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Gundicha Temple

2026-05-07T18:59:25Z

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{{Short description|Hindu temple in Puri, Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Gundicha Temple
|image = File:Gundicha Temple, Puri, Odisha1.JPG
|caption = Gundicha Temple
|map_type = Orissa
|coordinates = {{coord|19|49|00.9|N|85|50|25.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Gundicha Temple
|map_size = 250
|native_name = ଗୁଣ୍ଡିଚା ମନ୍ଦିର
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Odisha]]
|district = [[Puri]]
|locale = Badashankha
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = [[Jagannath]]
|festivals = [[Rath Yatra]]
|temple_quantity = One
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established =
|creator =
|temple_board = Shri Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri
|website = {{URL|http://www.jagannath.nic.in/}}
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Gundicha Temple''' ({{langx|or|ଗୁଣ୍ଡିଚା ମନ୍ଦିର}}), is a [[Hindu temple]], situated in the temple town of [[Puri]] in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is significant for being the destination of the celebrated annual [[Rath Yatra]] of [[Puri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> While it remains vacant most of the year, the temple is occupied by images of the deities of Jagannath, his brother [[Balabhadra]] and sister [[Subhadra]] for seven complete days (total 9 days including the start and concluding day of Ratha Yatra) every year during the annual [[Rath Yatra]] festival.

==Temple==
Known as the Garden House of [[Jagannath]], the Gundicha temple stands in the centre of a beautiful garden, surrounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about {{convert|3|km}} from the ''Shrimandira'', the [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|main temple]] of Jagannath. The two temples are located at the two ends of the ''Bada Danda'' (Grand Avenue) which is the pathway for the Rath Yatra.

The temple is built using light-grey [[sandstone]] and architecturally, it exemplifies typical [[Kalinga architecture|Kalinga]] temple architecture<ref name = "gov"/> in the ''[[Deula]]'' style. The complex comprises four components: [[vimana]] (tower structure containing the sanctum), [[jagamohana]] (assembly hall), nata-[[mandapa]] (festival hall) and ''bhoga-mandapa'' (hall of offerings). There is also a kitchen connected by a small passage.<ref name="shree"/> The temple is set within a garden,<ref name = "gov"/> and is known as "God's Summer Garden Retreat" or garden house of Jagannath.<ref name= "Sehgal1999">{{cite book|last= Sehgal |first= Sunil |title= Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDmwCcLza2AC&pg=PA1077|access-date=4 December 2012|year=1999|publisher= Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176250641|page=1077}}</ref> The entire complex, including garden, is surrounded by a wall.

The sanctum features a plain raised platform ({{convert|4|ft}} high and {{convert|19|ft}} long) made of [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] called ''Ratnavedi'', where the deities are placed during the annual festivities.<ref name="shree"/> The temple has two gates. The western gate is the main temple gate, through which the deities enter the temple during Ratha Yatra. The eastern gate, known as ''Nakachana'' gate, is used for the departure of the deities.<ref name="shree"/>

Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra when Jagannath is worshipped in Gundicha temple, the temple remains empty the rest of the year. Tourists don't have to pay any fee to enter the temple, it's considered that Lord Jagannath ensures all of his devotees equally. There is no rich or poor inside the temple.All have to follow the same rule either it be a common man or a president. Foreigners (prohibited entry in the main temple) are allowed inside this temple during this period.<ref>{{cite news|last=Panda|first=Namita|title=Ready for the Trinity|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/odisha/story_15644438.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208194758/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/odisha/story_15644438.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2013|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 June 2012}}</ref> The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri - the governing body of the main temple. A small band of servitors maintain the temple.<ref name="shree"/>

==The Rath Yatra==
The Rath Yatra starts on the second lunar day (''[[dwitiya]]'') the bright fortnight (''[[shukla paksha]]'') of the [[Hindu month]] of [[Ashadha]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Panda|first=Swarnaprava|title=Rathayatra of Puri|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2006|pages=25–27|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/july2006/engpdf/25-27.pdf|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> One day before the Ratha Yatra, the Gundicha Temple is religiously cleansed for housing the gods.<ref name=Jagannath/><ref name= "Sharma2008">{{cite book|last= Sharma |first= Dr. Shiv |title=O India - A Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&q=Architecture+of+Gundicha+Temple&pg=PA326|access-date=4 December 2012|year=2008|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd |pages=327|isbn= 9788128400674 }}</ref>

On the first day of the yatra, the deities are transported in chariots from the main temple to Gundicha temple. This is the famous Rath Yatra or Chariot Festival of Jagannath Puri. The three deities are transported in three magnificent chariots, drawn by the numerous devotees gathered there. The three chariots involved in the chariot procession are: one for each deity with central chariot called the ''Nandighosha'', carrying the main deity of Jagannath and the second chariot known as ''Taladhwaja'' carrying Balabhadra, and the third chariot called the ''Darpadalana'' carrying Subhadra. The procession progresses down the 3 km long "Bada Danda" (long avenue) and reaches the gates of the Gundicha temple before nightfall. The deities remain in the chariots on the first day and enter the Gundicha Temple on the second day. They reside at the Gundicha temple for the subsequent seven days.<ref name=Jagannath>{{Cite web|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/87-89.pdf|title=The Car Festival of Lord Jagannath, Unique in many respect|access-date=4 December 2012|publisher=Official Website of Government of Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000727/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/87-89.pdf|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.shreekhetra.com/temples2.html details of the temple]</ref>

==Ratha Yatra rituals==
;Worship
A particular feature in the worship of the deities at Gundicha Temple is that Brahmin temple servants offer the puja instead of ''daita''s, the traditional non-Brahmin servitors of Jagannath who are excluded from worship. Though ''devadasis'' generally function as agents of Lakshmi, they offer worship in the Gundicha Temple in the same manner as in the main temple, while Lakshmi is left behind in a storeroom in the main temple. This connotes a different context to the role of the ''devadasis'' in the Gundicha Temple. Another unusual feature is that the images are smeared with larger quantities of [[sandalwood]] paste, twice a day, as a "cooling agent" (as is commonly done to the goddess Gundicha).<ref name="Carman 1985">{{cite book|last1= Carman |first1= John B. |last2= Marglin |first2= Frédérique Apffel |title= Purity and Auspiciousness in Indian Society |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GXDV4vVT15IC&pg=PA77|year=1985|publisher= BRILL|isbn=9789004077898|page=77}}</ref> Every day of their stay in the temple, the deities are decorated with new dresses.<ref name="Sharma2008"/>

;Hera Panchami
[[File:Rath Yatra Puri 2007 11071 crop.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Nandighosha, the Chariot of Jagannath leaves the main temple.]]
A major ceremony celebrated in the Gundicha Temple during the Rath Yatra is on the [[Panchami]] (5th day of the Ratha Yatra) known as ''Hera Panchami'' (''Hera'' means "to see").<ref name= Telegraph>{{cite news|title=Lakshmi anger rocks Gundicha temple|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120626/jsp/odisha/story_15655745.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203122310/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120626/jsp/odisha/story_15655745.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 3, 2013|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> This ceremony is attended by a very large number of devotees, who visit the Ratha Yatra Festival. While Jagannath visits Gundicha temple, his wife [[Lakshmi]] is left behind in the main temple of Puri. On Hera Panchami, the furious goddess Lakshmi arrives, in the form of the image of Subarna Mahalakshmi, at the Gundicha Temple. She is formally carried in a palanquin with much fan fare and welcomed and worshipped by the priests of Gundicha Temple, who take her to the sanctum to meet Jagannath. The husband and wife seat face-to-face on the porch in the sanctum of the Gundicha Temple; on this occasion devotees flock to the temple to have the [[Darśana|darshan]] (see the holy images). Lakshmi requests him to return home and Jagannath gives his consent by offering her ''agyan mala'' (a garland of consent), which the goddess accepts and takes with her while return to the main temple in the evening. Before returning to the temple, to vent her anger at being left out of the vacation, Lakshmi orders one of her attendants to damage a part of Jagannath's chariot, the ''Nandighosha''. This ritual is known as the ''Ratha Bhanga'' (the breaking of the chariot).<ref name =Telegraph/><ref name=Srimandir>{{cite journal|last=Kanungo|first=Siddharth|title=The car festival of Lord Jagannath unique in many respect|journal=Srimandir|pages=61|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Srimandir/srimandirenglish/Epdf/Ech16.pdf|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> This is followed by her hiding behind a [[tamarind]] tree outside the Gundicha Temple. After some time, she escapes to her home temple in secrecy, through a separate path way known as ''Hera Gohri'' Lane, as she fears the repercussions of her angry act.<ref name = Telegraph/><ref name=Srimandir/>

;Dakshina Moda
The ceremony of ''Dakshina Moda'' (turning south) is observed on the day after ''Hera Panchami'', that is, the sixth day of the Rath Yatra. The chariots of the deities are parked outside the temple, facing the main temple gate (western gate). In preparation for the return journey, the ''Bahuda Yatra'', the chariots are turned to face towards the main temple in the southern direction and are parked near the ''Nakachana'' gate (eastern gate) of the Gundicha Temple through which the deities leave the temple. It is said that the demon-king of Lanka, [[Vibhishana]] got darshan of Jagannath from far away [[Lanka]] on this day. Devotees believe one can attain salvation by witnessing this ceremony.<ref name="Dakshina">{{cite news|title=Holiday high at aunt's abode|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120627/jsp/odisha/story_15660530.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203135634/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120627/jsp/odisha/story_15660530.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

;Rasa Lila
''Dakshina Moda'', marks the beginning of the three-day [[Rasa Lila]] of Jagannath.<ref name="Dakshina"/> Rasa lila is described in Hindu texts like the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' as a night in [[Vrindavan]] when Krishna danced with his gopi-consort Radha and other gopis. The image of Jagannath is taken to the Rasa [[mandapa]] (a temple hall) of the Gundicha Temple where hymns from the ''Gita Govinda'' are sung for the last 3 days of his stay in the temple. During the Rasa Lila, the interaction between Jagannath-Krishna and the gopis is enacted through the ''Gita Govinda'' verses. In the olden days, [[Devadasi]]s sang the verses, which are now sung by the temple servitors. Vaishnavas thus consider Gundicha Temple as Vrindavan during Jagannath's stay there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Pika|title=Temple To Love: Architecture And Devotion In Seventeenth-Century Bengal|year=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|pages=49|isbn=0253344875|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiTSsaOd0xkC&q=gundica&pg=PA49}}</ref>

;Sandhya Darshan and Mahaprasad
As per tradition, during Jagannath's stay in Gundicha temple, the kitchens of the main temple stop preparing [[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]] (food offered to deity and given to a devotee as the deity's blessing). The Mahaprasad consists of rice, [[dal]], vegetables etc. The kitchens of the Gundicha temple are repaired and food is cooked there to offer to Jagannath. The day of Sandhya Darshan, (evening prayers) the second last day of the festival, is considered the most important day to have darshan of Jagannath. On this day, as thousands of devotees throng the temple to have ''darshan'' of Jagannath and partake of Mahaprasad.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Subhashish|title=Lord's food served at Gundicha|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110707/jsp/orissa/story_14207420.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203120559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110707/jsp/orissa/story_14207420.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=7 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sandhya darshan: Lakhs throng Gundicha temple|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article553976.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095728/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article553976.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

;Bahuda Yatra
[[File:Gundicha temple puri.JPG|thumb|The Nakachana Gate of the Gundicha Temple]]
The return journey of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra to the main temple, after spending seven days in the Gundicha temple, is known as the ''Bahuda Yatra''.<ref name="Public Trust of India">{{cite web|title=Lords Leave Sri Gundicha Temple As Chariots Start Rolling|url=http://www.publictrustofindia.com/inner.php?nid=4542|publisher=Public Trust of India|access-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201015026/http://www.publictrustofindia.com/inner.php?nid=4542|archive-date=1 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The images of the deities are brought out of the Gundicha temple through the Nakachana Gate during the ''Pahandi'' ceremony, to the accompaniment of the beats of [[cymbals]] and [[gongs]] and the sound of [[Shankha|conch]]es being blown.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohapatra|first=Debabrata|title=Bahuda Yatra euphoria smothers terror threat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Bahuda-Yatra-euphoria-smothers-terror-threat/articleshow/14509135.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526134639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-29/bhubaneswar/32471778_1_gundicha-temple-return-car-festival-lord-jagannath|url-status=live|archive-date=26 May 2013|access-date=4 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2012}}</ref> [[Odissi]] and [[Gotipua]] dancers serenade to the tune of music in front of the chariots, and martial artists perform ''banati'', a traditional martial art in front of the deities. The deities are taken in the same chariots in which they arrive, pulled by devotees back to the main temple. It is considered auspicious to get a glimpse of the deities on their chariots.<ref name="Public Trust of India"/>

==Legends==
[[File:Puri-gundica-mandir.jpg|thumb|The Main Gate of the Gundicha Temple]]

There are many legends linked to the temple and the annual seven-day stay of the central icons of Jagannath and his siblings during the Ratha Yatra.

A legend links the temple to Gundicha, the queen of [[Indradyumna]] (the legendary builder of the main temple) - after whom the Gundicha Temple is named. Gundicha had a peep at the divine image of Jagannath being created by the celestial architect [[Vishwakarma]]. Impressed by the image, she insisted on her husband building the temple for the deity and starting the [[Ratha Yatra]]. Another variant suggests that Jagannath was pleased with her temple and promised to visit her house, now the Gundicha Temple.<ref name = "gov">{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/tourism/sonepur.htm |title= Tourism in Sonepur}}</ref><ref name="shree">[http://www.shreekhetra.com/sreegundicha.html Shree Kshestra]</ref><ref name= "Ghosh2005"/>

As per another legend, when Jagannath (identified with the god [[Krishna]]) goes to stay for seven days in the Gundicha Temple, he intentionally leaves behind his consort [[Lakshmi]] locked up in a store room in the main [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]]. While in the Gundicha temple, he is exclusively taken care by his [[gopis]] (cow-herding girls) led by his gopi-lover [[Radha]] like Krishna in [[Vrindavan]]. The gopis are symbolized by the temple [[devadasi]]s on this occasion. When Jagannatha returns to his main temple after his amorous dalliance, Lakshmi meets him at the main temple gate and sprinkles some magical powder on him, which makes him forget about his escapade in the Gundicha Temple, and she is immediately reunited with her husband in blissful love.<ref name= "Ghosh2005">{{cite book|last= Ghosh |first= Pika |title= Temple To Love: Architecture And Devotion In Seventeenth-Century Bengal
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yiTSsaOd0xkC&pg=PA49|year=2005|publisher= Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253344878|pages=49–50}}</ref>

One more legend relates the temple's name ''Gundicha'' to a local goddess Gundicha, akin to [[Durga]], worshipped to cure [[smallpox]]. ''Gundi'' in [[Oriya language|Oriya]] means smallpox, Gundicha is considered Krishna-Jagannath's aunt, which he visits with his siblings annually.<ref name="shree"/>

Another legend is about the mysterious disappearance of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (an incarnation of [[Krishna]] according to the [[Bhavishya Purana]]). He established [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] and also known to have composed the Jagannath Astakam. He lived in Puri for many years and sang [[bhajan]]s (devotional songs) and led ''[[sankirtan]]'' processions in front of Jagannath during his [[Chandan Yatra]] and Ratha Yatra, along with many devotees. It is also said that Chaitanya Mahaprabhu used to go into a rapturous mood watching the god's love play and dance with joy and also fainted many times due to emotion. Daily, he prayed to Jagannath, standing behind the ''garudastamba'' (Pillar of [[Garuda]]) with tears flowing down his eyes. With permission of the king, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] once undertook the task of cleaning the Gundicha temple premises a day before the Ratha yatra (this tradition is followed even to this day by the followers of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism). It is mentioned that once Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, unnoticed by his attendants, walked towards the Gundicha Temple and was last seen entering the ''Manikotha'', thereafter he was never seen again. This disappearance has remained an unexplained mystery as none of the books written on him have recorded this event. It is believed that he merged with Jagannath at the temple.<ref name= "Ghosh2005"/>

==See also==
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
* [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)]]
* [[Sevayat]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723174947/http://purinabakalebara.com/ About Nabakalebara puri 2015]
* [http://myodia.com/category/odisha-cultures Odisha Cultures]
* [http://myodia.com/category/famous-temples-in-odisha Temples in Odisha]
* [http://myodia.com/category/festvals-of-odisha Odisha Festivals]

{{Jagannath|state=expanded}}
{{Hindu temples in Odisha}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Puri]]
[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:List of Jagannath temples outside puri]]
[[Category:Odia culture]]

Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T17:58:02Z

Franolaxy: started pg

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Tiruchirappalli
| map_image = tiruchirappalli lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Tiruchirappalli constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Durai Vaiko.png
| party = {{Party index link|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Durai Vaiyapuri]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam]] [[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli (West)]] [[Tiruchirappalli East (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli (East)]] [[Thiruverumbur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruverumbur]] [[Gandarvakottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Gandharvakottai]] [[Pudukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
| electors = 15,56,776<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2013-08-02 }}</ref>
}}
'''Tiruchirappalli''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 24 of 39.

==Assembly segments==

=== From 2009 ===
The constituency comprises the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-11
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|139.
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruchirapalli District|Tiruchirappalli]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|140.
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli West]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|141.
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli East]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
|142.
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Tiruverumbur]]
|None
|-
|178.
| [[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]]
|SC
| rowspan="2" |[[Pudukottai District|Pudukottai]]
|-
|180.
| [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Before 2009 ===
The constituency comprised

#[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]] (moved to [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur Constituency]])
#[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]] (moved to [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur Constituency]])
#[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
#[[Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli - I]] (defunct)
#[[Tiruchirappalli – II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli - II]] (defunct)
#[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Tiruverumbur]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winning Candidate
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=2|Party
|----
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Dr.E.P Mathuram
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|----
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[M.K.M. Abdul Salam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|rowspan=2|[[K. Ananda Nambiar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|----
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|----
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. Kalyanasundaram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|----
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[N. Selvaraj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|rowspan=4|[[L. Adaikalaraj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|----
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|----
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|----
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|----
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|----
|2001^
|[[Dalit Ezhilmalai]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[L. Ganesan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|----
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Durai Vaiyapuri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#By-election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|62.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|57.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|49.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|50.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|47.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1952|1951]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|43.82}}
}}

=== General elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Tiruchirappalli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Durai Vaiyapuri|Durai Vaiko]]|votes=542,213|percentage=51.35|party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes|percentage|change=51.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Karuppaiah|votes=2,29,119|percentage=21.70|change=21.70|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes|percentage|change}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jallikattu Rajesh|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=1,07,458|percentage=10.18|change=3.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Senthilnathan|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=1,00,747|percentage=9.54|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=NOTA|votes=13,849|percentage=1.31|change=-0.08}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,13,094 |percentage=29.65 |change=-14.48}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,56,843|percentage=67.98|change=-1.52}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =15,53,985 |change =2.98}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,21,285 |percentage=59.70 |change=54.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. V. Elangovan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,61,999 |percentage=15.57 |change=5.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Charubala Tondaiman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,00,818 |percentage=9.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vinoth |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=65,286 |percentage=6.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Anandharaja |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=42,134 |percentage=4.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=14,437 |percentage=1.39 |change=-0.98 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,59,286 |percentage=44.13 |change=28.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,40,711 |percentage=69.50 |change= -0.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,08,963 |change =8.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Kumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,58,478 |percentage=47.49 |change=5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mu. Anbhalagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,08,002 |percentage=31.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. G. Vijaykumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=94,785 |percentage=9.82 |change=1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Charubala Tondaiman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,537 |percentage=5.34 |change=-35.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=22,848 |percentage=2.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sridhar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,039 |percentage=1.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ravi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=4,885 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,50,476 |percentage=15.59 |change=14.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,65,402 |percentage=71.28 |change= 2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,87,140 |change =29.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Kumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,98,710 |percentage=41.65 |change=8.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Charubala Tondaiman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,94,375 |percentage=41.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. G. Vijaykumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=61,742 |percentage=8.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lalitha Kumaramangalam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,329 |percentage=4.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ravi |party=Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi |votes=5,016 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kalyana Sundaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,897 |percentage=0.68 |change=0.06 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,335 |percentage=0.60 |change=-30.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,17,165 |percentage=67.33 |change= 7.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,67,193 |change =-10.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Ganesan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,50,907 |percentage=63.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Paranjothi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,34,182 |percentage=33.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,831 |percentage=1.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ramesh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,418 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,16,725 |percentage=30.60 |change=17.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,08,137 |percentage=59.48 |change= 2.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,92,254 |change =-4.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== By-election 2001===
{{Election box begin|title= 2001 Byelection: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dalit Ezhilmalai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,43,874 |percentage=48.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. N. Sukumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,26,461 |percentage=45.93 |change=-8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=16,417 |percentage=2.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Hariharan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,053 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,413 |percentage=2.45 |change=-8.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,10,830 |percentage=58.03 |change= 1.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,24,893 |change =-1.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,77,450 |percentage=54.61 |change=52.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Adaikalaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,88,253 |percentage=41.71 |change=17.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Rajasekaran |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=17,256 |percentage=2.50 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=89,197 |percentage=12.91 |change=11.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,91,136 |percentage=56.40 |change= -10.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,45,971 |change =5.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -8.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,05,233 |percentage=48.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Adaikalaraj]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,93,778 |percentage=46.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subbha Somu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,747 |percentage=3.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sachidanandam |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=4,979 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,455 |percentage=1.82 |change=-36.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,30,805 |percentage=54.97 |change= -12.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,78,258 |change =10.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -14.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Adaikalaraj]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,34,149 |percentage=62.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Gopal (INC politician)|Dr. K. Gopal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,69,441 |percentage=24.45 |change=-39.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. K. Rangarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=52,185 |percentage=7.53 |change=-24.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Dhanabalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,778 |percentage=2.13 |change=-0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sivaprakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,116 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,64,708 |percentage=38.20 |change=5.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,92,976 |percentage=67.31 |change= 4.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,70,053 |change =1.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Adaikalaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,14,628 |percentage=63.99 |change=2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. K. Rangarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,04,922 |percentage=31.63 |change=-5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Parthasarathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,872 |percentage=2.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Fredric |party=Janata Party |votes=4,280 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,09,706 |percentage=32.36 |change=8.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,47,962 |percentage=63.17 |change= -4.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,56,965 |change =0.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Adaikalaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,29,185 |percentage=61.06 |change=3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. K. Rangarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,59,219 |percentage=36.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Veluswamy |party=Janata Party |votes=3,152 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,69,966 |percentage=24.18 |change=6.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,02,847 |percentage=67.70 |change= -8.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,53,144 |change =32.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Adaikalaraj]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,37,786 |percentage=58.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,34,881 |percentage=40.37 |change=-13.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. R. Govindaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,115 |percentage=0.54 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,02,905 |percentage=17.68 |change=3.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,81,882 |percentage=76.07 |change= 4.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,95,398 |change =10.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,78,485 |percentage=54.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. K. Rangarajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,04,886 |percentage=39.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Lalgudi Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=23,133 |percentage=4.51 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,599 |percentage=14.35 |change=-1.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,12,709 |percentage=71.94 |change= 3.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,22,379 |change =1.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -2.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Kalyanasundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,76,390 |percentage=57.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Venkateswara Dikshidar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,00,345 |percentage=41.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Lawrence |party=Independent politician |votes=2,917 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. M. Ismail |party=Independent politician |votes=2,421 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=76,045 |percentage=15.71 |change=11.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,84,085 |percentage=68.94 |change= -4.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,12,644 |change =14.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Kalyanasundaram]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,17,677 |percentage=49.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,97,127 |percentage=44.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ananda Nambiar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=26,339 |percentage=5.97 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,550 |percentage=4.66 |change=4.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,41,143 |percentage=73.55 |change= -3.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,21,540 |change =15.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ananda Nambiar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,02,879 |percentage=50.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. A. Muthiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,00,334 |percentage=49.68 |change=4.74 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,545 |percentage=0.63 |change=-2.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,03,213 |percentage=77.07 |change= 0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,37,064 |change =22.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ananda Nambiar]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,56,706 |percentage=47.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. M. Abdul Salam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,47,332 |percentage=44.94 |change=2.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=23,796 |percentage=7.26 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,374 |percentage=2.86 |change=-16.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,27,834 |percentage=76.60 |change= 24.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,38,690 |change =5.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. M. Abdul Salam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=91,910 |percentage=42.60 |change=6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ananda Nambiar]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=50,785 |percentage=23.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=42,161 |percentage=19.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. M. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,804 |percentage=6.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rukmani |party=Independent politician |votes=10,765 |percentage=4.99 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rengasami |party=Independent politician |votes=6,327 |percentage=2.93 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,125 |percentage=19.06 |change=11.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,15,752 |percentage=51.64 |change= -9.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,17,789 |change =18.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Mathuram |party=Independent politician |votes=94,184 |percentage=43.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Halasyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,007 |percentage=35.83 |change=35.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Krishnamoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=21,966 |percentage=10.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nataraja |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=14,778 |percentage=6.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Nammalwar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,017 |percentage=3.26 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,177 |percentage=7.99 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,14,952 |percentage=60.75 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,53,822 |change =0.00 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tiruchirapalli]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/tiruchirappalli/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Tiruchirappalli lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{coord|10.8|78.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Tiruchirappalli]]

Sairang railway station

2026-05-06T12:36:10Z

Franolaxy:

{{short description|Railway station in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] {{font color|blue|Sairang}}
| other_name =
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Sairang railway station1.jpg
|image_size=275px
| image_caption = Sairang Railway Station
| address = [[Sairang]], [[Aizawl district]], Mizoram
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.798869|92.652245|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_dot_label = '''Sairang Railway Station'''
| elevation =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| line = [[Bairabi–Sairang line]]
| platform =
| tracks =
| other =
| bicycle =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SANG
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Lumding}}
}}
| status = Completed
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{Start date|2025|9|13|df=y}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Under progress
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
}}

'''Sairang railway station''' (station code:- '''SANG'''), is railway station in [[Aizawl district]] of [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/sairang-sang/10676| title=SANG/Sairang|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> The project approved in 2008–2009 financial year by the Indian central government was started in 2015, and completed in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-12 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Bairabi-Sairang railway line, flag off first Rajdhani from Aizawl on Saturday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-bairabi-sairang-railway-line-flag-off-first-rajdhani-from-aizawl-on-saturday/articleshow/123844701.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It serves [[Aizawl]], the capital city of the Indian state of Mizoram. Aizawl now has a direct railway station and it is the fourth capital city in Northeast India to have a railway station after Guwahati, Itanagar and Agartala.

== History ==
The '''Sairang Railway Station''' was developed as part of the [[Bairabi–Sairang line|Bairabi–Sairang railway line]], a 51.38 km broad-gauge project connecting [[Bairabi]] town in Kolasib district in the state of Mizoram to [[Sairang]], approximately 15 km from [[Aizawl]], the capital of [[Mizoram]]. Initially proposed in 1998, the project received formal approval from the [[Government of India|Indian government]] in 2008–09 and was declared a [[National Project of India|National Project]] to expedite its completion. Construction commenced in November 2014, with the foundation stone for [[Sairang|Sairang station]] laid by then-Railway Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] on 11 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=Indian Railways to soon connect Mizoram's capital Aizawl with its network. Details here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-soon-connect-mizoram-s-capital-aizawl-with-its-network-details-here-11613123937219.html |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref>

The project faced significant challenges, including difficult terrain, limited working seasons, and a tragic bridge collapse in August 2023, which resulted in the loss of 26 lives. Despite these setbacks, the line was successfully completed and received [[Commission of Railway Safety|Commissioner of Railway Safety]] (CRS) authorization in June 2025, marking a major milestone in connecting [[Mizoram]]'s capital to the national railway network.

On 13 September 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the [[Sairang Railway Station]], fulfilling a long-standing aspiration of the people of [[Mizoram]]. During the inauguration, he also flagged off several key passenger trains, including the [[Sairang-Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Aizawl–Delhi Rajdhani Express]], [[Kolkata–Sairang Express|Aizawl–Kolkata Express]], and [[Guwahati–Sairang Express|Aizawl–Guwahati Express]], significantly enhancing regional connectivity. The station is being developed into a world-class facility, with plans to introduce additional services and improve infrastructure to meet the growing transportation needs of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-14 |title=Mizoram's first railway line: PM Modi inaugurates Rs 8,070 crore worth Bairabi–Sairang project; Rajdhani flagged off to link Aizawl with national network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/infrastructure/mizorams-first-railway-line-pm-modi-inaugurates-rs-8070-crore-worth-bairabisairang-project-rajdhani-flagged-off-to-link-aizawl-with-national-network/articleshow/123864448.cms |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Geetanath |first=V. |date=2025-09-12 |title=A new railway line to redefine the Northeast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mizoram/a-new-railway-line-to-redefine-the-northeast/article70042089.ece |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Major trains ==
The train which originates from Sairang are :

● [[Kolkata–Sairang Express]] (13125/13126)

● [[Guwahati–Sairang Express]] (15609/15610)

● [[Sairang–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]] (20507/20508)

● [[Sairang–Silchar Passenger]] (55669/55670)

== Gallery ==
to be publish.

== See also ==
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[AC Express (Indian Railways)]]
* [[Premium train]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Antyodaya Express]]

== Notes ==
a. A new railway station situated in the state of [[Mizoram]] in [[Aizawl|Aizwal]] district in India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]

Garba Superfast Express

2026-05-05T19:03:13Z

Franolaxy: Creating the page with sources

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Garba Superfast Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] & [[West Bengal]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|03|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction||Gandhidham}} (GIMB)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| distance = {{convert|2526|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 42 hours 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = E-catering, On-board catering
| observation = Large windows
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12937 / 12938
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:Garbha Express (Gandhidham - Howrah) Route map.png|300px|Garbha Express (Gandhidham–Howrah) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12937 / 12938 '''Garba Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Howrah}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12937/12938 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-garba-sf-express-12937/7967/369/1| title=12937/Gandhidham - Howrah Garbha Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-garba-sf-express-12938/7962/1/369| title=12938/Howrah - Gandhidham Garbha Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Coaches==

The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 EOG cum Luggage Rake

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://m.indiarailinfo.com/train/garbha-express-12937-gimb-to-hwh/7967/369/1 |title=Garbha Express: Coach Composition}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 23
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||UR||UR||UR||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||A1||UR||UR||UR||EOG
|}

==Service==

*12937/Gandhidham–Howrah Garbha Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 2525 km in 43 hrs 30 mins.
*12938/Howrah–Gandhidham Garbha Express has an average speed of 61 km/h and covers 2525 km in 41 hrs 30 mins.

==Route and halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Gandhidham Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Samakhiali Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhrangadhra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chhayapuri}} (Vadodara)
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Agra Fort}}
* {{stnlnk|Tundla}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mughalsarai Junction||Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Jn.}}
* {{stnlnk|Sasaram}}
* {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Koderma Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Asansol}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Howrah}}'''

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 12937 || GIMB || Gandhidham Junction || 17:40 PM || Sat || Howrah Junction || 13:10 PM || Mon
|-
| 12938 || HWH || Howrah Junction || 23:00 PM || Mon || Gandhidham Junction || 16:30 PM || Wed
|}

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 22951/22952 Bandra Terminus–Gandhidham Weekly Superfast Express.

==Traction==

It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garbha Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Gandhidham]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Abhijit Banerjee

2026-04-29T13:03:38Z

Franolaxy: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian-American economist (born 1961)}}
{{Distinguish|Abhijit Banerjee (composer)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| image = Abhijit Banerjee at the 2025 Jaipur Literature Festival.jpg
| caption = Banerjee in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[Americans|American]]
| occupation = Economist
| spouses = Arundhati Tuli Banerjee (div. 2014) [[Esther Duflo]] (m. 2015)
| children = 3
| awards = [[Sloan Research Fellowship]] (1994) [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] [[Infosys Prize]] (2009) Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2019) Golden Plate from Academy of Achievement (2022)
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] (BSc) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| thesis_title = Essays on Information Economics
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/303678568/
| thesis_year = 1988
| doctoral_advisor = [[Eric Maskin]] • [[Andreu Mas-Colell]] • [[Jerry Green (economist)|Jerry Green]]
| discipline = [[Economics]]
| sub_discipline = [[Development economics]]
| workplaces = [[University of Zurich]] (2026–) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] (1993–present) [[National Bureau of Economic Research|NBER]] (2006–present) [[Harvard University]] (1992–1993) [[Princeton University]] (1988-1992)
| doctoral_students = [[Esther Duflo]] • [[Dean Karlan]] • [[João Leão]] • [[Benjamin Jones (economist)|Benjamin Jones]] • [[Nancy Qian]] • [[Maitreesh Ghatak]] • [[Asim Ijaz Khwaja|Asim Khwaja]]
}}

'''Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee''' ({{IPA|bn|oβid͡ʒit bænard͡ʒi}}; born 21 February 1961)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/biographical/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date= |title=Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee CV |url=https://economics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/2022.08%20on%20website.pdf |access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref> is an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] [[economist]] who is currently the [[Ford Foundation]] International Professor of Economics at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://economics.mit.edu/faculty/banerjee/short | title=Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee Economics Department MIT | publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] | date=14 October 2019 | access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Banerjee |url=https://www.theigc.org/people/abhijit-banerjee |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=International Growth Centre |language=en}}</ref> He is co-founder and co-director of the [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)]], an [[MIT]] based global research center promoting the use of scientific evidence to inform poverty alleviation strategies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=J-PAL Co-Founders Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo Awarded Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics |url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/updates/j-pal-co-founders-abhijit-banerjee-and-esther-duflo-awarded-nobel-memorial-prize-1 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Smialek |first=Jeanna |date=2019-10-14 |title=Nobel Economics Prize Goes to Pioneers in Reducing Poverty |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/14/business/nobel-economics.html |access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref> In 2019, Banerjee shared the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] with [[Esther Duflo]] and [[Michael Kremer]], "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty."<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> He and [[Esther Duflo]] are married, and became the [[List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize|sixth married couple]] to jointly win a [[Nobel Prize|Nobel or Nobel Memorial Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo is the 6th couple to win a Nobel Prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/abhijit-banerjee-esther-duflo-is-the-6th-couple-to-win-a-nobel-prize-1609567-2019-10-15 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=India Today |date=15 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to his academic appointments, Banerjee is a fellow of the [[Econometric Society]],<ref name=":5" /> a member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]],<ref name=":2" /> and a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name=":5" /> In 1994, he received a [[Sloan Research Fellowship]],<ref name=":5" /> awarded annually to early career researchers with the "potential to revolutionize their fields." According to [[Research Papers in Economics]], Banerjee is among the most productive development economists in the world, ranking in the top 75 researchers by total research output.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economist Rankings {{!}} IDEAS/RePEc |url=https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=ideas.repec.org}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Banerjee was born to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] father and a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] mother in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-15 |title=India's A+ in economics: After Amartya, it's Abhijit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-a-in-economics-after-amartya-its-abhijit/articleshow/71588584.cms |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=The 1961-born Banerjee, born to a Maharashtrian mother and Bengali father ....}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-15 |title=Abhijit was an economist by accident, but is an ace cook, says mother Nirmala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/abhijit-was-an-economist-by-accident-but-is-an-ace-cook-says-mother-nirmala/articleshow/71589170.cms |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Nirmala, a Marathi by birth, and her husband, the late Dipak Banerjee, were both eminent economists.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AB positive |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/10/18/ab-positive.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=The Week |language=en |quote=He was born in Mumbai in 1961; his mother, who is also an economist, is a Marathi.}}</ref> His father, [[Dipak Banerjee]], was a professor of economics at [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College, Calcutta]], and received his [[PhD]] from the [[London School of Economics]] under the supervision of [[Richard Lipsey]].<ref name=":3" /> His mother, Nirmala (née Patankar) Banerjee was a professor at the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]].<ref name=":3" />

Banerjee attended secondary school at [[South Point School]] in [[Kolkata]], where he was described as a "brilliant" but "very quiet" student.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Abhijit was a quiet boy from class of 1976 at South Point' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/abhijit-was-a-quiet-boy-from-class-of-1976-at-south-point/cid/1711766 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> During high school, he was interested in literature, history, philosophy, and mathematics, choosing to pursue his undergraduate studies in the latter at the [[Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata]].<ref name=":3" /> He dropped out of the program after one week, transferring to [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], then an affiliate of the [[University of Calcutta]], to study economics.

Banerjee spent three years at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency]], receiving a [[BSc]] (Honors) in Economics in 1981.<ref name=":4" /> He took classes with his father, [[Dipak Banerjee]], in addition to [[Mihir Rakshit]].<ref name=":3" /> His favorite subject was [[economic history]], taught by [[Nabhendu Sen]].<ref name=":3" />

After completing his undergraduate studies, Banerjee pursued an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Economics at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]], selecting to study there over the [[Delhi School of Economics]] because of its political life, and the latter's reputation as a stepping stone to [[PhD]] programs in the [[United States]], which Banerjee had little interest in pursuing.<ref name=":3" /> His teachers included [[Anjan Mukherjee]] and [[Krishna Bharadwaj (economist)|Krishna Bharadwaj]], the latter of whom taught a course on the history of economic thought.<ref name=":3" /> While studying at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], Banerjee was arrested, imprisoned, and beaten at [[Tihar Jail]], in response to a protest in which students [[gherao]]ed the then vice chancellor of the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Nobel Laureate Abhijit Banerjee spent 10 days in Tihar jail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nobel-laureate-abhijit-banerjee-tihar-jail-jnu-protest-1609360-2019-10-14 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=India Today |date=14 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banerjee's JNU arrest and 12 days in Tihar jail |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/banerjee-s-jnu-arrest-and-12-days-in-tihar-jail/cid/1711818 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He completed his degree in 1983, and was encouraged by his parents and teachers to apply for [[PhD]] programs in economics.<ref name=":3" />

Banerjee applied to [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Stanford University|Stanford]], and the [[University of California, Berkeley]], attending the first of these despite no students from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] having previously been admitted to the university.<ref name=":3" /> At [[Harvard University|Harvard]], his classmates included [[Tyler Cowen]], [[Alan Krueger]], [[Steven Kaplan (economist)|Steven Kaplan]], and [[Nouriel Roubini]].<ref name=":3" /> He attended courses with [[Andreu Mas-Colell]], [[Lawrence Summers]], [[Kala Krishna]], [[Oliver Hart (economist)|Oliver Hart]], and [[Susan M. Collins (economist)|Susan Collins]], and briefly served as a research assistant to [[Jeffrey Sachs]].<ref name=":3" /> His dissertation research, supervised by [[Eric Maskin]], was primarily theoretical, and examined the economics of information.<ref name=":3" />

==Academic career==
Banerjee is currently the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology;<ref>{{cite web |title=Abhijit Banerjee – Short Bio |url=https://economics.mit.edu/faculty/banerjee/short |website=economics.mit.edu |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> he has taught at [[Harvard University]] and [[Princeton University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT economists Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee win Nobel Prize |url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/esther-duflo-abhijit-banerjee-win-2019-nobel-prize-economics-1014 |website=MIT News |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> He has also been a [[Guggenheim Fellow]] and an [[Sloan Fellowship|Alfred P. Sloan Fellow]].<ref name=":2" />

His work focuses on [[development economics]]. Together with Esther Duflo he has discussed [[field experiments]] as an important methodology to discover causal relationships in economics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Abhijit V |last2=Duflo |first2=Esther |title=The Experimental Approach to Development Economics |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w14467 |website=nber.org |series=Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |access-date=15 October 2019 |date=November 2008|doi=10.3386/w14467 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
He was elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2004.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref> In 2009, he received the [[Infosys Prize]] in the social sciences (economics) category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/winner_ss_abhijit_banerjee.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517161347/http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/winner_ss_abhijit_banerjee.html|url-status=dead|title=Infosys Prize 2009 – Social Sciences – Economics|archive-date=17 May 2011|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref> He served on the Social Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2018.
In 2012, he shared the [[Gerald Loeb Award]] Honorable Mention for Business Book with co-author Esther Duflo for their book ''[[Poor Economics]]''.<ref name=LOEB-2012>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/media-relations/2012/loeb-award-winners |title=UCLA Anderson Announces 2012 Gerald Loeb Award Winners |date=26 June 2012 |website=[[UCLA Anderson School of Management]] |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412190353/https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/media-relations/2012/loeb-award-winners |archive-date=12 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2013, he was named by the United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] to a panel of experts tasked with updating the [[Millennium Development Goals]] after 2015 (their expiration date).<ref>{{cite web|title=Ban names high-level panel to map out 'bold' vision for future global development efforts|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42597&Cr=mdgs&Cr1|access-date=6 November 2013|date = 31 July 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, he received the Bernhard-Harms-Prize from the [[Kiel Institute for the World Economy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bernhard Harms Prize 2014 |url=https://www.ifw-kiel.de/institute/events/prizes-and-awards/bernhard-harms-prize/events/bernhard-harms-prize-2014/ |website=ifw-kiel.de |access-date=15 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008074314/https://www.ifw-kiel.de/institute/events/prizes-and-awards/bernhard-harms-prize/events/bernhard-harms-prize-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2019, he delivered Export-Import Bank of India's 34th Commencement Day Annual Lecture on Redesigning Social Policy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/make-govt-jobs-less-cushy-mit-economist-abhijit-banerjee-on-10-quota-119010901160_1.html|title=Make govt jobs less cushy: MIT economist Abhijit Banerjee on 10% quota|date=9 January 2019|access-date=14 October 2019|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> That same year, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics, together with Esther Duflo and [[Michael Kremer]], "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandiera |first=Oriana |date=21 Oct 2019 |title=Alleviating poverty with experimental research: The 2019 Nobel laureates |work=VoxEU |publisher=CEPR |url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/alleviating-poverty-experimental-research-2019-nobel-laureates |access-date=13 Apr 2023}}</ref>

In October 2025, the [[University of Zurich]] announced that Banerjee and Duflo would be joining the faculty of the UZH Faculty of Business, Economics, and Informatics in July 2026, where they would co-direct the newly established Lemann Center for Development, Education and Public Policy. The center and Banerjee and Duflo's endowed professorships were created following a 26 million franc (US$32.5 million) donation from Swiss-Brazilian billionaire [[Jorge Paulo Lemann|Jorge Paulo Lemann's]] Lemann Foundation. The couple would maintain part-time positions at MIT.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=Nobel Laureates Duflo and Banerjee to Join UZH |url=https://www.news.uzh.ch/en/articles/media/2025/Duflo-and-Banerjee-to-Join-UZH.html |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.news.uzh.ch |language=en}}</ref>

===Research and work in India===
Banerjee and his co-workers try to measure the effectiveness of actions (such as government programmes) in improving people's lives. For this, they use [[randomized controlled trials]], similar to clinical trials in medical research.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cho | first = Adrian | title = Economics Nobel honors trio taking an experimental approach to fighting poverty | journal = Science | date = 14 October 2019 | url = https://www.science.org/content/article/economics-nobel-honors-trio-taking-experimental-approach-fighting-poverty | access-date = 16 October 2019 | quote = To bring some science to the fight against poverty, the three researchers borrowed a key tool from clinical medicine: the randomized controlled trial. [They] have used trials to test interventions in education, health, agriculture, and access to credit.| doi = 10.1126/science.aaz7975 | s2cid = 210377958 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> For example, although [[polio vaccination]] is freely available in India, many mothers were not bringing their children for the vaccination drives. Banerjee and Prof. Esther Duflo, also from MIT, tried an experiment in [[Rajasthan]], where they gave a bag of pulses to mothers who vaccinated their children. Soon, the immunization rate went up in the region. In another experiment, they found that learning outcomes improved in schools that were provided with teaching assistants to help students with special needs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/economics-of-poverty/article29683404.ece?homepage=true/|title=Economics of poverty: On Economic Sciences' Nobel |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 October 2019|language=en}}</ref>

Banerjee is a co-founder of [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (along with economists [[Esther Duflo]] and [[Sendhil Mullainathan]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/indian-american-abhijit-banerjee-and-two-others-win-2019-nobel-economics-prize/articleshow/71579263.cms | title = Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer win 2019 Nobel Economics Prize | date = 14 October 2019 | work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 15 October 2019}}</ref> In India he serves on the academic advisory board of Plaksha University, a science and technology university established in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plaksha.org/|title=Plaksha University|website=plaksha.org|language=en-us|access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Standard]]|title=Plaksha University aims to challenge IITs, reimagines engineering education|quote= The upcoming Plaksha University reimagines engineering education and prepares students for a digitally powered future.|access-date=23 May 2022|location=[[New Delhi]], India| first=Anjuli|last=Bhagarva|date=21 March 2022|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/education/plaksha-university-aims-to-challenge-iits-reimagines-engineering-education-121031901353_1.html}}</ref>

Banerjee wrote a cookbook in 2021, ''Cooking To Save Your Life'', published by Juggernaut.

==Personal life==
Abhijit Banerjee has been married twice. His first marriage was to [[literary scholar]] Arundhati Tuli Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mitgsl.mit.edu/people/lecturers-and-emeriti/arundhati-banerjee|title=Global Studies and Languages, Biography: Arundhati Tuli Banerjee|date=18 August 2018|website=MIT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818205135/http://mitgsl.mit.edu/people/lecturers-and-emeriti/arundhati-banerjee|archive-date=18 August 2018|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Sengupta
|first=Chiranjib
|title=Who is Abhijit Banerjee, the Indian-American winner of 2019 Economics Nobel?
|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/europe/who-is-abhijit-banerjee-the-indian-american-winner-of-2019-economics-nobel-1.67129695
|website=Gulf News
|publisher=Al Nisr Publishing LLC
|date=14 October 2019
|access-date=6 February 2026
}}</ref> The couple met as childhood friends in [[Kolkata]] and both worked at MIT. They [[divorced]] in 2014,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal
|last=Kvangraven
|first=Ingrid Harvold
|title=Nobel Rebels in Disguise: Assessing the Rise and Rule of the Randomistas
|journal=Review of Political Economy
|volume=32
|issue=3
|year=2020
|pages=463–484
|doi=10.1080/09538259.2020.1798147
|date=October 12, 2020
}}</ref> and their only son died by [[suicide]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Abhijit Banerjee – Biographical
|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2019/banerjee/biographical/
|website=NobelPrize.org
|publisher=The Nobel Foundation
|access-date=6 February 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Upadhyay
|first=Vineet
|title=Nobel laureate Abhijit Banerjee a philanthropist too, supports 2 poor school students
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/Oct/16/nobel-laureate-banerjee-a-philanthropist-too-supports-2-poor-school-students-2048533.html
|website=The New Indian Express
|publisher=Express Publications (Madurai) Limited
|date=16 October 2019
|access-date=6 February 2026
}}</ref>

Banerjee's second marriage is to [[economist]] [[Esther Duflo]]. The couple met in 1995 when Duflo was a student in Banerjee's development economics class at MIT.<ref name = "FT">{{cite news|last1=Gapper |first1=John |url=https://www.ft.com/content/81804a1a-6d08-11e1-ab1a-00144feab49a|title=Lunch with the FT: Esther Duflo |work=Financial Times|date= 16 March 2012|access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181105215905/https://www.ft.com/content/81804a1a-6d08-11e1-ab1a-00144feab49a |archive-date = 5 November 2018}}</ref> They have two children, born in 2012 and 2014, and were married in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/esther-s-baby|title=Esther's baby|publisher=Project Syndicate |date= 23 March 2012|access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151127153734/https://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/esther-s-baby |archive-date = 27 November 2015}}</ref>

==Publications==
{{Scholia}}

===Books===
In 2019, he wrote together with [[Esther Duflo]] his latest book, "Good Economics for Hard Times," where he discusses possible solutions to a series of current issues such as inequality, climate change, and globalization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esther Duflo & Abhijit Banerjee: Good Economics for Hard Times |url=https://www.unswcentreforideas.com/article/esther-duflo-abhijit-banerjee-good-economics-hard-times |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=UNSW Sydney |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1= Aghion |first1= Philippe |author-link1= Philippe Aghion |last2= Banerjee |first2= Abhijit |date= 2005 |title= Volatility And Growth |location= Oxford |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780199248612 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Banerjee |editor1-first= Abhijit Vinayak |editor2-last= Bénabou |editor2-first= Roland |editor2-link= Roland Bénabou |editor3-last= Mookherjee|editor3-first= Dilip |editor3-link= Dilip Mookherjee |date= 2006 |title= Understanding Poverty |location= Oxford; New York |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780195305203 }}
* {{cite book|last1= Banerjee |first1= Abhijit Vinayak |date= 2005 |title= Making Aid Work |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[MIT Press]] |isbn= 9780262026154 }}
* {{cite book |last1= Banerjee |first1= Abhijit V. |last2= Duflo |first2= Esther |date= 2011 |title= Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty |location= New York |publisher= [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn= 9781610390408 |title-link= Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Banerjee |editor1-first= Abhijit Vinayak |editor2-last= Duflo |editor2-first= Esther |date= 2017 |title= Handbook of Field Experiments, Volume 1 |publisher= [[North-Holland Publishing Company]] |isbn= 9780444633248 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last= Banerjee |editor1-first= Abhijit Vinayak |editor2-last= Duflo |editor2-first= Esther |date= 2017 |title= Handbook of Field Experiments, Volume 2 |publisher= [[North-Holland Publishing Company]] |isbn= 9780444640116 }}
* Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak ( 2019 ). ''A Short History of Poverty Measurements.'' [[Juggernaut Books]].
* {{Cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Abhijit V. |title=Good Economics for Hard Times |title-link=Good Economics for Hard Times |last2=Duflo |first2=Esther |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2019 |isbn=9781541762879}}

== Awards ==

Abhijit Banerjee was awarded the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] in 2019 along with his two co-researchers [[Esther Duflo]] and [[Michael Kremer]] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".<ref>{{Cite news | last1 = Johnson | first1 = Simon | last2 = Pollard | first2 = Niklas | title = Trio wins economics Nobel for science-based poverty fight | publisher = Reuters | date = 14 October 2019 | url = https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN1WT17L-OCATP| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014175647/https://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN1WT17L-OCATP| url-status = dead| archive-date = 14 October 2019}}</ref>

The press release from the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] noted: "Their experimental research methods now entirely dominate [[development economics]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf|title=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2019|publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Nobel prize|date=14 October 2019|access-date=14 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name=guardianlive>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2019/oct/14/nobel-prize-in-economic-sciences-2019-sveriges-riksbank-live-updates|title=Nobel Prize in Economics won by Banerjee, Duflo and Kremer for fighting poverty|work=The Guardian|date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

The Nobel committee commented:
::"Banerjee, Duflo and their co-authors concluded that students appeared to learn nothing from additional days at school. Neither did spending on textbooks seem to boost learning, even though the schools in [[Kenya]] lacked many essential inputs. Moreover, in the Indian context Banerjee and Duflo intended to study, many children appeared to learn little: in results from field tests in the city of [[Vadodara]] fewer than one in five third-grade students could correctly answer first-grade curriculum math test questions.<ref name=guardianlive />

::"In response to such findings, Banerjee, Duflo and co-authors argued that efforts to get more children into school must be complemented by reforms to improve school quality."<ref name=guardianlive />

The Nobel Prize was a major recognition for their chosen field - Development Economics, and for the use of Randomised Controlled Trials. It evoked mixed emotions in India, where his success was celebrated with nationalistic fervour while his approach and pro-poor focus were seen as a negation of India's current government's right-wing ideology as well as broader development discourse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Discontents of a Nobel Prize|url=https://thewire.in/economy/the-discontents-of-a-nobel-prize|access-date=2020-09-01|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|language=en}}</ref>

Banerjee's achievement of the Nobel Prize was received with a cold shoulder by the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which is in power at the Union level in India, because he was one of the economists that were consulted by [[Rahul Gandhi]] in formulating a basic-income support scheme called [[Nyuntam Aay Yojana|NYAY]], which was the main electoral promise of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]]. In response to his criticism of the [[Government of India|Union government]]'s handling of the [[Economy of India|country's economy]], [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce & Industries Minister]] [[Piyush Goyal]], while speaking on Banerjee's receiving of the Nobel Prize on [[Twitter]], stated that Banerjee's economic theories are based on [[Left-wing politics#Economics|a leftist viewpoint]] and by voting for the BJP, the Indian masses have 'totally rejected' his thoughts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/piyush-goyal-nobel-winner-abhijit-banerjee-totally-left-leaning-indians-rejected-his-thinking|title=Piyush Goyal: Nobel Winner Abhijit Banerjee 'Totally Left Leaning, Indians Rejected His Thinking'|website=The Wire}}</ref> BJP leader [[Rahul Sinha]], who had served as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|state BJP]] president in Banerjee's native state of [[West Bengal]], downplayed his achievements and alleged [[Anti-Indian sentiment]] on the part of the [[Nobel Committee]] for awarding Banerjee, who married [[Esther Duflo]] a non-[[Indian people|Indian]] person, shortly a year after divorcing his Indian wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/is-a-foreign-wife-criterion-for-nobel-prize-after-goyal-bjps-rahul-sinha-mocks-abhijit-banerjee-2351443.html|title=Is Foreign Wife Criterion for Nobel Prize? After Goyal, BJP's Rahul Sinha Mocks Abhijit Banerjee|website=www.news18.com|date=19 October 2019 }}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Doctor of Letters]] ([[Honoris causa|Honoris Causa]]) by the [[University of Calcutta]] in January 2020.<ref name=DLitt_CU>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-university-confers-doctor-of-letters-degree-to-abhijit-banerjee-2171173 Calcutta University Awards Doctor Of Letters Degree To Abhijit Banerjee]</ref>

Abhijit Banerjee and [[Esther Duflo]] received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amartya Sen]], economist and the first Indian to receive a Nobel prize in the field

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/banerjee/ Abhijit Banerjee's Home Page at MIT] including [http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/banerjee/cv1 his CV with comprehensive lists of awards and publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101026/http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/banerjee/cv1 |date=14 October 2019 }}
* [http://www.povertyactionlab.com Poverty Action Lab]
* {{cite web|last=Roberts|first=Russ|title=Banerjee on Poverty and Poor Economics|url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/abhijit_banerje/#|work=[[EconTalk]]|publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]]|author-link=Russ Roberts|date=11 July 2011}}
* {{Google Scholar id|HLpqZooAAAAJ}}
* [http://www.nber.org/people/Abhijit_Banerjee Publications] at the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]]
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Prize Lecture 8 December 2019 ''Field experiments and the practice of economics''

{{2019 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates}}
{{GeraldLoebAward Business Book}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Abhijit}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
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Jippaa Jimikki

2026-04-26T18:54:00Z

Franolaxy: info!

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Ra Rajasekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jippaa Jimikki
| image = Jippaa-Jimikki.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Ra Rajasekhar
| writer = Ra Rajasekhar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = G. V. Divakar
| starring = Krishik Divakar Kushbhu Prasad
| narrator =
| cinematography = Saravanana Natarajan
| editing = Sudha
| music = Ranib
| studio = 3 Friends International
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|9|24}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jippaa Jimikki''''' is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ra Rajasekhar and starring Krishik Divakar and Kushbhu Prasad.

== Plot ==
Krishik and Shruti decide to take a journey together to show their parents, who want them to get married, that they are incompatible. However, the adventures they have on this trip end up bringing them together.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jippaa Jimikki |date=2015-09-24 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13057460/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |publisher=3 Friends International}}</ref>{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
*Krishik Divakar as Krishik
*Kushbhu Prasad as Shruti
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Krishik's father
*[[Ilavarasu]] as a lorry driver
*[[Rajendran]] as a farmer

==Production==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
The film was shot in [[Coorg]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Reception ==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and said that "The director mutilates a dead plot with insipid writing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Suganth |date=24 September 2015 |title=Jippaa Jimikki Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jippaa-jimikki/movie-review/49123825.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The screenplay is listless, the narration insipid".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=26 September 2015 |title=Jippaa Jimikki Review: On a Tedious, Monotonous Road Trip |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2015/sep/26/jippaa-jimikki-review-on-a-tedious-monotonous-road-trip-820669.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' called the film documentary-like.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2015 |title=ஜிப்பா ஜிமிக்கி விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1899/Jippa%20Jimikki/ |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13057460}}

[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Indian Army atrocities in Northeast India

2026-04-20T01:09:22Z

Franolaxy: stub

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

The Indian Army has been actively involved in Northeast India—a region comprising [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Tripura]]—primarily to address insurgencies and maintain order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-04 |title=North East India - Insurgency and Other Issues - Clear IAS |url=https://www.clearias.com/north-east-india-insurgency-issues/?srsltid=AfmBOoriF9RC64JT8ZvNo5x3O8Ey7RbuT8sn_1bi5klm7QiX8wmFKe5k |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, several allegations and documented instances of human rights violations have emerged over the years<ref>{{Cite web |title=A look at the status of AFSPA in northeast states |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/a-look-at-the-status-of-afspa-in-northeast-states-1221678.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Northeast India has experienced various insurgent movements since India's independence, with groups demanding autonomy or independence based on ethnic and cultural identities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalita |first=Nityananda |date=2011 |title=Resolving Ethnic Conflict in Northeast India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145746 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=72 |pages=1354–1367 |jstor=44145746 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> To counter these movements, the Indian government deployed the army and enacted laws like the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in 1958, granting special powers to the military in "disturbed areas."<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06478 |title=Insurgencies in India's Northeast: Conflict, Co-option & Change |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=2007 |publisher=East-West Center}}</ref> Critics argue that AFSPA has led to human rights abuses due to the immunity it provides to security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-30 |title=AFSPA: National necessity or human rights violation? |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/afspa-national-necessity-or-human-rights-violation/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref>

Human rights organizations and local communities have reported instances of extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, and arbitrary detentions by the Indian Army in Northeast India.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/asa200252005en.pdf Amnesty Report on Northeast]</ref> The AFSPA has been particularly contentious, with claims that it facilitates impunity for such actions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Valluri |first=Sai Harshini |date=2024-03-06 |title=Indian Women v. Indian Armed Forces: AFSPA Tipping the Scales of Justice |url=https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/indian-women-v-indian-armed-forces/ |journal=Völkerrechtsblog |language=en |doi=10.17176/20240306-220132-0}}</ref>

== Allegations of violence ==
Sexual violence in Northeast India has been a significant concern, with numerous allegations against security forces, including the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDuie-Ra |first=Duncan |date=2012-03-01 |title=Violence Against Women in the Militarized Indian Frontier: Beyond "Indian Culture" in the Experiences of Ethnic Minority Women |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1077801212443114 |journal=Violence Against Women |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=322–345 |doi=10.1177/1077801212443114 |pmid=22615121 |issn=1077-8012|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The enforcement of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has been criticized for enabling such abuses by providing immunity to military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting Away With Murder: 50 Years of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/2008/india0808/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Disturbing Act: The AFSPA's history in the north-eastern region |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/disturbing-act-the-history-of-afspa-in-the-north-eastern-region/article65274578.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

=== Notable cases of sexual violence ===

==== Thangjam Manorama Case (2004) ====
In July 2004, Thangjam Manorama, a 32-year-old woman from Manipur, was arrested by Assam Rifles personnel on suspicion of being associated with insurgent groups.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-13 |title=Manorama 'mercilessly tortured' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Manorama-death-brutal-torture-probe-panel/article60440983.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-12 |title=Manorama rape and murder: 10 years on, family's hope for justice fades |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/manorama-rape-and-murder-10-years-on-familys-hope-for-justice-fades/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The following day, her body was found bearing signs of torture and sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur's Long Wait For Justice: Remembering 1,528 Cases And The Murder Of Thangjam Manorama - The Polis Project |url=https://www.thepolisproject.com/read/manipurs-long-wait-for-justice-remembering-1528-cases-and-the-murder-of-thangjam-manorama/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="These Fellows Must Be Eliminated": Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur: III. The Killing of Thangjam Manorama Devi |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/india0908/3.htm |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> This incident led to widespread protests, including a notable demonstration by Manipuri women who protested naked in front of the Assam Rifles headquarters, demanding justice and the repeal of AFSPA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kakoti |first=Chitrangi |date=September 2, 2021 |title=Militarised Violence and Women's Resistance in Manipur, India |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2021/09/02/militarised-violence-and-womens-resistance-in-manipur-india/ |journal=LSE Blogs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-09 |title=Manorama, Irom face of anti-AFSPA protest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manorama-irom-face-of-anti-afspa-protest/articleshow/53126074.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This also led to activism by [[Irom Sharmila]], who started a fast demanding the repeal of AFSPA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: Manipur's 'custodial killings' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/8/21/in-pictures-manipurs-custodial-killings |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==== Rape of Naga Women in Oinam (1987) ====
In July 1987, following an attack by Naga insurgents on an Assam Rifles post in Oinam, Manipur, a retaliatory operation named "Operation Bluebird" was launched.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=SRIVASTAVA1 |first=ATISHA |date=July 12, 2023 |title=CONFLICT AND ALIENATION IN VEIO POU'S WAITING FOR THE DUST TO SETTLE |url=http://www.rjelal.com/11.3.23/6-16%20SHAILENDRA%20P.%20SINGH.pdf |journal=Research Journal of English Language and Literature}}</ref> During this operation, there were reports of widespread human rights violations, including the rape of Naga women by security forces. Despite documentation by human rights organizations, justice for the victims remains elusive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Bluebird |url=https://www.angelfire.com/nm/nagalim/oinam.htm |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.angelfire.com}}</ref>

==== Allegations in Assam and Tripura ====
Reports from Assam and Tripura have documented instances where women, particularly from tribal communities, have been subjected to sexual violence by security forces during counter-insurgency operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-12 |title=Invisible 9/11: 56 years of AFSPA |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/11859 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Assam records highest cases of sexual violence by armed forces in 20 years: NGO, The News Mill {{!}} National Campaign Against Torture |url=http://www.uncat.org/in-media/assam-records-highest-cases-of-sexual-violence-by-armed-forces-in-20-years-ngo-the-news-mill/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.uncat.org |language=en-US}}</ref> For example, in Tripura, opposition members alleged in 1989 that there had been numerous cases of rape by security forces in the preceding months. Such incidents have contributed to a pervasive fear among women in these regions.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ASA200301992ENGLISH.pdf? Amnesty Appeal to GOI]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-22 |title=Press meet on State, Sexual Violence and Impunity: Facts from the Field |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/7695 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref>

The rape and murder of Miss Luingamla Muinao occurred on January 24, 1986, in Ngainga village, [[Ukhrul district]], Manipur, India. Captain Mandhir Singh of the 25 [[Madras Regiment]] and 2nd Lt Sanjeev Dubey of the [[Mahar Regiment]] visited the village for patrolling ahead of Republic Day celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Issues And Participation Of Tangkhul Women Part 3 By Maireiwon Ningshen |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Human_Rights_Legal.Human_Rights_Issues_And_Participation_Of_Tangkhul_Women_Part_3_By_Maireiwon_Ningshen |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Indrakanta Singh |first=Ngangbam |date=September 13, 2016 |title=Sharmila's tribute to Luingamla |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/sharmila-s-tribute-to-luingamla/cid/1419173?utm_source=chatgpt.com }}</ref> While Luingamla Muinao was alone in her house, the two soldiers entered and attempted to assault her. She resisted and thus was fatally shot by Captain Mandhir Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights issues in Manipur and participation of Tangkhul Women Part 2 By Maireiwon Ningshen |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Human_Rights_Legal.Human_Rights_issues_in_Manipur_and_participation_of_Tangkhul_Women_Part_2_By_Maireiwon_Ningshen |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The incident led to widespread outrage across Manipur. A large public meeting was held at Ukhrul Tangkhul Long Ground with Luingamla's body, followed by a significant rally in Imphal on March 11, 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |date=2016-09-22 |title=Human rights issues in Manipur and participation of Tangkhul women -3 |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/human-rights-issues-in-manipur-and-participation-of-tangkhul-women-3/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The rally was supported by various valley-based organizations, and it was resolved that March 11 would be observed as "Unity Day" to symbolize solidarity between the hill and valley communities of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Issues And Participation Of Tangkhul Women Part 3 By Maireiwon Ningshen |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Human_Rights_Legal.Human_Rights_Issues_And_Participation_Of_Tangkhul_Women_Part_3_By_Maireiwon_Ningshen |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Luingamla's neighbor, Zamthingla Ruivah, who witnessed the killing, designed a special ''fanek'' (traditional wraparound skirt) called "Luingamla Kashan" in her memory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcendent |url=https://chingalel.blogspot.com/2015/06/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=chingalel.blogspot.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Commission Reports and Findings ==

=== Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005) ===
In 2004, following widespread protests over the alleged rape and murder of Thangjam Manorama by Assam Rifles personnel in Manipur, the [[Government of India]] established a committee led by Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy to review the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-27 |title=The inexplicable silence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-inexplicable-silence/article5508891.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The committee's report, submitted in 2005, recommended the repeal of AFSPA, describing it as "a symbol of oppression" and suggesting that its provisions could be incorporated into existing laws.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-09 |title=Time to repeal AFSPA? |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/time-to-repeal-afspa/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Gateway House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India: The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) Review Committee takes one step forward and two backwards |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/amnesty/2006/en/19726 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> However, the report was not made public immediately, and its recommendations were not implemented.<ref>[https://andyreiter.com/wp-content/uploads/military-justice/in/Government%20Documents/India%20-%202005%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Committee%20to%20Review%20AFSPA%20%28Reddy%20Report%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Meenakshi |date=2008-09-29 |title="These Fellows Must Be Eliminated" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/29/these-fellows-must-be-eliminated/relentless-violence-and-impunity-manipur |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 in Manipur and other States of the Northeast of India: Sanctioning repression in violation of India's human rights obligations |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/1003-2/the-armed-forces-special-powers-act-1958-in-manipur-and-other-states-of-the-northeast-of-india-sanctioning-repression-in-violation-of-indias-human-rights-obligations/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Asian Human Rights Commission |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Observations ===
The NHRC has addressed several cases involving the armed forces in Northeast India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights issues in Manipur and participation of Tangkhul Women Part 3 By Maireiwon Ningshen |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Human_Rights_Legal.Human_Rights_issues_in_Manipur_and_participation_of_Tangkhul_Women_Part_3_By_Maireiwon_Ningshen |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> For instance, in 1994–1995, the NHRC took cognizance of alleged killings of civilians in Ukhrul Town, Manipur, during crossfiring between the 20 Assam Rifles and the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2018-07-05 |title=Manipur deaths 'widespread', cannot be tolerated: Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-deaths-widespread-cannot-be-tolerated-sc/article61517327.ece |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Such interventions by the NHRC underscore the ongoing concerns regarding human rights violations in the region.<ref>NHRC Armed Forces Cases</ref>

== Government Responses ==
In response to these reports and public outcry, the Indian government has occasionally set up inquiries and, in some instances, withdrawn AFSPA from certain areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/india/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> For example, in April 2022, the government announced the partial repeal of AFSPA from parts of the Northeast, citing improved security situations. However, debates continue over the act's necessity and its implications for human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Partially Repeals Controversial AFSPA in the Northeast |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/india-partially-repeals-controversial-afspa-in-the-northeast/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:History of Northeast India]]

Kothrud Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:22Z

Franolaxy: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Kothrud]]
| map_image = 210-Kothrud.svg
| mla = [[Chandrakant Patil]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 210
| electors= 440,676
}}

'''Kothrud Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]]. It is one of the twenty one constituencies of located in the [[Pune district]] and one of eight in [[Pune]] City.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/maharashtra/kothrud.html Maps of India]</ref><ref>[http://maharashtraelection.in/kothrud-assembly-constituency-candidate-name-result-maharashtra-assembly-election-2014-bjp-congress-mns-ncp-shiv-sena/ Kothrud Vidhan Sabha seat Election 2014 Kothrud NCP, SS, MNS]</ref><ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Kothrud-in-Maharashtra Traceall.in]</ref>

It is a part of the [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Kasba Peth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba Peth]], [[Parvati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parvati]], [[Pune Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pune Cantonment]] (SC), [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]], [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]] from Pune City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

Kothrud Assembly Constituency came into existence by dividing [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivaji Nagar]] assembly constituency as well as dissolving [[Bhavani Peth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhavani Peth constituency]]. It was not swing from [[Nationalist Congress Party]] to [[Shiv Sena]]. It is the stronghold of [[Shiv Sena]]. After division [[Kothrud]] won by [[Shiv Sena]] and [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]] by [[Vinayak Nimhan]], [[Indian National Congress]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothrud Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/kothrud.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Before 2008: See [[Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency|Bhavani Peth]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Chandrakant Mokate]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Medha Kulkarni]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandrakant Patil]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election |2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kothrud}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Patil|Chandrakant Bachhu Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 159,234 |percentage = 69.34% |change={{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Mokate]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 47,193 |percentage = 20.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Kishor Nana Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 18,105 |percentage = 7.88% |change={{decrease}}33.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,152 |percentage = 1.37% |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yogesh Rajapurkar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,804 |percentage = 0.79% |change={{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 112,041 |percentage = 48.79% |change= {{increase}}35.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 232,792 |percentage = 52.83% |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 229,640}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 440,676|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kothrud<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Patil|Chandrakant Bachhu Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 105,246 |percentage = 55.07% |change={{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Kishor Nana Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 79,751 |percentage = 41.73% |change={{increase}}30.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,028 |percentage = 2.11% |change={{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Deepak Narayanrao Shamdire |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,428 |percentage = 1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Abhijit Hindurao More |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,380 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,495 |percentage = 13.34% |change= {{decrease}}19.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,158 |percentage = 48.20% |change= {{decrease}}8.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 404,858|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kothrud<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Medha Kulkarni]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 100,941 |percentage = 51.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Mokate]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 36,279 |percentage = 18.53% |change={{decrease}}15.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Dattobo Chandere |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 28,179 |percentage = 14.40% |change={{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Kishor Nana Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 21,392 |percentage = 10.93% |change={{decrease}}18.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umesh Namdev Kandhare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,713 |percentage = 3.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,583 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,662 |percentage = 33.03% |change= {{increase}}28.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,338 |percentage = 56.57% |change= {{increase}}9.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,754}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 348,846|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}17.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kothrud<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrakant Mokate]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,055 |percentage = 33.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Kishor Nana Shinde |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 44,843 |percentage = 28.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Mankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,853 |percentage = 14.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anna Joshi]]|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 19,095 |percentage = 12.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ujawal Keskar |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,000 |percentage = 6.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Shitaram Sanke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,518 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,212 |percentage = 4.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,725 |percentage = 46.37% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,701}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 333,693|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Kothrud]]
* [[Pune]]
* [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Assembly constituency]] (Kothrud area was part of this constituency until 2008)
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|18.51|73.81|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothrud (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pune]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:37Z

Franolaxy: added new location

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency
| map_image = 225-Ahmednagar City.svg
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Sangram Arun Jagtap]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 225
| electors = 317,397
}}

'''Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]]. This Assembly constituency is located in [[Ahmednagar district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=11 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of the [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, Shevgaon, Rahuri, Parner, Shrigonda and Karjat Jamkhed.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Before 2008 : See [[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]] & [[Ahmednagar South Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar South]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Anil Rathod]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sangram Jagtap]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmednagar City<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ahmednagar City">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ahmednagar City |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13225.htm |access-date=8 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108150435/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13225.htm |archive-date=8 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ahmednagar Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Ahmednagar Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/ahmednagar |access-date=8 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108150430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/ahmednagar |archive-date=8 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sangram Arun Jagtap]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 118,636 |percentage = 58.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhishek Balasaheb Kalamkar |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 79,018 |percentage = 39.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,601 |percentage = 0.79% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,618 |percentage = 19.56% |change= {{increase}}12.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 204,106 |percentage = 64.31% |change= {{increase}}5.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 202,505}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 317,397|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmednagar City<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sangram Arun Jagtap]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,217 |percentage = 48.51% |change={{increase}}18.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Rathod]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 70,078 |percentage = 41.86% |change={{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asif Sultan |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 6,869 |percentage = 4.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chhindam Shripad Shankar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,923 |percentage = 1.75% |change={{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Gulabrao Kale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,881 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,724 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bahirnath Tukaram Wakale |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,046 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,139 |percentage = 6.65% |change= {{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,339 |percentage = 58.81% |change= {{decrease}}1.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,427}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 289,629|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}18.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmednagar City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sangram Arun Jagtap]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 49,378 |percentage = 30.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Rathod]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,061 |percentage = 28.06% |change={{decrease}}21.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Abhay Jagannath Agarkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,913 |percentage = 24.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tambe Satyajeet Sudhir |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,076 |percentage = 16.49% |change={{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,614 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,317 |percentage = 2.02% |change= {{decrease}}27.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,934 |percentage = 60.11% |change= {{increase}}9.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,151}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276,045|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}19.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ahmednagar City<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anil Rathod]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 65,271 |percentage = 49.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gundecha Suvalal Anandram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,726 |percentage = 19.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Agarkar Abhay Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,781 |percentage = 13.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Nazir Ahmed Alias Najju Pahelwan |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,660 |percentage = 6.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daphal Sachin Chandrabhan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,441 |percentage = 5.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Vitthal Soanawane |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,155 |percentage = 3.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,545 |percentage = 29.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,647 |percentage = 49.55% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,519}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 267,712|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ahmednagar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|19|6|8.46|N|74|45|0.84|E|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Siddhagad

2026-04-11T08:56:56Z

Franolaxy: started new stub

{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Siddhagad
|partof = Konkan region
|location = Dongarnhave, Jambhurde, Borawadi, Khaniware Village, [[Murbad]], [[Thane District]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|image =Siddhagad.jpg
|type = Hill fort
|map_type=India Maharashtra#India
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Location Of Siddha
|coordinates = {{coord|19|09|32.2|N|73|31|27.5|E}}
|built = 1656
|builder = [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
|materials = Stone, natural clay, lead
|height = 980 M(3215.22 Ft)
| ownership = *[[Maratha Empire]] (1656–1689; 1739–1818)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1689–1739)
*[[East India Company]] (1818–1858)
*[[British Raj]] (1858–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present)
|demolished =
|condition = Semi-ruins
|open_to_public = Yes
}}
'''Siddhagad''' ({{translation|''Fort of the Awakened sages''}}) is a small fort located in [[Thane District]], in the Western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=22-year-old slips off Siddhagad Fort cliff amid rain and fog; rescue teams face extreme conditions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/22yearold-slips-off-siddhagad-fort-cliff-amid-rain-and-fog-rescue-teams-face-extreme-conditions-101750100334183.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=Siddhagad Fort tragedy: Body of missing 22-year-old trekker recovered |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/siddhagad-fort-tragedy-body-of-missing-22-year-old-trekker-recovered-101750184417813.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is the place where Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter [[Bhai Kotwal|Veer Bhai Kotwal]] was assassinated by the British officials. A memorial was erected in his memory at Sidhagad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=Pave development monuments at Siddhagad ssh 93 {{!}} सिद्धगडावरील स्मारक विकासाचा मार्ग मोकळा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/thane/pave-development-monuments-at-siddhagad-ssh-93-2599511/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

==Geography==

Siddhagad fort is located {{convert|20|km}} from [[Murbad]].<ref name=":0" /> The fort stands {{convert|838|m}} above sea level and is built on a spur which overlooks the road of the village of Borwadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=धामणस्कर |first=रोहित |date=2025-06-18 |title=मुरबाडच्या सिद्धगडावरुन खोल दरीत पडून तरुणाचा मृत्यू, दोन दिवसांनी मृतदेह सापडला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/thane/trekker-death-fall-from-siddhagad-fort-body-found-after-two-days-at-murbad-thane-news-1364813 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>

==History==

Vithal Laxman Kotwal (alias Bhai) Marathi वीर भाई कोतवाल was a social reformer and revolutionary from Neral, Maharashtra, India. He laid down his life in the freedom struggle of the country. He was killed in an encounter with the British police officer DSP R. Hall while he was underground with his team in the jungle of Sidhagadh on 2 January 1943.

While underground he formed group of underground mercenaries called "Kotwal Dasta", a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Raigad district. They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers and his cousin brothers Pentanna and Dattoba Halde. They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city. From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways.

To counter the menace police announced cash award of rupees 2500 leading to the arrest of Bhai Kotwal. Also a special officer DSP R. Hall and Officer Stafford were called to counter Bhai Kotwal.

When the Krantikari Kotwal Dasta was hiding in the remote jungle of Sidhgadh in Murbad Taluka, he sent a letter for help which fell into the hands of one of the landlords of the area, who turned the letter and the messenger over to Officer Hall. Krantikari says its indian soldier.

On 2 January 1943 early morning when the Azad Dasta was preparing to shift to another safe place and was waiting for the help to come, R. Hall and Stafford attacked the Dasta members. First to fall was the young Hiraji Patil, son of deputy leader of Azad Dasta Gomaji Patil. Hiraji died on the spot. Bhai Kotwal got injured in the thigh and could not move. Hall killed him point blank.

He was one of the many lesser known freedom fighters who laid down their lives for the freedom of the country. For his brave fight and sacrifice he is now proudly called "Veer Bhai Kotwal", meaning warrior.

References

==Tourism==
Siddhagad is usually visited as a day-trip from Dongarnhave, Khanivare or Jambhurde, to Siddhagad

No public transport goes there. You can go to the waterfall with your own vehicle. You can trek to the fort from Dongarnhave & Jambhurde To Borawadi

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Aaanother Siddhagad entrance.jpg|Another entrance
File:Waterfaaaaall Siddhagad.jpg|Waterfall
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />
{{morecat|date=May 2024}}
[[Category: Thane district]]

Lakhandur Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T17:28:44Z

Franolaxy: Started Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lakhandur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1978
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 1,94,719
| mla = Patole Nanabhau Falgunrao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Lakhandur Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Krishnarao Dagoji Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Bhaiyya Hiralal Nathmalji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Kapgate Dayaram Maroti
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Patole Nanabhau Falgunrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patole Nanabhau Falgunrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,593 |percentage = 53.87% |change = {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kapgate Dayaram Maroti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,833 |percentage = 27.59% |change = {{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sureshbhau Asaram Bramhankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 18,363 |percentage = 11.56% |change = {{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dongare Ramesh Dayaram |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,615 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lade Vijaykumar Gopala |party = Peoples Republican Party |votes = 2,425 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vyankat Amrut Meshram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,040 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jambhulkar Gyaniram Martand |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,298 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,760 |percentage = 26.28% |change = {{increase}}14.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,889 |percentage = 81.60% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,879}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,719 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patole Nanabhau Falgunrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,273 |percentage = 47.56% |change = {{increase}}28.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kapgate Dayaram Maroti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,007 |percentage = 35.33% |change = {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lanje Gopinath Sadashio |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 11,204 |percentage = 8.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meshram Laxman Shioram |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,797 |percentage = 5.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Kabirdas Saoji |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,119 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandhare Rekhatai Mansaram |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,266 |percentage = 12.23% |change = {{increase}}8.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,417 |percentage = 80.48% |change = {{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,047}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,236 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}24.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kapgate Dayaram Maroti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,833 |percentage = 23.15% |change = {{decrease}}11.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kute Pramila Premraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,159 |percentage = 19.38% |change = {{decrease}}8.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Kabirdas Saoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,451 |percentage = 18.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patole Nanabhau Falgunrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,948 |percentage = 13.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nakade Gopal Tikaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,849 |percentage = 7.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salame Mahadeo Saoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,335 |percentage = 6.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakare Homraj Atmaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,439 |percentage = 6.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lonare Abhiman Ganesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,674 |percentage = 3.77% |change = {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,793 |percentage = 87.59% |change = {{increase}}14.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,436}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,592 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,504 |percentage = 35.02% |change = {{decrease}}16.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Maroti Thakre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,808 |percentage = 28.37% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dahiwale Sukhdeo Kumar Naktuji |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 16,416 |percentage = 14.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salame Mahadeo Saoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,762 |percentage = 5.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshao Sitaram Mandwatkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,462 |percentage = 2.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakre Manohar Govinda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,164 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemne Leeladhar Shankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,711 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Alias Yadorao Bhiwaji Raut |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,134 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,696 |percentage = 6.65% |change = {{decrease}}15.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,847 |percentage = 73.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,658}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,884 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}16.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,509 |percentage = 51.04% |change = {{increase}}17.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hiralal Nathamalji Bhiyya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,274 |percentage = 28.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaybhiye Wamanrao Gopinath |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 16,480 |percentage = 17.34% |change = {{decrease}}4.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao Krishnaji Brahmankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,813 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,235 |percentage = 22.34% |change = {{increase}}18.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,341 |percentage = 73.42% |change = {{increase}}13.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,049}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,221 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaiyya Hiralal Nathmalji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,049 |percentage = 37.43% |change = {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,247 |percentage = 33.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramteke Kewalram Donu |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 15,567 |percentage = 21.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakre Ramchandra Maroti |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 4,011 |percentage = 5.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uikey Modku Kashiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 830 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khobragade Krushna Taliram |party = Independent politician |votes = 553 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,802 |percentage = 3.88% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,673 |percentage = 60.18% |change = {{decrease}}18.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,257}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,425 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaiyya Hiralal Nathmalji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 38,157 |percentage = 43.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,595 |percentage = 38.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bramhankar Bhaskarrao Martandrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,271 |percentage = 10.53% |change = {{decrease}}39.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neware Narayan Nathuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,458 |percentage = 5.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parmar Devicharansinh Jairamsinh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajbhiye Udebhan Dayaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 749 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,562 |percentage = 5.18% |change = {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,418 |percentage = 78.74% |change = {{decrease}}40.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,041}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,826 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Lakhandur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Dagoji Thakur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,417 |percentage = 26.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Jairam Bhambore |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,500 |percentage = 23.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaji Ganpat Raoot |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 16,050 |percentage = 13.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkar Modku Rahate |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 15,442 |percentage = 13.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramcharansingh Jamalsingh Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,905 |percentage = 5.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Shankarrao Chitnavis |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,388 |percentage = 4.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhan Biju Gonnade |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,566 |percentage = 3.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tima Dhokale Gajbhaiya |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 2,511 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Languduji Ramteke |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,126 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tatyaji Domaji Meshram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,046 |percentage = 1.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,917 |percentage = 3.35% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,078 |percentage = 119.02% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,078}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,370 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

M. Venkatarama Reddy

2026-04-07T23:25:14Z

Franolaxy: Started New Post

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Venkatarama Reddy
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|4|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Varathareddypalayam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thali]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[D. C. Vijayendraiah]]
| successor1 = [[S. Raja Reddy]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Lawyer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''M. Venkatarama Reddy''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from [[Hosur]] in the [[Krishnagiri district]]. Having completed his postgraduate and [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) degrees, Venkatarama Reddy is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thali Assembly constituency]] in the 1991 elections.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ”Who's Who” 1991. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. April 1992. pp. 491–492.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thalli<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatarama Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,831 |percentage=45.88 |change=+24.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ranga Reddi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,270 |percentage=33.41 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramachandra Reddy |party=Janata Dal |votes=14,917 |percentage=17.63 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Nasar Alias Nasar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,412 |percentage=1.67 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jaisankar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=466 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,561 |percentage=12.48 |change= -11.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,627 |percentage=59.87 |change= -6.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,078 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, M. Venkatarama}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Nathuram Godse

2026-03-26T15:43:51Z

Franolaxy: added references

{{short description|Assassin of Mahatma Gandhi (1910–1949)}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Godse|other uses|Godse (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Nathuram Vinayak Godse
| image = Nathuram godse.jpg
| alt = Nathuram Godse
| caption = Godse at his trial for the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948
| birth_name = Ramachandra Vinayak Godse
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|5|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Baramati]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Maharashtra]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|11|15|1910|5|19|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ambala Central Jail]], [[East Punjab]], India
 {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], India)}}
| death_cause = [[Strangulation]] due to [[botched execution]] by [[hanging]]{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}}
| organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment in India|Death]]
| known_for = [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]
| victims = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| weapon = [[Beretta M 1934]] [[semi-automatic pistol]]
| apprehended =
| date = 30 January 1948
| module = {{Infobox writer
|embed =yes
|name = Nathuram Vinayak Godse
|notableworks = ''Why I Killed Gandhi''
|relatives = [[Gopal Godse]] (brother)
}}
| conviction = [[Murder]]
| conviction_status = [[Executed]]
}}
'''Nathuram Vinayak Godse'''{{efn|{{langx|mr|नथुराम विनायक गोडसे|Nathurām Vināyak Goḍse}}; {{IPA|mr|nət̪ʰuɾam ʋinajək ɡoɖse|IPA|Nathuram Godse.wav}}}} (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) was an Indian [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] and political activist who assassinated [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=howlett-gandhi-godse>{{citation| last =Howlett | first =Charles F. | editor1-last=Ryan|editor1-first=James Gilbert|editor2-last=Schlup|editor2-first=Leonard C.|title = Historical Dictionary of the 1940s| chapter=Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand|publisher = Routledge| year=2015|orig-year=2006| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w3usBwAAQBAJ| access-date = 30 January 2022| url-access=limited|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3usBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT296| pages = |location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-7656-0440-8|quote=Because of Gandhi's sensitivity to India's Muslim minority, he was blamed for the partition. In January 1948, in New Delhi, he was assassinated by Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a militant Hindu nationalist.}}</ref>{{sfn|Hardiman|2003|pp=174–176}} He [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|shot Gandhi]] in the chest three times at [[point blank range]] at a [[interfaith dialog|multi-faith]] [[prayer meeting]] in [[Birla House]] in [[New Delhi]] on 30 January 1948.<ref name="CushRobinson2008">{{Cite book|last1=Cush|first1=Denise|last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine|last3=York|first3=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|access-date=31 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|page=544|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544|archive-date=12 October 2013}} Quote: "The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan." (p. 544)</ref><ref name="frontline1">{{cite news|last1=Noorani|first1=A.G.|title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece|access-date=4 July 2017|publisher=Frontline|date=8 February 2013}}</ref>

Godse was a prominent populariser of the works of his mentor, [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], who had formulated the Hindu nationalist ideology of [[Hindutva]].<ref name="sources-indian-traditions-godse">{{citation |title=Sources of Indian traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |volume=2 |pages=338–452; 439 |year=2014 |editor1-last=McDermott |editor1-first=Rachel Fell |access-date=January 30, 2022 |chapter=Mahatma Gandhi and Responses |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8qJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439 |edition=3rd |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press; total pages 1024 |isbn=978-0-231-51092-9 |quote=Nathuram Godse (1910–1949), though rarely discussed in histories of modern India ranks among its significant figure, if only as the assassin of Gandhi and popularizer of the teachings of his own mentor, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the inventor of 'Hindutva.' As early as 1927, Savarkar had ridiculed the philosophy of non-violence ... |editor2-last=Gordon |editor2-first=Leonard A. |editor3-last=Embree |editor3-first=Ainslie T. |editor4-last=Pritchett |editor4-first=Frances W. |editor5-last=Dalton |editor5-first=Dennis |chapter-url-access=limited}}</ref> Godse was a member of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], a Hindutva political party,{{sfn|Nash|1981|p=69}} and of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right-wing Hindutva [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]].{{sfn|Hansen|1999a|p=249}}

Godse had two unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Mahatma Gandhi in 1944 before he succeeded the third time.<ref name="Newton">{{cite book | last=Newton | first=M. | title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-61069-286-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-01-30 | page=167}}</ref> After the 1948 assassination, Godse claimed Gandhi favoured the political demands of [[British India]]'s Muslims during the [[partition of India]] of 1947.<ref name="CushRobinson2008"/>{{sfn|Markovits|2004|p=57}}{{sfn|Mallot|2012|pp=75–76}} Soon after Mahatma Gandhi had fallen from the fatal shots at the prayer meeting, and while the attendant crowd was in shock, Godse was grasped and restrained by [[Herbert Reiner Jr.]], a vice-consul at the new American embassy in Delhi who was also attending; eventually, Godse was taken away by the police.<ref name=bbc-stimpson/><ref name=nyt-reiner/><ref name=globe-reiner-obit/> Godse had plotted the assassination with [[Narayan Apte]] and six others. After a trial that lasted over a year, Godse was [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]] on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for clemency were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], and Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]],<ref name="godse-commutation" /> and Godse was executed at the [[Ambala Central Jail]] on 15 November 1949.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009" />

==Early life==
Nathuram Vinayakrao Godse was born into a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self |first=Aparna |last=Devare |access-date=2016-09-09|isbn=9781136197086 |date=3 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> His father, Vinayak Vamanrao Godse, was a postal employee; his mother was Lakshmi (née Godavari). At birth, he was named Ramachandra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nathuram.com/early-life/|title=Early life | Nathuram Godse|publisher=Nathuram.com|access-date=30 January 2014}}</ref> Nathuram was given his name due to his parents' fear that a curse targeted their male children, caused by the loss of their three previous sons. Young Ramachandra was therefore brought up as a girl for the first few years of his life, including having his nose pierced and being made to wear a nose-ring (''[[Nose-jewel#South Asia|nath]]'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]). It was then that he earned the nickname "Nathuram" (literally "Ram with a nose-ring"). After his younger brother was born, they switched to treating him as a boy.<ref name=Nosering>{{Cite book|title=India, Rebellion to Republic: Selected Writings, 1857–1990|last=Jeffrey|first=Robin|year=1990|publisher=Sterling Publishers|page=105}}</ref>

Godse attended the local school at [[Baramati]] through the fifth standard, after which he was sent to live with an aunt in [[Pune]] so that he could study at an English-language school.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

==Political career and beliefs==
[[File:Nathuram.jpg|thumb|Group photo of people accused in the murder of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. ''Standing (L to R)'': [[Shankar Kistaiya]], [[Gopal Godse]], [[Madan Lal Pahwa]], [[Digambar Ramchandra Badge]]. ''Seated (L to R)'': [[Narayan Apte]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar|Vinayak D. Savarkar]], Nathuram Godse, [[Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare|Vishnu Karkare]]]]
Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with Hindu nationalist organisations [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS; National Volunteer Organisation) and [[Hindu Mahasabha]], although the exact dates of his membership are uncertain.<ref>''The Hindu'' (18 August 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20040905230837/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/18/stories/2004081805151100.htm] "RSS releases 'proof' of its innocence". Retrieved 26 June 2007</ref><ref name="RSSRefutal">IANS, [http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/rss-denies-godse-was-its-member-rebuts-cong-claim_677631.html RSS denies Godse was its member, rebuts Cong claim], ''Zee News'', 30 December 2010</ref>

==RSS membership==

Godse joined RSS in [[Sangli]] (Maharashtra) in 1932 as a ''boudhik karyawah'' (ground worker), and simultaneously remained a member of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], both right-wing organisations. He often wrote articles in newspapers to publicise his thoughts. During this time, Godse and [[M. S. Golwalkar]], later [[list of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS chief]], often worked together, and they translated Babarao Savarkar's book "Rashtra Mimansa" into English. They had a falling out when Golwalkar took the entire credit for this translation.{{Citation needed|reason=story needs verification|date=November 2017}} In the early 1940s, Godse formed his own organisation, "Hindu Rashtra Dal"<ref>{{cite book|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|author-link=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA249|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|page=249}}</ref> on the [[Vijayadashami]] day of 1942,<ref>{{cite news|title=EXPOSED: The Hindu Rashtra Dal: Inside India's most violent far right groups|url=https://www.indianewsco.com/exposed-the-hindu-rashtra-dal-inside-indias-most-violent-far-right-groups|access-date=21 April 2023|publisher=India News Co.|date=6 November 2014}}</ref> though he continued to remain a member of the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha.<ref name="et">{{cite news|last1=Venugopal|first1=Vasudha|title=Nathuram Godse never left RSS, says his family|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family/articleshow/54159375.cms|access-date=4 July 2017|publisher=Economic times|date=8 September 2016}}</ref>

In 1946, Godse claimed to have left the RSS and moved to the Hindu Mahasabha over the issue of the partition of India. However, historical sources do not corroborate this claim; an investigation published by [[The Caravan]] in January 2020 revealed that up until his final days, Godse was listed as a member in records kept by the RSS of meetings that took place long after he was supposed to have left the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Dhirendra K. |title=The Apostle of Hate |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss |website=The Caravan |publisher=Delhi Press |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> His family has also said that he had never left the RSS, highlighting that he held membership at the RSS as well as the Hindu Mahasabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family/articleshow/54159375.cms|title=Nathuram Godse never left RSS, says his family|first=Vasudha|last=Venugopal|date=8 September 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Godse's 1946 claim is also refuted by his first deposition in Marathi after he assassinated Gandhi, where he says that while he did join the Hindu Mahasabha, "I remained active in Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh."

==Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi==
{{main|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}}

In May 1944, Godse attempted to assassinate Gandhi with a knife. He led a group of 15 to 20 young men who rushed at Gandhi during a prayer meeting at [[Panchgani]]. Godse and his group were prevented from attacking Gandhi by the crowds of people. He was released due to Gandhi's own policy of declining to press criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/>

In September 1944, Godse again led another group to block Gandhi's passage from [[Sevagram]] to [[Mumbai]]. This time Godse was arrested with a dagger and he uttered threats to kill Gandhi. He was released again owing to Gandhi's policy of not pressing criminal charges.<ref name="Newton"/>

At 05:05 pm on 30 January 1948, as Gandhi made his way to a prayer meeting on a raised lawn behind [[Birla House]], a mansion in New Delhi, where he was staying, Godse stepped out of the crowd flanking his path to the dais. He fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest.<ref name=bbc-stimpson/> Gandhi fell immediately, sending the attendant crowd into a state of shock.<ref name=bbc-stimpson>{{citation|last1=Pronko|first1=N. H.|last2=Bowles|first2=J. W.|title=Empirical Foundations Of Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfaAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-32708-7|page=343}}</ref> [[Herbert Reiner Jr.]], a 32-year-old vice-consul at the new American embassy in Delhi, was the first to rush forward and grasp Godse by the shoulders, spinning him into the arms of some military personnel, who disarmed him.<ref>{{citation|date=May 26, 2000|last=Obituary, May 26|title=Herbert Reiner Jr.; Captured Gandhi's killer|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-26-me-34297-story.html|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc-stimpson"/> Reiner then held Godse by the neck and shoulders until he was taken away by the military and police.<ref name=globe-reiner-obit>{{citation|date=21 May 2000|last=Obituary, May 21|title=Herbert Reiner Jr., Diplomat, 83; Captured Gandhi's killer in 1948|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref><ref name=nyt-reiner>{{citation|last=Trumbull|first=Robert|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 31, 1948|title=Gandhi is killed by a Hindu; India shaken; World mourns; 15 die in rioting in Bombay|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html#article}}</ref> Reiner reported later that in the moments before he apprehended him, Godse looked a little stunned at how easily he had carried out his plan.<ref name=stratton>{{citation|last=Stratton|first=Roy Olin|title=SACO, the Rice Paddy Navy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTFNAQAAMAAJ|year=1950|publisher=C. S. Palmer Publishing Company|pages=40–42}}</ref> Gandhi was taken back to his room in Birla House, where he died soon thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEL20060206033504 |title=Controversy over "Hey Ram" |access-date=2013-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201073017/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEL20060206033504 |archive-date=1 February 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Trial and execution==
Godse was put on trial at the [[Punjab High Court]], at [[Peterhoff, Shimla]]. On 8 November 1949, he was sentenced to death. Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, [[Manilal Gandhi]] and [[Ramdas Gandhi]], they were turned down by India's prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], deputy prime minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and Governor-General [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]],<ref name=godse-commutation>{{citation|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA660|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25570-8|page=660}}</ref> and Godse was hanged at [[Ambala Central Jail]] on 15 November 1949.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">{{citation|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Qd5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-01824-6|page=146}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Millions of Indians mourned Gandhi's assassination; the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] was vilified and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] was temporarily banned.

The RSS has consistently denied any connection with Godse. It has maintained, contrary to evidence and accounts cited earlier, that Godse "left RSS in the mid-1930s".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=RSS denies Godse was its member, rebuts Cong claim {{!}} India News {{!}} Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/rss-denies-godse-was-its-member-rebuts-cong-claim_677631.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121001602/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/rss-denies-godse-was-its-member-rebuts-cong-claim_677631.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 }}</ref> However, Nathuram Godse's brother Gopal Godse stated that all the Godse brothers were members of the RSS at the time of the assassination and blamed the RSS for disowning them.<ref name="frontline_1">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece|title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse|author=A.G. Noorani|work=Frontline}}</ref> The other members of the Godse family too have denied that he ever left the RSS. He remained in the position of ''boudhik karyawah'' (intellectual worker) in the RSS until his death.<ref name="et"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Arvind |date=2015-03-17 |title=Resurrecting Godse: what Gopal had to say about his brother Nathuram |url=https://scroll.in/article/714090/resurrecting-godse-what-gopal-had-to-say-about-his-brother-nathuram |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-23 |title=The BJP and Nathuram Godse |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/the-bjp-and-nathuram-godse/article4328688.ece |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

==Terrorist act==

The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in retrospect as an act of Hindutva fanatical terror.<ref name=Hensman>{{cite journal |last=Hensman |first=R. |date=2012 |title=The Spectre of Fascism [Review of Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India; The Saffron Condition: Politics of Repression and Exclusion in Neoliberal India, by S. Gatade] |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=34–36 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23214471 |jstor=23214471}}</ref> In the 2011 book ''Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India'',<ref name=Andrean>{{cite journal |title=Nathuram Godse in Perspectives: The Cult of an Assassin in the Indian English Writings |last=Abdul Hameed |first=P. A. |pages=202–214 |journal=Ruminations: The Andrean Journal of Literature 2013 |publisher=St Andrew's College of Arts, Science and Commerce |url=https://standrewscollege.ac.in/ruminations-2013-2/}}</ref> journalist Subhash Gatade called the assassination "the first terrorist act in independent India",<ref name=Hensman/><ref>{{cite book |title=Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India, 2nd edition |first=Subhash |last=Gatade |work=Pharos Media & Publishing |date=2013 |isbn=9788172210557 |page=41 |publisher=Pharos Media & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSjumAEACAAJ}}</ref> and, as one scholar put it, "the harbinger of '[[Hindutva terrorism]]' in India".<ref name=Andrean/> In a 2012 review of Gatade's work, author Rohini Hensman concurred that if terrorism is defined as violence in pursuit of a political goal, then "the assassination of Gandhi could indeed be seen as a terrorist act".<ref name=Hensman/>

==Attempts at image rehabilitation==
''[[Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy]]'' (This is Nathuram Godse Speaking) is a two-act play written in the [[Marathi language]] by Pradeep Dalvi.<ref name="HT-20110204">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Political-drama-surrounds-play-on-Nathuram-Godse/Article1-658335.aspx|title=Political drama surrounds play on Nathuram Godse|last=Kurian|first=Susamma|date=2011-02-04|publisher=HT Media|accessdate=9 April 2012|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324235733/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Political-drama-surrounds-play-on-Nathuram-Godse/Article1-658335.aspx|archivedate=24 March 2013}}</ref> It is based on the book ''May It Please Your Honour'' written by Nathuram's brother Gopal Godse. According to Karline McLain, the play "enacts Godse's defense plea" and thus "explores the assassination of [[Gandhi]] and the trial of Godse from Godse's point of view.<ref name="McLain2009">{{cite book|author=Karline McLain|title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&pg=PA192|accessdate=10 April 2012|date=11 February 2009|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22052-3|pages=192}}</ref>

In 2014, following the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha began attempts to rehabilitate Godse and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to install a bust of Godse. It created a documentary film ''Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse'' (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.<ref name=mahasabha>
{{cite news|first=Debobrat|last=Ghose|title=Hindu Mahasabha head speaks to FP: Godse was a 'martyr' and 'patriot'|newspaper=Firstpost|date=21 December 2014|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/hindu-mahasabha-head-speaks-fp-godse-martyr-patriot-1977649.html|access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>
There were attempts to build a temple for Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a ''Shaurya Diwas'' ("Bravery Day").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/nation-current-affairs/article/hindu-mahasabha-announces-godse-temple|title=Hindu Mahasabha announces Godse temple|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 December 2014}}</ref> A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pune-court-to-hear-suit-against-godse-film/article6724649.ece|title=Pune court to hear suit against Godse film|author=PTI|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

In May 2019, in the lead up to the final phase of [[2019 Indian general election|Indian elections]], BJP's candidate from [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]], [[Pragya Singh Thakur|Pragya Thakur]], called Godse a "patriot".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-nathuram-godse-a-patriot-says-bjp-s-pragya-thakur/story-uq5EU9OWje7r5tmORd7UsK.html|title='Nathuram Godse was a patriot,' says BJP's Pragya Thakur; sparks outrage|date=2019-05-16|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> Facing intense backlash, she apologised later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/pragya-singh-thakur-nathuram-godse-terrorist-deshbhakt-lok-sabha-elections-kamal-haasan5731029/|title=Under fire, BJP's Pragya Thakur apologises for calling Godse a 'deshbhakt'|date=2019-05-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>

As [[Hindutva]] politics became more widespread in India, there have been attempts to commemorate Godse. The city of [[Meerut]] was proposed to be renamed after him but the possibility of such a name change was ruled out by the district magistrate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/04/world/asia/india-gandhi-nathuram-godse.html|title=Gandhi's Killer Evokes Admiration as Never Before|last=Yasir|first=Sameer|date=2020-02-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mamtany|first=Sidhant|date=2019-12-24|title='Meerut will not become Pandit Nathuram Godse Nagar', DM rules out possibility of name change|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/meerut-nathuram-godse-nagar-name-will-not-change-up-government-573743|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Nine Hours to Rama]]'', [[Stanley A. Wolpert]] (1962)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUAVk84xBGUC&q=godse+books+banned&pg=PR10|title=Charisma and Commitment in South Asian History: Essays Presented to Stanley ... - Google Books|access-date=30 January 2014|isbn=9788125026419|year=2004|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.|publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref>
*''[[Gandhi's Assassin]]'', Dhirendra K. Jha (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Samrat |date=2022-04-02 |title=Review: Gandhi's Assassin by Dhirendra K Jha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewgandhis-assassin-by-dhirendra-k-jha-101648861812409.html |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh]]'' (2023)
*''[[Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India]]'' (2011)

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* [https://archive.org/details/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/page/n4/mode/1up Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi (1969)]
* {{citation|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqn3OIGE54C&pg=PA249|year=1999a|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2305-6|pages=249–}}
* {{citation|last=Hardiman|first=David|title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=174–76|isbn=9780231131148}}
* Khosla, G.D., ''Murder of the Mahatma and Other Cases from a Judge's Notebook'', Jaico Publishing House, 1968. {{ISBN|0-88253-051-8}}
* {{citation|last=Mallot|first=J. Edward|title=Memory, Nationalism, and Narrative in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P90F8YgSzUwC&pg=PA75|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-00705-6|pages=75–}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Manohar Malgonkar|Malgonkar, Manohar]] (2008). ''The Men Who Killed Gandhi'', New Delhi: Roli Books, {{ISBN|978-81-7436-617-7}}
* {{citation|last=Markovits|first=Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SpDvZO8xNNgC&pg=PA57|title=The UnGandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the Mahatma|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=978-1-84331-127-0}}
* {{citation|last=Nash|first=Jay Robert|title=Almanac of World Crime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=1981|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4617-4768-0|page=69}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0214/india.godse.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220024339/http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0214/india.godse.html |date=20 February 2011 }} ''Time Magazine'''s February 2000 interview of Gopal Godse
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/29godse.htm Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Interview/ Gopal Godse in an exclusive interview on life after Gandhi's assassination] Rediff's January 1998 interview of Gopal Godse
* [http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/godse.htm Gandhi...Godse Assassination] Article discussing a pro-Godse play
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216224925/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/30/world/main2415455.shtml] Eyewitness to Gandhi assassination
* {{YouTube|34jm36ZloOA|Eyewitness: Mahatma Gandhi Assassination}}
* [http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111165817/http://www.kiranbedi.com/gandhifireng.htm |date=11 January 2013 }} First Information Report (FIR) by police

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godse, Nathuram}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by India]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha members]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi assassination conspirators]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People executed by India by hanging]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]

Editor Mohan

2026-03-26T10:06:26Z

Franolaxy: Creating some entry v1

{{Short description|Indian film editor, screenwriter, producer, distributor since 1960}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Editor Mohan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammed Jinnah Abdul Khader
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Madurai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist | [[Film editor]] | screenwriter | producer | distributor}}
| years active = 1960–present
| spouse = Varalakshmi
| children = 3, including [[Mohan Raja]] and [[Ravi Mohan]]
}}
'''Mohan''' (born as '''Mohammed Jinnah Abdul Khader'''), better known as '''Editor Mohan''' is an Indian [[film editing|film editor]] turned producer, distributor, and screenwriter known for his works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.<ref name="TLN">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title="I may not be a Telugu, but my heart lies here" |url=https://www.theleonews.com/en/i-may-not-be-a-telugu-but-my-heart-lies-here/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807043806/https://www.theleonews.com/en/i-may-not-be-a-telugu-but-my-heart-lies-here/ |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=theleonews.com}}</ref> He is the owner of the production companies M. M. Movie Arts, and M. L. Movie Arts.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=14 September 2011 |title=பாசக்காரப் பசங்க மதுரைக்காரங்க! |trans-title=Lovable Madurai Boys! |work=Ananda Vikatan |url=http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=10297&r_frm=search |url-status=dead |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231532/http://www.vikatan.com/new/article.php?module=magazine&aid=10297&r_frm=search |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mohammed Jinnah Abdul Khader was born in [[Tirumangalam, Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abk4OQ9rgOc |title=Editor Mohan on Manam Thirumbuthe {{!}} Part 1 {{!}} 12 February 2017 {{!}} Puthuyugam TV |date=15 February 2017 |language=ta |publisher=[[Puthuyugam TV|PuthuYugamTV]] |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804171731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abk4OQ9rgOc&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=4 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> At a young age, he was adopted by actor [[K. A. Thangavelu]] who renamed him as Mohan. Mohan would frequently accompany Thangavelu to film sets where he learnt the art of film editing, a profession he entered on growing up.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=A. |first=Ganesh |date=24 November 2022 |title=நான் முஸ்லீம், என் மனைவி பிராமணர்.. 3 முறை திருமணம் செய்துகொண்டது ஏன்? - ஜெயம் ரவியின் தந்தை சுவாரஸ்ய பேட்டி |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/jayam-ravi-parents-mohan-and-varalakshmi-opens-up-about-their-love-marriage-rltycz |access-date=27 July 2025 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2019-11-28 |title=Parents are the real stars... {{!}} Parents are the real stars... |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/271119/parents-are-the-real-stars.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

Mohan is married to Varalakshmi, who belongs to a [[Hindus|Hindu]] family. He reportedly converted from [[Islam]] to [[Hinduism]] for marriage.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Bhavani |date=10 September 2024 |title=ಸೂಪರಾಗಿತ್ತು ನಟ ಜಯಂ ರವಿಯ ಹಿಂದೂ ಅಮ್ಮ, ಮುಸ್ಲಿಂ ಅಪ್ಪನ ದಾಂಪತ್ಯ! ಇವರದ್ದೇ ಪ್ರಾಬ್ಲೆಮ್ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/cine-world/actor-jayam-ravi-father-was-a-muslim-mom-is-bramhin-they-led-successful-life-but-ravi-failed-sjl3i8 |access-date=14 August 2025 |website=Asianet News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> They have two sons: [[Mohan Raja]], a film director, and [[Ravi Mohan]], an actor.<ref name=":1" /> They have a daughter, Roja, who is a dentist.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfzWMOZz8bg |title=Exclusive - "15 ரூபாய்ல ஆரம்பிச்ச வாழ்க்கை"- எடிட்டர் மோகன் {{!}} Part - 1 {{!}} Rewind with Ramji |date=8 January 2020 |language=ta |publisher=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918014405/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfzWMOZz8bg |archive-date=18 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2019 |title=Jayam Ravi's parents turn writers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayam-ravis-parents-turn-writers/article30071154.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709091757/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jayam-ravis-parents-turn-writers/article30071154.ece |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Career==
Mohan began his career as a film editor and worked on approximately 200 films across various languages. He later transitioned into production, producing 10 Telugu films and 5 Tamil films. Additionally, he dubbed 60 Telugu films into Tamil.<ref name="TLN" />

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Work
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Language
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Screenplay
!Producer
!Editor
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Ellarum Innattu Mannar]]'' || || || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language |Tamil]] || rowspan="2" | Uncredited
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Arasilankumari]]'' || || || {{yes}}
|-
| 1963 ||''[[Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu]]'' || || || {{yes}} || rowspan="5" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1964 ||''Navagraha Puja Mahima'' || || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Aggi Pidugu]]'' || || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1967 ||''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' || || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' || || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Samanthipoo]]'' || || || {{yes}} || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Oru Thottil Sabadham'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Mamagaru]]'' || || {{yes}} || || rowspan="7" | Telugu ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Presenter}} || || Also editing supervision
|-
| 1995 || ''Subhamasthu'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{partial|Presenter}} || || rowspan="2" | Also editing supervision
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' || || {{partial|Presenter}} ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Prezentacja'' || || || {{yes}} || [[English language|English]] || Polish short film
|-
| 2016 || ''Plus One +1'' || || || {{yes}} || Telugu ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm0595899|name=Editor A. Mohan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Editor}}
[[Category:Film editors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Telugu film editors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Artists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian former Muslims]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Islam]]

Rajkot International Airport

2026-03-15T08:41:17Z

Franolaxy:

{{Short description|International airport serving Rajkot, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{for|the old airport used for general aviation|Rajkot Airport}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Rajkot International Airport
| ensign =
| ensign_size =
| ensign_alt =
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width = 
| image_alt =
| caption =
| image2 = [[File:Rajkot airport.jpg|300px]]
| image2-width = 
| image2_alt =
| caption2 =
| IATA = HSR
| ICAO = VAHS
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| type = Public
| owner-oper =
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator =
| city-served = [[Rajkot]] and [[Kathiawar|Saurashtra]]
| location = Hirasar, [[Rajkot district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2023|07|27|df=yes}}<ref name="TFE">{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Anindita|title=Gujarat gets first Greenfield Airport! PM Modi inaugurates international airport near Rajkot|url=
https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-gets-first-greenfield-airport-pm-modi-inaugurates-international-airport-near-rajkot-3189281/|work=The Financial Express|date=27 July 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| closed = 
| passenger_services_ceased = 
| hub =
| focus_city =
| built = 
| used = 
| commander = 
| occupants = 
| timezone =
| utc =
| summer =
| utcs =
| elevation-m = 199
| elevation-f = 654
| metric-elev =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|23|17|N|71|01|42|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| website = 
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_image =
| pushpin_label = '''HSR'''/VAHS
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_marksize =
| r1-number = 05/23<ref>{{cite news|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/EIA/29082017JMLHVW0QFinalEIAReport_Rajkot.pdf |title=Environmental Impact Assessment Study |publisher= [[Engineers India Limited]]| date= 28 August 2017 | access-date= 1 August 2019}}</ref>
| r1-length-f = 9974
| r1-length-m = 3040
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| metric-rwy =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface = 
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,088,570 ({{increase}} 107%)

| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 8,294 ({{increase}} 95%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 608 ({{increase}} 132.9%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Rajkot International Airport''' {{airport codes|HSR|VAHS}} is an [[international airport]] and a [[greenfield airport]] at Hirasar, [[Gujarat]], [[India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/17_Apr_2017_132736343WHJLRH6QBriefDescriptionofRajkotairport.pdf|title=Brief Description New Greenfield Airport at Rajkot|publisher= Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |access-date= 8 October 2017}}</ref> serving the city of [[Rajkot]] and the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] of Gujarat. It is located near the [[National Highway 8B (India, old numbering)|National Highway 8B]] (NH-8B) connecting [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Rajkot]]. It has a single runway for the operation of ‘C’ category aircraft.<ref name="HBL1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rinfra-emerges-lowest-bidder-for-greenfield-hirasar-airport-in-gujarat/article24686096.ece|title=RInfra emerges lowest bidder for greenfield Hirasar airport in Gujarat|newspaper= [[The Hindu Business Line]]| date= 14 August 2018 | access-date= 5 March 2019}}</ref> The airport was developed by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) at a cost of {{INRConvert|2654|c}}.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/rs-7737-crore-okayed-for-dholera-hirasar-airports/articleshow/69998496.cms|title=Rs 7,737 crore okayed for Dholera, Hirasar airports |work= [[The Times of India]]| date= 29 Jun 2019 | access-date= 1 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the construction of the airport was laid on 7 October 2017, and was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 27 July 2023, which was previously expected to be done on 31 December 2023.<ref name="TFE"/>

Flight operations began from 10 September 2023, by shifting all flight operations to this airport from the existing [[Rajkot Airport]]. As of September 2023, the airport serves only domestic destinations, with international destinations expected to begin by the end of 2025.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/|work=The Financial Express|date=10 September 2023|access-date=10 September 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The site clearance approval for the airport was granted by the [[Government of India]] in May 2017. [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] presided over the groundbreaking ceremony held on 7 October 2017. The [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC) accorded environmental clearance (EC) to the project on 10 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/new-rajkot-airport-gets-green-nod/articleshow/61074914.cms |title=New Rajkot airport gets green nod |newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| date= 14 October 2017 | access-date= 14 October 2017}}</ref>

Land acquisition issues delayed the tendering process by a few months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/land-acquisition-delays-new-airport-tender/articleshow/63602525.cms|title=Land acquisition delays new airport tender|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| date= 4 April 2018 | access-date= 5 March 2019}}</ref> [[Afcons]], [https://www.dilipbuildcon.com/wps/portal/dbl/projects/projects-airport Dilip Buildcon], Gayatri Projects, [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Reliance Infrastructure]] were among the bidders for the [[Engineering, procurement, and construction]] (EPC) tender floated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). The financial bids were opened on 9 August 2018 and Dilip Buildcon emerged as the lowest bidder. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs gave its approval for the project on 28 February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1566716|title=Cabinet approves development of New Greenfield International Airport at Hirasar, Rajkot, Gujarat|newspaper= [[Press Information Bureau]]| date= 28 February 2019 | access-date= 5 March 2019}}</ref> Subsequently, in March 2019, Reliance Infrastructure was awarded the EPC contract worth {{INRConvert|648|c}} to construct the airport. The construction was given a completion deadline of within 30 months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/reliance-infrastructure-limited-wins-bid-for-greenfield-airport-in-rajkot-for-648-crore/article26436283.ece/|title=Reliance Infrastructure Limited wins bid for greenfield airport in Rajkot for ₹ 648 crore|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]| date= 5 March 2019 | access-date= 5 March 2019}}</ref> The contract also requires the contractor to provide operation and maintenance services for a period of two years following the commissioning of the project.<ref name="HBL1"/> The Central Government had initially sanctioned {{INRConvert|1405|c}} for the project,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/narendra-modi-in-gujarat-pm-presides-over-bhumi-pujan-of-greenfield-airport-at-hirasar-near-rajkot-4120171.html |title=Narendra Modi in Gujarat: PM presides over 'bhumi pujan' of greenfield airport at Hirasar near Rajkot |publisher= [[Firstpost]]| date= 7 October 2017 | access-date= 8 October 2017}}</ref> but revised the amount in June 2019 to {{INRConvert|2654|c}}.<ref name="TOI1"/>
<ref>Dilip Buildcon bags Rajkot Greenfield International Airport Project https://www.airport-technology.com/news/dilip-buildcon-hirasar-greenfield/</ref>

The airport was expected to be completed and opened on 31 December 2023. However, it was completed before time in the last quarter of June 2023, and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 27 July 2023.<ref name="TFE"/>

==Infrastructure==
The airport is capable of handling [[Airbus A380]], [[Airbus A350]], [[Boeing 777]], [[Boeing 787]] and [[Boeing 747]]<ref>Rajkot's new airport runway is capable of handling wide body aircraft like B777 & A380
https://www.airport-technology.com/news/aai-rajkot-greenfield-airport/</ref><ref>Aircraft Runway Requirements https://aircyber.weebly.com/aircraft-runway-requirements.html</ref> type of widebody aircraft, and has a [[rainwater harvesting]] system, solar power system and a green belt along its periphery to act as a noise barrier. It has a built-up area of {{Convert|23000|m2|abbr=on}} and has an [[Air traffic control|Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower, 4 [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]], an apron suitable for parking of 14 aircraft, 3 conveyor belts, 20 check-in counters, advanced firefighting systems along with modern and efficient passenger facilities. It will be capable of serving over 1,800 passengers during peak hours.The airport, measuring {{convert|2534|acre|sqkm}}, is situated {{Convert|36|km|abbr=on}} from the existing [[Rajkot Airport]], whose capacity is constrained and cannot be expanded because of urban growth around it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Greenfield Airport in Rajkot to be operational by 2023 end|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/greenfield-airport-in-rajkot-to-be-operational-by-2023-end/articleshow/96732173.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=4 January 2023|access-date=13 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/gujarats-hirasar-airport-to-soon-begin-flight-operations-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-states-largest-airport/2999875/ | title=Gujarat's Hirasar airport to soon begin flight operations – Here's all you need to know about state's largest airport | date=5 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name="TFE"/>

==Terminal==
<big>'''Passenger Terminal'''</big>
[[File:Exterior_view_of_Terminal.jpg|thumb|Exterior view of the passenger terminal]]
[[File:Internal_view_of_Rajkot_Airport.jpg|thumb|Interior view of the passenger terminal]]
[[File:Interior_View_Of_Rajkot_Airport.jpg|thumb|Interior view depicting art-work and cultural heritage of [[Kathiawar|Saurashtra]]]]

The new terminal features modern amenities such as 256 CCTV cameras, 4 aerobridges, and parking for 14 aircraft. It is designed to accommodate up to 1,800 passengers at a time, ensuring seamless operations. Inspired by the [[Ranjit Vilas Palace (Rajkot)|Ranjit Vilas Palace]], the design showcases the rich cultural heritage of Saurashtra. Key facilities include 3 conveyor belts, 20 check-in counters, an advanced fire alarm system, 7 boarding gates and 8 immigration counters. It has the capacity to manage 14 flights per hour and can accommodate widebody aircraft.

<big>'''Cargo Terminal'''</big>
[[File:Terminal building of Hirasar Airport.jpg|thumb|Exterior view of the erstwhile passenger terminal, currently used as a cargo terminal]]

The cargo terminal, which was the original and temporary terminal handling passengers after the airport was inaugurated, is now converted to handle cargo operations.

==Airlines and destinations==
'''<big>Passenger</big>''' {{Airport destination list

| [[Air India]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]

| [[IndiGo]] | [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]] (begins 29th March 2026), [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]]

| [[Ventura Airconnect]] | [[Surat Airport|Surat]]
}}

== Connectivity ==
The Rajkot Central Bus Port is connected with the airport via electric buses operated by the [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC).

== See also==
* [[List of airports in Gujarat]]
* [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad International Airport]]
* [[Surat Airport|Surat International Airport]]
* [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara International Airport]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Gujarat]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajkot]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajkot]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Aditi Munshi

2026-03-09T05:34:02Z

Franolaxy:

{{Short description|Indian singer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Promotional|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aditi Munshi
| image = Aditi Munshi - Kolkata 2023-12-05 8508.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|08|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Baguihati]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| predecessor = [[Purnendu Basu]]
| constituency = [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web | last=Television | first=India Today | title=Bengali singer Aditi Munshi joins Trinamool Congress | website=India Today | date=March 4, 2021 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/video/bengali-singer-aditi-munshi-joins-trinamool-congress-1775598-2021-03-04 | access-date=October 10, 2025}}</ref>
| spouse = Debraj Chakraborty {{marriage| |2018|}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| occupation = Singer, Songwriter, Vocal Artist, Actress, Politician
| discography = Shri Krishno Kirton (2020) Bhorer Shishir (2021) Laxmi Panchali (2022) Natobor Ke Go (2023) Boni Abhishare (2023) Anandini Maa (2023) Bosonto Ronge (2024) Debi Bhagabati (2024) Shib Bandana (2024) He Mahapran (2024)
 '''Playback''': Krishnakoli (2018), Gotro (2019) .
| label = Baro Gaane Borsho Japon
}}
}}
'''Aditi Munshi''' (born 26 August 1988) is an Indian singer and politician from [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Star candidates steal the show for TMC, but fail to shine for BJP in poll battle - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/star-candidates-steal-the-show-for-tmc-but-fail-to-shine-for-bjp-in-poll-battle/articleshow/82361276.cms|access-date=3 May 2021|website=The Times of India|date=3 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BanglaNews24|title=প্রথমবার নির্বাচনে দাঁড়িয়েই জিতলেন অদিতি মুন্সি|url=http://www.banginews.com/web-news?id=a01e760889a0dde3b5f73d7f1bbffd3fb01dcf6b|access-date=3 May 2021|website=BanglaNews24|language=en}}</ref> She is known for singing many [[Hindu]] devotional songs in Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aditi Munshi Election Results 2021: News, Votes, Results of West-bengal Assembly|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/aditi-munshi-25117-2|access-date=3 May 2021|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly election results: TMC turncoats fail to make a dent, only 3 manage to win|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-assembly-election-results-tmc-turncoats-fail-to-make-a-dent-only-3-manage-to-win|access-date=3 May 2021|website=www.freepressjournal.in}}</ref> She was also a participant of [[Zee Bangla]]'s Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aditi Munshi(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- RAJARHAT GOPALPUR(NORTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1152|access-date=27 May 2021|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajarhat Gopalpur, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajarhat-gopalpur-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797197-2021-05-01|access-date=3 May 2021|website=India Today|date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She won from [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]] in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25117.htm?ac=117|access-date=3 May 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Election Results 2021 Winning Candidates Full List: Mamata loses Nandigram by 1956 votes; check constituency-wise performance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-winning-candidates-full-list-mamata-loses-nandigram-by-1956-votes-check-constituency-wise-performance-9587851.html|access-date=4 May 2021|website=Firstpost|date=3 May 2021 }}</ref>

== Early life and musical foundation ==
Aditi Munshi was born on 26 August 1988 in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family, in the household of Manindra Munshi and Mitali Munshi in the Dakshinpara locality of [[Baguihati]], [[Kolkata]]. Raised in a home steeped in the traditions of puratoni music, Aditi's upbringing was filled with the daily practice of [[Kirtan]] during the worship rituals dedicated to the family deities. This environment fostered her deep connection to devotional music from a very young age. The daily recitals of devotional songs under her mother's supervision and her father's inspiration laid the foundation for Aditi's musical journey. As she grew older, her dedication to artistic practice merged seamlessly with her devotion to her muse, leading her to embody the very essence of the Kirtans she performed.

== Musical training and education ==
Aditi's initial vocal training was provided by her parents. As she matured, she received further guidance from Shubrakanto Chatterjee and Snehashish Chatterjee. Her quest for mastery in Kirtan and puratoni music led her to study under Shrimati Kankana Mitra, Shrimati Saraswati Das, and Timir Baran Bhattacharya. Recognizing the dual role of Kirtan performers as both singers and percussionists, Aditi trained in Tabla under Dhruba Biswas and Shri Khol under Gautam Bhattacharya. She formalised her education by completing a bachelor's degree in Performative Art in Kirtan from Rabindra Bharati University. Throughout her training, she was blessed with the mentorship of deeply spiritual individuals, which is often reflected in her performances.

== Career and achievements ==
Aditi's career took off with her first performance at the All India Merit Contest in 2010, where she was recognised by the [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of Bengal]], [[M. K. Narayanan|M.K. Narayanan]], for her evocative style. In 2012, she was acknowledged as a Sangeet Shilpi by [[All India Radio|Akashvani]]. Her international breakthrough came in 2015 through [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla|Zee Bangla Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2016 |title=বাঙালি টিনেজ এখন কীর্তনেও আকাশের দিকে হাত তুলে হরি বল হরি বল করে |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/puja/2016/durga-puja-2016-munsiyana_149831.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com}}</ref> where she was hailed as the "Queen of Kirtans." In 2016, she received the Sangeet Samman award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/news.aspx?mon=71 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=wbcmo.gov.in}}</ref> from the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister of Bengal]]. Her growing popularity led to her being chosen as a brand ambassador for the Chattagram Bagishik Geet Sansad. In 2018, she was honoured as Kirtan Samragee by the Shree Chaitanya Institute of Vaishnavite Culture. In 2020, she was nominated for the Emerging Female Vocalist in Bengali category and received the title from [[Mirchi Music Awards]].

== Playback singing and contemporary contributions ==
Aditi's talent extended beyond live performances into playback singing for contemporary Bengali cinema and TV serials. Her notable works include playback performances in films such as Tushangni, Gotra,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8_VfjZI-OY |title=Shrikrishno Kirton {{!}} Aditi Munshi {{!}} Manali {{!}} Gotro {{!}} Krishna Nam {{!}} Latest Bengali Song |date=22 August 2019 |last=Times Music Bangla |access-date=3 July 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kathamrita,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/aditiofficial.page/videos/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%93-/1747590019433832/ |title=সময়ের সাথে বদলে যায় ভালোবাসার সংজ্ঞা। স্বামী-স্ত্রীর পারস্পরিক শ্রদ্ধা, বিশ্বাস ও ভালবাসার বাইরে গিয়েও এক বদলে যাওয়া সম্পর্কের সমীকরণ নিয়ে আজ থেকে ঠিক এক... {{!}} By Aditi MunshiFacebook |language=en |access-date=3 July 2024 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and Bismillah.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_FazDDWz9s |title=Raash Kirton (রাস কীর্তন) {{!}} Bismillah {{!}} Subhashree {{!}} Riddhi {{!}} Aditi Munshi {{!}} Indraadip {{!}} SVF Music |date=20 April 2023 |last=SVF Music |access-date=3 July 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The music album for Bismillah, directed by Indradeep Dasgupta, was nominated for a Filmfare Award in 2022. Her songs have a profound effect on her audience, often leading them to sway with their arms raised in the spiritual rhythm of Haribol.

== Sangitam: Aditi’s dream project ==
Sangitam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangitam Music - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/@sangitammusic |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> is Aditi's visionary project aimed at creating a space where individuals of all ages can come together to immerse themselves in music. The Sangitam Music House focuses on producing and publishing music albums, while the Sangitam Cultural Academy, initiated in 2022 under the guidance of [[Ajoy Chakrabarty|Pandit Ajoy Chakravarty]], aims to train young talents. This academy provides comprehensive musical training, enabling trainees to explore and establish themselves in various branches and disciplines of music.

Aditi grew up in a musically active household and later established a career as a performer and educator.

Her contributions to Kirtan and puratoni music continue to inspire and resonate with audiences around the world.

== Political career ==
Munshi joined [[Trinamool Congress]] ahead of [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. She got a ticket from [[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency]] of West Bengal. She secured 87,650 votes about 49% of total vote share, defeating her nearest rival, [[Samik Bhattacharya]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 25,296 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=ADITI MUNSHI |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1152 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}
*[http://aditimunshi.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx Aditi Munshi – WB Assembly profile]
*[https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/aditi-munshi Aditi Munshi – PRS profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munshi, Aditi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla winners]]
[[Category:People from Bidhannagar subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Ottayal Pattalam

2026-03-03T21:23:27Z

Franolaxy: minor rework citations as per guidelines additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ottayal Pattalam
| image = Ottayal Pattalam.jpg.jpg
| director = [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
| producer =
| writer = T. K. Rajeev Kumar [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Madhoo]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Sharreth]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = Venugopal
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991}}
| runtime = 133 min
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
}}

'''''Ottayal Pattalam''''' ({{translation|One man army}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Caper story|caper]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]. The film stars [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Madhoo]], with [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
and [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/madhoo-happy-birthday/|title=Madhoo, happy birthday! {{!}} Bollywood Life|date=2013-03-26|website=www.bollywoodlife.com-EN|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Ottayal Pattalam (1992)|url=https://letterboxd.com/film/ottayal-pattalam/|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> [[Sharreth]] scored the music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2018/06/09/composer-sharreth-tuned-this-song-on-his-heartbreak-day.html|title=Composer Sharreth tuned this song on his heartbreak day|website=OnManorama|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gopika Varma is an [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] who is returning to India to perform death rituals for her parents, who were killed during an theft attempt by Antony, a man of African origin. Anthony follows her to India and tries to kidnap her. At the same time, a gang from India is trying to kidnap her with the objective of stealing her possessions at airport. Due to their car breaking down, they take the taxi driven by Venu. Venu, an orphan raised by nuns, has started his first day as a driver. Due to a string of events, Gopika mistakes Venu for the gang leader. and she takes his car and escapes. Venu takes her parents' ashes, which she brought for the rituals.

Venu is framed for kidnapping Gopika as a of a police plan, and Gopika is renamed Indhu and relocated with protection. Meanwhile, Antony and the gang join as allies. Venu is on the run from the police and the gang, and escapes from their clutches many times. Venu tries to give the ashes to India and make her know the truth, using his friend Velayudhan, but he is arrested by the police. Venu escapes, accidentally joins a drama company while on the run, and mistakenly applies an old man's makeup, which helps him to avoid the police and gangs. He takes as a fake identity that of a Colonel Nair, an ex-military officer, and goes to Gopika's current residence.

Venu, as Colonel Nair, becomes close to Gopika and tries to convince her of Venu's innocence. Venu saves her from the gang and returns the ashes through his friend Velayudhan. Gopika is lovestruck and believes Venu is innocent. At her residence, Antony attacks her, and Venu captures him. Gopika is admitted to the hospital, where a nun is also admitted. During an attempt to see her Gopika realises Colonel Nair's real identity and tries to joke with him.

Gopika and Venu goes to [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Chandrashekar and tell him truth, but Venu is captured instead and becomes agitated towards Gopika. He and Velayudhan escape and kidnap Gopika, and exchange her for money from the Gang. But the police are informed, and she is saved by Venu in Colonel Nair's costume. She fakes to attempt suicide by jumping in a lake to joke around with Venu, who, in an attempt to save her, jumps in and losses his makeup, revealing that he is Venu which Gopika has already known for a long time. The movie ends showing the Colonel Nair costume in the water, police thinking that a good man was killed, and Venu and Gopika laughing

==Cast==
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Venu Gopalakrishnan/Col. R. K. Nair
* [[Madhoo]] as Gopika Varma/Indu
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as DIG Chandrashekara Menon
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as SI Shoshamma
* [[Shammi Thilakan]]
* Antony (Kenyan) as Simon Antony
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SI]] Bharghavan
* [[Vettukili Prakash]] as Velayudhan
* [[Edavela Babu]]
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
* [[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as [[Make-up artist|Makeup man]]
* Preethika
* Ranju
* [[Ravi Vallathol]]
* Asha Jayaram
* [[James (Malayalam actor)|James]]
* Manimala as Matron

==Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ottayal Pattalam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sharreth]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Kshanakkathu]]
| prev_year = 1990
| year = 1991
| next_title = [[Rudraksham]]
| next_year = 1992
}}
The film has two songs composed by [[Sharreth]] while the lyrics were written by [[P. K. Gopi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/top-scorer/article3811667.ece|title=Top scorer|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|date=2012-08-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/radhika-thilak-death-10-songs-remember-deceased-playback-singer-647335|title=Radhika Thilak death: 10 songs to remember deceased playback singer|last=IBTimes|date=2015-09-21|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The song "Mayamanchalil" is an Evergreen song.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Manjakiliyude-Moolipattu-stops-abruptly/articleshow/49043603.cms|title=Manjakiliyude Moolipattu stops abruptly|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2015 |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The background score of the movie was by Johnson.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| "Mayamanchalil Ithu" || [[Radhika Thilak]], [[G. Venugopal]]||| [[P. K. Gopi]]
|-
| "Thinthaktho" ||[[G. Venugopal]]||| [[P. K. Gopi]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0235653}}
{{T. K. Rajeev Kumar}}

[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sharreth]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kottai Mariamman

2026-03-03T04:34:07Z

Franolaxy: adjust lead for consistency

{{Short description|2001 film by Rama Narayanan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kottai Mariamman
| image = Kottai Mariamman.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| producer = N. Ramaswamy Sudhakar Reddy
| writer = Pugazhmani
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| music = [[Deva (music director)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = Raj Keerthi
| distributor = United India Exporters
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|12|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Kottai Mariamman''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language Hindu devotional film written and directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. The film featured [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] in the title role alongside [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. The film, which had music composed by [[Deva (music director)|Deva]], released in December 2001. The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Ammoru Thalli'' 2001, in [[Hindi]] as ''Jai Maa'' in 2001 and as ''Durga Maiya'' in 2002, in [[Odia language|Odia]] as ''Devi Shakti'' in 2001 and in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as ''Jai Maa'' in 2006. The film received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov164.asp |title=Koattai Maariamman |website=chennaionline.com |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020003226/http://chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov164.asp |archive-date=20 October 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film is depicts the Story of Durga who is taken care and raised by Kottai Mariamman. It also showcases how Mantramoorthi tries to take away Kottai Mariamman's golden eye petals which has divine powers but is defeated by Kottai Mariamman. He's been helped by Eshwar an atheist whose wife Rajeshwari who is a great devotee of Kottai Mariamman.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Kottai Mariamman and Durga (Dual Role)
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Eashwar
*[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Rajeswari
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
*[[Yuvarani]]
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Mantramoorthi
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Traffic Policeman
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Halwa Vasu]]
*Srikala Paramasivam
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Kalidasan and [[Snehan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/album/kottai-mariyamman/28664953/|title=Download Songs | Listen New Hindi, English MP3 Songs Free Online - Hungama}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Singer(s)

|-
! scope="row" | 1.
| "Solla Poren"
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]

|-
! scope="row" | 2.
| "Vellimalar Kannatha"
| [[Swarnalatha]]

|-
! scope="row" | 3.
| "Sri Ranganatharukku"
| [[K. S. Chitra]]

|-
! scope="row" | 4.
| "Morandu Pudikathe"
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]

|-
! scope="row" | 5.
| "Sarpa Sarpamaai"
| [[Anuradha Sriram]]

|-
! scope="row" | 6.
| "Sri Ranganatharukku (Bit Version)"
| Vaishali Unnikrishnan

|-
! scope="row" | 7.
| "Amman Dance"
| Instrumental

|-
! scope="row" | 8.
| "Amman Dance"
| Instrumental
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Mariamman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2000s-Tamil-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Say Yes to Love (film)

2026-03-02T10:00:16Z

Franolaxy: started new article

{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Say Yes to Love
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Mahrukh Mirza
| writer = Mahrukh Mirza
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Chetan Handoo Saira Mirza Deepak Wadhwa
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = Deepak Duggal
| editing = Sanjay Jaiswal
| music = Surendra Singh Sodhi
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2012}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Say Yes to Love''''' is a 2012 [[Hindi]] [[romance film]] directed by Marukh Miraz Beig.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=September 2024}}
Vijay (Aasad Mirza) is a young, shy boy who was molested by a prostitute. This devastated and traumatised him. He develops a fear of falling in love until he meets Sarah Jones (Nazia Hussain), a beautiful girl who brings about a change in Vijay's life.

==Release==
The released date announced is 16 March 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Say-Yes-To-Love/movie-review/12290529.cms | title=Say Yes To Love – Review | publisher=Times of India | date=16 March 2012 | accessdate=7 August 2012 | author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Say Yes to Love|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/Say-Yes-To-Love/|publisher=Book My Show|accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="interview">(3 August 2011). [https://archive.today/20130411040748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-03/news-interviews/29846283_1_bollywood-debut-sanjay-dutt-fresh-face Sanjay Dutt's niece to make Bollywood debut], ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref>
[[File:Mukesh tiwari audio release say yes to love.jpg|thumb|240px|alt=text|[[Mukesh Tiwari]] audio release ''Say Yes to Love'']]

==Soundtrack==
#"Aaj Ye Bewajah" - [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
#"Dhoondoo Mahfilon Mein Wo Jawan" - Sunidhi Chauhan
#"Jab Se Dekha Hai Tujhe" - [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & Khushi
#"Jinka Asar Kab Se Hai" - [[Sonu Nigam]]
#"Koi Kaam Aisa Kar Du" - Shaan
#"Tum Pe Hi Marta Hai Ye Dil" - Sonu Nigam
#"Yaaden Tere Naam" - Jatin Pandit
#"Ye Zindagi" - Sonu Nigam & Pritha Mazumder

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2012 romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-romance-film-stub}}

Gathorne's shrew

2025-12-30T21:38:06Z

Franolaxy: Creating some page with sources

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Jenkins, P.|author2=Dando, T.|author3=Kennerley, R.|date=2019 |title=''Crocidura gathornei'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T111765432A111767002|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T111765432A111767002.en|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>
| taxon = Crocidura gathornei
| authority = [[Paulina D. Jenkins|Jenkins]], 2013
}}

'''Gathorne's shrew''' or '''Gathorne's white-toothed shrew''' ('''''Crocidura gathornei''''') is a species of [[mammal]] in the family [[Shrew|Soricidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to northern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite mdd |title=''Crocidura gathornei'' P. D. Jenkins, 2013|id=1003896 |access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Although specimens of this species were collected as far back as 1913, this species was first described over a century later, in 2013. It is named in honor of British zoologist [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 5th Earl of Cranbrook]].<ref name="iucn"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jenkins |first=Paula D. |date=2013 |title=An account of the Himalayan mountain soricid community, with the description of a new species of ''Crocidura'' (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) |url=https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/app/uploads/2017/06/s29rbz161-175.pdf |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Suppl.29 |pages=161–175}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
It is known only from the [[Western Himalayas]] of India, at three localities in [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]], at {{Convert|2743–3353|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. It inhabits open ground with grasses, [[Impatiens|balsams]], and [[rhododendron]], belonging to the [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] ecoregion. At other localities, it inhabits the [[Western Himalayan broadleaf forests]] ecoregion, but bordering on alpine shrubland.<ref name="iucn"/><ref name=":0" />

== Status ==
Nothing is known about threats to this species, and it has been classified as [[Data deficient|Data Deficient]] by the [[IUCN Red List]]. No villages or cultivation are known from the vicinity of its type locality.<ref name="iucn"/><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q81852024}}

[[Category:Crocidura]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 2013]]

2022 Chennai Open – Singles

2025-11-29T19:14:26Z

Franolaxy: added article...

{{Tennis events|2022|Chennai Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]]
| runner = {{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]]
| score = 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
| draw = 32
| seeds = 8
| type = Singles Doubles
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
| before_name = Canara Bank Bangalore Open
| before_year = 2008
| after_year= 2025
}}
{{main|2022 Chennai Open}}{{Context|date=March 2023}}
[[Linda Fruhvirtová]] defeated [[Magda Linette]] in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2022 WTA Indian Open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2796334/czech-teen-linda-fruhvirtova-claims-first-wta-title-in-chennai|title=Czech teen Linda Fruhvirtova claims first WTA title in Chennai|publisher=Women's Tennis Association|accessdate=20 November 2024}}</ref> It was her maiden [[WTA Tour]] singles title.

[[Serena Williams]] was the champion from when the event was last held in 2008 in [[2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open – Singles|Bangalore]],<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/serena-williams-wins-the-2008-bangalore-open/story-sjSJwVyjGLvNRMZWK1vd5O.html Serena Williams wins the 2008 Bangalore Open]</ref> but she retired from professional tennis at the [[2022 US Open (tennis)|2022 US Open]].<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamzagoria/2022/09/02/serena-williams-may-be-retiring-but-her-legacy-and-goat-status-will-live-on-forever/?sh=1d201c7947d0 Serena Williams May Be Retiring, But Her Legacy And GOAT Status Will Live On Forever]</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alison Riske-Amritraj]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|}} [[Varvara Gracheva]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Rebecca Peterson]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Qiang (tennis)|Wang Qiang]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chloé Paquet]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final

| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Swan]]
| RD1-score1-1=0r
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=3
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=3
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska]]
| RD1-score3-1='''7'''
| RD1-score3-2=2
| RD1-score3-3=4
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=5
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]]
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3=4
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=4
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3='''6'''
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|USA}} [[Alison Riske-Amritraj|A Riske-Amritraj]]
| RD1-score01-1=2
| RD1-score01-2=3
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Gasanova|A Gasanova]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]
| RD1-score03-1=1
| RD1-score03-2=2
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Swan|K Swan]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=Q
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jana Fett|J Fett]]
| RD1-score05-1=0
| RD1-score05-2=4
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=Q
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino|N Hibino]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=PR
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Yanina Wickmayer|Y Wickmayer]]
| RD1-score07-1=4
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=4
| RD1-seed08=6
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Qiang (tennis)|Q Wang]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2=1
| RD1-score08-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed09=3
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette|M Linette]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Moyuka Uchijima|M Uchijima]]
| RD1-score10-1=4
| RD1-score10-2=0
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|}} [[Oksana Selekhmeteva|O Selekhmeteva]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Despina Papamichail|D Papamichail]]
| RD1-score12-1=3
| RD1-score12-2=1
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa|K Kawa]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Astra Sharma|A Sharma]]
| RD1-score14-1=4
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|}} [[Anna Blinkova|A Blinkova]]
| RD1-score15-1=5
| RD1-score15-2=2
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=7
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''7'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Gasanova|A Gasanova]]
| RD2-score01-1=65
| RD2-score01-2=2
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Swan|K Swan]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''77'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=Q
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino|N Hibino]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=6
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Qiang (tennis)|Q Wang]]
| RD2-score04-1=2
| RD2-score04-2=3
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=3
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette|M Linette]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|}} [[Oksana Selekhmeteva|O Selekhmeteva]]
| RD2-score06-1=2
| RD2-score06-2=0
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Kawa|K Kawa]]
| RD2-score07-1=5
| RD2-score07-2=3
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=7
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''7'''
| RD2-score08-2='''6'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Swan|K Swan]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2=3
| RD3-score01-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed02=Q
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino|N Hibino]]
| RD3-score02-1=3
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=3

| RD3-seed03=3
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette|M Linette]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''712'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=7
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Rebecca Marino|R Marino]]
| RD3-score04-1=610
| RD3-score04-2=3
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie Swan|K Swan]]
| RD4-score01-1=0r
| RD4-score01-2=
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=3
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette|M Linette]]'''
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2=
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=8
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chloé Paquet|C Paquet]]
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2=4
| RD1-score01-3=3
| RD1-seed02=WC
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karman Thandi|K Thandi]]'''
| RD1-score02-1=4
| RD1-score02-2='''6'''
| RD1-score02-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Joanne Züger|J Züger]]
| RD1-score03-1=64
| RD1-score03-2=2
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=WC
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Eugenie Bouchard|E Bouchard]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''77'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska|N Podoroska]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=Q
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyōka Okamura|K Okamura]]
| RD1-score06-1=4
| RD1-score06-2=3
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=WC
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]
| RD1-score07-1=0
| RD1-score07-2=1
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=4
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria|T Maria]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=5
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Rebecca Peterson|R Peterson]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''77'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|AND}} [[Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva|V Jiménez Kasintseva]]
| RD1-score10-1=2
| RD1-score10-2=64
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=Q
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo|E-s Liang]]
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2=1
| RD1-score11-3=3
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed13=Q
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Tjandramulia|O Tjandramulia]]
| RD1-score13-1=1
| RD1-score13-2=1
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Carol Zhao|C Zhao]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=Q
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|}} [[Mariia Tkacheva|M Tkacheva]]
| RD1-score15-1=3
| RD1-score15-2=2
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|}} [[Varvara Gracheva|V Gracheva]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=WC
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Karman Thandi|K Thandi]]
| RD2-score01-1=2
| RD2-score01-2=62
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=WC
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Eugenie Bouchard|E Bouchard]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2='''77'''
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska|N Podoroska]]'''
| RD2-score03-1=3
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3='''78'''
| RD2-seed04=4
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|GER}} [[Tatjana Maria|T Maria]]
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2=2
| RD2-score04-3=66

| RD2-seed05=5
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|SWE}} [[Rebecca Peterson|R Peterson]]
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2=2
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Carol Zhao|C Zhao]]
| RD2-score07-1=1
| RD2-score07-2=5
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|}} [[Varvara Gracheva|V Gracheva]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2='''7'''
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=WC
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Eugenie Bouchard|E Bouchard]]
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3=2
| RD3-seed02=
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska|N Podoroska]]'''
| RD3-score02-1=1
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3='''6'''

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|}} [[Varvara Gracheva|V Gracheva]]
| RD3-score04-1=4
| RD3-score04-2=3
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska|N Podoroska]]
| RD4-score01-1='''7'''
| RD4-score01-2=2
| RD4-score01-3=4
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová|L Fruhvirtová]]'''
| RD4-score02-1=5
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3='''6'''
}}

==Qualifying==
===Seeds===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Naito]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Nao Hibino]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Isabella Shinikova]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lizette Cabrera]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Justina Mikulskytė]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Jana Fett]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Daniela Vismane]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Carole Monnet]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Kazionova]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Kyōka Okamura]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Liang En-shuo]] (qualified)'''
}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Olivia Tjandramulia]]'''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Nao Hibino]]'''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Kyōka Okamura]]'''
# {{flagicon|}} '''[[Mariia Tkacheva]]'''
# {{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Jana Fett]]'''
# {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Liang En-shuo]]'''
}}

===Qualifying draw===

====First qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Naito]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Lakshmi Prabha Arunkumar
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Tjandramulia]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=10
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Kazionova]]
| RD1-score4-1=3
| RD1-score4-2=1
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuki Naito]]
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=69
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Tjandramulia]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''711'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Sai Chamarthi
| RD1-score2-1=1
| RD1-score2-2=0
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=PR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|}} [[Sofya Lansere]]
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2=5
| RD1-score3-3=3
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Daniela Vismane]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=4
| RD1-score4-2='''7'''
| RD1-score4-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed1=2
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''7'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|LAT}} [[Daniela Vismane]]
| RD2-score2-1=5
| RD2-score2-2=0
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=4
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|}} [[Maria Timofeeva]]
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=63

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowjanya Bavisetti]]
| RD1-score3-1=4
| RD1-score3-2=0
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=11
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyōka Okamura]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko]]
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=1
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=11
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyōka Okamura]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Isabella Shinikova]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Yashina]]
| RD1-score2-1=2
| RD1-score2-2=2
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|}} [[Mariia Tkacheva]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2=1
| RD1-score3-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed4=9
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Carole Monnet]]
| RD1-score4-1=2
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=0

| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|BUL}} [[Isabella Shinikova]]
| RD2-score1-1=4
| RD2-score1-2=2
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|}} [[Mariia Tkacheva]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

==== Fifth qualifier ====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=5
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lizette Cabrera]]
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2=5
| RD1-score1-3=4
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2='''7'''
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3=PR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kaylah McPhee]]
| RD1-score3-1=5
| RD1-score3-2=4
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jana Fett]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''7'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=2
| RD2-score1-3=2
| RD2-seed2=7
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jana Fett]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=4
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3='''6'''
}}

==== Sixth qualifier ====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=6
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Justina Mikulskytė]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]]
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2=0
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale]]
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2=2
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=12
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=6
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|LTU}} [[Justina Mikulskytė]]
| RD2-score1-1=1
| RD2-score1-2=1
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=12
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2022/2078/MDS.pdf Main draw]
* [https://wtafiles.wtatennis.com/pdf/draws/2022/2078/QS.pdf Qualifying draw]

{{2022 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Chennai Open - Singles}}
[[Category:2022 WTA Tour|Chennai Open - Singles]]

Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman

2025-11-17T18:15:27Z

Franolaxy: enhanced content additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1889–1973)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox politician
| name = Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
| image = Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman.JPG
| caption = Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|12|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chunar]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]] (present day Uttar Pradesh, India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|5|18|1889|12|25}}
| nationality = [[British India]] (1889–1947) Pakistan (1947–1973)
| office1 = President of [[Muslim League (Pakistan)]]
| termstart1 = 1948
| termend1 = 1950
| office2 = [[Governor of East Bengal]]
| termstart2 = April 1953
| termend2 = May 1954
| office3 = Diplomat to Indonesia and Philippines
| termstart3 = 1954
| termend3 = ''unknown''
| party = [[Convention Muslim League]] [[Muslim League (1947–1958)|Muslim League]] [[All-India Muslim League]]
}}
'''Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman''' ({{langx|ur|چودھری خلیق الزمان}}) (25 December 1889 – 18 May 1973) was a Pakistani politician and Muslim figurehead during [[British India]].<ref name=findpk>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/chaudhry_khaliquzzaman.html |title=Profile of Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman |publisher=Cybercity-online.net website|date=2001 |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202609/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/chaudhry_khaliquzzaman.html |archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was one of the top leaders of the [[All India Muslim League]].<ref name=findpk/>

==Early life and career==
He was born in [[Chunar]], an ancient town in UP's Mirzapur district in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]).<ref name=findpk/> At the time, his father, Chaudhry Muhammad Zaman, was a revenue officer. His younger brother, [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] (1897 – 1994) was a scientist and researcher in both [[British India]] and later in Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/884351|author=Dr Ahmed S. Khan|date=15 August 2010|title=Homage: Our own Einstein (Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman's younger brother Salimuzzaman Siddiqui)|access-date=30 August 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman.jpg|thumb|Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the [[Lahore resolution]] with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] chairing the Lahore session in March 1940]]

Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman was not only a Muslim League leader, he was also one of the founding fathers of Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/> At the time of [[independence of Pakistan|Pakistan’s independence]] on 14 August 1947, he was still serving as the Muslim League member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and remained there to address the Assembly.<ref name=findpk/> He was one of the four individuals who addressed the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the central hall of Parliament during the moment of Indian independence at midnight of 14 August 1947.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0815.html#article|author=Robert Trumbull|work=The New York Times|title=India and Pakistan Become Nations; Clashes Continue|date=15 August 1947|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> The other three were [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]] and Dr. [[Radhakrishnan]].<ref name=NYT/> He migrated to newly created Pakistan in November 1947. He was appointed the chief organizer of [[Muslim League (Pakistan)]]. Later he served as the first president of the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)]].<ref name=findpk/>

===Career positions in Pakistan===
* President of Muslim League (Pakistan) (1948 – 1950)<ref name=findpk/>
* Governor of [[East Pakistan]] (April 1953 – May 1954)<ref name=findpk/>
* [[Ambassador]] of Pakistan to Indonesia and the Philippines (1954)<ref name=findpk/>

In 1961, he published his memoirs entitled ''Pathway to Pakistan''. The Urdu version of the autobiography came out in 1967. It is entitled ''Shahrahay Pakistan''. This book is considered by many as a rare 'treasure house' of information on the [[Pakistan Movement]]. In this book, he wrote: "The two-nation theory, which we had used in the fight for Pakistan had created not only bad blood against the Muslims of the minority provinces, but also an ideological wedge between them and the Hindus of India." He further wrote: "Mr Jinnah himself realized the grave dangers to Muslims who after the partition were to be left in India. I remember that on 1 August 1947, a few days before his final departure for Karachi, Mr Jinnah called the Muslim members of the Constituent Assembly of India to his house at 10 [[Aurangzeb Road]] to bid farewell to them.

"Mr. Rizwanullah put some awkward questions concerning the position of Muslims, who would be left over in India, their status and their future. I had never before found Mr. Jinnah so disconcerted as on that occasion, probably because he was realizing then quite vividly what was immediately in store for the Muslims. Finding the situation awkward, I asked my friends and colleagues to end the discussion. I believe as a result of our farewell meeting, Mr. Jinnah took the earliest opportunity to bid goodbye to his two-nation theory in his speech on 11 August 1947 as the governor general-designate and President of the constituent assembly of Pakistan."

"He ([[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]) doubted the utility of the two-nation theory, which to my mind also had never paid any dividends to us. But after the partition, it proved positively injurious to the Muslims of India, and on a long-view basis for Muslims everywhere." According to him, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] bade farewell to it in his famous speech of 11 August 1947.

He was one of the most active leaders of Pakistan movement. He seconded the [[Lahore Resolution]], which was presented by Sher-i-Bengal [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] in March 1940 to create Pakistan.<ref name=findpk/>

==Commemorative postage stamp==
In 1990, [[Pakistan Post]] office issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series.<ref name=findpk/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=Governor of [[East Bengal]]
|years= 31 March 1953 – May 29, 1954
|before=[[Feroz Khan Noon]]
|after=[[Iskandar Mirza]]}}
{{end}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Governors of East Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from the United Provinces]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Indonesia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to the Philippines]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Matunga

2025-11-12T12:16:51Z

Franolaxy:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Matunga
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.01798|N|72.844763|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag | India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Marathi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 400019<ref name="pcode">{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Maharashtra/Mumbai/Matunga/|title=Pincode of Matunga|access-date=5 February 2014|publisher=indiapincodes.net|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113170832/https://indiapincodes.net/Maharashtra/Mumbai/Matunga/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = MH-01
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = Marathi
}}

'''Matunga''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[maːʈuŋɡaː]]]) is a [[neighbourhood]] in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It is accessible from the [[Matunga Road]] station on the Western line, [[Matunga railway station|Matunga station]] on the Central Line and [[King's Circle railway station|King's Circle]] station on the [[Harbour Line]].

Geographically, Matunga is surrounded by the [[Mahim]] to the West, [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to the North, [[Dadar]] to the South, [[Wadala]] to the East<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Matunga,+Mumbai,+Maharashtra/@19.0290111,72.8451757,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be7ced0e96b48cf:0x7a816e69fb2d0324!8m2!3d19.0268747!4d72.8553352|title=Matunga|website=Matunga|language=en|access-date=2018-07-15}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Church of Mary of Christians Bombay.jpg|thumb|right|A historical picture of the Church of Mary, Help of Christians, located next to Don Bosco School.]]
[[File:Mariamman, Matunga.jpg|thumb|200px|Marubai Temple, Matunga]]
Matunga formed a part of the [[Seven islands of Bombay|seven original islands of Mumbai]], with [[Mahim]], then known as Mahikavati. It is said that the [[Bhima of Mahikavati|King of Mahikavati]] had his elephant stables in Matunga, and that the name Matunga was derived from "Matanga", the Sanskrit word for elephant.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Matunga was among the first well-planned localities of Mumbai. The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion plan of 1899-1900 was formulated to evenly distribute the population, as well as provide better living standards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dadar, Matunga, Wadala, Sion: Mumbai/Bombay pages|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/dadar.html|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326020456/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/dadar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Matunga has a juxtaposition of [[Irani café|Irani cafes]] and [[Udupi cuisine|Udupis]], and houses one of the oldest residents of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mumbaigloss.in/koolar-co-at-matunga-circle-a-vintage-parsi-fare/|title=Koolar & Co. at Matunga Circle a vintage Irani cafe|date=2015-05-28|website=Mumbaigloss|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921154254/http://mumbaigloss.in/koolar-co-at-matunga-circle-a-vintage-parsi-fare/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://curlytales.com/an-ode-to-udipi-restaurants-a-ramanayak-in-matunga/|title=An Ode To Udipi Restaurants – A. Ramanayak in Matunga|date=2017-08-03|website=Curly Tales|language=en-us|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921154255/https://curlytales.com/an-ode-to-udipi-restaurants-a-ramanayak-in-matunga/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/food/8-oldest-udupi-restaurants-in-mumbai|title=8 oldest Udupi restaurants in Mumbai|website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories {{!}} Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905100436/https://www.freepressjournal.in/food/8-oldest-udupi-restaurants-in-mumbai|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Matunga has a large population of South Indian people who have been residing here for several decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKv7XNp51knGxIfJwZp1XM/The-psychology-of-a-Matunga-Tamilian.html|title=The psychology of a Matunga Tamilian|last=Narayan|first=Shoba|date=2015-01-17|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921154253/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKv7XNp51knGxIfJwZp1XM/The-psychology-of-a-Matunga-Tamilian.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An effect of this has been a good number of traditional South Indian temples and restaurants serving authentic South Indian dishes that can be found in the area.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Matunga, having a predominantly Hindu population, also has a sizeable presence of Maharashtrians, South Indians, Bengalis and Gujaratis.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Culture ==
Matunga has numerous temples, namely, the Astika Samajam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asthikasamajmatunga.com/|title=Asthika Samaj, Kochu Guruvayoor, Sree Ram Mandir, Matunga|website=www.asthikasamajmatunga.com|access-date=2018-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181646/http://www.asthikasamajmatunga.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> the South Indian Bhajan Samaj,<ref name=dt>{{Cite news|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/8-places-of-worship-in-matunga-temples-and-beyond/|title=8 Places Of Worship In Matunga: Temples And Beyond|last=Thakker|first=Darshita|work=Culture Trip|access-date=2018-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181827/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/8-places-of-worship-in-matunga-temples-and-beyond/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sri Sankara Matham,<ref name=dt/> Sri Kanyaka Parmeshwari Temple, The Church of Mary, Help of Christians<ref name=dt/> (also known as Don Bosco Church), the Jain temples in Kings Circle and the Marubai Temple.<ref name=dt/>

There is also the Matunga Mosque which is an important place of worship for members of the Muslim community.

The Shanmukhananda Auditorium and Mysore Auditorium, a major cultural centre lies on the border of Matunga and Sion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanmukhananda.com/home.html|title=:: Home ::|website=www.shanmukhananda.com|access-date=2018-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715183012/http://www.shanmukhananda.com/home.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Matunga also houses multiple cultural centres, namely, the Mysore Association,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysoreassociation.in/|title=The Mysore Association, Bombay|website=www.mysoreassociation.in|language=en|access-date=2018-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181545/http://www.mysoreassociation.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Educational institutions ==
The Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute ([[VJTI]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vjti.ac.in/DIRECTOR%27s_ADDRESS.htm|title=Director’s Report, Convocation, 14 March 2006|publisher=VJTI|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820173151/http://www.vjti.ac.in/DIRECTOR%27s_ADDRESS.htm|archive-date=20 August 2011|access-date=19 August 2013}}</ref> [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] (erstwhile University Department of Chemical Technology), [[Guru Nanak Khalsa College of Arts, Science & Commerce|Guru Nanak Khalsa College]], [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics|R.A. Podar College]], [[Ramnarain Ruia College]], and [[WE School|Welingkar Institute of Management]] are some of higher education institutions located in Matunga. These institutions are accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).

Some of the other schools nearby are [[South Indian Education Society High School]], J.B.Vacha School in [[Dadar Parsi Colony]], and [[Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya|King George School]] nearby in Dadar, which is on the border of Matunga and Dadar.

In 1937, the general council of [[Salesians of Don Bosco]] approved a plan to buy {{convert|60000|yd2|m2}} land in Matunga from the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]]. The Corporation approved the sale on 16 July 1937. The Salesians bought the land for ₹229,160. The [[Don Bosco High School, Matunga|Don Bosco High School]] (formerly known as The Catholic Educational Institute) run by them was shifted from the rented premises at [[Tardeo]] to the new Don Bosco campus at Matunga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.donboscomatunga.com/history.html|publisher=Don Bosco High School Matunga|title=History of Don Bosco High School|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908043059/http://donboscomatunga.com/history.html|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

Srikrishna Deva Rao

2025-10-30T13:52:29Z

Franolaxy: started bio

{{short description|Indian law professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}Professor (Dr.) '''Srikrishna Deva Rao''' is the Vice Chancellor of [[NALSAR University of Law|NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad]] and a teacher and scholar in criminal law and access to justice.<ref>https://nalsar.ac.in/Prof-Srikrishna-Deva-Rao</ref>
{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Selected publications==
*Srikrishna Deva Rao (2013). [http://nludelhi.ac.in/download/publication/2015/Journal%20of%20National%20Law%20University%20Delhi%20Vol.1%202013%20(Complete%20Journal).pdf Paralegal Education in India: Problems and Prospects], ''Journal of National Law University, Delhi'' '''1:''' 94–105
*Srikrishna Deva Rao (2013). [https://indianmedialogue.com/2013/02/21/222/ Mapping of media law curriculum related to legal education in India]

==Initiatives==
At National Law University Odisha Rao has taken several initiatives to strengthen the teaching–learning process and research.
*The NAAC [http://nluo.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/NLUO-NAAC-SSR-2016.pdf Self Study Report] of NLUO mentions some of his initiatives at NLUO<ref>Self Study Report, http://nluo.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/NLUO-NAAC-SSR-2016.pdf</ref>
*The University has set up Community College in 2016 under the UGC Scheme to prepare "barefoot lawyers" to strengthen the justice delivery system in India.
*The Project on Access to Justice is another initiative of the University supported by Department of Justice, Ministry of Law & Justice, [[Government of India]] and UNDP. Under this Project, the University has set up three village Legal Aid Clinics in Dompada village in Cuttack, Jankia in Khurda and Brahmagiri in [[Puri district]]. These Village Legal Aid Clinics are intended to improve access to justice in marginalised communities.
*NLUO will have faculty exchange and joint research with globally reputed institutions.<ref>Global tie-ups for national law varsity: Faculty exchange & joint research on anvil, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161425/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160623/jsp/odisha/story_92654.jsp#.WGgJwdJ97IU]</ref>
*An MOU with [[National Institute of Securities Markets]] (NISM) has been signed in November 2016.<ref>NISM inks MOU with National Law University Odisha (NLUO), http://www.nism.ac.in/index.php/news1/835-memorandum-of-understanding-mou-signed-between-nism-and-nluo</ref> The MOU is designed to foster academics and research between the two institutes, thereby promoting capacity building in securities markets both in training and employment.
*Another MoU has been signed between [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI) and NLUO<ref>Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between CCI and NLUO, http://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/event%20document/NLUO%20Competition%20law%20n%20assessment%20workshop.pdf</ref>
*NLUO has recently been accredited by NAAC at A Grade<ref>National Law University, Odisha granted A grade by NAAC, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/National-Law-University-Odisha-granted-A-grade-by-NAAC/articleshow/54529342.cms</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Srikrishna Deva}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Kanaa (TV series)

2025-09-26T03:37:15Z

Franolaxy: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kanaa TV series.webp
| image_size =
| native_name =
| director = * A.R.Karthik
* N.V.Natarajan
* P. Bharathi Raja
* Pandiyan Aadhimoolam
| writer = * Rajesh Kannan
* Ramana
| creator =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
}}
| cinematography = * Arjunan Karthik
* Daniel Dinesh
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl|
* Dharshana Ashokan
* Tonisha Kapileswarapu
* Vishnu Unnikrishnan
* Dhroshni Sekar
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 665
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| opentheme = "Vaadi Veerayi" sung by [[Saindhavi]]
| music = * Visu
* Sai Bharath
* Vikram Selva
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| company = Yatra Media Works
| producer = John Attaikulam
| runtime = 20–22 minutes per episode
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|11|2|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Kanaa''''' ({{Translation}} To Dream) is a 2022—2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] drama aired on [[Zee Tamil]] and streams on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/109398/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Kana,-Indira-new-serial-in-Zee-Tamil.htm|title=கனா புதிய தொடர்|date=21 November 2022 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> It stars Vishnu Unnikrishnan with Dharshana Ashokan (who was replaced by Tonisha Kapileswarapu) and Dhroshni Sekar. The series theme was taken from the [[Zee Tamil|own network]] series ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magal]]'' (2017–2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/nov/22/kanaa-new-tamil-serial-in-zee-tamil-3953964.html|title=ஜீ தமிழ் 'கனா'! மற்ற சீரியல்களிலிருந்து மாறுபட்டது: 10 காரணங்கள்!!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=22 November 2022 }}</ref>

It premiered on 21 November 2022 along with ''[[Indira (2022 TV series)|Indira]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=109398|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121081207/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=109398|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2022|title='கனா, இந்திரா' : மதிய வேளையை மகிழ்ச்சியானதாக மாற்ற வரும் ஜீ தமிழின் இரண்டு புதிய சீரியல்கள்...|date=21 November 2022|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> Kanaa is about Anbarasi, an innocent villager, dreams of making a name for herself in the field of sports but faces numerous obstacles. The series ended on 2 November 2024 with 665 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enewz.in/zee-tamil-kana-serial-climax-shooting-done-info#google_vignette|title=ஜீ தமிழில் முடிவுக்கு வந்த முக்கிய சீரியல்..! வருத்தத்தில் ரசிகர்கள்..!|website=enewz.in|date=2 November 2024 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
An ambitious Anbarasi woman wants to pursue a career in athletics but is opposed by her parents. She then runs away from their house and competes in a prestigious running race.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Dr. Dharshana Ashokan (2022 — March 2024) → Tonisha Kapileswarapu (Apr. 2024 - Nov. 2024) as Anbarasi Vishwa: Ananya's elder step-sister and Vishwa's love-interest-turned-wife
* Vishnu Unnikrishnan as Vishwa: Anbarasi's love-interest-turned-husband
* Dhroshni Sekar as Ananya: Anbarasi's younger step-sister and Jai's wife
* Navin Charles as Jai: Vishwa's elder brother and Ananya's husband

===Recurring===
* [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Kasthuri: Chandrashekhar's first wife, Anbarasi's mother and Ananya's step-mother (died)
* Manmohan as Chandrashekhar: Kasthuri's widower and Sivagami's husband, Anbarasi and Ananya's father
* Subathira as Sivagami: Chandrashekhar's second wife, Ananya's mother and Anbarasi's step-mother

=== Cameo appearance ===
* [[Jai Akash]] (Cameo)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-jai-akash-joins-the-cast-of-kanaa-says-im-excited-to-work-with-vishnu-unnikrishnan/articleshow/100122161.cms|title=Actor Jai Akash Joins The Cast Of Kanaa; Says "I'm Excited To Work With Vishnu Unnikrishnan"|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2023 }}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Actress Dharshana Ashokan initially played Anbarasi, the female lead role. Due to her some reason, she quit the series in early March 2024,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-dharshana-ashokan-quits-tamil-daily-soap-kanaa/articleshow/109027005.cms|title=Actress Dharshana Ashokan quits Tamil daily soap 'Kanaa'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 April 2024 }}</ref> then actress Tonisha was cast as Anbarasi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-tonisha-joins-the-cast-of-kanaa-says-im-excited-to-work-with-vishnu-unnikrishnan/articleshow/109033037.cms|title=Actress Tonisha joins the cast of Kanaa|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 April 2024 }}</ref> Vishnu Unnikrishnan plays the male lead, Vishwa, alongside her.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt31080992}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/kanaa/0-6-4z5253988 ''Kanaa''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series reboots]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Rosewood Line (Delhi Metro)

2025-09-11T18:37:58Z

Franolaxy: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)]]

9th Infantry Division (India)

2025-08-27T21:24:40Z

Franolaxy: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Infantry division of the British Indian Army during World War II}}
{{for|the World War I formation|9th (Secunderabad) Division}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=9th Indian Infantry Division
|image=File:9 Division.png
|caption=Formation badge of the 9th Indian Infantry Division.<ref>Cole p. 79</ref>
|dates=15 September 1940 – 15 February 1942 (Surrendered)
|country={{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]
|allegiance={{flag|British Empire}}
|branch=[[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]
|type=[[Infantry]]
|role=
|size=[[Division (military)|Division]]
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=[[Battle of Malaya]] [[Battle of Kota Bharu]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=

|commander1=[[Arthur Edward Barstow]]
|commander1_label=Notable Commander
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
}}
The '''9th Indian Infantry Division''' was an [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. The division formed part of [[III Corps (India)|Indian III Corps]] in the [[Malaya Command]] during the [[Battle of Malaya]]. It was commanded by [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Arthur Edward Barstow]].

==History==
The 9th Indian Infantry Division was formed on 15 September 1940 at [[Quetta]], India before being transferred to Malaya. On 15 September 1940 the three original brigades of the division were the [[15th Indian Infantry Brigade|15th]], [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade|20th]], and [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade|21st]] Indian Infantry Brigades.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 October 2009|publisher=Order of Battle|title=9 Division units|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6008&Tab=Sub|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070706171348/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6008&Tab=Sub|archive-date=6 July 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 3/17th Dogra Regiment from the 9th Division was the first British Commonwealth Army unit to see action against the Japanese at the [[Battle of Kota Bharu]] on 8 December 1941.<ref name="Smith">Smith</ref> The 9th Indian Division fought a relatively successful defensive retreat down Malaya's east coast until the 22nd Brigade was cut off from the rest of the division at a demolished railway bridge near the village of Layang Layang in the state of Johore. Major-General Barstow was killed crossing the bridge, while attempting to contact the brigade. The 22nd Brigade was destroyed whilst trying to find another way to Singapore.<ref name="Smith"/>

What was left of the division was amalgamated with the 11th Indian Division.

==Component Units 1941 – 1942==
'''[[8th Indian Infantry Brigade]]''' – Brigadier [[Berthold Wells Key|Berthold Wells (Billy) Key]]
*3/[[17th Dogra Regiment]] – Lieut.Col George Alan Preston DSO ([[Wounded in Action|WIA]] at Kota Bharu)
*2/[[10th Baluch Regiment]] – Lieut.Col James Frith
*2/[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] (2nd Sikhs) – Lieut.Col [[Arthur Edward Cumming|Arthur Cumming V.C.]]
*1st [[Mysore]] Infantry ([[Indian States Forces]]) – Lieut.Col K.H.Preston
*1st [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] Infantry (Indian States Forces) – Lt.Col Charles Albert "Clive" Hendrick ([[Killed in Action|KIA]] at Kota Bharu)

'''[[22nd Indian Infantry Brigade]]''' – Brigadier George Painter
*Brigadier Painter
*2/[[18th Royal Garhwal Rifles]] – Lt.Col L.H.Cockram/ Lt.Col G.E.R.S.Hartigan
*5/[[11th Sikh Regiment]] – Lieut.Col John Parkin/ MacAdam
*1/[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] – Lieut.Col Clarence Gilbert

=== Support Units ===
*CRA – Brigadier E.W. Goodman
*5th Field Regt. – Lieut.Col E.W.F.Jephson [[Royal Artillery]] (16x[[QF 4.5 inch Howitzer|4.5-inch Howitzers]])
*88th Field Regt. – Lieut.Col Sylvain Claude D'Aubuz Royal Artillery (24x[[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25pdrs]])
*80th Anti-Tank Regt. – Lieut.Col W.Napier Royal Artillery (48x[[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2pdrs]]/[[Cannone da 47/32 M35|47mm Bredas]])
*21st Mountain Battery, [[Indian Artillery|IA]] – Major J.B.Soper IA (4x[[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer]]s)

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Books==
*{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Howard|title=Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire|date=1973|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London}}
*{{cite book | title = British Army in the Far East 1941–45 | author = Alan Jeffreys|author2= Duncan Anderson | publisher = Osprey Publishing | date = 2005 | ISBN= 1-84176-790-5}}
*{{cite book | title = Singapore Burning | author = Colin Smith | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 2006 | location = England | isbn = 978-0-14-101036-6 }}
*{{cite book | last = Tsuji | first = Masanobu | others = Margaret E. Lake, tr.| title = Japan's Greatest Victory, Britain's Worst Defeat | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 1997 | location = New York | ISBN =1-873376-75-8}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061007202838/http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/Research/Malaya_Command/ Malaya Conflict Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110911064110/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=104&nid=14&start=0 9 Indian Infantry Division (1941–42)]

{{Indian Divisions in World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:09 Indian Infantry Division}}
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]
[[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II|D]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1940]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1942]]

List of populated places in Kakching district

2025-07-17T11:35:49Z

Franolaxy: Started New Location

{{short description|Villages in Kakching district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Kakching district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India has two subdivisions.<ref name="subdivisions"/> It was created in 2016; at the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], it was a part of the [[Thoubal district]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Pradip Phanjoubam |title=Under siege, on edge |newspaper=Indian Express |date=2016-12-22 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/manipur-violence-imphal-curfew-protest-okram-ibobi-singh-4439176/ |access-date=2023-01-12 }}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Thoubal - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6467 |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

== Subdivisions ==

The district has 2 subdivisions with 4 tehsils:<ref name="subdivisions">{{cite web |title=Tehsil |publisher=District Administration Kakching |url=https://kakching.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

* Kakching subdivision: Kakching and Hiyanglam
* Waikhong subdivision: Waikhong and Sugnu

It has two [[community development block]]s (CD blocks), each comprising several [[gram panchayat]]s:<ref>{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Administration Kakching |url=https://kakching.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref><ref name="villages">{{cite web |title=Village & Panchayats |publisher=District Administration Kakching |url=https://kakching.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

* Langmeidong CD Block:
** Arong Nongmaikhong
** Chairel
** Hiyanglam
** Langmeidong
** Mayenglamjao
** Pangantabi (PAngaltabi)
** Sekmaijin
** Waikhong
** Wangoo
* Kakching CD Block
** Kakching Khullen
** Kakching Wairi
** Hayel Hangoon
** Irengband
** Irong Chesaba
** Keirak
** Maibam Uchiwa
** Pallel
** Wabagai

== Towns ==

The district has three municipalities, of which Sugnu and Kakching Khunou were classified as [[Nagar Panchayat]]s in the 2011 census, but are now administered by Municipal Councils.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipalities |publisher=District Administration Kakching |url=https://kakching.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Block
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Sugnu]] (Wapokpi)
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Waikhong
| 5132
| 77.73%
| 1014
| 0.04%
| 0.02%
| 801482
|-
| [[Kakching Khunou]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Waikhong
| 11379
| 75.87%
| 917
| 64.85%
| 1.91%
| 801483
|-
| [[Kakching]]
| [[Municipal Council#India|Municipal Council]]
| Kakching
| 32138
| 83.08%
| 1046
| 87.57%
| 1.3%
| 801484
|}

== Villages ==

The Kakching district has following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

=== Kakching subdivision ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Kangoi]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270003
|-
| [[Aimol Khullen]] (Aimol Khullel)
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270001
|-
| [[Aimol Khunou]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270002
|-
| [[Pallel]]
| 4193
| 79.26%
| 945
| 42.24%
| 5.68%
| 270000
|-
| [[Maring Phunal]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270004
|-
| [[Laijing]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269987
|-
| [[Irengband]] (including Mairembam, Hawairou and Sora)
| 10600
| 66.81%
| 981
| 0.07%
| 0.0%
| 269988
|-
| [[Loushipat]]
| 4
| 100.0%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269989
|-
| [[Mantak]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269990
|-
| [[Keirak]]
| 4912
| 74.05%
| 1042
| 0.1%
| 0.0%
| 269991
|-
| [[Wabagai]]
| 8578
| 78.95%
| 999
| 0.0%
| 0.01%
| 269992
|-
| [[Kharungpat]]
| 184
| 62.18%
| 1067
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269993
|-
| [[Hiyanglam I]] (including Sekmaijin and Sekmaijin Khunou)
| 8872
| 74.46%
| 1023
| 0.0%
| 0.03%
| 269994
|-
| [[Khoidum]] (Khoidum Lamjao)
| 521
| 70.83%
| 867
| 0.38%
| 0.0%
| 269995
|-
| [[Hiyanglam II]]
| 2851
| 80.39%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 0.25%
| 269996
|-
| [[Mayeng Lamjao]] (Mayenglamjao)
| 3393
| 80.49%
| 995
| 0.06%
| 0.06%
| 269997
|-
| [[Langmeidong]]
| 5935
| 79.73%
| 994
| 0.0%
| 0.07%
| 269999
|}

The following villages are listed in the 2011 census directory under the Kakching block of the Thoubal district, but are not listed on the Kakching district website:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

* [[Laimanai]] (population 1484), now included in Nungoo Sanamahi
* Purul Tampak (population 0)

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

* Kakching Khullen I
* Kakching Khullen II
* Kakching Khullen III
* Kakching Wairi I
* Kakching Wairi II
* Nungoo Sanamahi (including Tejpur and Laimanai)

=== Waikhong subdivision ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Laphupat]]
| 709
| 67.83%
| 916
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 270005
|-
| [[Thounaojam]] (including Yangdong)
| 1468
| 77.83%
| 1033
| 0.27%
| 0.0%
| 270006
|-
| [[Elangkhangpokpi]] (Elangkhanpokpi)
| 2815
| 75.41%
| 1047
| 0.0%
| 0.07%
| 270007
|-
| [[Thongjao]] (including Komnao)
| 2019
| 76.49%
| 1039
| 45.47%
| 0.45%
| 270008
|-
| [[Waikhong Laimanai]]
| 1804
| 64.29%
| 959
| 0.67%
| 0.28%
| 270010
|-
| [[Waikhong Ningthoumanai]]
| 1300
| 54.57%
| 892
| 4.38%
| 0.15%
| 270011
|-
| [[Mahou, Manipur|Mahou]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270012
|-
| [[Thongam]]
| 257
| 64.86%
| 1107
| 0.0%
| 91.83%
| 270013
|-
| [[Wangoo]] (including Wangoo Laipham and Wangoo Sandangkhong)
| 6134
| 67.09%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 0.02%
| 270015
|-
| [[Chairel, Manipur|Chairel]]
| 3220
| 68.35%
| 1010
| 31.52%
| 0.03%
| 270016
|-
| [[Nungoo]]
| 871
| 73.27%
| 993
| 0.0%
| 0.23%
| 270017
|-
| [[Nungoo Wapokpi]]
| 2494
| 74.94%
| 1041
| 1.4%
| 0.12%
| 270018
|-
| [[Tangjeng]]
| 2427
| 72.0%
| 978
| 0.0%
| 0.04%
| 270019
|-
| [[Tonsel]] (Tonsen, including Korshantabi)
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270020
|-
| [[Toupokpi]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270022
|-
| [[Serou, Manipur|Serou]]
| 4216
| 73.78%
| 973
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 270023
|-
| [[Arong Nongmaikhong]] (Arong)
| 5571
| 62.33%
| 1010
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 270014
|-
| [[Lakhi Maru]] (Lokhi Maru)
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270021
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

* Purum Khullen
* Kakching Khunou I
* Kakching Khunou II
* Pumlen Pat

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Kakching]]

85th plenary session of the Indian National Congress

2025-01-27T15:32:20Z

Franolaxy: added a data

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox event
|title= 85th plenary session of the Indian National Congress
|image=
|image_size=
|caption=
|native_name= 85वां महाधिवेशन
|date={{start and end dates|2023|02|24|2023|02|26|df=y}}
|duration= Three days
|venue=Rajyotsava Ground, [[Naya Raipur]]
|location=[[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
|type=Plenary Session of the Indian National Congress
|theme=Elect [[Congress Working Committee]]
|organisers=[[All India Congress Committee]]
|notes=
}}

'''85th plenary session''' of the [[Indian National Congress]] was held from 24–26 February 2023 at the Rajyotsava Ground near Tuta in [[Naya Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/nava-raipur-gears-up-to-host-congress-plenary-session/articleshow/97633342.cms |title=Nava Raipur Gears Up To Host Congress' Plenary Session | Raipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=2023-02-06 |access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/breaking-news-live-updates-february-10-pm-modi-congress-weather-update-delhi-mayor-election-rahul-gandhi-g20-pm-modi-sc-northeast-rajya-sabha-motion-of-thanks-gautam-adani-1581207/amp |title=Breaking News Live Updates February 10 PM Modi Congress Weather Update Delhi Mayor Election Rahul Gandhi G20 PM Modi SC northeast Rajya Sabha Motion of Thanks gautam adani |publisher=News.abplive.com |date= |accessdate=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Economic Times |date=February 10, 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/daily-news-and-latest-updates-live-10-february-2023/amp_liveblog/97786586.cms |title=Congress constitutes Constitution Amendment Committee for plenary session on Feb 24-26 - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |accessdate=2023-02-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian National Congress}}

[[Category:2020s political conferences]]
[[Category:2023 conferences]]
[[Category:February 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress events]]

Haripur, Chanditala-I

2024-11-21T11:26:16Z

Franolaxy:

{{other uses|Haripur (disambiguation){{!}}Haripur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haripur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7015782|N|88.1649503|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,797
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712701
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
''' Haripur ''' is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Chanditala I]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(34prhyngb4rxzrx25wan0tst))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |title= banglarbhumi.gov.in |work = WEST BENGAL ->HUGLI(হুগলী) ->CHANDITALA-I (চণ্ডীতলা-১) Mouza Information|publisher= Government of West Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222011900/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(o5nvju0slgdmw3352gvdrcuo))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&bcode=10 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Geography==
Haripur is located at {{coord|22.7015782|N|88.1649503|E| source:itwiki_region:IN}}.

===Gram panchayat===
Villages in Haripur [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Anantarampur]], [[Bade Sola]], [[Baghati, Chanditala-I|Baghati]], [[Ban Panchbere]], [[Chak Bangla]], [[Chota Choughara]], [[Dudhkomra]], Haripur, [[Ichhapasar]], [[Jagmohanpur]], [[Mamudpur]] and [[Radhaballabhpur, Chanditala-I|Radhaballabhpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-i/haripur.html| title = Haripur| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Map of Haripur GP.png|Map of Haripur GP
File:CHANDITALA-I CD BLOCK MAP 1.svg|Map of Chanditala-I CD block sowing GP
File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas
</gallery>

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Haripur had a population of 2,797 of which 1,455 (52%) were males and 1,342 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 271. The number of literates in Haripur was 2,066 (81.79% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Bargachia railway station]] is the nearest railway station.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Villages in Chanditala I CD Block]]

{{Hooghly-geo-stub}}

Susuwahi

2024-08-15T00:00:27Z

Franolaxy: started new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Susuwahi
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Susuwahi
| pushpin_map_caption = Census town location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.255973|82.97435|display = inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 81.226
| population_total = 10,454 <ref name="Demography">{{cite news|title=Demography|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/209743-susuwahi-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]&
[[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221011 <ref name="Post code">{{cite news|title=Post code|publisher=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/susuwahi.html}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Census town code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209743
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation 2008|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Rohaniya. (Assembly constituency)|Rohaniya.]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008"/>
}}
'''Susuwahi''' is a [[census town]] in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Census town details">{{cite news|title=Census town details|publisher=Local Government directory|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref> The census town falls under the Susuwahi [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Census town details"/> Susuwahi Census town is about 12 kilometers South of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], 320 kilometers South-East of [[Lucknow]] and 5 kilometers South-West of [[Banaras Hindu University]] main gate.<ref name="Distances">{{cite news|title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?source=tldso}}</ref><ref name="Census town coordinates">{{cite news|title=Census town coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://www.latlong.net/}}</ref><ref name="Elevation">{{cite news|title=Elevation|publisher=daftlogic.com|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name="Census town info">{{cite news|title=Census town info|publisher=WikiEdit.Org|accessdate=7 Nov 2015|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Susuwahi/90876/}}</ref>

==Demography==
Susuwahi has 1,781 families with a total population of 10,454. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the census town is 923 and [[child sex ratio]] is 835. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively {{ref|Demography|[note]}}.<ref name="Demography"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || - || - || 1,781 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || - || - || 9,316
|-
| Children || - || - || 1,138
|-
| Total population || 5,435 || 5,019 || 10,454
|-
| Literacy || 93.5% || 79.8% || 86.9%
|-
|}

==Transportation==
Susuwahi is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Banaras railway station]]) and by road. Nearest operational airports is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] and nearest operational railway station is [[Banaras railway station|Banaras]] (38 and 7.5 kilometers respectively from Susuwahi).<ref name="Distances"/>

==See also==
* [[Varanasi Cantt. (Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==
* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Susuwahi'''
|North =
|Northeast = [[New Vishwanath Temple]] (3 km)
|East =
|Southeast =
|South = [[Ganges]] (5 km)
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest = [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] (5.5 km)
}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]

Hathyar

2024-01-10T11:36:41Z

Franolaxy:

{{wiktionary|हथियार}}
'''Hathyar''' ({{Lit|weapon}}) may refer to:

* ''[[Hathiar]]'', a 1979 Indian Hindi-language film
* [[Hathyar (1989 film)|''Hathyar'' (1989 film)]], a 1989 Indian Hindi-language film
* [[Hathyar (2002 film)|''Hathyar'' (2002 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language film
* "Hathyar", a song by Gurmeet Singh and [[Nachhatar Gill]] from the 2018 Indian film ''[[Subedar Joginder Singh (film)|Subedar Joginder Singh]]''

== See also ==

* [[Hatyara (disambiguation)]]



{{Disambiguation}}

LokSatta

2023-10-06T17:06:51Z

Franolaxy: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Lok Satta Party]]

Lumding (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T11:17:03Z

Franolaxy: added info

#REDIRECT [[Lumding Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}