.cms? Times Of India: My Role in Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon is a challenging to play - Swati Chitnis] Interview.</ref>
| Subhadra
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]''<ref name=ToiSwatiInBhai>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swati-Chitnis-in-Bhai-Bhaiya-Aur-Brother/articleshow/13096322.cms Times Of India: Swati Chitnis in Bhai Aur Brother]</ref>
| Jamuna Mahendra Chawla
| [[Sony SAB]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''<ref name=ibnlive_swati>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/swati-chitnis-to-add-more-drama-to-sasural-simar-ka-627694.html|title=Swati Chitnis to add more drama to 'Sasural Simar Ka'|work=IBNLive|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
| Shobha
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2016–2023
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-swati-chitnis-enters-the-show--459419|title=Yeh Rishta Kya kehlata Hai: Swati Chitnis enters the show!|website=Abp Live|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815074743/https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-swati-chitnis-enters-the-show--459419|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Suhasini "Mimi" Ajmera Goenka
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2016
| ''Nakushi - Tarihi Havihavishi''
|
| [[Star Pravah]]
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Mishri]]''
| Mrs. Sharma
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Saru (TV series)|Saru]]''
| Annapurna Indravadan Bajaj
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2025
| ''Tu Hi Re Maza Mitwa''
| Subhadra Rajeshirke
| [[Star Pravah]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1247937}}
*{{instagram|swatichitnisofficial}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitnis, Swati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kropol Vitsu

2026-04-19T23:32:34Z

Freaklabsindia: added some stub w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Vitsu|lang=Angami}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kropol Vitsu
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Viswema]], [[Nagaland]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Southern Angami I Assembly constituency|Southern Angami I]]
| term_start = 10 March 2013
| term_end = 13 March 2018
| predecessor = [[Viswesül Pusa]]
| successor = [[Zale Neikha]]
| term_start1 = 2 March 2023
| term_end1 = incumbent
| predecessor1 = [[Zale Neikha]]
| successor1 = incumbent
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| nickname =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| education = [[University of Madras]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Civil Engineering|B.E. (Civil)]])}}
| occupation =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Kropol Vitsu''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He was elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Southern Angami II Assembly constituency]] in 2013 as a candidate of the [[Naga People's Front]] during which he served as Parliamentary Secretary for Home Guards & Civil Defence under the [[T. R. Zeliang]] administration and in 2023 as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He currently serves as the chief minister's Advisor on Prisons, Printing & Stationery.<ref>[http://myneta.info/nagaland2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=21 Kropol Vitsu (NPF) : Constituency- SOUTHERN ANGAMI–II]</ref><ref>[https://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5836 Kropol Vitsü (NPF) : Constituency- SOUTHERN ANGAMI–II]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/9-advisors-26-parliamentary-secretaries-sworn-in/|title=9 advisors, 26 parliamentary secretaries sworn in|date=25 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2021|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nagaland-cm-tr-zeliang-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-advisors-parliamentary-secretary-2516023|title=Nagaland CM TR Zeliang allocates portfolios to ministers, advisors, parliamentary secretary|date=27 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2021|newspaper=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> He was born in the Vitsu family of [[Angami Naga]] tribe.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vitsu, Kropol}}
[[Category:Politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Viswema]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Manglaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:34Z

Freaklabsindia: Starting the pg first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manglaur
| mla = [[Muhammad Nizamuddin]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Haridwar]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| constituency_no = 33
| map_image = Manglaur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Manglaur''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Manglaur]] area of [[Haridwar]] District.

Manglaur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Muhammad Nizamuddin]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
! colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] ||{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Muhammad Nizamuddin]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2024 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2024^]] ||[[Muhammad Nizamuddin]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Manglaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Qazi Muhammad Nizamuddin]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,727|percentage=37.91|change={{increase}}1.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=31,305|percentage=37.4|change={{increase}}16.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Obedur Rehman|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=19,559|percentage=23.37|change={{decrease}}13.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=237|percentage=0.28|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=422|percentage=0.5|change={{decrease}}0.18}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=83,699|percentage=69.73|change={{decrease}}5.85}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manglaur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=32,660 |percentage=37.18% |change={{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Nizamuddin|Qazi Muhammad Nizamuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,062 |percentage=36.50% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Singh Pawar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,763 |percentage=21.36% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navneet Kumar (Guddu Bhaiya) |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,554 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qazi Mohd Monis |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=782 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=265 |percentage=0.30% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=598 |percentage=0.68% |change= {{decrease}}2.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,845 |percentage=75.58% |change= {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manglaur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Nizamuddin|Qazi Muhammad Nizamuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,352 |percentage=38.58% |change={{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=28,684 |percentage=35.29% |change={{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishipal Baliyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,964 |percentage=20.87% |change={{increase}}18.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Latesh Kumar |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=3,265 |percentage=4.02% |change={{decrease}}22.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=278 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,668 |percentage=3.28% |change= {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,271 |percentage=78.29% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,802 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manglaur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=24,706 |percentage=34.03% |change={{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Nizamuddin|Qazi Muhammad Nizamuddin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,008 |percentage=33.07% |change={{increase}}6.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaurav Chaudhary |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=19,354 |percentage=26.66% |change={{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaleem |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,061 |percentage=2.84% |change={{increase}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Tomar |party=Independent politician |votes=732 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Maidani Kranti Dal |votes=545 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anuj |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=447 |percentage=0.62% |change={{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=698 |percentage=0.96% |change= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,602 |percentage=79.11% |change= {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,769 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Manglaur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Nizamuddin|Qazi Muhammad Nizamuddin]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=25,559 |percentage=36.91% |change={{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhry Kulveer Singh |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=22,166 |percentage=32.01% |change={{increase}}26.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,629 |percentage=26.90% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawaldar Harpal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,302 |percentage=1.88% |change={{decrease}}13.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Tomar |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=357 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Pal Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=355 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}}2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=355 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,393 |percentage=4.90% |change= {{decrease}}7.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,252 |percentage=70.23% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,615 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Manglaur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Muhammad Nizamuddin|Qazi Muhammad Nizamuddin]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=21,155 |percentage=39.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarwat Karim Ansari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,561 |percentage=27.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,298 |percentage=15.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=2,826 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avinash Kumar |party= Shivsena |votes=1,622 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gayur |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,467 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sompal Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,094 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Master Sompal Verma|Sompal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Rashtriya Parivartan Dal |votes=560 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=449 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,594 |percentage=12.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,970 |percentage=65.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,452 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
* http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
*{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/manglore.html|publisher=elections.in|title=Manglore (Uttarakhand) Elections and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up|accessdate=2017-01-07}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.79|77.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Aleti Annapurna Devi

2026-04-18T00:45:15Z

Freaklabsindia: New biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1994
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = Sanigaram Santosh Reddy
| successor = [[Bajireddy Goverdhan]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2014
| predecessor2 = Sanigaram Santosh Reddy
| successor2 = [[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Aleti Annapurna Devi''' (7 May 1955)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Annapurna Devi Aleti (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency- Balkonda (Nizamabad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=27 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. She is a former two time member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Armur Assembly constituency]] in [[Nizamabad district]] of the [[United Andhra Pradesh]]. She was elected in the [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] and [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Devi is from [[Balkonda]], Nizamabad district, Telangana. She was born to late Narsareddy and late Gangavva. She is the wife of late Aleti Mahipal Reddy. She has two sons, Aleti Mallikarjun Reddy and Aleti Nagarjuna Reddy. She studied Class 10 at ZPHS Velpoor, Nizamabad district, and passed the examinations in the year 1969. Later, she discontinued her studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Devi was elected as an MLA for the first in the Armur Assembly constituency representing the Telugu Desam Party in the [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armoor Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/armoor-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> After two more elections, she regained the seat for the Telugu Desam Party winning the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. In 2009, she polled 49,009 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,059 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Andhra Pradesh 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2009/andhra-pradesh/205/27 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

In November 2019, she resigned from the Telugu Desam Party.<ref name="sakshi.com">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=Former MLA Aleti Annapurna Resign To TDP - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/former-mla-aleti-annapurna-resign-tdp-1236967 |access-date=2025-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125120643/https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/former-mla-aleti-annapurna-resign-tdp-1236967 |archive-date=25 November 2021 }}</ref> Later, she joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was nominated to contest the Balkonda seat in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] on a BJP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=కమల దళం సిద్ధం {{!}} |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Nizamabad/535/123196414 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Eenadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024174210/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Nizamabad/535/123196414 |archive-date=24 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name="sakshi.com"/> She finished third behind winner [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]] of the Bharath Rashtra Samithi and second-placed Congress candidate Muthyala Sunil Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balkonda Assembly Election Results 2023: Balkonda Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/balkonda-assembly-result-29019 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balkonda Constituency Election Results 2023: Balkonda Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/balkonda |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annapurna Devi, Aleti}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Sunil Kumar (kabaddi)

2026-04-17T08:13:32Z

Freaklabsindia: stub

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sunil Kumar
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sonipat district|Sonipat District]], [[Haryana]]
| alma_mater =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = India
| sport = [[Kabaddi]]
| event =
| league = Pro Kabaddi League
| team = [[Patna Pirates]](2016) [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]](2017-2021) [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]](2022-2023) [[U Mumba]](2024-Present)
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[kabaddi]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Kabaddi at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Kabaddi at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Kabaddi Championship|Asian Championship]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Kabaddi Championship|2023 Busan]]|Team}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|Team}}
}}

'''Sunil Kumar''' (born 12 May 1997)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Sunil Kumar Biography (Kabaddi - Gujarat Fortune Giants): Early Life, Career, Pro Kabaddi League, Family, Wife, Kids, Awards, Achievements, Records, Social Media {{!}} The Sports Tattoo |url=https://thesportstattoo.com/sunil-kumar-biography-of-a-kabaddi-player/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player from Haryana. He plays in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] (PKL) for the [[U Mumba]] franchise as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunil Kumar profile |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/players/sunil-kumar-profile-368 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=vivo Pro Kabaddi League |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=PKL Auction 2024: U Mumba buys Sunil Kumar for Rs. 1.015 crore |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/pkl-auction-2024-u-mumba-buys-sunil-kumar-pro-kabaddi-league-11/article68529705.ece |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Kumar is from a farmer's family in Bhainswal Kalan, [[Sonipat district|Sonipat District]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Sunil Kumar Bio & Stats {{!}} Gujarat Fortunegiants {{!}} Pro Kabaddi League |url=http://www.kabaddiadda.com/player/sunil-kumar-1000077 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Kabaddi Adda |language=en}}</ref> Many of his cousins including, [[Parvesh Bhainswal]], used to play kabaddi. Inspired by them, he took to the game at the age of 11 years. He did well at the university games and was spotted by coach Jaivir Sharma and later joined the [[Sports Authority of India]] training centre at [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":02" />

== Career ==
After winning the Junior Nationals in 2015 and 2016, Kumar was picked up by [[Patna Pirates]] for the PKL season 4.<ref name=":02" /> He later transferred to [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunil Kumar Profile, Age, Career Stats, Biography, Pro Kabaddi 2019 Season 7 Team |url=https://www.news18.com/pro-kabaddi-2019/gujarat-fortunegiants/sunil-kumar-368/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunil Kumar Career, Age, Stats, Biography {{!}} Sunil Kumar Profile |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/sunil-kumar-kabaddi |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> he later won his second trophy with Jaipur pink panthers in 2022 as a captain .In 2023, Kumar competed for India at the [[2022 Asian Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827113112/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=We will win gold medal: Kabaddi legends on Indian teams' Asian Games prospects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/we-will-win-gold-medal-kabaddi-legends-on-indian-teams-asian-games-prospects/articleshow/104167221.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007162924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/we-will-win-gold-medal-kabaddi-legends-on-indian-teams-asian-games-prospects/articleshow/104167221.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where the Indian team won gold, controversially defeating Iran 33–29 in the finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games 2023, Day 14 Live Updates: India win men's kabaddi Gold after controversial finish |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2023/story/day-14-live-updates-medals-archery-india-vs-afghanistan-cricket-kabaddi-satwik-chirag-finals-2445671-2023-10-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007060512/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2023/story/day-14-live-updates-medals-archery-india-vs-afghanistan-cricket-kabaddi-satwik-chirag-finals-2445671-2023-10-07 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2023 |title=India win men's kabaddi gold after controversial final against Iran involving one hour stoppage |url=https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/38588943/asian-games-2022-india-win-gold-controversial-final-iran-involving-one-hour-stoppage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163018/https://www.espn.in/kabaddi/story/_/id/38588943/asian-games-2022-india-win-gold-controversial-final-iran-involving-one-hour-stoppage |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{InterSportStats|3000577990|Sunil Kumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sunil}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male kabaddi players]]
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League players]]
[[Category:Asian Games kabaddi players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in kabaddi]]
[[Category:Kabaddi players from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat district]]

Pipalda Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:20Z

Freaklabsindia: Made

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pipalda
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-187-Pipalda.svg
| mla = [[Chetan Patel Kolana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Kota district|Kota]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:210017}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 187
}}
'''Pipalda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Kota district|Kota]] district, and as of 2023, was represented by Chetan Patel Kolana of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Premchand<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Vidhyashankar Nandwana<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Ramnarayan Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Chetan Patel Kolana]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Pipalda<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20187.htm |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2023 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 25 November 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Chetan Patel Kolana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:89281}}
|percentage = 54.72
|change = +4.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Premchand Gochar
|votes = {{formatnum:68276}}
|percentage = 41.85
|change = +1.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1624}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change = -0.49
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21005}}
|percentage = 12.87
|change = +2.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163162}}
|percentage = 77.69
|change = +4.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Pipalda<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S20187.htm |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramnarayan Meena
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:72690}}
|percentage = 50.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mamta Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:57785}}
|percentage = 40.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra
|votes = {{formatnum:5076}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dulichand Borda
|votes = {{formatnum:2778}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2158}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14905}}
|percentage = 10.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144421}}
|percentage = 73.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kota district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.56|76.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Kota district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:57Z

Freaklabsindia: New details

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chikkanayakanahalli
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 128
| map_image = 128-Chikkanayakanahalli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:218952}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]]
}}

'''Chikkanayakanahalli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || C. H. Lingadevaru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || C. K. Rajaiasetty || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || C. H. Lingadevaru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. S. Neelakantaswamy
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | N. Basavaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || S. G. Ramalingaiah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || B. Lakkappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || N. Basavaiah || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee}}
|-
| [[1997 elections in India#Karnataka|1997 By-election]] || [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Chikkanayakanahalli">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Chikkanayakanahalli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10128.htm?ac=128 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510085317/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10128.htm?ac=128 |archive-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 71,036 |percentage = 37.65% |change = {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,994 |percentage = 32.33% |change = {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Kiran Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,996 |percentage = 27.03% |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ningaraju. S. C |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 778 |percentage = 0.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,042 |percentage = 5.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,680 |percentage = 86.17% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,657}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.17 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,612 |percentage = 38.53% |change = {{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,335 |percentage = 32.84% |change = {{decrease}}10.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santhosh Jayachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,893 |percentage = 25.40% |change = {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandraiah |party = Indian New Congress Party |votes = 1,154 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,116 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,277 |percentage = 5.69% |change = {{decrease}}2.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,672 |percentage = 85.14% |change = {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,663}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,217 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,759 |percentage = 43.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 49,620 |percentage = 35.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Kiran Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,150 |percentage = 20.78% |change = {{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathish Sasalu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,344 |percentage = 7.38% |change = {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kenkere Sathish |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,086 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Captain Somashekar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,743 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Manjula Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,725 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandraiah Baraguru |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,648 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaraju. K. L |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,624 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,139 |percentage = 7.94% |change = {{decrease}}12.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,860 |percentage = 81.07% |change = {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,253}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,417 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 67,046 |percentage = 46.69% |change = {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Kiran Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,002 |percentage = 26.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 24,308 |percentage = 16.93% |change = {{decrease}}27.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Renuka Prasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,941 |percentage = 2.74% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aruna. Y. M. Yalanadu |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 3,550 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Satish Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,327 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemashree. H. N |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,991 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ananthaiah |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,598 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,044 |percentage = 20.23% |change = {{increase}}18.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,844 |percentage = 78.07% |change = {{increase}}4.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,589}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,261 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 43,040 |percentage = 44.74% |change = {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 41,412 |percentage = 43.05% |change = {{decrease}}6.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaiah N. @ Seemeyenne Krishnaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,872 |percentage = 7.14% |change = {{decrease}}10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lakkappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,510 |percentage = 2.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraju. H. T |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,631 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seebi Narasimaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 730 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,628 |percentage = 1.69% |change = {{decrease}}15.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,195 |percentage = 73.85% |change = {{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,195}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,257 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,961 |percentage = 49.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 29,018 |percentage = 32.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Surendraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,145 |percentage = 18.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,943 |percentage = 16.77% |change = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,097 |percentage = 77.47% |change = {{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,124}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,852 |percentage = 3.10% |change = {{increase}}3.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,884 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1997 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1997 elections in India#Karnataka|1997 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm |title=BYE - ELECTIONS, 1997 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130951/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,768 |percentage = 36.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. B. Suresh Babu]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,089 |percentage = 31.68% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,769 |percentage = 21.53% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankarappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,463 |percentage = 9.22% |change = {{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,679 |percentage = 5.10% |change = {{decrease}}10.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,741 |percentage = 80.88% |change = {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,822}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 903 |percentage = 0.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,663 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{decrease}}6.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaiah |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 38,025 |percentage = 43.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,140 |percentage = 27.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,587 |percentage = 17.82% |change = {{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Ramalingaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,166 |percentage = 10.48% |change = {{increase}}9.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,885 |percentage = 15.88% |change = {{increase}}15.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,558 |percentage = 78.86% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,457}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,095 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,298 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. C. Madhu Swamy]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,291 |percentage = 33.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,663 |percentage = 32.22% |change = {{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,317 |percentage = 31.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Channaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 819 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Siddalingamurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 624 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}14.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Narayana Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 504 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 628 |percentage = 0.79% |change = {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,144 |percentage = 77.34% |change = {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,656}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,488 |percentage = 4.20% |change = {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,509 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,815 |percentage = 31.98% |change = {{decrease}}13.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,297 |percentage = 28.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. C. Mahduswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,513 |percentage = 22.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Ramalingaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,750 |percentage = 14.98% |change = {{decrease}}36.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukkannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 761 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunath |party = Independent politician |votes = 520 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,518 |percentage = 3.87% |change = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,714 |percentage = 79.29% |change = {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,080}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 634 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,877 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}19.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. G. Ramalingaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,614 |percentage = 50.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,243 |percentage = 45.18% |change = {{increase}}39.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Narayana Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 961 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shankaralingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 475 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,371 |percentage = 5.80% |change = {{decrease}}9.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,016 |percentage = 76.14% |change = {{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,084}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 932 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,514 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.69 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,627 |percentage = 54.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. M. Majabath |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,594 |percentage = 39.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,426 |percentage = 5.91% |change = {{decrease}}40.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,033 |percentage = 15.59% |change = {{increase}}11.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,034 |percentage = 83.54% |change = {{increase}}19.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,935}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 1.86% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 21,335 |percentage = 50.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. B. Mariappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,445 |percentage = 46.39% |change = {{decrease}}40.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. L. Nananjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,134 |percentage = 2.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,890 |percentage = 4.51% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,896 |percentage = 64.49% |change = {{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Neelakantaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,056 |percentage = 46.29% |change = {{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Rajaiasetty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,220 |percentage = 41.83% |change = {{increase}}11.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Lingadevaru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,852 |percentage = 40.94% |change = {{decrease}}12.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. L. Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,699 |percentage = 28.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Revannasiddappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,991 |percentage = 16.98% |change = {{decrease}}13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. T. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,419 |percentage = 8.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. A. Mitra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,445 |percentage = 5.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,836 |percentage = 4.46% |change = {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,995 |percentage = 70.04% |change = {{increase}}9.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,812 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Lingadevaru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,473 |percentage = 53.49% |change = {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Ananthaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,371 |percentage = 30.43% |change = {{decrease}}20.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Channaveerappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,953 |percentage = 16.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,102 |percentage = 23.06% |change = {{increase}}13.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,734 |percentage = 60.14% |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,797}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,088 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Rajaiasetty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,856 |percentage = 50.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Lingadevaru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,010 |percentage = 41.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Ramchandra Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,301 |percentage = 7.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,846 |percentage = 9.76% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,167 |percentage = 59.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,167}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chikkanayakanahalli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. H. Lingadevaru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,042 |percentage = 42.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Mariappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,645 |percentage = 33.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Shankaralingappa |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 3,856 |percentage = 14.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Kanchappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 4.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 949 |percentage = 3.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,397 |percentage = 9.31% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,756 |percentage = 61.70% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,756}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,741 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|13.4|76.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Rajarambapu Patil

2026-04-11T20:32:52Z

Freaklabsindia: Made

{{Short description|Indian politician (1920–1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajarambapu Patil
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Rajarambapu Patil.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Walva Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = (1962-1967), (1967-1972), (1972
| term_end = 1978)
| predecessor = [[Nagnath Naikwadi]]
| successor = Vilasrao Shinde
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = (1978
| term_end1 = 1984)
| birth_date = 1 August 1920
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|1|17|1920|8|1|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| education = L.L.B .
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Kusumtai Patil<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2017 |title=माजी मंत्री जयंत पाटील यांना मातृशोक |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/ncp-leader-jayant-patil-lost-mother/articleshow/62300642.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307185229/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/ncp-leader-jayant-patil-lost-mother/articleshow/62300642.cms |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
| children = [[Jayant Patil]]
| party =
}}

'''Rajarambapu Patil''' (1 August 1920 – 17 January 1984) was an Indian politician from [[Walwa, Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=समर्पित आणि व्रतस्थ जीवन : राजारामबापू पाटील |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/jayant-patil-writes-article-rajarambapu-patil-328430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307162817/https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/jayant-patil-writes-article-rajarambapu-patil-328430 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website= [[Sakal]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajaram (Bapu) Anant Patil was born on 1 August 1920 at Kasegaon in [[Walwa, Sangli]] Taluka of Sangli District. His education is LL. B. was up to He worked underground in the freedom movement of 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title= Rajarambapu Patil: Biographical Sketch (in brief) (1920-1984) |url=http://waranamahavidyalaya.org/rajarambapu%20patil.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403142916/http://www.waranamahavidyalaya.org/rajarambapu%20patil.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2018 |website= waranamahavidyalaya.org |language=english
}}</ref> Rajarambapu Patil founded the Kasegaon Education Institute in 1945 and started secondary schools and colleges. Taking the idea that the life of the common man in the village should stand on the foundation of knowledge, Bapu set up a network of educational institutions in Valwa taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title= राजारामबापू पाटील |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf2020/Sansmaran%20Final%20Daya.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126051504/http://mls.org.in/pdf2020/Sansmaran%20Final%20Daya.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website= mls.org |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

==Political career==
He established engineering and technical colleges, he tried to change the economic condition of the farmers by starting a co-operative sugar factory on the desolate plantation of Sakharle.He established the Walwa Dairy Union at Islampur to get the milk of the farmers at a fair price market. Considering the farmer as the center, he set the ideal of cooperation by setting up various institutions like sugar factories, cooperative banks, milk unions, consumer stores, yarn mills, water supply institutions<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2017 |title=Rajyogi : Rajarambapu Patil pahile parva (1920-1984) |url=http://asiatic-koha.informindia.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=187778 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925074752/http://asiatic-koha.informindia.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=187778 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020 |website= [[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

Rajarambapu Patil was the Secretary of Sangli District Committee in 1957 and President of Congress Maharashtra Pradesh Congress in 1959–60. He was the President of South Satara District Local Board from 1952 to 1962. Patil was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Walwa constituency in Sangli district in 1962,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3714-maharashtra-1962/?do=download&r=8744&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf|title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 1962|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> 1967<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3715-maharashtra-1967/?do=download&r=8746&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 1967|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> and 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3716-maharashtra-1972/?do=download&r=8748&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 1972|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> and to the Maharashtra Legislative Council from 1978 to 1984. Between 1962 and 1980, he served as Minister of Revenue, Energy, Industry, Rural Development, Law and Justice and Information and Public Relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 1963 |title=कृषीमंत्रीची भेट (page no 134)|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/31209/artha-29-14.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307172100/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/31209/artha-29-14.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website= dspace.gipe.ac.in |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1972–1978]]

Punarjanma (1963 film)

2026-04-10T11:36:26Z

Freaklabsindia: Made!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punarjanma
| image = Punarjanma (1963 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Pratyagatma]]
| producer = A. V. Subba Rao
| screenplay = K. Pratyagatma
| based_on = ''Patthar Ke Honth'' by [[Gulshan Nanda]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| studio = [[Prasad Art Pictures]]
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1963|8|29}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Punarjanma''''' ({{translation|[[wikt:rebirth|Rebirth]]}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by A. V. Subba Rao and directed by [[K. Pratyagatma]]. Based on the novel ''Patthar Ke Honth'' by [[Gulshan Nanda]], it stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], with music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' (1970), in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]'' (1970) and in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Amrithavaahini]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=10 March 2017 |title=Punarjanma (1963) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/punarjanma-1963/article17440168.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210607065726/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/punarjanma-1963/article17440168.ece |archive-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Gopi is the son of Zamindar and is a sculptor. He creates a statue and becomes passionate about his ''dream girl.'' Unfortunately, it catches fire and burns, and Gopi mentally breaks down. Before the rift, Gopi is in love with his cousin Vasanthi. However, Vasanthi's mother, Yasoda Devi, breaks the proposal. The doctor realizes that music helps Gopi, so he advises to appoint a beautiful girl who knows dance & music as his caretaker. Thus, his father, Zamindar, brings a lovely girl, Radha, from a "Kothi" to care for Gopi. Though Radha is born into a family of courtesans, she does not follow this path and longs to live a traditional family life. Radha does her best to serve Gopi and tries to make him sane. One day, when Radha is playing with dolls, in a mock marriage ''Bommala Pelli'' with the children of Zamindar's elder son, Gopi suddenly ties his deceased mother's wedding chain, ''[[Mangalsutra]],'' on Radha's neck. Zamindar and his mother accept the new relationship as they understand Radha's virtues. In the care of Radha, Gopi gradually regains his sanity. However, he forgets Radha and renews his love for Vasanthi. A crestfallen Radha leaves the house and resumes her life as an entertainer. Meanwhile, Gopi is confused as some vague remembrances haunt him when Vasanthi reveals the truth, and he immediately rushes for Radha. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the reunion of Gopi & Radha.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Gopi
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Radha
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Professor
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Zamindar
*[[B. Padmanabham|Padmanabham]] as Raja Rao
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Gopi's Brother
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] Basava Rao
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Radha's Uncle
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Yashoda Devì
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Gopi's Grandmother
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]] as Dancer
*Sandhya as Janaki
*[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] as Vasanti
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Radha's Mother

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punarjanma |url=https://gaana.com/album/punarjanma |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punarjanma (1963)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CIE/info |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Evarivo Neevarivo"
|[[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|6:08
|-
|2
|"Deepalu Velige"
|[[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Daasarathi]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:00
|-
|3
|"Neekosam"
|[[Kosaraju (composer)|Kosaraju]]
|P. Susheela
|4:34
|-
|4
|"Poolu Virisenu"
|Daasarathi
|P. Susheela
|3:44
|-
|5
|"Neekosam" (Pathos)
|Kosaraju
|P. Susheela
|3:44
|-
|6
|"Manasu Terachi Choodu"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|P. Susheela
|1:32
|}

== Reception ==
T. M. Ramachandran, writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', commended the cast performances, music and art direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=7 September 1963 |title=Punarjanma |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |magazine=Sport and Pastime |volume=17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230324133929/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-03-24 |access-date=2023-03-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0214023}}

[[Category:1963 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 drama films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kotayya Pratyagatma]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Guwahati–Sairang Express

2026-04-08T07:33:21Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{Short description|Train in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Guwahati - Sairang Express
| logo =
| image = Sairang–Guwahati_Mizoram_Express,.jpg
| caption = Guwahati - Sairang Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Assam]] and [[Mizoram]]
| first = {{UBL| {{start date and age|2025|09|13|df=yes}} (Inaugural) | {{start date and age|df=yes|2025|09|15}} (Commercial) }}
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier (NFR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} (GHY)
| end = [[Sairang Railway Station|Sairang]] (SANG)
| stops = 13
| distance = {{convert|493|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 15609 / 15610
| line_used = *[[Guwahati–Lumding section|Guwahati–Lumding line]]
*[[Lumding–Sabroom section|Lumding–Badarpur line]]
*[[Bairabi–Sairang line]]
| class = General Unreserved, Sleeper Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| speed = {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|37|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| owners =
| map =
}}
The 15609 / 15610 '''Guwahati–Sairang Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between the city [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]] of [[Assam]] and [[Sairang Railway Station|Sairang]], the [[Aizawl]] District of [[Mizoram]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last='Anbuselvan' |first='B' |date=7 September 2025 |title=Mizoram’s capital set to join Indian railway network: 51.38-km Bairabi–Sairang line to boost connectivity in the Northeast |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Mondal' |first='Ashish' |date=1 June 2025 |title=New Delhi to Sairang (Aizawl) Rajdhani Express: Check distance, travel time, ticket price, time table, stoppages |work=[[ET Now]] |pages=3}}</ref>

The train was inaugurated on 13 September 2025 via video conference by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]] from [[Aizawl]] District of [[Mizoram]] in [[India]].
<ref>{{Cite news |last='Athrady' |first='Ajith' |title=PM Modi to flag off Mizoram's first Rajdhani train on Saturday |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |pages=1}}</ref>

== Service ==

* 15609 / Guwahati–Sairang Express has an average speed of 37 km/h and covers 493 km in 13h 30m.
* 15610 / Sairang–Guwahati Express has an average speed 37 km/h and covers 493 km in 13h 30m.

== Routes and halts ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Guwahati – Sairang Express (Mail/Express)'''
|-
! colspan=5 | 15609 Guwahati → Sairang
! colspan=5 | 15610 Sairang → Guwahati
|-
! Sr. !! Station !! Day !! Arrival !! Departure !! Sr. !! Station !! Day !! Arrival !! Departure
|-
| 1 || Guwahati || 1 || – || 19:00 || 1 || Sairang || 1 || – || 19:00
|-
| 2 || Jagi Road || 1 || 19:58 || 20:00 || 2 || Bhairabi || 1 || 19:48 || 19:50
|-
| 3 || Chaparmukh Junction || 1 || 20:28 || 20:30 || 3 || Hailakandi || 1 || 20:58 || 21:00
|-
| 4 || Hojai || 1 || 21:06 || 21:08 || 4 || Katakhal Junction || 1 || 21:30 || 21:32
|-
| 5 || Lumding Junction || 1 || 22:10 || 22:20 || 5 || Badarpur Junction || 1 || 22:10 || 22:20
|-
| 6 || Maibang || 2 || 00:05 || 00:07 || 6 || New Harangajao || 1 || 23:50 || 23:52
|-
| 7 || New Haflong || 2 || 01:30 || 01:32 || 7 || New Haflong || 2 || 00:40 || 00:42
|-
| 8 || New Harangajao || 2 || 02:20 || 02:22 || 8 || Maibang || 2 || 01:55 || 01:57
|-
| 9 || Badarpur Junction || 2 || 04:00 || 04:10 || 9 || Lumding Junction || 2 || 04:20 || 04:30
|-
| 10 || Katakhal Junction || 2 || 05:00 || 05:02 || 10 || Hojai || 2 || 05:25 || 05:27
|-
| 11 || Hailakandi || 2 || 05:30 || 05:32 || 11 || Chaparmukh Junction || 2 || 06:00 || 06:02
|-
| 12 || Bhairabi || 2 || 06:40 || 06:42 || 12 || Jagi Road || 2 || 06:40 || 06:42
|-
| 13 || Sairang || 2 || 08:30 || – || 13 || Guwahati || 2 || 08:30 || –
|}

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train schedule: Guwahati ↔ Sairang Express
|-
! Train no.
! Station code
! Departure station
! Departure time
! Arrival station
! Arrival time
! Arrival Hours
|-
| 15609
| GHY
| [[Guwahati]]
| 7:00 PM
| [[Sairang]]
| 8:30 AM
| 13h 30m
|-
| 15134
| SANG
| [[Sairang]]
| 7:00 PM
| [[Guwahati]]
| 8:30 AM
| 13h 30m
|}

== Coach composition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train Coach: Guwahati ↔ Sairang Express
|-
! Sl. No
! General Unreserved
! Sleeper Class
! AC 3rd Class
! AC 2nd Class
! Engine
|-
| 1.
| 4
| 1
| 6
| 4
| 1
|}

== Traction ==
To be announced.

== Reversals ==
The train will reverse direction in two places:

* [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding Junction]]
* [[Badarpur Junction railway station|Badarpur Junction]]

== See also ==
Trains from [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]]:

* [[Guwahati–Jorhat Town Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Dullabcherra Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Chennai Egmore Express]]
* [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]]

Trains from [[Sairang Railway Station|Sairang]]:

* [[Sairang–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Kolkata–Sairang Express]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs daily in a week with both directions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guwahati-Sairang Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2025]]

Laggam

2026-04-05T05:45:08Z

Freaklabsindia: added the article v1

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Ramesh Cheppala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laggam
| image = Laggam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ramesh Cheppala]]
| writer = Ramesh Cheppala
| producer = T. Venugopal Reddy
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sai Ronak]]
* [[Pragya Nagra]]
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
* [[L.B. Sriram]]
* Raccha Ravi
* [[Krishnudu]]}}
| cinematography = P. Balreddy
| editing = Bonthala Nageswara Reddy
| music = Charan Arjun, [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Subishi Entertainment
| distributor = Asian Suresh Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|07|30}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''''Laggam'''''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acJY41etfDA |title=Laggam Trailer {{!}} Sai Ronak, Pragya Nagra {{!}} Ramesh Cheppala {{!}} Charan Arjun {{!}} Rajendra Prasad |date=2024-10-09 |last=Aditya Music |access-date=2024-10-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> (transl. Marriage) is a 2024 [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] emotional [[drama]] film directed by [[Ramesh Cheppala]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tallam |first=Naveen Kumar |date=2024-07-14 |title=Exploring Telangana wedding culture in Ramesh Cheppala's Laggam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2024/Jul/14/exploring-telangana-wedding-culture-in-ramesh-cheppalas-laggam |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807090045/https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2024/Jul/14/exploring-telangana-wedding-culture-in-ramesh-cheppalas-laggam |url-status=live }}</ref> and produced by T. Venugopal Reddy under the banner of Subishi Entertainments. The film stars [[Sai Ronak]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Pragya Nagra]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], Vadlamani Srinivas, [[Raghu Babu]], [[L. B. Sriram|LB Sriram]], [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]], [[Krishnudu]], and Raccha Ravi in key roles. The film explores traditional [[Telangana]] [[wedding]] culture, its values, and the emotional journey of the main characters.

== Plot ==
The story follows the dramatic journey of Chaitanya and Maanasa as they navigate the cultural ideologies and values of a traditional Telangana wedding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=krishna |date=2024-08-30 |title=తెలంగాణ నేపథ్యంలో 'లగ్గం' |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/laggam-movie-2024/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Mana Telangana |language=en-US}}</ref> The film opens with rituals and traditions but soon takes unexpected twists, leading the characters and their families through an emotional rollercoaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-17 |title=Laggam Movie Team Starts Dubbing - Yupbeat |url=https://yupbeat.com/movies/laggam-movie-team-starts-dubbing/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615191817/https://yupbeat.com/movies/laggam-movie-team-starts-dubbing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Sai Ronak]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=laggam: 'లగ్గం' కుదిరింది |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sai-ronak-new-movie-titled-as-laggam/0201/124024324 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127020202/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sai-ronak-new-movie-titled-as-laggam/0201/124024324 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Chaitanya
* [[Pragya Nagra]] as Maanasa
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Sadanandam, Maanasa’s father
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Suguna, Chaitanya’s mother and Sadanandam’s sister
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Venkatesam, Chaitanya’s father
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Sarpanch Vari
* [[L. B. Sriram|LB Sriram]] as Ramayya alias Bapu, Sadanandam’s father-figure
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Dubai Tirupathi, Maanasa’s uncle
* [[Krishnudu]] as Ganesh, Chaitanya’s uncle
* Raccha Ravi as Barrelanna, Chaitanya’s friend
* [[Kancharapalem Raju]] as Seenu, Sadanandam’s friend
* Prabhavati Varma as Seenu’s wife
* Sandhya Gandham as Sarpanch’s wife
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as DJ Prakash
* [[Chitram Seenu]] as Prakash’s assistant
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Ravi, Chaitanya’s boss
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Shivaji, Ramayya’s son
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Deloitte Diwakar
* [[Ravi Varma (Kakinada actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Health Officer
* Manik Reddy as Marraige Bureau Manager
* Karampuri Vidyasagar as Relative

== Production ==
The production of ''Laggam''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=It's A Wrap For Rajendra Prasad-starrer Telugu Film Laggam |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-rajendra-prasad-starrer-telugu-film-laggam-8879682.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806112141/https://www.news18.com/movies/its-a-wrap-for-rajendra-prasad-starrer-telugu-film-laggam-8879682.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was led by [[Ramesh Cheppala]], who took on the roles of writer and director. The film is produced by T. Venugopal Reddy under the banner of Subishi Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2024-04-09 |title=Laggam{{!}}డెబ్బై శాతం షూటింగ్ పూర్తి చేసుకున్న "లగ్గం"..! - CVR |url=https://cvrnews.net/film/seventy-percent-shooting-of-laggam-completed/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=cvrnews.net |language=English}}</ref> The cinematography was handled by MN Balreddy. The editing process was overseen by Bonthala Nageswara Reddy, The background score, composed by [[Mani Sharma]], while the music direction and lyrics handled by Charan Arjun. Choreography for the film’s dance sequences was managed by Ajay Siva Sankar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-10-10 |title=Laggam: 'లగ్గం' జరిగే మండపంలో 'లగ్గం' ట్రైలర్ విడుదల.. వధూవరులు భావోద్వేగం {{!}} Laggam Movie Makers Released Trailer in Different Way KBK |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/laggam-movie-makers-released-trailer-in-different-way-kbk-57376.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=డెస్క్ |first=హెచ్ఎం డిజిటల్ |date=2024-10-10 |title=Laggam Movie: సినిమా ప్రమోషన్స్ లో కొత్త ట్రెండ్.. ఏకంగా పెళ్లిలోనే.. |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/laggam-movie-makers-released-trailer-in-different-way-120022 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Laggam
| type = film
| artist = Charan Arjun
| released = 2024
| studio = RushStudios Jubilee 10 Studios
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=15}}
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| prev_title = [[Vimanam (2023 film)|Vimanam]]
| prev_year = 2023
| chronology = Charan Arjun
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|06N30RW-8cQ|Laggam – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack of ''Laggam'' is composed by Charan Arjun,<ref>{{cite web |title=Laggam Songs Download: Play & Listen Laggam Telugu MP3 Song by Charan Arjun @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/laggam |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=17 October 2024}}</ref> who also penned the lyrics for all the songs, where [[Mani Sharma]] issued the background score for the film.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:15
| title1 = Laga Laaga Laggam<ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0kYo8dVZBNziVHRRY9QGTI | title = Laggam | access-date = 20 October 2024 | website = [[Spotify]]}}</ref>
| length1 = 3:46
| lyrics1 = Charan Arjun
| extra1 = [[Sri Krishna]], [[Chinmayi Sripada]], Shreenika Mahati
| title2 = Undalene Ammi
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = Charan Arjun
| extra2 = Yasaswi Kondepudi, Veeha
| title3 = Inthenemo Inthenemo
| length3 = 4:16
| lyrics3 = Charan Arjun
| extra3 = [[K.S. Chithra]], Ravi G
| title4 = Puttagane Pettaru Peru<ref name="New single 'Puttagane Pettaru Peru’ from Laggam out">{{cite news |last1=Cinema Express |first1= |title=New single 'Puttagane Pettaru Peru' from Laggam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jul/25/new-single-puttagane-pettaru-peru-from-laggam-out |access-date=24 October 2024 |date=25 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| length4 = 3:46
| lyrics4 = Charan Arjun
| extra4 = Charan Arjun, Shreenika Mahati
| title5 = Elaagano
| length5 = 3:33
| lyrics5 = Charan Arjun
| extra5 = Sahithi Chaganti
| title6 = Mushayira
| length6 = 4:29
| lyrics6 = Sanjay Mahesh
| extra6 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Veeha
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Laggam'' was originally slated for a theatrical release on 18 October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=content |first=tfpc |date=2024-09-15 |title='Laggam' release date announced |url=https://tfpc.in/laggam-release-date-announced/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=TFPC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Rajendra Prasad's Telugu Movie Laggam Gets Release Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rajendra-prasads-telugu-movie-laggam-gets-release-date-9053095.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001133416/https://www.news18.com/movies/rajendra-prasads-telugu-movie-laggam-gets-release-date-9053095.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the date was later shifted to 25 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-28 |title=Laggam makers set a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/28/laggam-makers-set-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930183626/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/28/laggam-makers-set-a-new-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-10-25 |title='Laggam' movie review: Feel-good family drama with heart and humor |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/laggam-movie-review-feel-good-family-drama-with-heart-and-humor-916906 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> which was announced by [[Sudheer Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-09-28 |title=Laggam: 'లగ్గం' రిలీజ్ డేట్ పోస్టర్ వదిలిన నవ దళపతి {{!}} Laggam Movie Release Date Poster Launched by Nava Dalapathy KBK |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/laggam-movie-release-date-poster-launched-by-nava-dalapathy-kbk-57011.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te |archive-date=2024-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928180802/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/cinema-news/laggam-movie-release-date-poster-launched-by-nava-dalapathy-kbk-57011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===
''Laggam'' was officially scheduled to stream on Aha Video from 22 November 2024.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Portal bar|Films|India|2020s}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2024]]

K. S. Narayanaswamy

2026-03-26T06:50:44Z

Freaklabsindia: added some article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}

{{Distinguish|text=musician [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]], politician [[K. V. Narayana Swamy]], or poets [[K. Y. Narayanaswamy]] and [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]]}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = K. S. Narayanaswamy
| birth_place = [[Palghat]], [[Kerala]]
| birth_date = 1914
| death_date = {{death_date|1999|12|09}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| instrument = [[Veena]]
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = [[Veena|Veena player]]
}}
'''K. S. Narayanaswamy''', (full name '''Koduvayur Sivarama Iyer Narayanaswamy'''; 27 September 1914 – 1999) was a Carnatic [[veena]] exponent of the [[Thanjavur]] style, in which nuances and subtleties are given more importance over rhythm based acrobatics.<ref name= "Hindu article">[https://web.archive.org/web/20020122103411/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/21/stories/1321017b.htm Homage to a 'Guru'], The Hindu, 21 August 2001</ref> He was awarded the [[Madras Music Academy]]'s [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] in 1979.

He was born on 27 September 1914 to Narayaniammal and Koduvayur Sivarama Iyer at [[Koduvayur-II|Koduvayur]] in [[Palghat]] district in [[Kerala]]. He underwent initial training in [[Carnatic music]] under K.S. Krishna Iyer, his brother, between his seventh and fourteenth years. Later, he joined the Music College at [[Annamalai University]] in [[Chidambaram]] where he learnt vocal music under stalwarts like [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] T S Sabesa Iyer and [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] Tanjore Ponniah Pillai, descendant of the famous [[Tanjore Quartet]]. He also learnt the veena under Desamangalam Subramania Iyer and the [[mridangam]] under Tanjore Ponniah Pillai. From 1937 to 1946, he served as the lecturer at the Annamalai University, his alma mater, and assisted in publishing the Tamil ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]''s of [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]], [[Neelakanta Sivan]] and [[Arunachala Kavi]].<ref name="Kalyani Sharma">Kalyani Sharma, Tribute to Sangeetha Kalanidhi Sri K.S. Narayanaswamy- 101 Keerthana Mani Malai, 2nd Edition (April 2006), compiled and published by Kalyani Sharma</ref>

Upon the invitation of His Highness, the Maharaja of [[Travancore]], he took up lectureship in veena at the [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] (erstwhile Swathi Thirunal Music Academy) at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="Geetha Raja">{{Cite web |url=http://geetharaja.com/mygurus.php |title=Geetha Raja on her Gurus |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054439/http://geetharaja.com/mygurus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> During his tenure at the academy, he was instrumental, along with [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]], then principal of the academy, in editing and publishing the kritis of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] (commonly known as Swathi Thirunal).<ref name="Hindu article"/><ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110418100350/http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9811/98110220.htm The Navaratri Mandapam experience]}}, The Hindu, 29 November 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1522/15220650.htm Semmangudi looks back - at 90], Interview of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer with the Frontline magazine, Vol. 15, Issue 22, 24 October – 6 November 1998</ref> He participated in several international conferences and was a member of the Music and Cultural Delegations to the erstwhile USSR and East European countries in 1954. In 1970, he was invited by [[Yehudi Menuhin]] to attend the [[Bath International Music Festival]] and perform at London, [[Bristol]], [[Oxford]], [[Cambridge]], and [[Birmingham]]. Later, he succeeded [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]] as the principal of the academy and retired in 1970.<ref name="Kalyani Sharma"/>

In 1970, he came to Mumbai, as the principal of the Sangeetha Vidyalaya of Shanmukhananda Fine Arts and Sangeetha Sabha and taught both vocal music and veena till 1985.<ref name="Hindu article"/><ref name="Kalyani Sharma"/><ref name="Geetha Raja"/> In 1974, he took part as the teacher of Carnatic music and veena at the Eleventh Conference of International Society of Music Education at Perth, Australia. He also participated in the Indian Music and Dance Festival of the International Institute for Comparative Music Studies and Documentation at Berlin in 1977.<ref name="Kalyani Sharma"/>

He was a recipient of many awards including the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1962;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music-a-ksna/464 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Classical Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> and the Tamil Nadu State Award in 1968;<ref name="Kalyani Sharma"/> the National Award of Central [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in 1968;<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm List of Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |date=17 February 2012 }} from Sangeet Natak Akademi, India (www.sangeetnatak.org)</ref> the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]] in 1977;<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf List of Padma Bhushan Awardees from 1954 to 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |date=10 May 2013 }} from Ministry of Home Affairs, India (www.mha.nic.in)</ref> [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] from the [[Madras Music Academy]], [[Chennai]] in 1979;<ref>[http://www.musicacademymadras.in/sangita_kalanidhi.php List of Sangeetha Kalanidhi Awardees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230220008/http://www.musicacademymadras.in/sangita_kalanidhi.php |date=30 December 2012 }} from Madras Music Academy (www.musicacademymadras.in)</ref> the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] in 1991<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music/456|title=Classical Music|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> and the Swathi Ratna in 1999.<ref name="Kalyani Sharma"/>

Among his disciples, notable ones include [[Rugmini Gopalakrishnan]],<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050420001300/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/01/stories/2005040101860300.htm Notes of excellence]}}, The Hindu: Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram, 1 April 2005</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127172754/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/21/stories/2006072100380300.htm To honour a teacher], Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram, 21 July 2006</ref> Kalyani Sharma,<ref name="Hindu article"/> Saraswati Rajagopalan,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/rainbow-resonance-from-musical-strings/article5234804.ece], The Hindu: Arts, 15 October 2013</ref> Trivandrum Venkataraman,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article87655.ece Rare artistic acumen], The Hindu: Arts, 21 January 2010</ref> [[Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma]],<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606114705/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mp/2009/01/03/stories/2009010353670700.htm A royal love for music]}}, The Hindu: Metro Plus Kochi, 3 January 2009</ref> Geetha Raja,<ref name="Geetha Raja"/> Nirmala Parthasarathy,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311234932/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/09/stories/2007030900100300.htm Rising like the Thanjavur gopuram], Friday Review, The Hindu, 9 March 2007</ref> Jayashree Aravind. Many musicians like [[M.S. Subbulakshmi]] and [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]] have had good association with him and have appreciated his music.<ref name="Kalyani Sharma"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|GiS0WIW6TEE|Video of K S Narayanaswamy}}
* [https://archive.org/details/KsNarayanaswamiVeena Audio of K S Narayanaswamy]
* [http://sangeethamshare.org/sridharan/33-KSN-VR/ Audio of K S Narayanaswamy]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanaswamy, K. S.}}
[[Category:Saraswati veena players]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

2017–18 FC Goa season

2026-03-21T22:03:56Z

Freaklabsindia: New data.

{{Short description|2017–18 season of FC Goa}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|season=2017–18
|chrtitle=President
|chairman=Akshay Tandon
|mgrtitle=Head Coach
|manager=[[Sergio Lobera]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|league=[[2017–18 Indian Super League|ISL]]|league result=Regular season: 3rd Playoffs: Semi-finals
|league topscorer=[[Coro (footballer)|Coro]] (18)
|season topscorer=Coro (20)
|highest attendance=18,600 vs [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (30 November 2017) 18,600 vs [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] (23 December 2017)
|lowest attendance= 2567 vs [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] (21 February 2018)
|average attendance={{formatnum:{{#expr: ( 18600 + 18482 + 18600 + 17128 +17812 + 16617 + 16842 + 16221 + 17244 + 18492 + 16842) / 11 round 0}}}}
|pattern_la1=_blueorangewhite
|pattern_b1=_fcgoa1718h
|pattern_ra1=_blueorangewhite
|pattern_sh1=
|socks1=0040FF
|pattern_la2=_larmfcgoa1718
|leftarm2=ffffff
|pattern_b2=_fcgoa1718a
|rightarm2=ffffff
|shorts2=ffffff
|socks2=ffffff
|prevseason=[[2016 FC Goa season|2016]]
|nextseason=[[2018–19 FC Goa season|2018–19]]
|pattern_ra2=_rarmfcgoa1718|body2=ffffff|shorts1=0040FF|cup1=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]|cup1 result=Semi-finals}}
The '''2017–18 season''' was the club's fourth season since its establishment in 2014 and their fourth season in the [[Indian Super League]].

== Season overview ==
=== Pre-season ===
FC Goa announced on 24 April signing of nine players for their development squad but only six names were revealed.<ref name="nine_players">{{cite news |title=FC Goa show intent with capture of Derrick, Liston|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-show-intent-with-capture-of-derrick-liston/articleshow/58332472.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 April 2017}}</ref> Aaren D'Silva and Derren Fernandes were signed from [[Cavelossim#Sports|Santa Cruz Club of Cavelossim]], Princeton Rebello from [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]. Liston Colaco signed from [[Salgaocar F.C.]] for the transfer fee of {{₹|1.5}} Million.<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Goa agree big transfer fee for Liston|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-agree-big-transfer-fee-for-liston/articleshow/58332395.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 April 2017|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref> Ivon Costa and Jude Cardozo from local Goan clubs.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

=== June ===
On 5 June 2017, FC Goa announced [[Sergio Lobera]] as their new manager replacing Zico on a 2-year contract.<ref name="goal.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-sergio-lobera-replaces-zico-as-fc-goa/3xw5eyrvdtq418ix35k61ato4|title=Indian Super League: Sergio Lobera replaces Zico as FC Goa coach {{!}} Goal.com|access-date=2017-10-22|language=en}}</ref> On 16 June 2017, FC Goa announced the return of [[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bruno-returns-to-fc-goa/articleshow/59164918.cms|title=Bruno returns to FC Goa |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>

=== July ===
FC Goa retained goalkeeper [[Laxmikant Kattimani]] and midfielder [[Mandar Rao Desai]] from their last season's squad before the players draft. Both players signed three-year deal and will stay with the franchise until 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISL: FC Goa retain local boys Mandar Rao Dessai and Laxmikant Kattimani|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/football/050717/isl-fc-goa-retain-local-boys-mandar-rao-dessai-and-laxmikant-kattimani.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=5 July 2017|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> On 12 July, [[Manuel Arana Rodríguez|Manuel Arana]] signed for FC Goa on 1-year contract.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-goa-signs-spanish-midfielder-manuel-arana/articleshow/59564081.cms|title=FC Goa signs Spanish midfielder Manuel Arana |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> On 18 July, FC Goa announced signing of Spanish forward [[Ferran Corominas]] on 1-year deal who last played for [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] side [[Doxa Katokopias FC|Doxa Katokopias]].<ref name="coro">{{cite news |title=FC Goa team signs Spanish forward Ferran Corominas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-goa-team-signs-spanish-forward-ferran-corominas/articleshow/59649167.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

In [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft|ISL players draft]] held on 23 July 2017, FC Goa retained midfielder [[Pratesh Shirodkar]]. Franchise added ten new players from draft, goalkeeper [[Bruno Colaco]] and [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]], defender [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]], Amey Ranawade and Mohamed Ali, midfielder [[Brandon Fernandes]], [[Anthony D'Souza]], [[Seriton Fernandes]], [[Jovel Martins]] and Mohammed Yasir. Defender [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]] and midfielder [[Pronay Halder]] made their comebacks.<ref name="draft_list">{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-draft-live-complete-list-of-players-signed/xqb2s1rc2i6311ihuho1pxzu8|title=ISL 2017 Draft LIVE: Complete list of players signed |publisher=Goal |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> Five players from FC Goa were signed by other clubs in the draft. Defender [[Keenan Almeida]] and [[Fulganco Cardozo]] were signed by [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. Midfielder [[Sahil Tavora]] was signed by [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. Midfielder [[Romeo Fernandes]] was signed by [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] and forward [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] was signed by [[ATK (football club)|ATK]].<ref name="draft_list" /> [[I-League]] side [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] signed defender [[Debabrata Roy]] outside draft.<ref name="mohun_bagan">{{cite news|title=Mohun Bagan sign Denson, Abhishek, Shilton, Debabrata, Gurjinder|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-mohun-bagan-sign-denson-abhishek-shilton-debabrata/d8v81rjiqirk1mn838rkymfaa |publisher=Goal |date=23 July 2017 |accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref>

FC Goa announced signing of Indian striker [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]] on 28 July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dynamic young forward, Manvir Singh is on board.|url=https://twitter.com/FCGoaOfficial/status/890938646424989697|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>

=== August ===
On 2 August, Moroccan midfielder [[Ahmed Jahouh]] was signed from [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]] on a year long loan deal.<ref name="jahouh_loan">{{cite web|title=FC Goa sign Moroccan International Ahmed Jahouh|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/fc-goa-signs-moroccan-international-ahmed-jahouh-4778719/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2 August 2017}}</ref> On 14 August 2017, former [[FC Barcelona B]] player [[Sergio Juste]] signed for FC Goa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/indian-super-league-fc-goa-rope-in-former-barcelona-b-skipper-sergio-juste/story-6hPHcwZmeeqmnlM0FUO47I.html|title=FC Goa sign ex-Barcelona B skipper Sergio Juste for 2017-18 Indian Super League|date=2017-08-14|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-10-26|language=en}}</ref> On 23 August 2017, [[Manuel Lanzarote]] signed for FC Goa from [[Real Zaragoza]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2017-18-fc-goa-confirm-signing-of-spanish-winger-manuel-lanzarote-for-the-upcoming-season-3965367.html|title=ISL 2017-18: FC Goa confirm signing of Spanish winger Manuel Lanzarote for the upcoming season|date=2017-08-23|publisher=Firstpost|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>

=== September ===
On 1 September 2017, FC Goa completed the signings of two foreign players [[Edu Bedia]] and [[Adrián Colunga|Adrian Colunga]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-fc-goa-sign-edu-bedia-and-adrian-colunga/articleshow/60324586.cms|title=ISL: FC Goa sign Edu Bedia and Adrian Colunga |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> It was announced that Goa would have their pre-season in [[Murcia]], [[Spain]] with a 27-man squad and play five friendly matches in Spain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-2017-fc-goa-to-travel-to-spain-for-pre-season-matches-4852676/|title=ISL 2017: FC Goa to travel to Spain for pre-season matches|date=2017-09-20|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>

=== October ===
FC Goa had a strong pre-season after they played a total of five friendlies in Spain; winning three and losing two matches.<ref>{{Cite news|title=FC Goa rout CD Algar Deportivo 3-1, register back-to-back wins in pre season game in Spain|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/indian-super-league-team-fc-goa-register-3-1-win-over-cd-algar-deportivo-in-spain/111903|publisher=TimesNow|accessdate=2017-10-26}}</ref> They returned to Goa on 27 October 2017.<ref name=":0" />

=== November ===
FC Goa continued their preparations for the new season by playing three friendlies in [[Goa]], they won two and lost one out of three matches. They ended their pre-season with a 4–0 victory over [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/isl-2017-fc-goa-thrash-chennai-city-fc-last-pre-season-friendly-749182|title=ISL 2017: FC Goa thrash Chennai City FC in last pre-season friendly |publisher=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2017-11-13}}</ref>

FC Goa kicked off their [[2017–18 Indian Super League|Indian Super League season]] by beating [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] away 2–3.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-goa-hold-on-to-beat-chennaiyin-3-2/articleshow/61719774.cms|title=FC Goa hold on to beat Chennaiyin 3-2 |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref> On 25 November 2017, Goa lost their first match of the season against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] 1–2. On 30 November 2017, Goa won their first home match 4–3 against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] as [[Ferran Corominas]] scored the first hat-trick of the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2017-coro-miku-fc-goa-bengaluru-fc-deficient-defending/9wvjthy6r98213xgg947mrn2b|title=ISL 2017: Coro and Miku magic masks FC Goa and Bengaluru FC's deficient defending |publisher=Goal |access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref>

=== December ===
FC Goa continued their good form after winning 5–2 against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] as Corominas scored his second consecutive hat-trick of the season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2017-fc-goa-vs-kerala-blasters-highlights-as-it-happened-1599545.html|title=ISL 2017, FC Goa vs Kerala Blasters, Highlights: As It Happened|date=2017-12-09|publisher=News18|access-date=2017-12-09}}</ref> On 17 December, Goa beat [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]] in a 1–5 away victory, sending them at the top of the table.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-goa-outclass-delhi-dynamos-to-top-isl-table/articleshow/62099884.cms|title=FC Goa outclass Delhi Dynamos to top ISL table |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> FC Goa lost their first home match of the season against [[FC Pune City|Pune City]] in a 0–2 loss.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2017-fc-pune-city-storm-into-top-four-beat-fc-goa-2-0-1613063.html|title=ISL 2017: FC Pune City Storm into Top Four, Beat FC Goa 2-0|publisher=News18|access-date=2017-12-23}}</ref>

=== January ===
On 3 January 2018, FC Goa drew their first game of the calendar year with a 1–1 away draw against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]], the match was delayed by 2 hours and 45 minutes due to unavoidable circumstances at [[Goa International Airport|Goa Airport]] which caused the team travel late.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-fc-goa-head-straight-to-stadium-from-airport-match-vs-atk-goes-past-midnight/story-5KlxMl8NclAM26gqqESC8O.html|title=Indian football’s midnight drama, FC Goa vs ATK ISL game gets extra late|date=2018-01-03|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2018-01-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fatigued-fc-goa-hold-atk-1-1-in-midnight-drama/articleshow/62362041.cms|title=Fatigued FC Goa hold ATK 1-1 in midnight drama |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> Three days later, Goa lost their third match in the league against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] in a 2–1 away loss, this loss left them winless in three games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/indian-super-league-2017-18/isl-north-east-united-fc-stun-fc-goa-2-1-return-to-winning-ways-5014470/|title=ISL: North East United FC stun FC Goa 2-1, return to winning ways|date=2018-01-06|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en-US}}</ref> On 10 January, Goa announced the signing of winger Lalmuankima from [[Aizawl F.C.|Aiwzal FC]], they also signed U-19 goalkeeper [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] who would join their development team.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=154|title=FC Goa sign Lalmuankima and Mohd Nawaz|website=FC Goa Official Website|language=en|access-date=2018-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110234311/http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=154|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 January, Goa defeated [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] in a 2–1 home victory as Lanzarote scored a brace, this was their first win of the calendar year 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2017-lanzarote-scores-twice-as-goa-win-2-1-1629541.html|title=ISL 2017: Lanzarote Scores Twice as Goa Win 2-1|date=2018-01-11|work=News18|access-date=2018-01-11}}</ref> On 21 January, Goa beat Kerala Blasters in a 1–2 away victory with goals from Ferran Corominas and Edu Bedia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-fc-goa-edge-out-kerala-blasters-2-1/articleshow/62595383.cms|title=ISL: FC Goa edge out Kerala Blasters 2-1 |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> On 24 January, [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]] and [[Brandon Fernandes]] signed new contracts with FC Goa which would keep them at the club until 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=162|title=FC Goa announce Brandon and Ali contract extensions|website=FC Goa Official Website|language=en|access-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124195639/http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=162|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 26 January, Goa announced the signing of [[Mark Sifneos]] until the end of the season.<ref name="fcgoa.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=165|title=Mark Sifneos replaces Adrian Colunga in FC Goa squad|website=FC Goa Official Website|language=en|access-date=2018-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004544/http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=165|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 28 February, Goa lost to Mumbai City 3–4 at home with [[Seriton Fernandes]] receiving two yellow cards and sent off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-mumbai-city-complete-comeback-to-beat-10-man-fc-goa-4-3-in-a-thrilling-tie-1643911.html|title=ISL: Mumbai City Complete Comeback to Beat 10-man FC Goa 4-3 in a Thrilling Tie|work=News18|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> On 31 January, Goa announced that [[Manuel Arana]] would be sent on loan to Delhi Dynamos until the end of the season.<ref name="Gaurs sign Hugo Boumous">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=169|title=Gaurs sign Hugo Boumous|website=FC Goa Official Website|language=en|access-date=2018-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190735/http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=169|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== February ===
On 2 February, Goa announced the signing of [[Hugo Boumous]] following the departure Manuel Arana.<ref name="Gaurs sign Hugo Boumous"/> Two days later, Goa drew 2–2 at home against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/isl-fc-goa-ne-united-play-2-2-draw-118020400817_1.html|title=ISL: FC Goa, NE United play 2-2 draw|last=IANS|date=2018-02-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> On 9 February, Goa suffered a 2–0 away defeat to Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-debutants-bengaluru-march-into-play-offs-exact-revenge-against-fc-goa-1656389.html|title=ISL: Debutants Bengaluru March Into Play-offs, Exact Revenge Against FC Goa|work=News18|access-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> On 15 February, Goa lost 0–1 to Chennaiyin at home. On 21 February, Goa drew 1–1 with Delhi Dynamos at home which meant they were winless in five games. Goa then bounced back and went on to win 0–4 away vs Pune City and 5–1 at home vs ATK.

=== March ===
On 4 March, Goa won 0–3 away against Jamshedpur. They qualified for the playoffs and finished third in the group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2017-18-fc-goa-hammer-jamshedpur-fc-to-enter-semis-after-both-goal-keepers-see-red-cards-4375897.html|title=ISL 2017-18: FC Goa hammer Jamshedpur FC to enter semis after both goalkeepers see red cards - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref> After picking up a 1–1 draw in the first leg of the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|semi-final]] against Chennaiyin, they lost 0–3 in the second leg away from home and got knocked out.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-live-score-updates-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-goa-5096588/|title=Chennaiyin FC beat FC Goa 3-0, through to ISL Final: As it happened|date=2018-03-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> They directly qualified for the [[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018 Super Cup]] after finishing in the top six of the Indian Super League table. On 24 March, FC Goa announced on [[Twitter]] that assistant coach [[Derrick Pereira]] would take charge as head coach for the Super Cup in Sergio Lobera's absence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/FCGoaOfficial/status/978942726539538432|title=Twitter|website=mobile.twitter.com|access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref>

=== April ===
On 3 April, Goa beat ATK 3–1 in the [[2018 Indian Super Cup#Round of 16|round of 16]] of the Super Cup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/aiff-super-cup-2018-fc-goa-atk-robbie-keane-jamshedpur/14b2kzldb9r3j1fv0igw3iyrbi|title=Super Cup 2018: FC Goa 3-1 ATK: Gaurs set up quarter-final date with Jamshedpur FC {{!}} Goal.com|access-date=2018-04-03|language=en}}</ref> On 12 April, Goa beat Jamshedpur 1–5 in the [[2018 Indian Super Cup#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]] of the Super Cup, Goa players; [[Sergio Juste]], [[Brandon Fernandes]] and [[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]] and Jamshedpur players; [[Subrata Pal]], [[Anas Edathodika]] and [[Kervens Belfort]] were sent off at the start of the second half.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/super-cup-2018-jamshedpur-goa-match-report/d14829q7too218orrcs966wic|title=Jamshedpur v Goa Match Report, 12/04/2018, AIFF Super Cup {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-12}}</ref> On 16 April, Goa were knocked out after East Bengal beat Goa 1–0 in the [[2018 Indian Super Cup#Semi-finals|semi-finals]] of the Super Cup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/aiff-super-cup-2018-east-bengal-fc-goa-dudu-omagbemi-final/1c6x6yw9oekpr1rguty8mlz893|title=Super Cup 2018: East Bengal 1-0 FC Goa: Dudu Omagbemi propels Red and Golds to final {{!}} Goal.com|access-date=2018-04-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Pre Season Friendlies ==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=12 October 2017
|time= 18:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=[[FC Cartagena]] {{flagicon|ESP}}
|score=4–1
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} FC Goa
|goals1=Kuki Zalazar {{goal|1||37}} [[Cristo Martín|Martín]] {{goal|13}} Gonzalo Poley {{goal|40}}
|goals2=[[Adrián Colunga|Colunga]] {{goal|18}}
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=La Manga Club
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
|id=
|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=112
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=16 October 2017
|time= 17:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–2
|team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Murcia Imperial]]
|goals1=[[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal}}
|goals2=[[Nadjib Mengoud|Mengoud]] {{goal}} Jordan Domínguez {{goal}}
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=La Manga Club
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
|id=
|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=115
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=19 October 2017
|time= 18:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–0
|team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Minera|Deportiva Minera]]
|goals1=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal}} [[Manuel Arana Rodríguez|Arana]] {{goal}} [[Adrián Colunga|Colunga]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=La Manga Club
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
|id=
|report=https://twitter.com/FCGoaOfficial/status/921254476345892865
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=23 October 2017
|time= 18:00 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–1
|team2={{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Algar|Algar]]
|goals1=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|58}} [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|63||82}}
|goals2=Víctor {{goal}}
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=La Manga Club
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
|id=
|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=117
}}{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=26 October 2017
|time= 15:30 [[Central European Time|CET]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=4–2
|team2={{flagicon|ESP}} FC Cartagena B
|goals1=Brandon {{goal|12}} 
Corominas {{goal|40}} 
Lanzarote {{goal|43}} 
Colunga {{goal|93}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Murcia]], [[Spain]]
|stadium=La Manga Club
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
|id=
|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php
}}{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=3 November 2017
|time=18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–2
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=Manvir {{goal|80}}
|goals2=Vanlalremdika {{goal|8}} D'Souza {{goal|82}}
|location=[[Bambolim]], [[India]]
|stadium=Athletic Stadium
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=L
|id=
|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=124
}}{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=9 November 2017
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=2–0
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=Lanzarote {{goal|1}} Corominas {{goal|21}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Margao]], [[India]]
|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
|id=
|report=
}}{{football box collapsible
|round=Friendly
|date=12 November 2017
|time=19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=FC Goa {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=4–0
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]]
|goals1=[[Mandar Rao Dessai]] {{goal|26}} {{goal|50}} Brandon {{goal|53}} Anthony D'Souza {{goal|68}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bambolim]], [[India]]
|stadium=Athletic Stadium
|attendance=
|referee=
|result=W
|id=
|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=132
}}

== Transfers ==
===In===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Pos.
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Previous club
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Princeton Rebello]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|24 April 2017
|<ref name="nine_players"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]]
| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Hapoel Haifa F.C.|Hapoel Haifa]]
| 16 June 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Portuguese Bruno Pinheiro returns to FC Goa|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/11148-portuguese-bruno-pinheiro-returns-to-fc-goa|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=TFG|date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Arana Rodríguez|Manuel Arana]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brisbane Roar FC|Brisbane Roar]]
| 12 July 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa rope in winger Manuel Arana|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-super-league-201718-fc-goa-rope-in-winger-manuel/y74zp5z435b3104nymtm33a3r|publisher=Goal|date=12 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
! scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]
|{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Doxa Katokopias FC|Doxa]]
| 17 July 2017
|<ref name="coro"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks">{{cite news|title=FC Goa's 2017 ISL draft details: Brandon Fernandes, Narayan Das, Pronay Halder among signed|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/fc-goas-2017-isl-draft-full-details-brandon-fernandes/1rlaxcvoxv8p01i2w8emg6c08e|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=Goal|date=23 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pronay Halder]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Fernandes]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seriton Fernandes]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA FC]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jovel Martins]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amey Ranawade]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[DSK Shivajians F.C.|DSK Shivajians]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony D'Souza]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Yasir]]
|
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bruno Colaço]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft picks"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| 28 July 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa unveil young Indian striker as newest addition to squad|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-fc-goa-unveil-manvir-singh-on-as-newest-squad-member-on-twitter|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=22 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Juste]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CE L'Hospitalet|Hospitalet]]
| 14 August 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Goa sign former Barcelona B captain Sergio Juste Marin|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/indian-super-league-fc-goa-sign-former-barcelona-b-captain/ub2g3ph0cqf216sqxt7vw1bcf|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=Goal|date=14 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Lanzarote]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Zaragoza]]
| 23 August 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=FC Goa signs Spanish winger Manuel Lanzarote|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/fc-goa-signs-spanish-winger-manuel-lanzarote-4810500/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu Bedia]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Zaragoza]]
| 31 August 2017
|<ref name="Edu & Adrian">{{cite web|title=ISL: FC Goa sign Edu Bedia and Adrian Colunga|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-fc-goa-sign-edu-bedia-and-adrian-colunga/articleshow/60324586.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrián Colunga]]
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Anorthosis Famagusta FC|Anorthosis]]
| 31 August 2017
|<ref name="Edu & Adrian"/>
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} Lalmuankima
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl F.C.]]
|10 January 2018
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Arrows]]
|10 January 2018
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|FW
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Mark Sifneos]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|26 January 2018
|<ref name="fcgoa.in"/>
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Moghreb Tétouan]]
|2 February 2018
|<ref name="Gaurs sign Hugo Boumous"/>
|}

===Out===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Pos.
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|New Club
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Roy Chowdhury]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| 1 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=I-League 2017: East Bengal squad announced|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2017-east-bengal-squad-announced|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} Sukhdev Patil
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| 1 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=From the farms of Walve Khurd to the ISL: The incredible journey of Sukhdev Patil|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/from-farms-walve-khurd-to-isl-incredible-journey-sukhadev-patil|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lúcio]]
| Released
| 1 January 2017
|
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grégory Arnolin]]
| Released
| 1 January 2017
|
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Denzil Franco]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 1 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Under-prepared Churchill Brothers could pay the price|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2017/01/06/31106732/i-league-201617-team-profile-under-prepared-churchill|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=Goal|date=6 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luciano Sabrosa]]
| Released
| 1 January 2017
|
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jofre Mateu]]
| Released
| 1 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Londrina apresenta seus primeiros reforços para 2017|url=http://www.bonde.com.br/esportes/futebol/londrina-apresenta-seus-primeiros-reforcos-para-2017-431036.html|accessdate=23 October 2017|work=Bonde|language=pt|date=4 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Reinaldo da Cruz Oliveira|Reinaldo]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brasiliense Futebol Clube|Brasiliense]]
| 1 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aos 37 anos, Reinaldo, ex-Flamengo e São Paulo, acerta com o Brasiliense|url=http://globoesporte.globo.com/df/noticia/2017/02/aos-37-anos-reinaldo-ex-flamengo-sao-paulo-acerta-com-o-brasiliense.html|newspaper=Globoesporte|language=pt|date=21 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Júlio César da Silva e Souza|Júlio César]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Madureira Esporte Clube|Madureira]]
| 1 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Deu zebra! Artilheiro Souza marca e Madureira bate o Botafogo em Moça Bonita|url=http://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/botafogo/2017-01-25/deu-zebra-artilheiro-souza-marca-e-madureira-bate-o-botafogo-em-moca-bonita.html|newspaper=Odia|date=25 January 2017|language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Coelho]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Chiangrai United F.C.|Chiangrai United]]
| 6 January 2017
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Coelho and Wellington Priori sign for Thai clubs|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2017/01/11/31381622/indian-super-league-2016-rafael-coelho-and-wellington-priori|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Richarlyson]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Guarani FC|Guarani]]
| 8 May 2017
|<ref>{{cite news|title=A contratação de Richarlyson e a homofobia no futebol brasileiro|url=http://espnfc.espn.uol.com.br/guarani/guarani-enlouquece/14626-a-contratacao-de-richarlyson-e-a-homofobia-no-futebol-brasileiro|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=ESPNFC|date=10 May 2017|language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Keenan Almeida]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out">{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 Draft LIVE: Complete list of players signed|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/amp/news/136/india/2017/07/23/37264062/isl-2017-draft-live-complete-list-of-players-signed|accessdate=25 October 2017|publisher=Goal |date=23 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Fulganco Cardozo]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name="Draft out"/>
|-
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debabrata Roy]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| 23 July 2017
|<ref name=mohun_bagan/>
|-
|FW
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrián Colunga]]
|Released
|26 January 2018
|<ref name="fcgoa.in"/>
|}

===Loan in===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!From
!Date from
!Date to
!Ref
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]]
| 2 August 2017
| 30 July 2017
|<ref name="jahouh_loan"/>
|}

=== Loan out ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Pos.
!Name
!To
!Date from
!Date to
!Ref
|-
|{{sort|?|MF}}
! scope="row" |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Arana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| 31 January 2018
| 17 March 2018
|<ref name="Gaurs sign Hugo Boumous"/>
|}

== Squad ==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Bruno Colaço]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Amey Ranawade]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=MAR|pos=MF|name=[[Ahmed Jahouh]]|other=on loan form {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Fath Union Sport|FUS Rabat]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=96|nat=NED|pos=FW|name=[[Mark Sifneos]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Ferran Corominas|Coro]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=Morocco|pos=MF|name=[[Hugo Boumous]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=ESP|name=[[Manuel Lanzarote]]|pos=MF|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Anthony D'Souza]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammad Yasir]]|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=POR|pos=DF|name=[[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mandar Rao Dessai]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Pronay Halder]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Liston Colaco]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Seriton Fernandes]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Sergio Juste|Chechi]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Edu Bedia]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lalmuankima|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Laxmikant Kattimani]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player||no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Pratesh Shirodkar]]|other=}}
{{Fs player||no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jovel Martins]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Current Technical Staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" style="background:Midnightblue; color:white; text-align:center;" |Position
! colspan="1" style="background:Midnightblue; color:white; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sergio Lobera]]<ref name="goal.com"/>
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Derrick Pereira]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-show-intent-with-capture-of-derrick-liston/articleshow/58332472.cms|title=FC Goa show intent with capture of Derrick, Liston |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>
|-
|Conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|Spain}} Manuel Sayabera
|}

== Competitions ==

=== Indian Super League ===
{{main|2017–18 Indian Super League}}

==== Standings ====
{{:2017–18 Indian Super League|showteam=GOA}}

==== Results summary ====
{{Fb_rs|hw=4|hd=2|hl=3|hgf=22|hga=18|aw=5|ad=1|al=3|agf=20|aga=11|dp=}}{{Fb_rs_footer|u=15 March 2018|s=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/isl-2017/schedule-fixtures|date=November 2017}}

==== Results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round

|label1= Ground
| res1=A/A/H/H/A/H/A/A/H/A/H/H/A/H/H/A/H/A
|label2= Result
| res2=W/L/W/W/W/L/D/L/W/W/L/D/L/L/D/W/W/W
|label3= Position
| res3=3/4/4/2/1/2/4/5/4/4/4/5/6/6/7/6/4/3

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_18-=red1

|updated=15 March 2018
|source=[[#Matches|Matches]]
|date=October 2017
}}

=== Matches ===
{{football box collapsible|date=19 November 2017|round=1|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|score=2–3|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=134|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Iñigo Calderón|Calderón]] {{goal|70}} [[Raphael Augusto|Augusto]] {{goal|84|pen.}}|goals2=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|25}} [[Manuel Lanzarote Bruno|Lanzarote]] {{goal|29}} [[Mandar Rao Dessai|Dessai]] {{goal|39}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|location=[[Chennai]], India|attendance=18,213|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=25 November 2017|round=2|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai]]|score=2–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=136|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Éverton Santos]] {{goal|59}} [[Thiago Nascimento dos Santos|Thiago Santos]] {{goal|88}}|goals2=[[Manuel Arana]] {{goal|83}}|stadium=[[Mumbai Football Arena]]|location=[[Mumbai]], India|attendance=6,212|referee=|result=L|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=30 November 2017|round=3|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=4–3|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=138|team2=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|goals1=[[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|16}} {{goal|33}} {{goal|63}} [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|40|pen.}}|goals2=[[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|20}} {{goal|60}} [[Erik Paartalu|Paartalu]] {{goal|57}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{sent off|0|36}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=18,600|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=9 December 2017|round=4|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=5–2|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=141|team2=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala]]|goals1=[[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|9}} {{goal|18}} [[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|47}} {{goal|51}} {{goal|55}}|goals2=[[Mark Sifneos|Sifneos]] {{goal|7}} [[Jackichand Singh|Singh]] {{goal|30}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=18,482|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=16 December 2017|round=5|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi]]|score=1–5|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=145|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|45+3}} [[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{goal|85|og.}} [[Adrián Colunga|Colunga]] {{goal|85}} [[Manuel Arana|Arana]] {{goal|88}}|goals2=[[Kalu Uche|Uche]] {{goal|62}} [[Gabriel Cichero|Cichero]] {{sent off|0|65}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|location=[[Delhi]], India|attendance=11,119|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=23 December 2017|round=6|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=0–2|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=147|team2=[[FC Pune City|Pune]]|goals1=|goals2=[[Emiliano Alfaro|Alfaro]] {{goal|72}} [[Jonatan Lucca|Lucca]] {{goal|84}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=18,600|referee=|result=L|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=3 January 2018|round=7|time=22:40 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]|score=1–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=151|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Robbie Keane|Keane]] {{goal|4}}|goals2=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|24}}|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]|location=[[Kolkata]], India|attendance=19,626|referee=|result=D|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=6 January 2018|round=8|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|score=2–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=153|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Márcio de Souza Gregório Júnior|Marchino]] {{goal|21}} [[Seiminlen Doungel|Doungel]] {{goal|52}}|goals2=[[Manuel Arana|Arana]] {{goal|28}}|stadium=[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]|location=[[Guwahati]], India|attendance=5,103|referee=|result=L|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=11 January 2018|round=9|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=2–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=156|team2=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]|goals1=[[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|19|pen.}} {{goal|60}}|goals2=[[Matheus Gonçalves|Trindade]] {{goal|54}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=17,128|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=21 January 2018|round=10|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|score=1–2|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=161|team2=Goa|goals1=[[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|29}}|goals2=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|7}} [[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{goal|77}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]]|location=[[Kochi]], India|attendance=29,769|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=28 January 2018|round=11|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=3–4|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=167|team2=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]|goals1=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|34}} {{goal|78}} [[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]] {{goal|45}}|goals2=[[Everton Santos|Santos]] {{goal|36}} [[Achille Emana|Emana]] {{goal|55|pen.}} [[Thiago Santos (footballer, born 1995)|Thiago Santos]] {{goal|71}} [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|86}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=17,812|referee=|result=L|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=4 February 2018|round=12|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=2–2|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=171|team2=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|goals1=[[Mandar Rao Dessai|Dessai]] {{goal|42}} [[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]] {{goal|53}}|goals2=[[Márcio de Souza Gregório Júnior|Marcinho]] {{goal|45}} [[John Mosquera|Mosquera]] {{goal|71}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=16,612|referee=|result=D|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=9 February 2018|round=13|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]|score=2–0|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=174|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Edu García|García]] {{goal|35}} [[Dimas Delgado|Delgado]] {{goal|82}}|goals2=|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]|location=[[Bengaluru]], India|attendance=14,724|referee=|result=L|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=15 February 2018|round=14|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=0–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=176|team2=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|goals1=|goals2=[[Iñigo Calderón]] {{goal|52}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=16,842|referee=|result=L|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=15 February 2018|round=15|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=1–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=178|team2=[[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]|goals1=[[Hugo Boumous]] {{goal|53}}|goals2=[[Kalu Uche]] {{goal|81}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=16,221|referee=|result=D|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=25 February 2018|round=16|time=17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[FC Pune City|Pune City]]|score=0–4|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=180|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Marcelo Leite Pereira]] {{sent off|1|80}}|goals2=[[Manuel Lanzarote]] {{goal|28|pen.}} [[Hugo Boumous]] {{goal|47}} [[Ferran Corominas]] {{goal|58}} {{goal|65|pen.}}|stadium=Balewadi Stadium|location=[[Pune]], India|attendance=7,861|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=28 February 2018|round=17|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=5–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=182|team2=[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]|goals1=[[Sergio Juste]] {{goal|10}} [[Manuel Lanzarote]] {{goal|15}}, {{goal|21}} [[Ferran Corominas]]
{{goal|64}} [[Mark Sifneos]]
{{goal|90}}|goals2=[[Robbie Keane]] {{goal|87}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=17224|referee=|result=W|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=4 March 2018|round=18|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]|score=0–3|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=184|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Subrata Pal]] {{sent off|7}}|goals2=Ferran Corominas {{goal|29}}, {{goal|51}} 
Manuel Lanzarote {{goal|69}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)]] {{sent off|75}}|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]|location=[[Jamshedpur]], India|attendance=23,386|referee=|result=W|id=}}

==== Playoffs ====

===== Semi-finals =====
{{football box collapsible|date=10 March 2018|round=First Leg|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=Goa|score=1–1|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=186|team2=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|goals1=[[Manuel Lanzarote]] {{goal|64}}|goals2=[[Anirudh Thapa]] {{goal|71}}|stadium=[[Fatorda Stadium]]|location=[[Margao]], India|attendance=18,492|referee=|result=D|id=}}{{football box collapsible|date=13 March 2018|round=Second Leg|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])|team1=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]|score=3–0|report=http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=188|team2=Goa|goals1=[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] {{goal|26}} {{goal|90}} 
[[Dhanpal Ganesh]] {{goal|29}}|goals2=|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Marina Arena]]|location=[[Chennai]], India|attendance=19,013|referee=|result=L|id=}}

=== Super Cup ===
{{Main articles|2018 Indian Super Cup}}

==== Round of 16 ====
{{football box collapsible
|id =
|date = 3 April 2018
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = Round of 16
|team1 = Goa
|score = 3–1
|report =http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=192
|team2 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|goals1 = [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|45+1}} [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|70}} [[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2 = [[Robbie Keane|Keane]] {{goal|50}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 2,583
|referee = [[Rowan Arumughan]]
|result = W
}}

==== Quarter-finals ====
{{football box collapsible
|id =
|date = 12 April 2018
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = Quarter-final
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score =1–5
|report =http://www.fcgoa.in/news-details.php?id=194
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =[[Subrata Pal|Pal]] {{sent off|0|46}} [[Anas Edathodika|Edathodika]] {{sent off|0|46}} [[Kervens Belfort|Belfort]] {{sent off|0|46}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Biswas]] {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =[[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|34}} {{sent off|0|46}} [[Ferran Corominas|Coro]] {{goal|69|pen.}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Singh]] {{goal|77}} [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|79}} {{goal|89}} [[Sergio Juste|Juste]] {{sent off|0|46}} [[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Pinheiro]] {{sent off|0|46}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance =1,200
|referee =Venkatesh R
|result =W
}}

==== Semi-finals ====
{{football box collapsible
|id =
|date = 16 April 2018
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|round = Semi-final
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|score =1–0
|report =
|team2 = Goa
|goals1 =[[Dudu Omagbemi|Dudu]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =[[Edu Bedia|Bedia]] {{sent off|0|80}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance =
|referee =[[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
|result =L
}}

==Player statistics==
{{updated|23 December 2017}}

''List of squad players, including number of appearances by competition''

{{Efs start|Indian Super League|s=http://uk.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-fc-goa/31405/squad/}}
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Goalkeepers
{{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Laxmikant Kattimani]]|nat=India|pos=GK|6|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|name=[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]|nat=India|pos=GK|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Bruno Colaco]]|nat=India|pos=GK|0|0}}
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Defenders
{{Efs player|no=16|name=[[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]]|nat=Portugal|pos=DF|5|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|name=[[Sergio Juste]]|nat=Catalonia|pos=DF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=3|name=[[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]|nat=India|pos=DF|6|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|name=[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]|nat=India|pos=DF|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=33|name=[[Jovel Martins]]|nat=India|pos=DF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|name=[[Seriton Fernandes]]|nat=India|pos=DF|6|0}}
{{Efs player|no=2|name=Amey Ranawade|nat=India|pos=DF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=37|name=[[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]|nat=India|pos=DF|6|0}}
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Midfielders
{{Efs player|no=15|name=Mohammed Yasir|nat=India|pos=MF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Ahmed Jahouh]]|nat=Morocco|pos=MF|6|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Hugo Boumous]]|nat=Morocco|pos=MF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Manuel Lanzarote]]|nat=Spain|pos=MF|6|5}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=[[Edu Bedia]]|nat=Spain|pos=MF|6|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Pronay Halder]]|nat=India|pos=MF|4|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|name=[[Pratesh Shirodkar]]|nat=India|pos=MF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=13|name=[[Anthony D'Souza]]|nat=India|pos=MF|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Mandar Rao Desai]]|nat=India|pos=MF|6|1}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]|nat=India|pos=MF|5|0}}
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Forwards
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]]|nat=Catalonia|pos=FW|6|8}}
{{Efs player|no=9|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]|nat=India|pos=FW|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=|name=H. Lalmuankima|nat=India|pos=FW|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=19|name=Liston Colaco|nat=India|pos=FW|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=47|name=Omkar Landge|nat=India|pos=FW|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=[[Mark Sifneos]]|nat=NED|pos=FW|0|0}}
|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players who have made an appearance or had a squad number this season but have left the club
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Adrián Colunga]]|nat=Spain|pos=FW|2|1}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Manuel Arana]]|nat=Spain|pos=MF|6|2}}
|-
|}

=== Goalscorers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
! width="5%" |No.
! width="5%" |Pos.
! width="5%" |Nation
! width="10%" |Name
![[2017–18 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
![[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
|-
|8
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Ferran Corominas|Corominas]]
|18
|2
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|12
|[[Midfielder|MF]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Manuel Lanzarote|Lanzarote]]
|13
|0
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
|11
|[[Midfielder|MF]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Manuel Arana Rodríguez|Manuel Arana]]
|3
|0
|-
|4
|[[Midfielder|MF]]
|{{flagicon|Morocco}}
|[[Hugo Boumous]]
|2
|3
|-
|17
|[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Mandar Rao Dessai]]
|2
|0
|-
|7
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Adrián Colunga]]
|1
|0
|-
|10
|[[Defender (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Brandon Fernandes]]
|0
|2
|-
|24
|[[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Sergio Juste]]
|1
|0
|-
|23
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|[[Edu Bedia]]
|1
|0
|-
|96
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|NED}}
|[[Mark Sifneos]]
|1
|0
|-
|9
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|0
|1
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| colspan="4" |[[Own goal]]s
|1
|0
|-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''TOTAL'''
|'''42'''
|'''8'''
|}
 Last updated: 16 April 2018 

=== Hat-tricks ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Player
!Against
!Result
!Date
!Competition
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| align="center" |4–3 (H)
|30 November 2017
| align="center" |[[2017–18 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ferran Corominas]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| align="center"| 5–2 (H)
| align="center"| 9 December 2017
| align="center" | Indian Super League
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Rank
!Name
!Indian Super League
!Super Cup
!Games played
|-
|1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
|2
|0
|8
|-
|2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]]
|0
|0
|15
|}

=== Disciplinary record ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
! rowspan="2" |{{Tooltip|Nat|Nationality}}
! rowspan="2" |Player
! colspan="3" |[[2017–18 Indian Super League|ISL]]
! colspan="3" |[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! width="34;" |{{yel}}
!{{sent off|2}}
! width="34;" |{{sent off}}
!{{yel}}
!{{sent off|2}}
!{{sent off}}
|-
|5
|MF
|{{flagicon|Morocco}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Ahmed Jahouh]]
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|20
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Seriton Fernandes]]
|1
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|
|-
|32
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|11
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Manuel Arana]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|12
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Manuel Lanzarote]]
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|10
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Brandon Fernandes]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|
|-
|3
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|6
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglesana Singh]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|8
|FW
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Ferran Corominas]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|37
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mohamed Ali (footballer)|Mohamed Ali]]
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|23
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Edu Bedia]]
|5
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|
|-
|17
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mandar Rao Dessai]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|15
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Pratesh Shirodkar]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|9
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|18
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Pronay Halder]]
|1
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|
|-
|4
|MF
|{{flagicon|Morocco}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Hugo Boumous]]
|1
|0
|0
|2
|0
|0
|
|-
|96
|FW
|{{flagicon|NED}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mark Sifneos]]
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|
|-
|16
|DF
|{{flagicon|POR}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bruno Pinheiro (footballer)|Bruno Pinheiro]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|
|-
|21
|DF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Sergio Juste]]
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total'''
|'''36'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''3'''
|
|}
Updated: 16 April 2018

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{FC Goa}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2017-18 FC Goa season}}
[[Category:FC Goa seasons]]
[[Category:2017–18 Indian Super League season by team|Goa]]

Kumkum (actress)

2026-03-21T15:36:22Z

Freaklabsindia: added info

{{Short description|Indian actress (1934–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kumkum
| image = Kumkum Actress.jpeg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Zaibunnisa Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|4|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Hussainabad of [[Sheikhpura]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|7|28|1934|4|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1954–1973
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Sajjad Akbar Khan
| children = 1
}}

'''Kumkum''' (born '''Zaibunnisa Khan'''; 22 April 1934 – 28 July 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/kumkum-actress-passes-away-at-the-age-of-86 |title=86 की उम्र में अभिनेत्री कुमकुम का निधन, किशोर कुमार और गुरु दत्त के संग किया था काम |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> was an Indian actress.

She is best known for her roles in ''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]'' (1968), ''[[Lalkaar]]'' (1972), ''Mother India'' (1957), ''Mr. X in Bombay'' (1964),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040223174440/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2004 |title=In the name of the father |date=16 January 2004 |work=[[Screen Weekly]] |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> ''[[Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere]]'' (1960), ''Son of India'' (1962), ''Kohinoor'' (1960), ''Ujala'', ''Naya Daur'', ''Shreeman Funtoosh'', ''Ek Sapera Ek Lutera'', ''Ganga Ki Laharen'', ''Raja Aur Runk'', ''Geet'' and ''Ek Kuwara Ek Kuwari''. She paired with many film heroes of her era and was popular in roles alongside [[Kishore Kumar]].

Kumkum also acted in [[Bhojpuri film]]s, starting with ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' (1963), which was also the first ever [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] film.<ref name="exp">{{cite news |title=Strong at 50, Bhojpuri cinema celebrates |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/strong-at-50-bhojpuri-cinema-celebrates/749762/0 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actor-kumkum-dead-652740/ |title=Actor Kumkum passes away |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kumkum's birth name is Sayyeda Zaibunnisa. She was born in a [[Shia Islam]] family to Sayyed Manzoor Hassan [[Nawab]] of Hussainabad in [[Sheikhpura]] district of [[Bihar]] and Sayyeda Khursheeda Bano.

Kumkum married Sayyed Sajjad Akbar Khan who hailed from Lucknow, India and worked in Saudi Arabia. Kumkum shifted to Saudi Arabia after her marriage and returned to India after 23 years in 1995. The couple have only one child— Sayyeda Andaleeb Sajjad Khan (daughter).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/actress-kumkum-biography-1595936166-1 |title='Mother India' Actress Kumkum Biography: Birth, Death, Family, Films, Bollywood and Bhojpuri Career |date=28 July 2020 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Kumkum was discovered by [[Guru Dutt]]. Guru Dutt was to picturize the song "Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar Laaga Teere Nazar" for his movie ''[[Aar Paar (1954 film)|Aar Paar]]'' (1954) on his friend [[Jagdeep]] (father of Javed Jaffery, Naved Jaffery), but later decided to picturize this song on a female actor. But at that time, no one agreed to do a small song. Then Guru Dutt finally picturized this song on Kumkum. Later, Kumkum was seen in a small role in ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957). The famous song "Yeh Hai Bombay Meri Jaan" from ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D]]'' (1956), sung by [[Geeta Dutt]] was picturized on her. She was also paired alongside Shammi Kapoor in a side role in ''Mem Saheb'' (1956) and also in lead opposite Shammi Kapoor in ''[[Char Dil Char Rahen|Char Dil Char Raahein]]'' (1959). She became the first heroine to be cast opposite [[Dharmendra]] in his debut film ''[[Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere]]'' in 1960.

She was trained in Kathak by the noted [[Pandit]], [[Shambhu Maharaj]]. She showed her dancing talents in the film ''[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]'' (1960) with Dilip Kumar. "Madhuban Mein Radhika Nache Re" and "Haye Jaadugar Qaatil, Haazir Hai Mera Dil", sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] for [[Naushad]] were picturized on Kumkum. She was paired opposite Kishore Kumar in films like ''Ganga Ki Laharen, Shreeman Funtoosh, Haaye Mera Dil'' and ''Mr. X in Bombay''. She was leading heroine in all-time favorite Hindi Sad song "[https://hindisong.info/2021/06/22/sad-song-kishore-kumar-mere-mehbub-kayamat-hogi/?preview_id=1251&preview_nonce=061b18b7bc&preview=true&_thumbnail_id=1274 mere mehboob kayamat hogi]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}" from mr. x in Bombay. This was a science fiction movie of that time and Kumkum was a great star. The songs like "Khoobsurat Haseena" from ''Mr. X in Bombay'', "Ijazat Ho Toh" from ''Haaye Mera Dil'', "Sultana Sultana" from ''Shreeman Funtoosh'' and "Machalti Hui" from ''Ganga Ki Lahren'', which were picturized on the pair Kishore-Kumkum remains popular since their release to this day.

Kumkum was a favorite choice for writer director [[Ramanand Sagar]]. [[Ramanand Sagar|Sagar]] decided to cast Kumkum as Dharmendra's sister in ''[[Ankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]'', a super hit film of 1968. In 1970, for ''Geet'', Kumkum was Ramanand Sagar's choice for a small role. In the 1972 hit film ''[[Lalkar]]'', she was one of the four main leads and was paired opposite [[Dharmendra]]. Kumkum was paired with [[Kiran Kumar]] in ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973), produced, directed and written once again by Sagar. She was paired opposite [[Vinod Khanna]] in ''[[Dhamkee]]'' in 1973 and the duet song "Chand Kya Hai Roop Ka Darpan" became hugely popular. She was paired opposite [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] in the comedy film ''Ek Kuwara Ek Kuwari'', directed by [[Prakash Mehra]], which was a blockbuster.

After her marriage, Kumkum left the industry.

==Bhojpuri Films==

Kumkum was one of the top stars in the first phase of [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]] which began with [[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]] (1962). In his book, Cinema Bhojpuri, Avijit Ghosh writes that she also acted in [[Laagi Nahi Chhute Ram]] (1963), Balma Bada Nadaan (1964), Naihar Chhutal Jaye (1964), Bhauji (1965) and Ganga (1965), which was also her home production. "Two heroines who ruled the first phase of Bhojpuri films were Kumkum and Naaz. Scripts were often written around their characters and to their credit, they often proved equal to the task," Ghosh writes in the same book.

==Death==
Kumkum died on 28 July 2020 at her residence in [[Mumbai]], aged 86.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mother-india-actress-kumkum-passes-away-at-86/articleshow/77218393.cms |title='Mother India' actress Kumkum passes away at 86 |work=The Times of India |date=28 July 2020 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954) as dancer in song "Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar" (Uncredited Role)
# ''Amar Kirtan'' (1954)
# ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' (1954)
# ''Gawaiya'' (1954)
# ''Noor Mahal'' (1954)
# ''Haseena'' (1955)
# ''[[Mr. & Mrs. '55]]'' (1955)
# ''Jasoos'' (1955)
# ''[[Milap (1955 film)|Milap]]'' (1955)
# ''Musafirkhana'' (1955)
# ''Society'' (1955)
# ''[[Pyaara Dushman (1955 film)|Pyaara Dushman]]'' (1955)
# ''Joru Ka Bhai'' (1955)
# ''[[House No. 44]]'' (1955)
# ''Bindiya'' (1955)
# ''[[Rukhsana (film)|Rukshana]]'' (1955)
# ''Sati Madalasa'' (1955)
# ''Navratri'' (1955)
# ''Hatimtai Ki Beti'' (1955)
# ''[[Kundan (1955 film)|Kundan]]'' (1955)
# ''[[Funtoosh]]'' (1956)
# ''[[Mem Sahib]]'' (1956)
# ''Bhagam Bhag'' (1956)
# ''Hamara Watan'' (1956)
# ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1956)
# ''Lalkaar'' (1956)
# ''Malika'' (1956)
# ''Zindagi Ke Mele'' (1956)
# ''[[Naya Andaz]]'' (1956)
# ''Kar Bhala'' (1956)
# ''Dhasehra'' (1956)
# ''Dhola Maru'' (1956)
# ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|C.I.D.]]'' (1956)
# ''Sipahsalar'' (1956)
# ''Naqaab Posh'' (1956)
# ''Mr. Chakram'' (1956)
# ''Gauri Puja'' (1956)
# ''Basant Panchami'' (1956)
# ''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basant Bahar]]'' (1956)
# ''Samundari Daku'' (1956)
# ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'' (1957)
# ''Bada Bhai'' (1957)
# ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957)
# ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957)
# ''Patal Pari'' (1957)
# ''Anjali'' (1957)
# ''[[Dushman (1957 film)|Dushman]]'' (1957)
# ''[[Baarish (film)|Baarish]]'' (1957)
# ''Bansari Bala'' (1957)
# ''Ustad'' (1957)
# ''[[Ghar Sansar (1958 film)|Ghar Sansar]]'' (1958)
# ''Mr. Qartoon M.A'' (1958)
# ''Bhala Aadmi'' (1958)
# ''[[Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)|Char Dil Char Rahen]]'' (1959)
# ''Do Gunde'' (1959)
# ''[[Shararat (1959 film)|Shararat]]'' (1959)
# ''Commander'' (1959)
# ''[[Madhu (1959 film)|Madhu]]'' (1959)
# ''Kali Topi Lal Rumal'' (1959)
# ''[[Ujala (film)|Ujala]]'' (1959)
# ''Gokul Ka Chor'' (1959)
# ''[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]'' (1960)
# ''Duniya Jhukti Hai'' (1960)
# ''[[Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere]]'' (1960)
# ''Barood'' (1960)
# ''Nache Nagin Baje Been'' (1960)
# ''Rangeela Raja'' (1960)
# ''Shan-E-Hind'' (1960)
# ''Tu Nahin Aur Sahi'' (1960)
# ''Aplam Chaplam'' (1961)
# ''Karorepati'' (1961)
# ''Salam Memsaab'' (1961)
# ''Shola Jo Bhadke'' (1961)
# ''Tel Malish Boot Polish'' (1961)
# ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son Of India]]'' (1962)
# ''King Kong'' (1962)
# ''Sher Khan'' (1962)
# ''Burmah Road'' (1962)
# ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' (1962, Bhojpuri)
# ''[[Laagi Nahi Chhute Ram]]'' (1963, Bhojpuri)
# ''[[Mr. X in Bombay]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Ganga Ki Lahren]]'' (1964)
# ''Baghi Shehzada'' (1964)
# ''Qawwali Ki Raat'' (1964)
# ''Ek Sapera Ek Lutera'' (1965)
# ''Shreeman Funtoosh'' (1965)
# ''[[Sau Saal Baad]]'' (1966)
# ''Labela'' (1966)
# ''[[Main Wahi Hoon]]'' (1966)
# ''Shera Damu'' (1966)
# ''Smuggler'' (1966)
# ''Duniya Nachegi'' (1967)
# ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Aankhen (1968 film)|Ankhen]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Gunah Aur Kanoon]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Geet (1970 film)|Geet]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Aan Baan (1972 film)|Aan Baan]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Lalkar]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Dhamkee]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara]]'' (1973)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0474975}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumkum}}
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bihar]]
[[Category:1934 births]]

Mahakuta Pillar

2026-03-06T13:24:38Z

Freaklabsindia: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox artifact
|image = 602 CE Mahakuta pillar inscription, Sanskrit, old Kannada script, 1890 ink impression inverted.jpg
|name = Mahakuta pillar Inscription
|image_caption = Early Western Chalukya inscription of Mangalesa
|material = Deep red sandstone
|writing = Sanskrit
|created = 602 CE
|period =
|place = [[Mahakuta]], [[Karnataka]]
|discovered_coords ={{coord|15.932953|N|75.722656|E|display=inline}}
|location =Gol Gumbaz Museum, Vijayapura ({{coord|16.827048|N|75.735603|E|display=inline}})
| map =
{{Location map
| India
| float = center
| relief = yes
| label = Mahakuta
| lat_deg = 15.932953
| lon_deg = 75.722656
}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord| 15.932953 |N|75.722656|E}} 
| float = center
| zoom = 10
| width = 230 
| height = 150
| label = Mahakuta group of temples
| label-pos = top
| caption = {{center|Location of Mahakuta, near Badami}}
| mark-coord = {{coord|15.932953|N|75.722656|E}}
| mark = Archaeological site icon (red).svg
| mark-size1 = 12
}}}}
'''Mahakuta Pillar''' ({{langx|kn|ಮಹಾಕೂಟ ಸ್ತಂಭ}}), also known as '''Makuta pillar''', '''Magada stambha''' or '''Mangalesa Dharma Jayastambha''', is a deep red sandstone pillar with an early 7th-century inscription of Early Western Chalukya era. It was found near [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta group of Hindu temples]] near [[Badami]], Karnataka, India. Inscribed with 16 lines of [[Sanskrit]] in Old Kannada script by king [[Mangalesha]], it is an important and partly disputed source of historic information about [[The Times|the times]] of [[Badami]] [[Chalukya]], the dynasty, and his influential father [[Pulakeshin I]].{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–255}}{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|pp=7–16}}

==Location==
The pillar was found in the 19th-century lying on the ground near the ruins of Mahakutesvara temple, one of the 7th-century group of temples at the Mahakuta natural springs ([[Bagalkot district]]). The site is about {{Convert|5|km}} east from the historic [[Badami cave temples|cave temples of Badami]]. Its significance was re-discovered by colonial era archaeologists and scholars in the 1880s. The pillar was moved to [[Bijapur]] about 1920, and is now housed in the [[Archaeological Museum, Vijayapura]].{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–255}}

The historical location of the Mahakuta pillar has been unclear. [[Henry Cousens]] and early scholars presumed that it was always near the Mahakuta ''pushkarni'' (natural springs tank). However, George Michell and Carol Bolon questioned this assumption. Bolon proposed that it may have been near an old temple that exists near the cliff (hill top) about a kilometer away.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–256}} The problem with this suggestion is that the architecture and artwork at the cliff temple is far more crude than the remarkable finish of the Mahakuta pillar, making it likely that the cliff temple is considerably more older. According to Gary Tartakov, the temple now called Bananti Gudi is more likely site where the pillar used to be. This small two-level historic Dravida architecture temple is more consistent with the chronology, iconography and the pillar artwork, as well much closer to where Fleet found the pillar in 1880–81.{{sfn|Gary Tartakov|1985|pp=145–146}}

==Description==
The Mahakuta pillar is made of fine grained, deep red sandstone. It is about {{convert|14.5|ft}} tall, {{convert|22|in}} in diameter and has sixteen facets. An inscription is engraved on it in Sanskrit language and Old Kannada script winding up from the base over a length of {{convert|38|in}}. The inscription consists of sixteen lines, each spirally wrapped around the sixteen faces averaging four letters per face. The pillar has no base molding. It is topped with a small ''amalaka'' with thirty six deep flutes.{{refn|group=note|At the time of its re-discovery in the 1880s, the pillar was lying on the ground, and this ''amalaka'' was detached but near it;{{sfn|John F Fleet|1881|pp=102–104}} now, at the Vijayapura museum, it is displayed together in a restored form.}} The ''amalaka'' is about {{convert|19|in}} tall and {{convert|32.5|in}} in diameter. On the top of this ''amalaka'' is a carved box with flower decoration on the sides and lotus [[palmette]] corners.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–255}}{{sfn|John F Fleet|1881|pp=102–104}}{{refn|group=note|For a photo of the Mahakuta pillar, see Figure 1 on page 259 of Bolon's publication.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|p=259}}}}

''Mahakuta'' is the modern era name of the site where this pillar was found. Its earlier name, as stated in lines 9–10 of the inscription was ''Makuta'', with ''Magada'' as the local vernacular alternate. This is not a mistake of the ''lipikara'' (scribe), because lines 13–14 repeat this term with ''Makutesvaranatha'' as the name of the temple. The pillar itself is called ''Dharma Jayastambha'' (''dharma'' victory pillar) in the inscription.{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|pp=7–8}} The inscription shows no signs of mutilation, only natural erosion over nearly 1,400 years.{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|p=8}} The scribe identifies the end of each line by repeating or double-repeating an ''aksara'' (letter). The Sanskrit is not perfect in the classical sense, but of a good quality with occasional mistakes. The composers tried to create metric ''shlokas'', but lines such as 3 and 4 are not in accurate meter.{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|pp=8–9}}

This is a "Saiva inscription", states Fleet. The pillar's primary aim is to declare the gift of an additional ten villages to the Shiva temple called Makutesvaranatha, one that already existed in 602 CE.{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|p=9}}{{refn|group=note|The Early Western Chalukyan kings were also patrons of Vaishnavism and Jainism, given the Deccan temples they helped build.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–256}}}}

==Date==
Lines 13–14 of the inscription allude to the date of the inscription, as "the fifth glorious year, of the constantly augmenting reign of Mangalesha, in the current Siddharatha (samvatsara) on the full moon tithi of the month Vaisakha". Scholars have interpreted this in different ways because there are several Hindu calendars and it is not obvious which one to apply here. Furthermore, the inscription uses the start of Mangalesha's reign as reference and it is unclear what that reference year should be. According to Fleet, there are three possible dates:{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|p=10}}
#if they were using the southern Luni-solar calendar in the early 7th century, this gives ''samvat'' 522
#the mean-sign system of the southern [[Hindu calendar]] this would be ''samvat'' 524 in the southern calendar, the equivalent of April 602 CE (per the Vaisakha month)
#the northern Luni-solar calendar gives a date in ''saka samvat'' 525

Fleet discusses alternate dates ranging between 595 CE and 602 CE, largely based on other inscriptions and texts, preferring 602 CE. Other scholars use a combination of inscriptions and texts to determine a different reference year. Thus, KR Ramesh dates it to 595–596 CE,{{sfn|Nayak |Ghosh |Rao|1992|p=313}} while Carol Bolon dates it to 602 CE.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–255}}{{sfn|George Michell|1973}}

==Inscription and translation==
The sixteen lines of the inscription on the Mahakuta pillar was first translated by John Fleet and published in 1889. His translation is given below:{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|pp=18–21}}
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Mahakuta pillar inscription
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=40px style="background: #ffad66;" | Lines
| Translation (John F Fleet){{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|pp=18–21}}
| width=250px | Notes
|-style="text-align: left;"
|1-2
| <poem>
Om ! Hail ! In the lineage of the Chalukyas,
— who are of the Manavya gotra; who are Haritiputras;
who are possessed of unrepulsed energy, strength, intellect, splendour, heroism, firmness, and vigour;
who meditate on the feet of (their) parents;
who have kindled the sacrificial fire according to due rite;
who gratify supplicants according to (their) desires;
(and) who generate the religious merit of many pious actions,
there was born a king, the illustrious Jayasingha the chief of favorites,
who, like (the god) Maghavan (Indra), was possessed of virtuous qualities,
(and) who in affluence resembled (the god) Vaigravana (Kubera).
</poem>
| The allegorical references are to the Vedic legends in the Hindu tradition.
|-
|3–4
|<poem>
Resembling him in virtuous qualities and heroism and affluence,
from (him who was) a very receptacle of brilliance, energy, valour, memory, intellect, splendour, polity, and refinement,
there was born one who was possessed of an auspicious name, the king called Ranaraga,
who by (his) fondness for war elicited the affection of his own people,
and-caused vexation of mind to (his) enemies.
Of that king, possessed of virtuous qualities resembling (those of his father),
the dear son (was) the king who had the names of Satyasraya,
the favourite of fortune and of the earth, and Ranavikrama;
whose body was purified by the religious merit of ablutions performed
after celebrating the agnishthoma, agnichayana, vajapeya, bahusuvarna, paundarika, and ashvamedha-sacrifices;
who was descended from Hiranyagarbha (Brahman); who accepted the admonitions of the elders;
who was good to Brahmins; who was a speaker of the truth; (and) who never broke (his) promises.
</poem>
|The Vedic rituals in vogue in 6th-century are mentioned, establishing that Vedic culture was well established in Karnataka by the 6th-century, that Pulikesin I and Badami Chalukya dynasty kings were Hindus; Fleet's translation and interpretation on Hiranyagarbha descent has been disputed by later scholars such as D.C. Sircar.{{sfn| Sircar|1971|pp=164–165}}
|-
|5–6
|<poem>Of him, whose mind delighted in religion, (and) whose majesty resembled that of Vasudeva,
there were born two sons, whose virtuous qualities resembled those of Balabhadra and Vasubhadra.
The elder (was) he who was fond of (his) name of Paru-Ranaparakrama,
which was rendered illustrious by a multitude of most excellent virtues;
who was endowed with sovereignty acquired by the strength and prowess of his own arm;
whose choice feet were rubbed and scrubbed by the jeweled diadems of hostile kings (bowing down before him);
(and) whose body was purified by the religious merit of ablutions performed
after celebrating the bahusuvarna and agnishthoma sacrifices.</poem>
|Reference to Vasudeva and Krishna-legends; again a mention of Vedic rituals for the kings
|-
|7–8
|<poem>When he, having acquired victory by crushing the array of many hostile kings
commencing with those of Vanga, Anga, Kalinga, Vatttura, Magadha, Madraka, Kerala, Gangs, Mushaka, Pandya, Dramila, Choliya, Aluka, and Vaijayanti,
had ascended to the skies, there was (his) younger brother,
the king who has the appellations of Uru-Ranavikranta, and Mangalesha,
and chief of favorites of fortune and of the earth;
who meditates on the feet of gods, Brahmins, and spiritual preceptors;
who is the fall-moon of the sky which is the race of the Chalukyas;
who is endowed with polity, refinement, knowledge, liberality, kindness, and civility;
who is a, king resembling a group of water-lilies, being an object of desire to crowds of warriors,
being surrounded by young damsels, being full of charming qualities,
being enlightened by (his) excellent religious merit, and being the abode of majesty,</poem>
|A useful list of dynasties in 6th-century Greater India; also valuable are the listed normative values expected in Indian kings; later scholars dismiss the "crushing", "hostile kings" and such claims as poetic exaggeration, unreliable and a hagiographic myth; this analysis is based on other Badami Chalukya inscriptions, texts and the evidence from other parts of 6th and 7th-century India
|-
|9–10
|<poem>just as the group of water-lilies is an object of desire to crowds of birds,
is surrounded by female bees, is full of blossoms, is caused to expand by the rays of the sun,
and is the abode of (the goddess) 'Sri; who is as pleasing as a group of water-lilies;
whose heroism has for (its) faultless eye (his) servants the spies
who are intent upon scorching up the whole aggregate of the fear,
(that displays itself) in the multitude of the faces of (his) enemies,
who has exterminated (other) lion-like kings with the majesty and vigour and speed of (his) forearm;
(and) who is well skilled in counsel, in (the selection of) spies and messengers,
in (arranging) peace and war, in encamping and in moving forward, in attacking in the rear,
in the invasion of territories, in the construction of fortresses,
and in the apportioning of honours among country-people and townsfolk.
What need is there to say much more ? He is as difficult of assault as (the god) Mahendra;
like Rama, he has never been conquered; he is as liberal as Sibi, the son of Ugnara;
like Yudhishthira, he is faithful to his promises;
he is possessed of fortune, just as the god) Vasudeva (Krishna) is possessed of (his wife, the goddess) Sri;
like Mandhatri, he is possessed of fame; in intellect he is equal to Brihaspati and Usanas;
he is as profound as the ocean; in endurance he is equal to the earth;
(and) he is the ornament of the earth. </poem>
|The king is compared to many of the famous Hindu legends about mythical ''dharmic'' kings such as Rama; the Sibi legend is also found in Buddhist and Jain texts
|-
|11–12
|<poem>And he, — having set (his) heart upon the conquest of the northern region,
(and) having conquered king Buddha, (and) having taken possession of all his substance,
(and), with an eager desire to set up a pillar of victory of (his) prowess on the bank of (the river) Bhagirathi,
having determined in (his) mind that in the first place indeed
there should be set up the prowess" of a pillar of victory of religion,
calls (to his presence) the royal lady named Durlabha(devi), his own father's wife [stepmother],
who is fit and worthy to follow (his) lead in the matter;
who, like Damayanti, was a most devoted wife;
who was the ornament of the Batpura family;
(and) whose body has been purified by participating,
in the rewards of a variety of religious actions,
and informs (her) of this (assignment of authority</poem>
|More references to Hindu legends; The king Buddha mentioned is not to be confused with one who founded Buddhism; this is Buddharaja of the Kalachuri dynasty.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|p=255}}
|-
|13–14
|<poem>The wealth of the Kalatsuri has been expended
in the idol-procession of the temple of (Our) own god.
And (therefore) this property, which at (their) own idol-procession was assigned by our father [Pulikesin]
and elder brother [Kirtivarman] to (the god) Makutesvaranatha,
— supplement it, by (bestowing the) enjoyment of the ten villages headed by Sriyambataka,
(.... lost ....), Vrihimukhagrama, Kesuvolala, Kendoramanya, and Nandigrama.
Accordingly, in the fifth glorious year of (his) constantly augmenting reign,
in the current Siddhartha (sarkivatsara), on the full-moon day of (the month) Vailiakha,
(in commemoration of the grant of the villages in question)
he has set up this '''Dharma Jayastambha''' (column of victory of religion).</poem>
|Affirms that temple chariot tradition for idol-procession was already in vogue by the 6th-century; also mentions the existence of a Makutesvara temple by c. 600 CE (must be the older version near the hill top, not the one with same name built in late 7th-century, see discussion below);{{refn|group=note|the village Kesuvolala mentioned in these lines is – based on other inscriptions found in this region – same as the famous [[Pattadakal]] {{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|p=9}}}}
|-
|15–16
|<poem>And it has been said in the writings of religion,
The earth has been enjoyed by many kings, commencing with Sagara;
whosoever at any time possesses the earth, to him belongs at that time the reward.
(of this grant that is now made, if he continue it)!
The giver of land enjoys happiness in heaven for sixty thousand years;
(but) the confiscator of a grant, and he who assents (to an act of confiscation),
shall dwell for the same number of years in hell !</poem>
|Affirms the expansion of an older grant to the temple
|}

==Significance==
The Mahakuta pillar and its date is important as it helps date other dynasties mentioned, the chronology of kings within the Early Western Chalukya dynasty, how and when the different temple architecture styles evolved in Badami-Mahakuta-Pattadakal-Aihole region of Karnataka.

At first blush, the pillar was linked to the temple it was found near, namely the Mahakutesvara temple. However, this is a fairly sophisticated form of Dravida architecture. It led to theories that the Dravida architecture was quite advanced by 602 CE.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–255}} The colonial era [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] and historian Henry Cousens stated that the fine, fluted Mahakuta pillar suggests that construction techniques were fairly advanced, and therefore likely went with the advanced Mahakutesvara temple near where it was found.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=253–255}} George Michell and others questioned this, and suggested that the pillar may be referring to an older temple with the same name, one mentioned by Fleet and Cousens in their footnotes of 1880s publications. In the late 1970s, Carol Bolon identified two temples, one named ''Hire Mahakutesvara'' (elder temple near the hill top nearby, likely completed between 565–602 CE) and the other ''Hosa Mahakutesvara'' (larger temple near the Mahakuta natural springs tank, likely completed in the second half of the 7th-century, close to 685 CE). Bolon's chronology fits better with generally accepted chronology of Dravida architecture.{{sfn|Carol Bolon|1979|pp=254–256, 267}}{{sfn|Gary Tartakov|1980|pp=94–99}}

According to the Mahakuta pillar inscription, the dynasty commenced with Jayasimha I, followed by Ranaraga. Then came [[Pulakeshin I]] who had two sons, [[Kirtivarman I]] and [[Mangalesha]]. The inscription does not mention the word Pulakeshin I, Line 4 of the inscription confirms that Pulakeshin I was also called ''Ranavikrama'' (''lit.'' valorous in war) and ''Satyashraya'' (''lit.'' home of truth).{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|p=14}}

Some of the conquests, wars and attacks mentioned in the Mahakuta pillar inscription has been used as a reliable record.{{sfn|Schastok|1985|p=96}} The inscription states, for example, that [[Kirtivarman I]] conquered many kingdoms such as Vanga, Kalinga ([[Odisha]] and nearby regions), Anga, Vattura, Magadha ([[Bihar]] and nearby region), Madraka, Kerala (Southwest coastline), [[Gangas]], Mushaka ([[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and nearby), [[Pandya]], Dramila, Choliya ([[Chola]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and nearby), Aluka ([[Alupas]]) and Vaijayanti ([[Banavasi]]).{{sfn|John F Fleet|1890|pp=14-15}} However, scholars generally dismiss much in this inscription as fiction or exaggeration. These claims are unreliable, states K.V. Ramesh, as they not supported by inscriptions, texts and later records found in and away from Early Western Chalukya region. According to Ramesh, Kirtivarman may have conquered only the [[Alupas]] in coastal Karnataka, the Banavasi [[Kadambas]] and the ''Mauryas of [[Konkan]]'' and he dismisses the rest as exaggeration.<ref>K.V. Ramesh, ''Chalukyas of Vatapi'', pp 50</ref>

According to [[Dineshchandra Sircar]], historic texts and ''[[prashasti]]'' inscriptions, such as the one in the Mahakuta pillar, mix historical truths with too much fabrication in their attempt to flatter and eulogize their rulers for the gifts they received in turn. These exaggerations and allegations limit their historical value and must be used with a lot of care.{{sfn|Sircar|1996|pp=25–26}} It is "impossible to believe", states Sircar, that Kirtivarman I even invaded all the kingdoms mentioned in this inscription because they are so far from the Badami-region in different directions. Furthermore, other inscriptions of this same dynasty, including one issued during the rule of his own son Pulakesin II contradict this wildly exaggerated claims. Thus, many parts of this inscription cannot be taken at face value or being even partially true, but reflect mere "imagination" and "fabrication" by the beneficiary of the gift and his scribe.{{sfn|Sircar|1996|pp=25–26}}

According to Harle, there may be some useful information in the Mahakuta pillar. For example, given the controversies and disagreements on relative chronology of Dravida architecture, the Mahakuta pillar "probably" provides a ''terminus ante quem'' (early 6th-century) for the construction of the early temples in this region and the Mahakutesvara temple.{{sfn|J Harle|1972|p=65}} Similarly, it is another source for establishing the use of Sanskrit and the popular epithets in 6th-century for eulogized kings.{{sfn|Pollock|2006|p=158 with note 86}}

According to Tratakov, for Indian architecture historians, the Mahakuta pillar is an important monument. It helps set a chronology for the innovations and creativity in the Tungabhadra cradle of [[Indian art]]. Along with about 30 ruins of Hindu temples that exist in Mahakuta, and numerous more in nearby sites of Badami, [[Aihole]] and others, it helps fix the relative decades and century for innovations that unfolded.{{sfn|Gary Tartakov|1985|pp=139–142}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | author= Gary Tartakov| editor1=Fredrick Asher | editor2=G.S. Gai | title=Indian Epigraphy: Its Bearing on the History of Art | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1985 | isbn=978-0-8364-1356-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFtmAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite journal|title= The Mahākuṭa Pillar and Its Temples| author= Carol Bolon| journal= Artibus Asiae| year= 1979| volume= 41| number= 2/3| pages= 253–268| doi= 10.2307/3249519| jstor=3249519}}
* {{cite journal|author= John F Fleet| title=Sanskrit and Old-Canarese Inscriptions |journal= Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research| volume = 10| year=1881| pages= 102–104}}, {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite journal|author= John F Fleet| title=Sanskrit and Old-Canarese Inscriptions No. 185 - Mahakuta Pillar Inscription of Mangalesa|journal= Indian Antiquary| volume = 19| year=1890| pages= 7–20}}, {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book | last1=Nayak | first1=B.U. | last2=Ghosh | first2=N.C. | last3=Rao | first3=S.R. | title=New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology | publisher=Aditya Prakashan | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-85689-12-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQtuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite journal|author= George Michell| title= Dating the Mahakutesvara Temple at Mahakuta|journal= Oriental Art| volume= XIX| issue=2| year= 1973}}
* {{cite book | author= J Harle|editor=Pratapaditya Pal | title=Aspects of Indian Art: Papers Presented in a Symposium at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, October, 1970 | publisher=Brill | year=1972 | isbn=978-90-04-03625-3 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ttEUAAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Pollock | first=S. | title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India | publisher=University of California Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-520-93202-9 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC}}
* {{cite book | last=Schastok | first=S.L. | title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India | publisher=Brill | series=Philosophia Antiqua | year=1985 | isbn=978-90-04-06941-1 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC}}
* K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi
* {{cite book | last=Sircar | first=D. | title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1971 | isbn=978-81-208-2790-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC }}
* {{cite book | last=Sircar | first=D.C. | title=Indian Epigraphy | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | series=Epigraphy, Palaeography, Numismatics Series | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-208-1166-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC}}
* {{cite journal|author=Gary Tartakov| title= The Beginning of Dravidian Temple Architecture in Stone| journal= Artibus Asiae| year= 1980| volume= 42| number= 1| pages= 39–99| doi= 10.2307/3250008|jstor= 3250008}}

[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Monumental columns in India]]
[[Category:Kannada inscriptions]]
[[Category:7th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Badami Chalukya inscriptions]]

Kasauti (1941 film)

2026-03-03T23:17:32Z

Freaklabsindia: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasauti (1941)
| image = Kasauti 1941.jpg

| caption =
| director = Ramchandra Thakur
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = Rose, Marutirao Pehalwan, Sunalini, Veena, Satish Batra,
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1941}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Kasauti''' (means Criterion) is an Indian film directed by Ramchandra Thakur released in 1941.<ref name="Kasauti (1941) {{pipe}} Hindi Movie Review, Songs, Trailer, Videos – Bollywood MuVyz">{{cite web | title=Kasauti (1941) - Bollywood MuVyz | website=Kasauti (1941) {{pipe}} Hindi Movie Review, Songs, Trailer, Videos – Bollywood MuVyz | url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/lh561241 | accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref> The film also had Baby Meena ([[Meena Kumari]]) as a child artist.<ref name="Mehta 2016">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=Vinod | title=Meena Kumari | date=2016-12-01 | isbn=9789350296271 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1brjAAAAQBAJ&q=Adhuri+Kahani | accessdate=2016-12-17}}</ref>

==Plot==
A bridegroom unwittingly becomes the main suspect in a murder, when it appears he was the last person to see the female victim alive.<ref name="BFI 2014">{{cite web | title=KASAUTI (1941) | publisher=British Film Institute | date=2014-07-03 | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88f7abc6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121230027/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88f7abc6 | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 January 2021 | accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Meena Kumari ... Baby Meena
*Rose ... Madhuri
*Prahlad ... Raju
*Sunalini ... Mother
*Veena ... Meena(Manjula)
*Satish ... Indu

{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:1941 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1941 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

My God (film)

2026-03-03T20:39:13Z

Freaklabsindia: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My God
| image = My_God_film_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[M. Mohanan]]
| producer = Mahi Puthusseri, Shyna V
| screenplay = [[M. Mohanan]] Geo Mathew Nijo Kuttikad
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Manoj Guinness]] [[Honey Rose]] [[Sreenivasan]] Master Adarsh
| narrator =
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar
| editing = Ranjan Abraham
| studio = Karunya V. R Creations
| distributor = Anto Joseph Release
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2015|12|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''My God''''' is a 2015 Malayalam film directed by [[M. Mohanan]], starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Manoj Guinness]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Joy Mathew]] and Master Adarsh in prominent roles. The songs and background score were composed by [[Bijibal]]. The film was released on 4 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/my-god-review-malayalam-pmhkuyaicchae.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208180613/http://www.sify.com/movies/my-god-review-malayalam-pmhkuyaicchae.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title = My God|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onlookersmedia.in/reviews/my-god-malayalam-movie-review/|title=My God Malayalam Movie Review|date=4 December 2015}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie narrates the resulting events in the life of Sam. Sam Thottunkal, the younger son of Thomas Scaria and Zareena is a teenager, is an introvert. It is when Sam's life becomes more and more complicated, he gets acquainted with Adiraja.

Movie narrates the resulting events in the life of Sam.

== Cast ==
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Adiraja Bhattadiri
* [[Honey Rose]] Dr. Arathi Bhattathiripadu
* [[Manoj Guinness]] as Chacko
* [[Sreenivasan]] as ft Vadakkan
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
* [[Joy Mathew]] as Thottumkal Thomas Chandy
* Master Adarsh as Sam Thottumkal
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]]
* Praveen Prem
* [[Chali Pala]]
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]]
* Abhi Madhav

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|MyGodMovie}}

{{M. Mohanan}}

[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Yuva Rathna

2026-03-03T18:15:48Z

Freaklabsindia: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{distinguish|Yuvarathnaa}}
{{No plot|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yuva Rathna
| image = Yuva Rathna.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]]
| screenplay = Uppalapati Narayana Rao
| writer = [[Satish Vegesna]] (dialogues)
| story = Satish Vegesna
| producer = Nandamuri Ramakrishna
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Taraka Ratna]]|Jividha}}
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = Rama Krishna Horticulture Cine Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|11|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yuva Rathna''''' is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]] and starring [[Taraka Ratna]] and Jividha.

== Plot ==
Rathna, a brat, spends a night with Sandhya and later cooks up a story to all his friends that he slept with her. However, he soon regrets his lie as Sandhya's marriage gets ruined as a result.
== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Taraka Ratna]] as Rathna
* [[Jividha Sharma]] as Sandhya
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]] as Rathna's father
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[L. B. Sriram]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Khayyum]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
* Krishnapriya
}}

== Production ==
This was the first film Taraka Ratna shot for but ended up releasing second.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Sreya |title=Audio review of Okato Number Kurradu – Mass masti music |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/okato.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620054431/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/okato.html |archive-date=20 June 2003 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> [[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]] gave a voiceover before the film starts about the production house while [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] gave a voiceover at the end of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2002 |title=Hari Krishna and Bala Krishna in 'Yuvarathna' |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news230.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064428/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news230.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2002 |title=Telugu Cinema – Review – Yuvarathna – Jeevida, N Taraka Rathna – Uppalapati Narayana – MM Keeravani |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yuvarathna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607040149/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-yuvarathna.html |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack features five songs composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] with lyrics by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. [[R. P. Patnaik]] composed one song ("Chiru Chirugali") with lyrics by [[Kulasekhar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juke Box – Yuvaratna |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-yuvarathna.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024153105/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-yuvarathna.html |archive-date=24 October 2002 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 20 October 2002. Taraka Ratna's uncles Harikrishna, Balakrishna, Ramakrishna, and [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Chandrababu Naidu]] graced the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2002 |title=Yuva Rathna Audio Function |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/yuvarathnaaudio.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064424/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/yuvarathnaaudio.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Needi 98480
| music1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], chorus
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]

| title2 = Sandhya Sandhya
| music2 = M. M. Keeravani
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Hrithika
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose

| title3 = Sakhiya
| music3 = M. M. Keeravani
| extra3 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose

| title4 = Ammagari Nannagari
| music4 = M. M. Keeravani
| extra4 = M. M. Keeravani
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose

| title5 = Sannajaji Puvva
| music5 = M. M. Keeravani
| extra5 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Kalyani Malik]]
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose

| title6 = Chiru Chirugali
| music6 = R. P. Patnaik
| extra6 = R. P. Patnaik
| lyrics6 = Kulasekhar
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film released in November 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2002 |title=NT Rathnaa's second film as 'Yuva Ratna' |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530064424/http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news228.html |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Director Uppalapati Narayana Rao known for his imaginative film making lets us down this time, mainly due to bad story and dialogue" and additionally criticised the acting of the lead pair and the music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=2 December 2002 |title=Hardly heroic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/hardly-heroic/article28387549.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220603054152/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/hardly-heroic/article28387549.ece |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' said that "It's a below average film. But the hero of this film is a liability. And because of the hero, this below average film turns into a bad film".<ref name="idlebrain" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3417608}}

[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]

Oru Mugathirai

2026-03-03T03:14:55Z

Freaklabsindia: Stub!

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by R. Senthil Nadan}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru Mugathirai
| image = Oru Mugathirai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Senthil Nadan
| producer = R. Selvam L. D. Saravanan
| writer = R. Senthil Nadan
| starring = [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] Aditi Gururaj Acharya
| music = Premkumar Sivaperuman
| cinematography = Sharavanapandian
| editing = S. P. Ahmed
| studio = Shree Sai Vignesh Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|03|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Oru Mugathirai ''''' ({{translation|A mask}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by R. Senthil Nadan. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and Aditi Gururaj Acharya (in her debut and only film), while Suresh R and Shruthi Nandeesh play supporting roles. The film's score and soundtrack is composed by Prem Kumar. The film began production during July 2015 and was released on 17 March 2017. The film was dubbed and released in Telugu and Malayalam as ''Dr. Sathyamurthy'' and ''Mukhapadam'' (both in 2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2018 |title=Review : Dr Satyamurthy – Unengaging thriller - 123telugu.com |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-dr-satyamurthy-unengaging-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929194733/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-dr-satyamurthy-unengaging-thriller.html |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Rahman won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

''Oru Mugathirai'' delves into the dark underbelly of online relationships and obsession, highlighting the dangers of anonymity on social media. The film's central narrative revolves around the twisted mind of a seemingly respectable psychiatrist and his escalating obsession with a young psychology student.

==Plot==
The story begins with a fierce academic rivalry between two psychology students: Kanmani, a brilliant student from a modest background, and Shalini, a wealthy peer fueled by jealousy. Their constant friction leads the college correspondent to intervene, assigning them a joint task to mend their relationship: inviting the renowned psychiatrist Dr. Sathyamoorthy to conduct a campus orientation.

This assignment triggers a dark chain of events. Kanmani seeks advice from "Rohit," a Facebook friend she considers a confidant. Unbeknownst to her, "Rohit" is actually an alias for the much older Sathyamoorthy, who uses fake profiles to stalk and manipulate young women. When Sathyamoorthy arrives at the college, he uses his professional charm to "reconcile" Kanmani and Shalini. While appearing benevolent, his true motive is to isolate Kanmani and remove any distractions from his growing obsession with her.

Sathyamoorthy leads a double life: a respected professional by day and a digital predator by night. Under the guise of "Rohit," he promises Kanmani a future studying in the UK, eventually convincing her to ditch her family's arranged marriage plans and travel to Chennai. When the fictional "Rohit" fails to show up, Sathyamoorthy "coincidentally" appears to rescue her. He houses her in his mansion, maintaining a facade of paternal care while keeping her under constant electronic surveillance. The deception unravels at Sathyamoorthy’s hospital. When his assistant, Soori, accidentally crashes Sathyamoorthy’s iPad, Kanmani uses her technical skills to fix it. In the process, she discovers the "Rohit" chat logs. The horrifying realization hits her: her mentor, her protector, and her online lover are the same predatory man.

Parallel to Kanmani’s ordeal is the story of Arjun, a software professional spiraling into depression and drug addiction after being coldly dumped by his ambitious girlfriend, Maya. Seeking recovery, Arjun becomes a patient of Sathyamoorthy.

Now aware of the danger, Kanmani finds an unlikely ally in her former rival, Shalini. Together, they attempt to outmaneuver the psychiatrist. Kanmani uses Sathyamoorthy’s own tracking habits against him, leading him into a psychological trap where Shalini briefly poses as "Rohit" to sow doubt in his mind. However, Sathyamoorthy quickly sees through the ruse, and his obsession turns murderous. Realizing she needs more help, Kanmani approaches Arjun. She provides undeniable proof of Sathyamoorthy’s malpractice and manipulation. Recognizing that his doctor is a predator exploiting his fragile mental state, a transformed Arjun joins Kanmani to take him down.

The tension reaches a breaking point at Shalini’s guest house. Sathyamoorthy, now desperate to eliminate the evidence of his crimes, launches a direct attack. A brutal struggle ensues on the balcony of the fifth floor. As Kanmani is shoved over the edge, Arjun manages to catch her, holding her suspended in mid-air. In a frantic attempt to either drag Kanmani down or save himself, Sathyamoorthy loses his footing and plunges from the building. Sathyamoorthy survives the fall but suffers a traumatic brain injury resulting in permanent, total amnesia. He is left a blank slate, stripped of his manipulative intellect and his identity.

Years later, the narrative achieves a sense of profound poetic justice. Kanmani has fulfilled her dreams, becoming a world-renowned psychiatrist practicing in the UK. The film’s final irony is revealed when it is shown that Sathyamoorthy is now a permanent resident in a psychiatric facility—and Kanmani is the lead doctor overseeing his care. The victim has become the healer, while the predator has become a helpless patient, unknowingly dependent on the woman he once tried to destroy.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Dr. Sathyamoorthy Rathnavel, masquerading as "Rohit"
* Aditi Gururaj Acharya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Gururaj to debut in a Tamil film, and a Kannada film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/Sep/26/actress-by-chance-aditi-aururaj-to-debut-in-kannada-1522996.html |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> as Kanmani ([[voice over]] by [[Deepa Venkat]])
* Suresh R as Arjun
* Shruthi Nandeesh as Shalini, Kanmani's friend
* Devika Madhavan as Maya, Arjun's ex-lover
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Suresh's father
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Suresh's mother
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Kanmani's father
* Rekha Suresh as Kanmani's mother
* [[Swaminathan]] as Nathan, the neighbor of Sathyamoorthy
* [[Chaams]] as Arjun's friend
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as the HOD of the psychology department
* Thadi Balaji as Soori, Sathyamoorthy's assistant
* [[Sai Prashanth]] as Kishore
* Suhasini as Vinodhini, Nathan's wife
}}

==Production==
===Pre-production===
The film began production in July 2015 and marked the return of director R. Senthil Nadan, who had previously made the horror film ''[[Sivi (film)|Sivi]]'' (2007). Senthilnadan had launched the film titled ''FB'' with tagline ''Statushae Podu Chat Pannu'', but later changed the title to ''Oru Mugathirai''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2016 |title=Rahman movie in the make FB turns Mukhaththira |url=http://hotnsourmoviechannel.com/latest-news/rahman-movie-make-fb-turns-mukhaththira/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174117/http://hotnsourmoviechannel.com/latest-news/rahman-movie-make-fb-turns-mukhaththira/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |publisher=hotnsourmoviechannel.com}}</ref>

===Casting===
Described as a psychological thriller based on Facebook, [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] was signed to portray the lead role of a psychiatrist, while newcomer Model Aditi Gururaj Acharya (who already signed in a Kannada film but later she opted out) was cast as the female lead (victim) in the film and also marks her film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KUMAR |first=P.K. AJITH |title=Back in business |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/back-in-business/article8622381.ece |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A film on FB's role in our lives |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-film-on-FBs-role-in-our-lives/articleshow/53723016.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142107/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-film-on-FBs-role-in-our-lives/articleshow/53723016.cms |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Aditi had initially refused the film, though Senthil Nadan managed to convince her to agree terms after six months. This was the only film of her entire career before switching her to Full-time Modelling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress by chance, Aditi Aururaj to debut in kannada |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/sep/26/Actress-by-chance-Aditi-Aururaj-to-debut-in-kannada-1522996--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083607/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/sep/26/Actress-by-chance-Aditi-Aururaj-to-debut-in-kannada-1522996--1.html |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film was shot in 42 days in and around Goa, Puducherry and Ooty, with music composed by Prem Kumar, an associate of [[A. R. Rahman]], while Saravanapandian, handled the camera work. Senthil Nadan worked on the project simultaneously alongside his commitments for a horror film titled ''Raja Magal''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Script with 3 stories where FB is both hero and villain |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/31/script-with-3-stories-where-fb-is-both-hero-and-villain-1514600.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083516/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/aug/31/Script-with-3-stories-where-FB-is-both-hero-and-villain-1514600.html |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Promotions===
The success of ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (2016) starring Rahman prompted producers of his delayed ventures to publicise and release their films to make most of the actor's renaissance at the box office. Subsequently, after the release of ''[[Pagadi Aattam]]'' in February 2017, ''Oru Mugathirai'' was prepared for a March 2017 release.<ref name="thestar.com.my">{{Cite web |title=Master of eight-second cendol seeks recognition – Nation – The Star Online |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/03/16/master-of-eightsecond-cendol-seeks-recognition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330084912/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/03/16/master-of-eightsecond-cendol-seeks-recognition/ |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Star |location=Malaysia}}</ref> Furthermore, the success of ''Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru'''s Telugu version, ''D16'', meant that distributor D. Venkatesh also purchased Telugu dubbing rights for the film in March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Actor Rahman's stakes are up |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240317/actor-rahmans-stakes-are-up.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330061532/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240317/actor-rahmans-stakes-are-up.html |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Similar to his lack of promotional activity for ''Pagadi Aattam'', Rahman opted not to promote the film. For the film's release in Malaysia, it was agreed that profits from the film would go towards financing Tamil schools in the country.<ref name="thestar.com.my" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oru Mugathirai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Premkumar Sivaperuman
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 August 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = Times Music India
| producer = Premkumar Sivaperuman
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's music was composed by Premkumar Sivaperuman, while the audio rights of the film was acquired by Times Music India. The album released on 19 August 2016 and featured five songs.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Maya Maya Netruen
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 3:35
| title2 = Un Oru Vizhi
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Aalap Raju]]
| length2 = 4:01
| title3 = Jeans Potta Genius
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Sowmya Mahadevan
| length3 = 2:41
| title4 = Naan Enbadhu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Al Ruffian
| length4 = 3:44
| title5 = Naan Enbadhu
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Kharesma Ravichandran]]
| length5 = 3:44
}}

==Release==
The film opened on 17 March 2017 to negative reviews, with the critic from [[The Times of India]] giving the film a negative review and stating "the theatrical nature of the performances, and the clumsy filmmaking drains the tension from the scenes". The critic further added "you can only sympathise with Rahman, whose career seemed to have taken an upturn with ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (2016). For now, that film's success has resulted in two of his sub-standard previous outings (''Oru Mugathirai'' and ''[[Pagadi Aattam]]'') getting a release and taking things back to square one".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Mugathirai Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-mugathirai/movie-review/57701437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330050319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/oru-mugathirai/movie-review/57701437.cms |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6984724}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 thriller films]]

Prakrit

2026-02-28T07:03:37Z

Freaklabsindia: quick add page per standard format and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Group of languages of the 5th century BCE – 12th century CE}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Prakrit
| map = Word for Prakrit Praakritee in the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana 532 CE.jpg
| mapcaption = {{center|Word for "Prakrit" (here ''Prā-kṛ-te'') in [[Gupta script]] (a.k.a. Late [[Brahmi script]]) in the [[Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana]], 532 CE<ref name=":00"/>}}
| mapsize = 150
| altname =
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| origin =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| iso2 = pra
| iso5 = pra
| glotto = midd1350
| glottoname = Late Middle Indo-Aryan
| glottorefname =
| notes =
}}

'''Prakrit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|ɑː|k|r|ɪ|t}} {{Respell|PRAH|krit}}{{efn| {{langx|sa|प्राकृत}} {{IAST|prākṛta}}; {{langx|psu|𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀤, {{IAST|pāuda}}}}; {{langx|pka|{{IAST|pāua}}}}}}) is a group of vernacular [[Classical languages of India|classical]] [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]] that were used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] from around the 5th century BCE to the 12th century CE.<ref>{{cite book | last=Cardona | first=George | editor-first=Danesh | editor-last= Jain| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Routledge | date=2007-07-26 | isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 | page=182,225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{sfn|Salomon|1996|p=377}}{{sfn|Woolner|1928|p=235}} The term Prakrit is usually applied to the middle period of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, excluding [[Pali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Woolner|first=Alfred C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwE16UFBfdEC&pg=PA4 |title=Introduction to Prakrit|date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0189-9|pages=3–4}}</ref>

The oldest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan language is attested in the inscriptions of [[Ashoka]] (c. 260 BCE), as well as in the earliest forms of Pāli, the language of the [[Theravāda Buddhist]] canon. The most prominent form of Prakrit is [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamāgadhı̄]], associated with the ancient kingdom of Magadha, in modern Bihar, and the subsequent Mauryan Empire. Mahāvīra, the 24th and last [[Tīrthaṅkara]] of [[Jainism]], was born in [[Magadha]], and the earliest Jain texts were composed in Ardhamāgadhı̄.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakrit |url=https://www.ames.ox.ac.uk/prakrit |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.ames.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
There are two major views concerning the way in which Sanskrit and Prakrit are related. One view holds that Prakrit was the speech of the common people, unadorned by grammar, and that ''prākṛta'' thus refers to vernacular usage, while Sanskrit was a co-existing but elevated register of the language. This is the usual explanation accepted by Western linguists. It also is one of several views noted, for example, by Nami Sadhu (11th century CE) in his commentary on Rudraṭa’s ''Kāvyālaṅkāra'' (“Ornaments of Poetry”), a 9th-century treatise on poetics. In contrast, the view most commonly held by modern Prakrit grammarians holds that the Prakrit languages are vernaculars that descended from Sanskrit at a later date:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakrit languages {{!}} Origins, Characteristics & Examples {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prakrit-languages |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

# According to the ''Prākrṭa Prakāśa'', an ancient Prakrit grammar, “''Saṃskṛtam'' is the ''prakṛti'' (source) and the language that originates in, or comes from, that ''prakṛti'', is therefore called ''prākṛtam''.”
# [[Hemachandra]] (a grammarian of the 11th century who lived in [[Gujarat]]) in his grammar of Sanskrit and Prākrit named ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāsana'', defines ''prākṛta''’s origin to be ''sanskṛt'': “prakṛtiḥ saṃskṛtam, tatrabhavaṃ tata āgataṃ vā prākṛtaṃ”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanskrit Manuscripts : Śabdānuśāsanalaghuvṛttyavacūri|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-02318|access-date=2019-07-20|website=Cambridge Digital Library}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Pischel|first=Richard|title=Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1965|location=India|pages=1}}</ref>[Sanskrit is the ''prakṛti'' (source) and ''Prākṛta'' is so called because it either ‘originates in’ or ‘comes from’ Sanskrit.]
# Another ''prākṛta'' grammarian, [[Markandeya|Mārkaṇḍeya]], writes in his grammar ''Prākṛtasarvasva:'' “prakṛtiḥ saṃskṛtaṃ, tatrabhavaṃ prākṛtam ucyate” [Sanskrit is called the ''prakṛti'' (origin), and from there prākṛtam originates].<ref name=":1" />
# Dhanika, in his ‘Daśarūpakāvaloka’ commentary on ''Daśarūpaka'' (one of the most important treatises explaining the 10 types of Indian Drama), says: “prakṛter āgataṃ prākṛtam, prakṛtiḥ saṃskṛtam” [from the ''prakṛti'' (source) comes ''Prākṛtam'', and that ''prakṛti'' is Sanskrit]<ref name=":1" />
# Siṃhadevagaṇin while commenting on Vāgbhaṭālaṅkāra writes: “prakṛteḥ saṃskrtād āgataṃ prākṛtam” [from Sanskrit (which is the source, i.e. ''prakṛti'') comes ''Prākṛta'']<ref name=":1" />
# The ''Prākṛtacandrikā'' (a grammar of Prākṛta) says: “prakṛtiḥ saṃskṛtaṃ, tatrabhavatvāt prākṛtaṃ smṛtam” [Sanskrit is the ''prakṛti'', it is remembered that ''prākṛtam'' originates from that (''prakṛti'')]<ref name=":1" />
# The ''Prākṛtaśabdapradīpikā'' of Narasiṃha says: “prakṛteḥ saṃskṛtāyāstu vikṛtiḥ prākṛtī matā” [Alterations/changes (''vikṛti'') of the original Sanskrit is known as ''Prākṛta'']<ref name=":1" />
# The ''Ṣaḍbhāṣācandrikā'' of Lakṣmīdhara says the same thing as the above: “prakṛteḥ saṃskṛtāyāstu vikṛtiḥ prākṛtī matā” [Alterations/changes (''vikṛti'') of the original Sanskrit is known as ''Prākṛta'']<ref name=":1" />
# Vāsudeva, in his Prākṛtasaṃjīvanī commentary on Rājaśekhara’s ''Karpūramañjarī'', says: “prākṛtasya tu sarvameva saṃskṛtaṃ yoniḥ” [Sanskrit is the mother of all ''Prākṛta'']<ref name=":1" />
# Nārāyaṇa, in his Rasika-sarvasva commentary on the ''Gītāgovindam'' of Jayadeva, says: “saṃskṛtāt prākṛtam iṣṭaṃ tato ’pabhraṃśabhāṣaṇam” [From Sanskrit is derived proper ''prākṛt'', and from that is derived the corrupt-speech, i.e. ''apabhraṃśa'']<ref name=":1" />
# Śaṅkara, in his Rasacandrikā commentary on the ''Abhijñānaśākuntala'' (play by Kālidāsa), says something slightly different from the above: “saṃskṛtāt prākṛtam śreṣṭhaṃ tato ’pabhraṃśabhāṣaṇam” [From Sanskrit is derived best ''prākṛta'', and from that is derived the corrupt-speech, i.e. ''apabhraṃśa'']<ref name=":1" />

The dictionary of [[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1819–1899), and other modern authors, however, interpret the word in the opposite sense: “The most frequent meanings of the term ''{{IAST|prakṛta}}'', from which the word ‘prakrit’ is derived, are ‘original, natural, normal’ and the term is derived from ''{{IAST|prakṛti}}'', ‘making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance.’”

== Definition ==
Modern scholars have used the term "Prakrit" to refer to two concepts:{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=11}}

*Prakrit languages: a group of closely related literary languages
* the Prakrit language: one of the Prakrit languages, which alone was used as the primary language of entire poems

Some modern scholars include all [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]] under the rubric of 'Prakrits', while others emphasize the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of [[Sanskrit]] by wide divisions of [[caste]], [[religion]], and [[geography]].{{sfn|Deshpande|1993|p=33}}

The broadest definition uses the term "Prakrit" to describe any Middle Indo-Aryan language that deviates from Sanskrit in any manner.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=12}} American scholar Andrew Ollett points out that this unsatisfactory definition makes "Prakrit" a cover term for languages that were not actually called Prakrit in ancient India, such as:{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=13}}

* [[Ashokan Prakrit]]: the language of [[Ashoka]]'s inscriptions
* the language of later inscriptions of India, labeled "[[Monumental Prakrit]]", "Lena Prakrit", or "Stupa dialect"
* the language of inscriptions of Sri Lanka, labeled "[[Elu|Sinhalese Prakrit]]"
* [[Pali]], the language of the Theravada Buddhist canon
* the [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit]]
* [[Gāndhārī language|Gandhari]], the language of birch-bark scrolls discovered in the region stretching from northwestern Pakistan to western China.

According to some scholars, such as German Indologists [[Richard Pischel]] and [[Oskar von Hinüber]], the term "Prakrit" refers to a smaller set of languages that were used exclusively in literature:{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=13}}

* [[Dramatic Prakrit|Scenic Prakrits]]
** These languages are used exclusively in plays, as secondary languages
** Their names indicate regional association (e.g. [[Shauraseni language|Shauraseni]], [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]], and Avanti), although these associations are mostly notional
* Primary Prakrits
** These languages are used as primary languages of literary classics such as ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]''
** This includes the [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] or "Prakrit ''par excellence''", which according to [[Daṇḍin|Dandin]]'s ''[[Kavyadarsha|Kavya-darsha]]'', was prevalent in the Maharashtra region, and in which poems such as ''Ravana-vaho'' (or ''Setubandha'') were composed.

According to Sanskrit and Prakrit scholar Shreyansh Kumar Jain Shastri and [[A. C. Woolner]], the [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamāgadhı̄]] (or simply [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]]) Prakrit, which was used extensively to write the scriptures of [[Jainism]], is often considered to be the definitive form of Prakrit, while others are considered variants of it. Prakrit grammarians would give the full grammar of Ardhamāgadhı̄ first, and then define the other grammars with relation to it. For this reason, courses teaching 'Prakrit' are often regarded as teaching Ardhamāgadhı̄.{{sfn|Woolner|1928|p=6}}

== Development of Prakrit from Old Indo-Aryan ==
{{See also|Pali#Conversion between Sanskrit and Pali forms}}
The Prakrit and Pali languages developed from [[Old Indo-Aryan]] (OIA, e.g. [[Vedic Sanskrit]], ca. 600 BE) by a set of regular [[Sound change|phonological transformations]]. This section summarizes the changes occurring between Vedic Sanskrit (ca. 600 BCE), Early Middle-Indo-Aryan (MIA) in [[Pali]] or [[Ashokan Prakrit]] (ca. 280 BCE),{{sfn|Masica|1993|pages=154-210}} the dramatic regional [[Prakrits]] like [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (ca. 200 AD), and finally the late Prakrit or [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsha]] stage (ca. 900 AD).

=== Conservative features lost in Vedic ===
Prakrit and Pali languages partially-preserve some [[Linguistic conservatism|conservative]] features of [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] (PIA) lost in Vedic Sanskrit.{{sfn|Masica|1993|pages=154-210}} Specifically:

* PIA ''*kṣ, *gẓʰ'' merge to Vedic ''kṣ'', but remain distinguished later as ''kh-, jh-'' initially and ''-kkh-, -jjh-'' medially. Compare PIA ''Hákṣi'' > Sanskrit ''akṣi'' > Prakrit ''akkhi'' "[[eye]]" with PIA ''gẓʰáranam'' > Vedic ''kṣaraṇam'', later Sanskrit ''jharaṇam'' > Prakrit ''jharaṇa'' "falling".{{sfn|Kobayashi|2004|pages=60-65}}{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=173}}{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=58}}
* The distinction between [[Proto-Indo-European phonology|PIE]] ''*r'' and ''*l'' survived in the "''l''-dialect" of Indo-Aryan, which went on to form the basis of Classical Sanskrit and Central MIA.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=87}} The Northwestern Vedic dialect, perhaps under areal influence of [[Proto-Iranian|Iranian]], underwent an ''l > r'' shift alongside the same shift in Iranian. Thus, Vedic is part of the "''r''-dialect" of Indo-Aryan, though /l/ continues to exist as a relatively rarer phoneme in Vedic.{{sfn|Burrow|1972|p=535}} Due to the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] of the Vedic dialect, the ''r''-dialect forms were often accepted into the dialect of Classical Sanskrit and later into Central MIA. More rarely, ''l'' is encountered in the later language for PIE ''*r''.{{sfn|Burrow|1972|p=535}}
* The ''l''-dialect (and cases of /l/ in Vedic) then possibly underwent [[Fortunatov's law]], wherein pre-Sanskrit dentals ''*t'', ''*tʰ'', ''*d'', ''*dʱ'', ''*s'', and ''*n'' underwent [[Retroflexion|cerebralization]] after PIA ''*l'', after which the ''*l'' was deleted. — PIA ''*ȷ́l̥tʰáram'' > Sanskrit ''jaṭhára'' "stomach, womb".
** Proponents of Fortunatov's law will separate this from the Middle Indo-Aryan rule in which a dental is cerebralized by a preceding rhotic. That later rule only affects plosives (and even then, it operates sporadically), while Fortunatov's law reliably operated in Old Indo-Aryan. It shifts ''s > ṣ'' (Proto-Indo-Iranian ''bʰā̆ls-'' > Sanskrit ''bhāṣ-'' "to speak"), while the distinction between ''s ~ ṣ ~ ś'' had already been lost by Middle Indo-Aryan.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1926|p=484}}{{sfn|Burrow|1972|p=537}}
* In Vedic and Pali dialects, PIA ''*ẓḍ'' > ''ḷ'' (ळ) /ɭ/ and''*ẓḍʰ'' > ''ḷh'' (ळ्ह) /ɭʱ/. Elsewhere (and regularly in Classical Sanskrit), PIA ''*ẓḍ'' > ''ḍ'' (ड) /ɖ/ and''*ẓḍʰ'' > ''ḍh'' (ढ) /ɖʱ/.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=69}}

=== Early changes common to Dardic ===
The following changes are common to Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) and [[Dardic]].

* The [[Vedic accent|unpredictable pitch accent]] of Vedic was lost, resulting in the [[mora-timed]] isochrony of Pali. The pitch accent is sometimes used to explain some irregular consonant doubling (Vedic ''jitáḥ'' > Prakrit ''jitto'' "won") or differences between [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and neighboring languages, indicating that the Vedic accent may have converted to a stress accent (as with [[Ancient Greek accent|Ancient Greek]]) and persisted in the [[Maharashtra|Maharashtri]] region. However, this topic is debated and in the case of the irregular consonant doubling there may be alternative explanations.{{Sfn|Turner|1975|p=75}}
* Before a consonant, Vedic ''e'' /ɐj/ (ए) and ''o'' /ɐw/ (ओ) [[Monophthongization|monophthongize]] to /eː/ and /oː/, respectively. In the same position, Vedic ''ai'' /ɑːj/ (ऐ) > /ɑj/ and ''au'' /ɑːw/ (औ) > /ɑw/.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=60}} This pronunciation is already used in Classical Sanskrit, distinguishing it from Vedic.
* Loss of word-final consonants in a few ways:
** Sanskrit word-final plosives (only /k ʈ t̪ p/) are lost with [[compensatory lengthening]] of the preceding vowel.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|pp=60-62}}
** Based on the initial consonant of the following word, Vedic word-final [[visarga]] /h/ has the [[Allophone|allophones]] {{bracket|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]]}}, [ɸ], [ɾ], [x], [s], [ɕ], [ʂ], or [w]. Already in Classical Sanskrit, [ɸ] and [x] are not found. Later, Vedic -अः /ɐh/ becomes MIA -ओ /oː/ everywhere. Remaining word-final /h/ was entirely lost without a trace.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|pp=60-62}}
** Final nasals are lost with compensatory nasalization of the preceding vowel, indicated by the [[anusvara]]. Mishra and Bloch argue that word-final anusvara was realized as nasalization, but elsewhere anusvara was still pronounced as a nasal consonant.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|pp=60-62}}{{sfn|Bloch|1921|pp=63-64}}
* MIA [[monophthongization]] of /ɑj ɐjɐ ɐji ɐjoː ɐvi/ > /eː/. Similarly, /ɑw ɐʋɐ/ > /oː/, though occasionally /ɐʋɐ/ fails to reduce.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=118}}{{Sfn|Oberlies|2017|p=451}} — Sanskrit ''avarodhanam'' /ɐʋɐɾoːd̪ʱɐn̪ɐm/ > Ashokan ''olodhanaṃ'' /oːloːd̪ʱɐn̪ɐ̃/ "[[harem]]"
* A [[Dental stop|dental]] spontaneously [[Retroflexion|cerebralizes]] to a [[retroflex stop]] in the environment of a rhotic. This rule origined in the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan|east]], and later to the [[Northern Indo-Aryan|north]] and [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan|northwest]]; it was less common in the [[Western Indo-Aryan|west]].{{sfn|Bloch|1970|page=6}} Some scholars like [[Jacob Wackernagel|Wackernagel]] argue that the original cases (or borrowings from eastern dialects) with a retroflex stop in the environment of a rhotic, like ''prati-'' > ''paṭi-'' and ''mēḍhra'' "ram, penis" (already retroflex in Proto-Indo-Aryan ''*Hmáyẓḍʰram'') influence later analogical formation. Due to later dialectal mixture and adaptation to Sanskrit, this sound change ends up occurring fairly sporadically in MIA. For example, as early as Pali we see Sanskrit ''ardhaḥ'' /ɐɾd̪ʱɐh/ > Pali ''addho'' /ɐd̪ːʱoː/ or ''aḍḍho'' /ɐɖːʱoː/ "half". Generally, cerebralization did not happen across a perceived [[morpheme]] boundary. Hence, Sanskrit ''nirdhanaḥ'' /n̪iɾd̪ʱɐn̪ɐh/ (morphologically ''nir-'' "without, -less" + ''dhana-'' "wealth") > Prakrit ''ṇiddhaṇo'' /nid̪ːʱɐnoː/ "not wealthy". Many cerebralized words were old enough to be borrowed back into Classical Sanskrit, like ''paṭh-'' "to read" (from older ''pṛth-'' "to spread") with a specialized meaning.{{sfn|Bloch|1970|p=6}}{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=176}}{{sfn|Bloch|1970|pages=129,130}} See also Fortunatov's Law, a similar rule mentioned above.
* '''Loss of ''ṛ''''' is common to Dardic, Pali, and Prakrit. The exact sound change depends on the context and region/dialect. In the [[Central Indo-Aryan|Central]] dialect, initial ''ṛ-'' > ''ri'' and medial ''-ṛ'' > ''i'' (but cases of ''ṛ'' > ''a'' and ''ṛ'' > ''u''—especially after labial—are occasionally found). Elsewhere (especially in Pali, Western, and Southern dialects), ''ṛ'' > ''a'' is more common. — Sanskrit ''ṛṇa'' > Prakrit ''riṇa'' "debt" and Sanskrit ''kṛta'' > Prakrit ''kida'', ''kia'' "done".{{sfn|Masica|1993|pages=154-210}}

=== Sound changes common to Pali and Prakrit ===
After the split of Dardic languages, these changes are common to Pali and Prakrit. These changes may be also grouped together as the "MIA assimilation rules", and are the most important rules from this period. Regarding the assimilations of Old Indo-Aryan consonant conjuncts, the [[Satkhandagama|Jayadhavalā]] (ca. ninth century AD) writes ''Dīsaṁti doṇṇi vaṇṇā saṁjuttā aha va tiṇṇi cattāri / Tāṇaṁ duvvala-lōvaṁ kāūṇa kamō pajuttavvō'' "When two, or three or four, consonants appear in combination, [[Elision|elide]] the weakest one, and continue the process."<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Introduction to Prakrit |url=https://prakrit.info/prakrit/grammar.html?r=phonology}}</ref> Here, "weakest" refers to sounds of higher [[Sonority hierarchy|sonority]], and "elide" refers to either true elision/loss or [[Assimilation (phonology)|total assimilation]] of the weaker sound to the stronger sound. Specifically, the sonority scale of Prakrit is (weakest) ''h'' < ''r'' < ''y'' < ''v'' < ''l'' < nasals (''m'', ''n'', ''ṇ'', ''ñ'') < ''s'' (representing OIA sibilant series) < all stops (strongest). It will be helpful to keep this notion of "stronger" and "weaker" sounds in mind through the following sound changes. The relevant changes and organized below by approximate chronology.

* The sibilant series (''ś'' /ɕ/, ''ṣ'' /ʂ/, and ''s'' /s/) merges in most regions to ''s'' /s/. In the Eastern region (e.g. [[Magadhan]]), it merges instead to ''ś'' /ɕ/. In [[Romani language|Romani]], the original three-way sibilant distinction is preserved.{{Sfn|Mishra|1967|p=123-125}} — Sanskrit ''daśa'' /d̪ɐɕɐ/ > Prakrit ''dasa'' /d̪ɐsɐ/ "ten".
* After a non-nasal dental or retroflex{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=175}} stop, /m/ and /ʋ/ assimilate to /p/ if the stop is unvoiced or /b/ is the stop is voiced. This stage is attested at [[Major Rock Edicts|Girnar]]{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=138}} — Sanskrit ''catvāraḥ'' /t͡ʃɐt̪ʋɑːɾɐh/ > Girnar Ashokan ''catpāro'' /t͡ʃɐt̪pɑːɾoː/.{{sfn|Katre|1968|p=9}}
* Vedic ''jñ'' /dʑɲ/, ''ny'' /n̪j/, and ''ṇy'' /ɳj/ > Early MIA ''ññ'' /ɲː/.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|p=139}}
* [[Epenthesis|Epenthetic]] ''b'' /b/ arises in -''mr-'' /mɾ/ > ''-mbr-'' /mbɾ/ and ''-ml-'' /ml/ > ''-mbl-'' /mbl/. — Sanskrit ''āmraḥ'' /ɑːmɾɐh/ > */ɑːmbɾɐh/ > Prakrit ''aṃbo'' /ɐmboː/ "[[mango]]".
* A succeeding /j/ [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalizes]] a dental stop and a succeeding sibilant palatalizes /t̪/ and /p/. This tendency is represented scarcely in some "corruptions" in Sanskrit, like ''jyotiḥ'' /d͡ʒjoːt̪ih/ "light" < PIA ''*dyáwtiṣ.''
* When a long vowel precedes a consonant cluster, the long vowel is shortened. More rarely, a long vowel was retained at the expense of simplifying the consonant cluster. This tendency is seen in the older language; for example, Classical Sanskrit ''kalyam'' /kɐljɐm/ "dawn" (< Vedic ''kālyam'' /kɑːljɐm/) or ''margaḥ'' /mɐɾɡɐh/ "path" (< Vedic ''mārgaḥ'' /mɑːɾɡɐh/). In the case of ''e'' (ए) /eː/ and ''o'' (ओ) /oː/, this produces the short [[Allophone|allophones]] /e/ and /o/. These allophones are generally not distinguished orthographically, but a distinction is made in [[Romanization of Sanskrit|romanization]] as ''ĕ'' and ''ŏ'' (with [[breve]] marks).{{Sfn|Mishra|1967|p=156}}
* A consonant cluster of three or more consonants is reduced to two consonants by elision from either the left or right, with some variation.{{Sfn|Oberlies|2017|p=451}} — Vedic ''tīkṣṇáh'' /t̪iːkʂɳɐ́h/ > either Prakrit ''tikkho'' /t̪ikːʰoː/ or ''tiṇho'' /t̪inɦoː/ "sharp". In the first, /ɳ/ was deleted from the right and by a later sound change /kʂ/ > /kːʰ/. In the second, /k/ was deleted from the left and by a later sound change /ʂɳ/ > /ɳɦ/. In either case, the /iː/ shortens as it occurs before a consonant cluster.
* ''kṣ'' /kʂ/ > ''kh-'' /kʰ/ initially or ''-kkh''- /kːʰ/ elsewhere. In the Central and Eastern regions, this outcome would naturally occur from the sound changes below. It is worth mentioning because in other regions, the special sequence ''kṣ'' /kʂ/ > ''ch-'' /t͡ʃʰ/ initially and ''-cch-'' /t͡ːʃʰ/ elsewhere. There is some dialectal borrowing already seen in Pali (which usually attests the ''-(k)kh-'' variant but sometimes has ''-(c)ch-'') and regional Ashokan Prakrit.
* In a cluster with a [[Plosive consonant|plosive]] or [[affricate]] (always) or when ''followed'' by a nasal consonant (usually, but not always), ''s'' /s/ weakens to ''h'' /ɦ/.{{Sfn|Hock|2010|p=99}} Alternatively when followed by a nasal consonant, the ''s'' can be retained (especially medially, where by the cluster simplification rule below the cluster becomes ''-ss-'') or [[anaptyxis]] can break the cluster.
* When ''h'' /ɦ/ (either from older sibilant via the above rule or otherwise) precedes a consonant, the consonant and /ɦ/ metathesize. — Sanskrit ''cihnam'' /t͡ʃiɦn̪ɐm/ > Pali ''cinhaṃ'' /t͡ʃin̪ɦɐ̃/ "sign".
* At the start of a word, the sequence of an [[obstruent]] (i.e. non-sonorant) + ''h'' /ɦ/ simply results in an aspirated plosive or affricate. Elsewhere, the ''h'' /ɦ/ undergoes [[Assimilation (phonology)|regressive assimilation]] by transforming into the aspirated equivalent of the plosive or affricate. The last rule is already known in Sanskrit sandhi, where, for example, ''tad'' + ''hi'' → ''taddhi'', rather than ''*tadhi'' so as to preserve the [[syllable weight]] of the first syllable.{{Sfn|Hock|2010|p=87-99}} — Sanskrit ''vatsaḥ ~ vatso'' /ʋɐt̪soː/ > */ʋɐt͡ʃsoː/ (palatalization) > */ʋɐt͡ʃɦoː/ (sibilant weakening) > /ʋɐt͡ːʃoː/ (sandhi of ''-c-'' + ''-h-'' → ''-cch-'') > Pali and Prakrit ''vaccho'' /ʋɐt͡ːʃoː/ "calf".
* '''Cluster simplification''': The main rule being referred to in the above Jayadhavalā quote. All consonant clusters are simplified to achieve the MIA phonotactic situation where syllables are restricted to at most a CVC [[Syllable|structure]] (where the [[Syllable coda|coda]] C is further restricted to either the [[anusvara]] ''ṃ,'' a nasal/plosive [[Homorganic consonant|homorganic]] to the following syllable onset C, or a sonorant if the following syllable onset is ''h'' /ɦ/). Word-initially, only the strongest sound in a cluster survives — Sanskrit ''grāmaḥ'' /gɾɑːmɐh/ > Ashokan ''gāmo'' /gɑːmoː/ "village". Medially, the weaker sound totally assimilates to the stronger sound, and sequences like ''-CʰC-'' or ''-CʰCʰ-'' are immediately repaired to ''-CCʰ''- — Sanskrit ''vyāghraḥ'' /ʋjɑːgʰɾɐh/ > */ʋjɐgʰɾoː/ (prior sound changes) > /ʋɐgːʰoː/ (initial /ʋj/ > /ʋ/, medial /gʰɾ/ > /gːʰ/, not */gʰg/) > Pali and Prakrit ''vaggho'' /ʋɐgːʰoː/ "[[tiger]]".
* The treatment of a sonorant + ''h'' /ɦ/ is complicated. Generally, aspirated sonorants are not phonemic in Pali or Prakrit, meaning ''yh'' /jɦ/, ''rh'' /ɾɦ/, ''lh'' /lɦ/, ''vh'' /ʋɦ/, ''ñh'' /ɲɦ/, ''ṇh'' /ɳɦ/, ''nh'' /n̪ɦ/, and ''mh'' /mɦ/ are all treated as a sequence/cluster of two consonants. However, these sequences are treated specially among the variety of consonant clusters, particularly because they ''are'' permitted word-medially. Word-initially, the result is varied. In Pali, epenthetic ''-a-'' breaks the sequence — Sanskrit ''hradaḥ'' /ɦɾɐd̪ɐh/ > */ɾɦɐd̪oː/ (prior sound changes) > Pali ''rahado'' /ɾɐɦɐd̪oː/ "lake". In Prakrit, this sequence is either permitted (especially in Maharashtri Prakrit), epenthetic ''-a-'' appears to break the sequence, or the ''h'' /ɦ/ is dropped. — Sanskrit ''snānam'' /sn̪ɑːn̪ɐm/ > Prakrit ''ṇhāṇa'' /n(ɐ)ɦɑːnɐ/, ''siṇāṇa'' /sinɑːnɐ/, and ''saṇāṇa'' /sɐnɑːnɐ/ "bathing".
* The sequence ''-sr-'' /sɾ/ can sometimes yield ''-ṃs-'' /ns/ rather than expected ''-ss-'' /sː/. — Sanskrit ''aśru'' /ɐɕɾu/ > Prakrit ''assu'' /ɐsːu/'', aṃsu'' /ɐnsu/ "[[Tears|tear]]".
* The sequence ''-mh-'' /mɦ/ can sometimes fortify to ''-ṃbh-'' /mbʱ/.
* In general, [[anaptyxis]], rather than assimilation, can be applied to break a heterogeneous cluster. This is most common in cases of a stop followed by sonorant, as in ''-tn-, -dm-'', ''-kl-'', etc. — Sanskrit ''ratna'' > Pali ''ratana'' or Sanskrit ''klēśa'' > Prakrit ''kilēsa'' "grief".

=== Changes after the split of Pali and Prakrit ===
The following changes are only seen in Prakrit and not in Pali (other Pali-specific changes do also occur beyond this point).

* ''yh'' /jɦ/ and ''vh'' /ʋɦ/ become ''jh-'' /d͡ʒʱ/ and ''bh-'' /bʱ/ initially and ''-jjh-'' /d͡ːʒʱ/ and ''-bbh-'' /bːʱ/ medially. In Pali, only /ʋɦ/ changes. — Sanskrit ''guhyaḥ'' /guɦjɐh/ > /gujɦoː/ (prior sound changes) > Pali ''guyho'' /gujɦoː/, but develops further into Prakrit ''gujjho'' /gud͡ːʒʱoː/.
* Relatedly, initial ''y'' /j/ fortifies to ''j'' /d͡ʒ/ and medial ''yy'' /jː/ > ''jj'' /d͡ːʒ/.''—'' Sanskrit ''yaḥ'' /jɐh/ > Pali ''yo'' /joː/, Prakrit ''jo'' /d͡ʒoː/.
* In Pali, geminate ''-vv-'' /ʋː/ > ''-bb-'' /bː/, but this never occurred in Prakrit generally. However, in the Central and Eastern region, initial /ʋ/ > /b/ and medial geminate /ʋː/ > /bː/ has occurred before New Indo-Aryan. It can be argued that this fortification occurs earlier alongside the fortification of /j/ > /d͡ʒ/, and orthographic व् /ʋ/ beyond this point is merely conservative.{{sfn|Varma|1961|pp=126-132}}{{Sfn|Mishra|1967|p=128-130}}
* Cases of ''-ēy-'' /eːj ~ ejː/ and ''-ī̆y-'' /iːj ~ ijː/ are re-analyzed as having a geminate glide and undergo the above rule as well. — Sanskrit ''kālēyam'' /kɑːleːjɐm/ > Prakrit ''kālēyaṃ'' /kɑːleːɐ̃/'', kālijjaṃ ~ *kālĕjjaṃ'' /kɑːlid͡ːʒɐ̃ ~ kɑːled͡ːʒɐ̃/.
* In Pali, Sanskrit ''jñ'' /dʑɲ/ becomes ''ñ''- /ɲ/ initially and ''-ññ-'' /ɲː/ medially. In Prakrit, the result is usually ''j-'' /d͡ʒ/ initially and ''-jj-'' /d͡ːʒ/ medially. Sometimes, ''ñ''- /ɲ/ initially and ''-ññ-'' /ɲː/ medially are found too. — Sanskrit jñāna > Prakrit jāna; Sanskrit rājñī > Prakrit rāṇī.
* As noted before, the reflex of Sanskrit ''ṛ'' is different in Pali, Prakrit, and Dardic (e.g. initial ''ṛ'' > Prakrit ''ri-'' always, but Pali and Dardic ''a-, i-, u-''). Also, the reflex of Sanskrit clusters involving a sibilant and sonorant is unstable between Pali and Prakrit.

=== Changes up to Dramatic Prakrits ===
These changes occur after Pali and Early Prakrit, but before the development of the dramatic regional [[Prakrits]] like [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] and [[Shauraseni Prakrit]] (ca. 200 AD).

* Before a consonant, ''ṅ'', ''ñ'', ''ṇ'', ''n'', ''m'', and the [[anusvara]] ''ṃ'' are in [[complementary distribution]] in MIA. In Sanskrit, each different nasal consonant is typically written out. In later languages, all pre-consonant nasals are written as the anusvara ''ṃ''.
* Merging of nasals ''ṇ, n'' > ''ṇ'' (n̪ ɳ > n), represented as a retroflex nasal. Whether the actual place of articulation of this sound was truly retroflex or was dental (and just orthographically represented as a retroflex nasal) is debated.{{sfn|Masica|1993|pages=154-210}}
* Lenition of intervocalic stops over time, through various attested stages. First, all single intervocalic unvoiced stops become voiced. Then, non-retroflex stops spirantize (one possibility is g, gʱ, dʒ, d, dʱ, b, bʱ > ɣ, ɣʱ, ʑ, ð, ðʱ, β, βʱ / V_V). Per [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Chatterji]], this stage is represented by vacillation between writing a voiced stop, semivowel, or nothing. The retroflex voiced stops ''ḍ, ḍh'' likely become flaps intervocalically, but this distinction{{Clarify|reason=What distinction? And what happened to the retroflex voiced stops?|date=July 2025}} is not represented orthographically.{{sfn|Masica|1993|pages=154-210}} Finally, aspirated spirants [[Debuccalization|debuccalize]] (ɣʱ, ðʱ, βʱ > ɦ), the spirant β > ʋ (romanized as ''v''), and remaining spirants ɣ, ʑ, ð are lost, leaving the surrounding two vowels in [[Vowel hiatus|hiatus]]. — Sanskrit ''kathanam'' /kɐt̪ʰɐn̪ɐm/ > Prakrit ''kahaṇaṃ'' /kɐɦɐnɐ̃/ "saying".
* Between two ''ā̆'' vowels, hiatus is usually resolved by what [[Hemachandra]], in his grammar of Prakrit, calls a “lightly pronounced ''y''-sound” (''laghuprayatnatarayakāraśrutiḥ'')''.''<ref name=":33">{{cite web |title=Introduction to Prakrit |url=https://prakrit.info/prakrit/grammar.html?r=phonology}}</ref> As far as orthography/romanization is concerned, this results in the optional inclusion of epenthetic ''-y-'' or less likely ''-v-'' between the ''ā̆'' vowels. This orthographic choice should not be confused with the older genuine /j/ phoneme. Similarly, after a front vowel, euphonic/orthographic ''-y-''appears. Elsewhere, hiatus is fully tolerated. After ''ā̆'', the [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] is often used in romanization (e.g. ''aï, aü'') to differentiate this sound from the older overlong vowels.
** Sanskrit ''śoka-'' /ɕoːkɐ/ > Pali/Ashokan ''soka-'' /soːkɐ/ > Early Dramatic Prakrit ''soga-'' /soːgɐ ~ soːɣɐ/ > Prakrit ''sōa-'' /soːɐ/ "sorrow".
** Sanskrit ''caturtha-'' /tɕɐt̪uɾt̪ʰɐ/ > Pali/Ashokan ''catuttha'' /t͡ʃɐt̪ut̪ːʰɐ/ > Early or [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni]] Dramatic Prakrit ''caduttha-'' /t͡ʃɐd̪ut̪ːʰɐ ~ t͡ʃɐðut̪ːʰɐ/ > Prakrit ''caüttha-'' /t͡ʃɐut̪ːʰɐ/ "fourth".
* Occasionally, intervocalic ''-d-'' /d̪/ became ''-r-'' /ɾ/, as in the numbers from 11 to 18.
** Sanskrit ''ekādaśa'' /eː.kaː.d̪ɐ.ɕɐ/ > Prakrit ''egārasa'' /eː.ɡaː.ɾɐ.sɐ ~ eː.ɣaː.ɾɐ.sɐ/.
* Lenition of intervocalic ''y'' /j/'','' similarly to the above change. The optional inclusion of epenthetic ''-y-'' sometimes makes this confusing, but at this point /j/ is no longer phonemic in Prakrit; it is merely an epenthetic hiatus-filler. — Sanskrit ''nayanam'' /n̪ɐjɐn̪ɐm/ > Prakrit ''ṇa(y)aṇaṃ'' /nɐɐnɐ̃/ "[[eye]]".
* Lenition of intervocalic ''v'' /ʋ/ between ''ā̆'' and a high vowel. — Sanskrit ''praviṣṭa-'' /pɾɐʋiʂʈɐ/ > Prakrit ''païṭṭha-'' /pɐiʈːʰɐ/ "entered", but Sanskrit ''nava'' /n̪ɐʋɐ/ > Prakrit ''ṇava'' /nɐʋɐ/ "nine" with retention of ''-v-''.
* Occasionally, the sequences ''aï'' and ''aü'' contracted early on in Prakrit to ''ē̆ and ō̆''. This a separate change than the later coalescence of vowels in hiatus. — Sanskrit ''sthavira-'' /st̪ʰɐʋiɾɐ/ > Earlier Prakrit ''ṭhavira-'' /ʈʰɐʋiɾɐ/ > *''ṭhaïra-'' /ʈʰɐiɾɐ/ > Later Prakrit ''ṭhēra-'' /ʈʰeːɾɐ/ "old".
* Prakrit ''ḍ, ḷ, l,'' and ''r'' often alternate with each other, particularly in words loaned from non Indo-Aryan sources. — PIA *''swaẓḍaśa'' > Sanskrit ''ṣoḍaśa'' > Prakrit ''solasa'' /soːlɐsɐ/ "sixteen".
* Also worth noting here is the addition of pleonastic suffixes to older nominals and roots. This becomes more prevalent by late MIA and early [[New Indo-Aryan]] period. The consensus, implied by the name, is that these innovative suffixes have little semantic purpose and mainly serve to distinguish homophones (created by the sweeping sound changes between Sanskrit and Prakrit). They are applied after nominal and verb stems, before inflecting suffixes. Some are recognizable as the reflexes of Old Indo-Aryan diminutive suffixes.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Me |date=3 May 2022 |title=The -kk- verbal extension in Indo-Aryan |url=https://aryaman.io/posts/2022-05-03-kk/#:~:text=After%20the%20fragmentation%20of%20Sanskrit,ikā%2D%20(f.) |work=Aryaman Arora}}</ref> The most important suffixes are feminine ''-iā-'' (< earlier ''-igā'' < Sanskrit ''-ikā'') and masculine ''-a-'' (< earlier ''-ga'' < Sanskrit ''-ka''). The other common suffixes are ''-kka-, -ḍa-, -illa-, -la-, -lla-, -ulla-,'' and ''-ra-''. These suffixes are very often combined with each other.

=== Up to Apabhramsha ===
These changes occur after the dramatic [[Prakrits]], and characterize the Late Prakrit, or [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsha]] (Apa.), stage (ca. 900 AD).

* Intervocalic ''-m-'' becomes a nasalized glide /ʋ̃/, and then the nasalization is shifted on the preceding or following vowel''.'' This change notably did not occur in the [[Western Indo-Aryan|Western]] zone (e.g. [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]).{{sfn|Bloch|1970|pages=33,180}} — (Sanskrit ''grāma'' >) Pali/Prakrit ''gāmo'' /gɑːmoː/ > Central Apa. /ˈgɑː.ʋ̃u/ "village".
* Prakrit final long vowels shorten and change in quality if necessary to merge with the short vowels: /ɑː iː uː eː oː/ > /ɐ i u i u/. This tendency is known since at least Ashokan times, where originally-long final vowels are frequently shortened and short vowels are confused with the long form (in a manner of orthographic conservatism)—we find Ashokan ''tada'' /t̪ɐd̪ɐ/ for Sanskrit ''tadā'' /t̪ɐd̪ɑː/ "then", Ashokan ''Ambika'' /ɐmbikɐ/ for Sanskrit [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|''Ambikā'']] /ɐmbikɑː/, etc.{{sfn|Mishra|1967|pages=100-193}}
* Intervocalic ''-v-'' /ʋ/ is lost after a high vowel.
* Long ''ū'' is shortened before another vowel — (Sanskrit ''kūpa-'' /kuːpɐ/ >) Prakrit ''kūva-'' /kuːʋɐ/ > Apa. /ˈku.ɐ.u/ "[[well]]".
* Development of a [[Latin]]-like [[Stress (linguistics)#Non-phonemic stress|positional stress]] system. Stress falls on the penultimate syllable if it is [[Syllable weight|heavy]], failing which it falls on the antepenultimate syllable if it is heavy, failing which it falls on the fourth syllable from the end. This system retroactively came to characterize [[Classical Sanskrit]], but it can be considered a MIA development that was only fully completed around the Apabhramsha stage.{{sfn|Masica|1993|page=167}}{{Sfn|Turner|1975|p=167}}

== Grammar ==

Medieval grammarians such as Markandeya (late 16th century) describe a highly systematized Prakrit grammar, but the surviving Prakrit texts do not adhere to this grammar.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=18}} For example, according to [Vishvanatha (14th century), in a Sanskrit drama, the characters should speak Maharashtri Prakrit in verse and Shauraseni Prakrit in prose. But the 10th century Sanskrit dramatist [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]] does not abide by this rule. Markandeya, as well as later scholars such as Sten Konow, find faults with the Prakrit portions of Rajashekhara's writings, but it is not clear if the rule enunciated by Vishvanatha existed during Rajashekhara's time. Rajashekhara himself imagines Prakrit as a single language or a single kind of language, alongside Sanskrit, Apabhramsha, and [[Paishachi]].{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=19}}

German Indologist Theodor Bloch (1894) dismissed the medieval Prakrit grammarians as unreliable, arguing that they were not qualified to describe the language of the texts composed centuries before them.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=18}} Other scholars such as [[Sten Konow]], [[Richard Pischel]] and [[Alfred Hillebrandt]] disagree with Bloch.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|pp=18–19}} It is possible that the grammarians sought to codify only the language of the earliest classics of the Prakrit literature, such as the ''Gaha Sattasai''.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=19}} Another explanation is that the extant Prakrit manuscripts contain scribal errors. Most of the surviving Prakrit manuscripts were produced in a variety of regional scripts during 1300–1800 CE. It appears that the scribes who made these copies from the earlier manuscripts did not have a good command of the original language of the texts, as several of the extant Prakrit texts contain inaccuracies or are incomprehensible.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=18}}

Also, like Sanskrit and other ancient languages Prakrit was spoken and written long before grammars were written for it. The Vedas do not follow Panini's Sanskrit grammar which is now the basis for all Sanskrit grammar. Similarly, the Agamas, and texts like [[Shatkhandagama]], do not follow the modern Prakrit grammar.{{sfn|Pranamyasagar|2017|p={{pn|date=November 2021}}}}

Prakrita Prakasha, a book attributed to [[Vararuchi]], summarizes various Prakrit languages.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/PrakritaPrakashaOfVararuchiDr.P.L.Vaidya_201806|title=Prakrita Prakasha of Vararuchi Dr. P. L. Vaidya|last=Dr. Narinder Sharma|language=sa}}</ref>

Following are the prominent works on Prākṛta grammar available today:<ref>{{Cite book |last=D.G. Sircar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.405679/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |title=A Grammar Of The Prakrit Language |date=1943 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref>

* Prākṛta-Lakṣaṇam by Caṇḍa (post 3rd century B. C. E.)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoernle |first=A. f Rudolf |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104147/page/n27/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Prakrita-lakshanam Or Chandas Grammar Of The Ancient (arsha) Prakrit |date=1880}}</ref>
* Prākṛta Prakāśa by Vararuci (3rd or 4th century C. E.)
* Prākṛta Vyākaraṇa (being 8th chapter of ''Siddhahemaśabdānuśāsana'') by [[Hemachandra]]
* Prākṛta Adhyāya by Kramadīśvara
* Ṣaḍbhāṣācandrikā by Lakṣmīdhara (16th century C. E.)
* Prākṛta Kāmadhenu by Laṅkeśvara
* Prākṛta Saṃjīvanī by Vatsarāja
* Prākṛtānuśāsana by Puruṣottama
* Prākṛta Kalpataru by Rāmaśarma
* Prākṛta Sarvasva by Mārkaṇḍeya (17th century C. E.)

== Prevalence ==

Prakrit literature was produced across a wide area of South Asia. Outside India, the language was also known in Cambodia and Java.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=9}}

Literary Prakrit is often wrongly assumed to have been a language (or languages) spoken by the common people, because it is different from Sanskrit, which is the predominant language of the ancient Indian literature.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=21}} Several modern scholars, such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] and [[Richard Pischel]], have asserted that the literary Prakrit does not represent the actual languages spoken by the common people of ancient India.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|pp=20–21}} This theory is corroborated by a market scene in Uddyotana's ''[[Kuvalaya-mālā|Kuvalaya-mala]]'' (779 CE), in which the narrator speaks a few words in 18 different languages: some of these languages sound similar to the languages spoken in modern India; but none of them resemble the language that Uddyotana identifies as "Prakrit" and uses for narration throughout the text.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=21}}The local variants of Apabhramsha evolved into the modern day Indo-Aryan vernaculars of South Asia.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=177}}

== Literature ==
[[File:Suryaprajnapati Sutra.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The Sūryaprajñaptisūtra, an astronomical work written in Jain Prakrit language (in [[Devanagari]] book script), {{circa|1500}}]]
Literary Prakrit was among the main languages of the classical Indian culture.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=6}} [[Daṇḍin|Dandin]]'s ''[[Kavyadarsha|Kavya-darsha]]'' ({{Circa|700}}) mentions four kinds of literary languages: Sanskrit, Prakrit, [[Apabhramsha]], and mixed.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=4}} [[Bhoja]]'s ''[[Sarasvati-Kanthabharana]]'' (11th century) lists Prakrit among the few languages suitable for composition of literature.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=6}} Mirza Khan's ''Tuhfat al-hind'' (1676) names Prakrit among the three kinds of literary languages native to India, the other two being Sanskrit and the vernacular languages. It describes Prakrit as a mixture of Sanskrit and vernacular languages, and adds that Prakrit was "mostly employed in the praise of kings, ministers, and chiefs".{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=1}}

During a large period of the first millennium, literary Prakrit was the preferred language for the fictional romance in India. Its use as a language of systematic knowledge was limited, because of Sanskrit's dominance in this area, but nevertheless, Prakrit texts exist on topics such as grammar, [[lexicography]], metrics, alchemy, medicine, [[divination]], and [[gemology]].{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=8}} In addition, the [[Jainism|Jains]] used Prakrit for religious literature, including commentaries on the Jain canonical literature, stories about Jain figures, moral stories, hymns and expositions of Jain doctrine.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|pp=8–9}} Prakrit is also the language of some [[Shaiva]] ''tantras'' and [[Vaishnava]] hymns.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=9}}

Besides being the primary language of several texts, Prakrit also features as the language of low-class men and most women in the [[Indian classical drama|Sanskrit stage plays]].{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=7}} American scholar Andrew Ollett traces the origin of the Sanskrit [[Kāvya|Kavya]] to Prakrit poems.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=15}}

Some of the texts that identify their language as Prakrit include:

* [[Hāla]]'s ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]'' ({{Circa|1st or 2nd century}}), anthology of single verse poems{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=7}}
* [[Anandavardhana|Ananda-vardhana]]'s now-lost ''God of Five Arrows at Play'', poem{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=7}}
* [[Sarvasena]]'s ''Hari-vijaya'' (late 4th century), epic{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=8}}
* [[Pravarasena II]]'s ''Ravana-vaho'' (early 5th century), epic{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=8}}
* Palitta's ''Tarangavati'' (probably 1st or 2nd century), fictional romance{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=8}}
* Palitta's ''Rasikaprakāśana'' or ''Brilliance of the Connoisseurs''{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=10}}
* Vakpati's ''[[Gaudavaho]]'' (c. 8th century)<ref>{{cite book |editor=N. G. Suru |title=Gaudavaho by Vakpatiraja |year=1975 |series=Prakrit Text Series No. 18 |publisher=Prakrit Text Society |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=463112812 |page=xcviii|url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001364/1 }}</ref>
* Haribhadra's ''Samaraditya-charitra'' (c. 8th century), fictional romance{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=8}}
* Uddyotana's ''[[Kuvalaya-mālā|Kuvalaya-mala]]'' (779 CE), fictional romance{{sfn|Ollett|2017|pp=8, 21}}
* Kautuhala's ''Lilavati'' or Kouhala's ''Lilavai'' (c. 8th century), fictional romance{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=8}}
* Madhuka's ''Haramekhalā'' or ''Hara's Belt'' (10th century), a compendium covering a wide range of topics, such as casting love spells and treating [[snakebite]]s
* Jineshvara's ''Treasury of Gatha-Jewels'' (1194), anthology of verses{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=9}}
* Addahamana's ''[[Sandeśarāsaka|Sandesha-rasaka]]'' (13th century), a [[message poem]]; the author states that his family came from "the land of the Muslims", which suggests that Addahamana is the Prakrit variant of 'Abd ur-Rahman.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=9}}

==List of Prakrits==

The languages that have been labeled "Prakrit" in modern times include the following:

{{columns-list |colwidth=20em |
* [[Apabhraṃśa]]
* [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamāgadhı̄]]
* [[Dramili Prakrit|Dramili]]
* [[Elu]]
* [[Gandhari Prakrit|Gandhari]]
* [[Gaudi Prakrit|Gaudi]]
* [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamarupi]]
* [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]]
* [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Maharashtri]]
* [[Odra Prakrit|Odra]]
* [[Paishachi]]
* [[Pali]]
* [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Shauraseni]]
* [[Khasa Prakrit language|Khasa]]
}}

Not all of these languages were actually called "Prakrit" in the ancient period.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=13}}

===Dramatic Prakrits===

{{main|Dramatic Prakrit}}

Dramatic Prakrits were those that were used in dramas and other literature. Whenever dialogue was written in a Prakrit, the reader would also be provided with a Sanskrit translation.

The phrase "Dramatic Prakrits" often refers to three most prominent of them: [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], [[Magadhi Prakrit]], and [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]. However, there were a slew of other less commonly used Prakrits that also fall into this category. These include Prachya, Bahliki, Dakshinatya, Shakari, Chandali, Shabari, Abhiri, Dramili, and Odri. There was a strict structure to the use of these different Prakrits in dramas. Characters each spoke a different Prakrit based on their role and background; for example, Dramili was the language of "forest-dwellers", Sauraseni was spoken by "the heroine and her female friends", and Avanti was spoken by "cheats and rogues".{{sfn|Banerjee|1977|pp=19–21}} Maharashtri and Shaurseni Prakrit were more common and were used in literature extensively.

=== Jain Prakrit ===

Some 19th–20th century European scholars, such as [[Hermann Jacobi]] and [[Ernst Leumann]], made a distinction between [[Jainism|Jain]] and non-Jain Prakrit literature. Jacobi used the term "Jain Prakrit" (or "Jain Maharashtri", as he called it) to denote the language of relatively late and relatively more Sanskrit-influenced narrative literature, as opposed to the earlier Prakrit court poetry. Later scholars used the term "Jain Prakrit" for any variety of Prakrit used by Jain authors, including the one used in early texts such as ''Tarangavati'' and ''[[Vasudeva-hindi|Vasudeva-Hindi]]''. However, the works written by Jain authors do not necessarily belong to an exclusively Jain history, and do not show any specific literary features resulting from their belief in Jainism. Therefore, the division of Prakrit literature into Jain and non-Jain categories is no longer considered tenable.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=54}}

== Status ==
Under the Mauryan Empire various Prakrits enjoyed the status of royal language. Prakrit was the language of [[Emperor Ashoka]] who was patron of Buddhism.{{sfn|Salomon|1996|p=377}}

Prakrit languages are said to have held a lower social status than [[Sanskrit]] in classical India. In the [[Indian classical drama|Sanskrit stage plays]], such as [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]]'', lead characters typically speak Sanskrit, while the unimportant characters and most female characters typically speak Prakrit.{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=7}}

While Prakrits were originally seen as 'lower' forms of language, the influence they had on Sanskrit – allowing it to be more easily used by the common people – as well as the converse influence of [[Sanskrit]] on the Prakrits, gave Prakrits progressively higher cultural prestige.{{sfn|Deshpande|1993|p=35}}

Mirza Khan's ''Tuhfat al-hind'' (1676) characterizes Prakrit as the language of "the lowest of the low", stating that the language was known as ''Patal-bani'' ("Language of the underground") or ''Nag-bani'' ("Language of the snakes").{{sfn|Ollett|2017|p=1}}

Among modern scholars, Prakrit literature has received less attention than Sanskrit. Few modern Prakrit texts have survived in modern times, and even fewer have been published or attracted critical scholarship. Prakrit was designated as a [[Classical Languages of India|classical language]] on 3 October 2024 by the [[Government of India]], as the earliest Prakrit literature is older than most Indian literatures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classical status for prakrit approved |website=PM India |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-conferring-status-of-classical-language-to-marathi-pali-prakrit-assamese-and-bengali-languages |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=February 18, 2025}}</ref>

== Research institutes ==

In 1955, government of [[Bihar]] established at [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]], the [[Research Institute of Prakrit Jainology and Ahimsa]] with the aim to promote research work in Prakrit.{{sfn|Pranamyasagar|2013|p=198}}

The [[National Institute of Prakrit Study and Research]] is located in [[Shravanabelagola]], Karnataka, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre for Studies in Prakrit & Pali – Institute of Jainology |url=https://www.jainology.org/centre-studies-in-prakrit-and-pali/ |access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=":00">{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 (1970) ac 4616 |date=1907 |page=153, Line 14 of the inscription |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795/2015.358795.Corpus-Inscriptionum#page/n373/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bloch |first=Jules |publisher=Collège de France : Institut de Civilisation Indienne |year=1921 |title=La nasalité en indo-aryen }}
* {{cite book |last=Bloch |first=Jules |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PP17 |title=Formation of the Marathi Language |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1970 |isbn=978-81-208-2322-8 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Burrow |first=T. |date=1972 |title=A Reconsideration of Fortunatov's Law. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=531–545 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00121159 |jstor=612903 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/612903|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suniti Kumar |date=1926 |title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language |publisher=Calcutta University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Suniti Kumar |date=1930 |title=The Tertiary Stage of Indo-Aryan |journal=Proceedings and Transactions of the 6th AIOC, Patna}}
* {{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Satya Ranjan |title=The Eastern School of Prakrit Grammarians: A Linguistic Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhEKAQAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Vidyasagar Pustak Mandir }}
* {{cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Madhav |title=Sanskrit & Prakrit, Sociolinguistic Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDrqaELkKTEC&pg=PP1 |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1136-2 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hock |first=Hans Henrich |date=2010 |journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica |title= Middle Indo-Aryan "Aspirate" Clusters Revisited |volume=108 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Katre |first=Sumitra Mangesh|title=Problems of Reconstruction in Indo-Aryan |date=1968 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study }}
* {{cite book |last=Kobayashi |first=Masato |title=Historical Phonology of Old Indo-Aryan Consonants |year=2004 |isbn=4-87297-894-3 |series=Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series}}
* {{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=masica |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Bal Govind |title=Historical Phonology of Modern Standard Hindi: Proto-Indo-European to the Present |date=1967}}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110261288-031 |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas|title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |chapter=31. The evolution of Indic |volume=1 |pages=447–470 |year=2017 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-026128-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ollett |first=Andrew |title=Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNA1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |doi=10.1525/luminos.37 |doi-access=free |year=2017 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29622-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pranamyasagar |first=Muni |title=Tirthankar Bhāvna|date=2013|publisher=Prakrit Jainology and Ahimsa Research Institute|location=Vaishali|isbn=978-93-81403-10-5}}{{verification needed|date=November 2021 |reason=ISBN not found.}}
* {{cite book |last=Pranamyasagar |first=Muni |title=Paiya Shikha: A Learning book to Prakrit |url=https://pranamyasagar.org/books/pdf/Paiya-Shika-Part-1.pdf | year=2017 |location=Rewari, Haryana}}
* {{cite book |last=Salomon |first=Richard G. |chapter=Brahmi and Kharoshthi |editor1=Peter T. Daniels |editor2=William Bright |title=The World's Writing Systems |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |title=Collected Papers, 1912-1973 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1975 |isbn=9780197135822}}
* {{cite book |last=Varma |first=Siddheshwar |title=Critical Studies in the Phonetic Observations of Indian Grammarians |year=1961 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/CriticalStudiesInThePhoneticObservationsOfIndianGrammariansSiddheshwarVarma}}
* {{cite book |last=Woolner |first=Alfred C. |title=Introduction to Prakrit |edition=2 (reprint) |year=1928 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0189-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00woolrich |access-date=17 March 2011 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{EB1911 Poster|Prakrit}}
* {{cite book |author=Richard Pischel |translator=Subhadra Jha |title=Grammar of the Prākrit Languages |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120816800 }}

{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Prakrit languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian sound laws]]

Shankha

2026-02-26T22:40:20Z

Freaklabsindia: stub

[[File:Carved Conch.jpg|thumb|Carved conches or Vamavarta shankhas, {{c.|11–12th century}}, [[Pala Empire|Pala period]], India: The leftmost one is carved with the image of [[Lakshmi]] and [[Vishnu]], and has silver additions.]]{{short description|End-blown conch trumpet of Indian origin}}
[[File:Śankh MET DP353270.jpg|thumb|A shankha, 19th century]]
[[File:Shankha with rosette.jpg|thumb|A Shankha (conch shell) with Vishnu emblem carved]]

A [[Turbinella pyrum|Shankha]] ({{Langx|sa|शङ्ख|lit=conch|translit=śaṅkha}}) has religious ritual importance in [[Hinduism]].

In [[Hinduism]], the shankha called [[panchajanya]] is a sacred emblem of the Hindu preserver deity [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ0XQHEkuIcC&dq=shankha+hinduism&pg=PA77 |title=Sacred Hindu Symbols |date=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-397-7 |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref> It is still used as a [[trumpet]] in Hindu ritual, and in the past was used as a war trumpet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnmPzgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=624–625 |language=en}}</ref> According to Arunava Bose, "The shankha is praised in Hindu scriptures as a giver of fame, longevity and prosperity, the cleanser of sin and the abode of goddess [[Lakshmi]], who is the goddess of prosperity and consort of [[Vishnu]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Arunava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XM_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |title=Shrouded in symbols |date=2021-08-26 |publisher=Ukiyoto Publishing |isbn=978-93-5490-116-4 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref>

The shankha is displayed in [[Hindu art]] in association with Vishnu. As a symbol of water, it is associated with female fertility and serpents ([[nāga]]s).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sturman |first=Janet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUSKDwAAQBAJ&dq=shankha+hinduism&pg=PT3731 |title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture |date=2019-02-26 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-5063-5338-8 |pages=3731 |language=en}}</ref>

The shankha is one of the eight auspicious symbols of [[Buddhism]], the [[Ashtamangala]], and represents the pervasive sound of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McElroy |first1=D. R. |title=Signs & symbols of the world : over 1,001 visual signs explained |date=2020 |publisher=Quarto Publishing Group |location=New York, NY |isbn=9781577151869 |page=183}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Shankha selling in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Shankha selling in Kolkata, West Bengal, India]]
This [[gastropod shell|shell]] is from a [[sea snail]] species ''[[Turbinella pyrum]]'' in the family [[Turbinellidae]]. This species is found living in the Indian Ocean and surrounding seas. The shell is porcelaneous (i.e. the surface of the shell is strong, hard, shiny, and somewhat translucent, like [[porcelain]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chavan|first1=Sandeep|last2=Tayade|first2=Sonali|last3=Gupta|first3=Vidya|last4=Deshmukh|first4=Vineeta|last5=Sardeshmukh|first5=Sadanand|date=November 2018|title=Pharmaceutical Standardization and Physicochemical Characterization of Traditional Ayurvedic Marine Drug: Incinerated Conch Shell (Shankha Bhasma)|journal=Marine Drugs|language=en|volume=16|issue=11|pages=450|doi=10.3390/md16110450|pmc=6266202|pmid=30445775|doi-access=free}}</ref> It could also be the shell of any suitable sea snail which had a hole made for the performer's embouchure.

The overall shape of the main body of the shell is oblong or conical. In the oblong form, it has a protuberance in the middle, but tapers at each end. The natural spout (aperture) portion (the [[Siphon (mollusc)|siphonal canal]]) is corkscrew-shaped, while the pointed end (the [[Spire (mollusc)|spire]]) is twisted and tapering. Its colour is dull, and the surface is hard, brittle and translucent. Like all snail shells, the interior is hollow. The inner surfaces of the shell are very shiny, but the outer surface exhibits high tuberculation.<ref name= Nadkarni>{{Cite book|last= Nadkarni |first= K. M. |title= Dr. K. M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia medica|work=Turbinella Rapa; or Xanchus Pyrum or Gastropoda, Class: Molusca|pages=164–165|access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0GJ5NJymywC&q=Shankha&pg=PA165|publisher= Popular Prakashan |year=1994|isbn=81-7154-143-7}}</ref> In Hinduism, the shiny, white, soft shankha with pointed ends and heavy is the most sought after.<ref name= aiyar/>

=== Types ===
[[File:Shankha Columellar Plicae.png|thumb|The four columellar plicae of this Turbinella pyrum represent a unique and defining morphological characteristic of the genuine Indian Sacred Chank.]]
In English, the shell of this species is known as the "divine conch" or the "sacred chank". It may also be simply called a "chank" or conch. There are two forms of the shanka: a more common form that is "right-turning" or dextral in pattern, and a very rarely encountered form of reverse coiling or "left-turning" or sinistral - when viewed with the spire ''upwards''.<ref name=":0" /> Based on its direction of coiling, the shankha has two varieties:<ref name= Mookerji>{{Cite book|last= Mookerji |first= Bhudeb |title= The wealth of Indian alchemy & its medicinal uses: being an...|volume = 1| work=Shankh| page=195| access-date=2009-12-21| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWxGAAAAYAAJ&q=Shankha|publisher= Sri Satguru|year=1998|isbn=81-7030-580-2}}</ref><ref name= Thottam >{{Cite book|last= Thottam |first= Dr. P.J. |title= Modernising Ayurveda|work=Shankh|pages=38–39|access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdsQSIX5WH8C&q=Shankha&pg=PA38
|publisher= Sura Books |year=2005|isbn=81-7478-640-6}}</ref>

*The ''Vamavarta'' also called the ''Edampuri'' in Tamil, is "left-turned" as viewed with the natural spout (aperture) portion (the [[Siphon (mollusc)|siphonal canal]]) uppermost or conversely, "right-turning" (dextral) in pattern with the spire kept ''upwards.'' It is a "very commonly occurring dextral form of the species, where the shell coils or whorls expand in a clockwise spiral when viewed from the apex of the spire of the shell."<ref name=":0" /> The ''Vamavarta shankha'' represents the reversal of the laws of nature and is linked with [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jansen |first1=Eva Rudy |title=De beeldentaal van het indoeïsme |date=1993 |publisher=Binkey Kok Publications |isbn=9789074597074 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iASyoae8cMC&q=shiva%20reversal%20of%20natural%20laws&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref>
*The ''[[Dakshinavarti Shankh|Dakshinavarta shankha]]'' or ''Valampuri shankhu'' is a "very rare sinistral form of the species, where the shell coils or whorls expand in a counterclockwise spiral if viewed from the apex of the spire of the shell."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Arunava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XM_EAAAQBAJ&dq=shankha&pg=PA54 |title=Shrouded in symbols |date=2021-08-26 |publisher=Ukiyoto Publishing |isbn=978-93-5490-116-4 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> In Hinduism, a ''dakshinavarta shankha'' is a sacred conch and symbolizes infinite space and is associated with Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&q=vamavarti%20shankha&pg=PT99 |title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789385890048 |language=en}}</ref>
The ''Dakshinavarta shankha'' is believed to be the abode of the prosperity goddess [[Lakshmi]] – the consort of Vishnu, and hence this type of shankha is considered ideal for medicinal use. It is a very rare variety from the [[Indian Ocean]]. This type of shankha has three to seven ridges visible on the edge of the [[aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] and on the [[columella (mollusc)|columella]] and has a special internal structure. The right spiral of this type (as viewed with the natural spout (aperture) portion upwards) reflects the motion of the planets. It is also compared with the hair whorls on [[the Buddha]]'s head that spiral to the right. The long white curl between Buddha's eyebrows and the conch-like swirl of his navel are also akin to this shankha.<ref name= Thottam/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navaratna-museum.info/Shells.html|title=Sri Navaratna Museum of Natural Wonders|access-date=2009-12-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206204802/http://navaratna-museum.info/Shells.html|archive-date=2009-12-06}}</ref>
[[File:Shankha.png|thumb|A sinistral (left-turning) Shankha displaying a distinct internal spiral morphology. Its physical characteristics align with the specific ceremonial attributes documented in traditional Vedic lithic accounts.]]
The ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' tells that bathing with the ''Dakshinavarta shankha'' frees one from sin. The ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' narrates that bathing Vishnu with this shankha grants freedom from sins of seven previous lives. A ''Dakshinavarta shankha ''is considered to be a rare "jewel" or ''ratna'' and is adorned with great virtues. It is also believed to grant longevity, fame and wealth proportional to its shine, whiteness and largeness. Even if such a shankha has a defect, mounting it in gold is believed to restore the virtues of the shankha.<ref name= aiyar/>

==Uses==
[[File:Hindu priest blowing conch during punja.jpg|thumb|right|Hindu priest blowing a shankha during a [[Puja (Hinduism)|''puja'']]]]
In its earliest references, the shankha is mentioned as a [[trumpet]] and in this form it became an emblem of Vishnu. Simultaneously, it was used as a votive offering and as a charm to keep away the dangers of the sea. It was the earliest known sound-producing agency as a manifestation of sound, and the other elements came later, hence it is regarded as the origin of the elements. It is identified with the elements themselves.<ref name= Krishna>{{Cite book|last= Krishna |first= Nanditha|title= The art and iconography of Vishnu-Narayana|work=Shankh|pages=31, 36 and 39|access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahrqAAAAMAAJ&q=Shankha|publisher= D.B. Taraporevala|year=1980}}</ref><ref name= Nayak>{{Cite book|last= Nayak |first= B. U. |author2=N. C. Ghosh |author3=Shikaripur Ranganatha Rao |title= New Trends in Indian Art and Archaeology| work=Shankha| pages=512–513| access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsCFAAAAIAAJ&q=Shankha|publisher= Aditya Prakashan|year=1992|isbn=81-85689-12-1}}</ref>
[[File:Shankha 2.png|thumb|A detailed view of the ritual perforation at the apex, specifically prepared for acoustic use in ceremonial practices to produce the sacred primordial sound.]]

To make a trumpet or wind instrument, one drills a hole near the tip of the [[apex (mollusc)|apex]] of the shankha. When air is blown through this hole, it travels through the whorls of the shankha, producing a loud, sharp, shrill sound. This sound is the reason the shankha was used as a war trumpet, to summon helpers and friends. Shanka continued to be used in battles for a long time. The sound it produced was called ''shankhanaad''.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Nowadays, the shankha is blown at the time of worship in Hindu temples and homes, especially in the ritual of the Hindu ''[[aarti]]'', when light is offered to the deities. The shankha is also used to bathe images of deities, especially Vishnu, and for ritual purification. No hole is drilled for these purposes, though the aperture is cut clean or rarely the whorls are cut to represent five consecutive shells with five mouths.<ref name="mitra">{{cite book|last=Rajendralala Mitra|title=Indo-aryans|series=285-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KoGspmBGgC&q=sankha&pg=PA287 | isbn=978-1-4067-2769-2 | year=2006 | publisher=Read Books}}</ref><ref name= Avtar>{{Cite book|last= Avtar |first= Ram |title= Musical instruments of India: history and development|work=Shankh|pages=41, 42|access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lL3oAAAAIAAJ&q=Shankha|publisher= Pankaj Publications |year=1983}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], shankhas are blown at funeral processions, but they are still used in temple worship.

The shankha is used as a material for making bangles, bracelets and other objects.<ref name="mitra"/> Because of its aquatic origin and resemblance to the vulva, it has become an integral part of the [[Tantra|Tantric]] rites. In view of this, its symbolism is also said to represent female fertility. Since water itself is a fertility symbol, shankha, which is an aquatic product, is recognised as symbolic of female fertility. In ancient [[Greece]], shells, along with [[pearl]]s, are mentioned as denoting sexual love and marriage, and also mother goddesses.<ref name= Krishna/>

Different magic and sorcery items are also closely connected with this trumpet. This type of device existed long before the [[Buddha|Buddhist]] era.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===Ayurveda===
Shankha is used in [[Ayurveda]] medicinal formulations to treat many ailments. A powder made from the shell material is used in [[ayurveda]] as a treatment for stomach ailments.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shankh (Shankha) Bhasma |url=https://www.ayurtimes.com/shankh-shankha-bhasma/ |access-date=2016-12-29}}</ref> It is prepared as conch shell ash, known in Sanskrit as ''shankha bhasma'', which is prepared by soaking the shell in lime juice and calcinating in covered crucibles, 10 to 12 times, and finally reducing it to powder ash.<ref name= Nadkarni/> Shankha ash contains calcium, iron and magnesium and is considered to possess antacid and digestive properties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lakshmi Chandra Mishra|title=Scientific basis for Ayurvedic therapies |page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo0VPGr0RF4C&q=sankha&pg=PT120 | isbn=978-0-8493-1366-0 | year=2004 | publisher=CRC Press}}</ref>

==Significance==
[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Travancore.svg|thumb|A sacred shankha on the flag of the erstwhile [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]]]
The sound of the shankha symbolises the sacred ''[[Om]]'' sound. Vishnu holding the conch represents him as the god of sound. The ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' declares that shankha is the residence of both Lakshmi and Vishnu, bathing by the waters led through a shankha is considered like bathing with all holy waters at once. Sankha Sadma Purana declares that bathing an image of Vishnu with cow milk is as virtuous as performing a million ''[[yajna]]s'' (fire sacrifices), and bathing Vishnu with [[Ganges]] river water frees one from the cycle of births. It further says "while the mere sight of the conch (shankha) dispels all sins as the Sun dispels the fog, why talk of its worship?"<ref name="aiyar">{{cite book|last=Aiyar V.AK|title=Symbolism In Hinduism|date=25 November 2019|pages=283–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMqD8YrB23QC&q=sankha&pg=PA283 | isbn=978-81-7597-149-3 | publisher=Chinmaya Mission}}</ref> [[Padma Purana]] asserts the same effect of bathing Vishnu by Ganges water and milk and further adds doing so avoids evil, pouring water from a shankha on one's own head before a Vishnu image is equivalent to bathing in the pious Ganges river.<ref name="mitra"/>

In [[Buddhism]], the conch shell has been incorporated as one of the eight auspicious symbols, also called ''[[Ashtamangala]]''. The sacred white conch shell ({{bo|t=དུང་གྱས་འཁྱིལ|w=dung gyas 'khyil}}), represents the elegant, deep, melodious, interpenetrating and pervasive sound of Buddhism, which awakens disciples from the deep slumber of ignorance and urges them to accomplish their own welfare and the welfare of others.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

The shankha was the Royal State Emblem of [[Travancore]] and also figured on the royal flag of the [[Jaffna kingdom]]. It is also the election symbol of the Indian political party [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Political Parties & Symbol - Notification dated 23.09.2021 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13711-list-of-political-parties-symbol-main-notification-dated23092021/?do=download |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> The shankha was also used by Sikh warriors before they started the war. This tradition is still practiced by all Nihang Singhs while doing Aarti-Aarta (Sikh hymns traditionally sung in the evening by Nihang Singhs) and is used in the festival of Hola Mohalla as well.

The shankha (representing the conch of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|the presiding deity of Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] is a part of the state emblem of the Indian state of [[Seal of Kerala|Kerala]]. The symbol was derived from the erstwhile emblems of the Indian [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]], and the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of State Emblem |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/index.php/history-state-emblem |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=General Administration Department |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

==Hindu iconography ==
[[File:Conque (Musée des arts asiatiques, Nice) (5941349262).jpg|thumb|left|A shankha carved]]

Shankha is one of the main attributes of Vishnu. Vishnu's images, either in sitting or standing posture, show him holding the shankha usually in his left upper hand, while ''[[Sudarshana Chakra]]'' (''chakra'' – discus), [[Kaumodaki|''gada'']] (mace) and ''[[Padma (Vishnu)|padma]]'' (lotus flower) decorate his upper right, the lower left and lower right hands, respectively.<ref name=sacred>{{Cite web|url=http://www.religiousportal.com/SacredShankha.html|title=Sacred Shankha (Conch Shell)|access-date=2009-12-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702120045/http://www.religiousportal.com/SacredShankha.html|archive-date=2007-07-02}}</ref>

[[File:Dattatreya temple Bhaktapur Nepal.jpg|thumb|The ''shankha'' on the right is the icon for Vishnu at the Dattatreya temple, Bhaktapur Nepal]]
[[Avatar]]s of Vishnu like [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], and [[Narasimha]] are also depicted holding the shankha, along with the other attributes of Vishnu. [[Krishna]] – avatar of Vishnu is described possessing a shankha called Panchajanya. Regional Vishnu forms like [[Jagannath]] and [[Vithoba]] may be also pictured holding the shankha. Besides Vishnu, other deities are also pictured holding the shankha. These include the sun god [[Surya]], [[Indra]] – the king of heaven and god of rain<ref>Jansen pp. 66–7</ref> the war god [[Kartikeya]],<ref>Jansen p. 126</ref> the goddess [[Matrikas|Vaishnavi]]<ref>Jansen p. 131</ref> and the warrior goddess [[Durga]].<ref name = "icono">{{cite book|last=Helle Bundgaard, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies|title=Indian art worlds in contention|pages=183, 58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=royx-12WRiwC&q=sankha&pg=PA58 | isbn=978-0-7007-0986-1 | year=1999 | publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Similarly, [[Ashta Lakshmi|Gaja Lakshmi]] statues show [[Lakshmi]] holding a shankha in the right hand and lotus on the other.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA206 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |pages=206 |language=en}}</ref>

Sometimes, the shankha of Vishnu is personified as ''[[Ayudhapurusha]]'' "weapon-man" in the sculpture and depicted as a man standing beside Vishnu or his avatars.<ref name=Rao>Rao, p. 156</ref> This subordinate figure is called the Shankhapurusha who is depicted holding a shankha in both the hands. Temple pillars, walls, [[gopuram|gopurams]] (towers), basements and elsewhere in the temple, sculpted depictions of the shankha and chakra – the emblems of Vishnu – are seen.<ref name= Dallapiccola>{{Cite book|last= Dallapiccola |first= Anna Libera |author2=Anila Verghese |title= Sculpture at Vijayanagara: iconography and style|work=Shankh|pages=44, 58|access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GzqAAAAMAAJ&q=Shankha
|publisher= Manohar Publishers & Distributors for [[American Institute of Indian Studies]].|year=1998|isbn=81-7304-232-2}}</ref> The city of [[Puri]] also known as [[Samkha Kshetra|Shankha-kshetra]] is sometimes pictured as a shankha or conch in art with the [[Jagannath]] temple at its centre.<ref name = "icono"/>

The shanka is one of the four symbols found on a [[shaligram]], an iconographic [[fossil]] stone particularly found in the [[Gandaki River]] in Nepal which is worshipped by Hindus as a representative of Vishnu.<ref name="Rao p.231-232">Rao pp.231-232</ref>

==Hindu theology==
A Hindu legend in the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' recalls the creation of conchs: [[Shiva]] flung a trident towards the [[asura]]s, burning them instantaneously. Their ashes flew in the sea creating conchs.<ref name="aiyar"/> Shankha is believed to be a brother of Lakshmi as both of them were born from the sea. A legend describes an asura named Shankhasura, who was killed by Vishnu's fish [[avatar]], [[Matsya]].<ref>{{cite book|last=B. A. Gupte|title=Hindu holidays and ceremonials|page=xx|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FSWKWzNSagC&q=matsya+demon+Vishnu+conch&pg=PR20 | isbn=978-81-206-0953-2 | year=1994 | publisher=Asian Educational Services}}</ref>

The conch Panchajanya is one of the many materials that emerged during the [[Samudra Manthana|churning of the ocean]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2RDwAAQBAJ&dq=sankha+conch+hinduism&pg=PT66 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume I A-L |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62421-6 |pages=66 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Shankha bajaudai.jpg|thumb|A ''[[sadhu]]'' sounding the ''shankha'']]
In the [[Hindu epic]]s of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the symbol of shankha is widely adopted. In the Ramayana epic, [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and [[Shatrughna]] are considered part-incarnations of [[Sheshanaga|Shesha]], [[Sudarshana Chakra]], and Panchajanya, respectively, while [[Rama]], their eldest brother, is considered one of the [[Dashavatara]], the ten [[Avatar|avatars]] of Vishnu.<ref name="Naidu">{{Cite book|last= Naidu |first= S. Shankar Raju|author2=Kampar, Tulasīdāsa |title= A comparative study of Kamba Ramayanam and Tulasi Ramayan| work=Shank| pages=44,148| access-date=2009-12-21| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okVXAAAAMAAJ&q=Shankha|publisher= University of Madras|year=1971}}</ref>

During the [[Kurukshetra War]], Krishna, as the charioteer of the [[Pandava]] prince and a protagonist of the epic – [[Arjuna]] – resounds the Panchajanya to declare war. Panchajanya in Sanskrit means 'having control over the five classes of beings'.<ref name="Avtar" /> All five Pandava brothers are described having their own shankhas. [[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]], Arjuna, [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] are described to possess shankhas named Ananta-Vijaya, Poundra-Khadga, Devadatta, Sughosha and Mani-pushpaka, respectively.<ref name="aiyar" />

In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the name of different Shankhas of [[Pandavas]] and Kauravas are mentioned:{{quote|Then, Lord Krsna blew His conchshell, called Pancajanya; Arjuna blew his, the Devadatta; and Bhima, the voracious eater and performer of Herculean tasks, blew his terrific conchshell called Paundram|source=Bhagavad Gita , Chapter 1, Verse 15<ref name="asitis.com">{{Cite Q|Q854700|url=https://asitis.com/1/15.html|title=Chapter 1: Observing the Armies on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra|website=Asitis.com|language=en|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{quote|King Yudhisthira, the son of Kunti, blew his conchshell, the Anantavijaya, and Nakula and Sahadeva blew the Sughosa and Manipuspaka. That great archer the King of Kasi, the great fighter Sikhandi, Dhrstadyumna, Virata and the unconquerable Satyaki, Drupada, the sons of Draupadi, and the others, O King, such as the son of Subhadra, greatly armed, all blew their respective conchshells|source=Bhagavad Gita , Chapter 1, Verse 16–18<ref name="asitis.com"/>}}

==Association with nāgas==
Because of the association of the shankha with water, [[nāga]]s (serpents) are often named after the shankha. The list of Nāgas in the ''Mahabharata'', ''[[Harivamsha]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Purana|Bhagavata Purana]]'' include Shankha, Mahashankha, Shankhapala, and Shankachuda. The last two are also mentioned in the Buddhist [[Jataka Tales]] and the ''[[Jimutavahana]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Serpent Lore Or the Nagas in Hindu Legend and Art |pages=215–16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8JRyvXWnYC&q=sankha&pg=PA215 | first=J. | last=Vogel | isbn=978-0-7661-9240-9 | year=2005 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing}}</ref> A legend states that while using a shankha as part of meditative ritual, a [[sadhu]] blew his shankha in the forest of village Keoli and a snake crept out of it. The snake directed the sadhu that he should be worshipped as Nāga Devata (Serpent God) and since then it has been known as Shanku Naga. Similar legends are narrated at many other places in [[Kullu district]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name= Handa>{{Cite book|last= Handa |first= Omacanda |title= Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya|work=Shankh|page=200|access-date=2009-12-21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC&q=Shankha&pg=PA200
|publisher= Indus Publishing |year=2004|isbn=81-7387-161-2}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dakshinavarti Shankh|Dakshinavarti shankha]]
* [[Melo melo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*Anthology of World Music: The Music of Tibetan Buddhism. [Booklet notes by Peter Crossley-Holland.] [CD] Massachusetts: Rounder Select
*Ellingson, T. (1979). The Mandala of Sound: Concepts and Sound Structures in Tibetan Ritual Music. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI
* {{cite book|last=Hornell|first=James|title=The sacred Chank of India: A monograph of the Indian Conch (Turbinella pyrum) – Online Book|author-link=James Hornell|publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press, Madras|year=1914|url=https://archive.org/stream/sacredchankofind00horn#page/n5/mode/2up|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723113020/http://www.archive.org/stream/sacredchankofind00horn#page/n5/mode/2up|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-23}}
*{{cite book|last=Jansen|first=Eva Rudy|title=The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iASyoae8cMC&pg=PA144|year=1993|publisher=Binkey Kok Publications|location=Diever|isbn=978-90-74597-07-4|pages=144–}}
*Kumar, N (2004). Retrieved 11 April 2006 from [https://web.archive.org/web/20041224204955/http://religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/conch.htm The Conch Shell].
*Marcuse, S. (1975). Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary. New York: Norton
*Miller, R. (n.d.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20031122131422/http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/r/e/rem219/tibet.html Music of Tibetan Buddhism].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050425055931/http://www.diamondway-teachings.org/content/glossary/music.html Music of Tibetan Buddhism]
*{{cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC&pg=RA1-PA232|access-date=15 June 2016|year=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9780895817617}}
*Wylie, Turrell (n.d.). [http://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts#toc13931 Central Asian arts]. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
*Yeshe, R (2003). [https://archive.today/20130201022802/http://www.rangjung.com/ry-dictionary2003/search.htm Tibetan-English Dharma Dictionary.]

{{commons category|Shankha}}

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}

[[Category:Buddhist symbols]]
[[Category:Tibetan culture]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical instruments]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Natural horns and trumpets]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic medicaments]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Gastropods and humans]]
[[Category:Mythological musical instruments]]

Udhai Mazumdar

2026-02-18T21:37:35Z

Freaklabsindia: new

{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=April 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Udhai/Udai Mazumdar
| image = Udai Mazumdar.JPG
| caption =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|3|28|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| origin = [[India]]
| instrument = [[Tabla]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = Musician and composer
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.udhaimazumdar.com www.udhaimazumdar.com]
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Udhai Mazumdar''' (born March 28, 1970) is an Indian [[tabla]] player,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=AHIMSA |url=https://amgindia.in/artiste-roster/ahimsa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108160718/https://amgindia.in/artiste-roster/ahimsa/ |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=AMG India}}</ref> music producer and composer.

== Early life ==
Mazumdar was born in Allahabad, and started learning tabla and Hindustani vocals at the age of seven. In 1981, he became a disciple of Kaviraj Ashutosh Bhattacharya.

In 1988, Mazumdar went to Delhi and became the disciple of the sitar maestro [[Ravi Shankar]]. He lived and learned with him in the age-old tradition of "[[Guru-shishya tradition|Guru Shiyha Parampara]]" (Living with the teacher).

== Career ==
Mazumdar has performed for the Royal Families of Britain and Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udhaimazumdar.com|title=Udhai Mazumdar - Home|website=Udhai Mazumdar|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> He has accompanied Ravi Shankar on occasions.<ref name="Udhai Mazumdar" >{{cite book|last=Sundaresan|first=P.N.|title=Sruti, issues 232-243|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTEqAQAAIAAJ&q=udhai+mazumdar+ravi+shankar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Purie|first=Aroon|title=India Today|year=1997|publisher=Living Media India Limited|location=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIMpAQAAIAAJ&q=udhai+mazumdar+ravi+shankar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Information S.E.G./S.S.E.|year=1995|publisher=S.E.G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ExNAQAAIAAJ&q=udhai+mazumdar+ravi+shankar}}</ref> Udai made his presence felt while performing with [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] on the eve of the 75th birthday celebration of Ravi Shankar. Udai has broadcast on Radio DRS in Switzerland, [[BBC]] TV and [[Radio France]]. He has toured extensively across the globe: Durgalal Festival Delhi, The Saptak Festival Ahmedabad, Vasantahabba Festival Bengaluru, International Folk Festival Hungary, Drum Festival Germany, World Music Festival Rome, International Festival for Chernobyl Victims Minsk, festivals for contemporary music in Mongolia, Odessa, Vietnam, Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=CRACKING BAMBOO International Percussion Music Festival |url=http://www.asef.org/images/docs/808-Project_Brief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035524/http://www.asef.org/images/docs/808-Project_Brief.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 October 2021 }}</ref> etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recital: Devotional and Classical music from Pakistan & India |url=http://swisspak.com/web/sites/default/files/Flyer_Shafqat_Ali_Khan_ZH.pdf |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Swiss Pakistan Society |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211448/http://swisspak.com/web/sites/default/files/Flyer_Shafqat_Ali_Khan_ZH.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Udhai|first=Mazumdar|title=Close to vocal|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/01/02/stories/2004010201830800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040112162439/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/01/02/stories/2004010201830800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2004|accessdate=January 2, 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=January 2, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Rhythm Project |url=http://www.worldrhythm.de/wrp/musicians.html |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=World Rhythm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085452/http://www.worldrhythm.de/wrp/musicians.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Udai|first=Mazumdar|title=Strung Out|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090203/jsp/entertainment/story_10475230.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216213700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090203/jsp/entertainment/story_10475230.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 16, 2013|accessdate=February 9, 2009|newspaper=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata)|date=February 9, 2009}}
</ref>

More recently{{specify|when?|date=May 2018}} he created a musical based on the 11th century epic ''Geet Govind'' by [[Jayadeva|Jayadev]], called ''Geet Govinda – The eternal love song of Krishna'',<ref name="mazumdarudai.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mazumdarudai.com/recording.html|title=mazumdarudai.com|website=www.mazumdarudai.com|accessdate=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010723/http://www.mazumdarudai.com/recording.html|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEgWdRSxWJY|title=Geet Govind - A Musical Theatre 3 by Udhai Mazumdar|last=Udhai Mazumdar|date=1 December 2007|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK_VlEpveSo|title=Geet Govind - A Musical Theatre 2 by Udhai Mazumdar|last=Udhai Mazumdar|date=30 November 2007|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb691SA40U0|title=Geet Govind - A Musical Theatre by Udhai Mazumdar|last=Udhai Mazumdar|date=30 November 2007|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Kabir Tulsi and Us'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfR-6fLJVMY|title=::::KABIR TULSI & US:::: by UDHAI MAZUMDAR - PROMO VIDEO|last=Udhai Mazumdar|date=10 May 2011|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> ''Singing Strings''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og4mJfKliz4|title=Singing Strings - ISHA by Udhai Mazumdar|last=Udhai Mazumdar|date=19 May 2012|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref> and ''Bhaskar - The Rising''<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAQV_QiQrrM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307151014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAQV_QiQrrM |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |website=www.youtube.com |accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2021}} for which he has also composed and recorded the original music score.<ref name="mazumdarudai.com"/>

==Personal life==

Mazumdar was born in a family of musicians. His father, Partho Sarathy Mazumdar, is among the first generation of guitarists in Indian classical music. Udhai is married to Filomena Bianculli. Together, they have one son, Jay Mazumdar and one daughter, Isha Mazumdar.

Mazumdar composes music and teaches students in Basel, Switzerland and New Delhi, India. Some of these performers include Bhaskar Das, Rohan Dasgupta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rohandasgupta.com|title=Rohan Dasgupta|website=Rohan Dasgupta|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> Piu nandi, and Rupesh Pathak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jazzdunyasi.jazz.az/content/view/109/55/lang,en/|title="Jazz Dünyası" - Editorial theme - International Festival "Baku Jazz-2005"|last=Administrator|website=jazzdunyasi.jazz.az|accessdate=2 May 2018|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030411/http://jazzdunyasi.jazz.az/content/view/109/55/lang,en/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukraine-kiev-tour.com/vinnytsia_jazzfest_2013.html|title=Vinnytsia Jazzfest 2013 - On 21th-22nd of September 2013 in Vinnytsia, Ukraine|website=www.ukraine-kiev-tour.com|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fest.md/en/events/concerts/ethno-jazz-festival-2012|title=Ethno Jazz Festival 2012|website=Fest.md|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>

==Discography==

[[File:Pt. Ravi Shankar, Bikram Ghosh, Udai Mazumdar.jpg|thumb|Ravi Shankar, Bikram Ghosh, Udai Mazumdar]]
* ''Ibaadat - Love is Worship'' (2014)
* ''Bhaskar - The Rising'' (2013)
* ''Singing Strings'' (2012)
* ''Kabir Tulsi and Us'' (2011)
* ''Rising'' (2010) - Derek Gripper & Udhai Mazumdar<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Rising (2010) - Derek Gripper |url=http://www.derekgripper.com/acoustic-guitar-albums/rising/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629124039/http://www.derekgripper.com/acoustic-guitar-albums/rising/ |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=11 October 2021 }}</ref>
* ''Geet Govind'' (2009)
* ''Echoes from India'' - Gaurav Mazumdar & Udhai Mazumdar<ref>{{cite book|title=Echoes from India|publisher=|oclc=727719391}}</ref>
* ''Fulfilment'' - [[Shubhendra Rao]] & Udhai Mazumdar
* ''Walk on'' (Tatajan)
[[File:Udai Mazumdar at Jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|After a concert in Jakarta, Indonesia where Pandit Udhai Mazumdar lead musicians from around the world]]
* ''Reverberation'' – [[Kamala Bose]] & Udhai Mazumdar
* ''The Bamboo Flute in the Wind of Rhythm'' - [[Rakesh Chaurasia]] & Udhai Mazumdar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musikderwelt.info/cdcorner.asp|title=Musik der Welt in Bern - CD-Corner|website=www.musikderwelt.info|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>
* ''Shabotinski Stenimals'' (1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efi.group.shef.ac.uk/labels/plagdich/pdn007.html|title=Plag Dich Nicht 007|website=www.efi.group.shef.ac.uk|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>
* ''Journey'' - an elaborate Ragamala
* ''Shankar Ragamala''
* ''Musik der Welt Bern''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official|http://www.udhaimazumdar.com}}
* [http://www.culturall.ch CulturAll]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Udhai}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian drummers]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]

Saran Singh Thangjam

2026-02-15T00:11:52Z

Freaklabsindia: bio

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Thangjam Saran Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Thangjam|Saran|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Saran Singh
| image =
| fullname = Saran Singh Thangjam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| height = {{convert|1.74|m|abbr=on}}
| currentclub = [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]] (assistant)
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2007–2009
| clubs1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
| years2 = 2009–2010
| clubs2 = [[JCT FC|JCT]]
| years3 = 2010–2014
| clubs3 = [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]]
| caps3 = 36
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2014
| clubs4 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| caps4 = 17
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2015
| clubs5 = → [[Mumbai City FC |Mumbai City]] (loan)
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2016
| clubs6 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2017–2019
| clubs7 = [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| years8 = 2019–2020
| clubs8 = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| years9 = 2021–2022
| clubs9 = [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill B]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
}}

'''Saran Singh Thangjam''' ({{langx|mni|Thangjam Saran Singh}}, born 1 March 1987) is an Indian [[association football|football]] [[coach (sport)|coach]] and former professional player who played as a [[midfielder]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thangjam Saran Singh|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/21144/thangjam-saran-singh|work=Goal.com}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2007, Singh signed for [[Churchill Brothers]]. In 2009, he suffered a major [[knee injury]] and had to undergo a surgery.<ref name="Thangjam soldier"/> In [[2009-10 I-League]] season he had donned the colours of [[JCT FC]].<ref name="Thangjam soldier">{{cite web|first=Saurabh|last=Chamling|title=Thangjam Saran Singh: A Soldier On The Field|url=http://www.feverpitch.in/editorial.php?tpid=51&topic=Thangjam-Saran-Singh:--A-Soldier-On-The-Field|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322103925/http://www.feverpitch.in/editorial.php?tpid=51&topic=Thangjam-Saran-Singh:--A-Soldier-On-The-Field|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 March 2014|work=Feverpitch}}</ref> On 30 July 2014, it was confirmed that Thangjam has signed for [[Salgaocar F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar FC Sign Saran Singh|url=http://i-league.org/?p=13708|accessdate=30 July 2014|work=I-League|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043254/http://i-league.org/?p=13708|archivedate=8 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He scored the winner for Salgaocar in [[2014 Durand Cup final]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/11/09/5966181/salgaocar-fc-down-pune-fc-to-lift-the-durand-cup|title=Salgaocar FC down Pune FC to lift the Durand Cup|date=9 November 2014}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Club===
*[[I-League]] (2): [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]], [[2012-13 I-League|2012-13]]
*[[Durand Cup]] (3): 2007, [[2009 Durand Cup|2009]], [[2011 Durand Cup|2011]], [[2014 Durand Cup|2014]]
*[[Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] (1): [[2014 Indian Federation Cup|2014]]
*[[IFA Shield]] (1): [[2011 IFA Shield]]
*[[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]] (1): 2008

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Thangjam}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:JCT FC players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Men's association football full-backs]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]

Anant Mahadevan

2026-02-06T05:29:27Z

Freaklabsindia: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian screenwriter, actor, and filmmaker (born 1950)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Anant|Mahadevan}}
{{for|the Indian-Canadian novelist|Anand Mahadevan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anant Mahadevan
| image = Anant Mahadevan (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Mahadevan in 2019
| birth_name = Ananth Narayan Mahadevan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|08|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Travancore–Cochin]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Filmmaker|actor}}
| yearsactive = 1984–present
}}

'''Ananth Narayan Mahadevan''' (born 28 August 1950) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and an actor.

==Career==
Anant along with Sanjay Pawar received the [[National Film Award]] (2010) for the Best [[Screenplay]] and Dialogues for the Marathi film ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]''. The film also fetched him the special jury award there.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mee Sindhutai Sapkal bags top National Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Mee-Sindhutai-Sapkal-bags-top-National-Awards/articleshow/9980710.cms|website=The Times of India|date=15 September 2011 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

Anant Mahadevan's film ''[[Gour Hari Dastaan]]'' was part of the Indian Panorama at the International Film Festival of India (2014) Goa, at the International Film Festival of Kerala IFFK (2014), the International Film Festival of Bangalore, and at the International Film Festival of Chennai (2014).

He plays the role of a strict patriarch who has his set opinions and wants other members in his family - his wife Vasudha ([[Mona Ambegaonkar]]), sister Sarita ([[Yamini Singh (Bollywood actress)|Yamini Singh]]) and son Kartik (Devansh Doshi) - to obey his commands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/B/8506/cbfc-clears-gay-film-lsquo-evening-shadows-rsquo-with-u-a-certificate.html |title=CBFC clears gay film 'Evening Shadows' with U/A certificate|website=India Blooms}}</ref> His next film is [[Mission Raniganj]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-10-06 |title=Mission Raniganj Cast List {{!}} Mission Raniganj Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mission-raniganj/cast/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Screenwriter !! Producer !! Editor !! Notes
|-

| 1999 || ''Ghoonghat Ke Pat Khol'' || {{yes}}|| {{yes}} || {{no}}|| {{no}} || Television film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ananth-mahadevan-claims-kiran-rao-laapataa-ladies-similar-to-his-film-ghoonghat-ke-pat-khol-9351151/|title=Ananth Mahadevan claims Kiran Rao's Laapataa Ladies is similar to his 1999 film Ghoonghat Ke Pat Khol: 'Many incidents are the same'|date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
|-

| 2002 || ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Dil Maange More]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Aksar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Aggar (film)|Aggar: Passion Betrayal Terror]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Victoria No. 203 (2007 film)|Victoria No. 203: Diamonds Are Forever]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Anamika (2008 film)|Anamika: The Untold Story]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Red Alert: The War Within]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Marathi film
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Staying Alive (2012 film)|Staying Alive]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Xposé]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Gour Hari Dastaan]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Rough Book]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Rakhmabai (film)|Doctor Rakhmabai]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||{{yes}} || Marathi film
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aksar 2]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2020
| ''[[Bittersweet (2020 film)|Bittersweet]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Marathi film
|-
| ''The Knocker''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| short film; {{no wrap|also cinematographer}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
| ''[[Life's Good (film)|Life's Good]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || Filmed in 2011
|-
| ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
| {{no}}
| {{partial|Additional}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|-
|''[[The Storyteller (2025 film)|The Storyteller]]''|| {{yes}} || {{partial|Additional}}|| {{no}} || {{no}}
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Aata Vel Zaali]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}

|Marathi film; co-edited with Kush Tripathy; also casting director
|-
|2025
|''[[Phule (2025 film)|Phule]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|
|}

====Acting credits====
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Films !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Khandaan (TV series)|Khandaan]]'' || Subbu ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Mazhe Ghar Mazha Sansar'' || Chintamani || Marathi Film
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Isabella (1988 film)|Isabella]]'' || Ananthu ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' || Chandni's friend's husband ||
|-
|1991|| ''[[Vishkanya (1991 film)|Vishkanya]]''|| Bajrang ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Nagin Aur Lootere]]''|| Nagraj ||
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''|| Neelam's Uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1993 || ''[[Professor Ki Padosan]]''|| Vaidyaji ||
|-
| ''[[Gardish]]''|| Havaldar Sawant ||
|-
| ''[[Baazigar]]''|| Vishwanath Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Bedardi]]''|| Professor Harish Thakkar ||
|-
| ''[[Bhookamp]]''|| Akhtar ||
|-
| ''[[Kanoon (1993 TV series)|Kanoon]]''|| Pasha Polyster ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Gangster (1994 film)|Gangster]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Yog]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1995 || ''[[God and Gun]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Janam Kundli]]''|| Pandit Dindayal Shastri ||
|-
| ''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]''|| Mr. Saxena ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''|| ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Vijeta (1996 film)|Vijeta]]''|| Inquiry Officer ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997|| ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ishq]]''|| Brijesh Lal Saxena ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998||''[[Miss 420]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Kudrat (1998)|Kudrat]]''|| Police Inspector ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999|| ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''|| DCP Krishan Kumar ||
|-
|''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]''|| Creditor ||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''|| Mahender Seth ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]''|| Temple Priest || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Shikaar (2004 film)|Shikaar]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Chhupa Rustam: A Musical Thriller|Chhupa Rustam]]''|| Mr. Chinoy ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]''|| Anand Mhatre ||
|-
| 2002 ||''[[Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai]]''|| Sunil Madhavan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Satta (2003 film)|Satta]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Joggers' Park (film)|Joggers' Park]]''|| ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sandwich (2006 film)|Sandwich]]''|| Mr. Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007||''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (film)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]''|| News Reporter ||
|-
| ''Victoria No. 203: Diamonds Are Forever''|| Film Director ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''Rafoo Chakkar: Fun on the Run''|| Harbans Singh ||
|-
| ''[[EMI (film)|EMI]]''|| Babu ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]'' || Sundar Puri ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Na Ghar Ke Na Ghaat Ke'' || V.G Chunawala ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Staying Alive (2012 film)|Staying Alive]]'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[The Xposé]]'' || Subba Prasad || Also director
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' || Prabhakar || Tamil film
|-
| 2017 || ''Kaccha Limbu'' || Venkatesh ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Vishwaroopam 2]]'' || Eshwar Iyer || Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Evening Shadows]]'' || Damodar ||
|-
| ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' || Scientist || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Scam 1992]]'' || [[S. Venkitaramanan]], [[RBI Governor]]||
|-
| ''[[Durgamati]]'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kaadan]]'' || Kurunjinathan/ Kanakamedala Raja Gopalam/ Jagannath Sevak|| Trilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]'' || Dr. Rajeev Gupta ||
|-
| ''[[Salaam Venky]]'' || Guruji ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Mission Raniganj]]'' || PM Natarajan ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Ameena (film)|Ameena]]'' || Aftab Hasnain ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2025 || ''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
|''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]'' || Adaa's Father
|-
|TBA
| ''[[3 Monkeys (upcoming film)|3 Monkeys]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[The Sword of Tipu Sultan]]'' || [[Pandit]] [[Purnaiah]] ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]'' || Advocate Vrinal Modi ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]'' || {{n/a}} || Director and writer only
|-
| 1997–1998 || ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998
| ''Jaal''
| {{n/a}}
|rowspan=3| Director only
|-

| 2000
| ''Alvida Darling''
| {{n/a}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 2001
| ''[[Dial 100 (TV series)|Dial 100]]''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| ''[[Kabhi To Milenge]]''
| Dr. Praful
| Also director
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' || {{n/a}}
|rowspan=4|Director only
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ghar Ki Baat Hai]]''
| {{n/a}}

|-
| 2010
| ''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]''
| {{n/a}}

|-
| 2012
| ''Lakhon Mein EK''
| {{n/a}}

|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Aadat Se Majboor (TV series)|Aadat Se Majboor]]'' || Roshan Lal Tootejaa ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Ananth Mahadevan says, there's no reason to look down upon television|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ananth-mahadevan-says-theres-no-reason-to-look-down-upon-television/1149302|accessdate=6 October 2017|publisher=Free Press Journal}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Mere Sai]]'' || [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] ||
|-
| 2020–2022 || ''[[Avrodh: The Siege Within]]'' || Satish Mahadevan ||
|-
|2026 || ''[[Daldal (2026 TV series)|Daldal]]'' || Manohar Swamy ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0536705}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevan, Anant}}
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Best Adapted Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar

2026-02-04T21:29:59Z

Freaklabsindia: refine formatting based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Indian politician and Maharaja of Mysore (1953–2013)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar
| image = Srikanta Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg
| alt = Wadiyar sitting on the Mysore throne during a private [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] ceremony.
| succession = 26th Head of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
| reign = 10 September 1974 – 10 December 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|2|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Mysore State]], India (present-day Mysuru, [[Karnataka]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|10|1953|2|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| reign-type = Tenure
| predecessor = [[Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]]
| successor = [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]
| spouse = Pramoda Devi
| issue = Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar (adopted after his death by his widow)
| dynasty = [[Wadiyar]]
| father = Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar
| mother = Tripura Sundari Ammani
| signature = Srikanta Dutta Wodeyar.svg
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 6 October 1999 – 22 May 2004
| predecessor = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
| successor = C. H. Vijayashankar
| constituency = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore, Karnataka]]
| term1 = 15 May 1996 – 10 March 1998
| predecessor1 = [[Chandraprabha Urs]]
| successor1 = C. H. Vijayashankar
| constituency1= [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore, Karnataka]]
| term2 = 31 December 1984 – 20 June 1991
| predecessor2 = [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
| successor2 = Chandraprabha Urs
| constituency2= [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore, Karnataka]]
| residence = {{ubl|[[Mysore Palace]]|[[New Delhi|2, South Avenue, New Delhi]]}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1984–1991; 1996–2013)
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1991–1996)
| occupation = {{hlist|Fashion designer|politician}}
}}}}

'''Srikanthadattā Narasimharājā Wadiyar''' (20 February 1953 – 10 December 2013) was an Indian royal scion, politician, and fashion designer, who served as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]. He was the son of Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]], the last [[maharaja of Mysore|king of Mysore]].

As a fashion designer, Wadiyar promoted the sale of [[Mysore silk]] [[sari]]s under his brand Royal Silk of Mysore. In the second half of the 20th century, the [[South India|southern Indian]] [[silk]] industry was revived, and [[Mysore State]] became a top silk producer in [[India]] under his great-uncle Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]]'s reign. After his demise, he was succeeded by his grandnephew [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]] as the head of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar was born on 20 February 1953 as the only son of Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar and his second wife Maharani Tripura Sundari Devi. He had five sisters: Princesses Gayatri Devi, Meenakshi Devi, Kamakshi Devi, Indrakshi Devi, and, the youngest Vishalakshi Devi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Devi |first=Meenakshi |date=17 June 2007 |title=My daddy, His Highness, the Maharaja of Mysore |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=http://churumuri.wordpress.com/2007/06/17/my-daddy-his-highness-the-maharaja-of-mysore/ |url-status=live |accessdate=15 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210012946/http://churumuri.wordpress.com/2007/06/17/my-daddy-his-highness-the-maharaja-of-mysore/ |archivedate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

Wadiyar succeeded his father as the head of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] after his father's death on 9 September 1974 and continued the traditional customs of the royal family including [[Mysore Dasara]] from 1974 until his own demise on 10 December 2013. He was succeeded by Prince [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]].<ref name=":0">timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/I-am-eager-to-find-an-heir-at-the-earliest-Pramoda-Devi-Wadiyar/articleshow/42696509.cms</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:Srikanta Dutta Narasimharaja Wodeyar with Prof S. Naganath.jpg|thumb|Srikanta Dutta Narasimharaja Wodeyar at Manasa Gangotri studying for the Bachelor of Arts (1972) (also seen: teachers – Prof. S. Ananthanarayan, Dr. C. D. Govinda Rao, Prof Mylari Rao and Prof. Putmadappa)|260x260px]] Wadiyar studied at the private [[Mysore Palace|Palace]] Royal School and completed his secondary school education in 1967. He took horse-riding lessons from the Government Riding School, Mysore.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Wadiyar had a British and an [[Anglo-Indian]] nanny who groomed him. A Mr. Watsa was a mentor to him during his formative years.

He joined [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]], in 1968 to pursue his one-year [[Pre-university course|pre-university]] course and later earned a degree in Bachelor of Arts in 1972, pursuing it from 1969 to 1972, majoring in the English literature and political science.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Wadiyar's minor subject was sociology. His second language was [[Kannada]], tutored by Prof. K. Venkataramappa. He did his master's degree in political science at [[Manasagangotri|Manasa Gangotri]], [[University of Mysore]], from 1972 to 1974. He studied a course in law as an open-university student.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Wadiyar also studied [[Classical music|Western classical music]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical music]]. In his youth, he had studied the [[Vedas]] as well.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} He was awarded a gold medal for securing the first rank in Master of Arts in [[Political Science]].

Throughout his college career, Wadiyar was a cricketer, like many Indian kings and princes, and had a collection of cricket bats signed by international test cricket players.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Wadiyar's love of cricket led him to captain his university's team and later prompted his involvement in leading the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] as its president.<ref name="KSCA">{{cite web |last=Cricket Academy |first=Karnataka State |title=KSCA |url=http://ksca.co.in/ksca-profile |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213012301/http://www.ksca.co.in/ksca-profile |archivedate=13 December 2013 |accessdate=10 December 2013 |work=Profile |publisher=ksca.co.in}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Wadiyar was a longtime member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party. He participated six times in elections for Member of Parliament representing [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]. He won four time as a member of the INC, and lost twice; once as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate and once as an INC candidate.

In 1984, Wadiyar first stood for [[Lok Sabha]] elections on an [[Indian National Congress]] ticket and defeated the independent candidate K. P. Shantamurthy. He joined the BJP in 1991, but lost the elections badly to [[Chandraprabha Urs]] of the INC. He moved back to the INC, and won Lok Sabha elections in 1996 and 1999, but lost the 2004 elections.<ref name="Vikram-DH">{{cite news
| last1 = Sampath
| first1 = Vikram
| title = A people's prince
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374958/a-peoples-prince.html
| accessdate = 20 January 2015
| issue = Bangalore
| work = Deccan Herald
| date = 17 December 2013
| url-status = live
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150120094013/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374958/a-peoples-prince.html
| archivedate = 20 January 2015
}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Srikanta Dutta Wadiyar's Wedding.jpg|thumb|right|Srikanta Dutta Wadiyar's Wedding with Pramoda Devi ({{circa|1976}})|259x259px]]

Wadiyar was married to Pramoda Devi from the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Bettada Kote Urs branch]]. She is a post-graduate in [[Hindi language|Hindi]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The couple had no children.<ref>{{cite news |last=Aiyappa |first=Manu |date=14 December 2013 |title=Rs 40k cr at stake in legal battle for Palace Grounds |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-14/bangalore/45189269_1_scion-marriage-hall-legal-battle |url-status=dead |accessdate=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218220106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-14/bangalore/45189269_1_scion-marriage-hall-legal-battle |archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

He celebrated the royal tradition of [[Mysore Dasara]] by performing all the rituals which were conducted by his forefathers—the [[Maharaja of Mysore|rulers]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. He conducted a ''khasagi'' (special) durbar during the Dasara festivities, where he ascended the golden throne at the Amba Vilas Hall of the [[Mysore Palace]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Grand celebration of tradition |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Grand-celebration-of-tradition/article12560998.ece |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708182225/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Grand-celebration-of-tradition/article12560998.ece |archivedate=8 July 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Private Durbar held by Scion of Mysore royal family – enarada.com |url=http://enarada.com/?p=11050 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219024113/http://enarada.com/?p=11050 |archivedate=19 December 2014 |website=enarada.com}}</ref> Although he never had any legal or official title related to his role as head of the royal family, people referred to him with respect and endearment as 'Maharaja'.

=== Religious beliefs ===
Wadiyar said in an interview that he was an [[atheist]] for a brief period. He then resumed his Hindu [[Theism|theistic]] principles.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/srikantadatta-wadiyar-passes-away/article5444067.ece/amp/ Srikantadatta Wadiyar passes away] ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 30 August 2021</ref>

== Death ==
On 10 December 2013, Wadiyar died from [[cardiac arrest]] aged 60 at Vikram Hospital, [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Wadiyar no more
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373820/wadiyar-no-more.html
| accessdate = 15 January 2014
| newspaper = Deccan Herald
| date = 20 December 2013
| url-status = live
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120320/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/373820/wadiyar-no-more.html
| archivedate = 16 January 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Newly elected KSCA president Srikantadatta Wodeyar passes away
| url = http://news.oneindia.in/bangalore/newly-elected-ksca-president-srikantadatta-wodeyar-dies-1356534.html
| access-date = 10 December 2013
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214103918/http://news.oneindia.in/bangalore/newly-elected-ksca-president-srikantadatta-wodeyar-dies-1356534.html
| archive-date = 14 December 2013
}}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours at Madhu Vana, the burial ground of the royal family, at Mysore. On the day of his demise, the city of Mysore shut its business voluntarily in respect. The presiding [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|chief minister]] [[Siddaramaiah]] declared a two-day mourning ceremony and a state government holiday. In addition, lightings of [[Mysore Palace]] were suspended for thirteen days as a symbol of grief.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysores-last-royal-cremated-with-state-honours/article5448064.ece?homepage=true
| location = Chennai, India
| work = The Hindu
| title = Srikantadatta Wadiyar cremated
| date = 11 December 2013
}}</ref> He was survived and mourned by his wife Pramoda Devi.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2013 |title=ಮೈಸೂರು ಮಹಾರಾಜ ಶ್ರೀಕಂಠದತ್ತ ಒಡೆಯರ್ ವಿಧಿವಶ |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/mysuru/scion-royal-family-srikanta-datta-narasimharaja-wodeyar-no-more-080057.html}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |date=10 December 2013 |title=Srikantadatta Wadiyar dies of cardiac arrest |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/srikantadatta-wadiyar-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/article5444067.ece |url-status=live |accessdate=10 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211212734/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/srikantadatta-wadiyar-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/article5444067.ece |archivedate=11 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Wadiyar died without an heir; during the royal [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] celebrations of 2014, his nephew Chaduranga Kantharaj Urs performed the rituals<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web |date=26 September 2014 |title=Royal Sword takes king's place at Khas Durbar |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/432803/royal-sword-takes-kings-place.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011073607/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/432803/royal-sword-takes-kings-place.html |archivedate=11 October 2017 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> while the ''"khasagi"'' (private) durbar was conducted by placing the "''pattada katti''" (royal sword) on the throne.<ref name="deccanherald.com" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Durbar goes on without maharaja |url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Durbar-goes-on-without-maharaja/articleshow/43451031.cms |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222025911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Durbar-goes-on-without-maharaja/articleshow/43451031.cms |archivedate=22 December 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thebangaloretimes.com |url=http://www.thebangaloretimes.com/news/royal-durbar-and-its-dasara-celebrations |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529090041/http://www.thebangaloretimes.com/news/royal-durbar-and-its-dasara-celebrations |archivedate=29 May 2015 |website=thebangaloretimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mangalore |first=Mangalore Today |title=Royal Sword takes king's place at Khas Durbar |url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/headlines/Royal-Sword-takes-king-rsquo-s-place-at-Khas-Durbar.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927114023/http://mangaloretoday.com/headlines/Royal-Sword-takes-king-rsquo-s-place-at-Khas-Durbar.html |archivedate=27 September 2014 |website=mangaloretoday.com}}</ref>

On 23 February 2015, Pramoda Devi Wadiyar adopted [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar|Yaduveer Wadiyar]] as her son, making him the new head of the dynasty and posthumously Wadiyar's adoptive son.<ref name=":0" /> She conducted his anointment ceremony, thereby delegating him to conduct and continue the royal family customs and traditions.

== Legacy ==
The [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]], of which Wadiyar was elected president just a few days before his death,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/699023.html
| title = Newly-elected KSCA president Wadiyar dies
| url-status = live
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226014505/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/699023.html
| archivedate = 26 December 2014
}}</ref> named the Karnataka Premier League tournament after him.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/420481/kpl-set-take-off-again.html
| title = KPL set to take off again
| website = Deccan Herald
| date = 18 July 2014
| url-status = live
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011428/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/420481/kpl-set-take-off-again.html
| archivedate = 29 November 2014
}}</ref> The University of Mysore renamed the [[Gangotri Glades Cricket Ground]], earlier known as the University Platinum Jubilee Cricket Stadium, in Srikantadatta Wadiyar's memory.<ref name="highbeam.com">{{cite journal
| url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-379821431.html
| title = Gangotri Glades to Be Named after Srikanta Datta Wadiyar: Sand Sculpture of Wadiyar to Be One of the Attractions during Kpl
| date = 25 August 2014
| url-status = live
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150329042525/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-379821431.html
| archivedate = 29 March 2015
}}</ref> A sand sculpture of Srikantadatta Wadiyar was etched.<ref name="highbeam.com" /> A wax sculpture of his like was also created by wax-sculptor Shreeji Bhaskaran.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140915/nation-current-affairs/article/srikantadatta-narasimharaja-wadiyar-wax-pramoda-devi-unveil
| title = Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar in wax: Pramoda Devi to unveil statue
| date = 15 September 2014
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140915211203/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140915/nation-current-affairs/article/srikantadatta-narasimharaja-wadiyar-wax-pramoda-devi-unveil
| archive-date = 15 September 2014
}}</ref>

In 2014, [[India Posts]] issued a special cover depicting the private durbar of Srikantadatta Wadiyar.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/special-cover-on-royal-durbar/article6444027.ece
| title = Special cover on royal durbar
| first1 = Laiqh a
| last1 = Khan| date = 25 September 2014
| work = The Hindu
| url-status = live
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180708182226/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/special-cover-on-royal-durbar/article6444027.ece
| archivedate = 8 July 2018
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indianstampghar.com/2014/10/special-cover-royal-darbar-of-srikanatadatta-narasimharaja-wadiyar-at-amba-vilas-mysore-palace-1953-2013-by-india-post/
| title = Special Cover – Royal Darbar of Srikanatadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar at Amba Vilas (Mysore Palace) 1953-2013 – by India Post {{pipe}} Covers {{pipe}} Indian Stamp Ghar
| accessdate = 15 November 2014
| url-status = usurped
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023207/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2014/10/special-cover-royal-darbar-of-srikanatadatta-narasimharaja-wadiyar-at-amba-vilas-mysore-palace-1953-2013-by-india-post/
| archivedate = 4 March 2016
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
* [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
* [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
* [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]
* [[Mysore silk]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Srikanta Wadiyar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141220002243/http://www.mysorepalace.gov.in/mysore_palace_history.htm History of Mysore Palace]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar]] || 20 February 1953|}}
{{S-pre}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]}}
{{S-tul|title=Custodian of Royal House of Mysore| years=1974–2013|reason=Kingdom abolished in 1950}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mysore topics|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadiyar, Srikantha Datta Narasimharaja}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty|Srikantha]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]

Organiser (magazine)

2026-02-03T02:44:16Z

Freaklabsindia: improved article

{{Short description|Hindutva Magazine}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Organiser
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = Organiser magazine cover.jpg
| image_size = Magazine cover from a 2016 issue.
| image_caption =
| editor_title = Managing editor
| editor = Arun Kumar Goyal
| editor_title2 = Current editor
| editor2 = Prafulla Ketkar
| previous_editor = A. R. Nair [[K. R. Malkani]] [[L. K. Advani]] V. P. Bhatia [[Seshadri Chari]]
| staff_writer =
| frequency = Weekly
| circulation = 50,000
| category = News, Politics, Science, Sport, History
| company =
| publisher = Bharat Prakashan Delhi Limited
| firstdate = {{start date and age|1947}}
| country = [[India]]
| based = 2322, Sanskriti Bhavan, Laxmi Narain Street, Paharganj, New Delhi
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://organiser.org}}
| issn =
}}

'''''Organiser''''' is a mouthpiece of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Modi's charisma, Hindutva not enough to win polls: RSS mouthpiece Organiser | website=Deccan Herald | date=2023-06-05 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/modis-charisma-hindutva-not-enough-to-win-polls-rss-mouthpiece-organiser-1225107.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=RSS Primer: Based on Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Documents|page=23|author=Shamshul Islam|date=2010 |publisher=Pharos Media & |isbn=978-81-7221-039-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx5R9D_JpQEC&pg=PA23}}</ref> It was launched as a newspaper in 1947 in the weeks before the [[Partition of India]].{{sfn|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|pp=114-115}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=32}} The newspaper has been edited by A. R. Nair, [[K. R. Malkani]], [[L. K. Advani]], V. P. Bhatia, Seshadri Chari, among others.<ref name="Organiser - ABOUT US">{{cite news | url=http://organiser.org/static/about.aspx?NB=&lang=4&m1=&m2=&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4= | title=Organiser - ABOUT US | work=Organiser | access-date=March 11, 2012}}</ref> It has promoted disinformation on many occasions.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/news/the-many-lies-about-kerala-by-the-rss-organiser-news-columns-plslpvhadcbff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118202647/http://www.sify.com/news/the-many-lies-about-kerala-by-the-rss-organiser-news-columns-plslpvhadcbff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 18, 2015|title=The many lies about Kerala by the RSS' Organiser|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

== History ==
After the [[Second World War]], the leadership of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) contemplated how to communicate its views quickly to the growing membership of the organisation. Its theoretical underpinnings established by the founder [[K. B. Hedgewar]] discouraged publicity and mass communication. He preferred informal communication of verbal messages carried by [[RSS pracharak]]s (full-time workers). However, in the run-up to Indian independence, the "activist pracharaks"–those that favoured more wide-ranging activities for the RSS than societal organisation—argued that the RSS needed to publicise its position on the [[partition of India|Partition]], on the goals of [[Indian independence movement|independent India]] and on how Hindus should respond to [[communalism (South Asia)|communal tension]]. After discussion, the RSS leaders consented to the establishment of trusts that could publish newspapers and journals sympathetic to the RSS. Consequently, in late 1946, the [[swayamsevak]]s (volunteer members) in the [[Punjab]] and [[Delhi]] region sold shares for the Bharat Prakashan Trust and raised Rs. 400,000.{{sfn|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|pp=114-115}}

The Bharat Prakashan Trust started publishing the ''Organiser'' as a weekly starting on 3 July 1947, roughly a month after the British announcement to grant independence and partition the country. The initial issues of Organiser focused on the impending partition of India and called for resistance to such proposals.{{sfn|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|p=115}}

The 1948 ban of the RSS following the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] and the press attacks on the RSS strengthened the `activist' members calling for a network of newspapers. In subsequent years, further newspapers were started in vernacular languages, including [[Panchjanya (newspaper)|''Panchjanya'']] and ''Rashtra Shakti'', and a news wire service [[Hindusthan Samachar]].{{sfn|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|p=115-116}}

`Activist' members of the RSS worked for the ''Organiser'' and other newspapers of the RSS. They were also the most regular contributors to the ''Organiser'', writing on a wide range of social and policy issues where the RSS had a point of view.
* In 1949, it argued for [[Jana Sangh|political participation]] by the RSS.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=194}}: [[K. R. Malkani]] wrote: "Sangh must take part in politics not only to protect itself against the greedy designs of politicians but to stop the un-Bharatiya and anti-Bharatiya policies of the Government and to advance and expedite the cause of Bharatiya through state machinery side by side with official effort in the same direction." (''Organiser'', 1 December 1949:7-14</ref>
* In 1952, ''Organiser'' opposed [[Federalism in India|Federalism]] and separate provincial governments. It also opposed the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|linguistic reorganisation of the states]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=32}}: "In our ideal, we would wish to abolish the provinces and wish to establish a unique and a unified administration in our country." (Organiser, 29 December 1952: 3).</ref>
* It opposed the [[Hindu Code Bill]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=230}}
* It announced the formation of the [[Sangh Parivar]] organisations such as the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], and explained their rationale.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|pp=167, 193, 210, 229, 257}} It also printed regular news reports regarding their activities.
* In 1954, it supported the RSS faction in the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] and denounced the president [[Mauli Chandra Sharma]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|p=163}}: "''Organiser'' informed its readers that Sharma "suffered from a fatal flaw of an insufferable self-aggrandisment—even at the cost of the party. In this he had no scruples as to the means he employed. Soon it became clear that he was hardly the man to lead a great and growing organisation." (Organiser, 8 November 1954).</ref>
* In 1980, it denounced the [[Janata Party]] leadership over the dual membership issue and warned it that it would lose support both inside and outside the party.{{sfn|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|p=225}}
* In 1983, it took the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to task for its alleged failure to attract "mass support," while it was able to attract non-Hindus.{{sfn|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987|pp=232-233}}
* In 1990, it denounced the [[Mandal Commission]] recommendation of reservations.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=507}}: "The havoc the politics of reservation is playing with the social fabric is unimaginable. It proves a premium for mediocrity, encourages brain drain and sharpens caste-divide." (quoted from Organiser, 26 August 1990:15). "There is today an urgent need to build up moral and spiritual forces to counter any fall-out from an unexpected Shudra revolution." (quoted from Organiser, 1 May 1994:20).</ref>
* In 1998, it contemplated the form of the national government, whether it should be parliamentary, presidential, or some other form.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=218}}: [[L. K. Advani]], while acting as the home minister, wrote about the possibilities, "whether the politicalsystemneeded to be decentralized, whether to continue with the parliamentary system, and whether the electoral system needed to be reformed." (Organiser, 29 March 1998: 29).</ref>
* It denounced [[multinational corporation|multinationals]], the World Bank loans and the [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation]].{{sfn|Hansen, Saffron Wave|1999|p=171}}
* It campaigned against the [[NCERT textbook controversy|NCERT textbooks]] that went against Hindu nationalist views.
* In 1997, it covered the [[Ghar Wapsi|reconversion]] of tribal Christians.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=164}}
* It consistently paints the [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as a Hindu nationalist, an anti-Muslim and an opponent of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party.<ref>Maclean, Kama Kellie. "Embracing the untouchables: the BJP and scheduled caste votes." Asian Studies Review 23.4 (1999): 488-509.</ref>
* It expresses outrage about the perceived injustices to Hindus.<ref>{{harvtxt|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011|p=310}}: A rader writes: "Tolerance is a great quality but not at the cost of wiping out the great religion... there are several [...] cases where minority card is being played. But when it comes to a Hindu thought, psyche, religion or anything associated with Hindu, there is a lot of demeaning, defamation, hurting the religious sentiments, etc." (Organiser, 2007:80) Another reader: "The Hindu in India is faced with a unique situation. While he is theoreitcally part of a majority, he is so fractured into various ideological groups that he is virtually powerless to influence the politics of the country." (Organiser, 2007:80).</ref>

== Current status ==
In February 2013, media reports indicated that the RSS had dismissed the editors of the ''Organiser'' as well as ''Panchjanya'' for having taken a pro-Narendra Modi stand ahead of the RSS's endorsement of him as the Prime Ministerial candidate, and while they extended no support for the BJP President [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>
{{cite news |title=New editor for RSS Hindi weekly |newspaper=Indian Express |date=15 Feb 2013 |access-date=2014-09-12 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/new-editor-for-rss-hindi-weekly/1074463/}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Editors of two RSS weeklies lose jobs over pro-Modi stand |newspaper=Times of India |date=6 April 2013 |access-date=2014-09-12 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Editors-of-two-RSS-weeklies-lose-jobs-over-pro-Modi-stand/articleshow/19409786.cms}}
</ref>
Vijay Kumar, the Managing Director of Bharat Prakashan took temporary charge as the editor of ''Organiser''. In July, Prafull Ketkar, a political scientist from the BRD Arts and Commerce College for Women in [[Nashik]], was appointed as the editor.<ref>
[http://organiser.org/Encyc/2013/7/27/542953.aspx?fb_comment_id=211184652397785_508109#f21cc89f6 Prafulla Ketkar is new editor of Organiser], Organiser, 27 July 2013.
</ref>

Multiple controversial articles have since appeared in the magazine, most notorious of which being an article calling [[Kerala]] a "Godless country."<ref>
[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/row-after-rss-journal-calls-kerala-a-godless-country/99/print/ Row after article in RSS journal calls Kerala a ‘godless country’], Indian Express, 13 November 2015.
</ref><ref>
[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rss-mouthpiece-analyses-what-is-wrong-with-kerala-sets-off-social-media-storm/article7872893.ece?css=print RSS mouthpiece article on `live-in relationships' in Kerala sets off social media storm], The Hindu, 13 November 2015.
</ref>
The article invited widespread condemnation including a censure by the [[Press Council of India]].<ref>
[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/press-council-notice-to-organiser-for-mocking-kerala-on-beef-issue/article8018878.ece Press Council notice to Organiser for ‘mocking’ Kerala on beef issue], The Hindu, 23 December 2015.
</ref>
The publication of an interview of the RSS chief [[Mohan Bhagwat]] in the run-up to the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar polls]] is said to have embarrassed the BJP government and contributed to the defeat of the party in the polls.
In January 2016, the RSS has appointed Jagadish Upasane, a former journalist with ''[[India Today]]'' and a director in the Bharat Prakashan Trust, as a "group editor" with full control over the editorial content of both ''Organiser'' and ''Panchjanya''.<ref>
[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rss-appoints-senior-journalist-jagadish-upasane-as-group-editor/99/print/ RSS appoints senior journalist Jagadish Upasane as group editor], ''Indian Express'', 13 January 2016.
</ref>

==Disinformation==

The ''Organiser'' has promoted disinformation on many occasions. [[Sify]] found Organiser to have spread misleading information about [[Kerala]] state in 2015.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/news/the-many-lies-about-kerala-by-the-rss-organiser-news-columns-plslpvhadcbff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118202647/http://www.sify.com/news/the-many-lies-about-kerala-by-the-rss-organiser-news-columns-plslpvhadcbff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 18, 2015|title=The many lies about Kerala by the RSS' Organiser|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> In 2020, ''[[Janta Ka Reporter]]'' found ''Organiser'' to have spread [[Fake news in India|fake news]] with the claim that a hungry minor girl was lured and raped in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Janta Ka Reporter">{{cite web | title=Fact-Check: Was 'hungry minor girl lured with food and brutally raped' in Tamil Nadu? RSS mouthpiece Organiser spreads fake news | website=[[Janta Ka Reporter]]| date=2020-06-09 | url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/fact-check/fact-check-was-hungry-minor-girl-lured-with-food-and-brutally-raped-in-tamil-nadu-rss-mouthpiece-organiser-spreads-fake-news/293292/ | access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Panchjanya (magazine)|''Panchjanya'' (magazine)]]
* [[Fake news in India]]
* [[Hindutva]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |author-link=Walter K. Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodinsaf0000ande |url-access=registration |orig-year=Originally published by Westview Press |publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=Delhi |year=1987 |ref={{sfnref|Andersen & Damle, Brotherhood in Saffron|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Hansen |first1=Thomas Blom |author-link1=Thomas Blom Hansen |title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9781400823055 |ref={{sfnref|Hansen, Saffron Wave|1999}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|year=2011|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1849041386|ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics|2011}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.organiser.org/}}

[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2014]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Delhi]]
[[Category:News magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1947]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:World magazines]]

List of people from Kerala

2026-01-30T12:11:48Z

Freaklabsindia: slightly improved page and cleaned formatting

{{short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The following is a '''list of notable people from [[Kerala]], [[India]]'''. The names are classified according to the person's major area of work. For more details please see their respective articles.
{{Dynamic list}}


==Monarchs==

[[File:H H Raja of Cochin.jpg|130px|thumbnail|H H Rama Varma XV]]
[[File:Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|130px|thumbnail|Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]]

===Early Cheras===
The Cheras are referred to as Kedalaputo (Sanskrit: "Kerala Putra") in the Emperor [[Ashoka]]'s [[Pali]] edicts (3rd century BCE).<ref>Keay, John (2000) [2001]. India: A history. India: Grove Press. {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}</ref> The earliest [[Graeco-Roman]] accounts referring to the Cheras are by [[Pliny the Elder]] in the 1st century CE, in the [[Periplus]] of the 1st century CE, and by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE. [[Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] are called "[[Yavanas]]" in early Indian literature.
* [[Uthiyan Cheralathan]] – earliest known ruler of the [[Chera]] family who was also known as "Vanavaramban" Cheral Athan. He is sometimes identified with the Chera ruler who prepared food for the warring cousins at [[Kurukshetra War]] in the epic [[Mahabharata]] ([[Akananuru]]).
* [[Nedum Cheralathan]] – Imayavaramban Nedum Cheral Athan, son of Uthiyan Cheral Athan, is the hero of the second decade of [[Pathitrupathu]] which was composed by the poet [[Kaveri Poompattanatthu Kaari Kannanar]]. The greatest of his enemies were the [[Kadambas]] whom he defeated in battles. He also attacked [[Yavana]] ships and held [[Yavana]] traders ransom.
* Pallaana Chel Kelu Kuttuvan – son of Uthiyan Cheral Athan. Credited as the conqueror of [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]].<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C |title = A Survey of Kerala History|isbn = 9788126415786|last1 = Sreedhara Menon|first1 = A.|year = 2007| publisher=DC Books }}</ref>
* Kalankakkanni Narmudi Cheral – led an expedition against the Adigaiman Anji of Tagadur. Initially defeated by [[Nannan]] of [[Ezhimala]] in the battle of Pazhi, later defeated and killed [[Nannan]] in the battle of Vakai Perum Turai.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/>
* [[Chenguttuvan]] – identified with "Kadal Pirakottiya" Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan, son of Nedum Cheral Athan, celebrated by the poet Paranar in the 5th decade, ascended to the Chera throne after the death of his father. Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan is often identified with the legendary "Chenguttuvan Chera", the most illustrious ruler of the [[Early Cheras]]. Under his reign, the [[Chera]] territory extended from [[Kollimalai]] (near Karur Vanchi) in the east to Thondi and Mantai (Kerala) on the western coast.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/>
* Adu Kottu Cheral Athan – successor of Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan
* Chelva Kadumko Valia Athan – son of Anthuvan Cheral and the hero of the 7th set of poems composed by Kapilar. He defeated the combined armies of the [[Pandyas]] and the [[Cholas]]. He is sometimes identified as the Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai mentioned in the Aranattar-malai inscription of [[Pugalur]] (c. 2nd century CE).
* [[Perum Cheral Irumporai]] – "Tagadur Erinta" defeated the combined armies of the [[Pandyas]], [[Cholas]] and that of the chief of Tagadur. He captured Tagadur which was ruled by the powerful ruler Adigaman Ezhni. He is also called "the lord of Puzhinadu" and "the lord of Kollimalai" and "the lord of [Poom]Puhar". [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] was the Chola headquarters. Perum Cheral Irumporai also annexed the territories of a minor chief called Kaluval.
* Illam Cheral Irumporai – defeated the [[Pandyas]] and the [[Cholas]] and brought immense wealth to his base [[Vanchi Muthur|Vanchi]].
* [[Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai]] – ruled from [[Kollimalai]] (near Karur Vanchi) in the east to Thondi and Mantai on the western coast. He defeated his enemies in a battle at Vilamkil.
* Kanaikkal Irumporai – said to have defeated a chief called Muvan and imprisoned in him. The Chera then brutally pulled out the teeth of the prisoner and planted them on the gates of the city of [[Thondi]]. Upon capture by the [[Chola]] ruler Sengannan Kanaikkal committed suicide by starvation.

===Kodungallur Cheras / Kulasekharas (Medieval Cheras)===
* Kulashekhara Varma (c. 800–c.820 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124">Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy : Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 - AD 1124). {{ISBN|9788188765072}}.</ref>
* Rajashekhara (c. 820–844 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Sthanu Ravi Varma (844–c. 885 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Rama Varma (c. 885–917 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Kota Ravi Varma (917–947 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Indu Kota Varma (944–962 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Bhaskara Ravi Varma I (962–1019 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Bhaskara Ravi Varma II (979–1021 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Vira Kerala (1021–c. 1028 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Rajasimha (c. 1028–c.1043 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Bhaskara Ravi Varma III (c. 1043–c.1082 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>
* Ravi Rama Varma (c. 1082–1090 CE)<ref name="Kerala 1124"/>

===Venad Swaroopam (Later Cheras)===
Rulers of [[Venad]] trace their origin to the [[Vel]] family related to the Ay chiefs of the ancient southern India (c. 1st - 4th century AD). Venad - ruled by hereditary chiefs, acting with the help of a military entourage - emerged as a chiefdom in the state of the Cheras of [[Kodungallur]] in c. 8th century.
* [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara]] (1090–1102) – mentioned in Rameswarathukoil Inscription as the founder of [[Venad]] as an independent state
* Kotha Varma Marthandam, [[Keezhperoor]] (1102–1125) – conquered Kottar and Nanjanad from the [[Pandya]] Dynasty
* Vira Kerala Varma I, Keezhperoor (1125–1145) – great religious benefactor, responsible for the rebuilding of Padmanabhaswamy and the endowment of Suchindram Temples
* Kodai Kerala Varma, Keezhperoor (1145–1150)
* Vira Ravi Varma, Keezhperoor (1161–1164)
* Vira Kerala Varma II, Keezhperoor (1164–1167)
* Vira Aditya Varma, Keezhperoor (1167–1173)
* Vira Udaya Martanda Varma, Keezhperoor (1173–1192) – established his seat at Kulikkod and allied himself to the [[Pandya]] kings
* Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III, Keezhperoor (1192–1195)
* Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1195– ?)
* Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1209–1214)
* Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1214–1240)
* Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1240–1252) – the [[Pandya]] kings asserted their dominance over [[Venad]] during his reign
* Jayasimha Deva, Keezhperoor (1266–1267) – succeeded in bringing the whole of present-day [[Kerala]] under his control. He established his seat at [[Kollam]], the surrounding areas becoming known as Jayasimhanad (Desinganad). His wife Rani Umma Devi was probably a joint ruler with her husband. He died leaving several sons who quarrelled with his nephews over the succession, causing a long and disruptive civil war.
* Ravi Varma, Keezhperoor (1299–1313)
* Vira Udaya Martanda Varma, Keezhperoor (1313–1333)
* Aditya Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1333–1335)
* Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1335–1342)
* Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi, Keezhperoor (1342–1363)
* Vira Martanda Varma III, Keezhperoor (1363–1366)
* Vira Rama Martanda Varma, Keezhperoor (1366–1382)
* Vira Ravi Varma, Keezhperoor (1383–1416)
* Vira Ravi Ravi Varma, Keezhperoor (1416–1417)
* Vira Kerala Martanda Varma, Keezhperoor (1383)
* Chera Udaya Martanda Varma, Keezhperoor (1383–1444)
* Vira Ravi Varma, Keezhperoor (1444–1458)
* Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
* Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484) – established his capital at [[Kallidaikurichi]]
* [[Vira Ravi Ravi Varma]] (1484–1503) – established his capital at [[Padmanabhapuram]]
* Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
* Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1528) – succeeded as Trippappur Mutta Tiruvadi

===Mushika Kingdom (Ezhimalai)===
The [[Mushika kingdom]] was a kingdom in the early historic [[south India]] in present-day [[Kerala]], [[India]], ruled by a royal dynasty of the same name. Its dominions, for most of its recorded history, covered the present-day regions of northern [[Kerala]], [[Tulunadu]] and [[Coorg]] (southern Karnataka), between the western slopes of the [[Western Ghats]] in the east and the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west.
* Nannan I - married the daughter of the [[Chera]] King Perunchorruthiyan sometime around the 3rd Century BCE. [[Sangam literature|Sangam texts]] as well as several versions of the [[Mahabharata]] cite a Chera king by the same name to have fed the rival armies in the Great War. Under Nannan, an able military commander also, Mushika kingdom transformed into a force in South India, and stretched into Wynad and Gudalur Districts in the foothills of the Western Ghats, and the northern parts of present-day [[Coimbatore]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]]. Eager to expand his kingdom, Nannan waged war against the Cheras, and successfully defeated the [[Chera]] commanders at the Battle of Pazhi.
* Isanavarman – married a [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] princess Nandini. He also married the daughter of the then [[Chola]] King. Their son Nrpurama was the next king.
* Virochana – defeated the [[Pallavas]], and married Harini, the daughter of the [[Pallava]] King.
* Kandan Kari Varman – (The [[Mushika]] king who lived in the Eleventh Century CE) is referred to as a close relative of the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]]-[[Chera]] King Vira Kerala. Several inscriptions exist in both the [[Kasargod]]-[[Kannur]] area (in Eramam) and in the [[Thiruvananthapuram]]-[[Kanyakumari]] area, throwing light on the synchronism between [[Rajendra Chola]], Chera Vira Kerala and Kandan Kari Varman and that the latter Mushika King belonged to the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJVuAAAAMAAJ |title = History of medieval Kerala|isbn = 9788173070914|last1 = Menon|first1 = V. K. R.|last2 = Ramachandran|first2 = Rathi|last3 = Narayanan|first3 = Girija|last4 = Ramachandran|first4 = Ammini|year = 2006| publisher=Pragati Publications }}</ref>

===Kola Swarupam ===
Kolattunādu (Kola Swarupam, as Kingdom of [[Cannanore]] in foreign accounts, Chirakkal (Chericul) in later times) was one of the three most powerful feudal kingdoms on the Malabar Coast during the arrival of [[Portuguese India Armadas]], the others being Zamorin's [[Calicut]] and [[Quilon]]. The Kolathiris are praised as Vadakkan Perumals ("Kings of the North") by the noted "Keralolpathi".
* Rama Ghata Mushaka – established the lineage of Kola Swarupam;
* Vikrama Rama<ref>Kerala Charithrathinte Adisthana Silakal (Malayalam) by M. G. S. Narayanan, (Kozhikode: Lipi Publications, 2000), 85-99</ref> an inscription dating to 929 AD mentions about one Vikrama Rama identifiable with the ruler Vikrama Rama who appears in the Mushika Vamsa
* Udaya Varma, also known as "Rama Ghata Muvar" – mentioned on the inscription from 10th century AD
* Eraman Chemani (Rama Jayamani) – the inscription from the Tiruvattur temple mentions him to be identifiable as the king who appears as the 109th ruler in the Mushika Vamsa

===Arrakal Kingdom===
Arakkal kingdom (Kingdom of Cannanore, Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore) was a former city-state on the Malabar Coast, ruled by a dynasty of the same name. The ruling King was called [[Ali Raja]] ("the Sea Ruler") and the ruling queen was called [[Arakkal Beevi]]. The royal family is said to be originally a branch of the Kolattiri, descended from a princess of that family who converted to Islam. They owed allegiance to the Kolattiri rulers, whose ministers they had been at one time. The Arakkal family was the only Muslim royal family of Kerala to control parts of the coast and [[Lakshadweep]].
* Ali Raja Ali II – known to have deployed his naval Mappila forces on behalf of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb during the [[Child's War]]

===Samoothiri of Kozhikode===
[[Zamorin of Calicut]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1400_1499/vascodagama/zamorin/zamorin.html|title=zamorin|first=Frances|last=Pritchett|website=Columbia.edu}}</ref> (Saamoothiri, സാമൂതിരി) – rulers of [[Zamorin|Malabar]] from the 14th and 18th century AD. At the peak of their reign, the Samoothiris ruled over a region from [[Kollam]] (Quilon) to Panthalayini Kollam ([[Koyilandy]]).
* Mana Vikrama (Manikkan) – legendary founder of the ruling family
* Mana Vikrama the Great – the [[Russia]]n merchant of [[Tver]] [[Afanasy Nikitin]] (1468–1474) visited [[Kozhikode]] during his reign
* Mana Vikrama III – the expulsion of the Portuguese from Chaliyam (1571) by his forces
* Mana Vikrama (Saktan Tampuran) – uncle of the author of the Krishnanatakam
* Mana Veda – author of the Krishnanatakam
* Asvati Tirunal – his forces undertook the expulsion of [[Portugal|Portuguese]] from [[Kodungallur]] (1662)
* Puratam Tirunal – Portuguese were expelled from Kochi under his reign (1663)
* Uttrattati Tirunal – ceded Chetwai to the [[Netherlands|Dutch]]
* Bharani Tirunal Mana Vikram – the terror of the [[Netherlands|Dutch]]; two Mamankams (1694 and 1695)
* Nileswaram Tirunal – adoptions from Nileswaram (1706 and 1707)
* Samoothiri from Kilakke Kovilakam (1741–1746)
* Putiya Kovilakam (1746–1758) – the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War|Dutch War]] was fought during his term (1753–1758).
* Kilakke Kovilakam (1758–1766) – battles with [[Travancore]] and the invasion of [[Mysore]]; committed suicide; annexed by [[Mysore]]
* Putiya Kovilakam (1766–1788)
* Kerala Varma Vikrama<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |title = Indian Princely States K-Z}}</ref> (1788–1798) – Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
* Krishna Varma<ref>Ben Cahoon. "Indian Princely States K-Z"</ref> (1798–1806) – agreement of 1806 with [[East India Company|EIC]] (died in 1816)

===Purannatt Swarupam (Cotiote Rajah)===
* [[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malabardays.blogspot.ae/2006/12/brief-history-of-pyche-raja.html|title=A brief history of the Pazhassi Raja.|website=malabardays.blogspot.ae|date=2006-12-29}}</ref> – known as the Lion of Kerala; a prince from the royal dynasty of Pazhassi Kottayam. He was the only person to defeat [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] in a war.

===Kings of Travancore===
In the 18th century, [[Marthanda Varma]] (1706–1758), of the [[Trippappoor]], successfully developed the centralised state of [[Travancore]]. Varma routed all of major [[Nair]] nobles in Travancore, organised a standing army, defeated most of the chiefdoms in central Kerala, entered into strategic alliances with [[Europeans]], supported Kerala merchants ([[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]]) in the place of the Europeans, and eventually formed one of the first modern states of southern India.
* [[Marthanda Varma]] Kulasekhara Perumal (1729–1758)
* Balarama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal – [[Dharma Raja]] Karthika Thirunal (1758–1798)
* Balarama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal (1798–1810)
* Gouri Laksmibhai Ranee (1810–1815)
* Gouri Parvathibhai Ranee (1815–1829)
* [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] Kulasekhara Perumal (1829–1847)
* Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma Maharaja (1847–1860)
* [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] Rama Varma Maharaja (1860–1880)
* Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma Maharaja (1880–1885)
* Shri [[Moolam Thirunal]] Maharajah (1885–1924)
* Sethu Laksmibhai Ranee (1924–1933)
* Shri [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] Maharajah (1933–1949) – last King of [[Travancore]]; [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Travancore-Cochin|Thiru-Kochi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pazhayathu.blogspot.ae/2009/02/kings-of-travancore-1663-to-1949.html|title=kings of Travancore 1663 TO 1949|website=pazhayathu.blogspot.ae}}</ref>

===Dewan of Travancore===
* [[Raja Kesavadas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/alappuzha/history/raja-kesava-das.html|title=Raja Kesava Das|website=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref> – [[Dewan]] of Travancore during the reign of [[Dharma Raja]]

===Dewan of Malabar===
* [[E.K Krishnan]] – [[Dewan]] of Malabar district, and Deputy Collector of state and district.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGNGAQAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Decisions (New Series): Being a Reprint of All the Decisions of the Privy Council on Appeals from India and of the Various High Courts and Other Superior Courts in India Reported Both in the Official and Non-official Reports from 1875|date=1913|publisher=T.A. Venkawawmy Row and T.S. Krishnasawmy Row|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJvx0KWpf-UC|title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-094-9|language=en}}</ref>

===Kings of Cochin===
* Unniraman Koikkal I (1500–1503)
* Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
* Kesava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
* Rama Varma (1701–1721)
* Rama Varma [[Sakthan Thampuran]] (1790–1805)
* [[Rama Varma XV]] (1895–1914)
* Kerala Varma (1946–1948)
* Rama Varma Pareekshithu Thampuran (1948–1964) – last king of [[Cochin]]<ref>{{cite web |last= |title=History |url=http://www.ekm.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731004141/http://www.ekm.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=18 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |website=ekm.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://connectingmalayali.com/articles/all-about-kerala/23-basic-information/238-kings-of-cochin|title=Kings of Cochin|last=gangaaravindan|website=connectingmalayali.com}}</ref>

===Villarvattom Dynasty (vassal principality of the Kingdom of Cochin)===
* King [[Thoma of Villarvattom]].<ref name="ns">{{cite web|url=http://nasrani.net/2007/04/15/raja-thoma-villarvattam-king-of-the-nasranis/|title=Raja Thoma Villarvattam – King of the Nasranis|date=15 April 2007|publisher=NSC Network|access-date=2009-07-03}}</ref>

==Heads of state==
[[File:Kocheril Raman Narayanan.jpg|thumb|right|K.R. Narayanan, President of India (1997–2002)]]

=== President of India ===
* [[K. R. Narayanan|K.R. Narayanan]] – 10th [[President of India]] (1997–2002), 9th [[Vice-President of India]] (1992–1997)

=== President of Singapore ===
* [[Devan Nair]] – 3rd [[President of Singapore]] (1981–1985)

=== Prime Minister of Malaysia===
* [[Mahathir Mohamad]] - 4th [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] (1981–2003), (2018–2020)

==Parliament of India==

===[[Rajya Sabha]]===
* [[P. J. Kurien]] – 18th [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha|deputy chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] (2012–2018)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-21/news/33303005_1_congress-leader-cag-report-pj-kurien | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062402/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-21/news/33303005_1_congress-leader-cag-report-pj-kurien | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 October 2013 | work=The Times Of India | title=Congress leader PJ Kurien elected as Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman | date=21 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3804659.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Gargi | last=Parsai | title=P.J. Kurien is Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman | date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nda-nominee-harivansh-elected-rajya-sabha-deputy-chairman/articleshow/65333598.cms?from=mdr|title=NDA candidate Harivansh elected Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=9 August 2018}}</ref>

===[[Lok Sabha]]===
* [[T. K. Viswanathan]] – Secretary General of the Lok Sabha (15th)

==Governors of states==
* [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]
** fourth [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|governor of Punjab]], 1962–1964
** fourth [[List of Governors of Andhra Pradesh|governor of Andhra Pradesh]], 1964–1968
* [[P.C. Alexander]]
** ninth [[List of Governors of Tamil Nadu|governor of Tamil Nadu]], 1988–1990
** seventeenth [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|governor of Maharashtra]], 1993–2002
** seventh [[List of Governors of Goa|governor of Goa]], 1996–1998
* [[P V Cherian]] – eighth [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|governor of Maharashtra]], 1964–1969
* [[M. M. Jacob]] – ninth [[List of Governors of Meghalaya|governor of Meghalaya]], 1995–2007
* [[A. J. John, Anaparambil]] – fourth [[List of Governors of Tamil Nadu|governor of Madras]], 1956–1957
* [[M K Narayanan]] – 24th [[List of Governors of West Bengal|governor of West Bengal]], 2010–2014
** [[Madathilparampil Mammen Thomas]] Governor of [[Nagaland]], 1990–1992
* [[Vakkom Purushothaman]] – eleventh [[List of Governors of Mizoram|governor of Mizoram]], 2011–2014
* [[Kateekal Sankaranarayanan|K. Sankaranarayanan]] – 21st [[List of Governors of Maharashtra|governor of Maharashtra]], 2010–2014
* [[Kambanthodath Kunhan Vishwanatham|K.K. Viswanathan]] – sixth [[List of Governors of Gujarat|governor of Gujarat]], 1973–1978
* [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]], [[BJP]] – 18th [[List of governors of Mizoram|governor of Mizoram]], 2018–2019
* [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]], [[BJP]] – 19th [[List of Governors of Mizoram|governor of Mizoram]], 2019–present

==Council of Ministers, India==
[[File:AK Antony at Ponnani.jpg|130px|thumbnail|A. K. Antony]]

===Union Cabinet ministers===
* [[John Mathai]] – [[Finance Minister of India|Minister for Finance]] (1948–1950)
* [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] – [[Defence Minister of India|Minister for Defence]] (1957–1962)
* [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]] – Minister for Law and Railways (1969–1970)
* [[Ravindra Varma]] – Minister for Labour (1977–79)
* [[K. P. Unnikrishnan]] – Minister for Telecommunications in the V P Singh Cabinet (1989–90)
* [[K. Karunakaran]] – Minister for Industries (1995)
*[[A.K. Antony]] – [[Defence Minister of India|Minister of Defence]] (2006–2014) – [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] (1993–1995)
* [[Vayalar Ravi]] – [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Minister for Overseas Indian Affairs]] (2006–2014) – [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister for Civil Aviation]] (2011)

===Minister of State (Independent Charges)===
* [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]] – Ministry of Labour with additional charge of Urban Affairs (1997–1998)
* [[K. V. Thomas]] – [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] (2009–2014)
* [[Alphons Kannanthanam]], [[BJP]] - Union Minister of State for Electronics and Information Technology, Culture, and Tourism (2016–2019)

===Minister of State (MoS)===
* [[Lakshmi N. Menon]] – Ministry of External Affairs of India (1957–1966)
* [[Mullappally Ramachandran]] – [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (2009–2014) – Agriculture and Cooperation (1991–1996)
* [[M. M. Jacob]] – Ministries of Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources and Home Affairs at different periods (1987–93)
* [[O. Rajagopal]], [[BJP]] – Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Railways, Urban Development, Defence (1999–2004)
* [[Shashi Tharoor]] – Ministry of External Affairs of India (2009–2010), Minister of State for Human Resource Development (2012–2014)
* [[E. Ahamed]] – Ministry of External Affairs (2011– ); Minister of State for Human Resource Development; Minister of State for Railways (2004–2014)
* [[K. C. Venugopal]] – Ministry of Power (2011–2014)
* [[Kodikkunnil Suresh]] – Ministry of Labour and Employment (2012–2014)
* [[V Muraleedharan]], [[BJP]] – Minister of state for External Affairs and Parliamentary Affairs

==Chief Ministers==

===From Kerala===
{{Main|List of Chief Ministers of Kerala|Kerala Council of Ministers}}

===From Tamil Nadu===

1. [[M. G. Ramachandran]], 3rd CM of Tamil Nadu
2. V N Janaki Ramachandran, 4th CM of Tamil Nadu

==Ministers ==

===Other states===
* [[K. J. George]] – Minister of Home, Karnataka (2013–2016)

==Political leaders==
* [[A. P. Udhayabhanu]] – Member Travancore State Assembly (1944–1952)
* [[Chalakuzhy Paulose Mathen|C.P.Mathen]] – Member of Parliament (1952); Indian Ambassador to Sudan (1957–1960)
* [[A.K. Gopalan]], Lok Sabha (1952–1977); [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* [[Mathai Manjooran]] – member of Rajya Sabha (1952–1954)<ref name="rajyasabha.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/g.pdf|title=List of names|website=Rajyasabha.nic.in|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>
* [[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]] – member, Kerala Legislative Assembly (1960–1964)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_2.htm|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|first=Kerala|last=Legislature|website=Niyamasabha.org|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref> founder [[Kerala Congress]] (1964)
* [[K.Damodaran]] (Damodaran Kizhedath) – Member Rajya Sabha (1964–1970);<ref name="rajyasabha.nic.in"/> the first 'Malayalee Communist' (1937)
* [[Thennala Balakrishna Pillai]] – Member Rajya Sabha, three terms (1991–1998; 2003–2009)<ref name="rajyasabha.nic.in"/>
* [[P. Krishna Pillai]] – founder of communist movement in Kerala (1937)
* [[Azhikodan Raghavan]] – Communist Party Leader in Kerala
* [[Pannyan Raveendran]] – Member Loka Sabha (2006–2012); Kerala State Secretary, Communist Party of India (2012–2015)
* [[Pinarai Vijayan]] – Chief Minister, Kerala; Kerala State Secretary, CPI(M) (1998–2015), and member of the CPI(M) Politburo (2002–incumbent)
* [[Prakash Karat]] – General Secretary, CPI(M) of India (2005–2015)
* [[Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal|Panakkad Shihab Thangal]] (Panakkad Sayeed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal) – President of the Kerala state committee of the IUML (1975–2009)
* [[Ramesh Chennithala]] – President, Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (2005-incumbent); four times Lok Sabha MP (1989–2004)
* [[Anathalavattom Anandan]] – President, CITU State Committee; Vice Chairman, Apex Body for Coir; State Secretariat Member, CPI(M); three times MLA from Attingal Constituency
* [[P. Chacko MLA]] – Member, Kerala Legislative Assembly (1960–1964)<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Dr. George Thomas]] – Kerala Legislative Assembly (1967–1970)<ref name="nso">{{cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/legislatorsupto2006.pdf|title=Who's Who of Members From Ist to 11th Kerala Legislative Assembly|access-date=2009-07-02}}</ref>
* [[M. T. Jacob]] – Mayor of [[Aluva]] (2010–incumbent)
* [[Vakkom Bharathan]] – CPI(M) leader, trade union leader
* [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]] – former Mizoram Governor; former BJP Kerala state president
* [[P.J. Kurien]] – Member and Deputy Speaker of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Kerala]] (2012–incumbent)
* [[V.S. Achuthanandan]] – former chief minister Kerala (2006–11)
* [[P. K. Jayalakshmi]] – youngest minister in the Oommen Chandy Government (elected to office at age 30); first Adivasi Minister of Kerala
* [[K.Karunakaran]] – former chief minister [[Kerala]] (3235 days)
* [[Oommen Chandy]] – former chief minister [[Kerala]] (2446 days)
* [[O. Rajagopal]] – former Central Minister, two times MP, first BJP MLA in Kerala
* [[Suresh Gopi]] – BJP Rajyasabha MP from Kerala; National Award-winning superstar actor
* [[Richard Hay (politician)|Richard Hay]] – BJP Loksabha MP from Kerala, second Malayalee nominated as Anglo Indian MP
* [[V Muraleedharan]] – Union Minister of State for External Affairs and Parliamentary Affairs, BJP Rajyasabha MP from Kerala
* [[Alphonse Kannanthanam]] – former Central Tourism, IT, Electronics Minister; BJP Rajyasabha MP from Kerala

==Award winners==
===Bharat Ratna===
The [[Bharat Ratna]] is the highest civilian award of the [[Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BHARAT RATNA |url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-BR.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002940/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-BR.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2018 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=mha.gov.in}}</ref>

===Padma Vibhushan===
[[File:Adoorgopalakrishnanpic.jpg|thumb|130px|Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
The [[Padma Vibhushan]] is India's second highest civilian honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Vibhushan Awardees|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php|access-date=2012-07-19}}</ref>
* [[V.K. Krishna Menon]] – Public Affairs (1954)
* [[John Matthai]] – Literature & Education (1959)
* Kalpathi Ramakrishna Ramanathan ([[K. R. Ramanathan]]) – Science & Engineering (1976)
* Mambillikalathil Kumar Menon ([[M. G. K. Menon]]) – Civil Service (1985)
* [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] – Public Affairs (1999)
* Kakkadan Nandanath Raj ([[K. N. Raj]]) – Literature & Education (2000)
* [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] – Arts (2006)
* [[George Sudarshan]] – Science & Engineering (2007)
* [[ONV Kurup]] – Literature & Education (2011)
* [[K. J. Yesudas]] – singing (2017)

===Padma Bhushan===
[[File:Dr.M.S.Valiathan.jpg|thumb|130px|M. S. Valiathan]]
The [[Padma Bhushan]] is India's third highest civilian honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Bhushan Awardees|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php|access-date=2012-07-20}}</ref> (This is not a complete list.)
* [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] – Literature & Education (1954); poet (Mahakavi)
* Lakshmi Nandan Menon ([[Lakshmi N. Menon]]) – Public Affairs (1957)
* Kumar Padma Siva Shankara Menon ([[K. P. S. Menon (senior)]]) – Civil Service (1958)
* Mannathu Padmanabhan, ([[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]]) – Social Work (1966)
* [[K.P. Kesava Menon]] – Public Affairs (1966)
* Govinda Shankara Kurup ([[G. Sankara Kurup]]) – Literature & Education (1968); poet
* Poyipilli Kunju Kurup, ([[Guru Kunchu Kurup]]) – Arts (1971)
* [[Kandathil Mammen Cherian]] – Literature & Education (1971)
* [[Pothan Joseph]] – Literature & Education (1973)
* [[George Sudarshan]] – Literature & Education (1976)
* [[Prem Nazir]] – Arts (1983); actor
* [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] – Literature & Education; (1985) novelist and short story writer
* Nalapat [[Balamani Amma]] – Literature & Education (1987); poet
* Marathanda Verma Sankaran Valiathan, ([[M. S. Valiathan]]) – Medicine (1990)
* [[Thomas Kailath]] – Science and Engineering (2009)
* Thayil Jacob Sony George ([[T. J. S. George]]) – Literature & Education (2011)
* [[K.J. Yesudas]] – Arts (2002); classical singer and musician
* [[Jacob Cherian]] – Social Work (1999)<ref name="Cherian dead">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Cherian-dead/article14851601.ece |title=Cherian dead |date=2007-10-06 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-06-06 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Mohanlal Viswanathan Nair|Mohanlal Viswanathan]] Arts (2019); Art, film Acting<ref name="2019 Awardees List">{{Cite news |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/SelectionGuidelines.aspx |title=2019 Awardees List }}</ref>
* S Nambi Narayan ([[Nambi Narayanan]]) – (2019); Science & Engineering-Space<ref name="2019 Awardees List" />
* [[K. S. Chithra]] – (2021); Arts

===Padma Shri===
[[File:Mani Madhava Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar (1899–1990)]]
[[File:Kj-yesudas-indian-playback-singer-2011.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Dr. K. J. Yesudas]]
[[File:Basheer.jpg|thumb|130px|Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]

The [[Padma Shri]] is India's fourth highest civilian honour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Vibhushan Awardees|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php|access-date=2012-07-19}}</ref> (This is not a complete list.)
* [[K. Shankar Pillai]] - Arts (1954)
*
*
* [[Perakath Verghese Benjamin]] – Medicine (1955)
* [[M. G. K. Menon]] - Science (1961)
* [[Guru Kunchu Kurup]] – Arts (1965)
* [[Kandathil Mammen Cherian]] – Literature & Education (1965)
* [[Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair|C.K. Nair Alias V. Kunchu Nair]] – Arts (1971)
*
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] – Arts, poet and actor (1973)
* [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]] – Arts, [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Chakyar Koothu]] (1974)
* [[K.J. Yesudas]] – Arts, classical singer and musician (1975)
* [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] – Literature & Education (1982)
* Manathoor Devasia Valsamma, [[M. D. Valsamma]] – Sports (1983)
* [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] – Arts (1984); director, screenwriter, producer
* [[P. T. Usha]] – Sports (1985)
* [[Bharath Gopi]] – Arts (1991); actor
* P. I. Mohammed Kutty ([[Mammootty]]) – Arts (1998); actor
* Viswanathan [[Mohanlal]] – Arts (2001); actor
* [[Rajagopalan Krishnan]] Vaidyan – Ayurveda (2003)
* [[Shobana]] Chandrakumar – Arts (2006); actress and [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer
* [[Sugathakumari]] – Literature & Education (2006)
* [[T. K. Alex]] – Science and Technology (2007)<ref>{{cite news|title=Padma awards for Nooyi, Sunil Mittal|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-05/news/28406850_1_padma-shri-awards-padma-bhushan-medicine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812142303/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-05/news/28406850_1_padma-shri-awards-padma-bhushan-medicine|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|access-date=14 December 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=5 April 2007}}</ref>
* [[Thilakan]] – Arts, actor (2009)
* [[Mitraniketan Viswanathan|K. Viswanathan]] – Social Service (2009)
* [[Palpu Pushpangadan]] – Science and Engineering (2010)
* [[Resul Pookutty|Resul Pokutty]] – Arts (2010); sound editor
* [[K. S. Chithra]] – Arts (2005); singer
* [[Balachandra Menon]] – Arts (2007); acting, direction, script writer
* [[Shaji N.Karun]] – Arts (2011); director/cinematographer
* [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]] – Medicine (2011); first heart transplant Kerala
* [[Gopalan Nair Shankar]] – Science and Engineering (2011); architecture
* [[Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri]] – Arts (2012); Indian classical dance – Kutiyattam
* [[Priyadarsan|Soman Nair Priyadarsan]] – Arts (2012); cinema direction
* [[J. Hareendran Nair]] – Medicine (2012); Ayurveda
* [[Pepita Seth]] – Literature and Education (2012)
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] – Arts (2013)
* [[Kalamandalam Kshemavathy|Padma Shri Kalamandalam Kshemavathy]] – Arts; dance
* [[K. P. Haridas]] – Medicine (2015); surgery
* [[Jayaram]] – Arts, cinema acting
* [[N. Balakrishnan Nair]] – Medicine (1984)
* [[R. K. Krishna Kumar|R.K. Krishna Kumar]] – contributions to Indian trade and industry (2009)
* [[K. K. Muhammed]] – Others – Archaeology (2019)<ref name="2019 Awardees List" />
* [[Thalappil Pradeep]] – Science and Technology (2020)
* [[O. M. Nambiar]] – Sports (2021)
* [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] (Kaithapram) – Arts (2021);

===National Medal of Science===
The [[National Medal of Science]] is an honor bestowed by the [[president of the United States]] to individuals in [[science]] and [[engineering]] who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of [[behavioral]] and [[social sciences]], [[biology]], [[chemistry]], [[engineering]], [[mathematics]] and [[physics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/jfkeo/eo/10961.htm |title=Executive Order 10961 |website=www.lib.umich.edu |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819012118/http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/jfkeo/eo/10961.htm |archive-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[Thomas Kailath]] (2012) – presented by President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014 for "transformative contributions to the fields of information and system science, for distinctive and sustained mentoring of young scholars, and for translation of scientific ideas into entrepreneurial ventures that have had a significant impact on industry"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/thomas-kailath |title = Thomas Kailath - National Science and Technology Medals Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indian-american-professor-wins-national-medal-of-science-674850 |title = Indian American Professor Wins National Medal of Science}}</ref>

===Academy Awards===
The [[Academy Awards]] also known as [[the Oscars]] are a set of 24 awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry, given annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS), to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the academy's voting membership.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/ampas-drops-85th-academy-awards-now-its-just-oscars-78211/ |title = AMPAS Drops '85th Academy Awards' - Now It's Just 'The Oscars'|date = 19 February 2013}}</ref>

* [[Resul Pookutty]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1017076/ |title = Resul Pookutty - IMDb|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref> – [[Best Sound Mixing]] (2009) along with Ian Tapp and Richard Pryke for his work in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/22three-oscar-noms-for-slumdog.htm |title = Slumdog gets 10 Oscar noms - Rediff.com}}</ref>

===Booker Prize===
The [[Booker Prize]] (formerly known as the Booker–McConnell Prize and the Booker Prize for Fiction) is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel written in the English language and published in the UK.

* [[Arundhati Roy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arundhati-Roy |title = Arundhati Roy {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts {{!}} Britannica| date=23 September 2023 }}</ref> – awarded the 1997 [[Booker Prize]] for her novel ''[[The God of Small Things]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php |title=Booker Prize 1997 :: About the prize |website=www.themanbookerprize.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127162449/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/about/previous/1997.php |archive-date=27 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sawnet.org/news/news220.html |title=Archived copy |website=sawnet.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227170112/http://sawnet.org/news/news220.html |archive-date=27 February 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Government and world organisations==
===Deputy Collector===
[[Choorayi Kanaran]]– (1812–1876)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=churyayi+kanaran&pg=PA479|title = A Social History of India|isbn = 9788176481700|last1 = Sadasivan|first1 = S. N.|year = 2000| publisher=APH }}</ref> was the first Deputy Collector of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YQ8EAAAQBAJ&dq=choorayi+kanaran&pg=PA33|title = Yojana August 2021 (English): A Development Monthly|last1 = Division|first1 = Publications}}</ref>

===[[Indian Administrative Service]]===
*[[Moorkoth Ramunni]] –(1915-2009 the first Indian Administrative officer (IAS) from dharmadam village.<ref name="Ratheesh Kumar 63">{{cite book|last=Ratheesh Kumar|title=Classrooms and Playgrounds: Mapping Educational Change, Kerala|date=11 August 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GakBgAAQBAJ&dq=moorkoth+ramunni&pg=PA63|page=63|publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=9781443824583}}</ref>

=== [[Indian Police Service]] ===

* K. Koshy - Director General Police (BPRD)

=== [[Imperial Civil Service|Members of the Imperial Civil Service]] ===
* [[K. P. S. Menon (senior)|K P S Menon Sr.]] – First [[Indian Foreign Secretary|Foreign Secretary of India]] and the 1st Ambassador of India to China
* [[V. P. Menon]] – Political Reforms Commissioner to the [[Viceroy of India]] Lord [[Louis Mountbatten]]<ref name="VP Menon">{{cite news |url=http://www.forgotten-raj.org/doc/vp6.pdf |title=V P Menon – The Forgotten Architect of Modern India |work=Forgotten Raj |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=13 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726061929/http://www.forgotten-raj.org/doc/vp6.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref>
* [[N. R. Pillai]] – First Cabinet Secretary (1950–1953)
* [[M. K. Vellodi]] – Third Cabinet Secretary (1957–1958)

===[[Civil Services of India]]===

==== [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretaries]] ====
* [[N R Pillai|Sir N R Pillai]] – first Cabinet Secretary of India
* [[T.N.Seshan]] – 18th Cabinet Secretary (1989–1989)
* [[K. M. Chandrasekhar]] – 29th Cabinet Secretary (2007–2011)

==== Members ====
[[File:Msc2011 SZ 004 Menon (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|130px|Shivshankar Menon]]
[[File:Gita Gopinath3.1.jpg|thumb|Gita Gopinath]]
* [[P. J. Thomas, Parakunnel|P.J Thomas Parakunnel]] – first Chief Economic Advisor of India
* [[T. K. A. Nair]] – former adviser and principal secretary to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]]<ref name="TKA Nair">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_tka-nair-appointed-adviser-to-pm_1570370 |title=TKA Nair appointed adviser to PM |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref>
* [[Anna Rajam Malhotra|Anna Malhotra]] – first female member of the [[Indian Administrative Service]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Grit meets grace|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/article2981603.ece|access-date=3 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* [[Shivshankar Menon]] – [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]]
* [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit|Jyotindra Dixit]] – former [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]]
* [[Nirupama Rao]] – [[Ambassador of India to United States of America]]
* [[Ranjan Mathai]] – 28th [[Indian Foreign Secretary|foreign secretary of India]]
* [[Gopal Krishna Pillai|Gopal Pillai]] – former [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)#Senior administrative officers|Home Secretary of India]]
* [[Kavalam Madhava Panikkar|Kavalam Panikkar]] – former [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)#Senior administrative officers|Home Secretary of India]]
* [[Hormis Tharakan]] – former Chief of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]]
* [[P. J. Thomas (Indian administrative officer)|P. J. Thomas]] – 14th [[Central Vigilance Commission]]er of India
* [[R.B. Sreekumar]] – former [[Director General of Police]] of [[Gujarat]]
* [[Abdul Rahman Infant|Abdul Rahman]] – former [[Director General of Police]] of [[Karnataka]]
* [[Letika Saran]] – former [[Director General of Police]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Moorkoth Ramunni]] – fourth [[Administrator of Lakshadweep]]

=== [[United Nations|Members of the United Nations]] ===
[[File:Tharoor at GQ Men of the Year 2012.jpg|thumb|130px|Shashi Tharoor]]
* [[Chandran Nair (poet)|Chandran Nair]] – Civil servant with [[UNESCO]] (1981–2004)
* [[Vijay K. Nambiar]] – [[Under-Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]] (2007–2012)
* [[Shashi Tharoor]] – Under-Secretary-General of the [[United Nations]] (2001–2007)
* [[Ajay Prabhakar]] – Country Programme Coordinator of the [[United Nations]] (2001–2014)

=== International Monetary Fund ===
* [[Gita Gopinath]] – First woman [[IMF Chief Economist|Chief Economist of the IMF]] (2019–)

==Military leaders==
===Early Modern Period===
* [[Edachena Kunkan]] – Chieftain of Nair clan and military commander of [[Pazhassi Raja]]
* [[Thalakkal Chanthu]] – Chieftain of Kurichya clan and military commander of Pazhassi Raja
* [[Iravikkutti Pillai]] – Commander-in-Chief of the Venad Kingdom of present-day Kerala, India

===Contemporary period===
=== Army ===
* [[Sushil Kumar Pillai]] - Indian Army General, Colonel of the [[Assam Regiment]] from 1987 to 1991 and was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 1989.
* [[Neelakantan Jayachandran Nair]] - most decorated officer of the Indian Army, as the only serviceman to have been awarded both the highest ([[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]) and second highest ([[Kirti Chakra]]) awards for gallantry.
*
* [[General]] [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]] – 22nd General of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]] (2000–2002)
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[Philip Campose]] – Vice Chief of the Army Staff of the [[Indian Army]]<ref name="Philip Campose">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/keralite-is-chief-of-western-army-command/article4870513.ece |title=Keralite is chief of Western Army Command|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=22 May 2014 |location=Chennai, India }}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[Satish Nambiar]] – Head of Mission of the [[United Nations Protection Force]] (1992–1993)
* [[Major General]] [[Jai Shanker Menon]] – Head of Mission and Force Commander of [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force]]
* [[Lieutenant General]] Bobby Cherian Mathews – [[General officer commanding]] of [[XII Corps (India)|Konark Corps]]<ref name="Bobby Matthews">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lt-gen-mathews-takes-over-as-goc-of-indias-only-desert-corps/ |title=Lt Gen Mathews takes over as GoC of India's only desert corps|work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 September 2014 |access-date=3 September 2014 |location=New Delhi, India }}</ref>
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[G.M. Nair]] – Military Secretary of India (2010-?)
* [[Lieutenant General]] [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth|K.P. Candeth]] – Deputy Chief of Army Staff (1965–1971?)
* [[Havildar]] [[Thomas Philipose]] – medal winner in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]

=== Air Force ===
* [[Moorkoth Ramunni]] (15 September 1915 – 9 July 2009) was the first [[Malayali]] pilot in the [[Indian Air Force|Royal Indian Air Force]].<ref name="Ratheesh Kumar 63"/>
:::''Param Vishist Seva Medal holders''
* [[Air Marshal]] [[Erasseri Pathayapurayil Radhakrishnan Nair|E.P.R. Nair]] – Commanding-in Chief of the [[Training Command, Indian Air Force]] (1981–1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/3837|title=Service Record for Air Marshal Erasseri Pathayapurayil Radhakrishnan Nair 3837 F(N) at Bharat Rakshak.com|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
* [[Air Marshal]] [[Krishnan Narayan Nair|K.N. Nair]] – Commanding-in Chief of the [[Eastern Air Command, Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/6346|title=Service Record for Air Marshal Krishnan Narayan Nair 6346 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
* [[Air Marshal]] [[Narayan Menon]] – Air Officer-in-Charge (Personnel), Air Headquarters (1999–2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/9005|title=Service Record for Air Marshal Narayan Menon 9005 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com|website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>

===Navy===
* [[R. Hari Kumar]] - 25th Chief of the [[Indian Navy|Naval]] Staff
* [[Admiral]] Ronald Lynsdale Pereira<ref>{{cite web |url=http://salute.co.in/remembering-ronnie/ |title = Remembering Ronnie {{!}} Salute| date=11 July 2014 }}</ref> – 9th [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of the [[Indian Navy]] (1979–1982), former Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Fleet (FOCEF), [[Eastern Naval Command]], former Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the [[Southern Naval Command]] and former Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the [[Western Naval Command]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/personnel/chiefs/138-rl-pereira.html |title = Admiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira - Bharat Rakshak :: Indian Navy}}</ref>
* [[Vice-Admiral]] K. N. Sushil – former Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the [[Southern Naval Command]]<ref name="KN Sushil">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3476107.ece |title=Vice-Admiral to retire today |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=26 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |first=S. |last=Anandan}}</ref>
* [[Radhika Menon (naval officer)|Radhika Menon]] – India's first female Merchant Navy captain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/women-should-raise-voice-when-faced-with-restrictions-nations-1st-female-merchant-navy-officer/articleshow/57471351.cms|title=Raise voice if faced with restrictions: Country's first woman merchant navy officer|date=5 March 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

== Jurists ==

===Chief Justice===
'''India'''
*[[K. G. Balakrishnan]] – 37th [[Chief Justice of India]] (2007–2010)
'''Singapore'''

[[Sundaresh Menon]] – 4th [[Chief Justice of Singapore]] (2012-present)

===Judges of the Supreme Court of India===
[[File:Justice Fathima Beevi.JPG|thumb|130px|Justice M. Fathima Beevi]]
*[[K. K. Mathew]] (1971–1976)
*[[V.R. Krishna Iyer]] (1973–1980)
* [[V. Balakrishna Eradi]] (1981–1987)
*[[M. Fathima Beevi]] (1989–1992) – first woman Judge of the Supreme Court of India<ref name="supremecourtofindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/71_mfbeevi.htm |title=Supreme Court of India - Former Judges |access-date=2015-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910061203/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/71_mfbeevi.htm |archive-date=2015-09-10 }}</ref>
*[[K. S. Paripoornan]] (1994–1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/86_ksparipoornan.htm |title=Supreme Court of India - Former Judges |access-date=2016-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205144429/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/86_ksparipoornan.htm |archive-date=2016-02-05 }}</ref>
* [[Kurian Joseph]] (2013–)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/chief-justice-judges|title=Chief Justice & Judges - Supreme Court of India|website=supremecourtofindia.nic.in}}</ref>

===Women Judges of the Supreme Court of India===
*[[M. Fathima Beevi]] (1989–1992) – First woman Judge of the Supreme Court of India

===Women Judges of the High Court===
* Smt. Justice [[Anna Chandy]] – Judge of the High Court of [[Kerala]] (1959–1967) and the first woman in India to be a judge of a High Court
* Kumari Justice P. [[Janaki Amma]] – second woman Judge of the High Court of [[Kerala]] (1974–1982)

==Academia==

===Ancient mathematicians===
* [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] (c.1350–c.1425) – [[astronomer]]-[[mathematician]]
*'''[[Parameshvara Nambudiri|Vatasseri Parameshvara Nambudiri]]''' (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1380–1460) – major [[India]]n [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
*[[Nilakantha Somayaji]] (14 June 1444 – 1544), major [[astronomer]]-[[mathematician]] of [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
* [[Jyeshtadeva]] (c. 1500–c. 1610) – astronomer-mathematician of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]; author of a treatise on [[calculus]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Sarma |first=K. V. |last2=Hariharan |first2=S. |date=1991 |title=A Book on Rationales in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005ac0_185.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075142/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005ac0_185.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2010-01-28 |website=new.dli.ernet.in}}</ref>
*[[Achyutha Pisharadi]] (c. 1550 at thrikkandiyur (aka Kundapura), Tirur, Kerala, India – 7 July 1621 in Kerala) Sanskrit [[Linguist|grammarian]], [[Astrology|astrologer]], [[astronomer]] and [[mathematician]]
*[[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] (1560–1646/1666) – member of [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] and a mathematical [[Linguistics|linguist]]

===Scientists===
* [[K. R. Ramanathan]] – physicist, meteorologist and first director of [[Physical Research Laboratory]], Ahmedabad; President of the [[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]] (1954–57)
* [[Priya Abraham]] – virologist, former director of [[National Institute of Virology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Priya Abraham, director of National Institute of Virology in Pune |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/women/2020/03/23/priya-abraham-national-institute-virology-pune.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
* [[V. R. Lalithambika]] (1962–) – Indian scientist working with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO); will lead the Gaganyaan mission as the director of the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme which is intended to send Indian astronauts in the space by 2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/scientist-vr-lalithambika-will-lead-isros-human-space-flight-programme/articleshow/65450174.cms|title = VR Lalithambika, the woman who will lead India's human space flight programme|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-the-woman-who-leads-indias-manned-mission-to-space-bengaluru-1902852|title=Meet The Woman Who Leads India's "Manned Mission" To Space|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/with-human-space-flight-india-to-push-frontiers/article24698496.ece| title = With human space flight, India to push frontiers - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 15 August 2018| last1 = d. s| first1 = Madhumathi}}</ref>
* [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]] – space scientist who headed the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) 1994–2003<ref name="Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1994-2003)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-krishnaswamy-kasturirangan-1994-2003 |title=Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1994-2003) |date=2016 |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925204231/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-krishnaswamy-kasturirangan-1994-2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is presently Chancellor of [[Central University of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.curaj.ac.in/Default.aspx?PageId=214| title=Chancellor| access-date=15 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101134826/http://curaj.ac.in/Default.aspx?PageId=214| archive-date=1 January 2019| url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the former chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=Chancellor |title=Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=2012-05-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507153954/http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=Chancellor |archive-date=7 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the chairman of Karnataka Knowledge Commission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/orgn.html |title=Planning Commission Organisation |work=Shivap |access-date=2009-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304030932/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/orgn.html |archive-date=4 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is a former member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (2003–09) and a former member of the now defunct [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]]. He was also the director of the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], Bangalore, from April 2004 to 2009.

===Faculty===
[[File:Thomas Kailath.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Thomas Kailath]]
* [[George Sudarsan]] – [[Padma Vibhushan]] Emeritus professor
* [[Thomas Kailath]] – [[Padma Bhushan]]; Professor of Engineering
* [[Faisal Kutty]] – Professor of Law
* [[George Varghese]] – Professor of Computer Science
* [[K. Mani Chandy]] – Professor of Computer Science
* [[Mathai Varghese]] – Professor of [[Mathematics]]
* [[Paul A. Kattuman]] – Professor of Economics
* [[Pulickel Ajayan]] – Professor of Engineering
* [[Kurien Kunnumpuram]] – Professor of Theology
* [[John Vattanky]] – Professor of Philosophy
* [[Thomas Zacharia]] – computer scientist
* [[T. Pradeep]] – Professor of [[Chemistry]]
*[[Shree K. Nayar]] – Professor of Computer Science
[[File:V C Samuel Yale PhD.jpg|thumb|right|150px|V.C. Samuel]]
* Rev. Fr. Dr. [[V.C. Samuel]] – Theologian, Historian, Author, Polyglot and Ecumenical Leader
* [[P. N. Vinayachandran]] – Associate Professor of Oceanography
* [[Thanu Padmanabhan]] – professor
* [[Kuruvilla Pandikattu]] – Professor of Philosophy
* [[G. Balakrish Nair]] – director
* [[Prahlad Vadakkepat]] – professor and robotics scientist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prahlad.in|title=Dr. Prahlad Vadakkepat's Homepage|website=Prahlad.in}}</ref>
* [[K. R. K. Easwaran]] – Astra Chair Professor of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]

===Heads of institutions===
* [[John Palocaren]] – founding principal of [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
* [[Mathai Varghese]] – director of the Institute for Geometry and its Applications (IGA), Adelaide
* [[Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis]] – director of [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[M. G. K. Menon]] – former president of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai]] – 6th vice chancellor of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]
* [[Salim Gangadharan]] – chairman, [[South Indian Bank]] and regional director, [[Kerala]] and [[Lakshadweep]]

===Medical sciences===
* Dr.[[Ayyathan Gopalan]] - First male doctor and Surgeon of Kerala, First Indian superintendent and Psychiatrist of Calicut mental Asylum (Kuthiravattom mental hospital), medical school professor and social reformer of Kerala.
* Dr.[[Ayyathan Janaki Ammal]] (1881–1945) was the first female [[Doctor (title)|doctor]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations, K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86.|publisher=K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86. mittal publications|year=1988|isbn=|location=|pages=K.K.N.Kurup. p. 86}}</ref>
* [[Abraham Verghese]] – Professor of [[Medicine]] and Senior Associate Chair of Department of Internal Medicine at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]
* [[Mani Menon]] – Director of the [[Vattikuti Urology Institute]] at the [[Henry Ford Hospital]]
* [[Thomas Thomas (surgeon)|Thomas Thomas]] – first Indian cardio-thoracic surgeon
* [[M. Krishnan Nair (doctor)|M. Krishnan Nair]] – leading oncologist
* [[M. S. Valiathan]] – cardiac surgeon; former vice chancellor, Manipal University
* [[R. Kesavan Nair]] – Kerala's first civil surgeon
* [[Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier]] – Ayurvedic physician and founder of the Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala
* [[Salim Yusuf]] – Director of Population Health Research Institute, Canada
* [[Rajagopalan Krishnan]] Vaidyan – Ayurvedic physician
* [[Mohan D. Nair]] – Indian pharmaceutical scientist and author

===Humanities and social sciences===
* [[Nivedita Menon]] – feminist writer; professor of political thought at Jawaharlal Nehru University

== Business and commerce ==

* [[Rajeev Madhavan]] – entrepreneur<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tech-a-tete/rajeev-madhavan-kochi-comics-to-california-chips/|title=Rajeev Madhavan: Kochi comics to California chips|work=Times of India Blog|access-date=2017-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Gopinathan]] – CEO of [[Tata Consultancy Services]]
* [[Thomas Kurian]] – Global President of Product Development at [[Oracle Corporation]]
* [[Reji Abraham]] – Managing Director of ABAN Group of Companies
* [[C J George]] – founder and CEO of [[Geojit Financial Services]]
* [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]] – Co-chairman and former CEO of [[Infosys Technologies]]
* [[S. D. Shibulal]] – CEO and managing director of Infosys Technologies
* [[R. K. Krishna Kumar|RK Krishna Kumar]] – trustee of [[Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]] and [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust]]
* [[R Gopalakrishnan]] – Executive Director of [[Tata Sons]]
* [[B. Ravi Pillai]] – Indian business magnate
* [[George Alexander Muthoot]] – Managing Director of Muthoot Finance & [[Muthoot Group]]
* [[Verghese Kurien]] – founder Chairman of [[Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.]]
* [[Thakiyudeen Wahid]] – owner of East West Airlines
* [[K.M. Mammen Mappilai]] – founder of [[Madras Rubber Factory|MRF Tyres]] and ''[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama]]'' publications
* [[C. P. Krishnan Nair]] – founder of the [[Leela Group of Hotels]]
* [[Rajmohan Pillai]] – Chairman of Beta Group
* [[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]] – Managing Director of V Guard Industries Ltd
* [[M. A. Yousuf Ali]] – founder of EMKE Group, Lulu Hypermarkets and Supermarkets in United Arab Emirates
* [[Beena Kannan]] – Managing Director and Lead Designer of Seematti
* [[Nadakkal Parameswaran Pillai]] or "Coffee House Pillai" – co-founder of [[Indian Coffee House]]s in [[Kerala]]
* [[Byju Raveendran]] – founder of Think and Learn Private Ltd, popularly known as [[BYJU'S]] - The Learning App, the first investment in [[Asia]] from the [[Chan Zuckerberg Initiative]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heath |first=Alex |date=September 8, 2016 |title=Mark Zuckerberg leads $50 million investment in Indian education startup |url=https://www.businessinsider.sg/mark-zuckerberg-invests-byju-indian-education-startup-2016-9/?r=US&IR=T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194124/https://www.businessinsider.sg/mark-zuckerberg-invests-byju-indian-education-startup-2016-9/?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> It is considered to be one among the only few Indian consumer startups that has gone global,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/byjus-swipe-and-learn-from-this-nearunicorn/48179/1 |title = Forbes India - Byju's: Swipe And Learn From This Near-unicorn}}</ref> particularly with the 2017 acquisition of [[TutorVista]].
* [[Ajit Balakrishnan]] – founder and Chairman of [[Rediff]]
* [[Dileep K Nair]] – first Chancellor of [[North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU)|North East Frontier Technical University]]; publisher of ''The Engineers Outlook Magazine''
* [[PNC Menon]] – founder of Sobha Developers Limited
* [[Arun M. Kumar]] – chairman and chief executive officer at KPMG India
* [[Mathunny Mathews]] – former MD of Al-Sayer Group; former chairman of Jabriya Indian School; co-founder of Indian Arts Circle, Kuwait

===Independence activists===
[[File:SirChetturSankaranNair.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair]]
* Sir [[Chettur Sankaran Nair]] – [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], President of the [[Indian National Congress]] (1897–1898)
* [[Lakshmi Sehgal]] – as Captain Lakshmi, she commanded the Jhansi Rani Regiment of the INA under [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]
* [[Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai]] - the president of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 1949-1951
*
* [[NP Nayar|N.P. Nayar]] – administrator of [[Azad Hind Dal]]
* [[K. Kelappan]] - freedom fighter
* [[K. P. Kesava Menon]] – founder-editor of the ''[[Mathrubhumi]] newspaper''
* [[A. K. Gopalan|A. K. Gopalan Nambiar]] – founder leader of the [[Communist Party of India]]
* [[K. Kumar]] (Kumarji) – Gandhian nationalist, orator and reformer who revived the banned ''Swadeshabhimani'' newspaper
*
* [[Veliyankode Umar Khasi]] – mystic leader and Muslim scholar, freedom fighter and poet
* [[Ammu Swaminathan]]
* [[Accamma Cherian]] – Jhansi Rani of Travancore
* [[Mohammed Abdul Rahiman]] – freedom fighter and former KPCC President
* [[Vakkom Majeed]] – former member of [[Travancore-Cochin]] State Assembly
* [[T. M. Varghese]] – Minister of Travancore-Cochin
* [[George Joseph (Kerala)|George Joseph]] – lawyer, trade unionist and nationalist activist
* [[C. Kesavan]] – Chief Minister of [[Travancore-Cochin]]
* [[K. Kelappan]] – leader of the Payyanur Salt Satyagraha and the [[Guruvayur Satyagraha]]
* [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] – Malayalam fiction writer, humanist, freedom fighter, novelist and short story writer
*
*
* [[Velu Thampi Dalava]]
* [[Ammu Swaminathan]]
* [[A. J. John, Anaparambil]]
* [[Nettur. P. Damodaran]] – social worker
* [[Moidu Moulavi]] – leader of the [[Indian National Congress]]

===Social reformers===
[[File:Shri Shankaracharya.jpg|thumb|right|130px|Ādi Śaṅkarācārya]]

* [[Adi Sankara]] (788–820) – saint, poet, philosopher and reviver of [[Hinduism]] in India
* [[Ayyankali]] – leader of [[Dalit]]s
* DR.[[Ayyathan Gopalan]] (1861-1948) - Social reformer, Founder of Sugunavardhini movement, Depressed Classes Mission, Leader and Propagandist of Brahmosamaj in Kerala.
* [[Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan]] - (1856–1919) Kozhikode social reformer and Sreekandeswara Temple construction activity.
* [[K. M. Seethi]] – Saheb Bahadur, usually referred to as Seethi Saheb
* [[Chattampi Swamikal]] (1853–1925) – social reformer
* [[C. Kesavan]] – Chief Minister of erstwhile state of Travancore-Cochin, 1951–1952
* [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]] – social reformer and Syrian Catholic saint
* [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]] – social reformer and writer
* [[K. P. Kesava Menon]] – founder of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' daily
* [[K. Kumar]] (Elanthoor Kumarji) – freedom fighter and social-reformer who worked for Harijan upliftment and communal harmony
* [[K. Kelappan]] – freedom fighter and social reformer
* [[Mathai Manjooran]] (1912–1970) – socialist revolutionary, member of the Indian Parliament, Labor Minister in the 2nd EMS communist ministry
* [[Mannathu Padmanabhan]] – founder of Nair Service Society
* [[M.C. Joseph|M. C. Joseph]] – rationalist, founding editor of ''[[Yukthivadi]]''
* [[Nawab Rajendran]] – social activist
* [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]] (1856–1928) – pivotal figure in the Renaissance of Kerala, social reformer, scholar, teacher, saint and Vedantin
* [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]] – social reformer, follower of Sri Narayana Guru
* [[Nataraja Guru]] – disciple of Narayana Guru
* [[Vakkom Moulavi]] (1877–1933) – social reformer, educationist, writer and journalist
* [[Abraham Barak Salem]] – Zionist, Indian nationalist, leader of the Jewish community and social activist

==Religion and spirituality==

===Hinduism===
* [[Adi Sankara]] (788–820) – saint, poet, philosopher and reviver of [[Hinduism]] in India
* [[Chattampi Swamikal]] (1853–1924) – Hindu sage and social reformer
* [[Vagbhatananda]] (1885 – October 1939) was a Hindu religious leader and Social reformer in British India.
* [[Sree Narayana Guru]] (1854–1928) – founder of [[Sivagiri Mutt]] and social reformer of India
* [[Tapovan Maharaj]] (1889–1957) – teacher of [[Swami Chinmayananda]] and [[Swami Sundaranand]]
* [[Swami Ranganathananda]] (1908–2005) – 13th president of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission
* [[Eknath Easwaran]] (1910–1999) – spiritual teacher, developed [[passage meditation]] used across traditions
* [[Chinmayananda]] (1916–1993) – founder of [[Chinmaya Mission]]
* [[Nitya Chaitanya Yati]] (1924–1999) – exponent of [[Advaita Vedanta]]
* [[Karunakara Guru]] (1927–1999) – spiritual leader, founder of [[Santhigiri Ashram]]
* [[Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha]] (1933–) – spiritual leader and the founder of [[Narayanashrama Tapovanam]]
* [[Swami Abhedananda]] Abhedashramam Thriruvanthapuram
* [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] (1953–) – spiritual leader and founder of [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]] popularly known as Amma

===Islam===
* [[Panakkad Syed Mohammedali Shihab Thangal|Panakkad Thangal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Thousands-bid-tearful-farewell-to-Thangal/article16525900.ece|title=Thousands bid tearful farewell to Thangal|date=3 August 2009|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Ahmad Kutty]] – Islamic scholar
* [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]] – Grand Mufti of India
* [[Cherussery Sainudheen Musliyar|Cherussery Musliyar]]
* [[KT Manu Musliar]]
* [[Kalambadi Muhammad Musliyar]]
* [[Ullal Thangal]]
* [[Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal|Hyderali Shihab Thangal]]
* [[Chekannur Maulavi]] – progressive Islamic cleric
* [[MM Akbar]] – Muslim intellectual, comparative religion scholar
* [[Abdul Hakeem Azhari]] - Islamic scholar
* [[Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar]] - Islamic Scholar
* [[E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar]] - Community Leader
* [[Hussain Madavoor]] - Islamic Scholar
* [[Sayyid Ibraheem Khaleel Al Bukhari|Ibraheem Khaleel Al Bukhari]] - Islamic Scholar

=== Christianity ===
* [[Philipose Mar Chrysostom]] – Grand Metropolitan of [[Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]] and Marthoma XX
* [[Mar Yohannan Yoseph]] – Episcopal Bishop of the Holy Assyrian Church of the East
* [[Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception]] – first woman of [[Indian people|Indian]] origin to be canonised as a [[saint]] by the [[Catholic Church]]
* [[Baselios Cleemis]] – [[San Gregorio VII|Cardinal-Priest of the Church of Saint Gregory VII]]
* [[Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]] – Catholicos of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Baselios Thomas I]] – Catholicos of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
*[[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala|Geevarghese Mar Gregorios (Parumala Thirumeni)]] – First Indian canonized saint by the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[George Alencherry]] – [[San Bernardo alle Terme|Cardinal-Priest of San Bernardo alle Terme]]
* [[Joseph Mar Thoma]] – primate of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church
* [[Joy Alappat]]t – Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop in the United States
* [[Joseph Parecattil]] – inducted as [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] in June 1988
* [[K. P. Yohannan|KP Yohannan]] – [[Metropolitan Bishop]] of [[Believers Church]]
* [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]] – [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] saint and social reformer
* [[K.V. Simon]] – [[Kerala Brethren]] pioneer
* [[Mar Gregory Karotemprel]] – Bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Rajkot]]
* [[P.C. John]] – [[Kerala Brethren]] pioneer
* [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal|Saint Euphrasia]] – Indian Carmelite nun of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
* [[Varkey Vithayathil]] – former [[San Bernardo alle Terme|Cardinal-Priest of San Bernardo alle Terme]]
* [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]] – elevated as [[Venerable]] by the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
* [[Palackal Thoma]] – Indian Catholic priest of the [[Syro-Malabar]] Church based in India
* Theodosius Mar Thoma-[Marthoma Church]- primate of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church

===PRDS===
*[[Poykayil Yohannan]] aka Poykayil Kumara Guru Devan – activist, poet and the founder of the socio-religious movement Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha

==Literature and writing==

===Writers===
{{see also|List of fiction writers in Malayalam}}

[[File:Chandiroor Divakaran New DSW.JPG|thumb|right|130px|[[Chandiroor Divakaran]]]]

* [[Ajay Prabhakar]] – international author and researcher
* [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] – linguist and grammarian
* [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]] – Malayalam poet; winner of the Kendra Sahithya Academy Award for Malayalam in 1973
* [[Appu Nedungadi]] – author of ''[[Kundalatha]]'', the first [[Malayalam]] [[novel]]
* [[Anita Nair]] – writer
* [[Arundhati Roy]] – actress turned writer, awarded the Booker Prize in 1997 for ''[[The God of Small Things]]'', which is set in Kerala
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] – poet
* [[Balamani Amma]] – poet; won the literary medal in India, the [[Saraswathi Samman]]
* [[Chandiroor Divakaran]] – poet, folk songwriter and 2011 Ambedkar Award winner
* [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]] (1911–1948) – poet, author of the pastoral elegy "Ramanan" (1936)
* [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]] – poet, author of ''Krishnagaadha (The Song of Krishna)''
* [[D. Vinayachandran]] – poet
* [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]] – poet and playwright
* [[Faisal Kutty]] – lawyer, professor and columnist
* [[G. Sankara Kurup]] – poet
* [[George Menachery]] – historian, editor of ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', editor of ''The Indian Church History Classics'' (''The Nazranies'')
* [[Gopi Kottoor]] – internationally renowned poet
* [[Hassan Thikkodi]] – writer, poet, Chairman of MES Raja Residential School
* [[Hameed Chennamangaloor]] – writer, progressive Muslim intellectual, critic of religious fundamentalism
* [[E. Harikumar]] – novelist and short story writer
* [[Ilango Adigal]] – author of ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', one of the [[Five Great Epics]] of [[Tamil literature]]; identifies himself as a [[Chera]] prince from the 2nd century CE
* [[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan]] – Malayalam poet
* [[Kalakkaththu Kunchan Nambiar]] – poet
* [[Kamala Das]] – English poet and novelist; also wrote in Malayalam under the pen-name Madhavikkutty; first Indian woman to openly write about women's sexuality; embraced Islam under the name Kamala Suraiyya in 1999; Asian Poetry Prize, 1964; Kent Award, 1965
* [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai]] – social thinker, literary critic
* [[Kottarathil Sankunni]] – well known author of Malayalam literature. He made significant contributions in both poetry and prose. He started compiling the legends of Kerala in 1909 and completed the work in eight volumes over a quarter of a century. "[[Aithihyamala]]" (Garland of Legends) is a collection of stories of legends prepared by Kottarathil Sankunni. The works on the legends were collected and published by Sankunni in the famous Malayalam literary magazine of the nineteenth century, the [[Bhashaposhini]].
* [[Kumaran Asan]] – poet, also called Mahakavi Kumaran Asan, died at age 51 in a boat (named Redeemer) accident en route Alapuzha to Kollam in January 1924
* [[Kunjunni]] – Malayalam poet
* [[N. S. Madhavan]] – writer and civil servant
*[[Manu S. Pillai|Manu S Pillai]] – author of “The Ivory Throne”
* [[M. Krishnan Nair (author)|M. Krishnan Nair]] – literary critic
* [[M. Mukundan]] – novelist
* [[Moothiringode Bhavathrāthan Namboothiripad]] – author and social
* [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]] – poet
* [[M. P. Parameswaran]] – scientist turned social activist
* [[M. P. Paul]] – literary critic
* [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] – writer and cinema personality; [[Jnanpith Award]], 1995
* [[Nalankal Krishna Pillai]] - writer and educationist
* [[Nanditha K. S.]] – poet
* [[Niranam Poets]] – three Malayali poets, Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar of the Kannassa family; they lived between AD 1350 and 1450 in the Niranam village of Tiruvalla
* [[Nitya Chaitanya Yati]] – scholar and monk
* [[Oyyarathu Chandumenon|O. Chandumenon]] – novelist
* [[O. V. Vijayan]] – novelist and cartoonist
* [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
* [[P. C. Devassia]] (1906–2006) – Sanskrit scholar and poet who won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1980) for Sanskrit for his poem "[[Kristubhagavatam]]"
* [[P. Parameswaran]] – director of Bharatiya Vichara Kendram; former president of Vivekanand Kendra, Kanyakumari; also known as Parameswarji
* [[P. F. Mathews]] – novelist, short story writer and screenwriter
* [[P. K. Gopi]] – poet
* [[P. M. Taj]] – writer
* [[Paul Zacharia]] – writer
* [[Poonthanam]] – poet belonging to the [[Bhakti]] school
* [[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]] – writer, Novelist, Sahitya Academy winner
* [[Shashi Tharoor]] – novelist, [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]], 1991; previous Under-Secretary-General (Communication and Public Information) of the United Nations, Deputy Minister of External affairs
* [[S. K. Pottekkatt]] – author winner of the Jnanpith award of 1980
* [[Shreekumar Varma]] – novelist, award-winning playwright, poet, children's author
* [[Sugathakumari]] – Indian poet and activist
* [[Sukumar Azhikode]] – teacher, critic and orator
* [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] – novelist and short story writer; Jnanpith Award in 1984
* [[Thirunalloor Karunakaran]] – poet, scholar, teacher and leftist intellectual
* [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]] – architect of modern [[Malayalam]]; poet
* [[Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer]] – poet
* [[Uroob]] – writer, novelist, Sahitya Academy winner, winner of president of India's silver medal
* [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] – writer, philosopher
* [[Vakkom Moulavi|Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi]] – publisher, social reformer, and a leader of the progressive Islahi Movement in Kerala
* [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]] – Mahaakavi; founder of [[Kerala Kalamandalam]],
* [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] – lyricist
* [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra varma]] – Malayalam film
* [[Vijayan, M. N]] – writer, literary critic, social activist
* [[Vrindavanam Venugopalan]] – writer, journalist and educationalist
* [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]] – Malayalam poet
* [[V. Madhusoodanan Nair]] – Malayalam poet and winner of the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam in 2019
* [[Yusuf Ali Kechery]] – poet, lyricist

==Journalists==

* [[O. Abdurahman]] – Editor-in-charge of ''[[Madhyamam Daily|Madhyamam]]''
* [[Sunnykutty Abraham]] – COO and Chief News Editor of Jaihind TV; political analyst
* [[BRP Bhaskar]] - senior journalist and human rights-social activist
* [[T. N. Gopakumar]] – Editor-in-Chief, Asianet News
* [[K. Kumar]] of Travancore – Gandhian reformer, nationalist and Freedom Fighter who revived and edited "Swadeshabhimani" run by the deported Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishnana Pillai
* [[Faisal Kutty]] – lawyer and columnist for ''[[Express Tribune]]'', ''[[Toronto Star]]'', ''[[Middle East Eye]]'' and ''[[Madhyamam Daily]]''
* [[V. K. Madhavan Kutty]] – Former Editor of the Malayalam daily ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', and a founder director of satellite channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* [[K. C. Mammen Mappillai]] – founder of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''
* [[Sebastian Paul]] – Media critic
* [[Nisha Pillai]] – BBC newsreader
* [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]] the deported nationalist who edited the Swadeshabhimani newspaper

==Film and media==
[[File:Mohanlal and mammootty.JPG|alt=|thumb|Mohanlal and Mammootty]]

===Models===
* [[Divya Pillai]]
* [[Lakshmi Menon (model)|Lakshmi Menon]]
* [[Nafisa Joseph]]
* [[Neeta Pillai]]
* [[Nina Manuel]]
* [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]]
* [[Rhea Pillai]]
* [[Sana Khan]]
* [[Sheetal Menon]]
* [[Surelee Joseph]]
* [[Thulasi Nair]]

===Actresses===
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
* [[Ambika Sukumaran]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
* [[Ann Augustine]]
* [[Anna Ben|Anna Ben]]
* [[Angamaly Diaries|Anna Reshma]]
* [[Annie (Malayalam actress)|Annie]]
* [[Anumol]]
* [[Annu Antony|Annu Antony]]
* [[Asin]]
* [[Bhama Kurup]]
* [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Catherine Tresa]]
* [[Pullikkaran Staraa|Deepthi Sathi]]
* [[Gayathrie|Gayatri]]
* [[Geetu Mohandas]] – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Love Today (2022 film)|2004]]
*[[Love Today (2022 film)|Ivana]]
* [[Jayabharathi|Jayabharathi Pillai]]
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] – [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] (1990)
* [[Karthika Nair]]
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
* [[Kavya Madhavan]]
* [[Keerthy Suresh|Keerthy Suresh]]
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
* [[Liza Koshy]]
* [[Mallika Sukumaran|Mohamallika Pillai (Mallika Sukumaran)]]
* [[Manju Warrier]] – Special Jury Award (National)
*[[Mamitha Baiju|Mamitha Baiju]]
* [[Meera Jasmine]] – [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] (2004)
* [[Megha Akash]]
* [[Monisha Unni]] – [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] (1986)
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
* [[Namitha Pramod]]
* [[Navya Nair]]
* [[Nayantara]] man
* [[Nazriya Nazim]]
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
* [[Nithya Menen]]
* [[Nivetha Thomas]]
* [[Nimisha Sajayan|Nimisha sajayan]]
* [[Nikhila Vimal|Nikhila]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
* [[Parvathy Jayaram]]
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* [[Remya Nambeesan]]
* [[Revathi Menon]]
* [[Rajisha Vijayan|Rejisha]]
* [[Rima Kallingal]]
* [[Samvrutha Sunil]]
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
* [[Samyuktha Varma|Samyuktha varma]]
* [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha menon]]
* [[Shobana|Shobana Chandrakumar Pillai]] – [[Padma Shri]] recipient, [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] (1993, 2001)
* [[Shweta Menon]]
* [[Siddhi Mahajankatti]]
* [[Sindhu Menon]]
* [[Suchitra Pillai]]
* [[Sukumari]] – [[Padma Shri]] recipient
* [[Trisha Krishnan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm1375534/bio|title=Trisha Krishnan|website=www.imdb.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] – [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] (2005)
* [[Uma Shankari]]
* [[Unni Mary]]
* [[Vidya Balan]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/back-to-hometown-vidya-s-parents-join-her-shoot-in-kerala/story-cVr0Zs9qxoKPkb5izOWmsI.html|title=Back to hometown: Vidya's parents join her shoot in Kerala|website=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>

===Actors===

* [[Balachandra Menon]] – [[Padma Shri]] recipient; National Award winner for acting and direction; holder of a world record
* [[Bharath Gopi]] – actor, [[Padma Shri]] recipient and winner of the national award for Best Actor in 1977
* [[Shankar (actor)]] – Romantic Hero of Malayalam in the eighties.
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
* [[Dhruv Vikram|Dhruv Vikram]]
* [[Fahadh Faasil]]
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* [[Jayan]]
* [[Jayaram]] – [[Padma Shri]] recipient
* [[Jayasurya]] – actor, winner of the national for [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Mention]] in 2016
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] – Bollywood actor
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] – actor; National Award for special jury
* [[M.N. Nambiar]]
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] – actor, winner of Padma Shri
* [[Mammootty]] – [[Padma Shri]] recipient; three-time National Award winner
* [[Mohanlal]] – [[Padma Bhushan ]],[[Padma Shri]] recipient; two-time National Film Award winner
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] – actor and winner of the national award for Best Actor in 2002
* [[Naveen Andrews]] – Hollywood actor
* [[Nedumudi Venu]]
* [[Nivin Pauly]]
* [[Prem Nazir]] – [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient; holds four Guinness records
* [[Premji]] – stage and film actor
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] – actor; Kerala
* State Award winner 2006
* [[Raghuvaran|Reghuvaran]]
* [[Roshan Mathew|Roshan Mathew]]
* [[Salim Kumar]] – actor, winner of the national award for Best Actor in 2010
* [[Sathyaneshan Nadar|Sathyan]]
* [[Shishir Kurup]] – Hollywood actor
* [[Suraj Sharma]] – Hollywood and Bollywood actor
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] – actor and winner of the National award for Best Actor in 2013
* [[Suresh Gopi]] – actor and winner of the national award for Best Actor in 1998
* [[Suresh Menon]] – Bollywood comedian and actor
* [[Thikkurussi Sukumaran Nair]] – [[Padma Shri]] recipient; actor; winner of the national award for Best Supporting Actor in 1959
* [[Tovino Thomas]]

===Film producer and directors===

* [[Alberrt Antoni]] – film director
* [[Navodaya Appachan|Appachan]] – film director and producer
* [[Bejoy Nambiar]] – film director
* [[Benny Mathews]] – Hollywood director
* [[Bharath Gopi]] – film, drama producer, director and actor
* [[Bharathan]] – filmmaker
* [[Blessy]] – filmmaker
* [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] – film director and writer
* [[G. Aravindan]] – film director and cartoonist
* [[G. Devarajan]] – music director
* [[Gowtham Menon]] – Tamil film director
* [[I.V. Sasi]] – film director
* [[Jayaraj]] – director
* [[John Matthew Matthan]] – Hindi film director
* [[Joshiy]] – film director
* [[K P Kumaran]] – filmmaker
* [[Kunchacko]] – film producer
* [[Lohithadas]] – film director and writer
* [[Madhu Muttam]] – script writer
*[[Mira Nair]] – Hollywood film director, BAFTA Award recipient
* [[M. Night Shyamalan]] – Hollywood film director
* [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] – writer and cinema personality; [[Jnanpith Award]], 1995
* [[P. F. Mathews|P.F. Mathews]] – script writer, recipient of National Award
* [[P.T. Kunju Muhammed|P.T.Kunju Muhammed]] – film director and writer
* [[P. Padmarajan]] (1945–1991) – film director
* [[Priyadarshan]] – film director
* [[Rajeev Ravi]] – cinematographer, director, producer, National Film Award for Best Cinematography
* [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] – film director and writer
* [[Resul Pookutty]] – sound engineer, first Oscar-winning Indian (for film ''Slumdog Millionaire'')
* [[Rosshan Andrrews]] – director
* [[Rupesh Paul]] – Hollywood director
* [[Sabu Cyril]] – art director
* [[Sangeeth Sivan]] – director
* [[Santosh Sivan]] – director and cinematographer
* [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] – Malayalam film director
* [[Shaji Kylas]] – action film director
* [[Shajith Koyeri]] – [[National Film Awards]]-winning sound designer<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140503223242/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=MMIR/2012/08/19&PageLabel=14&EntityId=Pc01402&ViewMode=HTML ‘The power of silence is underestimated’ SHAJITH KOYERI, SOUND DESIGNER] Times of India, e-paper archive</ref>
* [[Shaji N. Karun]] – film director
* [[Sibi Malayil]] – Malayalam film director
* [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] – filmmaker
* [[Sohanlal]] – director and writer
* [[Sreenivasan]] – writer, director and actor
* [[TK Rajeev Kumar]] – filmmaker

===Music===
[[File:K.S. Chithra.jpg|thumbnail|K.S. Chithra, singer]]
* [[Alex Paul]] – music director
* [[Arun Alat|Arun alat]]
* [[Benny Dayal]] – playback singer
* [[Berny-Ignatius]] – music director duo
* [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]] – playback singer
* [[Deepak Dev]] – music composer, playback singer
* [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas|Dibu ninan thomas]]
* [[G. Venugopal]] – playback singer
* [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] – lyricist and writer
* [[Gopi Sunder|Gopi Sundar]] – music director and keyboard artist
* [[Jassie Gift]] – music composer, playback singer
* [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] – lyricist
* [[Kapil Kapilan|Kapil kapilan]]
* [[Kannur Rajan]] – music composer
* [[Kozhikode Abdul Kader]] – playback singer
* [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]] (Krishnakumar Kunnath) – playback singer
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]] – playback singer and music director
* [[M. Jayachandran]] – music director and playback singer
* [[Madhu Balakrishnan]] – playback singer
* [[Manjari Babu]] – playback singer
* [[Mridula Warrier]] – playback singer
* [[Nikhil Mathew]] – playback singer
* [[Ouseppachan]] – music director
* [[P. Jayachandran]] – playback singer
* [[Pradip Somasundaran]] – playback singer
* [[Rahul Raj]] – music composer, playback singer
* [[Raveendran]] – music director
* [[Sabrina Setlur]] – German rapper and singer
* [[Sharreth]] – music director and playback singer
* [[Sruthy Sasidharan]] – playback singer
* [[Stephen Devassy]] – pianist, music composer
* [[Sudeep Kumar]] – playback singer
* [[Sujatha Mohan]] – playback singer
* [[Swetha Mohan]] – playback singer
* [[Unni Menon]] – playback singer
* [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]] – playback singer
* [[Vaishnav Girish]] – playback singer
* [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] – lyricist
* [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] – lyricist
* [[Vidhu Prathap]] – playback singer
* [[Vijay Yesudas]] – playback singer
* [[K. J. Yesudas|Yesudas]] – classical singer and musician

==Artists, architects, painters, sculptors==
'''Painters'''

* [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
* [[K. C. S. Paniker]] – founder of Cholamandal Artists' Village
* [[Namboothiri (artist)|Namboothiri]] – painter, cartoonist and sculptor
* [[T. K. Padmini]]
* [[A. Ramachandran]]
* [[C. N. Karunakaran]] – Chairman of Kerala Lalitakala Academi
* [[Akkitham Narayanan]]
* [[Balan Nair]]
* [[Sekar Ayyanthole]] – art teacher, former president of Kerala Chithrakala Parishath
* [[M. V. Devan]] – artist and writer
* [[Bose Krishnamachari]]
* [[Paris Viswanathan]]
* [[Yusuf Arakkal]]
* [[Kavitha Balakrishnan]] – artist and art historian
* [[V. S. Valiathan]] – artist, Raja Ravivarma award winner
* [[C.L Porinchukutty]] – Raja Ravi Varma Awardee for 2011
* [[K. Janardanan]]

'''Architects'''
* [[Eugene Pandala]] – architect and artist

'''Sculptors'''
* [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]] – sculptor, former chairman of [[Kerala Lalitakala Academy]]
* [[Balan Nambiar]] – sculptor, painter and research scholar
* [[Sasikrishnan]] – sculptor

'''Cartoonists'''
* [[Abu Abraham]] – cartoonist
* [[Cartoonist Shankar]] (1902–1989) – political cartoonist
* [[K. S. Pillai]] (1919–1978) – political cartoonist
* [[O. V. Vijayan]] – Cartoonist, writer
* [[P. K. Manthri]] – artist, cartoonist
* [[Gopikrishnan]] – cartoonist
* [[S. Jithesh| Dr. Jitheshji]] – World's Fastest Performing cartoonist & World Record holder in Speed Drawing
* [[Yesudasan]] – cartoonist; former chairman of [[Kerala Lalitakala Academy]]

==Sports==
{{See also|List of Kerala Olympians}}
* (C) denotes players who have captained the national side.

===Athletics===
* [[Anil Kumar]]
* [[Anilda Thomas]]
* [[Anju Bobby George]]
* [[Bobby Aloysius]]
* [[C. K. Lakshmanan]]
* [[Chitra K. Soman]]
* [[Ivan Jacob]]
* [[Jincy Phillip]]
* [[Jisna Mathew]]
* [[Joseph Abraham]]
* [[K.M. Beenamol]]
* [[K. M. Binu]]
* [[K. T. Irfan]]
* [[M. D. Valsamma]]
* [[Mayookha Johny]]
* [[Mercy Kuttan]]
* [[Mohammad Anas]]
* [[Molly Chacko]]
* [[O. P. Jaisha]]
* [[P. T. Usha]]
* [[P. U. Chitra]]
* [[Preeja Sreedharan]]
* [[Renjith Maheshwary]]
* [[Rosa Kutty]]
* [[Shiny Abraham]]
* [[Sini Jose]]
* [[Sinimol Paulose]]
* [[Suresh Babu (long jumper)|Suresh Babu]]
* [[T. C. Yohannan]]
* [[Tintu Lukka]]

===Badminton===
* [[George Thomas (badminton)|George Thomas]]
* [[Jaseel P. Ismail]]
* [[P. C. Thulasi]]
* [[Prannoy Kumar]]
* [[Sanave Thomas]]
* [[U. Vimal Kumar]]
* [[V. Diju]]

===Basketball===
* [[Geethu Anna Jose]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[P. S. Jeena]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]

===Canoeing===
* [[Siji Kumar Sadanandan]]

===Chess===
* [[Arjun Vishnuvardhan]]
* [[Geetha Narayanan Gopal]]
* [[N R Anil Kumar]]
* [[Nihal Sarin]]
* [[Soumya Swaminathan (chess player)|Soumya Swaminathan]]

===Cricket===
====India====
* [[Abey Kuruvilla]]
* [[Abhishek Nayar]]
* [[Ajay Varma (Kerala cricketer)|Ajay Varma]]
* [[Basil Thampi]]
* [[Bhaskar Pillai]]
* [[Devdutt Padikkal]]
* [[Jalaj Saxena]]
* [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]]
* [[Karun Nair]]
* [[Kelappan Thampuran (cricketer, born 1937)]]
* [[Kelappan Thampuran (cricketer, born 1925)]]
* [[P. Ranganathan]]
* [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]
* [[Prasanth Parameswaran]]
* [[Raiphi Gomez]]
* [[Rohan Prem]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[Sachin Baby]]
* [[Sandeep Warrier]]
* [[Sanju Samson]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Sony Cheruvathur]]
* [[Sujith Somasunder]]
* [[Sunil Valson]]
* [[Tinu Yohannan]]
* [[VA Jagadeesh]]

====Other countries====
* [[Krishna Chandran]] [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|(Uae)]]

===Football===
* [[Anas Edathodika]]
* [[Anil Kumar (footballer)|Anil Kumar]]
* [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
* [[C.K. Vineeth]]
* [[I. M. Vijayan]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[Jiju Jacob]]
* [[Jo Paul Ancheri]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[K. V. Dhanesh]]
*[[Mashoor Shereef]]
* [[Maymol Rocky]]
* [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)]]
* [[Mundiyath Devdas]]
* [[O. Chandrashekar]]
* [[P. B. A. Saleh]]
* [[Pappachen Pradeep]]
* [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]]
* [[Rahul K.P]]
* [[Rino Anto]]
* [[S. S. Narayan]]
* [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
* [[Suhair V P]]
* [[T. Abdul Rahman]]
* [[Thenmaddom Varghese|Thomas Varghese (Thiruvalla Pappan)]]
* [[U. Sharaf Ali]]
* [[Victor Manjila]]
* [[V. P. Sathyan]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]

===Hockey===
* [[Earnest Goodsir-Cullen]]
* [[Dinesh Nayak]]
* [[Helen Mary]]
* [[Manuel Frederick]]
* [[P. R. Sreejesh]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]

===Kabbadi===
* [[Shabeer Bapu Sharfudheen]]

===Volleyball===
* [[Aswani Kiran]][[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[Cyril C. Valloor]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[Jimmy George]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[K. J. Kapil Dev]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[K. Udayakumar]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[Minimol Abraham]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]
* [[Soorya Thottangal]]
* [[Tom Joseph]] [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]

===Shooting===
* [[Elizabeth Koshy]]

===Swimming===
* [[Sebastian Xavier]]
* [[Sajan Prakash]]

===Table tennis===
* [[A. Radhika Suresh]]

==Activists==
* [[K. V. Rabiya]] – literacy campaigner, social worker
* [[Tiffany Brar]] – blind social worker
* [[Pramada Menon]] – queer feminist activist, stand-up comedian, gender and sexuality consultant, and co-founder of Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action
* [[Sally Varma]] – animal activist, humane educator, founder of Save A Life and Senior Campaigner in the Farm Animal Protection Campaign of [[Humane Society International]]/India
* [[Kannan Gopinathan]] – former Indian Administrative Service officer, now engaged in the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]

== Performing artists ==
* [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]] (1989–1991) – [[Koodiyattam]] and [[Chakyar Koothu]] artist, [[Natya Shastra]] scholar
* [[Gopinath Muthukad]] – magician
* [[Tirur Nambissan]] – Kathakali singer
* [[Kalamandalam Hyderali]] – Kathakali singer
* [[Kalamandalam Gopi]] – Kathakali artist
* [[Kottakkal Sivaraman]] – Kathakali artist
* [[Guru Gopinath]] (1908–1987) – classical dancer and author
* [[Guru Chandrasekharan]] (1916–1998) – dancer and choreographer
* [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] – dancer
* [[Kalamandalam Kshemavathy]] – dancer
* [[Athira]] – violin prodigy, Guinness World record holder
* [[Kim Thayil]] – guitarist
* [[Haripad Murukadas]] (b. 1971) – Nadaswaram player, music educator<ref name=hindu13>{{cite news | title = Sound of the nagaswaram|work= The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sound-of-the-nagaswaram/article5451620.ece |date=12 December 2013| access-date = 2014-02-01 | first = V. | last = Kaladharan | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* [[Paul Varghese]] – comedian
* [[Stephen Devassy]] – pianist and composer
* [[Balabhaskar]] – violinist and composer
* [[Chenganoor Raman Pillai]] – Kathakali artist

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:People From Kerala, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala| ]]

Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T22:51:13Z

Freaklabsindia: New data.

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bahraich {{Small|UP-56}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Bahraich.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Anand Kumar Gond]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Balha Assembly constituency|Balha]] [[Nanpara Assembly constituency|Nanpara]] [[Matera Assembly constituency|Matera]] [[Mahasi Assembly constituency|Mahasi]] [[Bahraich Assembly constituency|Bahraich]]
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. Bahraich is reserved for the SC category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/bahraich.html|title=Bahraich(Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 with Sitting MP and Party Name|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
After delimitation, this constituency comprises the following five assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/056_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-56-Bahraich|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!|No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|282
|[[Balha Assembly constituency|Balha]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
|[[Saroj Sonkar]]
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|-
|283
|[[Nanpara Assembly constituency|Nanpara]]
|Ram Niwas Verma
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
|-
|284
|[[Matera Assembly constituency|Matera]]
|Mariya Shah
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|285
|[[Mahasi Assembly constituency|Mahasi]]
|Sureshwar Singh
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|286
|[[Bahraich Assembly constituency|Bahraich]]
|[[Anupama Jaiswal|Anupma Jaiswal]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}
Before [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following five assembly segments:
# Nanpara
# Charda
# Bhinga
# Bahraich
# Ikauna

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahraich (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Bahraich Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/bahraich.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Bahraich Lok Sabha Election Results">{{cite news|title=Bahraich Lok Sabha Election Results|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bahraich-lok-sabha|accessdate=30 June 2025|publisher=Result University|date=30 June 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630092755/https://resultuniversity.com/election/bahraich-lok-sabha|archivedate=30 June 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Jogendra Singh (politician)|Jogendra Singh]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Kunwar Ram Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[K.K. Nayar|K. K. Nayar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Badlu Ram Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Om Prakash Tyagi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Syed Muzaffar Hussain (Lok Sabha member)|Syed Muzaffar Hussain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arif Mohammed Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Rudrasen Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Padamsen Chaudhary]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Arif Mohammed Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Padamsen Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Rubab Sayda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Kamal Kishor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Savitri Bai Phule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Akshaibar Lal]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Anand Kumar Gond]]
|}

==Election results==

=== Lok Sabha election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bahraich]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anand Kumar Gond]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,18,802|percentage=49.10|change={{decrease}}4.04}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ramesh Gautam]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,54,575|percentage=43.02|change={{increase}}2.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Brijesh Kumar
|votes =50,448
|percentage =4.77
|change ={{increase}}4.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =12,864
|percentage = 1.22
|change ={{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 64,227
|percentage = 6.08
|change ={{decrease}}6.93
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,56,566
|percentage = 57.46
|change ={{increase}}0.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bahraich]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Akshaibar Lal]]
|votes = 5,25,982
|percentage = 53.14
|change = +6.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shabbir Ahmad
|votes = 3,97,230
|percentage = 40.13
|change = +4.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Savitri Bai Phule]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 34,454
|percentage = 3.48
|change = +0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Janardan Gond
|votes = 5,179
|percentage = 0.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Shiv Nandan
|votes = 3,524
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,189
|percentage = 1.33
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,28,752
|percentage = 13.01
|change = +2.77
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,90,143
|percentage = 57.24
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +6.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bahraich]]<ref name="Bahraich Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Bahraich Lok Sabha Election results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/bahraich |accessdate=30 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630085115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/bahraich |archivedate=30 June 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Savitri Bai Phule]]
|votes = 4,32,392
|percentage = 46.28
|change = +32.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shabbir Ahmad
|votes = 3,36,747
|percentage = 36.04
|change = +12.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Vijay Kumar
|votes = 96,904
|percentage = 10.37
|change = -13.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kamal Kishor]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 24,421
|percentage = 2.61
|change = -28.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jagat Ram
|votes = 8,319
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 13,498
|percentage = 1.44
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 95,645
|percentage = 10.24
|change = +2.64
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,34,330
|percentage = 57.02
|change = +15.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +32.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bahraich]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kamal Kishor]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,60,005
|percentage = 31.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lal Mani Prasad
|votes = 1,21,052
|percentage = 23.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shabbeer Ahmad
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,20,791
|percentage = 23.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Akshaibar Lal]]
|votes = 71,492
|percentage = 13.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,953
|percentage = 7.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,12,701
|percentage = 41.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha election 1980===
* Mulana Saiyad Muzaffar Hussain (INC-I) : 112,358 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1980-election-results.html|title=1980 India General (7th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=www.elections.in|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>
* Om Prakash Tyagi (BJS) : 62,468

===Lok Sabha election 1971===
* Badlu Ram (INC) : 94,666 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html|title=1971 India General (5th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=www.elections.in|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>
* Om Prakash Tyagi (BJS) : 69,171

==See also==
* [[Bahraich district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/bahraich/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Bahraich lok sabha constituency election 2019 result]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/bahraich-lok-sabha Election Results of Bahraich Lok Sabha from 1971]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Devipatan division topics}}

{{Coord|27.58|81.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bahraich district]]

Jharul

2025-12-10T02:27:32Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jharul
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 2,545
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713121
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|29|31.1|N|87|49|36.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jharul''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], a [[Community development block in India|Community development block]] in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook|year=1985|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLExKLUaOJwC&q=Jharul+District+Census+Handbook}}</ref>

== Population ==
[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]: Scheduled Tribes were 8.64% and Scheduled Castes of the population in 2011.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total no. of houses
|'''580'''
| -
| -
|-
|Population
|'''2,545'''
|1,310
|1,235
|-
|Child (0–6)
|'''303'''
|158
|145
|-
|[[Schedule Caste]]
|'''162'''
|73
|89
|-
|[[Schedule Tribe]]
|'''220'''
|105
|115
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:West Bengal articles missing geocoordinate data]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

1573 in India

2025-11-22T20:04:02Z

Freaklabsindia: rework section per standard format per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1573}}

Events from the year '''1573 in India'''.

==Events==
* [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]], [[Ahmedabad]] built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi Saiyyed Mosque {{!}} Heritage of Ahmedabad |url=https://heritageofahmedabad.com/sidi-saiyyed-mosque/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Sidi-Saiyyed-Jaali-Ahmedabad.jpg|The Sidi Saiyyed mosque|thumb|right]]

==Births==
* 13 May – [[Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani - Biographical Summaries of Notable People |url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-112869/taj-bibi-bilqis-makani-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=MyHeritage |language=EN}}</ref> later became the wife of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] and mother of Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (died [[1619 in India|1619]])
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1573}}

[[Category:1573 in India| ]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Naatu kodi pulusu

2025-11-08T07:51:14Z

Freaklabsindia: Starting basic data more to come

{{Short description|Telugu curry dish}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Naatu kodi pulusu
| image =
| caption =
| course =
| place_of_origin = [[India]]
| region = *[[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Telangana]]
| main_ingredient = Country chicken (naatu kodi), [[tamarind]], Indian spices
| variations =
| calories =
}}

'''Naatu kodi pulusu''' (Telugu: నాటుకోడి పులుసు) is a traditional country chicken curry or stew from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], central to [[Telugu cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh {{!}} Local Food |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/web-stories/food-diary/local-dishes-of-andhra-pradesh-ws-2645 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=HerZindagi |language=en}}</ref> The phrase ''naatu kodi'' means "country chicken," denoting free-range, locally raised poultry, while ''pulusu'' refers to a [[tamarind]]-based [[curry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-09 |title=Don't Call Yourself A 'Rayalaseema Bidda' If You Haven't Tasted These |url=https://www.chaibisket.com/blogs/blog/rayalaseema-dishes |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Chai Bisket {{!}} The Telugu Culture Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natu Kodi Pulusu {{!}} Country Chicken Curry |url=https://foodiefeasts.unaux.com/2023/06/20/natu-kodi-pulusu-country-chicken/?i=1}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
The preparation begins with cleaning the country chicken and optionally marinating it with turmeric, salt, pepper, or curd to tenderize the meat. The spice base is made by dry roasting coriander seeds, dry coconut, poppy seeds, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom, then grinding them into a fine paste. Cooking involves tempering whole spices in hot oil, sautéing onions, ginger-garlic paste, green chilies, and curry leaves, then adding the roasted spice paste, chicken pieces, tamarind extract, and water. The dish is simmered slowly until the meat becomes tender and the flavors deepen. While clay pots over wood fires are traditional, modern kitchens often use pressure cookers or heavy-bottomed vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rana Daggubati's favourite brunch dish: Natu Kodi Pulusu |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/web-stories/rana-daggubatis-favourite-brunch-dish-natu-kodi-pulusu/photostory/98849998.cms |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=recipes.timesofindia.com}}</ref>

== Regional variations ==
Across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the dish varies according to local tastes and available ingredients:

* Rayalaseema style: Known for its intense heat, with generous amounts of red chili powder creating a fiery flavor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriram |first=Pranav |date=2025-01-10 |title=The new outlet of this popular Andhra cuisine restaurant is an exciting exploration into Rayalaseema flavours |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/foods/bangalore-foods/2025/Jan/10/the-new-outlet-of-this-popular-andhra-cuisine-restaurant-is-an-exciting-exploration-into-rayalaseema-flavours |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
* Coastal Andhra style: Balances spice with tanginess, often using more tamarind and fresh coconut for a slightly sweet, rich texture.
* Telangana style: Sometimes uses sesame oil for its nutty aroma and includes tomato puree to add depth and mild acidity.

== Cultural significance ==
''Naatu kodi pulusu'' is deeply embedded in Telugu culinary tradition. The cultural importance of ''naatu kodi pulusu'' is particularly strong in Rayalaseema, where it is inseparably linked with ''ragi mudda'' (finger millet balls). This pairing is rooted in the agrarian heritage of the region, where ragi was a staple crop and the robust, earthy stew provided nourishment and sustenance for labor-intensive farming life. It is also popular during weekends and festivals like [[Sankranti]], commonly served with vadas (garelu), hot rice, ragi sangati, or dosas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankranti 2023: Garelu And Chicken Kura, The Andhra Festive Grub |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/sankranti-2023-garelu-and-chicken-kura-the-andhra-festive-grub-1673008840444 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Slurrp |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}

*[[Andhra cuisine|Cuisine of Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[South Indian cuisine]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by culture]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine by region]]

Y. Mankhao Konyak

2025-10-22T10:08:43Z

Freaklabsindia: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''Y. Mankhao Konyak''' (born 1981)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Y Mankhao Konyak(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- MON TOWN (ST)(MON) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6838 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Mon Town Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mon district|Mon District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Nationalist Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Y Mankhao Konyak in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/y-mankhao-konyak-mon-town-candidate-s17a046c001/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He along with 6 other NCP MLA's joined NDPP(now NPF) in 2025.

== Early life and education ==
Konyak is from [[Mon, Nagaland|Mon Town]], Mon District, Nagaland. He is the son of Yeangpong Konyak. He completed his B.A. in 2004 at a college affiliated with [[Nagaland University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Konyak won from the Mon Town constituency representing [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) in the 2023 Nagaland assembly election. He polled 10,870 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Cheong Konyak of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by 2,611 votes.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1746.htm?ac=46</ref> On 19 February 2024, a petition seeking his disqualification, along with other NCP members, was turned down by the speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yhoshü |first=Alice |date=18 February 2024 |title=Nagaland Assembly speaker dismisses disqualification petition against 7 NCP MLAs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-assembly-speaker-dismisses-disqualification-petition-against-7-ncp-mlas-101708254376595.html |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018 Nagaland assembly election]] he lost to N. Thongwang Konyak of the [[Naga People's Front]] by only 28 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mon Town Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/montown-nagaland-assembly-constituency#2018 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>He joined NDPP in 2025.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konyak, Y. Mankhao}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mon district]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer

2025-10-16T17:11:47Z

Freaklabsindia: updated details

{{Short description|Indian Urdu poet (1803–1875)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym = ''Dabeer''
| birth_date = 29 August 1803
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 6 March 1875 (aged 71)
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
| occupation = [[Urdu poet]]
| period = [[Mughal era]]
| genre = [[Marsiya]]
| subject = [[Battle of Karbala]]
| movement =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|mirzadabeer.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مِرزا سلامت علی دبِیر}}}}),
(29 August 1803 – 6 March 1875) was an [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poet]] who excelled and perfected the art of [[Marsia|Marsiya]] writing. He is considered the leading exponent of Marsiya Nigari or marsiya writing along with [[Mir Anees]].

Mirza Dabeer was born in 1803 in [[Delhi]]. He started reciting marsiya since childhood during [[muharram]] ceremonial gatherings called majalis (singular-[[majlis]]). He started writing poetry under the tutelage of [[Mir Muzaffar Husain Zameer]].<ref>Mohammad Husain Azad- Aab-e-Hayat</ref> Dabeer himself was an erudite scholar of his time. He migrated from Delhi to [[Lucknow]], where he found suitable environment to develop and demonstrate his skills in marsiya writing.
According to [[Maulana Muhammad Husain Azad]] in [[Aab-e hayat (Azad)|Aab-e-Hayat]] quoting Tazkira-e-Sarapa Sukhan, there is confusion regarding his father's name because of two different names mentioned in Tazkira-as-Ghulam Husain /Mirza Agha Jan Kaghazfarosh. Mirza Dabeer died in Lucknow in 1875 and is buried there.

==Works==
According to Muhammad Husain Azad in Aab-e-Hayat: Mirzā Sahib died on the 29th of [[Muharram]], [[Hijri year|AH]] 1292 [1875–76], at the age of 72 years. In his lifetime he must have written at least three thousand elegies. Not counting his salāms and nauhas and quatrains. He wrote a dotless elegy (be-nuqta) of which the opening verse is:

'''Hum tale-e-Huma murad hum rasa hua'''

Meaning:

'''My far-reaching imagination has the same fortune-star as the [[Huma bird|Huma]]'''

In it, he used (the dotless) Utārid or Atarid [[Mercury (planet)|(Mercury)]] instead of Dabeer for a pen-name.
And there's no doubt that with him elegy composition in India reached its conclusion. Now no such time will come, nor will such accomplished persons be born (Frances W. Pritchett translation).

List of [[Marsiya]] by Dabeer:

# Kis sher ki Amad hai ki Run kaanp raha hai
# Dast-e-Khuda Ka Quwat-e-Bazoo Husain hain
# Bilqees paasbaan hai ye kiski janaab hai
# Paida Shua-E-Mehar Ki Miqraaz Jab Huee

Although Dabeer's poetic expression found expression in the genre of marsiya but he made use of other forms of Urdu poetry, viz., salaam and rubai, he seldom wrote ghazals too. A couplet from one of his salaams is a clear example of his genius comparable to Ghalib:

:'''Hurr fida pyaasa jo Shah par ho gaya'''
:'''Ai salami, qatra tha samandar ho gaya!'''

Meaning:

:'''When the thirsty Hurr (willingly) sacrificed his life for the Shah (Hussain);'''
:'''(Know) O salami, (O pilgrim) In truth the drop became the entire ocean!'''

:'''Naqaash naqsh, Kaatib o Khat, Baani o Bina,'''
:'''Bood o Nabood, Zaat o Sifat, Hasti o Fana,'''
:'''Aadam Malak, Zameen Falak, Gard e Kimiya,'''
:'''Duniya o Deen, Hadoos o Qidam, Banda e khuda,'''
:'''Sab, Shahid e Kamal e Shahe Mashraqain hain,'''
:'''Jab Tak Khuda Ka Mulk hai, Malik Hussain hain.'''

==Dabeer and Anis rivalry==

Anis and Dabeer rivalry is the most debated and talked about rivalry in [[Urdu literature]]. Their rivalry led to the development of two distinct styles/schools of Marsiya-nigari or [[marsia|marsiya]] writing at its inception. The staunch supporters of each of the masters identified themselves as "Aneesiya" and "Dabeeriya". The impact of rivalry was so intense that the followers could neither free themselves from their influence nor surpass either master's brilliance.
Although the populace divided themselves into two separate groups the two poets remained at cordial terms and acknowledged each other with great respect. When Anis died in 1874, Dabeer penned the following couplet as a tribute to the departed poet:

:::::'''Aasman Be Mah-i-Kamil Sidrah Be Ruhul Amin'''
:::::'''Toor-i-Sina Be Kalimullah Mimbar Be Anis'''

== Books on Mirza Dabeer ==
Description of some books published on the subject of Mirza Dabeer and his work by different writers/researchers and publishers of [[Indo-Pak]]:

:1 – '''Moazna-E-Anees-O-Dabeer''',<ref>Moazna-E-Anees-O-Dabeer, written by Maulana Shibli Nomani (Urdu Literature Series) – on line details [https://www.amazon.com/Moazna-E-Anees-O-Dabeer-Literature-Maulana-Shibli-Nomani/dp/B00BSG9OUM/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1388504396&sr=1-1&keywords=Dabeer here] Retrieved 15 September 2014</ref> by [[Shibli Nomani]]
:2 – '''Anees Aur Dabeer'''<ref>Anees Aur Dabeer by Dr. Gopi Chand Narang, in Urdu Language, Published in 2006 by Sang-e-Meel Publication, [[Lahore]] – [[Pakistan]], {{ISBN|9693518497}}</ref> by Dr. [[Gopi Chand Narang]]
:3 – Books Compiled/written<ref>On line reading [http://www.drtaqiabedi.com/-/library.html here] Retrieved 15 September 2014</ref> by Dr. Syed [[Taqi Abedi]]:
::*Mujtahid Nazm Mirza Dabeer
::* Abwab-ul-Masa'ib
::* Silke Salame Dabeer
::*Mushafe Farsi (Work of Mirza Dabeer in [[Persian language|Persian]] Language)
::* Taleh Mehar
::*Musnuyate Dabeer
:4 – Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer compiled by Eldon A. Mainyu (English)<ref>Published in August 2013 by Aud Publishing, {{ISBN|9786136613833}}</ref>

==Tribute to poet in Urdu literature==
===Tribute – Digital===
35 [[Marsiya]] video series based on event between 28th Rajab to 8th Rabi' al-awwal, titled [[Az madina ta madina]] was released on 3 January 2014, by "Mafss Noha Academy" [[Mumbai]], [[India]], and recited by Rahil Rizvi (Marsiya & Noha Khwan from India). Video series consist 8 marsiya based on topic and 2 soaz written by Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer.

==Legacy==
Dabeer, along with Anis, left an everlasting influence on Urdu literature and marsiya in particular. [[Marsiya]], in its content and matter, allowed the two masters to demonstrate their artistry and command of Urdu language and idiom. At the same time epical nature of marsiya covered and dealt with entire range of emotions and ideas. It has both mystical and romantic appeal. All the contemporary and succeeding generations of poets who adopted marsiya as the genre of poetic expression and also others who took to other forms of poetry found it difficult to break away from the trends and standards set by these two masters. The names of Dabeer and Anis are inextricable whenever Urdu Marsia is mentioned. In short, marsiya attained its zenith under the poetic genius of Anis and Dabeer. Marsiya became synonymous with the names of these two masters and also the form-[[musaddas]]- adopted by them became synonymous with the identity of marsiya.
Dabeer along with Anis influenced two major aspects of the socio-cultural life of the Indian sub-continent. One is literature and other is azadari tradition of the sub-continent.

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Mir Anis]]
*[[Ustad Sibte Jaafar Zaidi]]
*[[Mohsin Naqvi]]
*[[Taqi Abedi]]
*[[Marsia|Marsiya]]
* [[Azadari]]
* [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]

==References==
<References/>

==Suggested readings==
# Rooh-e-Anees (Muqaddma): [[Masood Hasan Rizvi]]
# Urdu Marsia ka Irteqa: [[Maseehuz-Zaman]]
# Anees Shanasi: [[Gopi Chand Narang]]
# Mirza Slamat Ali Dabeer: [[Mohd Zaman Azurdah]] (1981)
# Intekhab-e-Marasi : [[Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh|U. P. Urdu Academy]].
# Muntakhab marasi-i Dabir by Dabir (1980)
# Javahir-i Dabir: Mirza Salamat Ali Dabir ke 14 marsiye (1986)
# Mirza Dabir ki marsiyah nigari by S. A Siddiqi (1980)
# Mu'azanah-yi Anis va Dabir: Mutala'ah, muhasabah, taqabul by Irshad Niyazi (2000)
# Talash-i Dabir by Kazim Ali Khan (1979)
# Urdu Marsiya by Sifarish Hussain Rizvi
# Urdu marsiye men Mirza Dabir ka maqam by Muzaffar Hasan Malik (1976)
# Sha'ir-i a'zam Mirza Salamat Ali Dabir: Tahqiqi mutala'ah by Akbar Haidari Kashmiri (1976)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer}}
*[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=PK2167.A84&object=521] Aab-e hayat link to Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer
*[http://drtaqiabedi.com/Books/SLAM-E-DABEER/] SALAM-E-DABEER
*[http://drtaqiabedi.com/Books/MASNAVIYAT-E-DABEER/] MASNAVIYAT-E-DABEER
*[http://drtaqiabedi.com/Books/MUJTEHID/] MUJTAHID-E-NAZM MIRZA DABEER (HAYAT SHAKHSIYAT AUR FUN)
*[http://drtaqiabedi.com/Books/TALEH-E-MEHR/]
*[https://archive.today/20240524170845/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko42YZUS?url=http://www.geocities.com/shah-willayat/Marsiye/JC_0.html] Jab Chaley Yasrab Se Sibte Mustafa (SAW) Soo-e-Iraq
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110116024858/http://akchagla.com/Masters%20of%20Marsiya.htm] Masters of Marsia-Anees and Dabeer
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083107/http://www.geocities.com/shah-willayat/Marsiye/marsiyaNigari.html] Mir Anis & Mirza Dabeer: the battle is still on
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=QxpSf_JV0pEC&dq=mirza+dabir&pg=PA30] Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. By SYED AKBAR HYDER . New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 (Link o google books)
*[https://archive.today/20240524170201/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko3J1FT2?url=http://www.geocities.com/marsiafoundation1/LinksToHadees-e-DilArticles.html] Hadees-e-Dil Marsia Number
*[http://www.al-islam.org/marsiya/title.htm] Remembering Karbala Once Again-Selected Marsias of Meer Anis and Mirza Dabeer Translated by Syeda B. Raza
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071123044320/http://www.geocities.com/mehfileahlulbayt/marsiay1.html] History and Influence of Marsia on South Asian Culture
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220180549/http://www.pakistanlink.com/Letters/2004/March04/05/07.html] The Year of Mirza Dabeer By Hasan Abidi
*[https://archive.today/20240524170924/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko43Gjgk?url=http://www.geocities.com/mehfileahlulbayt/marsia10.html] Abstracts from Marsia by Dabeer
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071116193229/http://www.geocities.com/mehfileahlulbayt/marsiay3.html] Mir Anis and Karbala
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071117215157/http://www.geocities.com/mehfileahlulbayt/marsiay4.html] Brief introduction to Urdu Marsia
*[http://www.urdustan.com/history.htm] Brief history of Urdu poetry

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer}}
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language religious writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]

Wildlife of Ladakh

2025-10-10T12:18:13Z

Freaklabsindia: new

{{Short description|none}} 
{{more citations needed | date= September 2020}}
[[File:Courtship Dance of the Male Crane.jpg|thumb|Courtship dance of the male black-necked crane before its female partner]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

[[Ladakh]] is the home to [[Endemism|endemic]] Himalayan wildlife, such as the [[bharal]], [[yak]], [[Himalayan brown bear]], [[Himalayan wolf]] and the iconic [[snow leopard]]. [[Hemis National Park]], [[Changthang Cold Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Karakorum Wildlife Sanctuary]] are protected wildlife areas of Ladakh. [[The Mountain Institute]], the Ladakh Ecological Development Group and the [[Snow Leopard Conservancy]] work on ecotourism in rural Ladakh. For such an elevated, arid area, Ladakh has great diversity of birds — 318 species have been recorded (including 30 species, in the 21st century, not seen since 1960). Many of these birds reside at or seasonally breed in high-altitude wetlands, such as [[Tso Moriri]], or near rivers and water sources.

Due to its harsh montane environment, the [[mammal]]s, [[Herpetology|reptiles and amphibian]]s of Ladakh have much more in-common with the fauna of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] than with the species of the greater [[Indian subcontinent]]; one exception to this are the [[bird]]s, many of which migrate seasonally from the warmer southern parts of India (and beyond), in an effort to escape the summer heat. Before winter's frosts first arrive in Ladakh, the birds that are not residents will, once again, embark on their journey south.

==History==

The flora and fauna of [[Ladakh]] was first studied by [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]], an [[Austria]]n–[[Czech people|Czech]] [[palaeontologist]], who carried out a massive research expedition in the 1870s.

==Birds==

[[File:Grus nigricollis.svg|thumb|The [[black-necked crane]], one of the most charismatic birds of Ladakh]]
Many species of finches, robins, redstarts (like the [[black redstart]]) and the [[hoopoe]] are common in summer. The [[brown-headed gull]] is seen in summer on the river Indus, and on some lakes of the [[Changthang]]. Resident water-birds include the [[brahminy duck]] also known as the [[ruddy sheldrake]], and the [[bar-headed goose]] ([[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]: {{lang|lbj|ngangpa|italic=yes}}). The [[black-necked crane]] ({{lang|lbj|trhung-trhung|italic=yes}}) is a rare species found scattered in the Tibetan Plateau, and is also found nesting in summer in parts of Ladakh. Other birds include the [[raven]], [[red-billed chough]] ({{lang|lbj|chungka|italic=yes}}), [[Tibetan snowcock]] and [[Chukar partridge|chukar]] (a partridge, {{lang|lbj|srakpa|italic=yes}}).<ref>Namgail, T. (2005). Winter birds of the Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Indian Birds, 1: 26-28.</ref> The [[lammergeier]] and the [[golden eagle]] are common raptors here. The marshes of Ladakh are a breeding ground for many migratory birds.

Bird species recorded are:<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfister |first=Otto|author-link=Otto Pfister (naturalist)|year=2004|title=Birds and Mammals of Ladakh|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Birds recorded during visits to Ladakh, India from 1994 to 1997|last=Pfister|first=Otto|year=2001|journal=Forktail|volume=17|pages=81–90|url=http://www.www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/17pdfs/Pfister-Ladakh.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2008|access-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828050105/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/17pdfs/Pfister-Ladakh.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Asif|date=2015|title=Ladakh: The Land Beyond|journal=Buceros|volume=20|issue=3|pages=6–15}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em |
*Snow partridge (''[[Lerwa lerwa]]'')
*Tibetan snowcock (''[[Tetraogallus tibetanus]]'')
*Himalayan snowcock (''[[Tetraogallus himalayensis]]'')
*Chukar partridge (''[[Alectoris chukar]]'')
*Tibetan partridge (''[[Perdix hodgsoniae]]'')
*Common quail (''[[Coturnix coturnix]]'')
*Rain quail (''[[Coturnix coromandelica]]'')
*Greylag goose (''[[Anser anser]]'')
*Bar-headed goose (''[[Anser indicus]]'')
*Brahminy shelduck (''[[Tadorna ferruginea]]'')
*Gadwall (''[[Anas strepera]]'')
*Eurasian wigeon (''[[Anas penelope]]'')
*Mallard (''[[Anas platyrhynchos]]'')
*Northern shoveller (''[[Anas clypeata]]'')
*Garganey (''[[Anas querquedula]]'')
*Common teal (''[[Anas crecca]]'')
*Red-crested pochard (''[[Rhodonessa rufina]]'')
*Common pochard (''[[Aythya ferina]]'')
*Ferruginous pochard (''[[Aythya nyroca]]'')
*Tufted pochard (''[[Aythya fuligula]]'')
*Common merganser (''[[Mergus merganser]]'')
*Eurasian wryneck (''[[Jynx torquilla]]'')
*Large scaly-bellied green woodpecker (''[[Picus squamatus]]'')
*Common hoopoe (''[[Upupa epops]]'')
*European roller (''[[Coracias garrulus]]'')
*Indian roller (''[[Coracias benghalensis]]'')
*Small blue kingfisher (''[[Alcedo atthis]]'')
*Blue-cheeked bee-eater (''[[Merops persicus]]'')
*European bee-eater (''[[Merops apiaster]]'')
*Pied crested cuckoo (''[[Clamator jacobinus]]'')
*Common cuckoo (''[[Cuculus canorus]]'')
*Asian koel (''[[Eudynamys scolopacea]]'')
*Alpine swift (''[[Tachymarptis melba]]'')
*Common swift (''[[Apus apus]]'')
*Pacific swift (''[[Apus pacificus]]'')
*House swift (''[[Apus affinis]]'')
*Pallid scops owl (''[[Otus brucei]]'')
*Eurasian eagle owl (''[[Bubo bubo]]'')
*Little owl (''[[Athene noctua]]'')
*Long-eared owl (''[[Asio otus]]'')
*Short-eared owl (''[[Asio flammeus]]'')
*European nightjar (''[[Caprimulgus europaeus]]'')
*Blue rock pigeon (''[[Columba livia]]'')
*Hill pigeon (''[[Columba rupestris]]'')
*Snow pigeon (''[[Columba leuconota]]'')
*Eastern stock pigeon (''[[Columba eversmanni]]'')
*European turtle dove (''[[Streptopelia turtur]]'')
*Oriental turtle dove (''[[Streptopelia orientalis]]'')
*Laughing dove (''[[Spilopelia senegalensis]]'')
*Spotted dove (''[[Spilopelia chinensis]]'')
*Red collared dove (''[[Streptopelia tranquebarica]]'')
*Eurasian collared dove (''[[Streptopelia decaocto]]'')
*Siberian crane (''[[Grus leucogeranus]]'')
*Demoiselle crane (''[[Grus virgo]]'')
*Black-necked crane (''[[Grus nigricollis]]'')
*Water rail (''[[Rallus aquaticus]]'')
*Corn crake (''[[Crex crex]]'')
*Baillon's crake (''[[Porzana pusilla]]'')
*Spotted crake (''[[Porzana porzana]]'')
*Common moorhen (''[[Gallinula chloropus]]'')
*Common coot (''[[Fulica atra]]'')
*Tibetan sandgrouse (''[[Syrrhaptes tibetanus]]'')
*Solitary snipe (''[[Gallinago solitaria]]'')
*Pintail snipe (''[[Gallinago stenura]]'')
*Common snipe (''[[Gallinago gallinago]]'')
*Black-tailed godwit (''[[Limosa limosa]]'')
*Whimbrel (''[[Numenius phaeopus]]'')
*Eurasian curlew (''[[Numenius arquata]]'')
*Common redshank (''[[Tringa totanus]]'')
*Marsh sandpiper (''[[Tringa stagnatilis]]'')
*Common greenshank (''[[Tringa nebularia]]'')
*Green sandpiper (''[[Tringa ochropus]]'')
*Wood sandpiper (''[[Tringa glareola]]'')
*Terek sandpiper (''[[Xenus cinereus]]'')
*Common sandpiper (''[[Actitis hypoleucos]]'')
*Little stint (''[[Calidris minuta]]'')
*Temminck's stint (''[[Calidris temminckii]]'')
*Dunlin (''[[Calidris alpina]]'')
*Ruddy turnstone (''[[Arenaria interpres]]'')
*Curlew sandpiper (''[[Calidris ferruginea]]'')
*Ruff (''[[Philomachus pugnax]]'')
*Red-necked phalarope (''[[Phalaropus lobatus]]'')
*Pheasant-tailed jacana (''[[Hydrophasianus chirurgus]]'')
*Ibisbill (''[[Ibidorhyncha struthersii]]'')
*Black-winged stilt (''[[Himantopus himantopus]]'')
*Pied avocet (''[[Recurvirostra avosetta]]'')
*Pacific golden plover (''[[Pluvialis fulva]]'')
*Grey plover (''[[Pluvialis squatarola]]'')
*Common ringed plover (''[[Charadrius hiaticula]]'')
*Little ringed plover (''[[Charadrius dubius]]'')
*Kentish plover (''[[Charadrius alexandrinus]]'')
*Lesser sand plover (''[[Charadrius mongolus]]'')
*Northern lapwing (''[[Vanellus vanellus]]'')
*Collared pratincole (''[[Glareola pratincola]]'')
*Parasitic jaeger (''[[Stercorarius parasiticus]]'')
*Pallas's gull (''[[Larus ichthyaetus]]'')
*Brown-headed gull (''[[Larus brunnicephalus]]'')
*Black-headed gull (''[[Larus ridibundus]]'')
*Little gull (''[[Larus minutus]]'')
*Gull-billed tern (''[[Gelochelidon nilotica]]'')
*Common tern (''[[Sterna hirundo]]'')
*Arctic tern (''[[Sterna paradisaea]]'')
*Little tern (''[[Sterna albifrons]]'')
*Whiskered tern (''[[Chlidonias hybridus]]'')
*White-winged black tern (''[[Chlidonias leucopterus]]'')
*Osprey (''[[Pandion haliaetus]]'')
*Oriental honey-buzzard (''[[Pernis ptilorhynchus]]'')
*Black-shouldered kite (''[[Elanus caeruleus]]'')
*Black kite (''[[Milvus migrans]]'')
*Pallas's fish-eagle (''[[Haliaeetus leucoryphus]]'')
*Bearded vulture (''[[Gypaetus barbatus]]'')
*Egyptian vulture (''[[Neophron percnopterus]]'')
*Himalayan griffon (''[[Gyps himalayensis]]'')
*Cinereous vulture (''[[Aegypius monachus]]'')
*Short-toed snake eagle (''[[Circaetus gallicus]]'')
*Western marsh harrier (''[[Circus aeruginosus]]'')
*Hen harrier (''[[Circus cyaneus]]'')
*Pallid harrier (''[[Circus macrourus]]'')
*Montagu's harrier (''[[Circus pygargus]]'')
*Eurasian sparrowhawk (''[[Accipiter nisus]]'')
*Northern goshawk (''[[Accipiter gentilis]]'')
*Long-legged buzzard (''[[Buteo rufinus]]'')
*Upland buzzard (''[[Buteo hemilasius]]'')
*Lesser spotted eagle (''[[Clanga pomarina]]'')
*Greater spotted eagle (''[[Clanga clanga]]'')
*Steppe eagle (''[[Aquila nipalensis]]'')
*Golden eagle (''[[Aquila chrysaetos]]'')
*Common kestrel (''[[Falco tinnunculus]]'')
*Merlin (''[[Falco columbarius]]'')
*Eurasian hobby (''[[Falco subbuteo]]'')
*Saker falcon (''[[Falco cherrug]]'')
*Peregrine falcon (''[[Falco peregrinus]]'')
*Little grebe (''[[Tachybaptus ruficollis]]'')
*Great crested grebe (''[[Podiceps cristatus]]'')
*Little egret (''[[Egretta garzetta]]'')
*Grey heron (''[[Ardea cinerea]]'')
*Cattle egret (''[[Bubulcus ibis]]'')
*Little bittern (''[[Ixobrychus minutus]]'')
*Great bittern (''[[Botaurus stellaris]]'')
*Rufous-backed shrike (''[[Lanius schach]]'')
*Southern grey shrike (''[[Lanius meridionalis]]'')
*Black-billed magpie (''[[Pica pica]]'')
*Hume's groundpecker (''[[Pseudopodoces humilis]]'')
*Red-billed chough (''[[Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax]]'')
*Yellow-billed chough (''[[Pyrrhocorax graculus]]'')
*Eurasian jackdaw (''[[Corvus monedula]]'')
*Carrion crow (''[[Corvus corone]]'')
*Common raven (''[[Common raven|Corvus corax]]'')
*Black drongo (''[[Dicrurus macrocercus]]'')
*White-throated dipper (''[[Cinclus cinclus]]'')
*Brown dipper (''[[Cinclus pallasii]]'')
*Rufous-tailed rock thrush (''[[Monticola saxatilis]]'')
*Blue whistling thrush (''[[Myiophonus caeruleus]]'')
*Eurasian blackbird (''[[Turdus merula]]'')
*Dark-throated thrush (''[[Red-throated thrush|Turdus ruficollis]]'')
*Dusky thrush (''[[Turdus naumanni]]'')
*Sooty flycatcher (''[[Muscicapa sibirica]]'')
*Asian brown flycatcher (''[[Muscicapa dauurica]]'')
*Rusty-tailed flycatcher (''[[Muscicapa ruficauda]]'')
*Red-throated flycatcher (''[[Ficedula parva]]'')
*Himalayan rubythroat (''[[Luscinia pectoralis]]'')
*Bluethroat (''[[Luscinia svecica]]'')
*Rufous-tailed scrub robin (''[[Cercotrichas galactotes]]'')
*Eversmann's redstart (''[[Phoenicurus erythronotus]]'')
*Blue-capped redstart (''[[Phoenicurus caeruleocephalus]]'')
*Guldenstadt's redstart (''[[Phoenicurus erythrogaster]]'')
*Blue-fronted redstart (''[[Phoenicurus frontalis]]'')
*White-capped redstart (''[[Chaimarrornis leucocephalus]]'')
*Little forktail (''[[Enicurus scouleri]]'')
*Hume's wheatear (''[[Oenanthe alboniger]]'')
*Variable wheatear (''[[Oenanthe picata]]'')
*Pied wheatear (''[[Oenanthe pleschanka]]'')
*Desert wheatear (''[[Oenanthe deserti]]'')
*Isabelline wheatear (''[[Oenanthe isabellina]]'')
*Brahminy starling (''[[Sturnus pagodarum]]'')
*Rosy starling (''[[Sturnus roseus]]'')
*Wallcreeper (''[[Tichodroma muraria]]'')
*Bar-tailed treecreeper (''[[Certhia himalayana]]'')
*Winter wren (''[[Troglodytes troglodytes]]'')
*Eurasian penduline tit (''[[Remiz pendulinus]]'')
*Fire-capped tit (''[[Cephalopyrus flammiceps]]'')
*Simla crested tit (''[[Parus rufonuchalis]]'')
*Great tit (''[[Parus major]]'')
*Green-backed tit (''[[Parus monticolus]]'')
*Yellow-browed tit (''[[Sylviparus modestus]]'')
*Plain martin (''[[Riparia paludicola]]'')
*Eurasian crag martin (''[[Hirundo rupestris]]'')
*Common swallow (''[[Hirundo rustica]]'')
*Red-rumped swallow (''[[Hirundo daurica]]'')
*Northern house martin (''[[Delichon urbica]]'')
*Goldcrest (''[[Regulus regulus]]'')
*Stoliczka's tit-warbler (''[[Leptopoecile sophiae]]'')
*Common chiffchaff (''[[Phylloscopus collybita]]'')
*Mountain chiffchaff (''[[Phylloscopus sindianus]]'')
*Plain leaf-warbler (''[[Phylloscopus neglectus]]'')
*Tickell's leaf warbler (''[[Phylloscopus affinis]]'')
*Greenish leaf warbler (''[[Phylloscopus trochiloides]]'')
*Large-billed leaf-warbler (''[[Phylloscopus magnirostris]]'')
*Tytler's leaf-warbler (''[[Phylloscopus tytleri]]'')
*Streaked laughingthrush (''[[Garrulax lineatus]]'')
*Variegated laughingthrush (''[[Garrulax variegatus]]'')
*Garden warbler (''[[Sylvia borin]]'')
*Greater whitethroat (''[[Sylvia communis]]'')
*Eastern calandra-lark (''[[Melanocorypha bimaculata]]'')
*Long-billed calandra-lark (''[[Melanocorypha maxima]]'')
*Greater short-toed lark (''[[Calandrella brachydactyla]]'')
*Hume's short-toed lark (''[[Calandrella acutirostris]]'')
*Asian short-toed lark (''[[Alaudala cheleensis]]'')
*Horned lark (''[[Eremophila alpestris]]'')
*House sparrow (''[[Passer domesticus]]'')
*Spanish sparrow (''[[Passer hispaniolensis]]'')
*Tibetan snowfinch (''[[Montifringilla adamsi]]'')
*Mandelli's snowfinch (''[[Pyrgilauda taczanowskii]]'')
*Plain-backed snowfinch (''[[Pyrgilauda blanfordi]]'')
*Forest wagtail (''[[Dendronanthus indicus]]'')
*White wagtail (''[[Motacilla alba]]'')
*Large pied wagtail (''[[Motacilla maderaspatensis]]'')
*Yellow wagtail (''[[Motacilla flava]]'')
*Grey wagtail (''[[Motacilla cinerea]]'')
*Red-throated pipit (''[[Anthus cervinus]]'')
*Rosy pipit (''[[Anthus roseatus]]'')
*Alpine accentor (''[[Prunella collaris]]'')
*Altai accentor (''[[Prunella himalayana]]'')
*Robin accentor (''[[Prunella rubeculoides]]'')
*Siberian accentor (''[[Prunella montanella]]'')
*Brown accentor (''[[Prunella fulvescens]]'')
*Black-throated accentor (''[[Prunella atrogularis]]'')
*Brambling (''[[Fringilla montifringilla]]'')
*Fire-fronted serin (''[[Serinus pusillus]]'')
*Twite (''[[Carduelis flavirostris]]'')
*Eurasian linnet (''[[Carduelis cannabina]]'')
*Hodgson's mountain finch (''[[Leucosticte nemoricola]]'')
*Black-headed mountain finch (''[[Leucosticte brandti]]'')
*Black-headed mountain finch (''[[Leucosticte brandti]]'')
*Crimson-winged finch (''[[Rhodopechys sanguinea]]'')
*Mongolian finch (''[[Bucanetes mongolicus]]'')
*Common rosefinch (''[[Carpodacus erythrinus]]'')
*White-browed rosefinch (''[[Carpodacus thura]]'')
*Red-mantled rosefinch (''[[Carpodacus rhodochlamys]]'')
*Streaked great rosefinch (''[[Carpodacus rubicilloides]]'')
*Common great rosefinch (''[[Carpodacus rubicilla]]'')
*Red-fronted rosefinch (''[[Carpodacus puniceus]]'')
*Pine bunting (''[[Emberiza leucocephalus]]'')
*Rock bunting (''[[Emberiza cia]]'')
*Grey-necked bunting (''[[Emberiza buchanani]]'')
*Ortolan bunting (''[[Emberiza hortulana]]'')
*Little bunting (''[[Emberiza pusilla]]'')
*Little bunting (''[[Emberiza pusilla]]'')
*Chestnut bunting (''[[Emberiza rutila]]'')
*Red-headed bunting (''[[Emberiza bruniceps]]'')
*Reed bunting (''[[Emberiza schoeniclus]]'')
*Hoopoe (''[[Upupa epops]]'')
}}

==Mammals==

[[File:IbexShape.jpg|thumb|Ibex]]
The [[Siberian ibex]] ({{lang|lbj|skin|italic=yes}}), also known as the Himalayan ibex, is a species of wild goat found in the high, craggy terrain of Ladakh, one of the snow leopard's top prey choices. Several thousand are believed to inhabit the mountains of Ladakh. The [[bharal]], or "blue sheep" ({{lang|lbj|napo|italic=yes}}), is even more common than the ibex, ranging across the Himalayas from [[Pakistan]]'s east as far as [[Sikkim]] and [[Bhutan]]. The bharal is the basis of the snow leopard's diet. The Ladakhi [[urial]] ({{lang|lbj|shapo|italic=yes}}), another wild sheep, is a rarer subspecies of urial found at lower elevations, mostly in river valleys; thus, it is often directly in-competition with domesticated grazing animals. They are now rare, numbering about a thousand in the region. The Tibetan [[argali]] ({{lang|lbj|nyan|italic=yes}}) is a relative of the Marco Polo sheep of the Pamirs. Impressive animals with huge horizontal curving horns, they are extremely rare in Ladakh, numbering only a few hundred, but they do have a wide range throughout mountainous areas of the Chinese provinces of [[Xinjiang]], [[Qinghai]], and [[Gansu]]. The habitat of the extremely rare Tibetan gazelle ({{lang|lbj|gowa|italic=yes}}) is near the Tibetan border in southeastern Ladakh. The Himalayan musk deer ({{lang|lbj|lhawa|italic=yes}}) is extremely elusive, and has not been seen in Ladakh for decades, if not generations.

The [[Tibetan antelope]] ({{lang|lbj|tsos}}, Indian English ''chiru'') is also endangered. Early in the 20th century the ''chiru'' was seen in herds of thousands, surviving on remarkably sparse vegetation, but they are vanishingly rare now. It has been hunted for its fine under-wool ([[Urdu]]: ''shahtoosh'', {{lang|lbj|tsoskul|italic=yes}}), which must be pulled out by hand, a process done after the animal is killed. This ''shahtoosh'' is valued in South Asia for its light weight and warmth, but more than anything else, as a status symbol. Owning or trading in ''shahtoosh'' is now illegal in most countries.

The Tibetan wild ass ({{lang|lbj|kiang|italic=yes}}) is one animal that visitors can expect to see, if they take a wildlife tour on the Changthang. Favouring the rolling grasslands of this area, their natural curiosity makes them fairly easy to spot, despite their relatively low numbers, about 1500 individuals.
[[File:Lightmatter snowleopard.jpg|thumb|right|250px|About 200 [[snow leopard]]s, an [[endangered species]], are believed to live in Ladakh.]]

The [[snow leopard]] ({{lang|lbj|shan|italic=yes}}) once ranged throughout the Himalayas, Tibet, and as far as the [[Sayan Mountains]] on the Mongolian-Russian border, at elevations of 1800 m to 5400 m. They are extremely shy and hard to spot, and as such, not well-studied, though this has changed in the 21st century somewhat. It is believed that there are about 200 in Ladakh. While tourists are unlikely to see leopards themselves, during winter, footprints and other identifiers are not uncommon. Other cats in Ladakh are even rarer than the snow leopard: the [[Siberian lynx]] ({{lang|lbj|ee|italic=yes}}), numbering only a few individuals, and the [[Pallas's cat]], which looks somewhat like a house cat. The Tibetan wolf ({{lang|lbj|shangku|italic=yes}}) is the greatest threat to the livestock of the Ladakhis and as such is the most persecuted. There are only about 300 wolves left in Ladakh. There are also a very few brown bears ({{lang|lbj|drenmo|italic=yes}} / {{lang|lbj|tret|italic=yes}}) in the Suru valley and the area around Dras. The red fox is common, and [[Vulpes ferrilata|Tibetan sand fox]] has recently been discovered in this region (both: {{lang|lbj|watse|italic=yes}}).

Among smaller animals, marmots ({{lang|lbj|pheya|italic=yes}}) are common; you can even sometimes see them from the road, although they do not look very different from the marmots common to other mountainous areas of the world. There are also plenty of hares ({{lang|lbj|ribong|italic=yes}}), and several types of voles and pika (both: {{lang|lbj|rdzabra|italic=yes}} / {{lang|lbj|zabra|italic=yes}}).

Mammal species recorded by [[Otto Pfister (naturalist)|Otto Pfister]] are:
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em |
*Snow leopard (''[[Uncia uncia]]'')
*Lynx (''[[Lynx lynx]]'')
*Pallas's cat (''[[Otocolobus manul]]'')
*Wolf (''[[Canis lupus]]'')
*Red fox (''[[Vulpes vulpes]]'')
*Tibetan sand fox (''[[Vulpes ferrilata]]'')
*Dhole (''[[Cuon alpinus]]'')
*Brown bear (''[[Ursus arctos]]'')
*Stoat (''[[Mustela erminea]]'')
*Mountain weasel (''[[Mustela altaica]]'')
*Stone marten (''[[Martes foina]]'')
*Eurasian otter (''[[Lutra lutra]]'')
*Kiang (''[[Equus kiang]]'')
*Musk deer (''[[Moschus chrysogaster]]'')
*Yak (''[[Bos grunniens]]'')
*Tibetan gazelle (''[[Procapra picticaudata]]'')
*Tibetan antelope/Chiru (''[[Pantholops hodgsoni]]'')
*Bharal (''[[Pseudois nayaur]]'')
*Ibex (''[[Capra ibex]]'')
*Tibetan argali (''[[Ovis ammon hodgsoni]]'')
*Ladakh urial (''[[Ovis vignei]]'')
*Himalayan marmot (''[[Marmota bobak]]'')
*Long tailed marmot (''[[Marmota caudata]]'')
*Silvery mountain vole (''[[Alticola argentatus]]'')
*Royle's mountain vole (''[[Alticola stoliczkanus]]'')
*Cape hare (''[[Lepus capensis]]'')
*Wooly hare (''[[Lepus oiostolus]]'')
*Plateau pika (''[[Ochotona curzoniae]]'')
*Ladakh pika (''[[Ochotona ladacensis]]'')
*Nubra pika (''[[Ochotona nubrica]]'')
*Large-eared pika (''[[Ochotona macrotis]]'')
*Royle's pika (''[[Ochotona roylei]]'')
}}

==See also==

* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh#Ecotourism|Ecotourism in Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh#Transport|Transport in Ladakh]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.wildlifetimes.com/Ladakh.zip Slide show of wildlife of Ladakh]
* [http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/basiafeats/ladakh.html Birding Hotspot: Ladakh - a high-altitude melting-pot]
* Adair, F E S (1899). [https://archive.org/details/biggameofbaltist00adairich ''A Summer in High Asia'']. W. Thacker and Co.
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Ladakh]]
[[Category:Biota of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Wildlife of India|Ladakh]]

Ashu Bedra

2025-10-05T02:50:46Z

Freaklabsindia: New a stub

{{short description|Indian film producer & actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashu Bedra
| image = Ashubedra pic.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| alias =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Uppinangady]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]
| occupation = Producer, Actor
| years_active = 2008–present
}}

'''Ashu Bedra''' is an Indian producer and actor who works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] television and [[Cinema of Karnataka|films]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shahuraj Shinde returns to direction after eight years with Ashu Bedra-starrer Ranga Mandira- The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/sep/11/shahuraj-shinde-returns-to-direction-after-eight-years-with-ashu-bedra-starrer-ranga-mandira-1870238.html| publisher=The New Indian Express |date= 11 September 2018}}</ref> He started his career with production as a Kannada TV serial producer in 2008 with Zee Kannada's ''Radha Kalyana''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Kannada launches two new shows - Indian Television Dot Com |url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-kannada-launches-two-new-shows-140414| publisher=Indian Television Dot Com |date= 14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shahuraj Shinde returns to direction after eight years with Ashu Bedra-starrer Ranga Mandira- Cinema express |url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/sep/10/shahuraj-shinde-returns-to-direction-after-eight-years-with-ashu-bedra-starrer-ranga-mandira-7817.html| publisher=Cinema Express |date= 10 September 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Ashu has been a producer for multiple Kannada TV serials like ''Radha Kalyana'' (2008), ''Baduku Jataka Bandi'' (2011), ''Sagara Sangama'' (2014), ''Sarpa Sambandha'' (2017), and ''Oggarane Dabbi'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial producer Ashu Bedra turns hero - News Nirantara |url= http://newsnirantara.in/?p=27399| publisher=News Nirantara |date= 4 May 2017}}</ref>

In 2016, Ashu stepped into the Kannada film industry with [[Suni (director)|Simple Suni]] directed ''Simpallag Innondh Love Story'', a sequel to ''[[Simple Agi Ondh Love Story]]''. Since then, he was involved in major TV serials as a producer. In 2019, he did a lead role in the movie ''[[Alidu Ulidavaru]]''. <ref>{{cite news |title=Sangeetha Bhat: Ashu Bedra, Atul Kulkarni and Sangeetha Bhat in Arvind Sastry's next - Kannada Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ashu-bedra-atul-kulkarni-and-sangeetha-bhat-in-arvind-sastrys-next/articleshow/58494473.cms| publisher=Times of India |date= 4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - RANGAMANDIRA A FINE THOUGHT - Chitratara.com |url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=11575&ptype=News&title=RANGAMANDIRA%20A%20FINE%20THOUGHT| publisher=Chitratara.com |date= 13 October 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Producer !! Actor !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Simpallag Innondh Love Story]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}}
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Alidu Ulidavaru]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Sheelam
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
;As producer
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title
!Notes
|-
|2008
|''Radha Kalyana''
|
|-
|2011
| ''Baduku Jataka Bandi''
|
|-
|2014
| ''Sagara Sangama''
|
|-
|2017
| ''Sarpa Sambandha''
|
|-
|2018
|''Oggarane Dabbi''
|
|}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| id = 7987637}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashu Bedra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sarpanchi

2025-09-15T14:49:34Z

Freaklabsindia: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{update|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sarpanchi Punjabi Logo.png
| caption =
| writer = [[Gurpreet Singh Palheri]]
| screenplay = [[Gurpreet Singh Palheri]]
| story = [[Gurpreet Singh Palheri]]
| director = [[Gurpreet Singh Palheri]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
[[Jass Bajwa]],[[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]], Sardar Sohi, Gurinder Makna, Irwinmeet
}}
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| network = [[Chaupal (streaming service)|Chaupal]]
| released = 
| producer = Chaupal Studios
}}

'''Sarpanchi''' is an upcoming Punjabi-language web series scheduled to release on 15 August 2024, on the OTT platform [[Chaupal (streaming service)|Chaupal]]. The series is written and directed by [[Gurpreet Singh Palheri]] and features [[Jass Bajwa]], [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu|Kuljinder Sidhu]], [[Sardar Sohi]], Gurinder Makna, and Irwinmeet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabra |first=Bhavya |title=Sarpanchi: Get Ready For Village Politics With Jass Bajwa's Upcoming Web Series |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/sarpanchi-get-ready-for-village-politics-with-jass-bajwas-upcoming-web-series |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Punjabi Mania |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series tells the story of a Punjabi family. The head of the family, an elder who was the first [[Sarpanch]] of the village after India's independence, advised his family to stay away from the position. However, in 2024, the villagers, recalling the elder's good deeds, insist that the family take up the role again.

Baant, the elder's grandson, initially plans to move abroad for a better future. However, when antagonist Makhaan insults his family, Baant feels compelled to defend their honor. He decides to run for the position of Sarpanch, facing significant opposition and numerous challenges. The series follows Baant's journey as he navigates political and personal obstacles to achieve his goal and uphold his family's legacy.

The series has themes of family honor, political rivalry, and community spirit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcoming Punjabi web series Sarpanchi, starring actor-singer Jass Bajwa, gives a sneak peek into village-level politics in Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/upcoming-punjabi-web-series-sarpanchi-starring-actor-singer-jass-bajwa-gives-a-sneak-peek-into-village-level-politics-in-punjab-629200/ |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jass Bajwa as Baant: The protagonist, who stands for the Sarpanchi election to regain his family's respect.
* Kuljinder Sidhu as Makhaan: The antagonist and Baant's uncle.
* Sardar Sohi
* Gurinder Makna
* Irwinmeet as Ekam: Baant's fiancée.
* Jarnail Singh as Taali: A loyal servant of Mehar Singh who joins the opposition when denied a [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Sarpanchi 2024 OTT release date Chaupal: When to watch the Punjabi web series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/sarpanchi-2024-ott-release-date-chaupal-when-to-watch-the-punjabi-web-series-639332.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Production ==
The series is produced by Chaupal Studios with Ajayvir Singh as the project head. Music is composed by Gurmoh, Manna Singh, and Rafal, with lyrics by Gill Raunta, Vari Rai, and Saheb. Mukul Punia is the director of photography, and Parminder Virdi is the editor. The background score is composed by Manna Singh.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

== Release ==
[[File:Sarpanchi Punjabi Logo.png|alt=Punjabi Logo of Sarpanchi|thumb|Punjabi Logo of Sarpanchi]]
[[File:English Logo of Sarpanchi.png|alt=English Logo of Sarpanchi|thumb|English Logo of Sarpanchi]]
The series is set to release on the OTT platform [[Chaupal (streaming service)|Chaupal]] on 15 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarpanchi 2024 OTT release date – When and where to watch the Punjabi web series about panchayat election |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sarpanchi-2024-ott-release-date-watch-the-punjabi-series-that-amazingly-captures-the-village-politics/78c806fd64245 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.chaupal.tv Chaupal Official Website]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33062819/?ref_=fn_al_tt_13 Sarpanchi at IMDB]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarpanchi}}
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Ashtakam

2025-09-09T13:07:41Z

Freaklabsindia: cleanup

{{Short description|Form of poem with eight stanzas}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}

The term '''ashtakam''' ({{langx|sa|अष्टकम् aṣṭakam}}), also often written '''astakam''', is derived from the Sanskrit word ''aṣṭā'', meaning "eight". In context of [[poetic]] compositions, 'ashtakam' refers to a particular form of poetry, written in eight stanzas.

==Form==
The stanzas in an "ashtakam" are a [[rhyming]] [[quartet]] with four lines, i.e. end lines rhyme as a-a-a-a. Thus, in an ashtakam generally thirty-two lines are maintained. All these stanzas follow a strict rhyme scheme. The proper [[rhyme scheme]] for an astakam is: a-a-a-a/b-b-b-b….. (/ represents a new stanza). The rhyme designs are both ear-rhymes and eye-rhymes. Ear-rhyme where the end letters rhyme in sound and audibility, and eye-rhyme where the end letters appear similar. This rhyme sequence sets the usual structure of the astakam. astakam rhyme consists of identical ("hard-rhyme") or similar ("soft-rhyme") sounds placed at predictable locations, normally the ends of lines for external rhyme or within lines for internal rhyme.

Sanskrit language exhibits high richness in sustaining rhyming structures. Thus Sanskrit ashtakams are capable of carrying a limited set of rhymes all over a lengthy composition.

Several times in an ashtakam, the quatrains (sets of four lines) conclude abruptly or in other cases, with a couplet (a pair of lines). In the body quatrains the poet establishes a theme and then may resolve it in the final lines, called the couplet, or may leave them unsolved. Sometime the end couplet may contain self-identification of the poet. The structure is also bound by rules of meter for enhanced suitability for recital and classical singing.
However, there are several ashtakams that do not conform to the regular structure.

==History==
The conventions associated with the ashtakam have evolved over its literary history of more than 2500 years. One of the best known ashtakam writers was [[Adi Sankaracharya]], who created an ashtakam cycle with a group of ashtakams, arranged to address a particular deity, and designed to be read both as a collection of fully realized individual poems and as a single poetic work comprising all the individual ashtakams. He wrote more than thirty astakams in ''stuti'' [dedication] to various deities.

Ashtakams were a very popular and generally accepted genre of devotional and general poetry during the golden period of [[Sanskrit literature]], and also that of [[Vedic literature|Vedic Indian Literature]].

==References==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080726165216/http://www.haryana-online.com/Culture/sanskrit_literature.htm Overview of Sanskrit Literature]}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065553/Sanskrit-literature/ Sanskrit Literature]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080630210748/http://www.stutimandal.com/poems3.htm Numerous Astakams]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054713/http://www.esnips.com/_t_/bhavanyastakam/ Celebrated Bhavani Astakam: Listen]

[[Category:Indian poetry]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Hindu literature]]

Vijaysinh Pandit

2025-09-06T20:48:21Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijaysinh Shivajirao Pandit
| office = Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (2024)
| native_name = विजयसिंह शिवाजीराव पंडित (हिंदु मराठा)
| caption = Vijaysinh(Raje) Shivajirao Pandit
| alongside = In office (2024)
| constituency = [[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]
| footnotes = Vijaysinh Shivajirao Pandit
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| office1 = Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council (Nov 2024)
| birth_date = 21 Nov 1977
| birth_place = Daithan, Tq. Georai - Beed
| spouse = Sau. Vijeta Vijaysinh Pandit
| relations = Shri. Amarsinh Shivajirao Pandit
Shri. Jaisingh Shivajirao Pandit
| children = Viranjali Vijaysinh Pandit
Rajwardhan Vijaysinh Pandit
| occupation = Political & Social Activist
| nickname = Vijayraje
| image = Vijaysinh Shivajirao Pandit.jpg
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Vijaysinh Shivajirao Pandit''' (born 1977)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vijaysinh Shivajirao Pandit(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- GEORAI(BEED) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=514 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Georai Assembly constituency]] in [[Beed district]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georai Assembly Election Results 2024: Georai Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/maharashtra/georai-constituency-result-13228 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2024 |title=Beed election results highlights: NCP (SP)'s Sandeep Ravindra Kshirsagar wins Beed seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/beed-election-2024-results-live-updates-pali-majalgaon-georai-assembly-election-latest-news-101732320893676.html |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pandit is from [[Gevrai|Georai]], Beed district, Maharashtra. He is the youngest of the three sons of former minister Shivajirao Ankushrao Pandit.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-28 |title=Vijaysinh to take on uncle in Georai from Beed district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/vijaysinh-pandit-faces-uncle-badamrao-in-high-stakes-georai-election-battle/articleshow/114664747.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He completed his L.L.B. in 2010 at Dr. [[Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], [[Aurangabad]]. He runs his own business.<ref name=":0" /> He is a former Zilla Parishad president.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-28 |title=Vijaysinh to take on uncle in Georai from Beed district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/vijaysinh-pandit-faces-uncle-badamrao-in-high-stakes-georai-election-battle/articleshow/114664747.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pandit won from Georai Assembly constituency representing Nationalist Congress Party in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 116,141 votes and defeated his nearest rival and uncle, [[Badamrao Pandit|Badamrao Lahurao Pandit]] of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiva Sena (UBT)]], by a margin of 42,390 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georai Election Result 2024 LIVE: Vijaysinh Shivajirao Pandit of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/georai-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130175.html |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He contested the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] on the NCP ticket but lost to [[Laxman Pawar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 6,792 votes. After the split in the party, he stayed with Ajit Pawar faction.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Georai (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/georai-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684999/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Vijaysinh}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Beed district]]
[[Category:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University alumni]]

List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold)

2025-08-29T14:48:00Z

Freaklabsindia: Article enhanced with better details

#REDIRECT [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Ramgarh (community development block)

2025-08-02T01:16:33Z

Freaklabsindia: Made!

{{About|the community development block|the city|Ramgarh Cantonment|the district|Ramgarh district}}
{{Other uses|Ramgarh (disambiguation){{!}}Ramgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramgarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6302|N|85.5193|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 101.28
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 333
| population_total = 73,040
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829122 (Ramgarh Cantt)
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06553
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
| website = {{URL|ramgarh.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramgarh (community development block)''' is an administrative division in the [[Ramgarh subdivision]] of the [[Ramgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Maoist activities==
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by [[Naxalite|Maoist]] activities. {{As of|2012}}, Ramgarh was not among the highly affected districts in the state.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/Assessment/2013/Jharkhand.htm |title = Jharkhand Assessment 2013 | publisher= Satp | access-date = 23 September 2017}}</ref> According to the Jharkhand Police spokesperson and Inspector General (IG) Saket Singh, as reported on 8 December 2020, "The activities of CPI-Maoist are now confined to small pockets in the state because of our efforts." Civilian fatalities, a key index of security in a region, declined from 20 in 2019, to 8 in 2020, the lowest in this category since 2000, when there were 13 such fatalities. The 28 total fatalities recorded in 2020 are also the lowest overall fatalities recorded in the state in a year since 2000, when they stood at 36.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/O/68556/jharkhand-dying-embers.html | title= Jharkhand: Dying Embers |publisher= India Blooms| accessdate = 30 January 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] is located at {{coord|23.6302|N|85.5193|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|333|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Ramgarh2.html| title = Ramgarh, India Page | access-date = 15 November 2015 | publisher = Fallingrain Genomics}}</ref>

A major portion of the district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Damodar trough|Damodar trough]] on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi Plateau]], the largest part of the Chotanagpur Plateau is on the south and the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Hazaribagh Plateau|Hazaribagh Plateau]] is on the north. The [[Damodar River|Damodar]] is the principal river of the district. The main tributaries of Damodar in the area are Naikari, Bhairavi/ Bhera and [[Bokaro River|Bokaro]]. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] flows through the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Rajrappa]] falls and Naikari dam are important landmarks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 7-8: Physiography, Drainage|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 28 January 2021}}</ref>

Ramgarh CD block is bounded by the [[Dadi (community development block)|Dadi]] CD block in the Hazaribagh district, the [[Mandu (community development block)|Mandu]] CD block, [[Gomia block|Gomia]] CD block in Bokaro district on the north, the [[Chitarpur (community development block)|Chitarpur]] and [[Dulmi (community development block)|Dulmi]] CD blocks on the east, the [[Ormanjhi block|Ormanjhi]] CD block in the Ranchi district on the south, and the [[Patratu (community development block)|Patratu]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ramgarh.html| title= CD block/tehsil map of Ramgarh |publisher= MapsofIndia| accessdate = 29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/hazaribagh.html | title= CD block/ tehsil map of Hazaribagh |publisher= Maps0fIndia| accessdate = 29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/bokaro.html| title= CD blocks/ tehsils of Bokaro |publisher= MapsofIndia | accessdate = 29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ranchi.html| title= CD block/ tehsil map of Ranchi |publisher= MapsofIndia| accessdate = 29 January 2021}}</ref>

Ramgarh CD block has an area of 101.28 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 24: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 28 January 2021}}</ref>[[Ramgarh Cantonment#Police station|Ramgarh]] police station serves Ramgarh CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| title = District Police Profile - Ramgarh| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 29 January 2021| archive-date = 28 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091035/https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Ramgarh CD block is located at [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Ramgarh district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 28 January 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ramgarh CD block had a total population of 73,040, of which 47,871 were rural and 25,169 were urban. There were 37,670 (52%) males and 35,370 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 10,734. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 9,543 (13.07%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 15,397 (21.08%).<ref name=census2011/>

[[Sirka, India|Sirka]] and [[Marar, Ramgarh|Marar]] are [[census town]]s in Ramgarh CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 November 2015}}</ref>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Ramgarh CD block was 44,211 (70.96% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 25,829 (80.60% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 18,382 (60.74% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 19.86%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Ramgarh district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ramgarh CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|1.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.89}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.38}}
}}

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ramgarh CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 41.76 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 33.48 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 6.82 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 3.68 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value5 = 3.44 |color5 = crimson
|label6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value6 = 2.54 |color6 = orchid
|label7 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value7 = 2.40 |color7 = pink
|label8 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] |value8 = 1.58 |color8 = burlywood
|label9 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value9 = 1.06 |color9 = moccasin
|label10 = Others |value10 = 3.24 |color10 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 41.76% of the population spoke [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 33.48% Hindi, 6.82% [[Urdu]], 3.68% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 3.44% [[Magahi language|Magahi]], 2.54% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.40% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 1.58% [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] and 1.06% [[Maithili language|Maithili]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
Ramgarh district was carved out of Hazaribagh district in 2007. In 2004–2005, 40-50% of the population of Hazaribagh district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category, being in the same category as Godda, Giridih and Koderma districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 25 January 2021}}</ref> [[Rural poverty]] in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 25 January 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Ramgarh CD block'''
|value1 = 18.03
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 6.67
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.78
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 72.52
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Ramgarh CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,898 and formed 18.03%, agricultural labourers numbered 3,660 and formed 6.67%, household industry workers numbered 1,526 and formed 2.78% and other workers numbered 39,807 and formed 72.52%. Total workers numbered 54,891 and formed 33.92% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 106,903 and formed 66.08% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 47 and 51, pages 48 and 51 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 30 January 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 20 inhabited villages in the Ramgarh CD block. In 2011, 18 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 19 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 20 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 6 villages had post offices, 6 villages had sub post offices, 6 villages had telephones (land lines), 14 villages had mobile phone coverage. 20 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 11 villages had bus service (public/ private), 2 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 9 villages had taxi/vans and 5 villages had tractors. 4 villages had bank branches. 17 villages had [[public distribution system]], 2 villages had weekly haat (market) and 15 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 196-97, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 30 January 2021 }}</ref>

===Coal mining===
The projects of the [[Argada Area]] of [[Central Coalfields]] are: Gidi A [[Open-pit mining|Open Cast]], Gidi C opencast, Religara opencast/ underground, Sirka opencast, Sirka underground, Argada underground, Giddi Washery. The area office is at [[Sirka, India|Sirka]], PO Argada 829101.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/argda.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas - Hazaribagh |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line|collapse=y}}
[[Ramgarh Cantonment railway station]] is on the [[Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tatanagar-barkakana-passenger-58023/6494/168/1219 | title= Tatanagar-Barkakana Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo| accessdate = 31 January 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Ramgarh CD block had 8 villages with pre-primary schools, 20 villages with primary schools, 15 villages with middle schools, 9 villages with secondary schools, 5 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with general degree college.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Ramgarh, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Page 195 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 30 January 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Ramgarh CD block had 1 village with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], 9 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with medicine shop.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Ramgarh district]]

The UP Files

2025-07-20T18:37:44Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| producer = Kuldeep Umraosingh Ostwal
| director = Neeraj Sahai
| writer = Stanish Gill
| starring = [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] [[Manjari Fadnis]] Poonam Dwivedi [[Milind Gunaji]] [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] [[Avtar Gill]]
| studio = Shree Ostwal Films
| distributor = [[UFO Moviez]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|07|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''The UP Files''''' is a 2024 Indian [[political drama]] film produced by Kuldeep Umraosingh Ostwal and directed by Neeraj Sahai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UP Files: A 'reel reflection' of good governance in state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/the-up-files-a-reel-reflection-of-good-governance-in-state-101710440992987.html |website=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], Poonam Dwivedi, [[Manjari Fadnis]], and [[Milind Gunaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia's Premier News Agency - India News, Business & Political, National & International, Bollywood, Sports |work=ANI News |url=https://www.aninews.in/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=Trailer of the Hindi movie 'The UP Files' released |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/trailer-of-the-hindi-movie-the-up-files-released-1503279692.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Manoj Joshi and Manjari Fadnis's Hindi Film 'The UP Files' to Release on July 26 - Morning Kashmir |url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/manoj-joshi-and-manjari-fadniss-hindi-film-the-up-files-to-release-on-july-26/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>''The UP Files'' is presented as inspired by true events.

== Premise==
Abhay Singh is elected as the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP), the most populous state in India. The film chronicles the challenges Singh faces as he attempts to govern the state and implement his vision.

== Cast ==
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Abhay Singh, the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], based on [[Yogi Adityanath]]
* [[Manjari Fadnis]] as Sujata Menon (Inspector)
* Poonam Dwivedi as Razia
* [[Milind Gunaji]]
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]]
* Ashok Samarth
* Anil George
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]]
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]]
* Vineet Sharma
* [[Avtar Gill]]
* Vaibhav Mathur

== Release ==
The announced release date for ''The UP Files'' was postponed from 12 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=The UP Files Movie: Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-up-files/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> to 26 July.

== Reception ==
A review in ''[[Times Now News]]'' concluded, "While ''The UP Files ''succeeds in presenting a realistic portrayal of political life, it occasionally leans into melodrama, which might detract from its overall impact. Nonetheless, it remains a thought-provoking watch, offering a behind-the-scenes look at the challenges and triumphs of political leadership in contemporary India."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=The UP Files Movie Review: Neeraj Sahai's Political Drama Unveils Challenges Of Governance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/the-up-files-movie-review-neeraj-sahai-political-drama-unveils-challenges-of-governance-review-112019928 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' was much more negative and stated, "The film's lack of story and jerky pacing undermine its intent to showcase a powerful CM and the impact of effective leadership. Its failure to craft a compelling narrative and reliance on formulaic tropes also overshadow its positive intentions, making it a missed opportunity to explore meaningful themes and ideas."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The UP Files Movie Review : Ambitious themes lost in a formulaic, disjointed narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-up-files/movie-review/112047448.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while FIlm Information called it a "propaganda film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2024-07-26 |title='THE UP FILES' REVIEW {{!}} 26 July, 2024 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/the-up-files-review-26-july-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Up Files, The}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Yogi Adityanath]]

Devender Attri

2025-07-11T05:35:03Z

Freaklabsindia: New new details.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Dushyant Chautala]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Devender Chatar Bhuj Attri''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-08 |title=Haryana: BJP's Devender Attri defeats Cong's Brijendra Singh from Uchana Kalan by 32 votes |url=https://theprint.in/india/haryana-bjps-devender-attri-defeats-congs-brijendra-singh-from-uchana-kalan-by-32-votes/2302805/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Uchana Kalan Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/uchana-kalan-election-result-2024-live-update-9077324.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|accessdate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attri, Devender}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Putlur (Tiruvallur district)

2025-04-28T07:22:12Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Other uses|Putlur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Putlur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb in Tiruvallur
| image_skyline = Putlur Temple Entrance.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Night view of the Entrance of the Putlur Amman Temple
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chennai, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.117891|N|79.939049|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Thiruvallur
| government_type =
| governing_body = DTCP
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Poonamallee
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Thiruvallur
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = DTCP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Putlur''' is a suburb in [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], located in the northwestern part of the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. Putlur is also governed for development purpose by the body of [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. <ref name="Allen"/>

==Etymology==
The name "Putlur" comes from the Tamil term ''putru'' meaning "snake hole". Goddess [[Parvati]] is believed to have taken the unprepossessing form of a large anthill in this village, where a temple was later built. The village was eventually called "Putlur" meaning "the town of anthill".<ref name="Allen">{{cite book
| last = Allen
| first = Charles
| author-link =
| title = Coromandel: A Personal History of South India
| publisher = Little, Brown
| series =
| volume =
| edition =
| date = 2017
| location = London
| pages =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qutzDQAAQBAJ&dq=putlur+amman+temple&pg=PT90
| isbn = 978-1-4087-0540-7}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
The suburb is known for the [[Putlur Angala Parameshwari Amman Temple|Goddess Angala Parameswari temple]] (temple dedicated to goddess Parvati, known as Poongavanathu Amman).<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Angala Parameswari temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=125|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927092331/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=125|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2013|website=Dinamalar|accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> According to the legend, the presiding deity is made of sand, which appears like a pregnant woman lying on the ground.

==Transportation==
Putlur is served by [[Putlur railway station]] in the West line of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Putlur halt station|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/putlur-halt-ptlr/9444|website=India Rail Info|accessdate=11 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=125 Sri Angala Parameswari temple in Dinamalar Temples]

[[Category:Villages in Tiruvallur district]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Sahwa, Rajasthan

2025-04-06T12:23:17Z

Freaklabsindia: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahawa
| native_name = Sahawa Sahib
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Sahawa.jpg
| image_alt = Pools of still water and a domed white temple partly obscured by trees.
| image_caption = Sahawa's [[Gurudwara]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|52|23|N|74|50|48|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churu district|Churu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = Major [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Haryanvi]]
Minor [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 331302
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#RJ.E2.80.94Rajasthan|RJ]]-10
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Sahawa''' (or '''Sahwa''') is a village in the Taranagar sub-district of [[Churu district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. This place is famous for an historical [[Gurudwara]] and parali transport also.sahawa situated Border of [[Hanumangarh]] and Churu district.Sahawa Near City and Village are [[Kanau]],[[Kunji]] ,[[Khopra]],[[Dheerwas Bara]],[[Baniyala]]. Sahawa are largest Village of Churu district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village Code Directory: Rajasthan|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=17 December 2010|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_08.pdf}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The nearest railhead is at [[Nohar]] and [[Bhadra]], and [[Hisar Airport|the closest airport]] is at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]. Sahawa is well connected by National Highway NH 703 and state highway to [[Sirsa]], [[Hanumangarh]] and [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Sahawa-77456.htm|accessdate=17 December 2010|title=Sahawa in India|publisher=India9}}</ref>

==Water supply==
There is a water treatment plant at Sahwa, part of the Aapni-Yojna integrated water supply project serving northwestern Rajasthan. It supplies water to other cities near by it like Taranagar, Bhanin etc. It is one of largest water filtering plant in Rajasthan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aapniyojna.org/pdfs/28.pdf|work=Aapni-Yojna|title=Draft report|accessdate=17 December 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724213017/http://www.aapniyojna.org/pdfs/28.pdf|archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Churu district}}

[[Category:Villages in Churu district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Okkiam Maduvu

2024-12-16T10:29:52Z

Freaklabsindia:

{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Okkiam Maduvu''' or '''Okkiyam Maduvu''' or Oggiyam Maduvu is a 2.8-kilometer-long water channel situated in [[Kanchipuram district]] located in southern suburbs of the city of [[Chennai]], India. It gets water from the [[Pallikaranai Wetland]] and drains into the [[Buckingham canal]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/desilting-of-water-channels-under-way/article2423375.ece|title=Desilting of water channels under way - The Hindu|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2015-12-11}}</ref>

==Origin and course==
Okkiyam Maduvu originates as a narrow canal from the Pallikaranai marsh land and travels eastwards towards [[Old Mahabalipuram Road|Old Mahabhalipuram Road]] near [[Karapakkam]]. It then passes through a few Chennai suburbs like Okkiampet, [[Thuraipakkam|Okkiam Thuraipakkam]], Kannagi Nagar and then drains into Buckingham Canal near [[Injambakkam]] through which it ultimately empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]] via [[Muttukadu boat house|Muttukadu lake]] which is around 16 kilometers from its origin.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/CAG-says-flood-protection-schemes-in-Chennai-largely-not-achieved/articleshow/40142322.cms|title=CAG says flood protection schemes in Chennai 'largely not achieved' - The Times of India|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2015-12-11}}</ref>

Several Housing colonies like Kannagi Nagar, condominiums like Jains Pebble Brook, Nortels Prapancha and educational centers like [[KCG College of Technology]], Shankara Matriculation School were developed in and around the course of the channel.
[[File:Okkiyam Maduvu .jpg|thumbnail|A scenic view of Okkiyam Maduvu]]

==2015 Chennai flooding==
{{Main|2015 South Indian floods}}

The heavy rainfall during the annual northeast monsoon in November–December 2015 that lashed Chennai and Kancheepuram districts has resulted in the flooding of Okkiyam Maduvu. The flood waters from some of the suburbs of Chennai like [[Velachery]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Medavakkam]] has drained into [[Pallikaranai Wetland]] and subsequently into Okkiyam Maduvu. Since the Buckingham Canal is already overflowing because of excess drainage from [[Adyar river]], the outflow of flood waters from the Okkiyam Maduvu was slow and had to travel 16 kilometers long to reach the Bay of Bengal near Mutthukadu, and thereby resulting in submerging of a few roads and partial submerging of a few buildings surrounding the channel.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

Flood Protection Scheme:

The Government of Tamil Nadu has emphasised the need to find a long-term solution to tackle the issue of flooding by ordering a detailed investigation to have a regulated canal (straight cut) direct to the sea from the Buckingham Canal area adjoining the Okkiyam Maduvu.<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/07/stories/2005120712670100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605161930/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/07/stories/2005120712670100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-06-05|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Front Page : Detailed plan to tackle floods soon|date=2005-12-07|accessdate=2015-12-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.9229|80.2428|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Canals in Tamil Nadu]]