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Punha Kartavya Aahe

2026-05-02T17:23:12Z

FranklynDavitt2: started

{{Short description|2024 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Punha Kartavya Aahe.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Tell-a-Tale Media
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|03|15}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|03|18}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 314
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Jitendra Gupta
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=एकीकडे वसुंधराचं कठोर व्रत, तर दुसरीकडे आकाशवर जीवघेणा हल्ला…; पाहा 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिकेचा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/vasundhara-praying-for-aakash-shardul-trying-to-kill-him-punha-kartvya-aahe-marathi-serial-watch-promo-nsp-98-4739737/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
}}

'''''Punha Kartavya Aahe''''' ({{translation|There is marriage again}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired from 18 March 2024 on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=तारीख अन् वेळ ठरली! 'झी मराठी'वर सुरू होणार दोन नव्या मालिका, प्रोमो आले समोर… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-navri-mile-hitlerla-and-punha-kartavya-aahe-promo-out-now-start-from-18th-march-sva-00-4246791/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Zee TV]]'s Hindi TV series ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिका उत्कंठावर्धक वळणावर, बनी आकाशला वडील म्हणून करतो मान्य |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/in-an-exciting-twist-to-the-series-punha-kartavya-aahe-bunny-accepts-akash-as-his-father-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It stars Akshay Mhatre and Akshaya Hindalkar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिकेत फुलतंय आकाश आणि वसूमध्ये प्रेमाचं नातं |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/the-love-relationship-between-akash-and-vasu-is-blossoming-in-the-serial-punha-kartavya-aahe-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is produced by Jitendra Gupta under the banner of ''Tell-a-Tale Media''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='पारू' आणि 'शिवा'नंतर झी मराठीने केली आणखी दोन नव्या मालिकांची घोषणा; कोणत्या मालिका घेणार निरोप? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-new-serials-punha-kartavya-aahe-and-navari-mile-hitlarla/articleshow/107047692.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> It ended on 15 March 2025 completing 314 episodes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=“नोकर म्हणून…”, तनयाचं वक्तव्य ऐकताच वसुंधरा कानाखाली देणार; प्रोमो पाहताच नेटकऱ्यांनी केले कौतुक, म्हणाले… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-vasundharas-bold-step-will-slap-tanaya-after-insult-netizens-praised-nsp-98-4797416/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Akash, a widowed father of twin girls and Vasundhara, a divorced mother with a son, get a second chance at marriage and parenting, but their path ahead is strewn with challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |title="हिला अन्न-पाणी…", आईच्या विरोधात जाऊन आकाश वसुंधराची साथ देणार; नेटकरी म्हणाले, "नवरा-बायकोमधील नातं…" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-akash-will-support-vasundhara-against-his-mother-netizens-happy-after-watching-promo-says-be-together-always-serial-nsp-98-4763633/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Akshay Mhatre as Akash Madhav Thakur<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor and Shrenu Parikh's husband Akshay Mhatre bags a lead role in the upcoming Marathi TV show Punha Kartavya Aahe - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/akshay-mhatre-bags-lead-role-in-marathi-tv-show-punha-kartavya-aahe/articleshow/107882707.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref>
* Akshaya Hindalkar as Vasundhara Shardul Ranade / Vasundhara Akash Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे', 'झी मराठी'वर सुरु होणार नवी गोष्ट, 'ही' नवी जोडी झळकणार मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-marathi-new-serial-punha-kartya-ahe-will-start-soon-promo-shared-on-social-media-detail-marathi-news-1256184 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Vasundhara's family
* Pankaj Chemburkar as Sudhir Ranade<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिकेत वसुंधरा-बनीच्या नात्यात येणार दुरावा? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/the-gap-in-vasundhara-bunnys-relationship-in-the-series-punha-kartavya-aahe-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shama Ninave as Sushila Sudhir Ranade<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिकेत नवा ट्विस्ट; 'या' कारणामुळे आकाश आणि वसुंधरामध्ये होणार गैरसमज |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-new-promo-twist-in-serial-misunderstanding-between-vasundhara-and-aakash-nsp-98-4563814/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Siddhesh Prabhakar as Shardul Sudhir Ranade (Lucky)<ref>{{Cite news |title='लहान मुलांवर झालेले अन्याय कसे दाखवावेसे वाटतात, बॅन करायला हवी मालिका'; 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे'च्या ट्रॅकवर प्रेक्षक संतापले |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/punha-kartvya-ahe-marathi-serial-trolling-on-social-media-zee-marathi-serial-marathi-television-news-in-marathi-1303373 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Reyansh Juvatkar as Anvay Shardul Ranade / Anvay Akash Thakur (Bunny)<ref>{{Cite news |title=बनीला वाचवण्यासाठी गेलेल्या आकाशला लागणार गोळी; 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिका नव्या वळणावर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/aakash-life-in-danger-punha-kartvya-aahe-marathi-serial-watch-promo-nsp-98-4721562/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Akash's family
* Ovi Karmarkar as Mrunmayee Akash Thakur (Manu)<ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रेक्षकांवर जरा तरी दया दाखवा... 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिकेवर प्रेक्षक परत भडकले |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-marathi-punha-kartvya-ahe-marathi-serial-trolling-on-social-media-marathi-television-update-1294791 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Ruhi Jawir as Chinmayee Akash Thakur (Chinu)<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' उत्कंठावर्धक वळणावर, वसु आकाशला देऊ शकते का आयुष्यात जागा? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/in-the-exciting-twist-of-punha-kartavya-aahe-can-vasu-give-akash-a-place-in-life-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vandana Sardesai-Waknis as Jayashri Madhav Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=ही भंगार मालिका पहिली बंद करा, 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे'चा ट्रॅक पाहून प्रेक्षक संतापले; सोशल मीडियावर कमेंट्सचा पाऊस |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/punha-kartvya-ahe-zee-marathi-serial-trolled-on-social-media-for-their-story-track-television-news-marathi-1330759 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sudesh Mhashilkar as Madhav Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आपलं लग्न मोडलेलं…”, आकाशने उचलले मोठे पाऊल; ‘पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे’ मालिकेत ट्विस्ट; नेटकरी म्हणाले, “आकाश भाऊ संपला विषय” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/aakash-and-vasundhara-reunion-destroyed-divorce-paper-twist-in-punha-kartvya-aahe-marathi-serial-netizens-reacts-on-new-promo-nsp-98-4761619/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Mrunal Deshpande as Mangal Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=आकाश आणि वसूचं नात्यात नवं वादळ येणार? 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिका रंजक वळणावर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/punha-kartya-ahe-marathi-serial-update-today-episode-highlights-entertainment-1298406 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shubhangi Sadavarte as Avani Bhaskar Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=२३ डिसेंबरपासून ‘झी मराठी’वर होणार मोठा बदल! ३ मालिकांच्या वेळा बदलल्या, ‘ही’ सिरीयल होणार बंद, तर नवीन मालिका…
|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-three-serial-time-slot-change-and-one-serial-going-to-off-air-sva-00-4771289/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Deepkar Parkar as Bhaskar Madhav Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title="तू काय प्रेम करणार?", आकाशची वसुंधरावर नाराजी; प्रेक्षकांनी केले कौतुक, म्हणाले, "तुमची जोडी…" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-ahe-serial-aakash-upset-with-vasundhara-as-she-lied-to-him-about-her-first-husband-audience-love-their-chemistry-netizens-reacts-nsp-98-4757749/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Vinesh Ninnurkar as Akhil Madhav Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=“आता शिक्षेला…”, वसुंधरा व तनयाला जलसमाधी घ्यावी लागणार; ‘पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे’मध्ये काय घडणार? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-new-promo-guru-mata-will-punish-vasundhara-and-tanya-watch-marathi-serial-nsp-98-4826129/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Rutuja Junnarkar as Tanaya Sadanand Bhalekar / Tanaya Akhil Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=वसुंधराच्या हक्कासाठी आकाश उचलणार मोठे पाऊल; आईची अट मान्य करत म्हणाला, “तुमचा हक्काचा मान…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-upcoming-twist-akash-will-take-a-big-decision-for-vasundhars-rights-will-accepts-his-mothers-condition-new-promo-watch-nsp-98-4790667/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sai Morankar as Aditi Bhaskar Thakur<ref>{{Cite news |title=“तुम्ही कितीही दूर…”, वसुंधराने केला सासूचे मन जिंकण्याचा निर्धार; ‘पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे’ मालिकेत नवीन वळण, पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-new-promo-twist-in-serial-vasundhara-decided-to-win-her-mother-in-laws-heart-watch-promo-nsp-98-4785617/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

;Others
* [[Vandana Gupte]] as Gurumata<ref>{{Cite news |title=वंदना गुप्तेंचा रूद्रावतार; ‘पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे’ मालिकेतील पहिली झलक आली समोर, पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-new-promo-first-glimpse-of-vandana-gupte-in-serial-watch-nsp-98-4812999/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Sanyogita Bhave as Vishakha Sadanand Bhalekar
* Yogesh Kelkar as Sadanand Bhalekar
* Rushikesh Bhosale as Anuj Sadanand Bhalekar
* Ashutosh Wadekar as Baby
* Samata Jadhav as Kunda
* Purva Kaushik as Shivani Ashutosh Desai

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]'' पुनर्विवाह – ज़िंदगी मिलेगी दोबारा
| 20 February 2012
| [[Zee TV]]
| 29 November 2013
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Kori Khela]]'' কড়ি খেলা
| 8 March 2021
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 29 April 2022
| rowspan="6" |Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade (TV series)|Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' ఊహలు గుసగుసలాడే
| 10 May 2021
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 8 June 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Anbe Sivam (TV series)|Anbe Sivam]]'' அன்பே சிவம்
| 18 October 2021
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 3 July 2022
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Punha Kartavya Aahe'' पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे
| 18 March 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 15 March 2025
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Nava Mod'' ਨਵਾ ਮੋਡ<ref>{{Cite news |title=हळदी-कुंकवाच्या कार्यक्रमात शिवा-वसुंधरा एकत्र येणार; तनयाचा डाव तिच्यावरच उलटवणार? पाहा प्रोमो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-new-promo-shiva-entry-as-a-guest-vasundhara-seems-happy-to-see-shiva-watch-nsp-98-4833598/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
| 2 December 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 31 May 2025
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2024
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Father
|Akshay Mhatre
|Akash Thakur
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/aj-from-navari-mile-hitlerla-won-best-son-in-law-and-best-serial-award-goes-to-paaru-read-zee-marathi-award-2024-winners-list-here-psn14 |title='या' मालिकेने जिंकले सर्वाधिक पुरस्कार तर अक्षरा अधिपतीचा झाला हिरमोड, वाचा 'झी मराठी अवॉर्ड २०२४ 'च्या विजेत्यांची नावं |website=[[Sakal]] |access-date=2024-10-28 |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
* 28 July 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title='पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' मालिकेत नवीन ट्विस्ट! बनीला त्याच्या बाबांविषयी गैरसमज होईल का? नवीन प्रोमो प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/punha-kartavya-ahe-marathi-serial-new-promo-out-watch-video-nsp-98-4498903/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 18 August 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title=किती घाण आहे ही मालिका! 'पुन्हा कर्तव्य आहे' सीरियलच्या प्लॉटवर प्रेक्षक संतापले |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-updates-audience-angry-on-punha-kartavya-aahe-serial-stroy-track-zee-marathi-entertainment-news-1291266 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 22 December 2024<ref>{{Cite news |title=“हा सगळा कट माझ्या आईने…”, वसुंधराची बाजू मांडताना आकाश आईच्या विरोधात जाणार; नेटकरी म्हणाले, “तुझा अभिमान…” |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/punha-kartvya-aahe-serial-akash-will-stand-firm-on-vasundhars-side-will-go-against-the-mother-netizens-praised-says-proud-of-you-nsp-98-4776960/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt34649104}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/punha-kartavya-ahe/0-6-4z5521325 ''Punha Kartavya Aahe''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue

2026-05-01T14:05:30Z

FranklynDavitt2: Info...

{{Short description|Synagogue in Mumbai, India}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue
| native_name = {{langx|he|בית הכנסת אליהו}}
| image = Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue 1.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The synagogue in 2020, post restoration
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the synagogue in [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18|55|41.19|N|72|49|57.25|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = 55, Dr. V.B. Gandhi Marg, [[Kala Ghoda]], [[Fort (area)|Fort]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Judaism]]
| rite = [[Nusach Sefard]]
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Synagogue]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect = {{ubl|David Gostling|James Morris}}
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Synagogue architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]|[[Victorian architecture|Victorian]]}}
| facade_direction = Western
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1884
| funded_by = [[Sassoon baronets|Jacob Elias Sassoon]]
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
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| materials = Stone; brick
| nrhp =
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}}

The '''Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue''' ({{langx|he|בית הכנסת אליהו||Gathering of Elijah}}), also '''Knesset Eliyahu''' and the '''Blue Synagogue''', is a [[synagogue]], located at 55, Dr. V.B. Gandhi Marg, in the [[Kala Ghoda]] neighborhood, [[Fort (area)|Fort]], in downtown [[Mumbai]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Completed in 1884, it is the second oldest [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] synagogue in Mumbai. [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], and [[Oberoi Trident]] are nearby.<ref name=wmf.org>{{cite web |title=Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue |url=http://www.wmf.org/project/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue |publisher=[[World Monuments Fund]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529072751/http://www.wmf.org/project/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=jacobsassoon.com>{{cite web |title=Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue, Mumbai, India |url=http://www.jacobsassoon.com/synagogues/keneseth-eliyahoo |publisher=Sir Jacob Sassoon Synagogues and Allied Trusts |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529065531/http://www.jacobsassoon.com/synagogues/keneseth-eliyahoo |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

The synagogue was established by [[Sassoon baronets|Jacob Elias Sassoon]]<ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Inside the synagogues of Mumbai |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/forbes-lifes/inside-the-synagogues-of-mumbai/63125/1 |access-date=21 January 2021 |date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132817/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/forbes-lifes/inside-the-synagogues-of-mumbai/63125/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the building is maintained by the Jacob Sassoon Trust. The building's significance is attributed to its Jewish traditions as well as Indian and English colonial influences. It was designed by the British architectural firm Gostling & Morris of Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-10 |title=Mumbai's iconic 'blue' Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue open to public, after year-long restoration |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbais-iconic-blue-knesset-eliyahoo-synagogue-open-to-public-after-year-long-restoration-6053951.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714042933/https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbais-iconic-blue-knesset-eliyahoo-synagogue-open-to-public-after-year-long-restoration-6053951.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The basement part of the edifice is built in stone masonry and the superstructure is built in brick masonry. The exterior facade of the synagogue was painted [[turquoise]], was returned to its original colour of white, with bright indigo boarders during a restoration process in 2018–2019.<ref name="Datta"/> The sanctuary within the interior of the building is in western direction, towards [[Jerusalem]].

==Background==
[[File:Keneseth Eliyahu synagogue.jpg|thumb|Panoramic image of the synagogue]]
Prior to the arrival of [[Baghdadi Jews]] in India, the [[Jews]] residing in Bombay — the name then used for Mumbai — had settled in the towns of India, living peacefully with other communities in India.<ref name=Birnbaum/><ref name=Khan/> Harry D. Wall, in an interview to the ''[[New York Times]]'', has said that among the Jews who now remain in Mumbai are a group of Jews known as Bene Jews or [[Bene Israel]] who were reportedly descendants of seven [[Israelites|tribes of Israel]] who, in the 2nd century BC, were shipwrecked on India's [[Konkan coast]] while escaping persecution in the [[Galilee]].<ref name=Birnbaum/><ref name=Explore>{{Cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/travel/exploring-the-worlds-jewish-communities.html|title= Exploring the World's Jewish Communities|date= 16 September 2014|work= The New York Times|last= Brennan|first= Emily|access-date= 25 February 2017|archive-date= 25 July 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183854/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/travel/exploring-the-worlds-jewish-communities.html|url-status= live}}</ref> They found that living in India, amidst a cosmopolitan community consisting of [[Hindus]], [[Buddhists]], [[Jains]], and, much later, [[Muslims]], was a very cordial environment, totally free of [[anti-Semitic]] feelings.<ref name=Birnbaum/><ref name=Khan/>

The Jewish merchant community, which played a significant role in the commercial development of then Bombay (now Mumbai), consisted of Jews from Iraq, Syria, and other [[Middle East]]ern countries who immigrated in the late 18th century under the threat of persecution. They found the environment conducive to continuing their trade and settled in the city, becoming prosperous in business ventures such as textile mills and international trading.<ref name=Birnbaum>{{cite book |last=Birnbaum |first=David |title=Jews, Church & Civilization |volume=VII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKacF3YbSgYC&pg=PA324 |publisher=David Birnbaum |year=2010 |id=GGKEY:79ST9DTYU28 |via=[[Google Books]] |pages=325–26 }}</ref><ref name=Khan/> In 1784, the British government took over the [[East India Company]]. With this change, many business opportunities emerged in India, and Bombay in particular, encouraging immigrants to set up businesses. In 1790, one such business magnate was Shalom ben Ovadiah HaCohen, a Baghdadi Jew who had migrated from [[Aleppo]] (Halab), in Syria to Bombay; other Jewish businessmen from [[Baghdad]], [[Basra]], and Yemen followed him.<ref name=Dana>{{cite book |last=Dana |first=Leo Paul |title=Asian Models of Entrepreneurship: From the Indian Union and the Kingdom of Nepal to the Japanese Archipelago: Context, Policy and Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmuiJVAuvt4C |year=2007 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-256-878-6 |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>{{rp|88}}

== History ==
In 1832, [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]] immigrated to Bombay and established himself as a magistrate of the cotton industry. He built the [[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)|Magen David Synagogue]] in [[Byculla]]. Mumbai in 1864; this was in addition to the older Magen Hasidim synagogue. His son, [[Albert Sassoon]], transformed the weaving industry in Bombay.<ref name=Explore/><ref name=Dana/>{{rp|88}} To cater to the increasing need of the Baghdadi Jews, Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue was constructed on a premium piece of land in the hub of Bombay's commercial area by Jacob Sassoon, grandson of David Sassoon, commemorating his father, Eliyahoo Sassoon. It was established in 1884.<ref name=Khan>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03jews.html |title=Jews of Mumbai, a Tiny and Eclectic Group, Suddenly Reconsider Their Serene Existence |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 November 2024 }}</ref><ref name=Mumbai>{{Cite web |url=http://www.midrash.org/article/historical/baghdadian-synagogues-in-india/2 |title=Baghdadian Synagogues in Mumbai (Bombay) & Poona (Pune) |work=The Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue |date=5 January 2012 |publisher=Midrash Organization |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184154/http://www.midrash.org/article/historical/baghdadian-synagogues-in-india/2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

More Jews came from [[Bukhara]], [[Persia]], and, following the [[Farhud]] pogrom in Iraq in 1941, many more immigrants shifted to Bombay. They all used to assemble in the Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue in large numbers during festival days and on [[Rosh Hashana]] and [[Yom Kippur]]. On many such occasions, in view of the large crowd of devotees, overflow prayer services were held in the neighbouring Cawasjee Jehangir Public Hall.<ref name=Mumbai/>

In 1985, President [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] visited the site to honour the centennial of the synagogue's construction. [[India Posts|India Post]] issued a commemorative stamp in honour of the centennial.<ref name=Dana/>{{rp|89}}

The [[2008 Mumbai attacks|first-ever terrorist attack on Jews in Mumbai]] occurred on 26 November 2008.<ref name=Khan/> Rabbi [[Gavriel Holtzberg]], who had conducted Sabbath services on the previous day and also held religious discourses at the Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue, was killed, along with his wife and a few other Jews at the [[Nariman House]], a community center operated by [[Chabad]]. Whilst there was no specific attack on the Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue or its congregation, the terrorists' actions sowed fear among the Jewish community members residing in Mumbai, and also forged a closer bond between the city's Baghdadi and Bene Israel Jews.<ref name=Khan/><ref>{{cite news |author=Viswanath, P. V. |url=https://forward.com/news/14676/talking-with-a-terrorist-an-endless-call-to-india-02937/ |title=Talking With a Terrorist: An Endless Call to India |work=[[Forward (magazine)|Forward magazine]] |date=4 December 2008 |access-date=14 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Prince-Gibson, Eeta |url=https://forward.com/news/14676/talking-with-a-terrorist-an-endless-call-to-india-02937/ |title=After the Terror |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=23 December 2008 |access-date=14 November 2024 }}</ref>

== Architecture and fittings ==
Designed by Gostling & Morris of Bombay<ref name=wmf.org /> in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] style,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.diarna.org/site/detail/public/1933/ |title=Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue, Mumbai, India |work=Diarna.org |date=2015 |publisher=Digital Heritage Mapping |access-date=14 November 2024 }}</ref> the building's base is of stone masonry while the superstructure is of brick masonry.<ref name=Mumbai/> The external frontage of the synagogue, initially painted grey, is painted [[turquoise]], and the synagogue is popularly known as the ''Blue Synagogue'' of Mumbai.<ref name=Khan/> The synagogue was returned to its original colour of white, with bright indigo boarders during a restoration process in 2018–2019 carried out by conservation architect [[Abha Narain Lambah]].<ref name="Datta"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Little-known facts about Mumbai's newly restored Keneseth Eliyahoo synagogue - Elle India |url=https://elle.in/article/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue-mumbai/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714043104/https://elle.in/article/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue-mumbai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The inner space contains ornamented pillars, and the sanctuary faces west towards [[Jerusalem]]. The ''[[Bema#Judaism|bimah]]'' (reader's platform) is bordered on both sides by ornately carved marble, over which is placed a tall, stained-glass arch that reaches the ceiling. Women worshippers sit in an upstairs gallery. The synagogue contains a number of [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]], along with silver-cased [[Sefer (Hebrew)|sefarim]] (religious books) belonging to the Sassoon family. On the ground floor, there are meeting and school rooms, and a [[mikveh]] (immersion pool).<ref name=Mumbai/> The staircase, windows, timber balconies, ceiling, walls, and roof are in need of restoration.<ref name=wmf.org />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Candle lighting at a synagogue in Mumbai.jpg|Lighting a candle in the synagogue, 2026
Synagogue inside.jpg|Interior view
Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue, Interior 4.jpg|[[Bema]] of the synagogue
Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue, Interior, Tora Cases.jpg|[[Sefer Torah|Torah]] cases
Knesset Eliyahoo, Mumbai.jpg|The synagogue exterior after restoration in 2019
Knesset Eliyahoo 2019.jpg|The synagogue exterior
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue}}
* {{cite web |url=https://synagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il/gallery/kneseth-elyahoo/ |title=Kneset Eliyahoo |work=Synagogues360 |date=2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |format=moving panoramic images of the synagogue interior }}
* {{cite web |url=https://cja.huji.ac.il/browser.php?mode=set&id=30444 |title=Kneset Eliyahoo Synagogue in Bombay (Mumbai), India |work=The Bezalel Narkiss Index of Jewish Art |publisher=[[Center for Jewish Art]], [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] |date=n.d. |access-date=14 November 2024 |format=images of the synagogue }}
* {{cite web |title=Mumbaiwale: Agog over a synagogue |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-agog-over-a-synagogue/story-m5WBgqHzP23iatUxumJZNN.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 February 2019}}

{{Synagogues in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1884 establishments in India]]
[[Category:19th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:19th-century synagogues in Asia]]
[[Category:2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]
[[Category:Neoclassical synagogues]]
[[Category:Sassoon family|+]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sephardi synagogues in India]]
[[Category:Synagogues completed in 1884]]
[[Category:Victorian architecture in Asia]]
[[Category:Victorian synagogues]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Maharashtra]]

Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)

2026-04-22T11:14:53Z

FranklynDavitt2: stub

{{short description|1969 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Poova Thalaiya
| image = Poova Thalaiya (1969 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = [[Arangannal|Rama. Arangakannal]]
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Nagesh]] [[S. Varalakshmi]] [[Rajasree]] [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Arul Films
| released = {{Film date|1969|05|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Poova Thalaiya''''' ({{translation|Heads or Tails?}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Nagesh]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[Rajasree]] and [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]]. It was released on 10 May 1969. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Bomma Borusa]],'' in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Balapareekshanam]]'' and in [[Kannada]] as ''Balondu Uyyale''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2019 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள் : 3 மொழிகளில் ரீமேக் ஆன பூவா தலையா? |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=79765 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623101207/https://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=79765 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was also an influence on the 2000 Tamil film ''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 May 2000 |title=Film Review: Kandha Kadamba Kadhir-Vela |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-kandha-kadamba-kadhir-vela/article28015717.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302042515/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-kandha-kadamba-kadhir-vela/article28015717.ece |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2021}}
Ganesan is a widower and Parvathamma is his mother-in-law. Shankar is the younger brother of Ganesan and he falls in love with Parvathamma's youngest daughter Nirmala. A healthy competition takes place between evil minded Parvathamma and Shankar so as to overthrow one another.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan|Gemini Ganesh]] as Ganesan<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Shankar<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Nagesh<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Parvathamma
* [[Rajasree]] as Raji
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Nirmala
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Nagamma's son
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as the hotel manager
* S. Rama Rao as Indra's father
* J. Balayya
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Indra
* [[Sachu]] as Saraswathy
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Nagamma
* [[S. N. Parvathy|Parvathy]] as Indra's mother
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot at AVM Studios and was produced by [[Arangannal|Rama. Arangakannal]],<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=10 October 2015 |title=Poova Thalaiya (1969) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/tamil-film-poova-thalaya/article7747085.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305232542/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/tamil-film-poova-thalaya/article7747085.ece |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> then [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Mylapore (constituency)|Mylapore constituency]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poova Thalaiya (1969) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000706 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331012450/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000706 |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=7 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The title song is set to the raga [[Mohanam]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=154}} and "Maduraiyil Parandha" is set to [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=14 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey: Kinetic Kalyani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020184028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Adi Sarithan Podi" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:50
|-
| "Madhurayil Parantha" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:58
|-
| "Paladai Meni" || [[P. Susheela]], L. R. Eswari || 04:28
|-
| "Poda Chonnal Pottu" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], A. L. Raghavan || 05:43
|-
| "Poova Thalaiya" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 04:21
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Poova Thalaiya'' was released on 10 May 1969.<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=18 May 2020 |title=கே.பாலசந்தர் சுண்டிவிட்ட 'பூவா தலையா'; 51 வருடமாகியும் இன்னும் 'ஹிட் ஸ்கிரிப்ட்'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/555035-poova-thalaiya-51-years-kb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200518104953/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/156652--3.html |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the film "an all-out attempt at comedy and it succeeds reasonably well", but said Balachander's direction had "not come up with the standard of his previous films".<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 1969 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690517&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0155032}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 comedy films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

T. Palani

2026-04-21T23:12:34Z

FranklynDavitt2: started new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Palani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 June 1953
| other_names =
| birth_place = Ladavaram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| website =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Arcot Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = [[A. M. Sethuraman]]
| successor1 = [[T. R. Gajapathy]]
}}
'''T. Palani''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Arcot Assembly constituency]]. He contested and won the Arcot Assembly constituency in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] on behalf of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1985. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். திசம்பர் 1985. p. 467-469</ref><ref>1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Arcot<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Palani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,222 |percentage=58.96% |change=+10.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Arcot N. Veerasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,509 |percentage=38.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Parasuraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,101 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Malar |party=Independent politician |votes=736 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,713 |percentage=20.00% |change= 17.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,568 |percentage=79.91% |change= 14.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,813 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:08Z

FranklynDavitt2: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajnandgaon
| mla = [[Raman Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Uday Mudliyar]]
| constituency_no = 75
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:211705}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Rajnandgaon''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]] district and is a segment of [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/rajnandgaon.html Elections In]</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Kishorilal Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Thakur Darbar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kishorilal Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Balbir Khanuja
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Lilaram Bhojwani
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Uday Mudliyar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Lilaram Bhojwani
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Uday Mudliyar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Raman Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajnandgaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raman Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,02,499
|percentage = 61.21
|change = {{increase}}9.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Girish Dewangan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,415
|percentage = 34.29
|change = {{decrease}}6.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Makhan Yadav
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,039
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 995
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,084
|percentage = 26.92
|change = {{increase}}16.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 167,463
|percentage = 79.10
|change = {{increase}}0.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Rajnandgaon<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raman Singh]]
|votes = 80,589
|percentage = 51.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Karuna Shukla]]
|votes = 63,656
|percentage = 40.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|candidate = Deepak Yadav
|votes = 1,858
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kailash Shrivastava
|votes = 1,782
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Uday Ratre
|votes = 1,093
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,501
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,933
|percentage = 10.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,120
|percentage = 78.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election2018" /><ref name="election1993">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

===2008===
* [[Raman Singh]] (BJP) : 77,230 votes<ref name="elections2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2008|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref>
* [[Uday Mudliyar]] (INC) : 44,841 votes

==See also==
* [[Rajnandgaon district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rajnandgaon district]]
[[Category:Rajnandgaon]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
{{coord|21.1|81.03|display=title}}

G. Lasya Nanditha

2026-04-15T03:21:10Z

FranklynDavitt2: Adding A Entry Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1986/1987–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Lasya Nanditha
| office = [[Member of the Legislative assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantt.]] (SC)
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end = 23 February 2024
| predecessor = [[G. Sayanna]]
| successor = [[Sri Ganesh (Politician)|Sri Ganesh]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party =
| birth_date = 1986/1987
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|02|23|37|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Patancheruvu|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
}}

'''G. Lasya Nanditha''' (1986/1987 – 23 February 2024) was an Indian politician from Secunderabad, [[Telangana state]]. She was a former corporator from [[Kavadiguda]] (2016)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Deekshith |first=Maddy |date=19 February 2023 |title=BRS Cantonment MLA Sayanna passes away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190223/five-time-cantonment-mla-sayanna-passes-away.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name="Lasya Nanditha — a young politician’s life cut short by tragedy">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Lasya Nanditha — a young politician's life cut short by tragedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lasya-nanditha-a-young-politicians-life-cut-short-by-tragedy/article67877405.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224050709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lasya-nanditha-a-young-politicians-life-cut-short-by-tragedy/article67877405.ece |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and an MLA from [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]].

== Early life and education ==
Nanditha was born to [[G. Sayanna]] and G. Geetha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=29 August 2023 |title=సాయన్న బిడ్డగా ఆశీర్వదించండి.. |url=https://www.ntnews.com/hyderabad/brs-mla-sayanna-daughter-lasya-nanditha-namasthe-telangana-interview-1227934 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN}}</ref> She had two sisters, Namratha and Niveditha.<ref name=":0" /> She completed intermediate, the plus two course in Secunderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=25 August 2023 |title=Lasya Nanditha {{!}} నాయకుడు ఆకాశంలోంచి ఊడిపడడు.. ప్రజల్లోంచి వస్తాడు.. కేసీఆర్‌ అలాంటి నాయకుడే : సాయన్న కూతురు లాస్య నందిత |url=https://www.ntnews.com/success-story/cm-kcr-ticket-for-sayannas-daughter-1222895 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nanditha contested the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] from the [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment constituency]], a reserved constituency for Scheduled Caste community members, and won<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secunderabad Cantt. Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS's Lasya Nanditha Sayanna defeats BJP's Sriganesh. N with 17169 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/secunderabad-cantt-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470984-2023-12-03 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lasya Nanditha Sayanna Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/lasya-nanditha-sayanna-54071-5 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of BRS winning candidates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-elections-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-brs-congress-bjp-aimi-101701566165992.html |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the seat defeating [[Sri Ganesh (politician)|Sri Ganesh]] of the BJP by 17,169 votes. She polled 59,057 votes defeating her nearest BJP rival [[Sri Ganesh (Politician)|N Sri Ganesh]] with a margin of 17,169 votes. Ganesh polled 41,888 votes, Congress nominee G.V. Vennala finished third in the contest with 20,825 votes.<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Secunderabad Cantonment">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Secunderabad Cantonment |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2971.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131638/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2971.htm |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=21 August 2023 |title=Lasya Nanditha: ఎవరీ లాస్య నందిత.. కేసీఆర్ టికెట్ ఇచ్చిన ఈమె రాజకీయాలకు కొత్త కాదు కానీ.. |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/politics/special-story-on-lasya-nanditha-who-got-secunderabad-cantonment-mla-ticket-ssr-1125391.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> Her father, [[G. Sayanna]], was the sitting MLA from [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]] but he died in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2023 |title=Telangana: 5-time Secunderabad Cantt MLA G Sayanna passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-five-time-secunderabad-cantt-mla-g-sayanna-passes-away-8454822/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Nanditha died in a road collision in Hyderabad, on 23 February 2024, at the age of 37.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRS MLA Lasya Nanditha dies in road accident in Telangana; CM, KCR condole death |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bharat-rashtra-samithi-mla-g-lasya-nanditha-dies-in-road-accident-in-telangana/cid/2002392 |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She had suffered serious injuries after her vehicle lost control and collided with the road divider. Nanditha was travelling along with her driver Akash who was driving at the time of accident. She was rushed to a private hospital immediately after the accident but was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-mla-lasya-nandita-died-in-horrific-road-accident-5110540 | title=Telangana MLA Lasya Nandita Dies in Horrific Road Accident }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Telangana Road Accident: BRS MLA Lasya Nanditha Dies In Horrific Car Crash, Cops Say 'Driver May Have....' |url=https://www.news18.com/india/lasya-nanditha-car-xl6-crash-brs-mla-secunderabad-cantonment-death-telangana-road-accident-8789559.html |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who was Lasya Nanditha, BRS MLA killed in Hyderabad car accident?">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=Who was Lasya Nanditha, BRS MLA killed in Hyderabad car accident? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-was-lasya-nanditha-brs-lawmaker-killed-in-road-accident-in-hyderabad-101708659833485.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224045442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-was-lasya-nanditha-brs-lawmaker-killed-in-road-accident-in-hyderabad-101708659833485.html |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MLA Lasya Nanditha killed in road crash in Secunderabad Cantonment area">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=MLA Lasya Nanditha killed in road crash in Secunderabad Cantonment area |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/secunderabad-cantonment-mla-lasya-nanditha-killed-in-road-crash/article67877325.ece |access-date=24 February 2024 |date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224050504/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/secunderabad-cantonment-mla-lasya-nanditha-killed-in-road-crash/article67877325.ece |archive-date=24 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanditha, G. Lasya}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

Dhananjoy Tripura

2026-04-15T02:05:25Z

FranklynDavitt2: Adding Basic Data From Scratch

{{short description|Indian social activist and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhananjoy Tripura
| image = Dananjoy-tripura.jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|09 March 2018]]
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Raima Valley Assembly constituency|Raima Valley]]
| birth_name = Dhananjoy Tripura
| spouse =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tripura]], India
| parents =
| party = [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance|The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance (TIPRA)]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[Assam University]]
}}

'''Dhananjoy Tripura''' is an Indian social activist and politician representing [[Raima Valley Assembly constituency]] in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]. He is the candidate of the IPFT to win a seat in [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] for the party in the state<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5956|title=Manub Assembly Result 2018=2022-12-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-led-ruling-tripura-alliance-loses-another-tribal-mla-8209036/lite/|title=BJP-led ruling Tripura alliance loses another tribal MLA=2022-12-06| date=14 October 2022 }}</ref>

In 2022, Dhanajoy Tripura left IPFT and joined Tipra Motha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/why-modi-wants-bjp-focus-on-tribals-in-poll-bound-tripura-allys-troubles-tipra-mothas-clout/1273329/%3f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220150713/https://theprint.in/politics/why-modi-wants-bjp-focus-on-tribals-in-poll-bound-tripura-allys-troubles-tipra-mothas-clout/1273329/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2022|title=Why Modi wants BJP focus on tribals in poll-bound Tripura — ally's troubles, Tipra Motha's clout=2022-12-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Dhananjoy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura politicians]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Coorg Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-14T03:39:35Z

FranklynDavitt2: Adding A Details Needs Work

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Coorg
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|established = 1951
|abolished = 1957
|reservation = None
|state = [[Coorg State|Coorg]]
|assembly_cons = 18 (all of Coorg State)
|electors = 94,593
}}
'''Coorg Lok Sabha constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the [[Parliament of India]]). It was used in the [[1951 Indian general election|parliamentary election of 1951–1952]]. The constituency elected a single member of the Lok Sabha and was the sole Lok Sabha seat for the [[Coorg State]].<ref name=e2>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_11_51_LS.PDF Constituency Data – Summary]''</ref> As of 1952, the constituency had 94,593 eligible voters.<ref name=e2/>

==1952 election==
In the first elections after the [[independence of India]], two candidates were in the fray in Coorg: [[N. Somana]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] and independent candidate K.T. Uthappa.<ref name=e1951>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |date=2014-10-08 }}''</ref> K.T. Uthappa was a rich planter, former Assistant Commissioner of Coorg and candidate for the group that opposed the merger of Coorg into [[Mysore State]].<ref name="Park1956">{{cite book|author=Richard Leonard Park|title=Reports on the Indian general elections, 1951-52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klA5AQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Popular Book Depot|pages=271–272}}</ref>

63,813 voters participated in the election (67.46% of the eligible voters).<ref name=e2/> N. Somana won the seat, obtaining 38,063 votes (59.65%).<ref name=e1951/>

==Merger with Mysore State==
In 1956 Coorg State merged into Mysore State.<ref name=h>''The Hindu''. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/From-a-princely-State-to-two-Assembly-segments/article15212012.ece From a princely State to two Assembly segments]''</ref> The former state was accorded two seats in the Mysore Legislative Assembly: [[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajpet]] and [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Mercara]].<ref name=h/><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore]''</ref> Both constituencies were included in the [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]], along with six other Assembly constituencies till [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Volume III |publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=401|accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref> Now Coorg (Kodagu) area is a part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]] from [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Election]], covering Virajpet and Madikeri Vidhan Sabha segments.

==Assembly Constituencies==
The following were the constituencies under Coorg Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF COORG|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf|work=Election Commission of India|publisher=eci.nic.in|type=pdf|pages=3–4|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! No. !! style="width:130px" | Constituency !! style="width:180px" | Taluk !! No of Seats
|-
| 1 || Sanivarasanthe || [[Somwarpet]] || 2
|-
| 2 || Somwarpet North || [[Somwarpet]] || 1
|-
| 3 || Somwarpet South || [[Somwarpet]] || 1
|-
| 4 || Fraserpet ([[Kushalnagar]])|| [[Somwarpet]] || 1
|-
| 5 || Sunticoppa || [[Somwarpet]] || 2
|-
| 6 || Mercara Town || [[Madikeri]] || 1
|-
| 7 || Murnad || [[Madikeri]] || 1
|-
| 8 || Mercara Nad || [[Madikeri]] || 1
|-
| 9 || Srimangala Nad || [[Virajpet]] || 2
|-
| 10 || Hudikeri || [[Virajpet]] || 1
|-
| 11 || Berriath Nad (Kuntagrama)<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AND REVENUE|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/District%20Gazetteers/Kodagu%20District%20(English)/1993/Kodagu%20Dist%20Gazetteer%201993%20Chp%2009.pdf|work=Kodagu District Gazetter|publisher=www.karnataka.gov.in|type=pdf|page=506|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AND REVENUE|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/Gazetteer/Publications/District%20Gazetteers/Kodagu%20District%20(English)/1993/Kodagu%20Dist%20Gazetteer%201993%20Chp%2001.pdf|work=Kodagu District Gazetter|publisher=www.karnataka.gov.in|type=pdf|page=6|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AND REVENUE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&q=kuntagrama&pg=PA381|work=Kodagu District Gazetter|year = 2007|publisher=www.karnataka.gov.in|type=pdf|page=381|isbn = 9788180693977|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>|| [[Virajpet]] || 1
|-
| 12 || Ponnampet Nad || [[Virajpet]] || 2
|-
| 13 || Virajpet Town || [[Virajpet]] || 1
|-
| 14 || Virajpet Nad || [[Virajpet]] || 2
|-
| 15 || Ammathi Nad || [[Virajpet]] || 1
|-
| 16 || Siddapur || [[Virajpet]] || 2
|-
| 17 || Napoklu Nad || [[Madikeri]] || 1
|-
| 18 || [[Bhagamandala Nad Assembly constituency|Bhagamandala Nad]] || [[Madikeri]] || 1
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==See also==
* [[Kodagu district]]
* [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.4|75.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Elections in Coorg State]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Kalyanaraman (1979 film)

2026-04-06T10:46:34Z

FranklynDavitt2: Stub...

{{short description|1979 film by G. N. Rangarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kalyanaraman 1979 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. N. Rangarajan]]
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| producer = Meena Panchu Arunachalam
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Sridevi]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = K. R. Ramalingam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|1979|07|6|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalyanaraman''''' is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[G. N. Rangarajan]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]], while [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]], [[Pushpalatha]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and Master Japan Kuppu play supporting roles. It revolves around Kalyanam, a tea estate owner's son who is duped and murdered by a gang trying to seize the property. Kalyanam lives on as a ghost and informs his twin brother Raman, who seeks revenge.

Arunachalam initially wanted to make a film starring Haasan and Rajinikanth, and had the actors' dates ready. The actors did not want to appear in a film together, so it was decided to produce one film for each actor; the film starring Haasan became ''Kalyanaraman''. The film is Rangarajan's directorial debut, and was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under their banner P. A. Art Productions; it was photographed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]] and edited by K. R. Ramalingam. The story was inspired by ''[[Idhu Nijama]]'' (1948) and ''[[Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands]]'' (1976).

''Kalyanaraman'' was released on 6 July 1979 and became a commercial success, running in theatres for 140 days. It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ghazab]]'' (1982) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sriramachandra]]'' (1992). A sequel titled ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]'' was released in 1985.

== Plot ==
Kalyanam is the naïve, infantile son of Chinnadurai, a wealthy tea estate owner. Realising his son would not be able to manage the estate or even take care of himself after his death, Chinnadurai tries to get him married but Kalyanam does not like the prospective bride. Kalyanam is in love with Shenbagam, a woman who works on the estate and is the daughter of Chinnadurai's driver Perumal. Along with his pre-teen friend Kuppu, Kalyanam tries to court Shenbagam but she does not reciprocate his feelings.

The manager of the estate is trying to seize Chinnadurai's wealth and property. He conspires with Perumal and the cook Samipillai, and hires a goon to kill Chinnadurai. On his deathbed, Chinnadurai tells Kalyanam he abandoned his first wife Rajalakshmi and Kalyanam's twin brother Raman in [[Chennai|Madras]], and advises him to go there to evade the malicious employees. Kalyanam reveals this plan to Samipillai, who leaks it to the manager. Samipillai tells Kalyanam he will fetch Raman and Rajalakshmi himself, and hires actors Kittu and Rangamani to pose as them.

Kalyanam overhears the gang gloating on how they duped him and runs to inform the police but the gang corner and murder him. Shenbagam watches the killing and becomes mentally unstable. The gang cuts off the other witness Kuppu's tongue, rendering him mute. The gang try to seize the property but they face difficult legal formalities from the bank. Kalyanam, now a ghost, travels to Madras to locate his brother and mother. He finds Raman and tells him what happened. Rajalakshmi confirms to Raman he had a twin, and he decides to take revenge.

Raman arrives at his late father's estate, and exposes Rangamani and Kittu as frauds. He poses as Kalyanam's ghost and threatens Samipillai, who breaks down, apologises and joins Raman in his crusade. With the help of Kalyanam, Raman restores Shenbagam's sanity, teaches Kuppu to read and write so he can testify. The manager and his gang try to kidnap Rajalakshmi, who had arrived at the estate sometime before, and attack Raman. Kalyanam temporarily enters Raman's body and gives him the power to fight everyone. The manager and his gang are arrested due to Kuppu's testimony. Raman and Shenbagam marry.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Kalyanam and Raman
* [[Sridevi]] as Shenbagam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravamudan |first=Gita |date=27 February 2018 |title=In her South Indian films, Sridevi often out-performed veteran male co-stars like Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/in-her-south-indian-films-sridevi-often-out-performed-veteran-male-co-stars-like-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-4368867.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828190641/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/in-her-south-indian-films-sridevi-often-out-performed-veteran-male-co-stars-like-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-4368867.html |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Samipillai{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as the estate manager{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Kittu{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Chinnadurai{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Perumal{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}

* [[Pushpalatha]] as Rajalakshmi{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Rangamani{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}}
* Master Japan Kuppu as Kuppu<ref name="41 years" />
}}

== Production ==
The producer-writer [[Panchu Arunachalam]] had the dates of [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] ready for a potential film but the actors did not want to appear in the same film so it was decided Arunachalam would produce one film for each actor; the Rajinikanth film became ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]'', and the Haasan film became ''Kalyanaraman''. Arunachalam initially contemplated having [[S. P. Muthuraman]] direct both films but Haasan recommended Muthuraman's assistant [[G. N. Rangarajan]] direct ''Kalyanaraman'', making it his directorial debut.<ref name="41 years" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=17 September 2019 |title=கமலுக்கு ஒரு படம்; ரஜினிக்கு ஒரு படம் - ஒரே கல்லில் இரண்டு மாங்காய்! |trans-title=One film for Kamal; one film for Rajini – One stone, two mangoes! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/516025-kamal-rajini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007055449/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/516025-kamal-rajini.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Kalyanaraman'' was written by Arunachalam and produced by his wife Meena under their banner P. A. Art Productions.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}} The concept of ''Kalyanaraman'' was based on that of the films ''[[Idhu Nijama]]'' (1948) and ''[[Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=4 July 2008 |title=Idhu Nijama 1948 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/idhu-nijama-1948/article3023087.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603055944/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/idhu-nijama-1948/article3023087.ece |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=16 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=16 September 1979 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15523/page/n185/mode/2up |access-date=31 March 2023 |magazine=Sunday |page=57 |language=en |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=7 |issue=17}}</ref> [[Javar Seetharaman]] who wrote dialogues for ''Idhu Nijama'' admitted this.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 October 1979 |title=சினி மசாலா |trans-title=Cine Masala |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-10-28/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=14 March 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Haasan played twin brothers Kalyanam and Raman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2015 |title=கமலும், கதாபாத்திரங்களும் – பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல்! |trans-title=Kamal and his characters – Birthday Special! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/39542/special-report/Kamal-Birthday-Special.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602154026/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/39542/special-report/Kamal-Birthday-Special.htm |archive-date=2 June 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> In preparation for the role of Kalyanam, Haasan had his teeth fashioned by G. Janakiraman, a dentist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=20 October 2012 |title='Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618014621/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=16 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=14 April 2006 |title=Rotary 'vocational excellence' award for 'film star' doctor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rotary-vocational-excellence-award-for-film-star-doctor/article3147324.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603060147/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rotary-vocational-excellence-award-for-film-star-doctor/article3147324.ece |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=16 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The cinematographer was [[N. K. Viswanathan]] and the film was edited by K. R. Ramalingam.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=30}} The film was prominently shot at [[Ooty]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: முதல் 'பார்ட் 2' படம் |trans-title=Flashback: The first 'Part 2' film |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131395 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250729153054/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131395 |archive-date=29 July 2025 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> while a fight sequence was shot at {{convert|300|feet}} high cliff at Coonoor Estate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 1979 |title=300 அடி உயர பாறை மீது கமலஹாசன் சண்டைக் காட்சி |trans-title=Kamal Haasan's fight scene on a 300-foot high cliff |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_223/4.jp2/full/1000,1378/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022535/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_223/4.jp2/full/1000,1378/0/default.jpg |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the music for ''Kalyanaraman'' and the lyrics were written by Panchu Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyanaraman (1979) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000078 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028060356/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000078 |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyanaraman Tamil film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kalyanaraman-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904042420/https://mossymart.com/product/kalyanaraman-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> The song "Kaathal Vanthiruchu" is loosely based on "[[Lady in Black (Uriah Heep song)|Lady in Black]]" by the British band [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Ilayaraja [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-ir.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221114234/http://www.itwofs.com/tamil-ir.html |archive-date=21 February 2026 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]] |language=en}}</ref> "Kathal Deepam" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Natabhairavi]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=134}} "Ninaithaal Inikkum" is set in [[Suddha Dhanyasi]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=149}} and "Malargalil Aadum" is set in [[Shuddha Saveri]].{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=141}} All of the lyrics for the dubbed [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version ''Kalyana Ramudu'' were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyana Ramudu Telugu FIlm EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kalyana-ramudu-telugu-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904042421/https://mossymart.com/product/kalyana-ramudu-telugu-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> "Kaathal Vanthiruchu" was remixed for the film ''[[Vallavan]]'' (<abbr>2006</abbr>), by Ilaiyaraaja's son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=3 June 2006 |title=Vallavan |url=https://milliblog.com/2006/06/03/vallavan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913153611/https://milliblog.com/2006/06/03/vallavan/ |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:59
| title1 = Kathal Deepam
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Ninaithaal Inikkum
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Kaathal Vanthiruchu
| extra3 = Malaysia Vasudevan
| length3 = 4:17
| title4 = Malargalil Aadum
| extra4 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length4 = 4:39
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nene Neeku Pranam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Manasunarege
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Neeke Manasu Ichaa
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 =
| title4 = Edo Ragam
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 =
}}

== Release ==
''Kalyanaraman'' was released on 6 July 1979.<ref name="41 years" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 1979 |title=கல்யாணராமன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_255/4.jp2/full/1000,1362/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250205050209/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_255/4.jp2/full/1000,1362/0/default.jpg |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film was a commercial success and ran in theatres for 140 days.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=31}} In April 1980, when [[DD Chennai|Doordarshan Kendra Madras]] announced it would telecast ''Kalyanaraman'', many people, particularly students, sent them letters asking them not to telecast the film during the examination season. One person telephoned Doordarshan Kendra and announced four bombs had been placed inside the building. The film was telecast according to schedule and the bomb threat was discovered to be a hoax.<ref name="bomb" />

== Critical reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 57 out of 100, and in particular praised Haasan's performance, Viswanathan's cinematography and Rangarajan's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 July 1979 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: கல்யாணராமன் |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Kalyanaraman'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/43527--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406104547/https://ibb.co/Z1mmfS4H |archive-date=6 April 2026 |access-date=10 April 2024 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Piousji, writing for the magazine ''Sunday'', said; "As the dim-wit Kalyanam, [Kamal Haasan] was superb".<ref name="bomb" /> Kaushikan, writing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', appreciated the film for its story and the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கௌசிகன் |date=29 July 1979 |title=கல்யாணராமன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-07-29/page/n61/mode/2up |access-date=14 March 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Anna'' appreciated Rangarajan's direction and said Haasan was well utilised, calling ''Kalyanaraman'' a worthy entertainer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 1979 |title=கல்யாண ராமன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_265/3.jp2/full/1000,1366/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916121652/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_3_265/3.jp2/full/1000,1366/0/default.jpg |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Following the success of ''Kalyanaraman'', Rangarajan directed Haasan in four more films; ''[[Meendum Kokila]]'' (1981), ''[[Kadal Meengal]]'' (1981), ''[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]'' (1981) and ''[[Maharasan]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan mourns the death of Tamil filmmaker GN Rangarajan: I have lost a brother |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-mourns-the-death-of-tamil-filmmaker-gn-rangarajan-7343727/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604080911/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamal-haasan-mourns-the-death-of-tamil-filmmaker-gn-rangarajan-7343727/ |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> According to film historian [[G. Dhananjayan]], ''Kalyanaraman'' established the [[comedy horror]] genre in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=19 July 2016 |title=Success formula: LOL with fear |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/success-formula-lol-with-fear/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011114353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/success-formula-lol-with-fear/ |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In 1982, the film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ghazab]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title=Kamal Haasan Birthday Special: 7 Awesome Films Where the Ulaganayagan Entertained Us in Multiple Avatars |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/kamal-haasan-birthday-special-7-awesome-films-where-the-ulaganayagan-entertained-us-in-multiple-avatars |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112500/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/kamal-haasan-birthday-special-7-awesome-films-where-the-ulaganayagan-entertained-us-in-multiple-avatars |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[ZEE5]] |language=en}}</ref> and in 1992 in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sriramachandra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=5 Times Kamal Classics Remade In Kannada Cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/5-kamal-classics-remade-in-kannada-cinema/photostory/95357985.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331060542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/5-kamal-classics-remade-in-kannada-cinema/photostory/95357985.cms |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Six years after the release of ''Kalyanaraman'', a sequel titled ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]'' was made in 1985; it was the first sequel in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2012 |title=Kollywood's franchise factory opens |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-s-franchise-factory-opens-news-tamil-mfzfiKjchch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315063214/http://www.sify.com/movies/kollywood-s-franchise-factory-opens-news-tamil-mfzfiKjchch.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=16 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=12 May 2017 |title=Buying a pirated CD is anti-national: Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-on-baahubali-vishwaroopam-2-and-more/article18435263.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603055012/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-on-baahubali-vishwaroopam-2-and-more/article18435263.ece |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="41 years">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 July 2020 |title='ஆஹா வந்துருச்சு ஆசையில் ஓடிவந்தேன்' ; - 'கல்யாண ராமன்' வெளியாகி 41 ஆண்டுகள் |trans-title='I fell in love and came running in ecstasy' ;- 41 years since ''Kalyanaraman''{{'}}s release |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/563147-kalyanaraman41years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030192534/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/563147-kalyanaraman41years.html |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=4 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="bomb">{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=20 April 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12100/page/n209/mode/2up |access-date=31 March 2023 |magazine=Sunday |page=47 |language=en |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=7 |issue=42}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |language=en |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{G. N. Rangarajan}}

[[Category:1970s ghost films]]
[[Category:1970s supernatural comedy films]]
[[Category:1970s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:1979 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:1979 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. N. Rangarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Thambi Arjuna

2026-04-06T02:06:07Z

FranklynDavitt2: started data

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thambi Arjuna
| image =
| caption =
| director = Vijay R. Anand
| producer = G. M. Balaji Manisha Khan
| writer = Vijay R. Anand
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]|[[Firose Khan|Feroz Khan]]|[[Ashima Bhalla]]}}
| music = [[Dhina]]
| cinematography = Madhavraj Datar
| editing = S. P. Ahamed
| distributor =
| studio = Angel Film International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|07|30}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thambi Arjuna''''' ({{translation|Younger Brother Arjuna}}) is a 2010 [[Tamil-language]] [[action film]] directed by Vijay R. Anand. The film stars [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], newcomer [[Firose Khan|Feroz Khan]] and [[Ashima Bhalla]], with [[Arun Pandian]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], newcomer Sharmila, [[Bala Singh]] and [[Rajendran]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 30 July 2010.
It was dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Bhai Arjuna''.

==Plot==

Arjuna, who studies [[aeronautical engineering]] in Australia, returns to [[Chennai]] after a two-year absence and reminisces about the events that had led him to leave the country.

Arjuna and his elder brother Dharma were orphans who were brought up by the rowdy Mani. Dharma did not want his brother Arjuna to follow in his footsteps and made his brother study aeronautical engineering. Dharma then left Mani's gang and became a powerful don. Arjuna was in love with Radhika, the daughter of [[Police Commissioner]] Vedagiri. Radhika also fell in love with him, but when she learned of his brother's profession, she felt pessimistic. To fulfil his brother's wish, Dharma requested Vedagiri to give his daughter in marriage to his brother, but Vedagiri humiliated Dharma and beat him up with his shoe. An angry Arjuna beat Vedagiri in turn with his shoe in front of Radhika and told him that he did not want to marry Radhika anymore. After this incident, Arjuna went back to Australia, and Dharma left his don life. Dharma surrendered himself to the government, and he was thus leading a peaceful life.

Back to the present, Mani sequesters Dharma and requests Arjuna to save Radhika who was abducted by a tribe, and in return, Mani promises to release his brother. Mani is in fact following Vedagiri's instruction. Arjuna then saves Radhika, who is still in love with him, but Vedagiri cannot forget the humiliation and wants to take revenge on Dharma and Arjuna. The [[Chief Minister]] gives free rein to the police to end rowdyism and orders to [[Encounter killings by police|encounter]] all the rowdies, including the reformed don Dharma. The police shot all the rowdies, including Mani and Dharma's right-hand man Kaaka. The film ends with Dharma and Vedagiri shooting each other to death.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Arjuna
*[[Firose Khan|Feroz Khan]] as Dharma
*[[Ashima Bhalla]] as Radhika
*[[Arun Pandian]] as Chief Minister
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Vedagiri, Radhika's father
*Sharmila as D. Bhuvana
*[[Rajendran]] as Mani
*[[Bala Singh]] as Kaaka
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Radhika's mother
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Manohar
*[[Yuvarani]]
*Usha Elizabeth
*Nadhisha as Fardeena
*Master Parthiban as D. Karthik
*Master Arif as Ashok
{{colend}}

==Production==
The director, Vijay R. Anand, has worked in the industry for fifteen years. [[Firose Khan|Feroz Khan]] signed to play the [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]'s brother, Suman played a tough policeman while [[Ashima Bhalla]] was chosen to play the heroine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Dec/22/war-for-love-115061.html|title=War for love|date=22 December 2009|access-date=12 February 2026|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> During the shooting of the climax, a freak fire accident caused severe injuries and burns to the heroine Ashima Bhalla. The scene required her to be surrounded by fire and kerosene was poured around her accordingly. But suddenly due to a freak accident, the fire caught up with her and her legs were completely burned. She was then taken to the hospital immediately.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-gets-burn-injuries-on-thambi-arjuna-sets-news-tamil-kkfqFnbbadesi.html|title=Actor gets burn injuries on Thambi Arjuna sets|date=11 April 2010|accessdate=15 March 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Thambi Arjuna
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Dhina]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 April 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:58
| label =
| producer = [[Dhina]]
| prev_title = [[Pa. Ra. Palanisamy]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Gowravargal]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Dhina]]. The soundtrack features 6 tracks with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Yugabharathi]] and Uma Subramaniam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Thambi+Arjuna+(2010)|title=Thambi Arjuna (2010) - Dhina|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Thambi-Arjuna-songs-T0004317|title=Thambi Arjuna Songs|accessdate=15 March 2019|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hajarea Hajarea
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Fardeen Khan, [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 = 4:44
| title2 = Mazhai Megam Mazhai
| extra2 = [[Unni Menon]], Prasanna, [[Dhina]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Puligal Konjam
| extra3 = [[Aabavanan]], Dhina
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length3 = 5:09
| title4 = Nalla Mazhai
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Neeye Neeye
| extra5 =Rita, [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| lyrics5 = Uma Subramaniam
| length5 = 4:20
| title6 = Puligal Konjam
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Dhina
| lyrics6 = Yugabharathi
| length6 = 5:09
}}

==Critical reception==

[[The New Indian Express]] said, "The first half had a tangible script to back all the sound and fury of the musical score. There are some ably choreographed chase scenes [..] In the latter part, the situations loose out on conviction, the logic lop-sides and the motivation and behaviour of the characters are confusing".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/aug/02/thambi-arjuna-174728.html|title=Thambi Arjuna|date=2 August 2010|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "the director has gone wrong with the measure of essential cinematic ingredients".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Stale-saga-of-revenge/article16214390.ece|title=Stale saga of revenge|date=29 July 2010|accessdate=15 March 2019|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|8209378|Thambi Arjuna}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 action films]]

Vachaspati Mishra Dih

2026-04-05T12:47:39Z

FranklynDavitt2: started a entry

{{Short description|Residence of the Indian philosopher Vachaspati Mishra}}
{{Infobox monastery
| name = Vachaspati Mishra Dih
| native_name = वाचस्पति मिश्र डीह
| other_names = Vachaspati Dih
| dedication = [[Bhamati]], [[Tattvabindu]]
| country = India
| heritage_designation = [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| celebration = Vachaspati Smriti Parva
| founder = [[Vachaspati Mishra]]
| location = Naiyayika Tol, Thadi village, Andhra Tharhi Block, [[Madhubani district]], [[Mithila region]], [[Bihar]]
| people = [[Bhamati]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.3790003|N|86.3335688|E}}
| coord =
}}
'''Vachaspati Mishra''' '''Dih''' ( '''[[Maithili language|Maithili]]''': ''वाचस्पति मिश्र डीह'' ) is a historical site, a ''[[Dih (archaeology)|Dih]]'' (archaelogical mound) at the birthplace of the Indian philosopher [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] at ''Thadi'' village of [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Sahadeva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-EYAAAAIAAJ |title=Vācaspati Miśra |date=1984 |publisher=Maithilī Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] was an Indian philosopher and commentator of the six schools of [[Indian philosophy|Indian Philosophy]] during 9th-10th century. His commentary is known as ''Bhamati''. He wrote eight books including the world famous Bhamati commentary on [[Nyaya]] [[Vedanta]], [[Samkhya|Sankhya]], [[Yoga]] and [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]]. His main treatise is ''[[Tattvabindu|Tattavabindu]]''. He was born in Thadi village of [[Andhra Tharhi|Andhratharhi]] block in [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPc5AAAAIAAJ |title=Viśvamanīṣā |date=1981 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃha-Darabhaṅgā-Saṃskr̥taviśvavidyālayaḥ |language=sa}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[Shankaracharya]] [[Nischalananda Saraswati]] of [[Puri]] visited the birthplace of [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] at ''Thadhi'' some years ago. He then inspired the villagers to build a monument here to keep the memory of [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] alive. Due to his inspiration the villagers installed a statue of Pandit Vachaspati Mishra in the campus of the ''Vachaspati Mishra Dih''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhubani News: इस साल अब तक नहीं हो सका राजकीय वाचस्पति स्मृति पर्व समारोह, आयोजन को लेकर संशय - State Vachaspati Memorial Festival could not be held this year, doubts about the event |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-state-vachaspati-memorial-festival-could-not-be-held-this-year-doubts-about-the-event-23078867.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Similarly a library was established there. The library building was constructed in the year 2012. There is a pond called as ''Mishrayan Pokhair'' near the ''Dih''. In 2019, the Department of Arts, Culture and Youth of [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]] had announced to celebrate two-day State ''Vachaspati Smriti Parva''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजकीय वाचस्पति स्मृति पर्व समारोह की सभी तैयारी पूरी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-all-the-preparations-of-the-government-vachaspati-memorial-gala-festival-are-completed-19035438.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The [[Brahmin]]s of the village have a tradition of starting their children's letters with the soil of the ground at the ''Dih''.

=== Story of his commentary 'Bhamati' ===
According to legend, it is said that he was married in his childhood. After completing his studies he came to home and asked permission with his mother to write commentary on the [[Indian philosophy]]. After that he became absorbed in writing the commentary and forgot his worldly life. After few years her mother become old, so she brought her daughter in law for her assistance. Few years later his mother died, then his wife took the responsibility of house. His wife remained absorbed in his service. It is said that [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] was so absorbed in his literary works that he never noticed who was servicing him. Once after 30 years in an evening when oil of his study lamp ran out at the time completion of his works, then his wife quickly poured oil into the lamp and lit up for lighting. It is said that [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] saw a woman standing in front of him, but could not recognize her.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOxQAAAAYAAJ |title=Śrī Hari kathā |date=1988 |publisher=Surendra Agravāla |language=hi}}</ref>

Vachaspati Mishra asked to his wife,

{{Blockquote|text="O Goddess, who are you?"}}

His wife replied with bowing her eyes

{{Blockquote|text="O God, I am your wife is it?” “My name is Bhamati.”}}

It is said that Vachaspati Mishra became impressed by her sacrifice and service and he immediately picked up his pen and wrote his book named ''[[Bhamati Tika|Bhamati]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गजब, 30 साल पति की सेवा करती रही, पति ने पूछा तुम कौन हो देवी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/spirituality/motivational-stories/know-the-story-of-vachaspati-mishra-bhamti-grantha/articleshow/91021917.cms |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Sanu Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FexxEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9 |title=Swarnim Mithila: Mithila varnan (hindi) Dharmik, Aitihasik darshan |date=2022-05-31 |publisher=OrangeBooks Publication |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]

James Kwame Rajamani

2026-04-05T01:29:40Z

FranklynDavitt2: Done...

{{Short description|Indo-Ghanaian business executive}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Kwame Rajamani
| image = James Kwame Rajamani 1 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rajamani in 2022
| birth_name = James Gnanaraj Rajamani
| other_names = James Kwame Rajamani
| birth_place = [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[Ghana]]ian
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]], [[business executive]]
| organization = Kingdom Exim Group
| known_for = Chairman of [[India Africa Trade Council]] and his philanthropy works
| title = Executive Chairman
| honours = Honorary Rotarian, Nalag Patron
| website = {{URL|james.rajamani.me}}
}}

'''James Gnanaraj Rajamani''' (also known as '''James Kwame Rajamani''') is an [[India]]n-born [[Ghana]]ian [[business executive]] and philanthropist.<ref name="JoyOnlineDoc">{{Cite web |title=Kingdom Exim Group CEO, MD awarded honorary doctorates |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kingdom-exim-group-ceo-md-awarded-honorary-doctorates/ |website=MyJoyOnline |access-date=2026-02-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the co-founder and Executive Chairman of the Kingdom Exim Group, a conglomerate with interests in agriculture, shipping, logistics, and engineering.

In 2021, he was appointed as the Chairman of the [[India Africa Trade Council|India-Africa Trade Council]] (IATC) for Central and West Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Admin |date=2021-07-23 |title=India Africa Trade Council appoints Chief Executive Officer |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/india-africa-trade-council-appoints-chief-executive-officer/ |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2026-02-10|newspaper=[[Ghanaian Times]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rajamani was born in [[Thoothukudi]] (Tuticorin), a port city in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. He began his career as an electrical engineer in India, working on projects within Tamil Nadu, before moving to [[Mauritius]] to work as an engineering supervisor.

In 2005, Rajamani relocated to [[Ghana]], originally taking a position as a maintenance engineer. He later established Kingdom Exim Ghana Limited, which focused on purchasing and exporting scrap metals and [[Agribusiness|agro-commodities]]. He eventually naturalized as a Ghanaian citizen.

== Career ==

=== Kingdom Exim Group ===
In 2008, Rajamani co-founded Kingdom Exim Ghana Limited. The company initially focused on the trade of agricultural commodities such as [[cashew]] nuts, [[shea nut]]s, and [[soybean]]s. It later expanded into a diversified conglomerate, the Kingdom Exim Group of Companies (KEGC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Kingdom Exim Ghana wins 5 top awards |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/12/kingdom-exim-ghana-wins-5-top-awards/ |website=Citi Newsroom |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref> By 2020, reports indicated the company had invested approximately $25 million into the Ghanaian cashew industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cashew Trade Gets US15-million Dollar Boost |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1039860/cashew-trade-gets-us15-million-dollar-boost.html |website=Modern Ghana |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>

The group operates subsidiaries across various sectors, including:
* Agro-commodities: Kingdom Agric
* Shipping & Logistics: Basileia Shipping and Logistics
* Engineering: Kings Engineering and Construction
* Technology: Kingdom Technologies
* Consultancy: Kingdom Biz Avenue
* Manufacturing: Big Stars Animal Feed

=== India-Africa Trade Council ===
In 2021, Rajamani was appointed as the Chairman of the [[India Africa Trade Council|India-Africa Trade Council]] (IATC) for the Central and West African region. In this role, he facilitates trade relations between business entities in India and the West African sub-region, with a focus on agriculture and technology transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingdom Exim Group, IATC welcome top international investors |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kingdom-exim-group-iatc-welcome-top-international-investors/ |website=MyJoyOnline |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-03 |title=Ghana opens doors to Tamil Nadu industrialists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ghana-opens-doors-to-tn-industrialists/articleshow/99199420.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Rajamani was awarded African Governance & Corporate Leadership (2016), the Ghana Business Awards (2018–23), and Presidents Exporter of the year(2015–24).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-23 |title=Kingdom Exim wins big at National Governance & Leadership Awards |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/kingdom-exim-wins-big-at-national-governance-leadership-awards.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2026-03-05 |newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Rajamani organizes philanthropic activities through the Kingdom Exim Group's [[Corporate social responsibility|Corporate Social Responsibility]] (CSR) initiatives.

* ''National Farmers Day:'' In December 2022, the company donated GH¢500,000 to the [[Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Ghana)|Ministry of Food and Agriculture]] to support the 38th National Farmers Day celebration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Kingdom Exim group supports Farmers' Day with GH₵500,000 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/12/kingdom-exim-group-supports-farmers-day-with-gh%e2%82%b5500000/ |website=Citi Newsroom |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Etefe |first=Juliet |date=2022-12-08 |title=Kingdom Exim Group takes centre-stage at 38th Farmers' Day Celebration |url=https://thebftonline.com/2022/12/08/kingdom-exim-group-takes-centre-stage-at-38th-farmers-day-celebration/ |location=Accra, Ghana|newspaper=[[Business and Financial Times]]|access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>
* ''COVID-19 Response:'' During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana]], Rajamani donated Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), food, and sanitation supplies to the [[Tema East (Ghana parliament constituency)|Tema East Constituency]], the Techiman North District, and the [[Tema Metropolitan District|Tema Metropolitan Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pl8uYCeWDPg |title=COVID-19 Pandemic: Kingdom Exim group donates relief items |date=2020-09-14 |publisher=JoyNews |access-date=2026-02-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingdom Exim: A Ghanaian company fighting Covid-19 from its own resources |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kingdom-exim-a-ghanaian-company-that-is-silently-fighting-covid-19-from-its-own-resources/ |website=MyJoyOnline |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>
* ''Community Support:'' He has funded scholarships for students in the Tema region and donated equipment to the Green Ghana Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingdom Exim Group awarded TMA Mayor's Excellence Award |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kingdom-exim-group-awarded-tma-mayors-excellence-award/ |website=MyJoyOnline |access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-23 |title=TMA enacts bye-law to promote green environment |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/tma-enacts-bye-law-to-promote-green-environment.html |location=Accra, Ghana|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajamani, James}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghanaian business executives]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ghanaian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yash Pal

2026-03-31T20:38:52Z

FranklynDavitt2: started details

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1926–2017)}}
{{for|the revolutionary and author|Yashpal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yash Pal
| image = Prof. Yash Pal.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Prof. Yash Pal at the inauguration of the IUCAA Girawali Observatory in 2006
| birth_name = Yash Pal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Jhang]], [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|07|24|1926|11|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[Physics]], [[Astrophysics]]
| workplaces = [[TIFR, Mumbai]], [[Space Applications Centre]], Ahmedabad, [[University Grants Commission (India)]]
| alma_mater =
* [[University of the Punjab]]
* [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
* [[MIT]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Bruno Rossi]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Space science, Education, Television anchor, Public Outreach
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] {{small|(2013)}} [[Padma Bhushan]] {{small|(1976)}} [[Marconi Prize]] {{small|(1980)}} [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award]] [[Kalinga Prize|Kalinga Award]] {{small|(2009)}}
| signature =
| footnotes = 
| religion =
}}
'''Yash Pal ''' (26 November 1926 – 24 July 2017) was an Indian scientist, educator and educationist. He was known for his contributions to the study of cosmic rays, as well as for being an institution-builder. In his later years, he became one of the leading science communicators of the country.

Starting his career at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), he later remained Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] from 1986 to 1991. In 2013, he was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Vibhushan]].

== Early life ==
Yash Pal was born in 1926 in [[Jhang]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]], now in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=eis.iita>{{cite web|title=Prof. Yash Pal|url=http://eis.iiita.ac.in/profile/profyashpal.pdf|access-date=2 April 2013}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The town Jhang was also the place of birth of Yash Pal's contemporary, [[Abdus Salam]], the renowned [[theoretical physicist]] and the only Pakistani Physics [[Nobel laureate]].<ref name="frontline_201708">{{Cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/other/obituary/for-the-love-of-science/article9796443.ece|title=For the love of science|last=JAYAN|first=T. V.|date=2017-08-02|work=Frontline|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en}}</ref>
He had a peaceful life in the town of [[Quetta]] with his parents until the disastrous [[1935 Quetta earthquake]] (the deadliest earthquake in South Asia until 2005 with over 60,000 casualties) when young Yash Pal and his siblings (a brother and a sister) were rescued from beneath the remains of the buildings that were razed down to ground. Since the town was recovering and being rebuilt, he could not attend school for a year.<ref name="frontline_201708" /><ref name="indiatoday_201707">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/yash-pal-dies-scientist-educationist-cosmic-rays-space-research-doordarshan-show-1026158-2017-07-25|title=RIP Yash Pal, the scientist who brought science to the masses|last=Web Desk|first=India Today|date=2017-07-25|work=India Today|access-date=2020-06-16|language=en}}</ref>
He was raised in [[Kaithal district]], [[Haryana]].<ref name="indiatoday_201707" />

===Education===
During 1945–1947, he studied for BSc Honours in Physics at the [[Lahore]] campus of the undivided [[University of the Punjab]], where he also participated in the Students Union at Lahore as a [[student activist]]. As he was entering the final year of BSc in 1947, his studies were disrupted once again due to [[Partition of India|partition]]. He was then visiting Delhi due to his father's job transfer and could not return to Lahore to resume his studies due to the riots that broke out after partition. Eventually, a group of students including Yash Pal and their teachers who had all migrated from Lahore, were able to convert some obsolete [[WW2]] army barracks in Delhi into operational classrooms, supported by [[Daulat Singh Kothari|Prof. D.S. Kothari]] (a professor of physics at [[Delhi University]]) among others.<ref name="frontline_201708"/>

During 1947–1949, he continued his studies in the [[Delhi]] campus of the newly carved up [[Panjab University]]. He received the MSc degree in Physics from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]] in 1949.
Later on, he moved to [[Boston]], [[United States]] to pursue doctoral studies and obtained the [[PhD]] degree in [[Physics]] from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1958.<ref name="CV">''iiasa.ac.at'', [http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/YSP/yssp2006/lecture-bgfiles/CV_Yash_Pal_18nov05.pdf "Yash Pal, CV"], 18 November 2005, retrieved 5 July 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Distinguished Alumni| work = Panjab University Chandigarh| url = http://alumni.puchd.ac.in/distinguished-alumni.php| access-date = 2015-09-08| archive-date = 4 October 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004174538/http://alumni.puchd.ac.in/distinguished-alumni.php| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="ind_express_article_201707">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/yash-pal-dies-at-90-a-philosopher-of-science-he-excelled-in-several-roles-4767269/|title=Yash Pal dies at 90: 'A philosopher of science, he excelled in several roles'|date=2017-07-26|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="frontline_201708"/>

== Career ==
Yash Pal started his career at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), as a member of the Cosmic Rays group. He went to [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] for his [[PhD]] and returned to TIFR, where he remained until 1983.

In 1972, the Government of India set up its [[Department of Space]] and embarked on an independent space programme. Yash Pal took charge as the first Director of the newly set up [[Space Applications Centre]], Ahmedabad, in 1973. At the same time, he continued to be on the faculty of TIFR.

Yash Pal's administrative assignments at the government-level and beyond began with his appointment as the Secretary General of the Second United Nations Conference on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (1981–82). He held the posts of Chief Consultant, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] (1983–84) and Secretary, [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (1984–1986), after which he was appointed chairman, University Grants Commission (UGC) (1986–91).<ref>{{cite news |title=Create new global awareness: Yashpal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/66226.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023021805/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/66226.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 February 2006 |access-date=14 September 2011 }}</ref> During his tenure as UGC chairman, he advocated the setting up of Inter-University Centres funded by the UGC, on the model of the Nuclear Science Centre (now Inter-University Accelerator Centre), New Delhi. Institutions such as the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA) emerged from this vision.

Pal was a member of UN Advisory Committee on Science and Technology for Development, Scientific Council, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste and Executive Committee and United Nations University,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-professor-yash-pal-4765885/|title=Who is Professor Yash Pal?|date=2017-07-25|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> and he was Vice President of International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Indian National Science Academy in the year 1980–1981.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insaindia.res.in/detail/N77-0891|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=2017-07-25|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040503/https://insaindia.res.in/detail/N77-0891|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was the Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (2007-2012).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/renowned-scientist-yash-pal-passes-away/article19357340.ece|title=Renowned scientist Yash Pal passes away|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-25|language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
==== School education ====
Pal's involvement in school education dates back to the early 1970s, with the pathbreaking Hoshangabad Science Teaching Programme.<ref name=hstp>{{cite web|title=HSTP|url=http://eklavya.in/go/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=12&id=52&Itemid=74|publisher=NGO for Children – Eklavya|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707172128/https://eklavya.in/go/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=12&id=52&Itemid=74|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1993, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD), Government of India, set up a National Advisory Committee, with Yash Pal as chairman, to go into the issue of overburdening of school children. The report of the committee, entitled "Learning without Burden", is now regarded as a seminal document in Indian education.

When the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] embarked on the exercise of drawing up the [[National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)|National Curriculum Framework]], Pal was asked to chair its steering committee.<ref name=ncf>{{cite web|title=National Curriculum Framework 2005|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/rightside/links/pdf/framework/english/nf2005.pdf|access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> The Executive Summary of the NCF 2005 document states that the curriculum review exercise was undertaken "in the light of the report, ''Learning Without Burden'' (1993)".<ref name=ncf />

==== Higher education ====
Pal's role as UGC chairman has already been described above.

In 2009, the MHRD set up a Committee on Higher Education with Pal as the chairman, for examining reform of higher education in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yashpal committee suggests new apex body for higher education |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/18/stories/2009061855391100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622073243/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/18/stories/2009061855391100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=14 September 2011 }}</ref> In its report, the Committee laid emphasis on the idea of a university, and advocated a number of major structural changes. However, it is not clear whether the Government intends to take any action on the basis of the report.<ref name=TOI2012>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Binay|title=Prof Yashpal laments non-implementation of report on higher education|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Prof-Yashpal-laments-non-implementation-of-report-on-higher-education/articleshow/16274363.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104085156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-06/varanasi/33648940_1_education-sector-universities-higher-education|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2013|access-date=3 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 September 2012}}</ref>

He submitted a report on "Renovation and Rejuvenation of Higher Education in India" to the Ministry of Human Resource Development on 24 June 2009. He filed the case, ''Prof. Yashpal & Anr vs State of Chhattisgarh & Ors'' in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] against a law, ''Chhattisgarh Niji Kshetra Vishwavidyalaya (Sthapana Aur Viniyaman) Adhiniyam, 2002'' which is used to establish universities without regulatory approvals and necessary infrastructure. He won the case in February 2005 and 112 private universities formed under the said law in Chhattisgarh had to be closed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/564368/|title=Prof. Yashpal & Anr vs State Of Chhattisgarh & Ors on 11 February, 2005|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2017-07-25}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

====Science communication====
Yash Pal is known for regular appearances on the science programme ''[[Turning Point (Doordarshan)|Turning Point]]'' telecast on ''[[Doordarshan]]'' and for explaining scientific concepts in layman's language,<ref>''vigyanprasar.gov.in'', [http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/Publication/newarrivals.asp Vigyan Praser Publications – New Arrivals"] (synopsis of a short biography), retrieved 5 July 2008</ref> along with participation on advisory boards for televised science programmes such as ''Bharat ki Chaap''.<ref name="CV"/>

For the English daily ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', he answered readers' science-related questions.

==Death==
He died due to old age related illnesses on 24 July 2017 in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Renowned Indian scientist Professor Yash Pal dead|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-scientist-professor-yash-pal-dead-4765884/|access-date=25 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

==Views==
He was an atheist, and opposed belief in deities, astrology and religious rituals, dismissing them as unscientific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://researchmatters.in/shots/fond-memory-those-we-lost-2017-dr-yash-pal|title=In fond memory of those we lost in 2017 : Dr. Yash Pal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312122428/https://researchmatters.in/shots/fond-memory-those-we-lost-2017-dr-yash-pal|archive-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Astrology-is-a-science-Bombay-HC/articleshow/7418795.cms|title=Astrology is a science: Bombay HC}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Prof. Yash Pal at the Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 05, 2013.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Prof. Yash Pal at the Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 05, 2013]]
In 1976, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] awarded Pal the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his contribution to science and space technology.<ref name="CV"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|pages=61, 168|quote=Prof. Yash Pal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}} ()</ref> A fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]],
Pal was made a [[Marconi Prize|Marconi Fellow]] in 1980 for his work at the [[Space Applications Centre]] in [[Ahmedabad, India|Ahmedabad]].<ref>''marconisociety.org'', [http://www.marconisociety.org/fellows_pal.html "The Marconi Fellows – Yash Pal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613150933/http://marconisociety.org/fellows_pal.html |date=13 June 2008 }}, retrieved 5 July 2008</ref> In 2009, he received the Kalinga Prize, awarded by [[UNESCO]] for the popularisation of science.<ref name=hindu2009>{{cite news|title=Yash Pal selected for Kalinga Prize|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/04/stories/2009100453950300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081334/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/04/stories/2009100453950300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|access-date=12 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Kalinga-winners: List of Laureates |work=UNESCO| url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-focus/science-popularization/prizes/kalinga-prize/kalinga-winners/ | access-date = 2015-09-08 }}</ref> In October 2011 he was also awarded the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award]] for excellence in public administration, academics and management.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/yash-pal-honoured-with-lal-bahadur-shastri-national-award/862643.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111018230031/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/yash-pal-honoured-with-lal-bahadur-shastri-national-award/862643.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 18 October 2011 |title=Yash Pal honoured with Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award, IBN Live News |work=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref>

He was the Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]] from March 2007 to March 2012.

Pal was honoured with the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1976) and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2013), the third and second highest Indian civilian honours.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 29 January 2013 |access-date= 29 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Pal received the Indira Gandhi Prize for Popularization of Science (2000) and the Meghnad Saha Medal (2006) for his outstanding contribution to science.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#abs|title=INSA :: Awards Recipients|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=2017-07-25|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804132620/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#abs|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Yash%20Pal_committe_report_lwb.pdf teindia.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712192810/http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Yash%20Pal_committe_report_lwb.pdf |date=12 July 2017 }}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Yash}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:People from Kaithal district]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:MIT School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Indian space scientists]]
[[Category:Indian science communicators]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Kalinga Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]

2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-30T08:25:12Z

FranklynDavitt2: Created A Entry Basic Info!

{{Short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = yes
| vote_type = party
| opinion_polls = 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election#Opinion polls
| previous_election = 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2021
| registered = 56,707,380 ({{decrease}} 9.91%)<ref name="final voter list"/>
| turnout =
| next_election =
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = 23 April 2026
| seats_for_election = All 234 elected seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 118
| map_image = File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Tamil Nadu.svg
| map_caption = Map of the assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu
| outgoing_members = 16th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| image1 = 

{{CSS image crop|Image=The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=12|oTop=8}}
| leader1 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| leader_since1 = 2018
| alliance1 = Secular Progressive Alliance
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| leaders_seat1 = [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
| last_election1 = 37.70%, 133 seats
| alliance_seats1 =
| seats_before1 = 133
| seats_needed1 = {{steady}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Palanisamy.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| leader_since2 = 2017
| alliance2 = AIADMK-led Alliance
| party2 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| leaders_seat2 = [[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
| last_election2 = 33.29%, 66 seats
| Alliance_Seats2 =
| seats_before2 = 60
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}} 58
| 1blank = Current Alliance seats
| 1data1 = 158
| 1data2 = 67
| 2blank = Alliance seats needed
| 2data1 = {{steady}}
| 2data2 = {{increase}} 51
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 =
| 3data2 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| before_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election =
| after_party =
| elected_members = 17th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
}}

Legislative Assembly elections are scheduled to be held in [[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] on [[2026 elections in India|23 April 2026]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234 members]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. The votes will be counted and the results will be declared on 4 May 2026.

== Background ==
Elections to a [[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislative assemblies]] in India are usually held once in five years, and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|members of the legislative assembly]] are directly elected to serve five year terms from [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]]. The [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|previous assembly elections]] were held in April 2021 to elect the 234 members of the [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly]], and the tenure of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|assembly]] ends on 10 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Term of the Houses |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807185225/https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses |archive-date=7 August 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref> In the previous election, the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] (SPA) formed the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] after winning 159 of the 234 seats, and [[M. K. Stalin]] sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2021 |title=Assembly elections 2021: DMK reclaims power in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/data-assembly-elections-2021-dmk-reclaims-power-in-tamil-nadu/article34490348.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2021 |title=DMK chief MK Stalin takes oath as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-oath-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-cabinet-1799754-2021-05-07 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which won 66 seats, became the principal opposition party and its leader [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] was elected and served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]].<ref>{{cite news|date=10 May 2021|title=Edappadi Palaniswami elected as Leader of Opposition in Tamil Nadu Assembly|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513143613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/10/edappadi-palaniswami-elected-as-leader-of-opposition-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-2300755.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2022, three members–[[O. Panneerselvam]], [[P. H. Manoj Pandian]], and [[R. Vaithilingam]] were expelled from the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK Expels OPS, His Supporters From Party; Defiant Leader Vows Action |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-expels-ops-his-supporters-from-party-defiant-leader-vows-action-3146536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712181227/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-expels-ops-his-supporters-from-party-defiant-leader-vows-action-3146536 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In August 2022, [[P. Ayyappan]] of the AIADMK also joined the expelled faction.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2022 |title=Usilampatti MLA switches over to Panneerselvam camp |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/usilampatti-mla-switches-over-to-panneerselvam-camp/article65819191.ece |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[K. A. Sengottaiyan]] was expelled from AIADMK in October 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jesudasan |first=Dennis S. |date=31 October 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu MLA Sengottaiyan expelled from AIADMK a day after his meeting with Panneerselvam, Dhinakaran, Sasikala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-mla-ka-sengottaiyan-expelled-from-aiadmk-a-day-after-meeting-ops-dhinakaran-sasikala/article70225526.ece |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and subsequently resigned from his position as a member of the assembly in November 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2025 |title=Expelled AIADMK veteran Sengottaiyan joins Vijay's TVK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ka-sengottaiyan-former-tn-minister-expelled-from-aiadmk-joins-tvk/article70329096.ece |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Manoj Pandian resigned as a member of the assembly in November 2025 and joined the DMK,<ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2025 |title=AIADMK MLA Manoj Pandian joins DMK, resigns as MLA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-mla-manoj-pandian-joins-dmk-resigns-as-mla/articleshow/125095599.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with Vaithilingam following suit in January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Former AIADMK Minister R. Vaithilingam joins DMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/r-vaithilingam-resigns-aiadmk-dmk-january-21-2026/article70532054.ece |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In late 2025, the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) split into two factions, with three members expressing support to [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] and two members supporting [[S. Ramadoss]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2025 |title=MLAs protest at Secretariat over PMK leadership dispute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/mlas-protest-at-secretariat-over-pmk-leadership-dispute/articleshow/124561053.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2025 |title=Anbumani seeks replacement of G K Mani as party floor leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/anbumani-seeks-replacement-of-g-k-mani-as-party-floor-leader/articleshow/124131189.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After Anbumani was recognised as the official leader of the PMK, Ramadoss formed a [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss faction)|splinter faction]] of the PMK.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2025 |title=EC recognises Anbumani as PMK president; Ramadoss camp calls it a unilateral decision |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ec-recognises-anbumani-as-pmk-president-ramadoss-camp-calls-it-a-unilateral-decision/articleshow/123908124.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Two members–[[T. K. Amulkandasami]] (AIADMK) and [[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]] (DMK) died on 21 June 2025 and 23 October 2025 respectively.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2025|title=Valparai AIADMK MLA Amul Kandasamy passes away at 60 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/valparai-aiadmk-mla-amul-kandasamy-passes-away-at-60/article69721031.ece |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu: Senthamangalam DMK MLA K. Ponnusamy passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/senthamangalam-dmk-mla-k-ponnusamy-passes-away/article70192532.ece |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 27 February 2026, Pannerselvam and Ayyappan resigned from the assembly and joined the DMK.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu: OPS and Ayyappan joined DMK|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-tamil-nadu-cm-o-panneerselvam-to-join-dmk-the-hindu-live-updates/article70682462.ece/|access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Composition of the assembly
! colspan="3" | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]] result
! colspan="3"| As on 27 February 2026
|-
! colspan="2" | Party !! Seats !! colspan="2" | Party!! Seats
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 133
| {{Party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 133
|-
| {{Party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 66
| {{Party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 60
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 18
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 17
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |5
| {{Party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| align=left|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss faction)|PMK(R)]]
| 2
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 4
| {{Party name with colour|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| 4
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| 2
|-
|
|
|
| {{Party name with colour|Casual vacancy}}
| 7
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! 234
! colspan="2" |-
! 234
|-
|}

==Schedule==


The [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule for the election on 15 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2026: full schedule |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-full-schedule-poll-date-counting-date-nominations-date/article70746432.ece |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Date for Nomination
| 30 March 2026
|-
| Last date for filing nominations
| 6 April 2026
|-
| Scrutiny of nominations
| 7 April 2026
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 9 April 2026
|-
| Date of Poll
| '''23 April 2026'''
|-
| Date of Counting of votes
| '''4 May 2026'''
|-
| Deadline for the completion of election process
| 6 May 2026
|}

==Voter statistics==
According to the [[Election Commission of India]], 56,707,380 voters were eligible to vote in the assembly elections in Tamil Nadu. This includes 27,738,925 male, 28,960,838 female, and 7,617 [[third gender]] voters.<ref name="final voter list">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-23 |title=Tamil Nadu SIR final electoral roll updates: 5.67 crore voters in State after deletion of nearly 70 lakh electors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/final-electoral-roll-tamil-nadu-live-updates-february-23-2026/article70665752.ece |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==
=== Secular Progressive Alliance ===
On 9 March 2024, [[Kamal Haasan]]'s [[Makkal Needhi Maiam]] joined the Secular Progressive Alliance.<ref name="MNM">{{cite news |title=Actor Kamal Haasan's MNM joins DMK-led alliance; allotted one seat for 2025 Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/actor-kamal-haasans-mnm-joins-dmk-led-alliance-allotted-one-seat-for-2025-rajya-sabha-polls-2929362 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Parties which formed part of the DMK-led alliance –[[Indian National Congress]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], and [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], that won all the 39 seats in the state in the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 general election]], remained with the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |title=DMK alliance sweeps Tamil Nadu; trounces AIADMK, BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-dmk-alliance-sweeps-tamil-nadu-trounces-aiadmk-bjp-3052740 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="SPA">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/secular-progressive-alliance-stages-demonstration/article70624672.ece|title=Secular Progressive Alliance stages demonstration|date=12 February 2026|access-date=12 February 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 19 February 2026, the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] joined the DMK-led alliance.<ref name="DMDK">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/dmdk-forms-alliance-with-dmk-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls-aiadmk-objects-9917190.html|title=DMDK Forms Alliance With DMK Ahead Of Tamil Nadu Polls, AIADMK Objects|date=19 February 2026|access-date=19 February 2026|work=[[News 18]]}}</ref> On 24 March 2026, [[Kamal Haasan]]'s [[Makkal Needhi Maiam]] announced that it would not contest election, but still it have been extended its support to [[Secular Progressive Alliance]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/tamilnadu-election-2026/mnm-to-skip-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-extend-unconditional-support-to-dmk-alliance|title=MNM decided not to contest elections in spite it would campaign for DMK-led SPA Alliance Victory|date=24 March 2026|access-date=24 March 2026|work=DT Next}}</ref>. [[Jothimani]], a MP from Karur representing the Indian National Congress, publicly criticized the party’s Tamil Nadu unit over what she described as a lack of transparency in seat-sharing negotiations with the DMK ahead of the state Assembly elections.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/karur-mp-lashes-out-at-tncc-high-command-over-seat-sharing-talks/article70794026.ece|title=Karur MP lashes out at TNCC high command over seat-sharing talks|date=28 March 2026|access-date=28 March 2026|work=The Hindu}}</ref> On 28 March 2026, DMK President and Chief Minister M. K. Stalin released the party's candidate list for the assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly-elections-kerala-assam-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-puducherry-2026-live/article70795253.ece|title=Assembly Elections LIVE: DMK chief M.K. Stalin releases candidate list; fields ex-CM Panneerselvam in Bodinayakkanur|date=28 March 2026|access-date=28 March 2026|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="7" {{Party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="8" | '''[[Secular Progressive Alliance]]'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="SPA"/>
| [[File:Flag DMK.svg|50px]]
| rowspan=8|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|164<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026|title=DMK leader Stalin releases candidates list|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly-elections-kerala-assam-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-puducherry-2026-live/article70795253.ece|access-date=28 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| rowspan=8| 175<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026|title=SPA seat sharing finalised and Rising Sun symbol to contest 175 seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/dmk-finalises-seat-sharing-seven-allies-to-contest-on-rising-sun-symbol/article70795931.ece|access-date=28 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Manithaneya Makkal Katchi}}<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2026 |title=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi Decided to contest on DMK'S Rising Sun Symbol for upcoming 2026 election|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-mmk-to-contest-on-dmks-rising-sun-symbol/article70665805.ece|access-date=23 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Manithaneya Makkal Katchi flag.jpg|50px]]
| align=left|[[M. H. Jawahirullah]]
| 2<ref name="IUML">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=IUML AND MMK had given each 2 by DMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iuml-and-mmk-to-contest-in-2-seats-each-as-part-of-dmk-alliance/article70689123.ece |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}}<ref name="SPA1">{{cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/how-many-constituencies-are-dmk-and-its-alliance-parties-contesting/articleshow/128606667.cms|title=How many constituencies are DMK and its alliance parties contesting|lang=ta|date=20 February 2026|access-date=28 February 2026|work=Samayam}}</ref>
| [[File:Kmdkflag.gif|50px]]
| align=left|[[E. R. Eswaran]]
| 2<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi to contest two seats on DMK’s ‘Rising Sun’ symbol |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/kongunadu-makkal-desiya-katchi-to-contest-two-seats-on-dmks-rising-sun-symbol/article70738635.ece|access-date=13 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="background-color: yellow;"|
| align=left|Mukkulathor Pulipadai<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/karunas-mukkulathor-pulipadai-leader-karunas-confirms-the-alliance-with-dmd-and-to-stand-in-udhayas-777513.html|title=Mukkulathor Pulipadai leader Karunas confirms alliance with DMK and to stand in Udhaya Suriyan symbol|lang=ta|date=28 February 2026|access-date=28 February 2026|work=[[One India]]}}</ref>
|
| align=left|[[Karunas]]<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2025 |title=Karunas: EPS is ruining AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/karunas-eps-is-ruining-aiadmk/articleshow/124771703.cms |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 1<ref name=DMK+>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/sdpi-mjk-mpp-get-one-seat-each-in-dmk-led-alliance/article70785198.ece|title=Karunas, SDPI, Thamimun Ansari had given each one by DMK contesting on DMK ticket|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 March 2026|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Social Democratic Party of India}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.illustrateddailynews.com/politics/tamil-nadu-sdpi-joins-dmk-alliance-ahead-of-assembly-polls-seeks-3-seats-859299|title=New Partner SDPI joins hands with DMK And Announced that it was contest on 'Rising Sun' Symbol ahead 26 election|date=28 February 2026|access-date=3 March 2026|work=Illustrated Daily News}}</ref>
| [[File:SDPI Flag.jpg|50px]]
| align=left|V. M. S. Mohamed Mubarak<ref>{{Cite web |title=This man knows Dindigul inside out, and its needs too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/this-man-knows-dindigul-inside-out-and-its-needs-too/article68028486.ece |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|1<ref name=DMK+/>
|-
| style="background-color: brown;"|
| align=left|Manithaneya Jananayaga Katchi<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/02/mjk-president-urges-congress-to-discuss-governance-share-privately-amid-alliance-tensions/|title=MJK president urges Congress to discuss governance share privately amid alliance tensions|work=News Mill|date=12 February 2026|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
|
| align=left|[[Thamimum Ansari]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-07 |title=Ansari urges Selvaperunthagai not to press for share in power in DMK alliance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ansari-urges-selvaperunthagai-not-to-press-for-share-in-power-in-dmk-alliance/articleshow/126380929.cms |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| 1<ref name=DMK+/>
|-
| style="background-color: #FC0FC0;"|
| align=left|Tamilar Desam Katchi<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.news18.com/amp/tamil-nadu/tamilar-desam-party-leaves-nda-supports-dmk-alliance-nw-azt-ws-bl-2024096.html|title=K. K. Selvakumar exits from NDA Alliance to join DMK alliance|work=[[News 18]]|date=22 January 2026|access-date=26 March 2026|language=ta}}</ref>
|
| align=left| K. K. Selvakumar
| 1<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2026|title=Tamilar Desam Party gets 1 seat contesting on DMK ticket|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-assembly-election-dmk-formally-signs-seat-sharing-pacts-with-four-outfits/article70789338.ece|access-date=27 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<ref name="SPA"/>
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MDMK.svg|50px]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Vaiko]]
|3<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/mdmk-seals-seat-sharing-pact-with-dmk-bags-4-seats|title=MDMK seals seat-sharing pact with DMK, bags 4 seats|work=[[DT Next]]|date=11 March 2026|access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|
| colspan="2" |1<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mdmk-likely-to-get-four-or-five-seats-in-dmk-alliance/article70731193.ece/|title=MDMK to contest 4 seats confirms its seat allotment|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2026|access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="SPA"/>
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2024 |title=Selvaperunthagai named State Congress president, Rajesh Kumar new floor leader |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/selvaperunthagai-named-state-congress-president-rajesh-kumar-new-floor-leader/article67858665.ece |access-date=10 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| colspan=2| 28<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-and-congress-finally-seal-pact-for-28-assembly-seat-one-rs-berth/article70704157.ece/|title=Congress To Contest 28 Seats, Get 1 Rajya Sabha Spot As DMK Seals Pact For Tamil Nadu Polls|access-date=4 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<ref name="DMDK"/>
| [[File:Flag DMDK.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Nagara.svg|50px]]
| align=left|Premalatha Vijayakanth<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title='The alliance has taken shape,' DMDK officially joins DMK-led front in TN |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/the-alliance-has-taken-shape-dmdk-officially-joins-dmk-led-front-in-tn/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| colspan=2|10<ref>{{Cite web |title=
DMDK pacted to contest 10 seats on DMK Alliance for first time|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/assembly-elections-kerala-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-assam-puducherry-live-updates-march-24-2026/article70778149.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2026|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}<ref name="SPA"/>
| [[File:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|50px]]
| [[File:Pot Symbol.png|50px]]
| align="left" |[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| colspan="2" |8<ref>{{Cite web |title=VCK to contest 8 seats under SPA Alliance|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-election-vck-to-contest-eight-seats-as-part-of-dmk-led-alliance/article70778674.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2026|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name="SPA"/>
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1960)|P. Shanmugam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=P Shanmugam elected CPI(M) TN secretary, CM Stalin greets |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/p-shanmugam-elected-cpim-tn-secretary-cm-stalin-greets-3342401 |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| colspan=2| 5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-assembly-election-cpim-accepts-five-seat-offer-signs-pact-with-dmk/article70776669.ece|title=CPI-M accepts five-seat offer, pacted with DMK|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2026|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name="SPA"/>
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| align=left|M. Veerapandian<ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=M. Veerapandian is new T.N. CPI secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-veerapandian-is-new-tn-cpi-secretary/article70045521.ece |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| colspan=2| 5<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-dmk-signs-poll-deal-with-cpi-allots-five-seats/article70756750.ece/amp/|title=CPI to contest 5 seats on SPA alliance pacted with DMK|access-date=18 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-muslim-organisations-seat-sharing-talks-231072|title=TN polls: IUML seeks greater Muslim representation in DMK alliance, requests 5 seats|date=22 February 2026|access-date=28 February 2026|work=The Federal}}</ref>
| [[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2025 |title=IUML leader Kader Mohideen chosen for Thagaisal Thamizhar award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/04/iuml-leader-kader-mohideen-chosen-for-thagaisal-thamizhar-award |access-date=14 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref>
| colspan=2|2<ref name="IUML"/>
|-
! colspan="5"| Total
! colspan="2"| 234
|}

=== AIADMK-led Alliance ===

On 25 September 2023, the AIADMK withdrew from the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=AIADMK severs ties with BJP-led NDA; to form front to fight 2024 LS polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/aiadmk-severs-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-to-form-front-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-2700089 |access-date=25 September 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2023|title=AIADMK snaps ties with BJP-led NDA alliance ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-snaps-ties-with-bjp-led-nda-alliance-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-polls-8955585/|access-date=25 September 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 general election]], the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] and the BJP-led NDA contested separately and both did not win any seat in the state.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2024|title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece|access-date=4 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=India Bloc Scripts Clean Sweep In Tamil Nadu, BJP And AIADMK Suffer Rout |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-results-tamil-nadu-india-bloc-scripts-clean-sweep-in-tamil-nadu-bjp-and-aiadmk-suffer-rout-5815886 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> On 11 April 2025, both the parties reunited to form an alliance,<ref name="NDA">{{cite news |title=BJP, AIADMK reunite forming alliance for 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411125344/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bjp-and-aiadmk-reunite-and-announce-alliance-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-election/article69439389.ece |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=BJP announces alliance with AIADMK in Tamil Nadu ahead of 2026 elections, EPS to be CM candidate | date=11 April 2025 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-bjp-announces-alliance-with-aiadmk-in-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-2026-elections-eps-to-be-cm-candidate-2025-04-11-985064 |work=[[India TV]]}}</ref> with Palaniswami as the chief ministerial candidate.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 April 2025 |title=Edappadi - Amit Shah will take all alliance decisions: BJP to cadre in fresh gag order |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/edappadi-amit-shah-will-take-all-alliance-decisions-bjp-to-cadre-in-fresh-gag-order-830514 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title=EPS will be the NDA's CM face for 2026, coalition govt decision post-polls: Nainar Nagendran |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/eps-will-be-the-ndas-cm-face-for-2026-coalition-govt-decision-post-polls-nainar-nagendran-838403|access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> On 7 January 2026, the PMK, led by Anbumani, formally joined the AIADMK-led front.<ref name="PMK">{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=PMK joins NDA for 2026 Tamil Nadu polls, Edappadi Palaniswami calls it winning force |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/pmk-joins-nda-for-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-eps-confirms-alliance-2847872-2026-01-07 |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> On 21 January 2026, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]–led [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] joined the alliance.<ref name="AMMK">{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Dhinakaran-led AMMK returns to NDA fold, Palaniswami welcomes leader|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/dhinakaran-led-ammk-returns-to-nda-fold-palaniswami-welcomes-leader-3869700|access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref> On 15 March 2026, the AIADMK constituted a four-member committee to hold consultations with its allies for seat sharing.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=அதிமுக ஆட்சிமன்றக் குழு திருத்தியமைப்பு! எடப்பாடி பழனிசாமி அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2026/Mar/15/aiadmk-governing-council-reorganized-edappadi-palaniswami-makes-announcement |trans-title=AIADMK governing council reorganized: Edappadi Palaniswamy makes announcement |access-date=15 March 2026 |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] }}</ref> On 23 March 2026, the AIADMK finalized a seat-sharing agreement with its principle allies, the BJP, PMK and AMMK, at the party headquarters in Chennai.<ref name=ADMKseatshare/> On 25 March 2026, AIADMK released its first list of 23 candidates.<ref>{{cite news| last=Ramakrishnan |first=T |date=25 March 2026 |title=AIADMK's first list out, no major surprises|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-aiadmks-first-list-out-no-major-surprises/article70782790.ece|access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> [[Kuppusamy Annamalai|Annamalai]] expressed strong displeasure to the BJP’s national leadership over the constituencies allotted by the AIADMK for the 2026 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Vijay |date=2026-03-26 |title=Annamalai unhappy with constituencies allocated by AIADMK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/annamalaiunhappy-with-constituencies-allocated-by-aiadmk/article70789767.ece |access-date=2026-03-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 27 March, AIADMK released its second list, comprising 127 candidates.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2026 |title=AIADMK announces second list of 127 candidates, fields 46 sitting MLAs, 17 women for TN Assembly polls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Mar/27/aiadmk-announces-second-list-of-127-candidates-fields-46-sitting-mlas-17-women-for-tn-assembly-polls|access-date=27 March 2026 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref>On 29 March 2026, AIADMK released final list of 17 candidates. On 28 March 2026, Cadres of the BJP staged a brief road blockade in [[Palani]], after the Palani Assembly constituency was not allotted to the BJP party within the National Democratic Alliance.<ref name=":0" />


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="7" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|-
| colspan="7" | [[AIADMK-led Alliance|'''AIADMK-led Alliance''']]
|-
!colspan=2| Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! colspan=2| Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="NDA"/>
| [[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px]]
| rowspan=6|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|55px]]
| align=left|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| 166
| rowspan=6|172
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ijk-initiates-seat-sharing-talks-with-aiadmk/articleshow/128808639.cms|title=IJK initiates seat-sharing talks with AIADMK|date=26 February 2026|access-date=28 February 2026|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
| [[File:IJK Party Flag.jpg|59px]]
| align=left|[[T. R. Paarivendhar]]
|2<ref name="Seats"/>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}<ref name="NDA1">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/24/tn-will-have-double-engine-nda-govt-after-polls-says-pm-modi|title=TN will have ‘double engine’ NDA govt after polls, says PM Modi|date=24 January 2026|access-date=1 February 2026|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| [[File:PBK FLAG.png|50px]]
| align=left|[[M. Jagan Moorthy]]
| align=left colspan="2" |1<ref name="Seats"/>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}<ref name="Week">{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/02/26/seat-sharing-talks-in-nda-to-begin-after-pm-modis-tamil-nadu-visit.html|title=Seat-sharing talks in NDA to begin after PM Modi’s Tamil Nadu visit|date=26 February 2026|access-date=26 February 2026|work=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Puthiya Needhi Katchi Flag.jpg|50px]]
| align=left|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
| 1<ref name="PNK">{{cite news|url=https://newstodaynet.com/2026/03/27/tn-polls-a-c-shanmugam-to-contest-from-madurai-central-in-aiadmk-led-alliance/|title=AC Shanmugham party to contest 2 seats each on AIADMK and BJP Symbol|date=27 March 2026|access-date=27 March 2026|work=News Today}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#DAA520" |
| align=left|Singa Tamizhar Munnetra Kazhagam<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/mutharaiyar-sangam-administrator-who-contest-srirangam-consultancy-aiadmk-bjp-plan|title=ஸ்ரீரங்கம் தொகுதியில் முத்தரையர் சங்க நிர்வாகியை களமிறக்க பாஜக - அதிமுக திட்டம்?|language=ta|work=Hindu tamil|date=8 March 2026|access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>
|
| align=left|R. V. Bharathan
| 1<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2026/Mar/26/singa-tamilar-munnetra-kazhagam-party-joins-the-aiadmk-alliance|title=Another Party joined in AIADMK-led NDA Alliance|work=Dinamani|date=26 March 2026|access-date=26 March 2026|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#0000FF" |
| align=left|Tamil Maanila Bahujan Samaj Party
|
| align=left|Porkodi Armstrong
| 1<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/amp/story/news/tamilnadu/porkodi-armstrong-to-contest-in-tiru-vi-ka-nagar-constituency|title=TMBSP to contest on AIADMK ticket|work=[[Dina Thanthi]]|date=29 March 2026|access-date=29 March 2026|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="NDA"/>
| [[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
| 25<ref name=ADMKseatshare>{{cite news |date=23 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=AIADMK-led NDA finalises seat sharing, BJP gets 27, PMK 18, AMMK 11|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-aiadmk-allots-27-seats-to-bjp-18-to-pmk/article70775644.ece |access-date=23 March 2026 }}</ref>
| rowspan="5" |33
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|dab=yes}}<ref name="NDA1"/>
|
| align="left" |[[G. K. Vasan]]
|5<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/tamilnadu-election-2026/2026-tn-elections-tmcm-to-contest-5-seats-on-bjp-symbol-in-aiadmk-led-nda|title=TMC(M) to contest 5 seats on Lotus Symbol|work=DT Next|date=24 March 2026|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}<ref name="Week">{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/02/26/seat-sharing-talks-in-nda-to-begin-after-pm-modis-tamil-nadu-visit.html|title=Seat-sharing talks in NDA to begin after PM Modi’s Tamil Nadu visit|date=26 February 2026|access-date=26 February 2026|work=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Puthiya Needhi Katchi Flag.jpg|50px]]
| align=left|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
| 1<ref name="PNK"/>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}<ref name="Week">{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2026/02/26/seat-sharing-talks-in-nda-to-begin-after-pm-modis-tamil-nadu-visit.html|title=Seat-sharing talks in NDA to begin after PM Modi’s Tamil Nadu visit|date=26 February 2026|access-date=26 February 2026|work=[[The Week (magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Tmmk flag.png|50px]]
| align=left|[[B. John Pandian]]
| align=left colspan="2" | 1<ref name="Seats">{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/amp/story/news/politics/2026-tn-elections-aiadmk-announces-constituencies-for-tmc-ijk-tmmk-and-puratchi-bharatham|title=NDA Seat Sharing Finalised|work=DT Next|date=25 March 2026|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C30010" |
| align=left|South Indian Forward Bloc<ref name="NDA2">{{cite news|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/vasantha-panchami-nda-public-meeting-on-january-23-why-the-alliance-launched-campaign-early-ahead-768021.html|title=NDA public meeting on January 23|work=[[One India]]|date=24 January 2026|access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref>
|
| align=left|K. C. Thirumaran
| 1<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dinamani.com/amp/story/tamilnadu/2026/Mar/24/tn-election-2026-south-india-forward-bloc-party-has-one-seat-in-national-democratic-alliance|title=South Indian Forward Bloc had decided to contest on BJP ticket on 1 seat|work=Dinamani|date=24 March 2026|access-date=24 March 2026|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<ref name="PMK"/>
| [[File:PMK.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
| colspan="2" | 18<ref name=ADMKseatshare/>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam}}<ref name="AMMK"/>
| [[File:Flag AMMK.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:AMMK SYMBOL PRESSURE COOKER.png|50px]]
| align=left|[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| colspan="2" | 11<ref name=ADMKseatshare/>
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!colspan="2"| 234
|}

=== PMK(R) – AIPTMMK Alliance ===

On 20 March 2026, [[Dr. Ramadoss]] led [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (Ramadoss)]] faction had joined hands with [[V. K. Sasikala]] led All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam to contest 2026 Tamil Nadu along with [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]] elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ramadoss-sasikala-join-hands-to-field-candidates-in-234-seats/article70766525.ece|date=20 March 2026|access-date=21 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ramadoss Sasikala to field candidates for all 234 constituencies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/india/tn-polls-2026-sasikala-s-ramadoss-meeting-sparks-new-alliance-buzz-articleshow-wmdxon6|date=20 March 2026|access-date=20 March 2026|work=[[Asianet News]]|title=Ramadoss Sasikala formed an unexpected alliance pacted between them for upcoming Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry elections}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="7" {{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| colspan="7" | '''PMK(R) – AIPTMMK Alliance'''
|-
!colspan=2| Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| style="text-align: left;"| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ramadoss-to-reveal-dravidian-alliance-choice|title=Ramadoss to reveal Dravidian alliance choice|date=27 February 2025|access-date=3 March 2025|work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Pmk_flag.jpg|50px]]
|
| align=left|[[S. Ramadoss]]
|
|-
| style="background:black" |
| align=left|All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sasikala-announces-her-partys-name-all-india-puratchi-thalaivar-makkal-munnetra-kazhagam/article70738382.ece|title=Sasikala announces her party’s name: All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 March 2026|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Coconut farm.jpg|50px]]
| align=left|[[V. K. Sasikala]]
|
|-
!colspan="5"| Total
!
|}

=== Others ===
On 2 February 2024, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] announced the formation of his political party, [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK), stating that it would contest the 2026 elections.<ref name="TVK">{{cite news |title=Thalapathy Vijay Launches Political Party, Names it Tamizha Vetri Kazhagam - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/thalapathy-vijay-launches-political-party-names-it-tamizha-vetri-kazhagam-a505/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006100939/https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/thalapathy-vijay-launches-political-party-names-it-tamizha-vetri-kazhagam-a505/ |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thalapathy' Vijay Launches Political Party: Thamizhaga Vettri Kazhagam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thalapathy-vijay-announces-his-political-party-thamizaga-vettri-kazhagam-tvk-2876774 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> In February 2025, [[All India N.R. Congress]], the ruling party in the nearby [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] announced its intention to contest in the Tamil Nadu state elections.<ref name="AINRC">{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=AINRC to enter poll fray in Tamil Nadu during 2026 Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/ainrc-to-enter-the-poll-fray-in-tamil-nadu-in-2026/article69191862.ece |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In February 2026, [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] released its list of 234 candidates.<ref name="NTK">{{cite news |date=22 February 2026 |title=Seeman in Karaikudi; NTK candidates for 234 seats announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/22/seeman-in-karaikudi-ntk-candidates-for-234-seats-announced |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> On 18 March 2026, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Precedent of [[Tamizhaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]], stated that the party would not be the part of the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] for the upcoming 2026 elections,<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay's TVK confirms to contest solo for upcoming 2026 election|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tvk-chief-vijay-rules-out-alliances-says-no-compromise-on-secular-social-justice-principles/article70758507.ece
|access-date=19 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> earlier, Aadhav Arjun, Campaign management general secretary of TVK, stated that Vijay has been offered 90 seats and Chief Minister post on power sharing basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay TVK: Actor rules out AIADMK-BJP tie, to contest polls alone |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/no-alliance-with-aiadmk-bjp-will-contest-independently-vijay-3936822 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> On 22 March 2026, [[T. Velmurugan]] led [[Tamilaga Valvurimai Katchi]] had withdrew it's support to [[Secular Progressive Alliance]]<ref name="TAVK">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/velmurugan-of-tamilaga-vazhvurimai-katchi-exits-dmk-alliance-rules-out-joining-nda/article70772085.ece|title=Velmurugan Exits from DMK alliance, a first setback|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 March 2026|access-date=23 March 2026}}</ref>. On 29 March 2026, TVK president [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] announced all 234 candidates contesting on the election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The |first=Hindu |date=2026-03-29 |title=TVK chief Vijay to contest from Perambur, Tiruchi East constituencies making electoral debut in T.N. Assembly election |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tvk-chief-vijay-to-contest-from-perambur-tiruchi-east-constituencies-making-electoral-debut-in-tn-assembly-election-2026/article70798908.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 29 March 2026, [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] released first list of 43 candidates.




{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ntk-releases-first-list-of-100-candidates-seeman-yet-to-announce-his-constituency-855611|title=NTK releases first lits of candidates|date=5 December 2025|access-date=1 January 2026|work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
|
| [[File:NTK-EC-Symbol.jpg|50px]]
| align=left|[[Seeman]]
| 234<ref name="NTK" />
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu set for 4-way battle after Vijay confirms solo contest|url=https://www.dtnext.in/story/news/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-set-for-4-way-battle-after-vijay-confirms-solo-contest-852096 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[Daily Thanthi]]}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Whistle.png|50px]]
| align=left|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|234<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/vijay-to-unveil-tvk-candidates-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-on-march-29/cid/2153459|title=Vijay to declare all 234 candidates on 28 March|work=Telegraph India|date=27 March 2026|access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/politics/puthiya-tamilagam-party-to-decide-on-assembly-election-alliance-soon|title=Puthiya Tamilagam party to decide on assembly election alliance soon|lang=ta|date=3 March 2025|access-date=3 March 2025|work=[[Daily Thanthi]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Puthiya Tamilagam Party Flag.jpg|50px]]
|
| align=left|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
| TBD (43 Declared)
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/eci-reviews-preparedness-for-the-coming-assembly-election-in-tamil-nadu/article70680832.ece|title=ECI reviews preparedness for the coming Assembly elections|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 February 2026|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>
| [[File:BSP Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| align=left|P. Anandan
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}<ref name="AINRC"/>
| [[File:All India N.R. Congress.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Jug.svg|50px]]
| align=left|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi}}<ref name="TAVK" />
|
|
|align=left|[[T. Velmurugan]]
|
|-
|}

==Candidates==

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | District
! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}" |[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
|-
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
!1
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. J. Govindrajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Sudhakar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sridhar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Vijayakumar
|-
!2
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Balaraman|Siruniam P. Balaraman]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajathi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Dr. M.S. Ravi
|-
!3
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|D. Krishnamoorthy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Hari]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Chandran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Dr. M. Sathiyakumar
|-
!4
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. G. Raajendran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[B. V. Ramana]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Senthilkumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Dr. T. Arunkumar
|-
!5
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Krishnaswamy]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. A. Elumalai]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Mehala
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Prakash
|-
!6
|[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. M. Nasar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Punitha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Ramesh Kumar
|-
|rowspan="22" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
!7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Ganapathy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Benjamin]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Revathi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Revanth Charan
|-
!8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. A. P. Poornima
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. N. Sekar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Aadhithan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Balamurugan
|-
!9
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madhavaram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Sudharsanam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Moorthy]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kiruthiga Ezhumalai
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M.L. Vijayaprabhu
|-
!10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Kuppan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sathya Baskar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Senthil Kumar
|-
!11
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. John Ebenezer]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. S. Rajesh
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vennila Thayumanavan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Mariya Wilson
|-
!12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. D. Shekar]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|M. Thilagabama
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vetri Tamizhan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Joseph Vijay]]
|-
!13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Santhana Krishnan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Soundarapandian
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. S. Babu
|-
!14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Karthik Mohan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. R. Vijayakumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Roshini
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Aadhav Arjuna
|-
!15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. S. Ravichandran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Porkodi Armstrong{{efn|name=TMBSP|Tamil Maanila Bahujan Samaj Party contested using the AIADMK “Two Leaves” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as AIADMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Jagadish Chandar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M.R. Pallavi
|-
!16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Tamilan Prasanna
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Abishek Rengasamy
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Saranya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Rajmohan
|-
!17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Subair Khan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Babumailan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K.V. Vijay Ramu
|-
!18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Manohar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rufhkhan Sheriff
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Senora P.S. Ashok
|-
!19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Adhi Rajaram
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ayisha Begum
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|T. Selvam
|-
!20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ezhilan Naganathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[B. Valarmathi]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kalanjiyam
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]
|-
!21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Chitrarasu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Gokula Indira]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|C. Shankar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V.K. Ramkumar
|-
!22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugambakkam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. M. V. Prabhakara Raja]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. N. Ravi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Santhosh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Harinathan
|-
!23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ma. Subramanian]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Senthamizhan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Srividya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Arul Prakasam
|-
!24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Raja Anbalagan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|B. Sathyanarayanan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Anusha Vijayakumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[N. Anand]]
|-
!25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dha. Velu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Arun
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Venkataramanan
|-
!26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Ashok]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Keerthana
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Kumar
|-
!27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Sholinganallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Aravind Ramesh]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Kandan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Jayalakshmi Raman
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Saravanamurthi
|-
!28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. M. Anbarasan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Saravanan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Mahalakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Harish
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Palani
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sindhu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Thennarasu
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
!30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|D. Murugesan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Venkatesan{{efn|name=IJK|[[Indhiya Jananayaka Katchi]] contested using the AIADMK “Two Leaves” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as AIADMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Dr. Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|J. Kamatchi
|-
!31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. R.S. Krithika Devi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Rajendran|Chitlapakkam S. Rajendran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Tamilselvi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|D. Sarath Kumar
|-
!32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. K. T. Karthik Dhandapani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Gajendran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Amutha Nambiyar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Thiagarajan
|-
!33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Panneer Das
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Adv. K. Balu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ambethrajan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|B. Vijayaraj
|-
!34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Sinthanai Selvan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|E. Rajashekar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Swathi Lakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Mohanraja
|-
!35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Amulu Ponmalar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Maragatham Kumaravel]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Janaki Raman
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|E. Ezhil Cathrine
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Sundar]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|P. Maheshkumar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Maran Maasilamani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|J. Munirathinam
|-
!37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Nithya Sugumar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Somasundaram]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vetriselvi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R.V. Ranjith Kumar
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!38
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Ezhil Charolin
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Ravi]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajkumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Kanthiraj
|-
!39
|[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. Saravanan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ashokkumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Kapil
|-
|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!40
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Durai Murugan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Ramu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thirukumaran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Sudhakar
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!41
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Vinoth Gandhi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|V. M. Karthikeyan{{efn|name=TMC(M)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] contested using the BJP “Lotus” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as BJP candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Tharikka Salman
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|I. Tahira
|-
!42
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. L. Eswarappan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. M. Sukumar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Archaha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Vijay Mohan
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Karthikeyan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. R. K. Appu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Soniya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. M. Vinoth Kannan
|-
!44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. P. Nandakumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. Velazhagan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ravi Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Velmurugan
|-
!45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Rajeswari Mohankandhi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Jagan Moorthy]]{{efn|name=PBK|[[Puratchi Bharatham Katchi]] contested using the AIADMK “Two Leaves” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as AIADMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kalaiyendri
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|E. Thenral Kumar
|-
!46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyattam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|K. B. Pratap
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|G. Faridha Purushothaman
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Imalan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Sindhu
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
!47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|Sayyed Farooq
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Senthilkumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Murugesan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Syed Burhanuddin
|-
!48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Venkatesan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Afsia Thoufic Bikrid
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Imthiyaz
|-
!49
|[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Kavitha Dhandapani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. C. Veeramani]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sasi Rekha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Munisamy
|-
!50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Nallathambi (DMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Gnanasekar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Aarumugam
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Tirupathi
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
!51
|[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. M. Tamilselvam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Megala
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Kumaravel
|-
!52
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[D. Mathiazhagan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|E. C. Govindarajan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kavin
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|E. Muralidharan
|-
!53
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Ashok Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Suganthi Parthiban
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Mugunthan
|-
!54
|[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. S. Sreenivasan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Munusamy]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nagaraj
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S.R. Sampangi
|-
!55
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. A. Sathya]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Balakrishna Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Stalin
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Ambirish
|-
!56
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[T. Ramachandran]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Narasimman
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Suresh
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)|S. Senthilkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Anbalagan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Boopathy
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Gopi
|-
!58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Padi V. Selvam
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Palaniyammal
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Gajendran
|-
!59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|V. Elangovan
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Dr. Sowmiya Anbumani
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Santha Lakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Sivan
|-
!60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddippatti]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Palaniappan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Maragatham Vetrivel
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Archana Tamil Aruvi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Thilagavathi
|-
!61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Shanmugam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Sampathkumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Anitha Annadurai
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Rakesh
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
!62
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. P. Giri]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. S. Velu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|J Shobha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Bharathidasan
|-
!63
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. V. Velu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vignesh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Arul Arumugam
|-
!64
|[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Ramachandran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|V. Loganathan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|D. Raja
|-
!65
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. S. T. Saravanan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Agri S. S. Krishnamurthy]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Seetha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Ezhumalai
|-
!66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|T. P. Saravanan
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|C.R. Baskaran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Umadevi Prakash
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Abhishek
|-
!67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Mahalakshmi Govarthanan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[L. Jaya Sudha]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thavamani Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Venkatesh Kumar
|-
!68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|O. Jothi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Mukkur N. Subramanian]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Tamil Selvan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Mohan
|-
!69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ambethkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Rani
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ganesh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Udhaya Kumar
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
!70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. S. Masthan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[A. Ganeshkumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Krishnan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|B. Chandrasekaran
|-
!71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|L. Venkatesan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Ve. Shanmugam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vijay Vikram
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Vijay Niranjan
|-
!72
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Vanni Arasu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Arjunan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Petchimuthu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Sakthivel
|-
!73
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Gautham Dravidamani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Murugan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karikazhan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G.P. Suresh
|-
!74
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Lakshmanan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Vijaya
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Abhinaya Ponnivalavan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Moganraj
|-
!75
|[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Anniyur Siva]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|C. Sivakumar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Suba Chandrasekaran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Vijay Vadivel
|-
!76
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Gautham Sigamani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Palaniswami
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Hemarajan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Vijay R. Barani Balaji
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
!77
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|G. R. Vasanthavelu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Kumaraguru]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Logeshwari
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Sudhakar
|-
!78
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Vasantham Karthikeyan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|A.P. Sezhiyan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Radhika
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Ashok Kumar
|-
!79
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. Udhaya Suriyan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Rakesh
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Jegadeesan
|-
!80
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Malathi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Rajiv Gandhi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nagammal
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Arulvignesh
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Salem district|Salem]]
!81
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Chinnadurai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Nallathambi (AIADMK politician)|A. Nallathambi]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Abirami Neduncheralathan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Sujatha
|-
!82
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. P. Jayasankaran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Monisha Chinnadurai
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Selvabharati
|-
!83
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. M. Revathi Matheswaran
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Usharani
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Palanisamy
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|lakshmi
|-
!84
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|A. R. Elangovan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Mani]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Siva Sakthi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Adhiyaman
|-
!85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Mithun Chakravarthy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Venkatachalam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vidhya Veerappan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Selvam
|-
!86
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Kasi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Priyadharshini
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Arunkumar
|-
!87
|[[Sangagiri Assembly constituency|Sangagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Manikandan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Vetrivel]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nithya Arul
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Senthilkumar
|-
!88
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem (West)]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Azhagappuram Mohan Raj]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| M. Karthi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Suresh Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Lakshmanan
|-
!89
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem (North)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|S. Sadhasivam
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Gunaseela
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Sivakumar
|-
!90
|[[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem (South)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Loganathan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|J. Vinodh
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sophiya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Tamilan Parthiban
|-
!91
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. K. Tharun
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Sri Balaji Sukumar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajesh Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Palanivel
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
!92
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Mathivendhan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sasikala
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Lokesh Tamilselvan
|-
!93
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Poomalar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Chandrashekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ponnumani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Chandrashekhar
|-
!94
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Rani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Sridevi P. S. Mohan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Praveen
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. S. Dilip
|-
!95
|[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi-Velur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. S. Moorthy
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Sekar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Aravindh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Nandhakumar
|-
!96
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. R. Eswaran]]{{efn|name=KMDK|[[Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Chandrashekhar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Revathi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. G. Arunraj
|-
!97
|[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Balu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Thangamani]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Yuvarani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Vijayalakshmi
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode (East)]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Manoharan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thandava Moorthy
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Vijay Balaji
|-
!99
|[[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode (West)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Muthusamy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. Yuvaraja{{efn|name=TMC(M)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] contested using the BJP “Lotus” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as BJP candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vijay
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K.K. Anand Mohan
|-
!100
|[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Senthilnathan{{efn|name=MDMK|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Arun
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|D. Shanmugan
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!101
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Indirani
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Sathyabama
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Divya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Gowri Chitra
|-
!102
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. P. Saminathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. S. N. Nataraj]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karmegan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Mani
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!103
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. D. Venkatachalam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)|S. Jayakumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Logu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V.P. Arunasalam
|-
!104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. A. Chandrasekhar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. C. Karuppannan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Menaka Devi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M.P. Balakrishnan
|-
!105
|[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Sivabalan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|P. Haribhaskar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Anandhi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Vijay Venkatesh
|-
!106
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Nallasivam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. B. Prabhu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Seetha Lakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
|-
!107
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[P. L. Sundaram]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Bannari]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Soundarya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V.P. Thamizhselvi
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ragupathu Deepan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Ibrahim
|-
!109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravidamani]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Pon. Jayaseelan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karthik Ramakrishnan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Deep Sah Kishore
|-
!110
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. M. Raju
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Ramu]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Dheenu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Thangaraj
|-
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Kavitha Kalyanachundaram
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. K. Chinnaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Gopalakrishnan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Sunil Anand
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Gokilamani
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Menaga
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Kamali
|-
!113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (North)]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Ravi Subramanian
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. S. M. Anandan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Abhinaya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Sathyabama]]
|-
!114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Dineshkumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Perarivalan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Balamurugan
|-
!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Selvaraj (DMK politician)|K. Selvaraj]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. P. Paramasivam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thamizhinian
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Ramkumar
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Murugesan (DMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. P. Kandasamy]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajasekhar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| N.M. Sugumar
|-
!117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. R. G. Arunkumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kalamani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R.D. Kanimozhi
|-
!118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (North)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Senthamizhselvan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Narmatha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Sampathkumar
|-
!119
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. R. Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. P. Velumani]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajabunisha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Sathish Raja
|-
!120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (South)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Senthil Balaji]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Amman K. Arjunan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Perarivalan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Senthilkumar
|-
!121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. R. Jayaraman]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nehruji
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K.S. Sri Giri Prasad
|-
!122
|[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. V. K. S. Sabari Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Damodaran (politician)|S. Damodaran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Banupriya Senthil Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Vignesh
|-
!123
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Nithyanandhan{{efn|name=KMDK|[[Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Senthil
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Ramanathan
|-
!124
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Sudhakar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Lakshmana Singh
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Uma Devi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Sridharan
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!125
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M.Jeyakumar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ram Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G.K. Sankar
|-
!126
|[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Jayaramakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Shanmugavelu]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Radhamani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Thirumalai
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
!127
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Ravi Manoharan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Murugeshwari
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Pravin Kumar
|-
!128
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Sakkarapani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vidiyal Sekar{{efn|name=TMC(M)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] contested using the BJP “Lotus” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as BJP candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ragupathi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Mogan
|-
!129
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[I. Periyasamy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Viswanathan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Simon Justin
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Kalaiselvi
|-
!130
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Nagajothi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Thaenmozhi]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kailai Rajan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Aiyanar
|-
!131
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|KK Selvakumar {{efn|name=TDK|Tamilar Desam Katchi contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Alagammal
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| L.N. Ramesh
|-
!132
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[I. P. Senthilkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Mutharasi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Nazir Raja
|-
!133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Gandhirajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. P. B. Paramasivam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Hussain
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| Dr. N. Nagajyothi
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Karur district|Karur]]
!134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Monjanur R. Elango]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Selvakumar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Narain
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Karthikeyan
|-
!135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Asi. M. Thyagarajan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. R. Vijayabhaskar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karuppaiah
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V.P. Mathiyalagan
|-
!136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|C. K. Raja
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. S. Dhivya
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sathya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| S. Madhan
|-
!137
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Suriyanur A. Chandiran
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Karunakaran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nanmaran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Balasubramani
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
!138
|[[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapaarai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Abdul Samad]]{{efn|name=MMK|[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. P. L. Vijayakumar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Arunagiri
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Kathiravan
|-
!139
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Palaniandi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Manoharan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Dharmaraj
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Ramesh
|-
!140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (West)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Rajasekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Bhuvaneshwari
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Ramamoorthi
|-
!141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Inigo Irudhayaraj]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Rajasekaran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Krishnasamy
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[Vijay (actor)|C. Joseph Vijay]]
|-
!142
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Jallikattu Rajesh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Navalpattu S. Viji
|-
!143
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Soundara Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Leema Rose
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Madhan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]]
|-
!144
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Kathiravan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. V. Bharathan{{efn|name=STMK|Singa Tamizhar Munnetra Kazhagam contested using the AIADMK “Two Leaves” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as AIADMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thenmozhi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Saravanan
|-
!145
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. S. N. Karunairaja
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|N. Yoganathan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Bakya Lakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Vignesh
|-
!146
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|E. Suroja
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Gowsalya Suresh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Ravishankar
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
!147
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. S.D. Jayalakshmi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Thamizhselvan|Ilambai R. Thamizhselvan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Johnsy Rani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Sivakumar
|-
!148
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. S. Sivasankar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Saranya Anbazhagan{{efn|name=IJK}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Keerthi Vasan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Revathi
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!149
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Latha Balu
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Thamarai S. Rajendran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Pugalendhi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| M. Sivakumar
|-
!150
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Ka. So. Ka. Kannan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|K. Vaithi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Revathi Kalaimani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Kavitha G. Rajendran
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. V. Ganesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. Murugumaran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Mahalakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Rajasekar
|-
!152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|Premalatha Vijayakhanth
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Dr. Thamizharasi Athimoolam
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Amudha Nambi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Vijay
|-
!153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Saba. Rajendran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sorathur R. Rajendran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Veeramani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Anand
|-
!154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Abdul Rah
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. Mohan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Banu Priya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Manikandan
|-
!155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. C. Sampath]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sarasu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|B. Rajkumar
|-
!156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Bhuvanendhran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sengolan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|D. Rajkumar
|-
!157
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Durai K. Saravana
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sumathi Srinivasan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|T. Magalingam
|-
!158
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thamimun Ansari]]{{efn|name=MJK|Manithaneya Jananayaka Katchi contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. A. Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Tamil
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Bari
|-
!159
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Dr. Anbu Chozhan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sivajothi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Srinivasan
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
!160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Senthil Selvan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Sakthi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Subash
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C.S. Gopinath
|-
!161
|[[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuturai]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Sithamalli A. Palanisamy
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kasiraman
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| S.S. Harun Rashid
|-
!162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Nivedha M. Murugan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Pavunraj]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ilaiya Nagulan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|J. Vijayalayan
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
!163
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. H. Jawahirullah]]{{efn|name=MMK|[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Thanga Kathiravan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Fathima Farhana
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Sukumar
|-
!164
|[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Vadivel Ravanan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karthiga
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|T. A. P. Senthil Pandian
|-
!165
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ma. Me. Pugazhendhi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. S. Manian]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Idumbavanam Karthick
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Kingsley Gerald
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
!166
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[K. Marimuthu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|U. Paladhandayutham
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vinothini
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Pandian
|-
!167
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[T. R. B. Rajaa]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Kamaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Bharathi Selvan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|U. V. M. Rajarajan
|-
!168
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ashwini
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Veeramani
|-
!169
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. M. S. Mohammed Mubarak{{efn|name=SDPI|[[Social Democratic Party of India]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Kamaraj]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Theanmozhi Dileep Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Prabakaran
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Govi. Chezian]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ilamathi Subramanian
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Divya Bharathi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Prabakaran
|-
!171
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Anbalagan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|M. K. R. Ashok Kumar{{efn|name=TMC(M)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] contested using the BJP “Lotus” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as BJP candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ananth
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Vinoth
|-
!172
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|A. M. Shahjahan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Shanmugaprabhu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Aneesh Fathima
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|U. Asarudeen
|-
!173
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Durai. Chandrashekhar]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. Karthikeyan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Senthilnathan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Manikandan
|-
!174
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ramanathan
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Krishna Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| R. Vijay Saravanan
|-
!175
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Vaithialingam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|M. Sekar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thirumurugan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Dr. K. Aravind
|-
!176
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Annadurai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|C. V. Sekar
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kannan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Madhan
|-
!177
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Peravurani N. Ashokkumar|N. Ashokkumar]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Govi Ilango
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajaram
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|D. Chandrakandhan
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
!178
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakottai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nadiya Tamilselvan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Subramanian
|-
!179
|[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K. K. Chellapandian
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Vijayabhaskar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sathya Laxshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Murugesan
|-
!180
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. Muthuraja]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ezhilarasi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|KM. Shafi
|-
!181
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Regupathy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. K. Vairamuthu]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Lakshmi Srinivasan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Sindhamani
|-
!182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Siva V. Meyyanathan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|D. Vimal
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Rajaraman
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Durai Kandhasami
|-
!183
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Muthu Lakshmi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|J. Mohamed Parvesh
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
!184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dherpoki V. Pandi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|[[Seeman]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Dr. T. K. Prabhu
|-
!185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. R. Periyakaruppan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ramya Mohan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Srinivasa Sethupathi
|-
!186
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Indhuja Ramesh
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Kuzhanthai Rani Nachiyar
|-
!187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Tamilarasi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Shanmugapriya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|D. Elangovan
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Periyapullan alias Selvam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kottai Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| A. Madurai Veeran
|-
!189
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Moorthy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Mangulam K. Mahendran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Selvam
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Karthikeyan
|-
!190
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Venkatesan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Manickam]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Nagalakshmi Thirumaran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| M.V. Karuppiah
|-
!191
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. Thalapathy]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Saravanan|Dr. P. Saravanan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Thirunavukkarasu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Kallanai
|-
!192
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Boominathan]]{{efn|name=MDMK|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sathya Devi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|J. Joe Peter
|-
!193
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Palanivel Thiaga Rajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sundar C]]{{efn|name=PNK|[[Pudhiya Needhi Katchi]] contested using the AIADMK “Two Leaves” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as AIADMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Durga Kumaraswamy
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|VMS. Musthafa
|-
!194
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Raghu Balaji
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Sellur K. Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vignesh Kumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S.R. Tangapandi
|-
!195
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Keerthiga Thangapandi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. V. Rajan Chellappa]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sathya Devi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. T. R. Nirmal Kumar
|-
!196
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Manimaran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Munis
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|N. Sathishkumar
|-
!197
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[I. Mahendran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Abirami Dhanapal
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Vijay
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Theni district|Theni]]
!198
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[A. Maharajan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Logirajan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Arunadevi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Pandi
|-
!199
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|Shaktivel
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Kathirkamu]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Vimala
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Sabari
|-
!200
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. T. Narayansamy
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kalaiyarasu
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Prakash
|-
!201
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[N. Eramakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. T. K. Jakkaiyan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Anbu Selvi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. L. A. Jaganath Mishra
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
!202
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Thanga Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[B. John Pandian|Priscilla Pandian]]{{efn|name=TMMK|[[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested using the BJP “Lotus” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as BJP candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karthik
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Jegadheswari
|-
!203
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|P. Mahalingam
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Chandra Prabha]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karikala Pandiyan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Karthik
|-
!204
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|A. Kadarkarairaj
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nainar Nagendran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Anandha Raja
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|M. Ajith
|-
!205
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Dayana
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Keerthana
|-
!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|Vijayaprabhakar
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|V. G. Ganesan
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Laxmanan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S.P. Selvam
|-
!207
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|S. Sethupathi
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Manimaran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Karthik Kumar
|-
!208
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thangam Thennarasu]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. S. R. Rajavarman]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Karthick Raja
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Samayan
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!209
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|K.K. Kathiravan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Muthiah (politician)|Dr. S. Muthaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ezhil Izhavarasi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Gopi Rajan
|-
!210
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Keerthika Muniyasamy
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Premnath
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V.K. Rajeev
|-
!211
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Muthu Kesavan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|EA. Sagul Hamed
|-
!212
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. S. Raja Kannappan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Malaysia S. Pandi]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Chandra Prabha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|B. Malarvizhi Jeyabala
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
!213
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[G. V. Markandayan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Sathya
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Balaji
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Kasiram
|-
!214
|[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. Geetha Jeevan]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. T. Chellapandian]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Jacob Abhishek Devadasan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Sreenath
|-
!215
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Obiliya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|J. Murugan
|-
!216
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. P. Shanmuganathan]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Shanmugasundaram
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Saravanan
|-
!217
|[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. C. Shunmugaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. Sundararaj]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Anusiya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|P. Madhan Raja
|-
!218
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Ka. Karunanithi
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Kadambur Raju]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Pandi
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Balasubramanian
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
!219
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Dhileepan Jayasankaran
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Kavitha
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|C. Ramarajan
|-
!220
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[E. Raja]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Isai Mathivanan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. Amutha Rani
|-
!221
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|T. M. Rajendran{{efn|name=MDMK|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] contested using the DMK “Rising Sun” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as DMK candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. Krishnamurali]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Abubakar Siddique
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R. K. Abdul Jaleel
|-
!222
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Kalai Kathiravan
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Gowshik Pandiyan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|A. Rajaprakash
|-
!223
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Manoj Pandian]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. R. P. Prabakaran]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Palraj
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|V. Vipin Chakravarthy
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!224
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Su. Subramanian
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Thachai N. Ganesaraja
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sathya
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|R.S. Murugan
|-
!225
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Isakki Subhaya]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sivasankaran
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Rajagopal
|-
!226
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Abdul Wahab]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|Syed Sulthan Sumsuddin
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Sankara Narayanan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Maria John
|-
!227
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Esakkimuthu
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Selvam
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|[[Reddiarpatti Narayanan]]
|-
!228
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Appavu]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Girija Thamaraipandiyan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Sathis Christopher
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!229
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|R. Mahesh
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Thalavai N. Sundaram]]
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Maria Jenifer
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S.R. Madhavan
|-
!230
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Austin]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Muthukumar
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|G. Berwin Kings
|-
!231
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Ancy Sobha Rani
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|Dr. Prem Alex Lawrence
|-
!232
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Seelan
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Krishnakumar
|-
!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Maria Stella
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|K. Michael Kumar
|-
!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nivin Simon{{efn|name=TMC(M)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] contested using the BJP “Lotus” symbol, the ECI will officially record them as BJP candidates in its electoral records.}}
|{{party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|Himler
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|S. Sivin
|-
|}

== Campaign ==

=== Secular Progressive Alliance ===
On 1 June 2025, DMK president and chief minister [[M. K. Stalin]] launched "Oraniyil Tamil Nadu" (Tamil Nadu as one team), an enrollment drive to add new party members and urged the party cadres to enroll at least 30% of voters in each polling booth to the party through a door-to-door outreach.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 June 2025 |title=DMK launched ‘Oraniyil Tamil Nadu’ enrolment drive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/dmk-launched-oraniyil-tamil-nadu-enrolment-drive/articleshow/121555410.cms |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 July 2025 |title=CM Stalin launches Oraniyil Tamil Nadu, does not rule out more parties joining DMK bloc |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jul/02/cm-stalin-launches-oraniyil-tamil-nadu-does-not-rule-out-more-parties-joining-dmk-bloc |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> The party released a song for its campaign with the theme "Stalin Thodarattum, Tamil Nadu Vellattum" (Let Stalin continue, Let Tamil Nadu triumph), expressing confidence in forming the government again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-11 |title=DMK launches campaign song for Tamil Nadu assembly elections |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/video/dmk-launches-campaign-song-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2866670-2026-02-11 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

====Manifesto====
The manifesto proposed by DMK includes a range of welfare, infrastructure, federalism, Centre–State relations, and law and order. Under law and order, it included the introduction of capital punishment for crimes against children below eight years of age.Under welfare schemes, provision of ₹8,000 coupons for non–income tax-paying homemakers to purchase household appliances, extension of the Chief Minister’s Breakfast Scheme up to Class 8, distribution of laptops to all college students, enhancement of the monthly entitlement for women from ₹1,000 to ₹2,000, increase in old-age pension from ₹1,200 to ₹2,000, and provision of ₹2,500 for persons with disabilities, alongside expanding coverage under the Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme from ₹5 lakh to ₹15 lakh. In infrastructure and economic measures, it proposed construction of 10 lakh houses over five years, procurement of 10,000 new buses, development of high-quality bus shelters, introduction of mini-bus services in remote areas, establishment of a cargo terminal at [[Thoothukudi]], expansion of [[Coimbatore Airport]], ₹10,000 crore for beautification of roads in corporations, future-ready global cities to [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem]], [[Madurai]], and [[Tiruchirappalli]], 20% of green areas and parks in urban areas, policy aims to attract foreign investment of ₹18 lakh crore, and creation of employment opportunities for around 50 lakh youth. In the agriculture sectors, it included provision of modern pump sets to 20 lakh farmers without electricity meters, increase in procurement price of paddy and sugarcane, raising milk procurement price to ₹5 per litre, desilting of 10,500 km of C and D category irrigation canals in the [[Chola Nadu|Cauvery delta districts]] and 5,000 km in other districts, and enhancement of financial assistance to fishermen during fishing ban and low-catch periods. It also proposed interest-free loans up to ₹5 lakh for self-help groups. In the areas of federalism and Centre–State relations, it included establishing a library in Pollachi to promote awareness of the anti-Hindi imposition movement among younger generations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/70799704-dmk-manifesto-2026pdf |title=DMK Manifesto 2026 |website=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=2026 |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>

=== AIADMK-led Alliance ===
On 7 July 2025, AIADMK general secretary Palaniswami launched a statewide campaign with the slogan "Makkalai Kaappom, Thamizhagathai Meetpom" (Let's Protect the People, Let's Save Tamil Nadu).<ref>{{cite news |agency=ANI |date=5 July 2025 |title=EPS launches AIADMK campaign logo for 2026 TN polls, gives out call to ‘remove evil DMK govt’ |url=https://theprint.in/india/eps-launches-aiadmk-campaign-logo-for-2026-tn-polls-gives-out-call-to-remove-evil-dmk-govt/2680644/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AIADMK General Secretary Edappadi K. Palaniswami launches 'Let's Protect the People, Let's Save Tamil Nadu' ahead of Tamil Nadu Assembly election |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/aiadmk-general-secretary-edappadi-k-palaniswami-launches-lets-protect-the-people-lets-save-tamil-nadu-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-assembly-election20250707112508/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[ANI News]] }}</ref>

==== Manifesto ====
On 24 March 2026, AIADMK general secretary [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] released election manifesto. The manifesto proposed a range of welfare and economic measures, including a monthly assistance of ₹2,000 for women, a ₹10,000 relief payment per family to address rising prices, and an increase in pension benefits to ₹2,000 for senior citizens. It also outlined the waiver of education and crop loans, provision of free refrigerators and free LPG cylinders, and extension of free bus travel to men. In the education and healthcare sectors, the party proposed increasing the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] quota for government school students to 10% and ensuring full coverage of major medical expenses for major treatments. Additional measures included subsidies for solar power installations, revival of the marriage assistance (gold) scheme and Amma Clinics, gradual implementation of prohibition by closing liquor shops in phases, higher minimum support prices for paddy and sugarcane, and provision of free pulses and cooking oil through the Public Distribution System.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2026 |title=2026 - All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam - Election Manifesto |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/70779689-aiadmk-manifestotn-assembly-election-2026pdf |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Others ===
On 13 September 2025, TVK president Vijay launched his party's election campaign in [[Tiruchirappalli]], with subsequent rallies planned on weekends.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2025 |title=‘Vijay is coming’: Tamil star kicks off Assembly poll campaign, targets DMK and BJP over broken promises |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/vijay-kicks-off-campaign-in-trichy-blasts-dmk-and-bjp-over-broken-promises-10248461/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 September 2025 |title=Vijay launches election campaign in Trichy, says TVK will make only practical and implementable promises |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/vijay-launches-election-campaign-in-trichy-says-tvk-will-make-only-practical-and-implementable-promises/articleshow/123869217.cms |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, following a [[2025 Karur crowd crush|crowd crush]] that resulted in the deaths of 41 people and injuries to 80-120 others, during a political rally hosted by TVK in [[Karur]], he suspended the campaign temporarily.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 September 2025 |title=39 die in stampede during TVK leader Vijay's Karur campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/10-die-in-stampede-like-situation-during-tvk-leader-vijays-karur-campaign/articleshow/124183777.cms |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 September 2025 |title=TVK rally stampede highlights: Madurai Bench of Madras High Court to hear TVK's case on September 29 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tvk-vijay-rally-karur-updates-on-september-27-2025/article70102676.ece |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

Adhava Arjun, General Secretary of TVK, made controversial remarks about actor [[Rajinikanth]], stating that he had aspired to enter Tamil Nadu politics but refrained due to alleged pressure from the DMK. He also compared Rajinikanth with TVK leader Vijay, asserting that Vijay was more courageous.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2026-03-15 |title=TVK leader sparks row with claim that DMK ‘threatened’ Rajinikanth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tvk-leader-sparks-row-with-claim-that-dmk-threatened-tamil-superstar-rajinikanth-2882149-2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-17 |title=Rajinikanth responds after Aadhav Arjuna remarks that he did not enter politics due to threat from DMK |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rajinikanth-responds-after-aadhav-arjuna-remarks-that-he-did-not-enter-politics-due-to-threat-from-vijay-dmk-101773733393070.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The remarks drew widespread criticism and condemnation from various political parties and leaders across Tamil Nadu, including the leader of the opposition Edappadi K. Palaniswami. Vijay did not issue any public response to the controversy. Rajinikanth, however reacted by thanking those who condemned the remarks and stated "Time doesn't speak, but it waits and gives the answer".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-16 |title=Nainar Nagenthran condemns Aadhav Arjuna’s remarks against Rajinikanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/nainar-nagenthran-condemns-aadhav-arjunas-remarks-against-rajinikanth/article70749615.ece |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth vs Vijay Fan Wars? Posters Put Up In Madurai Against TVK Leader's Comments |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/cities/chennai-news/rajinikanth-vs-vijay-fan-wars-posters-put-up-in-madurai-against-tvk-leader-aadhav-arjunas-comments-ws-l-9979453.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260317093848/https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/cities/chennai-news/rajinikanth-vs-vijay-fan-wars-posters-put-up-in-madurai-against-tvk-leader-aadhav-arjunas-comments-ws-l-9979453.html |archive-date=2026-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-17 |title=Rajinikanth rejects TVK leader’s claim that 'DMK pressure' derailed his entry into politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-superstar-rajinikanth-calls-aadhav-arjunas-remarks-untrue-thanks-leaders-and-fans-for-support/articleshow/129627879.cms |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Following an order of the [[Madras High Court]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/no-one-above-law-court-orders-making-rules-for-rallies-by-political-parties-9302892 |title=Court Orders Making Rules For Rallies By Political Parties |work=[[NDTV]] |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] announced new rules and guidelines for political rallies in the state in January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-government-notifies-sop-for-political-meetings-rallies-other-large-public-gatherings/article70479181.ece |title=Tamil Nadu government notifies SOP for political meetings, rallies, other large public gatherings |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

== Surveys and polls ==
=== Opinion polls ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Seat projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
! rowspan="2" | Sample size
! rowspan="2" | Margin of error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
! Others
|-
|[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]-Matrize
|15 Mar 2026<ref name="Tamil Nadu Survey 2026">{{Cite web|url=https://ianslive.in/opinion-poll-aiadmk-to-edge-ahead-of-dmk-in-tamil-nadu-ldf-and-udf-in-neck-and-neck-fight-in-kerala--20260315184504|title=Opinion Poll: AIADMK to edge ahead of DMK in Tamil Nadu|access-date=15 March 2026|work=IANS}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/news/opinion-poll-2026-dates-fixed-in-5-states-find-out-who-will-form-the-government-now-tmc-bjp-congress-3101910 |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=MatrizeNews}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |url=https://matrizenews.com/admin/upl_xls/l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES.pdf |title=l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES |author=IANS-Matrize |date=2026-03-15 |website= MatrizeNews |format=PDF |access-date=2026-03-21}}
</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Chanchal |date=2026-03-16 |title=BJP surge in West Bengal, neck-and-neck fight for Stalin in Tamil Nadu - What opinion poll predicts |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-surge-in-west-bengal-neck-and-neck-for-stalin-in-tamil-nadu-what-opinion-poll-predicts-11773659721367.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|17,410
|±3%
|104-114
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|114-127}}'''
|6-12
|1-6
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|0-23}}'''
|-
|[[CNN News18|News18]]-Vote Vibe
|23 Mar 2026<ref name="News18 Vote Vibe Poll Tracker">{{cite AV media |date=23 March 2026|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cgPReqT9Us |title=India Assembly Polls 2026: CNN-News18 Poll Tracker Goes LIVE For Kerala, TN, WB, Assam, Puducherry|publisher=CNN-News18 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=23 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260323185038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cgPReqT9Us |archive-date=23 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=ओपिनियन पोल: DMK-AIADMK में कांटे की टक्कर, 'वाइल्ड कार्ड' विजय, जानें जनता के मन की बात|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/tamil-nadu-election-opinion-poll-dmk-aiadmk-neck-to-neck-stalin-eps-vijay-tvk-wildcard-latest-news-10301468.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=news18 hindi|language=hi}}</ref>
|7,992
|±3%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|White|113-123}}'''
|106-116
|2-8
|–
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|3-17}}'''
|-
|Agni News Agency
|23 Mar 2026 <ref name="ANS SURVEY">{{Cite|date=2026-03-23 |title=DMK leads by nearly 6%|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/dmk-alliance-projected-to-win-180-seats-with-nearly-45-vote-share-in-assembly-polls-agni-news-survey20260323143902|work=ANI|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref name="ANS SURVEY1">{{Cite|date=2026-03-23 |title=DMK alliance to win 180 constituencies, securing 44.9 per cent vote share in TN polls: Survey|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/politics/dmk-alliance-to-win-180-constituencies-securing-449-per-cent-vote-share-in-tn-polls-survey|work=DT next|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref>
|101,643
|±3%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|180+}}'''
|50-60
|0-10
|0
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|120-130}}'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Vote share projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
! rowspan="2" | Sample size
! rowspan="2" | Margin of error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
! Others
|-
|[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]-Matrize
|15 Mar 2026<ref name="Tamil Nadu Survey 2026">{{Cite web|url=https://ianslive.in/opinion-poll-aiadmk-to-edge-ahead-of-dmk-in-tamil-nadu-ldf-and-udf-in-neck-and-neck-fight-in-kerala--20260315184504|title=Opinion Poll: AIADMK to edge ahead of DMK in Tamil Nadu|access-date=15 March 2026|work=IANS}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2026 |title=l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/news/opinion-poll-2026-dates-fixed-in-5-states-find-out-who-will-form-the-government-now-tmc-bjp-congress-3101910 |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=MatrizeNews}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |url=https://matrizenews.com/admin/upl_xls/l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES.pdf |title=l679Press_Release_+_Opinion_Poll_@_5_STATES |author=IANS-Matrize |date=2026-03-15 |website= MatrizeNews |format=PDF |access-date=2026-03-21}}
</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Chanchal |date=2026-03-16 |title=BJP surge in West Bengal, neck-and-neck fight for Stalin in Tamil Nadu - What opinion poll predicts |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-surge-in-west-bengal-neck-and-neck-for-stalin-in-tamil-nadu-what-opinion-poll-predicts-11773659721367.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|17,410
|±3%
|37-38
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|39-40}}'''
|14-15
|10-12
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|1-3%}}'''
|-
|[[CNN News18|News18]]-Vote Vibe
|23 Mar 2026<ref name="News18 Vote Vibe Poll Tracker">{{cite AV media |date=23 March 2026|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cgPReqT9Us |title=India Assembly Polls 2026: CNN-News18 Poll Tracker Goes LIVE For Kerala, TN, WB, Assam, Puducherry|publisher=CNN-News18 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=23 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260323185038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cgPReqT9Us |archive-date=23 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-23 |title=ओपिनियन पोल: DMK-AIADMK में कांटे की टक्कर, 'वाइल्ड कार्ड' विजय, जानें जनता के मन की बात|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/tamil-nadu-election-opinion-poll-dmk-aiadmk-neck-to-neck-stalin-eps-vijay-tvk-wildcard-latest-news-10301468.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=news18 hindi|language=hi}}</ref>
|7,992
|±3%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|40}}'''
|38
|15
|7
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|2%}}'''
|-
|Agni News Agency
|23 Mar 2026 <ref name="ANS SURVEY">{{Cite|date=2026-03-23 |title=DMK leads by nearly 6%|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/dmk-alliance-projected-to-win-180-seats-with-nearly-45-vote-share-in-assembly-polls-agni-news-survey20260323143902|work=ANI|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref><ref name="ANS SURVEY1">{{Cite|date=2026-03-23 |title=DMK alliance to win 180 constituencies, securing 44.9 per cent vote share in TN polls: Survey|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/politics/dmk-alliance-to-win-180-constituencies-securing-449-per-cent-vote-share-in-tn-polls-survey|work=DT next|access-date=2026-03-24}}</ref>
|101,643
|±3%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|44.9%}}'''
|38.5%
|9.7%
|6.9%
| style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |'''{{font color|white|6.4%}}'''
|}

=== Exit polls ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
|+ Vote share projections
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
! rowspan="2" | Date published
! rowspan="2" | Margin of error
| bgcolor="{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
! rowspan="2" | Lead
|-
! [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! Others
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="9" {{Party color cell|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
|rowspan="9" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|175
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|28
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|10
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|8
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|5
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|5
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|2
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|1
|
|
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#FFE6E6"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|{{formatnum:}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|234
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#FFE6E6"|
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|AIADMK-led Alliance}}
|rowspan="5" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|172
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|33
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|18
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|11
|
|
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#cce6d8"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|{{formatnum:}}
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|234
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|style="color:inherit;background:#cce6d8"|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|234
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
|colspan="3" alogn=left|[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|234
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other parties}}
|colspan="3"|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election#Others|Other parties]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!{{formatnum:}}
!%
! —
!
!
! —
|-
|}

===Results by district===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
![[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
!Others
|-
![[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
![[Chennai district|Chennai]]
!22
|
|
|
|-
![[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
![[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
![[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Tirupathur district|Thirupattur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
![[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Thiruvanamalai district|Thiruvanamalai]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
![[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
!7
|
|
|
|-
![[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Salem district|Salem]]
!11
|
|
|
|-
![[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
![[Erode district|Erode]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
![[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
![[Thiruppur district|Thiruppur]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
![[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!10
|
|
|
|-
![[Dindigul district|Dindigal]]
!7
|
|
|
|-
![[Karur district|Karur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]]
!9
|
|
|
|-
![[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
!2
|
|
|
|-
![[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!2
|
|
|
|-
![[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!9
|
|
|
|-
![[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
![[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
!3
|
|
|
|-
![[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!8
|
|
|
|-
![[Pudukottai district|Pudukottai]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
![[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!10
|
|
|
|-
![[Theni district|Theni]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
!7
|
|
|
|-
![[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!4
|
|
|
|-
![[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
![[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!5
|
|
|
|-
![[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!6
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!234
!
!
!
|}

===Results by region===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Secular Progressive Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|AIADMK-led Alliance}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Others}}"|
|-
![[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
! [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
!Others
|-
!Northern Tamil Nadu
!69
|
|
|
|-
!Western Tamil Nadu
!68
|
|
|
|-
!Southern Tamil Nadu
!51
|
|
|
|-
!Central Tamil Nadu
!46
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!234
!
!
!
|}

===Results by constituency===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name{{efn|name=Reserved|SC and ST indicate constituencies reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]] respectively}}
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
|-
|rowspan=6|[[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
!1
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!2
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!3
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!4
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!6
|[[Avadi Assembly constituency|Avadi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="22" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
!7
|[[Maduravoyal Assembly constituency|Maduravoyal]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!8
|[[Ambattur Assembly constituency|Ambattur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!9
|[[Madavaram Assembly constituency|Madavaram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!11
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!14
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!16
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]] (SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!18
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!19
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!20
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!21
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!22
|[[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugambakkam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!23
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|
|
|
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!24
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagarayanagar]]
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!25
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
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!26
|[[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
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!27
|[[Sholinganallur Assembly constituency|Shozhinganallur]]
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!28
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
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|[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!29
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]] (SC)
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| rowspan="6" |[[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
!30
|[[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram]]
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!31
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
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!32
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
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!33
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]
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!34
|[[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]] (SC)
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!35
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam]] (SC)
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| rowspan="2" |[[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
!36
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
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!37
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
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| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!38
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]] (SC)
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!39
|[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
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|[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!40
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
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| rowspan="2" |[[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
!41
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
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!42
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
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| rowspan="4" |[[Vellore district|Vellore]]
!43
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
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!44
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaikattu]]
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!45
|[[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency|Kilvaithinankuppam]] (SC)
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!46
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyattam]] (SC)
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| rowspan="4" |[[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
!47
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
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!48
|[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]
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!49
|[[Jolarpet Assembly constituency|Jolarpet]]
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!50
|[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]]
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| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
!51
|[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]] (SC)
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!52
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
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!53
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
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!54
|[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]
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!55
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
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!56
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
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| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
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!58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
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!59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
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!60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddippatti]]
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!61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]] (SC)
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| rowspan="8" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
!62
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]] (SC)
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!63
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
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!64
|[[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]]
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!65
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
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!66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
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!67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
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!68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
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!69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]] (SC)
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| rowspan="7" |[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
!70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
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!71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
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!72
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
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!73
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]] (SC)
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!74
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
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!75
|[[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
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!76
|[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]
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| rowspan="4" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
!77
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpettai]]
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!78
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
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!79
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
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!80
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]] (SC)
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| rowspan="11" |[[Salem district|Salem]]
!81
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]] (SC)
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!82
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]] (SC)
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!83
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]] (ST)
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!84
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
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!85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
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!86
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
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!87
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari]]
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!88
|[[Salem West Assembly constituency|Salem (West)]]
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!89
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem (North)]]
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!90
|[[Salem South Assembly constituency|Salem (South)]]
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!91
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
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| rowspan="6" |[[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
!92
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]] (SC)
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!93
|[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]] (ST)
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!94
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]
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!95
|[[Paramathi-Velur Assembly constituency|Paramathi-Velur]]
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!96
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]
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!97
|[[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency|Kumarapalayam]]
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| rowspan="3" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!98
|[[Erode East Assembly constituency|Erode (East)]]
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!99
|[[Erode West Assembly constituency|Erode (West)]]
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!100
|[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]
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|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!101
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]] (SC)
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!102
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
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|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Erode district|Erode]]
!103
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
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!104
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
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|-
!105
|[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]
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!106
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
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|-
!107
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]] (SC)
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|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!108
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
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!109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]] (SC)
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|-
!110
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
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|-
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!111
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|
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| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!112
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]] (SC)
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|-
!113
|[[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (North)]]
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!114
|[[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur (South)]]
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!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
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|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!116
|[[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]
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|-
!117
|[[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency|Kavundampalayam]]
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!118
|[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (North)]]
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!119
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
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!120
|[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (South)]]
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!121
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
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!122
|[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
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!123
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
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!124
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]] (SC)
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|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
!125
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]
|
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!126
|[[Madathukulam Assembly constituency|Madathukulam]]
|
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| rowspan="7" |[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
!127
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
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!128
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|
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!129
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
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|-
!130
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]] (SC)
|
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!131
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
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!132
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|
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!133
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|
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|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Karur district|Karur]]
!134
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|
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|-
!135
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|
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|-
!136
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]] (SC)
|
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!137
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|
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|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
!138
|[[Manapaarai Assembly constituency|Manapaarai]]
|
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|-
!139
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|
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|-
!140
|[[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (West)]]
|
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|-
!141
|[[Tiruchirappalli East Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli (East)]]
|
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|-
!142
|[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|
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|-
!143
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
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|-
!144
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|
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|-
!145
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|
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|-
!146
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]] (SC)
|
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|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
!147
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]] (SC)
|
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!148
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|
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|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!149
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|
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!150
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|
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|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]] (SC)
|
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!152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam]]
|
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!153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|
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!154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
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|-
!155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
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|-
!156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|
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!157
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
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!158
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
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!159
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]] (SC)
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| rowspan="3" |[[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
!160
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]] (SC)
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!161
|[[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuturai]]
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!162
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
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| rowspan="3" |[[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
!163
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
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!164
|[[Kilvelur Assembly constituency|Kilvelur]] (SC)
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!165
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
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| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
!166
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]] (SC)
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!167
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
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!168
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]
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!169
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
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| rowspan="8" |[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!170
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]] (SC)
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!171
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
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!172
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
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!173
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]
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!174
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
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!175
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
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!176
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
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!177
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
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| rowspan="6" |[[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
!178
|[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandarvakottai]] (SC)
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!179
|[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]
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!180
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
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!181
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
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!182
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
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!183
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
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| rowspan="4" |[[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
!184
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
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!185
|[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
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!186
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
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!187
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]] (SC)
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| rowspan="10" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!188
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
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!189
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
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!190
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]] (SC)
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!191
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
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!192
|[[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
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!193
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
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!194
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
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!195
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
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!196
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
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!197
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
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| rowspan="4" |[[Theni district|Theni]]
!198
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
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!199
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]] (SC)
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!200
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
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!201
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
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| rowspan="7" |[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
!202
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
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!203
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]] (SC)
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!204
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
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!205
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
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!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
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!207
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
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!208
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
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| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!209
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]] (SC)
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!210
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
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!211
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
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!212
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]
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| rowspan="6" |[[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
!213
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
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!214
|[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
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!215
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
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!216
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
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!217
|[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]] (SC)
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!218
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]
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| rowspan="5" |[[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
!219
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankovil]] (SC)
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!220
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]] (SC)
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!221
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
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!222
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
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!223
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
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| rowspan="5" |[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!224
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
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!225
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
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!226
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamkottai]]
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!227
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
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!228
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
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| rowspan="6" |[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!229
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
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!230
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
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!231
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachal]]
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!232
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
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!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
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!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
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|}

== See also ==
* {{anl|2026 elections in India}}
* {{anl|2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election}}
* {{anl|Elections in Tamil Nadu}}
* {{anl|Politics of Tamil Nadu}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Tamil Nadu elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Future elections in India|T]]
[[Category:2026 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]

Tenkasi Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T17:53:38Z

FranklynDavitt2: general added article for consistency and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tenkasi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 222
| map_image = Constitution-tenkasi.svg
| mla = [[S. Palani Nadar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 279,585
}}

'''Tenkasi''' state assembly constituency is in [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref> Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below. It is a part of [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Subramaniam Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[K. Sattanatha Karayalar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[I. A. C. Pillai|I. A. Chidambaram Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Samsudeen]] alias Kathiravan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[S. Muthusamy Karayalar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[A. K. Sattanatha Karayalar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[T. R. Venkataraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[S. Peter Alphonse]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[K. Ravi Arunan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. Annamalai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[R. Sarathkumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[S. Palani Nadar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|52.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|52.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.53}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Kalai Kathiravan |party=DMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Pushpalatha Mahalingam|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= A. Raja Prakash |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= THIRUMALAIKUMAR |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Poosadurai |party=AIPTMMK|votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=tenkasi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a222|access-date= 18 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Palani Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89,315 |percentage=41.94% |change=-0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,945 |percentage=41.77% |change=-0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vincentraj |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,336 |percentage=7.20% |change=+5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mohamed |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,944 |percentage=4.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thirumalaimuthu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,188 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Madasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,978 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,159 |percentage=0.54% |change=-1.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=370 |percentage=0.17% |change= -0.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,12,949 |percentage=72.89% |change= -4.04% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=382|percentage=0.18% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,92,168 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Selvamohandas Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,339 |percentage=42.58% |change=-11.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Palani Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=85,877 |percentage=42.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Selvi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,716 |percentage=5.78% |change=+4.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. D. S. Charles |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=7,324 |percentage=3.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,391 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Muthukumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,898 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Madasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,621 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Seetharaman |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,222 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=462 |percentage=0.23% |change= -13.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,02,775 |percentage=76.93% |change= -1.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,584 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sarathkumar]] |party=All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi|votes=92,253 |percentage=54.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,286 |percentage=40.78% |change=-9.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Anburaj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,698 |percentage=1.59% |change=-2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arumugam |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=1,507 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,140 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vethala Iyyankan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,080 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Paramasivan |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,967 |percentage=13.52% |change= 0.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,69,910 |percentage=78.91% |change= 4.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,15,324 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,755 |percentage=49.98% |change=+5.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rama. Udayasuriyan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,097 |percentage=36.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ravi Arunan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,190 |percentage=3.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,081 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chandran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,607 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,095 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Muthuraja |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,645 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Bala Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,166 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,658 |percentage=13.37% |change= 6.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,39,570 |percentage=74.66% |change= 10.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,86,929 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Annamalai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,454 |percentage=51.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Karuppasamy Pandian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,662 |percentage=44.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sankarasubramanian Alias Lala M. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,064 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balasubramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,712 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Iyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=861 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=720 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,792 |percentage=7.24% |change= -19.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,473 |percentage=63.79% |change= -5.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,90,762 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -1.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ravi Arunan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=60,758 |percentage=52.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aladi Sankaraiya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,998 |percentage=26.08% |change=-36.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Asan Ibrahim |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,250 |percentage=8.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Deena Dayalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,962 |percentage=8.66% |change=+1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thanga Samy Nadar |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,224 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,760 |percentage=26.74% |change= -8.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,038 |percentage=69.02% |change= 1.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,679 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Peter Alphonse]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,142 |percentage=62.10% |change=+25.82 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,263 |percentage=26.94% |change=-3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. T. Sastha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,228 |percentage=6.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chellathurai |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=3,185 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,879 |percentage=35.16% |change= 29.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,893 |percentage=67.27% |change= -10.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,652 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 25.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Peter Alphonse]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,643 |percentage=36.29% |change=-24.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pandivalavan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,049 |percentage=30.25% |change=-7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Gani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,578 |percentage=18.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. R. Venkataramana |party=Independent politician |votes=12,860 |percentage=11.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Samudram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,221 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,594 |percentage=6.04% |change= -16.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,248 |percentage=77.52% |change= -1.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,876 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -24.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. R. Venkataraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,011 |percentage=60.45% |change=+11.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kuthalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,383 |percentage=37.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Subbniah |party=Independent politician |votes=849 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Thirumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,628 |percentage=22.93% |change= 22.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,312 |percentage=78.96% |change= 14.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,902 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. K. Sattanatha Karayalar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,638 |percentage=49.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Ramanan Alias Venkataramanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,963 |percentage=48.96% |change=+7.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohideen Pichai |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. H. Kalyana Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=404 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=675 |percentage=0.92% |change= -15.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,457 |percentage=64.93% |change= -7.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,840 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy Karayalar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,273 |percentage=41.36% |change=-2.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Abdul Jabbar |party=Independent politician |votes=18,489 |percentage=25.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pandi Valavan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,745 |percentage=17.41% |change=-38.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Arumugasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=10,529 |percentage=14.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. V. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,158 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,784 |percentage=16.10% |change= 4.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,194 |percentage=72.15% |change= -6.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,800 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1971 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Samsudeen]] Alias Kathiravan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,110 |percentage=55.66% |change=+6.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. C. Iswaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,150 |percentage=44.34% |change=-5.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,960 |percentage=11.33% |change= 10.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,260 |percentage=78.16% |change= -4.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,660 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. A. Chidambaram Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,561 |percentage=49.86% |change=+5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. K. Samsudin |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,818 |percentage=48.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pitchai |party=Independent politician |votes=939 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=743 |percentage=1.07% |change= -18.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,318 |percentage=83.15% |change= 7.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,612 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,684 |percentage=44.33% |change=+1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Reboi Sahib |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=16,882 |percentage=25.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Shanmugam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,003 |percentage=19.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaranarayana Iyer |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,138 |percentage=6.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanichami |party=Independent politician |votes=2,139 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthiah Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,117 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,802 |percentage=19.12% |change= 9.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,963 |percentage=75.30% |change= 3.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,851 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -8.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sattanatha Karayalar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=31,145 |percentage=52.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. A. Chidambaram Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,499 |percentage=43.30% |change=-1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Srinivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,243 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,646 |percentage=9.59% |change= 4.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,887 |percentage=71.72% |change= -0.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,107 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1952 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tenkasi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Subramaniam Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,340 |percentage=44.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sevagupandia Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=23,557 |percentage=39.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pichia Mudaliar |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,256 |percentage=15.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,783 |percentage=4.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,153 |percentage=72.19% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,944 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{coord|8.96|77.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Aayiramthengu mangrove forest

2026-03-29T00:30:20Z

FranklynDavitt2: stub

{{Short description|Mangrove forest in Kollam district, Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Ayiramthengu Mangrove Forest
| iucn_category =
| location = [[Ayiramthengu]], [[Oachira|Oachira Block]], [[Kollam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|7|33.85|N|76|28|43.21|E|region:IN-KL|display=inline,title}}
| area = 25 acres (10 ha)
| established = Restoration began in 1998
| governing_body = [[Department of Fisheries (Kerala)|Department of Fisheries]], Government of Kerala
| designation = Environmental Hot Spot
}}

The '''Ayiramthengu mangrove forest''' is located in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], India. The forest is adjacent to [[Kayamkulam Kayal|Kayamkulam Lake]] and is 25 acres in size.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kollam.nic.in/en/history/|title=History of Ayiramthengu|website=Kollam District Official Website}}</ref>

==Ecology and conservation==
The mangrove [[ecosystem]] was destroyed in [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]], but it has since been successfully restored.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mangrove-forest-on-chopping-block-again/article13980205.ece|title=Mangrove forest on chopping block again|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2016|access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> Now it has been designated as an [[Environmental Hot Spot]] because of its fragile status and [[Ecology|ecological]] value.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

There is a management plan developed by the State Fisheries Department for the mangrove forest, which is an important fish breeding area with ecological value to the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2024/ayiramthengu-kollam/1370|title=Ayiramthengu |website=Kerala Tourism|date=2024|access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

In 1998, there was management to restore the area for the introduction of native species of plant life. The [[mangrove forest]] has at least 9 species, such as [[Avicennia marina]], [[Bruguiera cylindrica]], and [[Rhizophora apiculata]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vishal |first1=Vijayan |last2=Latha |first2=M. |title=FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE FORESTS AT AYIRAMTHENGU, KOLLAM DISTRICT, KERALA|journal=Journal of Plant Development Sciences|volume=11|issue=7|pages=694-700|url=https://jpds.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/03.-Vishal-Vijayan-694.pdf|date=July 2019|access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> The mangrove forest ecosystem also has value as habitat space and shelter for other species, like [[Crab|crabs]], [[Snail|snails]], and support at least 27 [[List of sharks|species of the fish]] in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sreeraj |first1=B |last2=Nisha |first2=Thomas P. |title=Study on Mangrove-associated Shellfish Diversity of Aayiramthengu Mangrove Forest, Kerala, India|journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology|volume=8|issue=2|pages=178-185|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/409717.pdf|date=2020|access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

==Threats==
Although the mangroves have been restored successfully, they are still threatened by people who are cutting down the [[Mangrove|mangroves]] and converting the land to be developed or farmed for [[Agriculture|agricultural]] purposes, and they are also threatened by other sources of [[pollution]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mangrove-forest-on-chopping-block-again/article13980205.ece|title=Mangrove forest on chopping block again|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2016|access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mangroves]]
[[Category:Landforms of Kerala]]

Aram Bagh, Agra

2026-03-28T23:54:27Z

FranklynDavitt2: adjust citations additionally

{{short description|16th century Mughal garden in Agra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Aram Bagh, Agra
| image = Chhatri at Arambagh 2.jpg
| image_caption = A [[chhatri]] at Aram Bagh, in 2024
| type = [[Botanical garden]]
| location = [[Agra]], India
| coords = {{coord|27|12|20.347|N|78|2|15.9|E|display=inline,title|name=Aram Bagh, Agra}}
| established = {{Start date and age|1526|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Babur]]
| status = Open all year
| embedded = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI
}}
}}
__NOTOC__
[[File:The Indian empire- history, topography, geology, climate, population, chief cities and provinces; tributary and protected states; military power and resources; religion, education, crime; land (14769184302).jpg|thumb|Agra, from the Jahara Baug]]
[[File:Pavilions of Aram Bagh 1.jpg|thumb|Water channels and pavilion of Aram Bagh]]
The '''Aram Bagh''' is the oldest [[Mughal garden]] in India, originally built by [[Babur|Emperor Babur]], the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|first Mughal emperor]], in 1526,<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna/cid/2031729 |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 July 2024}}</ref> located about five kilometers northeast of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], [[India]]. Babur was temporarily buried there before being interred in [[Kabul]].{{Cn|date=July 2024}}

==Etymology==
The name ''Aaram Bagh'' translates to 'Garden of Rest'.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=91}}

When Emperor Babur laid out this garden, he named it 'Bāgh-i-Gul Afshān' ({{Literal translation|The Flower-Scatterer Garden}}). It was later renamed as Aram Bagh or the 'Garden of Rest'.{{sfn|Nath|1982|p=91}} When the Marathas came to power in Agra between 1774 and 1803, they changed the name from 'Aram Bagh' to 'Ram Bagh', and the name has remained ever since.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Hemendra |date=21 January 2024 |title=Today’s Ram Bagh was once ‘Aram Bagh’ of Mughal emperor Babur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/todays-ram-bagh-was-once-aram-bagh-of-mughal-emperor-babur-101705846511516-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910074121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/todays-ram-bagh-was-once-aram-bagh-of-mughal-emperor-babur-101705846511516-amp.html |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

It is also variously known as '<nowiki/>''Bagh-i Nur Afshan''' which translates to 'Light-Scattering Garden', ''Aalsi Bagh'' or 'Lazy Garden': according to legend, Emperor [[Akbar]] proposed to his third wife, who was a gardener there, by lying idle for six days until she agreed to marry him.<ref name="K"/>

== History ==
The garden is a [[Persian garden]], where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through which rivers flow. The Aram Bagh provides an example of a variant of the charbagh in which water cascades down three terraces in a sequence of cascades. Two viewing pavilions face the [[Yamuna River|Jumna]] river and incorporates a subterranean 'tahkhana' which was used during the hot summers to provide relief for visitors. The garden has numerous water courses and fountains.<ref name="K">Koch, p.37-41</ref>

[[Jahangir]] waited in the garden in early March 1621 for the most astrologically auspicious hour for him to enter Agra after he took the [[Fort of Kangra]]. Jahangir made several additions in the garden, which includes two marble pavilions and a number of ''chhatris''. The preserved, surviving architecture dates to his reign and demonstrates the skill of his wife [[Nur Jahan]] as a garden designer.<ref name="K"/><ref name="Rangan"/>

==In art and literature==
An engraving of [[Thomas Shotter Boys]]' painting is in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, together with a poetical illustration (''The history of Shah Dara's flight and death'') by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] entitled {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Jahara Baug, Agra|Jahara Baug, Agra]]}}<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA24|section=poetical illustration and picture|pages=24-25|year=1834|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of parks in Delhi]]

==Citations==

{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book | last = Koch | first = Ebba | title = The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra | date = 20 August 2023 | type = Hardback | edition = First | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 978-0-500-34209-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 288 pages] | url = https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 }}
*{{cite web| url = http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/ram_bagh.htm| title = Gardens guide - Aram Bagh| access-date = 2007-03-14| last = Turner| first = Tom| year = 1998| publisher = Gardenvisit.com| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061016214330/http://www.gardenvisit.com/ge/ram_bagh.htm| archive-date = 16 October 2006| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}
*{{cite web| url = http://www.agrahub.com/agra-monuments/rambagh-gardens.html| title = Arambagh Gardens Agra| access-date = 2007-03-14| publisher = Agra hub| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070406040937/http://www.agrahub.com/agra-monuments/rambagh-gardens.html| archive-date = 2007-04-06}}
* {{citation| title = History Of Mughal Architecture Vol.1 | last = Nath | first = Ram | authorlink = Ram Nath| isbn = 9788170171591 | publisher = Abhinav Publications | date = 1982 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532498/page/n335}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/7437775/The_Mughal_Waterfront_Garden |title=The Mughal Waterfront Garden. In Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design |access-date=2007-02-13 |author=Koch |first=Ebba |year=1997 |editor-last=Petruccioli |editor-first=Attilio |publisher=E. J. Brill}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100130185156/http://www.pem.org/library/collections/offen The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum]

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Agra Division topics}}

[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Gardens in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Persian gardens in India]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1528 in India]]

Last seven great patrons

2026-03-28T23:50:19Z

FranklynDavitt2: Created new info - done

{{Short description|Group of seven kings from ancient Tamilagam}}
'''Last seven great patrons''' ({{langx|ta|Kadai ezhu vallal}}) are a group of seven kings from ancient [[Tamilagam]] mentioned in the [[Sangam literature]]. These kings were noted for their generosity and charitable deeds.

== Literature ==
There are seven kings who are mentioned as the last seven great patrons in the [[Pattuppattu]] text ''[[Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai|Sirupanaatruppadai]]''.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=1}}{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=4}}<ref name="Tamilvu">{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/ta/courses-degree-d011-d0113-html-d0113334-18874|title=Last seven great patrons|lang=ta|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> It is dated to sometime between the late 3rd century CE and 5th century CE,{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|p=20}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=41–43}} and the stanza is attributed to Nattatranar.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=4}} A poem by Perumchittiranar from the [[Sangam literature|Sangam literary]] work ''[[Purananuru]]'' also lists the seven great patrons and their deeds.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=1}}{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=4}}{{sfn|Amarraj|2023|p=1}} Dated to between 2nd and 5th century CE, it is part of the [[Ettuthogai]] texts.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1973|p=41–43}} Sangam poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] also lists them in one of her poems.{{sfn|Cuppiramaṇiyan|Tirunavukkaracu|1983|p=256}} There are also mentions of lists of first and middle seven great patrons in the Sangam literature.{{sfn|Anbuselvan|2010|p=40}}

== Patrons ==
The seven patrons mentioned in the literature are described as amongst the most generous of the kings.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=4}} These kings were regional monarchs known as [[velir]], who ruled small kingdoms under the larger [[Three Crowned Kings|triumvirate]] of [[Cheras]], [[Cholas]], and [[Pandyas]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=5}} During the [[sangam period]], poets and scholars generally sung praises on the rulers, who in turn bestowed them with gifts. Amongst the various patrons, these seven were described as the greatest amongst them by the poets.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=4-5}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=1}}

In ''Sirupanaatruppadai'', Nattatranar lists them as [[Vaiyāvik Kōpperum Pēkan|Pegan]], [[Vel Pari|Pari]], [[Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri|Kari]], Aay, [[Athiyamān Nedumān Añci|Adigan]], Nalli, and [[Valvil Ori|Ori]]. Avvaiyar also lists the same seven as Perumchittiranar, but in a different order.{{sfn|Cuppiramaṇiyan|Tirunavukkaracu|1983|p=256}} Perumchittiranar lists the seven kings as Pari, Ori, Malayan Kari, Elini, Pegan, Aay, and Nalli in ''Purananuru''.{{sfn|Cuppiramaṇiyan|Tirunavukkaracu|1983|p=256}} Six of the names are common across the lists with the only name being different is Elini in Perumchittiranar and Avvaiyar's list, and Adigan in Nattatranar's list. Based on the description and timeline, both the names have been attributed to the same king from [[Athiyaman]] clan.{{sfn|Cuppiramaṇiyan|Tirunavukkaracu|1983|p=256}}

=== Pegan ===
[[File:Began_giving_blanket_to_peacock.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Vaiyāvik Kōpperum Pēkan|Pegan]] blanketing a [[peacock]]]]
{{main|Vaiyāvik Kōpperum Pēkan|l1=Pegan}}
Pegan was the lord of the aviyar clan, who ruled over the hill country of [[Palani Hills]]. He was a contemporary of Tamil poets [[Kabilar]], and [[Paranar]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=20}} Once Pegan saw a male [[peafowl]] displaying its elaborate tail feathers. He presumed the bird's actions to be the result of shivering because of cold weather.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=21}} He took his upper garment and wrapped it as a blanked around the bird to protect it from cold.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=2}}

=== Kari ===
{{main|Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri|l1=Kari}}
Kari belonged to the [[Malayaman]] clan and ruled over with his capital at [[Thirukovilur]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=44}} He had a horse, also named Kari, which helped him win multiple battles.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=44}} He is described as bestowing poets with riches and gifts like rainfall including his mount.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=3}} He lost to Athiyaman in battle, and defeated Ori.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=47-48}}

=== Pari ===
[[File:பாரி_முல்லைக்குத்_தேரீதல்_(படிமம்).JPG|upright=0.9|thumb|[[Vel Pari|Pari]] giving his chariot to support a [[vine|climber plant]]]]
{{main|Vel Pari|l1=Pari}}
Pari was the ruler of Parambu country, and patron of poet [[Kapilar|Kabilar]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=7-9}} Once when Pari was traveling along country side, he noticed a [[jasmine]] [[vine]] struggling for support.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=9}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=2}} He immediately disembarked from his chariot, and offered it as a support for the plant.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=11}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=2}}

=== Ay Andiran ===
{{main|Ay Andiran|label1 = Ay Andiran}}

Ay Andiran ruled over the [[Pothigai]] hills with his capital at [[Aygudi|Aaykudi]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=53}} His deeds have been sung in poems by Mosiyar.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=54-57}} He had the habit of donating [[elephants]] to the poets and needy.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=57}} An [[ascetic]] once donated Aay a divine snake skin garment, which purportedly gave prosperity and good health.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=58}} However, Aay did not care for material things, and donated the garment to lord [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=58}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=4}}

=== Athiyaman ===
[[File:Adhiyaman_avvaikku_nellikani_vazhanguthal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Athiyamān Nedumān Añci|Athiyaman]] giving the fruit to [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]]]
{{main|Athiyamān Nedumān Añci|l1=Athiyaman}}
Athiyaman was the ruler of [[Mazhanadu]], and was the contemporary of poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=31-32}} There was an [[Indian gooseberry]] tree in the forests of Kanchamalai in Athiyaman's realm. The fruit of the tree was purported to have medicinal effects, and bestowed longer and healthier lifespan for those who consume it. The tree did not bear any fruit for a long time, and ultimately bore one single fruit which ripened.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=33-34}} However, instead of consuming the fruit himself, he gave the fruit to Avvaiyar and stated that she was more befitting of the fruit due to her literary service.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=37-38}}{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=4}}

=== Ori ===
[[File:Valvil_Ori_Statue_Kolli_Hills_JEG3055.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Valvil Ori|Ori]] on his horse]]
{{main|Valvil Ori|l1 = Ori}}

Ori was the ruler of [[Kolli Hills]], and was known for his skill in [[archery]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=49}} Paranar details his archery skills, and his donations to the hill people.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=50}} He was also known for his generosity in granting gifts to poets, and the needy.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=51}} After defeating Kari in multiple battles, he was finally killed by Kari with the help of the Cheras.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=5}}{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=52}}

=== Nalli ===
{{main|Nalli (ruler)|l1=Nalli}}
Nalli is described as the ruler of Kandeera country.{{sfn|Sudaroli|2019|p=4}} His deeds have been described by Paranar and Perunthalai Sathanar.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=61-65}} He has been described to help people irrespective of class and caste.{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=65}} He maintained a lot of [[cows]].{{sfn|Jaganathan|1959|p=66}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite journal|last=Amarraj|first=T.|title=Puranaanutril kadai elu vallalgal|trans-title=Last seven great patrons in Purananuru|lang=ta|journal=International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts|issn=2320-2882|volume=11|issue=1|date=January 2023|url=https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2301178.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Anbuselvan|first=K.|title=Pandai thamilarin Arasamaippu Chindhanaikal|trans-title=Thoughts of Ancient Tamils|lang=ta|year=2010|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpbPoWFasqAC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cuppiramaṇiyan|first1=C.V.|last2=Tirunavukkaracu|first2=K.T.|title=Historical Heritage of the Tamils|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1983|url=https://archive.org/details/lLXZ_historical-heritage-of-the-tamils-edited-by-s-v-subrahmanian-and-k-d-thirunavukk/page/256/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|last=Jaganathan|first=K.V.|title=Elu perum vallalgal|trans-title=Seven great patrons|lang=ta|year=1959|publisher=Amutha Nilayam|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/nationalized/pdf/92-ki.va.ja/7peruvallalkal.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sudaroli|first=P.|title=Kadai elu vallalgal|trans-title=Last seven great patrons|lang=ta|journal=Shanlax|url=https://www.shanlaxjournals.in/pdf/TS/V3N3/ts_v3_n3_i2_023.pdf|volume=3|issue=3|date=January 2019|issn=2454-3993|pages=116–120}}
* {{cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=[[BRILL]]|isbn=978-90-04-03591-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}

== External links ==
{{Last seven great patrons}}

[[Category:Kadai ezhu vallal]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]

Shruti (actress)

2026-03-27T01:08:26Z

FranklynDavitt2: minor correct article for accuracy and improved wording

{{short description|Indian actress and politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shruti
| image = Shruti (Apr, 2016).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shruti in 2016
| birth_name = Girija
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|09|18}}
| birth_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office1 = Chairperson, Karnataka Women’s Development Corporation
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = June 2009
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = D. S. Aswath
| office2 = Chairperson, Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation
| term_start2 = January 2020|
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2008–13, 2014–present)
| otherparty = [[Karnataka Janata Paksha]] (2013–14)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[S. Mahendar]]|1998|2009|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Chakravarthy Chandrachud]]|2013|2014|reason=divorced}}
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician}}
| relatives = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] (brother)
| term_end2 = July 2021
}}

'''Shruti''' (born '''Girija'''; 18 September 1975), is an Indian actress, television personality and politician. She is known for her work predominantly in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] language films and in a few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Hindi cinema |Hindi]] and Tulu films. She has appeared in more than 160 films, out of which she has been cast in leading role in over 130 films. More than half of the movies are female-oriented, thereby making her one of the very few actresses in Indian cinema to have been successfully cast in more number of heroine oriented movies. She has won three [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], one [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and four [[Filmfare Awards South]] in her illustrious career spanning over 35 years. She is considered one of the most successful and legendary actresses of Kannada cinema and film critics often position her in line with the legendary Kalpana, Manjula and Aarathi. She is fondly called as Kannadada Manemagalu, Kannera Rani (Queen of Tears), Emotional Queen, Karpoorada Gombe and Punching Queen (in Television).

Shruti was among the leading actresses in Kannada cinema during the 1990s and early 2000s who featured in the lead roles in several commercially successful, female centric and critically acclaimed films such as ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'' (1990), ''[[Muddina Maava]]'' (1993), ''[[Aagatha]]'' (1995), ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'', ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]'' (both 1996), ''[[Gowdru]]'' (2004), ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' (2005), ''[[Akka Thangi]]'' (2008) and ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' (2011). In the later years, she switched to character roles and won laurels for her performances in ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (2012), ''[[Gombegala Love]]'' (2013), ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'', ''[[Bhajarangi 2]]'' (both 2021), ''[[Kaatera]]'' (2023) and ''[[Maadeva]]'' (2025). She is the only actress in Kannada cinema to have been portrayed successfully in all sorts of roles such as the emotional roles, comedy roles and villain. She is the only actress in ''[[Kannada cinema]]'' (perhaps in the entire Indian cinema) to have been recognised as "Manemagalu". People consider her more of a girl next door rather than as a superstar actress.

Shruti is the sister of actor [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]. In 2016, she won the third season of the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 3|Bigg Boss Kannada]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Shruthi wins Bigg Boss Kannada season 3 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-kannada-shruthi-likely-to-win-season-3-2172433 |website=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=13 March 2017 |date=31 January 2016 |archive-date=2 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102095726/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-kannada-shruthi-likely-to-win-season-3-2172433 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has continued to appear in Television as a judge for reality shows such as ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'' and ''Kwaatle Kitchen''.

Shruti joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2008. She was made the chairperson of the Karnataka Women and Child Development Corporation before being removed in 2009. In 2013, she joined the [[Karnataka Janata Paksha]] which eventually merged in 2014 with BJP. She also served as chief secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s women's wing in its [[Karnataka]] cadre. In 2020, she was appointed as the Chairperson of Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation.

==Early life==
Shruti was born as Girija on 18 September 1975 into a family of Kannada theatre artists in [[Hassan, Karnataka]], India. Her father J. V. Krishna owned a theatre company and married twin sisters Radha and Rukmini who had joined his troupe as artists. Shruti's elder brother [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] is a leading actor in Kannada cinema, while her sister Usha is younger to her. Since they have two mothers, the subject about who is their biological mother has generated curiosity among the media and public over the years. However, both Sharan and Shruti have asserted that they consider both to be their biological mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/mothersday-i-am-blessed-to-have-the-love-and-affection-of-not-one-but-two-mothers-says-actor-sharan-in-an-exclusive-chat/articleshow/82475042.cms|title=MothersDay: "I am blessed to have the love and affection of not one but two mothers," says actor Sharan in an exclusive chat|work=The Times of India|date=9 March 2021}}</ref> Shruti spent most of her early life in [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] where she pursued her basic schooling.

==Career==

===Films===
====1990-2000: Debut, breakthrough and Stardom====
[[File:Shruti.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Shruti in 2011 Kannada film ''[[Sri Naga Shakthi]]'']]
At the age of 14, Shruti landed in her first film in a supporting role in S. Umesh's romantic comedy film, ''Nambidre Nambi Bitre Bidi'', released in 1990. She was credited as Priyadarshini by the makers so as not to be confused with another actress [[Girija Lokesh]]. Her next role came through another comedy film, ''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]'' released in the same year where she played sister to actor [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. However, her breakthrough came in the same year with the film ''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]'', which was directed by [[Dwarakish]] who rechristened her name as Shruti.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/girija-was-named-shruti-by-the-actor-director-dwarakish-053287.html|title=Girija was named Shruti by the actor director Dwarakish|work=Filmibeat.com|date=18 September 2021}}</ref> She played the titular role of a struggling singer who is aided by four men to achieve her dreams. The film, which was a remake of Tamil film, ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'', had a successful theatrical run of over 25 weeks.

Following this, Shruti featured in a series of comedy films out of which ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'', ''Punda Prachanda'' (both 1991), ''[[Bombat Hendthi]]'', ''[[Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi]]'' (both 1992) were successful projects. She expanded into Tamil and Telugu cinema in 1992 with ''Devar Veettu Ponnu'' and ''[[Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha]]'' respectively. She followed this by playing second lead roles in films such as ''[[C. B. I. Shiva]]'', ''[[Sindhoora Thilaka]]'', ''Shambhavi'', ''Ksheera Sagara'' and ''Dakshayini''. She later took up family drama films such as ''[[Alimayya]]'', ''Sri Durga Pooje'', ''[[Midida Hrudayagalu]]'' and ''[[Muddina Maava]]'', all released in 1993.

In 1994, she appeared in two films opposite [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], ''[[Rasika (film)|Rasika]]'', directed by Dwarakish, and ''[[Jaana (film)|Jaana]]''. Her other notable performance came through ''Rashmi'' in the same year. She went on to win her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada|Filmfare Award]] for her performance in the drama film, ''Hettha Karulu''. In 1995, She won her first [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Karnakata State Film Award]] and second Filmfare Award for her critically acclaimed role in ''[[Aagatha]]'', directed by [[Suresh Heblikar]]. During the same period, she shared screen with actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in films such as ''[[Time Bomb (1994 film)|Time Bomb]]'' (1994), ''[[Thumbida Mane]]'' and ''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]'' (both 1995).

In 1996, Shruti worked with [[K. Balachander]] for the Tamil film ''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]'', where she played the lead titular role alongside [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Jul/09/k-balachander-birth-anniversary-10-heroines-who-bear-the-mark-of-the-sui-generis-filmmaker-323.html|title=K Balachander birth anniversary: 10 heroines who bear the mark of the Sui generis filmmaker|work=Cinema Express.com|date=9 July 2019}}</ref> Her performance in the film was critically acclaimed, earning her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]] and the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]. In Kannada, she had seven releases out of which ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'' and ''[[Thavarina Thottilu]]'' made an impact with the audience. She was typecasted in tear-jerker films during this period earning her the "Tragedy queen" status in Kannada cinema. In 1997, she expanded into [[Malayalam cinema]] with the [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] film ''[[Oral Mathram]]'' opposite [[Mammootty]] and continued with [[Rajasenan]]'s romantic comedy film ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' (1998) opposite [[Jayaram]]. Both these films were successful at the box-office and her roles were critically acclaimed.

She attracted a lot of women to theatres in 90s. With more than half of her movies being female oriented, they showcased the struggles of Indian women. She is regarded as "Kannadada manemagalu" for the same reason. She ruled the industry in 90s and earned the superstar status.

====2001-2020: Lead and character roles====

Shruti continued to work with Vishnuvardhan in films such as ''[[Veerappa Nayaka]]'' (1999) and ''[[Soorappa]]'' (2000) which were blockbusters. In 2001, she teamed up with her then husband [[S. Mahendar]] by starring opposite him in ''Gattimela''. Her performance was well received and earned her a nomination at the Filmfare Awards. After few unsuccessful projects, she appeared in ''[[Gowdru]]'' (2004) which turned out to be her 100th release in which she played the sister of the character played by [[Ambareesh]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=S. N. |date=18 July 2004 |title=Gowdru |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july182004/mr3.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825222619/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july182004/mr3.asp |archive-date=25 August 2004 |access-date=9 October 2020 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Her performance won laurels and earned her the second Karnataka State Film Award. In 2005, she starred opposite [[Kamal Hassan]] in the multi-starrer ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'', a remake of Tamil hit, ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' (1995). Her performance was acclaimed; earning nominations at the various film awards including Filmfare. Her last pairing with Vishnuvardhan, before his demise, came through the film ''[[Sirivantha]]'' in 2006.

''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'', filmed in 2003, had a delayed release in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2003 |title=Shruthi's 100th film |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov16/ent8.asp |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303195145/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov16/ent8.asp |archive-date=3 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navashakthi Vaibhava |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/navashakthi-vaibhava-review-kannada-pclw43hfjebec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206031718/http://www.sify.com/movies/navashakthi-vaibhava-review-kannada-pclw43hfjebec.html |archive-date=6 December 2015 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, Shruti's biggest critical acclaimed role came through [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]'s novel based film ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' directed by [[B. Suresha]]. She played the lead role of Puttakka, a widowed farmer who fights against the system when her land is threatened by construction. A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the film by commenting "Hats off to Shruthi for her brilliant portrayal of Puttakka, a rustic woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/puttakkana-highway/movie-review/8534970.cms?from=mdr|title=PUTTAKKANA HIGHWAY MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] for the year 2010–2011 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/574259/on-my-pinboard-prakash-raj.html|title=On my pinboard - Prakash Raj|date=5 October 2016|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> and Shruti earned several award nominations for her portrayal of the character.

From 2012, Shruti switched over from lead to character roles in films such as ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' and the comedy-horror ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]''. The latter won her several laurels and appreciations including a nomination at [[Udaya Film Awards]] and [[Suvarna Film Awards]]. In 2013, the films ''[[Gombegala Love]]'' and ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'' were noted for her performances. Later she featured in ''[[Dandupalya (film)|Dandupalya]]'' film series in its [[2 (film)|second]] and [[Dandupalya 3|third]] instalments. She took up lead actor's mother roles in films such as ''[[College Kumar (2017 film)|College Kumar]]'' (2017), ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' (2021) and later in ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'' (2024).

====2021-till date: Continued supporting roles====
Her character role Alamelamma brought her laurels in the [[Shiva Rajkumar]] starrer ''[[Bhajarangi 2]]'' in 2021. In 2023, she was noticed again for her character role in [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] starrer ''[[Kaatera]]'' which earned her a nomination at Filmfare Award for supporting actress. In ''Vidhi (Article) 370'', set in the backdrop of terror activities in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], her first release of 2023, Shruti played Preethi, the wife of an army officer who needs a [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Y. Maheswara |title=Vidhi (Article) 370 Movie Review: Too happening, but nothing happens |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/vidhi-article-370-movie-review-too-happening-but-nothing-happens/articleshow/98254863.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=4 June 2023 |language=en |date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604022926/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/vidhi-article-370-movie-review-too-happening-but-nothing-happens/articleshow/98254863.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Veeram (2023 film)|Veeram]]'', she played Saraswathi, the protective sister of the protagonist played by [[Prajwal Devaraj]]. The reviewer for ''Cinema Express'' wrote: "Shruti's role brings that emotional connection among siblings and all the sentiment is brought through her."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Veeram Movie Review: This run-of-the-mill actioner brings back Prajwal Devaraj in a mass avatar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/apr/10/veeram-movie-review-this-run-of-the-mill-actionerbrings-back-prajwal-devaraj-in-a-mass-avatar-42138.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=4 June 2023 |language=en |date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604022925/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2023/apr/10/veeram-movie-review-this-run-of-the-mill-actionerbrings-back-prajwal-devaraj-in-a-mass-avatar-42138.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, she was part of an ensemble cast in the film ''[[Maadeva]]'' where her performance as Kamalakshi stood out.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maadeva-review-a-gritty-old-school-action-drama-that-demands-a-strong-stomach/movie-review/121673744.cms |title=Maadeva Movie Review: A Gritty Old-School Action Drama That Demands a Strong Stomach |website=The Times of India |date=6 June 2025}}</ref> She was also seen in commercially successful film ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]'' and later in ''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]''.

===Television===
Shruti made her small screen debut in the Malayalam serial ''Sthreethvam'' aired on [[Surya TV]] during 2005. Also, her Tamil daily serial, ''Karthigai Pengal'' aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from July 2012. Shruti was a contestant in the reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada 3]]'', winning the season, in January 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shruthi wins Bigg Boss! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shruthi-wins-Bigg-Boss/articleshow/50793016.cms |access-date=7 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708021236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shruthi-wins-Bigg-Boss/articleshow/50793016.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, she appeared as a judge in the comedy television series ''Majaa Bharatha''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shruthi, Narayan turns judge for Majaa Bharatha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruthi-narayan-turns-judge-for-majaa-bharatha/articleshow/57000508.cms |access-date=7 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706224503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruthi-narayan-turns-judge-for-majaa-bharatha/articleshow/57000508.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, she appeared as a judge in the comedy cookery show ''Kwaatle Kitchen'' aired in [[Colors Kannada]].

==Personal life==
Shruti was married to film director [[S. Mahendar]] for 11 years and they divorced in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Post her divorce she was linked with [[Chakravarthy Chandrachud]], a journalist-turned-director. They got married in June 2013 and divorced a year later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada star Shruthi marries at Kollur Temple |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=175932 |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329154548/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D175932 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Kannada films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''Nambidre Nambi Bitre Bidi'' || || rowspan="2"|Credited as Priyadarshini
|-
|''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]''|| Radha
|-
|''[[Shruthi (film)|Shruthi]]''|| Shruthi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991 || ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]''|| Gauri ||
|-
|''Nagu Nagutha Nali''|| ||
|-
|''Punda Prachanda''|| ||
|-
|''[[C. B. I. Shiva]]''|| Shruthi ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 || ''[[Sindhoora Thilaka]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Bombat Hendthi]]''|| ||
|-
|''Chitralekha''|| ||
|-
|''[[Edurmaneli Ganda Pakkadmaneli Hendthi]]''|| Jayakumari ||
|-
|''Shambhavi''|| ||
|-
|''Ksheera Sagara'' || Chandra ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1993 || ''Abhijith'' || ||
|-
|''Kaadambari'' || ||
|-
|''[[Alimayya]]''|| Lakshmi||
|-
|''Dakshayini''|| ||
|-
|''Sri Durga Pooje''|| ||
|-
|''Mouna Sangrama''|| ||
|-
|''Ranjitha''|| ||
|-
|''Kempaiah IPS''|| ||
|-
|''Rupaayi Raja''|| ||
|-
|''[[Midida Hrudayagalu]]''|| Kaveri||
|-
|''[[Muddina Maava]]''|| Lakshmi||
|-
|''Amruta Sindhu''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1994 || ''Apoorva Samsara'' || Raji ||
|-
|''Rashmi'' ||Rashmi ||
|-
|''[[Rasika (film)|Rasika]]''||Rukmini ||
|-
|''[[Jaana (film)|Jaana]]''|| Lakshmi||
|-
|''Vijaya Kankana''|| Vijaya||
|-
|''Sammilana''|| ||
|-
|''Bhuvaneshwari'' || ||
|-
|''Mr. Mahesh Kumar''
|Soumya
|
|-
|''Hettha Karulu''|| ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Time Bomb (1994 film)|Time Bomb]]''|| Maala ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1995 || ''[[Thumbida Mane]]'' ||Kaveri ||
|-
|''Maangalya Sakshi''|| ||
|-
|''Kalyanotsava'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]''|| Shantha||
|-
|''Shubha Lagna'' || ||
|-
|''Urvashi''|| ||
|-
|''Satya Jwale''|| ||
|-
|''Taayi Illada Tavaru''|| ||
|-
|''[[Aagatha]]''||Usha ||[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1996 || ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
|''[[Thavarina Thottilu]]''|| ||
|-
|''Geluvina Saradara''|| ||
|-
|''Sthree''|| Heera ||
|-
|''Sowbhagya Devathe''|| ||
|-
|''Minugu Thare''|| ||
|-
|''Thayi Kotta Seere''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997 ||''Taaliya Sowbhagya'' || ||
|-
|''Shruthi Hakida Hejje''|| ||
|-
|''Baalina Daari''||||
|-
|''Kodagina Kaveri''|| Kaveri||
|-
|''Thavarina Theru''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1998 || ''Bhama Satyabhama'' || Bhama ||
|-
|''Marthanda'' || ||
|-
|''Nammura Huduga'' || ||
|-
|''Goonda Mattu Police'' || ||
|-
|''Jagadeeshwari''|| ||
|-
|''Tavarina Kanike''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999 ||''[[Veerappa Nayaka]]'' || ||
|-
|''Durga Shakthi''||||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000 || ''[[Soorappa]]'' || Lakshmi||
|-
|''Kadlimatti Station Master''|| Kashibai ||
|-
|''Mahathma''|| ||
|-
|''[[Swalpa Adjust Madkolli]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001 || ''Amma Ninna Tholinalli'' || ||
|-
|''Gattimela''|| Girija || Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada
|-
|''Jenu Goodu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Mahalakshmi (film)|Mahalakshmi]]''|| Mahalakshmi||
|-
|''[[Ellara Mane Dosenu]]''|| Vasantha||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2002 || ''Annayya Thammayya'' || ||
|-
|''Mutthu''|| Gowri|| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=10954537&ctid=5&cid=2427 |title=Review: Muthu |work=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111204418/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=10954537&ctid=5&cid=2427 |archive-date=11 January 2005 |access-date=6 December 2023 |author=Moviebiz}}</ref>
|-
|''Manase O Manase'' || ||{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 ||''Hendthi Andre Hendthi'' || ||
|-
|''[[Gowdru]]'' || Gowri || Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress; Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' || Shanti ||Vatika Chalana Chitra Award for Best Comedian; Nominated—Udaya film Award for Best Comedian; Nominated—Udaya Film Award Best Supporting Actress; Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Pandu Ranga Vittala]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006||''[[Sirivantha]]''|| Lakshmi ||
|-
|''Hendathi Kattida Thali'' || || Delayed release
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008 || ''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava|Navashakti Vaibhava]]'' || Saubhagya ||
|-
|''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]''|| Aane Baddi Rangavva ||
|-
|''Nandadeepa''|| ||
|-
|''[[Akka Thangi]]''|| Nagi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''[[Sri Naga Shakthi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Puttakkana Highway]]''|| Puttakka || Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada Nominated—TV9 Film Award for Best Supporting Actress - Kannada; Nominated—Innovative Award for Best Supporting Actress - Kannada; Nominated—Sandalwood Star Award for Best Supporting Actress; Nominated—Udaya Film Awards for Best Supporting Actress; Nominated—Suvarna Film Awards for Best Supporting Actress
|-
|''[[Aidondla Aidu]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]''|| Vijayalakshmi ||
|-
|''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]''|| Janaki ||Nominated—Sandalwood Star Award for Best Comedian; Nominated—Udaya Film Award for Best Comedian; Nominated—Suvarna Film Award for Best Comedian; Nominated—Udaya Film Award for Best Supporting Actress; Nominated—Suvarna Film Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Gombegala Love]]'' || Panju's mother || Karnataka Vanijya Mandali Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
|''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]''|| Lakshmi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ond Chance Kodi]]'' ||Tavare ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Shivayogi Sri Puttayyajja]]'' || ||
|-
|''1944''|| Girija||
|-
|''Home Stay'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''Marali Manege'' || ||
|-
|''[[2 (film)|Dandupalya 2]]''|| Abhivyakthi ||
|-
|''[[College Kumar (2017 film)|College Kumar]]''|| Girija ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Dandupalya 3]]'' || Abhivyakthi ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[ACT 1978]]'' || Kanika Mehta ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Mohandas (2019 film)|Mohandas]]''
|[[Putlibai Gandhi|Putlibai]]
|
|-
|''[[Rathnan Prapancha]] '' || Yellavva
|
|-
| ''[[Bhajarangi 2]]'' || Alamelamma||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''Vidhi (Article) 370''
|Preethi
|
|-
|''[[Veeram (2023 film)|Veeram]]''
|Saraswathi
|
|-
| ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]''
|Suman
|
|-
|''13 Part-1''
|Saira
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kaatera]]''
|Kumari
|Nominated- [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress- Kannada]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A |title='Kaatera' movie review: Darshan wields his finest weapon yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Dec/30/kaatera-movie-review-darshan-wields-his-finest-weapon-yet-2646053.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231062819/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/dec/30/kaatera-movie-review-darshan-wields-his-finest-weapon-yet-2646053.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Won - Best Supporting Actress - Chittara Star Awards 2024 Won - Best Supporting Actress - IIFA Utsavam 2024
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]''
| Krishna's mother
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2025
| ''[[Maadeva]]''
|Kamalakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
| Ratna
|
|-
| ''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]''
|Gangamma
|
|-
| 2026
|''[[Surya Power of Love]]''
|Mamatga
|
|-
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language!!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992||''Thevar Veettu Ponnu'' || Saroja || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|''[[Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha]]'' || Keerthi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|1994||''[[Parugo Parugu]]'' ||Saroja || Telugu ||
|-
|1996||''[[Kalki (1996 film)|Kalki]]'' || Kalki || Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Oral Mathram]]'' || Devika Menon || rowspan="2"|Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1998 || ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' || Ambili ||
|-
|''Bobbili Vamsham''|| ||Telugu ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Annan Thangachi]]'' || Sarasu || Tamil ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[C. I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu]]''|| Dr. Lakshmi || Malayalam ||
|-
|}2005 || athadu telugu

== Television ==
*''All shows are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable unsortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2005 || ''Sthreetvam'' || || [[Malayalam]] series ||
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''[[Karthigai Pengal]]'' || Charu || Tamil series || {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
| 2015 || ''Super Minute'' || Contestant || ||
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 3)]]'' || Contestant || Winner ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Majaa Bharatha'' || Judge || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Shruthi, Narayan turns judge for Majaa Bharatha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruthi-narayan-turns-judge-for-majaa-bharatha/articleshow/57000508.cms |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723163835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruthi-narayan-turns-judge-for-majaa-bharatha/articleshow/57000508.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Weekend with Ramesh]]'' || Herself || || {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
| 2017 || ''Sathya Kathe'' || Herself || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Shruti to host new show Sathya Kathe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruti-to-host-new-show-sathya-kathe/articleshow/59457370.cms |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604021457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruti-to-host-new-show-sathya-kathe/articleshow/59457370.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'' || Guest || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Yesteryears stars Sudha Rani and Shruthi to feature in Majaa Talkies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yesteryears-stars-sudha-rani-and-shruthi-to-feature-in-majaa-talkies/articleshow/78202428.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2023 |date=19 September 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004213723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yesteryears-stars-sudha-rani-and-shruthi-to-feature-in-majaa-talkies/articleshow/78202428.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| || ''Mareyalare'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Hejje Guruthu'' || || ||
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''Gicchi GiliGili''|| Judge || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Gicchi Gili Gili: Contestants gear up for the grand finale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gicchi-gili-gili-contestants-gear-up-for-the-grand-finale/articleshow/100698630.cms |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604021457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gicchi-gili-gili-contestants-gear-up-for-the-grand-finale/articleshow/100698630.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 10)]]'' || Guest||
|
|-
| 2025 || ''Kwaatle Kitchen'' || Judge ||
|-
|}

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1696702}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Sruthi&limit=14 Sruthi at MSI]

{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}
{{FilmfareTamilBestActress}}
{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActress}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActress}}
{{Bigg Boss Kannada}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Akul Balaji]] (2014)
| title= [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] Winner
| years= ([[Bigg Boss Kannada 3|Series 3]]) 2015
| after= [[Pratham (Bigg Boss Kannada Season 4 Winner)|Pratham]] (2016)
}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shruti}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:People from Hassan]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Kannada winners]]

GRT Institute of Engineering and Technology

2026-03-26T14:47:55Z

FranklynDavitt2: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges affiliated to the Anna University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Department of Labour and Skills (Kerala)

2026-03-24T14:06:57Z

FranklynDavitt2:

{{Short description|Labour welfare and skill development department in Kerala}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Labour and Skills
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = Kerala, India
| headquarters = [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[V. Sivankutty]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Labour and Skills
| chief1_name = S. Shanavas IAS <ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/30/kerala-ias-officers-transfer-new-district-collectors-ernakulam-kottayam-palakkad-idukki.html</ref>
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government (Labour and Skills)
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child1_agency = Commissionerate of Labour
| child2_agency = Department of Factories and Boilers
| website = {{URL|https://lc.kerala.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Department of Labour and Skills''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Labour & Skills Department - Government of Kerala |url=https://labour.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601000000/https://labour.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-date=2024-06-01 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=labour.kerala.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The department is responsible for formulating and implementing policies aimed at the welfare of labour, skills development and employment. Its headquarters is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-11-04 |title=Kerala will demand amendments to Centre's labour codes, says Minister |url=https://theprint.in/india/kerala-will-demand-amendments-to-centres-labour-codes-says-minister/2777041/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Earlier, formation of the Labour Department was initiated by Diwan Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|C. P. RamaswamyIyer]]. Till then, the labour department was functioning as part of the Industrial Department. [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Maharaja, Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] accorded sanction to the creation of the post of the Labour Commissioner as per the letter No.154 dated 26.01.1946. Since then the Labour Department started functioning as an independent department.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Labour Commissionerate – Government of Kerala {{!}} Labour Commissionerate |url=https://lc.kerala.gov.in/en/labour-commissionerate-government-kerala |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=lc.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The Department of Labour and Skills is headed by a [[Cabinet Minister]] of the [[Government of Kerala]], and the incumbent minister is [[V. Sivankutty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council of Ministers - Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/chief_minister/ministers |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=niyamasabha.nic.in}}</ref>

Administratively, the department is headed by a [[Principal secretary (India)|Secretary to Government]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The Secretary is supported by Additional Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries, and other officers posted in the Secretariat.<ref name=":1">[https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules+of+Business+-+Part+II.pdf Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II: First Schedule]</ref>

The operational structure of the department includes:

* Directorate of Employment and Training
* Directorate of Factories and Boilers
* Labour Commissionerate

== Sub-divisions ==

=== Directorates / Field Departments ===

==== [https://lc.kerala.gov.in/ Labour Commissionerate]====
The Labour Commissionerate is the main operational wing of the department, headed by a Labour Commissioner. The Labour Commissioner is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre officer who functions as the head of department. The incumbent Labour Commissioner is Safna Nazarudeen IAS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safna Nazarudeen takes charge as new Labour Commissioner |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1382951&u=safna-nazarudeen-takes-charge-as-new-labour-commissioner |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=keralakaumudi.com}}</ref> There are three regional labour offices; Kollam, Eranakulam and Kozhikode, headed by Regional Joint Labour Commissioners. At the district level there are District Labour Offices, headed by District Labour Officers (DLOs).<ref>{{cite web | title=Who is who | Labour Commissionerate | url=https://lc.kerala.gov.in/en/who-is-who }}</ref>

====[https://employment.kerala.gov.in/en/sample-page/ Directorate of Employment and Training] ====
The Directorate of Employment is headed by a Director, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre officer. It has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The Employment Services department has a primary objective of providing an interface between the employers and the job seekers. The directorate manages and andminster employment exchange offices in the state. The current employment director is Sufyan Ahmed IAS.<ref>{{cite web | title=Major IAS reshuffle; new posts with additional duties for civil servants | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1374952&u=major-ias-reshuffle-new-posts-with-additional-duties-for-civil-servants-1374952 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Skill Kerala Global Summit 2025 {{!}} Kochi {{!}} Empowering Skills for a Global Future |url=https://www.skillconclave.kerala.gov.in/web/speakers/254 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.skillconclave.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

====[https://www.fabkerala.gov.in/eng/ Directorate of Factories and Boilers]====
The Factories & Boilers Department is responsible for ensuring the safety, health and welfare of workers working in industrial establishments. The Director of Factories & Boilers is the head of the department. The current Director of Factories and Boilers is P. Pramod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.fabkerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/at-a-glance/overview |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Department of Factories and Boilers |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate |url=https://www.fabkerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/at-a-glance/our-offices/directorate |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Department of Factories and Boilers |language=en}}</ref> The main responsibility of the department is to ensure compliance with the [[Factories Act, 1948 (India)|Factories Act, 1948]] and the Indian Boiler Act, 1923, which were framed to ensure the safety, health and welfare of workers working in industrial establishments and the general public living near industrial establishments. To facilitate the functioning of the department, the state has been divided into three zones, 22 factory divisions and 25 additional factory divisions.

==Welfare fund boards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Name of Welfare Fund Board<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welfare Fund Boards {{!}} Labour Commissionerate |url=https://lc.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/232 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=lc.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| Kerala Abkari Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 2
| Kerala Agricultural Workers' Welfare Fund Board (http://www.agriworkersfund.org/)
|-
| 3
| Kerala Beedi & Cigar Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 4
| Kerala Building & Other Construction Workers' Welfare Board
|-
| 5
| Kerala Cashew Worker's Relief & Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 6
| Kerala Handloom Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 7
| Kerala Headload Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 8
| Kerala Labour Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 9
| Kerala Motor Transport Workers' Welfare Fund Board (http://kmtwwfb.org/index.php)
|-
| 10
| Kerala Shops & Commercial Establishments Workers Welfare Fund Board (http://103.10.168.4/peedika/web/index.php)
|-
| 11
| Kerala Tailoring Workers' Welfare Fund Board (http://tailorwelfare.in/)
|-
| 12
| Kerala Toddy Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 13
| Kerala Eetta, Kattuvally and Pandanus Leaf Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 14
| Kerala Small Plantation Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 15
| Kerala Jewellery Workers' Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 16
| Kerala Unorganised Workers' Social Security Board
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]

Jyotirao Phule

2026-03-20T06:55:12Z

FranklynDavitt2: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian social activist and reformer (1827–1890)}}
{{redirect|Mahatma Phule|1954 film|Mahatma Phule (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| era = 1827- 1891
| image = Mahatma Jotirao Phule.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| name = Jyotirao Phule
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1827|04|11}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]]
| death_date = {{ Death date and age|df=yes|1890|11|28|1827|04|11}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] ([[Maharashtra]], India)
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Ethics]]| [[humanism]]| [[education]]| [[Reform movement|social reformation]]}}
| spouse = [[Savitribai Phule]]
| school_tradition =
| notable works= {{Flatlist}}
* ''Brahmananche Kasab'' (1869)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/the-polemics-of-mahatma-jyotiba-phule-on-his-death-anniversary | title=The Polemics of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule on His Birth Anniversary | date=28 November 2016 | access-date=9 March 2023 | archive-date=9 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309074603/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/news/politics/the-polemics-of-mahatma-jyotiba-phule-on-his-death-anniversary | url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Shetkaryaca Asud]]''<ref name=MT/> (1883)
* ''[[Gulamgiri]]''<ref name=MT/> (1873)
* ''Trutiya Ratna'' (1855)
{{Endflatlist}}
| family= 
| honorific_prefix=[[Mahātmā]]
| alma_mater= Scottish Mission highschool, Pune (1842)<ref name=MT/>
| other_names={{hlist|Jyotiba Phule<ref name=MT/> |Mahatma Phule<ref name=MT/>}}
| children=
| language=Marathi
}}

'''Jyotirao Phule''' (Marathi: जोतिबा फुले) ({{IPA|mr|pʰule}}; 11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890), also known as '''Jyotiba Phule''', was an Indian social activist, businessman, anti-caste [[social reformer]] and writer from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Jyotirao Phule: The Pioneer Of Girls' Education In India|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-jyotirao-phule-the-pioneer-of-girls-education-in-india-1780877|access-date=2020-12-18|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013910/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/remembering-jyotirao-phule-the-pioneer-of-girls-education-in-india-1780877|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-27|title=Mahatma Jyotirao Phule: Reformer far ahead of his time|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/mahatma-jyotirao-phule-reformer-far-ahead-of-his-time/story-HUsYNjqTLjm6NCuwkJhQHI.html|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218013150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/mahatma-jyotirao-phule-reformer-far-ahead-of-his-time/story-HUsYNjqTLjm6NCuwkJhQHI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

His work extended to many fields, including eradication of [[untouchability]] and the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and for his efforts in educating women and oppressed caste people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Remembering the pioneer of women's education in India: Contributions by Jyotirao Phule|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/jyotirao-phule-354369-2016-11-28|url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-18|website=India Today|date=28 November 2016 |language=en|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416181327/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/jyotirao-phule-354369-2016-11-28}}</ref> He and his wife, [[Savitribai Phule]], were pioneers of women's education in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Savitribai Phule: The pioneer of women's education in India|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/03/savitribai-phule-the-pioneer-of-womens-education-in-india.html|access-date=2020-12-18|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195744/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/03/savitribai-phule-the-pioneer-of-womens-education-in-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Phule started his first school for girls in 1848 in Pune at Tatyasaheb Bhide's residence or Bhidewada.<ref name="Sperandio2018">{{cite book|author=Jill Sperandio|title=Pioneering Education for Girls across the Globe: Advocates and Entrepreneurs, 1742-1910|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYx8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5|date=11 December 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-2488-9|page=35}}</ref> He, along with his followers, formed the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] (Society of Truth Seekers) to attain equal rights for people from lower castes. People from all religions and castes could become a part of this association which worked for the upliftment of the oppressed classes.

Phule is regarded as an important figure in the social reform movement in Maharashtra. The honorific [[Mahatma|Mahātmā]] (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable"), was first applied to him in 1888 at a special program honoring him in [[Mumbai]].{{sfnp|Keer|1974|p=247}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-28|title=Who was Jyotirao Phule?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-jyotirao-phule-today-is-his-death-anniversary-4957999/|access-date=2020-12-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205190806/https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-jyotirao-phule-today-is-his-death-anniversary-4957999/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=जोतिबा फुले 'महात्मा' कसे बनले?|language=mr|work=BBC News मराठी|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-44080551|access-date=2021-11-28|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128111240/https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-44080551|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jyotirao Phule, also known as Jyotiba Phule, was born in Satara District in 1827 to a family that belonged to the Hindu [[Mali caste]].{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=3, 105–106}} The Malis traditionally worked as fruit and vegetable growers. In the four-fold ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system of [[caste system|caste hierarchy]], they were placed within the Shudra category.{{Sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=105–106}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4375602|jstor=4375602|title=Anti-Caste Movement in Maharashtra|last1=Jadhav|first1=M. H.|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=1986|volume=21|issue=17|pages=740–742|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625004003/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4375602|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brown 2018">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Brown |first1=Kevin D. |editor1-last=Yengde |editor1-first=Suraj |editor2-last=Teltumbde |editor2-first=Anand |title=African-American Perspectives on Common Struggles |date=2018 |encyclopedia = The Radical in Ambedkar |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9789353053130 |pages=45–54}}</ref> Phule was named after the [[Hindu]] deity [[Jyotiba Temple|Jyotiba]]. He was born on the day of Jyotiba's annual fair.<ref name="esakal.com">{{Cite web|title=सामाजिक व शैक्षणिक क्रांतीचे जनक महात्मा जोतिबा फुले {{!}} Sakal|url=https://www.esakal.com/marathwada/father-social-and-educational-revolution-mahatma-jotiba-phule-nanded-news-279000|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.esakal.com|date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103155526/https://www.esakal.com/marathwada/father-social-and-educational-revolution-mahatma-jotiba-phule-nanded-news-279000|url-status=live}}</ref> Phule's family, previously named ''Gorhe'', had its origins in the village of [[Katgun]], near the town of [[Satara (city)|Satara]].{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}} Phule's great-grandfather, who had worked there as a {{transliteration|mr|chaughula}}, or low-ranking village official,{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=105–106}}{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}} moved to Khanwadi in [[Pune district]]. There, his only son, Shetiba, brought the family into poverty.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}} The family, including three sons, moved to [[Pune|Poona]] seeking employment.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=105–106}}{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}} The boys were taken under the wing of a florist who taught them the secrets of the trade. Their proficiency in growing and arranging became well known and they adopted the name ''Phule'' (flower-man) in place of ''Gorhe''.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}} Their fulfillment of commissions from the [[Peshwa]], [[Baji Rao II]], for flower mattresses and other goods for the rituals and ceremonies of the royal court so impressed him that he granted them {{convert|35|acre|ha}} of land on the basis of the ''[[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inam]]'' system, whereby no tax would be payable upon it.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=105–106|}} The oldest brother machinated to take sole control of the property, leaving the younger two siblings, Jyotirao Phule's father, Govindrao, to continue farming and also flower-selling.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}}

Govindrao married Chimnabai and had two sons, of whom Jyotirao was the youngest. Chimnabai died before he was aged one.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|pp=1–3}} The then backward Mali community did not give much significance to education and thus after attending primary school where he learnt the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic, Jyotirao was withdrawn from school by his father. He joined the other members of his family at work, both in the shop and in the farm. However, a man from the same Mali caste as Phule's recognised his intelligence and persuaded Phule's father to allow him to attend the local ''Scottish Mission High School''.<ref name="RobinsonKujur2010">{{cite book|author1=Rowena Robinson|author2=Joseph Marianus Kujur|title=Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRtBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|date=17 August 2010|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-86042-93-4}}</ref>{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=110}}{{efn|The Scottish Mission school was operated by the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]] and educated pupils from a wide range of castes.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=105}}}} Phule completed his English schooling in 1847. As was customary, he was married at the young age of 13, to a girl of his Mali community, chosen by his father.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://booksdescr.org/ads.php?md5=d0b5f4caf0917b30dbae350f0abd3946|title=Selections: Collected Works of Mahatma Jotirao Phule Vol II|last=Phule|first=Jotirao|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|year=1991|location=Mumbai|pages=xv}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The turning point in his life was in 1848, when he attended the wedding of a [[Brahmin]] friend. Phule participated in the customary marriage procession, but was later rebuked and insulted by his friend's parents for doing so. They told him that he being from a Shudra caste should have had the sense to keep away from that ceremony. This incident profoundly affected him and shaped his understanding of the injustice inherent to the caste system.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://booksdescr.org/ads.php?md5=d0b5f4caf0917b30dbae350f0abd3946|title=Selections: Collected Works of Mahatma Jotirao Phule Vol II|last=Phule|first=Jotirao|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|year=1991|location=Mumbai|pages=xvi}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Social activism==
===Education===
[[File: MAHATMA fule vada (21).JPG|thumb|Mahatma Phule Wada, Pune. This is the place where Phule stayed with his wife Savitribai Phule for a certain period in his life. It was built in around 1852.]]
In 1848, aged 21, Phule visited a girls' school in [[Ahmednagar]] run by Christian missionary [[Cynthia Farrar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesatyashodhak.com/cynthia-farrar-missionary-woman-who-inspired-jotirao-phule/ |title=Cynthia Farrar the missionary woman who inspired Jyotirao Phule |website=The Satya Shodhak|date=28 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=American Marathi mission... |url=https://www.esakal.com/education-jobs/american-marathi-mission-misses-cynthia-farrar-girls-education-at-early-age-ddn96 |url-status=live |website=[[Sakal]] |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310045249/https://www.esakal.com/education-jobs/american-marathi-mission-misses-cynthia-farrar-girls-education-at-early-age-ddn96?utm_medium=related-stories }}</ref> It was also in 1848 that he read [[Thomas Paine]]'s book ''[[Rights of Man]]'' and developed a keen sense of social justice. He realised that exploited castes and women were at a disadvantage in Indian society, and also that education of these sections was vital to their emancipation.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|pp=110–113}} To this end and in the same year, Phule first taught reading and writing to his wife, Savitribai, and then the couple started the first indigenously run school for girls in Pune.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=118}}{{efn|The American missionary [[Cynthia Farrar]] had started a girls' school in [[Bombay]] in In 1847, the Students' literary and scientific society started the Kamalabai high school for girls in the [[Girgaon]] neighborhood of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The school is still operational in 2016. [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] started a school for girls called [[Kalikrishna Girls' High School]] in the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengali town]] of Barasat in 1847. The Parsi community Mumbai had also established a school for girls in 1847.}} He also taught his sister Sagunabai Kshirsagar (his maternal aunt's daughter) to write Marathi with Savitribai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्रीबाई: स्त्रीमुक्तीच्या आद्य प्रणेत्या|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/savitribai-the-first-pioneer-of-womens-liberation/articleshow/88659723.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103143925/https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/savitribai-the-first-pioneer-of-womens-liberation/articleshow/88659723.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="esakal.com"/> The conservative upper caste society of Pune didn't approve of his work. But many Indians and Europeans helped him generously. Conservatives in Pune also forced his own family and community to ostracise them. During this period, their friend Usman Sheikh and his sister [[Fatima Sheikh]] provided them with shelter. They also helped to start the school on their premises.<ref name="Fatima">{{cite web|last1=Mohan|first1=Siddhant|title=Remembering Fatima Sheikh, the first Muslim teacher who laid the foundation of Dalit-Muslim unity|url=http://twocircles.net/2017apr07/407472.html|website=Two Circles|date=7 April 2017|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053947/http://twocircles.net/2017apr07/407472.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the Phules started schools for children from the then untouchable castes such as [[Mahar]] and [[Mang (caste)|Mang]].<ref name="Bhattacharya2002">{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Education and the Disprivileged: Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&pg=PR7|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2192-6|pages=35–37}}</ref> In 1852, there were three Phule schools in operation 273 girls were pursuing education in these school but by 1858 they had all closed. [[Eleanor Zelliot]] blames the closure on private European donations drying up due to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]], withdrawal of government support, and Jyotirao resigning from the school management committee because of disagreement regarding the curriculum.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|last2=Zelliot|first2=Eleanor |title=Education and the disprivileged : nineteenth and twentieth-century India|date=2002|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|isbn=9788125021926|pages=35–37|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&q=phule}}</ref>

===Women's welfare===
He saw young widows shaving their heads, refraining from any sort of joy in their life. He made the decision to educate women by witnessing all these social evils that encouraged inequality. He began with his wife, every afternoon, Jyotirao sat with his wife Savitribai Phule and educated her when she went to the farms where he worked, to bring him his meal. He sent his wife to get trained at a school. The husband and wife set up India's first girls' school in [[Vishrambaug Wada|Vishrambag Wada]], Pune, in 1848.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Savitribai Phule, India's first female teacher, dealt with abusers hell bent on preventing her from educating girls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/how-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-teacher-dealt-with-abusers-hell-bent-on-preventing-her-from-educating-girls-1633725-2020-01-03|website=India Today|date=3 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=3 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103005217/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/how-savitribai-phule-india-s-first-female-teacher-dealt-with-abusers-hell-bent-on-preventing-her-from-educating-girls-1633725-2020-01-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

He championed [[widow remarriage]] and started a home for dominant caste pregnant widows to give birth in a safe and secure place in 1863.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=135}} His orphanage was established in an attempt to reduce the rate of [[infanticide]].{{sfnp|Figueira|2012|p=147}}

In 1863, Pune witnessed a horrific incident. A [[Brahmin]] widow named Kashibai got pregnant and her attempts at abortion didn't succeed. She killed the baby after giving it birth and threw it in a well, but her act came to light. She had to face punishment and was sentenced to jail. This incident greatly upset Phule and hence, along with his longtime friend Sadashiv Ballal Govande and Savitribai, he started an infanticide prevention centre. Pamphlets were stuck around Pune advertising the centre in the following words: "Widows, come here and deliver your baby safely and secretly. It is up to your discretion whether you want to keep the baby in the centre or take it with you. This orphanage will take care of the children [left behind]." The Phule couple ran the infanticide prevention centre until the mid-1880s.{{sfnp|Figueira|2012|p=147}}

Phule tried to eliminate the stigma of social untouchability surrounding the exploited castes by opening his house and the use of his water well to the members of the exploited castes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-pays-tributes-to-mahatma-phule-on-his-birth-anniversary-117041100348_1.html|title=PM Modi pays tributes to Mahatma Phule on his birth anniversary|date=2017-04-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413011549/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-pays-tributes-to-mahatma-phule-on-his-birth-anniversary-117041100348_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Views on religion and caste===
Phule appealed for reestablishment of the reign of mythical [[Mahabali]] (King Bali) which predated "Aryans' treacherous coup d'etat".{{Sfnp|Figueira|2012|p=148}} He proposed his own version of [[Indo-Aryan migrations#"Aryan invasion"|Aryan invasion theory]] that the Aryan conquerors of India, whom the theory's proponents considered to be racially superior, were in fact barbaric suppressors of the indigenous people. He believed that they had instituted the caste system as a framework for subjugation and social division that ensured the pre-eminence of their Brahmin successors. He saw the subsequent [[Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent]] as more of the same sort of thing, being a repressive alien regime, but took heart in the arrival of the British, whom he considered to be relatively enlightened and not supportive of the ''varnashramadharma'' system instigated and then perpetuated by those previous invaders.{{sfnp|Figueira|2012|pp=143–157}}{{efn|''Varnashramadharma'' has been described by [[Dietmar Rothermund]] as the Indian societal system that "regulates the duty (''dharma'') of every man according to his caste (''varna'') and age-grade (''ashrama'')".<ref>{{cite book |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |editor-first=D. A. |editor-last=Low |editor-link=Anthony Low |chapter=Emancipation or Re-integration |first=Dietmar |last=Rothermund |page=132 |author-link=Dietmar Rothermund |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1968}}</ref>}} In his book, ''Gulamgiri'', he thanked Christian missionaries and the British colonists for making the exploited castes realise that they are worthy of all human rights.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=de Souza|editor-first=Teotonio R.|title=Discoveries, Missionary Expansion and Asian Cultures|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-8-17022-497-6|pages=110–111|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C&pg=PA110 |first=Adi H. |last=Doctor |chapter=Missionary Teachings and Social Reformers in 19th Century India}}</ref> The book, whose title transliterates as ''slavery'' and which concerned women, caste and reform, was dedicated to the people in the US who were working to end slavery.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Karthik|last1=Malli|access-date=2023-04-20|title=Jotirao Phule and the history of Marathi print culture|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/books/jotirao-phule-marathi-print-culture|website=[[The Caravan]]|date=30 September 2022|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420234206/https://caravanmagazine.in/books/jotirao-phule-marathi-print-culture|url-status=live}}</ref>

Phule saw [[Dashavatara|Vishnu's avatars]] as a symbol of oppression stemming from the Aryan conquests and took [[Mahabali]] (Bali Raja) as hero.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omvedt|first=Gail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ8CfAEACAAJ|title=Understanding Caste: From Buddha to Ambedkar and Beyond|date=2011|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-4175-7|pages=62|language=en}}</ref> His critique of the caste system began with an attack on the [[Vedas]], the most fundamental texts of Hindus.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=147-149}} He considered them to be a form of false consciousness.{{Sfnp|Figueira|2012|p=149}}

He is credited with introducing the Marathi word ''[[Dalit]]'' (broken, crushed) as a descriptor for those people who were outside the traditional varna system.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ayyankali — Dalit Leader of Organic Protest |first1=M. |last1=Nisar |first2=Meena |last2=Kandasamy |author-link2=Meena Kandasamy |publisher=Other Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-8-19038-876-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAIR983RvW4C |page=8}}</ref>

At an education commission hearing in 1882, Phule called for help in providing education for lower castes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights and Budgets in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLw2zN_gHf4C&pg=PA70|year=2009|publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent|isbn=978-81-89479-58-9|pages=70–}}</ref> To implement it, he advocated making primary education compulsory in villages. He also asked for special incentives to get more lower-caste people in high schools and colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/mahatma-jyotirao-phule-reformer-far-ahead-of-his-time/story-EY6zAARRmFhYkEsOhyf4XJ.html|title=Mahatma Jyotirao Phule: Reformer Far Ahead of his Time|date=2019-09-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060703/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/mahatma-jyotirao-phule-reformer-far-ahead-of-his-time/story-EY6zAARRmFhYkEsOhyf4XJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Satyashodhak Samaj===
On 24 September 1873, Phule formed [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] to focus on rights of depressed groups such women, the [[Shudra]], and the [[Dalit]].{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=135}}<ref name="bhadru">{{cite journal|last=Bhadru|first=G.|title=Contribution of Shatyashodhak Samaj to the Low Caste Protest Movement in 19th Century |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |year=2002 |pages=845–854 |jstor=44158153 }}</ref><ref name="unipune.ernet.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.unipune.ernet.in/chairs/mahatmaphule/lifework.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311014003/http://www.unipune.ernet.in/chairs/mahatmaphule/lifework.htm |archive-date=11 March 2009 |title=Life & Work of Mahatma Jotira|publisher=University of Pune}}</ref> Through this samaj, he opposed [[idolatry]] and denounced the caste system. Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.

Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals of human well-being, happiness, unity, equality, and easy religious principles and rituals.<ref name="unipune.ernet.in" /> A Pune-based newspaper, ''[[Deenbandhu]]'', provided the voice for the views of the Samaj.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850–1935 |first=Neil |last=Charlesworth |edition=Revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-52152-640-1 |page=277 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIbRhV00p6AC&pg=PA277}}</ref>

The membership of the samaj included Muslims, Brahmins and government officials. Phule's own Mali caste provided the leading members and financial supporters for the organisation.<ref name="bhadru" />

==Occupation==
[[File:Statues of Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule, Aurangabad (1).jpg|thumb|Statues of Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule, at [[Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra]]
Apart from his role as a social activist, Phule was a businessman too. In 1882 he styled himself as a merchant, cultivator and municipal contractor.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|p=172}} He owned {{convert|60|acre}} of farmland at [[Manjri]], near Pune.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Michael|editor-first=S. M.|last=Gavaskar|first=Mahesh|title=Untouchable: Dalits in Modern India|chapter=Phule's critique of Brahmin power|year=1999|publisher=Lynne Rienner|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-155587-697-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6/page/45 45]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ur3mgfASI7AC&pg=PA45|url=https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6/page/45}}</ref> For a period of time, he worked as a contractor for the government and supplied building materials required for the construction of a dam on the Mula-Mutha river near Pune in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kale |first1=Govind Ganapat |title=Snapshots from Mahatma Jotirao Phule's life, through the eyes of his close aide |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/snapshots-mahatma-jotirao-phule-s-life-through-eyes-his-close-aide-122339 |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=11 April 2020 |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413004809/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/snapshots-mahatma-jotirao-phule-s-life-through-eyes-his-close-aide-122339 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also received contracts to provide labour for the construction of the [[Katraj Tunnel]] and the [[Yerwada Central Jail|Yerawda Jail]] near Pune.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bhadru, G.|title= Contribution of Shatyashodhak Samaj to the Low Caste Protest Movement in 19Th Century|year= 2002|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=63 |pages=845–854|jstor=44158153}}</ref> One of Phule's businesses, established in 1863, was to supply metal-casting equipment.{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|2002|p=135}}

Phule was appointed commissioner (municipal council member) to the then Poona municipality in 1876 and served in this unelected position until 1883.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|p=143}}

==Published works==
Phule's ''akhandas'' were organically linked to the ''abhangs'' of Marathi Varkari saint [[Tukaram]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thakkar|first1=Usha |last2=Kamala Ganesh|first2=Kamala |last3=Bhagwat|first3=Vidyut |title=Culture and the making of identity in contemporary India|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780761933816|page=169|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_mHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}</ref> Among his notable published works are:

*''Tritiya Ratna'', 1855
*''Brahmananche Kasab'', 1869
*''Powada: Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha'', [English: Life Of Shivaji, In Poetical Metre], June 1869
*''Powada: Vidyakhatyatil Brahman Pantoji'', June 1869
*''Manav Mahammand'' (Muhammad) (Abhang)
*''Gulamgiri'', 1873. {{ISBNT|978-1714975952}} (Hindi Edition), {{ISBNT|978-9371189606}} (English Edition).
*''[[Shetkaryaca Asud|Shetkarayacha Aasud]]'' (Cultivator's Whipcord), July 1881
*''Satsar'' Ank 1, June 1885
*''Satsar'' Ank 2 June 1885
*''Ishara'', October 1885
*''Gramjoshya Sambhandi Jahir Kabhar'', (1886)
*''Satyashodhak Samajokt Mangalashtakasah Sarva Puja-Vidhi'', 1887
*''Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak'', April 1889
*''Sarvajanic Satya Dharmapustak'', 1891
*''Akhandadi Kavyarachana''
*''Asprushyanchi Kaifiyat''

== Death ==
The title of Mahatma, which translates to "Great Soul" in Sanskrit, was bestowed upon Phule in 1888. In the same year, he had a stroke that rendered him paralysed. He died in Pune in 1890 at the age of 63.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Jyotirao Phule {{!}} Biography, Social Reformer, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jyotirao-Phule |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee unveiled the statue of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule at Parliament House in New Delhi on December 3.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee unveiled the statue of Jyotirao Phule at Parliament House in New Delhi on 3 December 2003.]]
[[File:Jyotiba phule statue.jpg|thumb|A statue of Jyotiba Phule in the town of [[Karad]], Satara district]]
According to [[Dhananjay Keer]], Phule was bestowed with the title of ''[[Mahatma]]'' on 11 May 1888 by another social reformer from Bombay, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar.{{sfnp|Keer|1974|p=247}}

[[File:Jyotirao Phule 1977 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|200px]]

[[India Post|Indian Postal Department]] issued a postage stamp in year 1977 in the honour of Phule.

An early biography of Phule was the [[Marathi language]] ''Mahatma Jotirao Phule Yanche Charitra'' (P. S. Patil, Chikali: 1927).{{sfnp|O'Hanlon|1992|p=107}} Two others are ''Mahatma Phule. Caritra Va Kriya'' (''Mahatma Phule. Life and Work'') (A. K. Ghorpade, Poona: 1953), which is also in Marathi, and ''Mahatma Jyotibha Phule: Father of Our Social Revolution'' ([[Dhananjay Keer]], Bombay: 1974). Unpublished material relating to him is held by the Bombay State Committee on the History of the Freedom Movement.{{sfnp|Sarkar|1975|pp=32–33, 40}}

Phule's work inspired [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the first minister of law of India and the chief of [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution's]] drafting committee. Ambedkar had acknowledged Phule as one of his three gurus or masters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfVyDwAAQBAJ&q=jotiba+phule%2C+whom+ambedkar+had+acknowledged+as+one+of+his+three+gurus.&pg=PT25|title=The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections|first1=Anand|last1=Teltumbde|first2=Suraj|last2=Yengde|date=2 November 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789353053130|access-date=24 April 2019|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drambedkarbooks.com/2015/04/11/the-greatness-of-mahatma-jotiba-phule/|title=The Greatness of Mahatma Jotiba Phule|date=11 April 2015|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416115753/https://drambedkarbooks.com/2015/04/11/the-greatness-of-mahatma-jotiba-phule/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalindianews.in/dr-br-ambedkar/|title=मेरा जीवन तीन गुरुओं और तीन उपास्यों से बना है- बाबासाहब डॉ बीआर अम्बेडकर|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413054021/https://www.nationalindianews.in/dr-br-ambedkar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are many structures and places commemorating Phule. These include:
* The full-length statue inaugurated at the premises of Vidhan Bhavan (Assembly Building of Maharashtra State){{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* [[Crawford Market|Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai]], formerly known as Crawford Market, in Mumbai
* [[Mahatma Phule Museum]] in Pune
* [[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]] (Agricultural University) in [[Rahuri]], [[Ahmednagar District]], Maharashtra
* [[Mahatma Phule Mandai]], formerly known as Reay Market, the biggest vegetable market in Pune
* [[Mahatma Phule Mandai metro station]] nearby was renamed in December 2025 to honour him<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-metro-renames-three-stations-after-citizen-campaign-mandai-now-honours-mahatma-phule/ |title=Pune Metro Renames Three Stations After Citizen Campaign; Mandai Now Honours Mahatma Phule |date=2025-12-22 |work=Pune Pulse |access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>
* [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]
* Subharti College of Physiotherapy was formerly named after him.

=== In popular culture ===
* [[G. P. Deshpande]]'s biographical play ''Satyashodhak'' (''The Truth Seeker'') was first performed by [[Jan Natya Manch]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life As Message |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub160612LIFE.asp |date=16 June 2012 |publisher=[[Tehelka]] Magazine, Vol 9, Issue 24 |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014193719/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main53.asp?filename=hub160612LIFE.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''[[Mahatma Phule (film)|Mahatma Phule]]'' (1954), an Indian Marathi-language biographical film about the social reformer was directed [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]].
*''[[Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule]]'', an Indian drama television series based on Savitribai Phule's and Jyotiba Phule's life was aired on [[DD National]] in 2016.
*''Savitri Jyoti'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] drama television series based on the life and work of Savitribai and Jyotiba Phule was aired on [[Sony Marathi]] in 2019- 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सावित्री-जोतिरावांच्या चरित्रावर मालिका|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/serial-on-the-character-of-jyotiba-phule-and-savitribai-phule-zws-70-2023303/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Loksatta|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103112638/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/serial-on-the-character-of-jyotiba-phule-and-savitribai-phule-zws-70-2023303/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TRP मिळत नसल्यानं सावित्रीबाई फुलेंवरची मालिका अखेर बंद|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/savitri-jyoti-marathi-serial-will-go-off-air-after-low-trp-rating/articleshow/79835091.cms|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103113101/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/savitri-jyoti-marathi-serial-will-go-off-air-after-low-trp-rating/articleshow/79835091.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Savitribai Phule'', an Indian [[Kannada]]-language biopic was made about Phule in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/will-it-be-a-hat-trick/article24632532.ece|title=Will it be a hat-trick?|last=R|first=Shilpa Sebastian|date=2018-08-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019000010/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/will-it-be-a-hat-trick/article24632532.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Satyashodhak]]'' is 2024 Indian Marathi-language biographical journey through the life of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule.
*[[Phule (film)]] is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film]] directed by [[Ananth Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=25 April 2025 |title=‘Phule’ Movie Review: Grand Stories, Bland Storytelling |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/phule-movie-review-grand-stories-bland-storytelling |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> The film is based on the lives of Jyotirao Phule and [[Savitribai Phule]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=25 April 2025 |title=Phule movie review: Pratik Gandhi brings home the Mahatma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/phule-movie-review-pratik-gandhi-brings-home-the-mahatma/article69490866.ece |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film stars [[Pratik Gandhi]] and [[Patralekha]] in titular roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=25 April 2025 |title=Phule review: Pratik-Patralekhaa's revolutionary film dimmed by dull storytelling |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/phule-movie-review-pratik-gandhi-patralekhaa-revolutionary-film-dimmed-by-dull-storytelling-2714880-2025-04-25 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=‘Phule has a message for modern India’ |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/phule-has-a-message-for-modern-india-1870706 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Deccan Chronicles|language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 25 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=25 April 2025 |title=‘Phule’ review: A dull biopic of fiery revolutionaries |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1081529/phule-review-a-dull-biopic-of-fiery-revolutionaries |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Pratik Gandhi and Patralekhaa starrer Phule gets postponed, to now release on this date
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pratik-gandhi-patralekhaa-starrer-phule-gets-postponed-now-release-date/|access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
<references>
<ref name=MT>{{Cite web |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/astro/dinvishesh/birth-anniversary-of-mahatma-jyotiba-phule/articleshow/75092917.cms |title=te |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103145633/https://maharashtratimes.com/astro/dinvishesh/birth-anniversary-of-mahatma-jyotiba-phule/amp_articleshow/75092917.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
</references>
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{citation |title=Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity |first=Dorothy Matilda |last=Figueira |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-79148-783-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTU0fszp33YC}}
*{{citation |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |author-link=Dhananjay Keer |title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: Father of the Indian Social Revolution |year=1974 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai, India |isbn=978-81-7154-066-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&pg=PA1}}
*{{citation |chapter=Issues of Widowhood in Colonial Western India |first=Rosalind |last=O'Hanlon |title=Contesting Power: Resistance and Everyday Social Relations in South Asia |editor1-first=Douglas E. |editor1-last=Haynes |editor2-first=Gyan |editor2-last=Prakash |publisher=University of California Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-52007-585-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmLgwzHwmtoC}}
*{{citation |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |first=Rosalind |last=O'Hanlon |edition=Revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |orig-year=1985 |isbn=978-0-52152-308-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC}}
*{{citation |first=Sumit |last=Sarkar |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |title=Bibliographical Survey of Social Reform Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |year=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass/Indian Council of Historical Research}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |chapter=Phule's Critique of Brahmin Power |first=Mahesh |last=Gavaskar |title=Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India |editor-first=S. M. |editor-last=Michael |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-55587-697-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ur3mgfASI7AC&pg=PA43 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6/page/43 43–56] |url=https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6/page/43 }}
*{{cite book |title=Makers of Modern India |editor-first=Ramachandra |editor-last=Guha |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-67405-246-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWxXqEp4eQsC}}
*Dr. J. P. Dodamani (tra. Kannada).(2011). [https://www.jpdodamani.com/2024/03/blog-post_18.html Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]
*{{cite book |title=Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History |editor-first=Tiffany K. |editor-last=Wayne |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-31334-581-4}}

==External links==
[https://archive.org/details/MahatmaPhuleSamgraVanmay5Avruti/page/n39/mode/1up?view=theater His complete writings in Marathi]

{{Commons category|Jyotirao Phule}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Portal bar|India|History|Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phule, Mahatma Jotirao}}
[[Category:Jyotirao Phule| ]]
[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]
[[Category:Satyashodhak Samaj]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:Dalit businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Social justice activists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]

Visakhapatnam-class destroyer

2026-03-16T13:41:36Z

FranklynDavitt2: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Class of stealth guided missile destroyers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Visakhapatnam (D66) - P15B destroyer of Indian Navy during sea trials.jpg
| image_caption = {{INS|Visakhapatnam}}, the lead ship of the class.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Visakhapatnam''-class
| builders = [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited]] (MDL)
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before = {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|4}}
| class_after = {{sclass|Project 18|destroyer|4}} "Next Generation Destroyer" (NGD)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/tpcr.pdf|title=TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE AND CAPABILITY ROADMAP (TPCR) - 2018|website=mod.gov.in}}</ref>
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 4
| total_ships_completed = 4
| total_ships_active = 4
| cost = *{{INRConvert|35800|c|year=2020|lk=on}} for four ships (FY 2020)
*{{INRConvert|8950|c|year=2020|lk=on}} per ship (FY 2020)
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| type = [[Guided missile destroyer]]
| displacement = {{convert|7400|t|LT|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Navy Visakhapatnam">{{cite web|title=INS Visakhapatnam', First Ship of Project 15B launched|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/ins-visakhapatnam-first-ship-project-15b-launched|website=indiannavy.nic.in|publisher=Indian Navy (News)|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034817/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/ins-visakhapatnam-first-ship-project-15b-launched|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|163|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|17.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft = {{convert|6.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| propulsion = *[[Combined diesel and gas|CODAG]]<ref name="naval-technology.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/project-15b-guided-missile-destroyers/|title = Project 15B Guided Missile Destroyers, Mazagon Dock Limited}}</ref>
*2 × [[Zorya-Mashproekt|Zorya M36E]] [[gas turbine]]s, with 4 × DT-59 reversible gas turbines and 2 × RG-54 [[Transmission (mechanics)|gearboxes]]
*2 × Bergen/[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers|GRSE]] KVM-diesel engines, {{convert|9900|hp|kW|abbr=on}} each
*4 × 1 MWe [[Wärtsilä]] WCM-1000 generator sets driving [[Cummins]] KTA50G3 engines and [[Kirloskar Group|Kirloskar]] 1 MV AC generators
| sail_plan =
| speed = In excess of {{convert|33.5|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{cvt|9000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|18|kn}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Ajay |date=21 April 2015 |title=INS Visakhapatnam shows growing Indian ability to build warships economically |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ins-visakhapatnam-shows-growing-indian-ability-to-build-warships-economically-115042100011_1.html |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
| endurance = 55 days
| test_depth =
| boats = 4 × [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement =
| crew = 300 (50 officers + 250 sailors)
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *'''Radar :-'''
*[[Israeli Aircraft Industries|IAI]] [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[S band|S-Band]] [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|AESA]] [[radar]]
*[[Bharat Electronics Limited|BEL]] RAWL-02/LW-08 [[L band|L-Band]] [[Secondary surveillance radar|air-search radar]]
*[[Terma A/S|Terma]]/[[Tata Advanced Systems|Tata]] Scanter-6002 [[X band|X-Band]] [[surface-search radar]]
*'''Sonar :-'''
*[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] HUMSA-NG active/passive [[sonar]]
*[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] ''Nagin'' [[Towed array sonar|active towed-array sonar]]
*'''Combat Suite :-'''
*"Combat Management System" (CMS)
| EW = *[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] ''Shakti'' [[Electronic warfare|EW suite]] (equipped with [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] and "Radar Finger Printing System" (RFPS))
*[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] ''Nayan'' [[Signals intelligence|COMINT]] suite
*'''Decoys :-'''
*4 × [[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach]] decoy launchers
*2 × [[Maareech ATDS|Maareech]] [[Torpedo defence|torpedo-countermeasure]] systems
| armament = *'''Anti-air warfare :-'''
*4 × 8-cell [[Vertical launching system|VLS]], for a total of 32 [[Barak 8]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s
*'''Anti-surface warfare :-'''
*2 × 8-cell VLS, for 16 [[BrahMos]] [[anti-ship missile]]s
*'''Anti-submarine warfare :-'''
*4 × {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s
*2 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine rocket launchers]]
*'''Guns :-'''
*1 × [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]]
*4 × [[AK-630|AK-630M]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]
*4 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 2 × [[HAL Dhruv]], [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk]] or [[Westland Sea King|Sea King Mk. 42B]]
| aircraft_facilities = *Enclosed helicopter [[hangar]] and [[flight deck]] capable of accommodating two multi-role helicopters.
| notes = *Modified derivative of the {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/project-15b-guided-missile-destroyers/ | title=Project 15B Guided Missile Destroyers }}</ref>
}}
}}

The '''''Visakhapatnam''-class destroyers''', also classified as the '''P-15 ''Bravo'' class''', or simply '''P-15B''', is a class of [[guided-missile destroyer]]s currently being built for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sldinfo.com/2021/11/ins-visakhapatnam-commissioned-into-the-indian-navy-november-2021/ | title=INS Visakhapatnam Commissioned into the Indian Navy: November 2021 | date=24 November 2021 }}</ref> The ''Visakhapatnam'' class is an upgraded derivative of its predecessor, the {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|4}}, with improved features of stealth, automation and ordnance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/indian-navy-commissions-first-p15b-destroyer-ins-visakhapatnam/ | title=Indian Navy Commissions First P15B Destroyer INS Visakhapatnam | date=21 November 2021 }}</ref>

Designed by the Warship Design Bureau (WDB), a total of four ships are being built by [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] (MDL), under the [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-to-commission-first-of-four-visakhapatnam-class-destroyers-on-nov-21-1877352-2021-11-16 | title=Indian Navy to commission first of four Visakhapatnam class destroyers on Nov 21 | date=16 November 2021 }}</ref> The first vessel of the class, {{INS|Visakhapatnam}} was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 21 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/11/02/india-guided-missile-destroyer/ | title=Indian Navy Receives Indigenous Guided-Missile Destroyer | date=2 November 2021 }}</ref> The final ship of the class, [[INS Surat]], was commissioned on 15 January 2025.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=PM Modi commissions INS Surat, INS Nilgiri, and INS Vaghsheer: Key points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-departs-for-mumbai-to-dedicate-naval-combatants-inaugurate-iskcon-temple/articleshow/117251565.cms |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Design==
===Development===
The [[destroyer]]s were designed by the Warship Design Bureau, a branch of the Navy responsible for designing the service's [[warship]]s, several among them including the {{sclass|Arihant|submarine|1}}s - India's first indigenously designed [[Ballistic missile submarine|nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines]], {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} - India's first indigenously designed [[aircraft carrier]], and the {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/story/?id=371|title=Naval Designers' Journey From Nilgiri to Project 15B|website=www.spsnavalforces.com}}</ref>

The destroyer was designed under the codename Project 15B. The project was initiated to develop a class of destroyers that are more advanced than the ''Kolkata''-class destroyers (P-15A), but with only several, yet incremental alterations. This was done to minimize its development costs and time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Destroyer 'Imphal' Delivered |url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/experts-speak/?id=643&h=Indigenous-Destroyer-Imphal-Delivered |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.spsnavalforces.com}}</ref>

The design plans of the four vessels were completed by the WDB in mid-2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-project-15b-program.htm|title=Project 15B Visakhapatnam-class - Program|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

===Comparison to the ''Kolkata''-class destroyers===

{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| total_width =
| image1 = 201118-N-NC885-1048.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = INS Visakhapatnam (D66).jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| caption3 =
| footer = A comparison of the ''Vishakapatnam''-class and the ''Kolkata''-class destroyers, with their design differences clearly visible.
}}

The P-15B is a derivative of the ''Kolkata''-class destroyers (P-15A), a class of three [[Stealth technology|stealth]] guided-missile destroyers, which currently serve as the IN's frontline destroyers; both classes feature several differences, with regard to their respective designs. Some of the known changes are as follows :-

* Observed as one of the most distinctive features, the P-15B and the P-15A feature different [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]] layouts; the P-15B's bridge was designed to minimize the vessel's [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) and enhance resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=2021-11-21 |title=Indian Navy Commissions First P15B Destroyer INS Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/11/indian-navy-commissions-first-p15b-destroyer-ins-visakhapatnam/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Unlike the P-15A, the P-15B features a "rail-less" helicopter traversing system meant for securing the vessel's helicopter, in the event of adverse weather conditions.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* The P-15B features a network-centric layout, equipped with a Ship Data Network (SDN), an Automatic Power Management System (APMS), as well as a Combat Management System (CMS).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Features===
*The destroyers are equipped with a "Total Atmosphere Control System" (TAC), which allows them to operate in regions of [[nuclear fallout]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spsnavalforces.com/news/?id=209&h=INS-Vishakhapatnam-New-era-of-force-projection|title=INS Vishakhapatnam — New era of force projection|website=www.spsnavalforces.com|date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Additionally, the destroyers are also equipped with [[nuclear, biological and chemical warfare]] (NBC) protective equipment, with its entire requirement of air being filtered through NBC filters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ins-visakhapatnam-indias-most-potent-destroyer/20211123.htm|title=INS Visakhapatnam: India's Most Potent Destroyer|website=www.rediff.com|date=23 November 2021}}</ref>
*An estimated 72% of the destroyers' components are indigenously sourced, as compared to 59% for the ''Kolkata''-class destroyers and 42% for the {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|1}}s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/five-things-that-makes-ins-vishakhapatnam-deadly-combination-of-lethality-and-stealth-5105611/|title=5 Things That Make INS Vishakhapatnam Deadly Combination of Lethality And Stealth|website=www.india.com|date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=India to commission 2 frontline warships & a sub in New Year in big boost to blue-water capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-commission-2-frontline-warships-a-sub-in-new-year-in-big-boost-to-blue-water-capabilities/articleshow/116650145.cms |access-date=2024-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*The destroyers feature multiple fire zones, battle damage control systems and distributional power systems for improved survivability and reliability in emergent conditions.<ref name = "Naval">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/project-15b-guided-missile-destroyers/|title=Project 15B Guided Missile Destroyers|website=www.naval-technology.com|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
*The destroyers feature ergonomically designed accommodations based on modular concepts, which ensures a significant amount of crew comfort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.domain-b.com/defence/sea/indian_navy/20211122_vikramaditya.html|title=Indian Navy commissions stealth guided missile destroyer 'Vikramaditya'|website=www.domain-b.com|date=21 November 2021}}</ref>

===Naming===
In accordance with naval traditions, the P-15B destroyers were christened after major Indian cities with historical and cultural connections, namely, [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Mormugao]], [[Imphal]] and [[Surat]] - representing the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Manipur]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/from-ins-vikrant-to-ins-imphal-how-names-of-indian-navy-ships-have-evolved-over-the-years/226733/|title=From INS Vikrant to INS Imphal, how names of Indian Navy ships have evolved over the years|website=www.theprint.in|date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Notably, INS ''Imphal'' and INS ''Mormugao'' were the first two destroyers to be christened as namesakes of important cities from the regions of [[Northeast India|Northeastern India]] and Goa, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/indian-navy-warship-ins-imphal|title=In a First, Indian Navy Names Warship After Northeast City|website=www.thewire.in|date=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/566564/navy-destroyer-named-goa-port.html|title=New Navy destroyer to be named after Goa port|website=www.deccanherald.com|date=24 August 2016}}</ref>

==Instrumentation==
===Armament===
*'''Anti-surface warfare'''
For its [[anti-surface warfare]] (ASuW) capabilities, the class features sixteen [[BrahMos|Brahmos]] [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship cruise missiles]], capable of speeds of up to [[Mach number|Mach 3]].<ref name = "BrahMos">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brahmand.com/news/The-BRAVO-and-the-BRAHMOS/13859/1/15.html|title=The BRAVO and the BRAHMOS|website=www.brahmand.com|date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Manufactured by [[BrahMos Aerospace]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=THIRD PROJECT 15B INDIGENOUS DESTROYER IMPHAL DELIVERED TO INDIAN NAVY |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1969435 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |language=en}}</ref> The BrahMos is widely regarded as one of the most formidable anti-ship missiles currently in service, given the missile's extreme versatility and maneuverability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/bull%E2%80%99s-eye-the-5-most-deadly-anti-ship-missiles-all-time-12411|title=Bullseye: The 5 Most Deadly Anti-Ship Missiles of All Time|website=www.Bullseye: The 5 Most Deadly Anti-Ship Missiles of All Time|date=13 March 2015 |last1=Mizokami |first1=Kyle }}</ref>

Additionally, the vessels of the class are equipped with one [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]] manufactured by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] at their [[Haridwar]] facility.<ref name=":1" /> Originally, the IN had planned to install the [[5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun|Mk-45 {{cvt|127|mm|0}}]] naval gun, manufactured by [[BAE Systems Platforms & Services|BAE]]; however, this plan was scrapped in 2021, on account of financial constraints.<ref name="theprint">{{cite news|last1=Snehesh|first1=Alex Philip|url=https://theprint.in/defence/navy-to-scrap-plans-to-procure-guns-from-us-considering-make-in-india-route-now/706730/|work=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802041538/https://theprint.in/defence/navy-to-scrap-plans-to-procure-guns-from-us-considering-make-in-india-route-now/706730/|title=Navy to scrap plans to procure guns from US, considering 'Make in India' route now|archive-date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

*'''Anti-air warfare'''
As part of its [[anti-air warfare]] (AAW) capabilities, the class features thirty-two [[Barak 8]] [[surface-to-air missile]]s, with sixteen missiles present in four "2 x 4" VLS configurations - with two placed at the bow and two placed aft. The launchers were manufactured by [[Bharat Electronics]] at their [[Bangalore]] facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/indian-navy-receives-first-p15b-guided-missile-destroyer-1045948.html|title=Indian Navy receives first P15B guided-missile destroyer|website=Indian Navy receives first P15B guided-missile destroyer|date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The Barak 8, also classified as the LR-SAM, is designed to neutralize various aerial threats, including fighter aircraft, helicopters, anti-ship missiles, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s (UAV); the new variant is expected to feature a range of about {{cvt|150|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/barak-8-missile-test-indian-navy-279676-2015-12-30|title=Indian Navy successfully tests Barak 8 interceptor missile: All you need to know|website=indiatoday.in|date=30 December 2015}}</ref>

For [[point defense]], the vessels are equipped with four [[AK-630|AK-630M]] [[close-in weapon system]]s (CIWS), with two systems on either side of the [[superstructure]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | url=https://alphadefense.in/vizag-has-risen/ | title=INS Vishakhapatnam &#124; Vizag has Risen | work=Alpha Defense | date=21 November 2020 | last1=Defense | first1=Alpha | access-date=21 October 2021 | archive-date=21 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021193625/https://alphadefense.in/vizag-has-risen/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

*'''Anti-submarine warfare'''
For its [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) capabilities, the class features two twin [[Torpedo tube|torpedo launchers]], designed to launch heavyweight [[torpedo]]es - such as the [[Varunastra (torpedo)|Varunastra]] heavyweight torpedo, developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO).<ref name="naval-technology.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/ins-visakhapatnam-indian-navys-new-stealth-destroyer/twin-tube-torpedo/slideshow/46996685.cms|title = INS Visakhapatnam: Indian Navy's new stealth destroyer - INS Visakhapatnam}}</ref> The class also features two [[RBU-6000]] (RPK-8) [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine rocket launchers]], capable of firing ASW projectiles to depths of up to {{cvt|1000|m}}.<ref name="naval-technology.com"/> Both the RBU-6000 and torpedo tubes were manufactured by [[Larsen & Toubro]]'s [[Mumbai]] facility.<ref name=":1" />

*'''Aviation facilities'''
As part of its aviation facilities, the class is equipped with a [[flight deck]] and an enclosed aviation [[hangar]], capable of two medium-sized helicopters – primarily the [[HAL Dhruv]], or the [[Westland Sea King|Westland Sea King Mk. 42B]].<ref name="naval-technology.com"/> Additionally, the ships are equipped with a "rail-less" helicopter traversing system, meant for securing the helicopter in case of adverse weather conditions at sea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |date=2023-12-28 |title=India Navy commissions 3rd Visakhapatnam-class destroyer INS Imphal |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2023/india-navy-commissions-3rd-visakhapatnam-class-destroyer-ins-imphal |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

*'''Decoys'''
As for the class' defensive abilities, each destroyer is equipped with two [[Kavach (anti-missile system)|Kavach]] anti-missile decoy systems for neutralizing incoming aerial threats at short ranges.<ref name="auto1"/>

===Sensors===

*'''Radar'''
The class features the [[Israel Aerospace Industries|IAI]] [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[S band]] [[active electronically scanned array]] [[radar]], as its primary radar suite.<ref name="naval-technology.com"/> The EL/M-2248 is a multi-function, phased-array radar system featuring an azimuth of 360o, with the capability to track both aerial and surface targets - at a range of over {{cvt|450|km|mi}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/elm-2248-mf-star|title=ELM-2248 MF-STAR Multi-Function Digital AESA Radar|website=iai.co.il}}</ref>

The class further features the [[Thales Group|Thales]] {{ill|LW 08|lt=LW 08|de|LW 08}} ([[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] RAWL-02) as its [[Secondary surveillance radar|secondary radar]] suite.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2023-10-20 |title=MDL delivers 3rd Visakhapatnam-class destroyer to Indian Navy |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/10/mdl-delivers-3rd-visakhapatnam-class-destroyer-to-indian-navy/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> The LW-08 is a solid-state, two-dimensional, long-range [[D band (NATO)|D band]] surveillance radar, meant for providing target acquisition against aerial and surface threats. It is capable of operating in a cluttered electronic environment, equipped with an instrumental range of {{cvt|270|km}}, with the capability to track both [[cruise missile]]s and [[fighter aircraft]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jupiter - Radar Basics |url=https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/07.naval/karte005.de.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.radartutorial.eu |language=de}}</ref>

*'''Sonar'''
The class is equipped with the [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] HUMSA-NG [[sonar]], a hull-mounted "active cum passive" integrated sonar system developed by the DRDO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUMSA NG {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/humsa-ng |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=India gets P15B missile destroyer 2x8-cell VLS BrahMos AShMs |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2022/05/18/india-gets-4th-p-15b-missile-destroyer-2x8-cell-vls-brahmos-ashms/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> The HUMSA-NG is capable of detecting, classifying and tracking sub-surface targets in both active and passive modes, with the capability to simultaneously track up to eight targets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HUMSA-NG (MK 2) |url=https://bel-india.in/product/humsa-ng-mk-2/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref> The destroyers are also equipped with the BEL ''Nagin'' [[Towed array sonar|active towed array sonar]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://defenceupdate.in/ins-visakhapatnam-indias-powerful-stealth-guided-missile-p15b-destroyer/|title=INS Visakhapatnam:- India's Most Powerful Stealth Guided Missile P15B Destroyer|date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

*'''Electronic warfare'''
For [[electronic warfare]] (EW), the destroyers are equipped with the [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|DRDL]] ''Shakti'' EW suite, designed to provide Indian warships an electronic layer of defence against modern radars and anti-ship missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister to Formally Handover DRDO Designed and Developed Advanced Electronic Warfare Suite 'Shakti' for Indian Naval Ships to Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1773020 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> ''Shakti'' is equipped with wideband [[electronic warfare support measures|electronic support measures]] (ESM) and [[electronic countermeasure]]s (ECM), meant for intercepting, classifying and jamming both conventional and modern radars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-hands-over-advanced-electronic-warfare-system-shakti-to-indian-navy-in-jhansi/articleshow/87802689.cms|title=PM Modi hands over advanced Electronic Warfare System 'Shakti'|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Additionally, the suite is also equipped with an in-built radar fingerprinting and data recording replay feature for post-mission analysis and evaluation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pm-modi-to-handover-drdo-designed-advanced-electronic-warfare-suite-to-navy-today20211119054330/|title=PM Modi to handover DRDO designed advanced electronic warfare suite to Navy today|website=ANI News}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
In March 2009, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), the arms-procurement wing of India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], approved the procurement of four 6,800 [[Tonne|t]] destroyers, to be built by [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]] (MDL).<ref name="ajaishukla.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2009/03/project-15-b-navys-destroyer-project.html | title=Project 15-B: Navy's destroyer project sets sail - Broadsword by Ajai Shukla - Strategy. Economics. Defence. }}</ref>

Designed as a "follow-on" project to the ''Kolkata''-class destroyers, the new destroyers were envisaged to feature only incremental changes to the former, in order to minimize developmental time and costs.<ref name="ajaishukla.com"/> At the time of the project's approval, the four new destroyers were envisaged to be more cheaper than other destroyer classes being built at the time, namely, the {{sclass|Hobart|destroyer|1}}s, the [[Type 45 destroyer|''Daring''-class destroyers]] and the {{sclass|Akizuki|destroyer|1||2010}}s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2015/04/ins-visakhapatanam-shows-growing-indian.html|title=INS Visakhapatanam shows growing Indian ability to build warships economically|website=www.ajaishukla.com|date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

No competitive bidding was conducted for the development of the vessels, since MDL was the only Indian shipyard capable of building destroyers at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31navy-destroyer-project-sets-sail.htm|title=Navy's destroyer project sets sail|website=www.rediff.com|date=31 March 2009}}</ref>

The contract for the four warships was signed on 28 January 2011, at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|29643.74|c|lk=on|year=2011}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/14/construction-of-destroyer-surat-and-frigate-udaygiri-in-advance-stage-to-be-sea-launched-next-week-2453485.html|title=Construction of Destroyer Surat and Frigate Udaygiri in advance stage, to be sea-launched next week|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

===Construction===

[[File:Launching of INS Visakhapatnam - 4.JPG|thumb|The unfinished hull of INS ''Visakhapatnam'', on the day of its launch]]

The [[keel]] of the first vessel, INS ''Visakhapatnam'', was [[Keel laying|laid]] by MDL in October 2013 and the ship was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 20 April 2015, in a ceremony attended by then-Indian naval chief [[Robin K. Dhowan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/india-s-largest-warship-ins-visakhapatnam-unveiled-in-mazgaon/story-8lBqqm1SwpAL42Vt0KLkFL.html|title=India's largest warship, INS Visakhapatnam, unveiled in Mazgaon|website=www.hindustantimes.com|date=20 April 2015}}</ref> Originally slated to enter service in 2018, the delivery of the vessel was delayed by three years, owing to delays in the supply of the vessel's sensors and ordnance by foreign vendors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/649012/delivery-navys-destroyers-delayed.html|title=Delivery of navy's destroyers delayed|website=www.deccanherald.com|date=19 December 2017}}</ref>

In July 2019, a minor fire broke aboard the unfinished-''Visakhapatnam'', leaving one contract worker dead and another two injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/1-dead-in-ins-visakhapatnam-fire-inquiry-on/articleshow/69899241.cms|title=1 dead in INS Visakhapatnam fire; inquiry on.|website=www.economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=22 June 2019}}</ref> Irrespectively, the fire was noted to have not caused any hindrance to the vessel's construction schedule; the shipyard's construction activities subsequently resumed without delay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/no-impact-of-fire-on-completion-schedule-of-warship-visakhapatnam-officials/articleshow/69903878.cms|title=No impact of fire on completion schedule of warship 'Visakhapatnam': Officials|website=www.economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

''Visakhapatnam'' completed its [[Sea trial|basin trials]] in December 2020 and subsequently proceeded for its sea trials in 2021. Initially scheduled to be delivered in April 2021, the vessel was delivered on October 28, owing to delays caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2021/11/02/indian-navy-looks-ahead-to-fleet-expansion-with-ins-visakhapatnam-delivery/|title=Indian Navy Looks Ahead To Fleet Expansion With INS Visakhapatnam Delivery|website=www.overtdefense.com|date=2 November 2021}}</ref> On 21 November 2021, ''Visakhapatnam'' was commissioned into the IN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Visakhapatnam commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1773700 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The second vessel of the class, ''Mormugao'', was laid in June 2015 and launched in September of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ud4LaBXHrRq6VRwbz3nUtI/Indian-Navy-launches-Mormugao-2nd-warship-of-Visakhapatnam.html|title=Indian Navy launches Mormugao, 2nd warship of Visakhpatnam class, in Mumbai|website=www.livemint.com|date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-pics-mormugao-india-navy-s-guided-missile-destroyer-launched/story-K2qSZFp8iZQzHm0HEnzhYP.html|title = In pics: Mormugao, Indian Navy's guided missile destroyer, launched|date = 17 September 2016}}</ref> Completing its basin trials in early-December 2021, the destroyer proceeded on its maiden sea sortie on 19 December, coinciding with the 60th anniversary of [[Goa Liberation Day]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1783193 | title=Mormugao, Indian Navy's Second Ship of the Project 15B, Sails for Maiden Sea Trials on Goa Liberation Day }}</ref> ''Mormugao'' was delivered to the IN almost a year later, on 24 November 2022 and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 18 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DELIVERY OF THE SECOND SHIP OF PROJECT 15B Y 12705 (MORMUGAO) |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1878523 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

Construction work on the third vessel, INS ''Imphal'', began with the laying of its keel in May 2017; the hull was later launched on 20 April 2019, in a ceremony attended by then-Indian naval chief [[Sunil Lanba]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/04/20/indian-navy-launches-new-stealthy-guided-missile-destroyer-ins-imphal.html|title=Indian Navy launches new stealthy guided missile destroyer — INS Imphal|website=www.theweek.in|date=20 April 2019}}</ref> and commenced sea trials on 28 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMPHAL, INDIAN NAVY'S THIRD SHIP OF PROJECT 15B SAILS FOR MAIDEN SEA TRIALS |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1920605 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The ship was delivered to the Indian Navy on 20 October 2023, and was commissioned on 26 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cscr.pk/explore/themes/defense-security/fast-track-construction-of-indian-navys-stealth-destroyers/|title=Fast-Track Construction of Indian Navy's Stealth Destroyers|website=www.cscr.pk|date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1969435|title=THIRD PROJECT 15B INDIGENOUS DESTROYER IMPHAL DELIVERED TO INDIAN NAVY|date=20 Oct 2023|access-date=21 Oct 2023}}</ref>

Construction on the final vessel of the class, INS ''Surat'', began in July 2018; the hull was subsequently launched 17 May 2022, in a ceremony coinciding with the launch of {{INS|Udaygiri|2022|6}}, a [[Nilgiri-class frigate (2019)|''Nilgiri''-class frigate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/india-launches-4th-p15b-destroyer-and-2nd-p17a-frigate/|title=India Launches 4th P15B Destroyer And 2nd P17A Frigate|website=www.navalnews.com|date=18 May 2022}}</ref> On 18 June 2024, ''Surat'' begun her sea trials and shall be commissioned in the latter half of 2024.<ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1802672516533723195 |user=indiannavy |title=#Surat will be the next major combatant to join the #IndianNavy's arsenal. The ship commenced her maiden sea trials prior induction. Named after the vibrant city of #Gujarat, #Surat epitomizes its rich maritime heritage and pivotal role in India's nautical legacy. Constructed using cutting-edge technology by @MazagonDockLtd, #Surat stands as a glorious testament of #AatmanirbharBharat. |date=2024-06-17}}</ref> ''Surat'' was commissioned on 15 January 2025.<ref name=":3" />

==Operational history==
[[File:Indian Navy launhing BrahMos-Operation Sindoor.jpg|thumb|[[BrahMos]] Launch during [[Operation Sindoor]]]]
On 11 January 2022, only two months after its commissioning, ''Visakhapatnam'' successfully test-fired an upgraded variant of the BrahMos anti-ship missile, which was subsequently followed by another successful test-fire on 18 February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/indian-navy-brahmos-supersonic-missile/|title=Indian Navy test-fires BrahMos supersonic missile onboard INS Visakhapatnam|newspaper=Naval Technology|date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile-successfully-test-fired-from-ins-visakhapatnam-watch-video-11645158506971.html|title=BrahMos supersonic missile successfully test-fired from INS Visakhapatnam|website=www.livemint.com|date=18 February 2022}}</ref> The destroyer later took part in the 12th edition of the IN's "Presidential Fleet Review" on 21 February 2022, an event which was attended by [[President of India|Indian president]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] and [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Indian naval chief]] [[R. Hari Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 February 2022|title=CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF REVIEWS PREPARATIONS OF PRESIDENT'S FLEET REVIEW|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1799853|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 14 May 2023, INS Mormugao successfully fired BrahMos Supersonic cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BrahMos supersonic missile firing from INS Mormugao hits 'bull's eye' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-test-fires-brahmos-supersonic-cruise-missile-ins-mormugao-2379079-2023-05-14 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=India Today |date=14 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It successfully carried out the engagement of a sea-skimming supersonic target with its MRSAM missile on 23 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipin.vijayan |title=MRSAM missile fired from INS Mormugao takes out supersonic target (WATCH) |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/mrsam-missile-fired-from-ins-mormugao-takes-out-supersonic-target-watch--rv3l3v |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>

==Ships in the class==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Pennant
!Yard No
!Builder
!Laid down
!Launched
!Commissioned
!Status
|-
| {{INS|Visakhapatnam||2}}
| D66
| 12704
| rowspan=4|[[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited]] (MDL)
| 12 October 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Keel Laid for P15 Bravo Ships|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2013%2F10%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=28&EntityId=Ar02806&AppName=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222192211/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2013%2F10%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=28&EntityId=Ar02806&AppName=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2018|work=The Times of India|date=25 October 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/KEEL%20LAID%20FOR%20YARD%2012704.pdf|title=Mazagon Dock Keel Laying Ceremony|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183511/http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/KEEL%20LAID%20FOR%20YARD%2012704.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 20 April 2015<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2015/first-indian-navy-project-15b-visakhapatnam-class-destroyer-launched |title=First Indian Navy Project 15B – Visakhapatnam-class Destroyer Launched |date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
| 21 November 2021<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/advanced-guided-missile-destroyers-delayed-by-3-years/article10003703.ece|title=Navy to commission 'vigilant', 'valiant' INS Visakhapatnam in Mumbai today|website=Hindustan Times|date=21 November 2021|access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ins-visakhapatnam-navy-to-commission-missile-destroyer-ship-today-5-points-11637464117557.html|title=INS Visakhapatnam: Navy to commission missile destroyer ship today. 5 points
|website =Mint| date=21 November 2021| access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Active
|-
| {{INS|Mormugao||2}}
| D67
| 12705
| 4 June 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/Keel_Laying_705.pdf|title=Mazagon Dock News|website=mazagondock.gov.in|publisher=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062010/http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/Keel_Laying_705.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>
| 17 September 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Second warship of Visakhapatnam class launched in Mumbai|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/second-warship-of-visakhapatnam-class-launched-in-mumbai/article9118621.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|agency=PTI|date=17 September 2016|language=en}}</ref>
| 24 December 2022 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/ins-mormugao-indian-navy-to-commission-the-warship-on-dec-18|title=INS Mormugao: Indian Navy to commission the warship on Dec 18|publisher=Free Press Journal|last=Shaikh|first=Ateeq|date=2022-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/11/second-project-15b-destroyer-delivered-to-the-indian-navy/#prettyPhoto/0/|title=Second Project 15B Destroyer Delivered To The Indian Navy|website=www.navalnews.com|date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{INS|Imphal||2}}
| D68
| 12706
| 19 May 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/fpjgallery/picture.php?/8173|title=Keel laid for the third ship of P15B class destroyers|work=The Free Press Journal|date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922205106/http://www.freepressjournal.in/fpjgallery/picture.php?%2F8173|archive-date=22 September 2017|access-date=26 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 20 April 2019<ref name="imphal-launch">{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Pradip |title=Indian Navy launches new stealthy guided missile destroyer — INS Imphal |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/04/20/indian-navy-launches-new-stealthy-guided-missile-destroyer-ins-imphal.html |work=The Week |date=20 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Indian Navy launches guided missile destroyer INS Imphal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/indian-navy-launches-guided-missile-destroyer-ins-imphal/article26900876.ece |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| 26 December 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |title=Imphal missile destroyer to be commissioned to Indian Navy on Dec 26 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/imphal-missile-destroyer-to-be-commissioned-to-indian-navy-on-dec-26-2812973 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{INS|Surat||2}}
| D69
| 12707
| 19 July 2018<ref name="p15b_surat">{{cite tweet|number=1460507800879075330|user=ANI|title=Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will formally Commission INS Vishakhapatnam on Nov 21 in Mumbai. The next warships of the class would be named after important cities in the country including Mormogao, Imphal, and Surat: Navy Vice Admiral SN Ghormade|date=2021-11-16}}</ref>
| 17 May 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhar |first1=Aniruddha |title=Rajnath Singh launches India-made 'Surat' and 'Udaygiri' warships in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-launches-india-made-surat-and-udaygiri-warships-in-mumbai-101652772792074.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Watc - Surat & Udaygiri: India's new indigenous warships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/watch-surat-udaygiri-indias-new-indigenous-warships/article65454387.ece |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="Surat">{{Cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=23 May 2022 |title=Rajnath Singh to launch two India-made warships in Mumbai on Tuesday |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rajnath-singh-to-launch-india-made-warships-ins-surat-udaygiri-on-tuesday-122051601424_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>
| 15 January 2025<ref name=":3" />
|}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|File:INS Visakhapatnam (D66) during commissioning ceremony.jpg
|INS ''Visakhapatnam'', on the eve of its commissioning.
|File:Visakhapatnam (D66) - P15B destroyer of Indian Navy.jpg
| A [[Bird's-eye view|overhead view]] of ''Visakhapatnam'', with its weaponry and sensors clearly visible.
|File:Mormugao - Y12705, second ship of Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer.jpg
|Mormugao - Y12705, second ship of Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer.
|File:Mormugao, second indigenous stealth destroyer of the P15B class during maiden sortie.jpg
|''Mormugao'' - the second vessel of the class, photographed during its maiden [[Sea trial|sea trials]].
|File:INS_Imphal.jpg
|''Imphal'', the third ship of the class, on sea trials.
|File:INS Surat maiden trial.jpg
|''Surat'', the fourth ship of the class, on sea trials.
|File:INS Surat firing rocket.png
|INS ''Surat'', firing rockets.
|
|Indian Navy’s Stealth guided-missile destroyers during TROPEX 24.

}}

==See also==

===Other references to the Indian Navy===
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of destroyers of India]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

===Other destroyers of comparable configurations and capabilities===
* [[Type 052D destroyer]] – a class of guided-missile destroyers being built for and currently operated by the [[People's Liberation Army Navy]].
* [[Type 055 destroyer]] - is a class of stealth guided-missile destroyers (guided-missile cruisers per NATO/OSD standard) being constructed for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).
* {{sclass|Atago|destroyer|1}} – a class of two guided-missile destroyers operated by the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Visakhapatnam class destroyer}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101227011444/http://bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/192-Project-15a.html ''Kolkata''-class destroyer – Bharat Rakshak]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/jeffhead/aegisvesselsoftheworld/kolkata.htm Aegis Vessels of the World – ''Kolkata''-class] – details on the specifications of the ship and recent images of INS ''Kolkata'' at sea.

{{navboxes|list=
{{Visakhapatnam-class destroyers}}
{{Destroyers of the Indian Navy}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visakhapatnam-class destroyer}}
[[Category:Visakhapatnam-class destroyers| ]]
[[Category:Destroyer classes]]
[[Category:Destroyers of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:CODAG ships]]

Visakhapatnam-class destroyer

2026-03-16T13:41:36Z

FranklynDavitt2: Structure improved and content revised

Phyllocnistis symphanes

2026-03-15T22:26:56Z

FranklynDavitt2: stub - done

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis symphanes
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1926)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLSMPA Phyllocnistis symphanes Meyrick, 1926] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis symphanes''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplants for the species include ''[[Aglaia lawii]]'' and ''[[Aglaia littoralis]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188766}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1926]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Battle of Adyar

2026-03-13T20:43:40Z

FranklynDavitt2: general improve page for accuracy additionally and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|Battle of the First Carnatic War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict =Battle of Adyar
|partof = [[Carnatic Wars]] [[First Carnatic War]]
|image =
|caption =
|date = 24 October 1746
|place =[[Adyar river]]
|coordinates =
|map_type =
|map_relief =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|map_size =
|map_marksize =
|map_caption =
|map_label =
|territory = Nawab of Arcot defeated
|result = French victory
|status =
|combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] '''[[Mughal Empire]]'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} [[Nawab of Arcot]]
|combatant2 =[[File:Royal Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[Kingdom of France]]
* [[File:Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png|15px]] [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} [[Anwaruddin Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} Mahfuz Khan
|commander2 =[[File:Royal Flag of France.svg|18px]] Louis Paradis
|units1 =
|units2 =
|strength1 = 10,000 infantry and cavalry
|strength2 = 350 French soldiers 700 French-trained Indian Sepoys
|casualties1 = 300
|casualties2 = 2 Sepoys killed
|notes =
|campaignbox ={{Campaignbox First Carnatic War}}
}}
The '''Battle of Adyar''' (also the '''Battle of Adyar River)''' took place on 24 October 1746.<ref>{{cite book | title=The origins of the Sepoy Military System: 1498-1770 | publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison | author=Hoover, James W. | year=1993 | pages=56}}</ref> The battle was between the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] men and forces of [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Nawab of Arcot]], [[Anwaruddin Khan]] over the [[Fort St. George, India|St. George Fort]], which was held by the French. It was part of the [[First Carnatic War]] between the English and the French.<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=153}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Anarchy :The Relentless Rise of The East India Company|last=Dalrymple|first=William|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2019|location=Great Britain|pages=52}}</ref>

== Background ==
The French captured [[Fort St. George]] from the [[British East Indian Company]]. Nawab of Arcot, a close ally of the British, set out to regain it by sending troops, led by his son Mahfuz Khan, to [[Madras]]. While leading an army of 10,000, he was dispersed by French forces, forcing him to move south. Khan seized [[Santhome|San Thomé]] and formed a battle line on the north bank of the [[Adyar River]] on 22 October to prevent the French from moving up reinforcements from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].

==Battle==
Led by the Swiss engineering officer, Major Louis Paradis, some 350 French and 700 French-trained Indian troops force marched from Pondicherry, crossed [[Quibble Island]] and took positions on the south bank of the [[Adyar River]] and faced ineffective artillery fire from Khan's forces.

On 24 October, Paradis was informed that a similar sized army led by de le Tour was on its way from St. George Fort. He decided to ford the [[Adayar river]] to attack the rear of Mahfuz Khan's battle line. de la Tour arrived too late to support Paradis, who with disciplined firing and then charging with bayonets, broke the Nawab's line. Mahfuz Khan's troops fled and the Battle of the Adyar River, which began on the morning of 24 October 1746, ended that evening with the French retaining control over Fort St. George.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-history-and-culture/madras-miscellany-the-battle-of-the-adyar/article4130267.ece | title=Madras Miscellany: The Battle of the Adyar | work=The Hindu | date=November 25, 2012 | access-date=11 December 2014 | author=Muthiah, S}}</ref>

==Significance==
The battle of Adyar was one of the first that illustrated the overwhelming superiority of 18th century European military firepower in the Indian sub-continent, while also demonstrating that even a sizeable cavalry force was no match for a well-equipped, disciplined infantry. The [[Flintlock mechanism|flintlock]] [[musket]] and a flexible and mobile artillery enabled around one thousand defenders of the French-held fort to vanquish ten thousand Mughal troops.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B |date=August 23, 2019 |title=The Battle of Adyar, a turning point in Indian history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-battle-of-adyar-a-turning-point-in-indian-history/article29225859.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Chennai]] |access-date=October 8, 2022}}</ref>

After the battle cemented the French position in Madras, they and the English continued to [[Siege of Cuddalore (1748)|spar]] over French-controlled [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and British-held [[Fort St. David]] without either side gaining territory. The [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle]] resulted in the French handing Madras back to the British, in exchange for [[Louisbourg]] in 1748.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adyar, Battle of}}
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1746]]
[[Category:1746 in India]]
[[Category:First Carnatic War]]

K-Ramp

2026-03-12T21:46:46Z

FranklynDavitt2:

{{short description|2025 Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = K-Ramp
| image = K-Ramp.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jains Nani
| producer = Razesh kiran Danda Balaji Gutta Shiva Bommak
| writer = Jains Nani
| starring = [[Kiran Abbavaram]] [[Yukti Thareja]]
| music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = Sateesh Reddy Masam
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| studio = Hasya Movies Rudransh Celluloids
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzA1MTAyMDI1MDAwMjI=|title=CBFC | Search Film|website=cbfcindia.gov.in |access-date=22 October 2025}} CBFC</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹27.50 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=K-Ramp Movie Total WW Collections!!
|url=https://t2blive.com/k-ramp-movie-total-ww-collections/ |language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|18|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2025-07-14 |title=Kiran Abbavaram's "K-RAMP" Movie to Release Theatrically on Oct 18 |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/kiran-abbavarams-k-ramp-movie-to-release-theatrically-on-oct-18-321939.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref>|df=y}}
}}

'''''K-Ramp''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] written and directed by Jains Nani, starring [[Kiran Abbavaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-14 |title=K-Ramp first glimpse: Kiran Abbavaram embraces many moods of 'chill' in his next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/14/k-ramp-first-glimpse-kiran-abbavaram-embraces-many-moods-of-chill-in-his-next |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Yukti Thareja]] in the lead roles. The film was released theatrically on 18 October 2025, coinciding with Diwali week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2025-07-14 |title=Kiran Abbavaram's "K-RAMP" Movie to Release Theatrically on Oct 18 |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/kiran-abbavarams-k-ramp-movie-to-release-theatrically-on-oct-18-321939.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref>

Despite mixed reviews, it was commercially successful at the box office.

== Plot ==
Kumar Abbavaram is a spoiled rich kid who lives for leisure, nightlife, and ego-driven charm. When Mercy, a kind yet traumatized woman battling [[PTSD]], enters his life, he mistakes her empathy for affection. After his father sends him to Kerala to mature, Kumar slowly confronts the reality of Mercy’s mental health struggles. His misguided attempts to “save” her turn into a lesson in empathy and responsibility. K-Ramp follows a self-absorbed man’s uneasy transformation from entitlement to understanding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-10-18 |title='K Ramp' movie review: Kiran Abbavaram film milks a worn-out formula with crude humour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-ramp-movie-review-kiran-abbavaram-yukti-tharejas-telugu-film-directed-by-jains-nani-rides-on-crude-humour/article70178696.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kiran Abbavaram]] as Kumar Abbavaram
* [[Yukti Thareja]] as Mercy Joy
* [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] as Krisha, Kumar’s father
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Naresh, Kumar’s uncle and Bunty’s father
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Bunty, Kumar’s cousin
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Daniel Joy, Mercy’s uncle
* Sanjay Swaroop as Dr.Sanjay, Mercy’s Psychiatrist
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashri Nair]] as Sitha, Naresh's wife
* Anannyaa Akula as Anannyaa Bokka, Kumar’s bestfriend
* Kirrak Seetha as Priya, Mercy’s bestfriend
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Pavanachari, Priest
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as College HOD
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Exam paper evaluator
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Rao, Lecturer
* Mirchi Kiran as Lecturer
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]] as Mercy’s Psychiatrist's Wife (Cameo)
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Albert, Mercy’s father (Cameo)
* [[Vimala Raman]] as Steffi, Mercy’s mother (Cameo)
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched with a puja ceremony in early 2025 under the banners Hasya Movies and Rudransh Celluloids, with producers Razesh Danda and Shiva Bommak.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Principal shooting began in May 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2025-05-10 |title=Hero Kiran Abbavaram's 'K-Ramp' Movie shoot begins |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/hero-kiran-abbavarams-k-ramp-movie-shoot-begins-317223.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref>

The first look poster was unveiled on 30 June 2025, depicting Abbavaram in a [[lungi]] with stylized backdrops (bottles in heart shape) and vibrant visuals that hint at a mass entertainer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-30 |title=Kiran Abbavaram's first look unveiled from K-Ramp |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/30/kiran-abbavarams-first-look-unveiled-from-k-ramp |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715134814/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/30/kiran-abbavarams-first-look-unveiled-from-k-ramp |url-status=live }}</ref>

A promotional glimpse titled “The Richest Chiller Guy” was released on 14 July 2025, partially shot at Kochi Port, with the lead shown in a relaxed, swaggy avatar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-11 |title="The Richest Chiller Guy" glimpse from K-Ramp to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/11/the-richest-chiller-guy-glimpse-from-k-ramp-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805144137/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/11/the-richest-chiller-guy-glimpse-from-k-ramp-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing and Release ==
A teaser was released on YouTube featuring cast and technical crew details. The promotional “Richest Chiller Guy” glimpse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-11 |title="The Richest Chiller Guy" glimpse from K-Ramp to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/11/the-richest-chiller-guy-glimpse-from-k-ramp-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805144137/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/11/the-richest-chiller-guy-glimpse-from-k-ramp-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref> stylized posters, and release date announcements have formed key parts of the marketing campaign and received criticism from some quarters for containing suggestive or risqué dialogue.

Kiran Abbavaram has publicly expressed that K-Ramp is encountering screen allocation challenges in [[Tamil Nadu]], highlighting a perceived disparity in distribution for Telugu films in that region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-09 |title=Kiran Abbavaram on Telugu films in TN: Says, 'K Ramp' struggles for screens unlike Pradeep Ranganathan's 'Dude' in AP-TG |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiran-abbavaram-on-telugu-films-in-tn-says-k-ramp-struggles-for-screens-unlike-pradeep-ranganathans-dude-in-ap-tg/articleshow/124405099.cms |access-date=2025-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009154413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kiran-abbavaram-on-telugu-films-in-tn-says-k-ramp-struggles-for-screens-unlike-pradeep-ranganathans-dude-in-ap-tg/articleshow/124405099.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The director explained that the ‘K’ stands for Kumar, the protagonist, and ‘ramp’ represents his journey.

The film received an "A" certificate due to the childhood scenes of heroine where her family said they will suicide. The censor board suggested to remove the scene as the scene may not suitable for younger audiences but the makers refused and instead went with A certificate.

== Reception ==
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "''K-Ramp'' works as a watchable romantic entertainer with lively performances and humorous moments. A more cohesive first half and sharper writing could have elevated it further."<ref>{{cite news |title=K-Ramp Movie Review: A light-hearted entertainer laced with comedy and a dash of emotion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/k-ramp/movie-review/124660960.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "''K-Ramp'' is an out-and-out masala film that is over the top and lacks emotional depth. There is passable comedy in the second half, but the weak story and exaggerated performances make this film one with very limited appeal."<ref>{{cite news |title=K-Ramp Review: Kiran Abbavaram's masala flick is loud and lacks soul |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/k-ramp-review-kiran-abbavarams-masala-flick-is-loud-lacks-soul-and-has-limited-appeal/f6bcb490b718 |work=OTTPlay |date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

T. Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 1/5 stars and wrote, "Its humour fails, its emotions ring hollow, and its treatment of mental health and regional identity borders on offensive. [...] the film never knows when to stop joking or what counts as a joke."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=T. Maruthi |title=K-Ramp review: Kiran Abbavaram's comedy forgets sensitivity, logic, even humour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kramp-review-kiran-abbavaram-comedy-forgets-sensitivity-logic-humour-2805132-2025-10-18 |work=India Today |date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director Jains Nani’s patience-testing Telugu comedy drama makes a mockery of mental health issues [...] The only intermittent relief comes from a comedy track involving Vennela Kishore, who verbalises a viewer’s frustration with the film with his angsty, caustic responses."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title='K Ramp' movie review: Kiran Abbavaram film milks a worn-out formula with crude humour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-ramp-movie-review-kiran-abbavaram-yukti-tharejas-telugu-film-directed-by-jains-nani-rides-on-crude-humour/article70178696.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|35665459}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]

Manipur (princely state)

2026-03-10T03:49:48Z

FranklynDavitt2: further fixed information for accuracy after review

{{Short description|1110–1949 kingdom in South Asia, now Manipur state, India}}
{{about|the Kingdom|modern Indian political state|Manipur|the ancient coastal Hindu kingdom mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]|Manipur (Mahabharata)|other uses|Manipur (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{cite check|date=November 2025|talk=Verify sources}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{langx|mni|Meetei Leipak}}
| conventional_long_name = Manipur Kingdom Meckley
| common_name = Manipur
| event_start = Foundation of the [[Kangleipak]] Kingdom
| year_start = 1110
| event1 = [[Protectorate]] of [[British Empire]]
| date_event1 = 1824
| event2 = [[Princely state]] of [[British Raj|India]]
| date_event2 = 1891
| event3 = Accession to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]
| date_event3 = 1947
| event_end = Merged into the Indian Union
| year_end = 1949
| p1 = Early Seven Clan State
| s1 = Manipur
| s2 = Kabaw Valley
| flag_p1 = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| flag_s2 = Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg
| image_flag = Flag of Manipur.svg
| image_coat = Manipur Coat of Arms.svg
| image_map = Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg
| image_map_caption = Manipur State in the ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' of 1907
| capital = [[Imphal]]
| national_languages = [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| religion = {{plainlist|
* [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] [[Sanamahism]]
* Later: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Vaishnavite Hinduism]]
}}
| stat_year1 = 1941
| stat_area1 = 22372
| stat_pop1 = 512,069
| today = [[India]] [[Myanmar]]
}}
[[File:Kangla3.jpg|thumb|270px|''Kangla Uttra Sanglen'' at the [[Kangla Fort]], former residence of the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei kings]] of Manipur. The two statues of ''[[Kangla Sha]]'' ([[Meitei dragons|Meitei dragon]] lions) standing in front of the inner gate were destroyed after the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] of 1891 but have been restored by the [[Manipur Government]] in recent years.]]
[[File:Relief of Kohima 1880.JPG|thumb|270px|The princes of Manipur, Col. Johnstone, Thangal Major and the European officer in [[Kohima]] after relieving the fort from the siege of the [[Naga people|Nagas]], 1880]]
[[File:THE KOHIMA STONE INSCRIPTION ERECTED BY KING GAMBHIR SINGH OF MANIPUR KINGDOM AS THE TESTIMONY OF MEITEI DOMINANCE IN NAGALAND.jpg|thumb|270px|The Kohima Stone Inscription erected by [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Gambhir Singh]] ({{langx|mni|[[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]]}}), the [[Maharaja]] of Manipur, as the testimony of Meitei presence in the Naga Hills.]]
[[File:Manipuri Dance.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Manipuri classical dance]] was developed by [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]] ({{langx|mni|[[Ching-Thang Khomba]]}}), the [[Maharajah]] of Manipur.]]
[[File:Gambhirsingh.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Gambhir Singh]] (1788–1834) accepted British suzerainty to retrieve the kingdom from Burmese occupation]]

The '''Manipur Kingdom''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Caroline |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755624355 |title=An Imperial Crisis in British India |date=2015 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-987-2|pages=150–152|doi=10.5040/9780755624355 |quote=Ghose maintained that under the Indian Penal Code only subjects of the Queen or foreigners residing in British India could be guilty of waging war against the Queen. Manipur was an independent sovereign state and..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=Nick |date=2016 |title=Review of AN IMPERIAL CRISIS IN BRITISH INDIA: THE MANIPUR UPRISING OF 1891 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44233143 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=94 |issue=380 |pages=347–348 |jstor=44233143 |issn=0037-9700}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Sen|1992|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Andaya|first1=Barbara Watson|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139051323|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830|last2=Andaya|first2=Leonard Y.|date=19 February 2015|page=264|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139051323|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6}}</ref> also known as '''Meckley''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Temple |first=R. C. |date=1894 |title=Contributions Towards the History of Anglo: Burmese Words |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25197187 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |pages=152–164 |jstor=25197187 |issn=0035-869X}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Naorem |first=Deepak |title=Making a 'Peter the Great' in an Imperial Frontier: Educating 'Natives' and Introducing English Language and Roman Script in Manipur |date=2024 |work=Indigeneity, Development and Sustainability: Perspectives from Northeast India |series=Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development |volume=18 |pages=345–360 |editor-last=Chakrabarti |editor-first=Anjan |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1436-0_17 |access-date=7 July 2024 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-1436-0_17 |isbn=978-981-97-1436-0 |editor2-last=Chakraborty |editor2-first=Gorky |editor3-last=Chakraborty |editor3-first=Anup Shekhar|url-access=subscription }}: "the kingdom of Manipur, often referred in the colonial accounts as Meckley"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33–1763 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge|pages=14,174 |isbn=978-0-415-34430-2 |language=en}}</ref>
was an ancient kingdom at the India–Burma frontier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Somorjit|first=Wangam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhDvsgEACAAJ|title=Manipur: The Forgotten Nation of Southeast Asia|date=1 March 2016|publisher=Waba Publications & Advanced Research Consortium |isbn=978-81-926687-2-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fantz|first1=Paul R.|url=http://archive.org/details/nelumbo-2455-376x-37-1-4-001-037|title=Clitoria (Leguminosae) of South Eastern Asia|last2=Pradeep|first2=S. V.|date=1995|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Southeast Asian Geographical Maps | url=https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B2/HOC_VOLUME2_Book2_chapter18.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105215822/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B2/HOC_VOLUME2_Book2_chapter18.pdf | archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by a [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Vibha |last2=Kipgen |first2=Ngamjahao |date=2012 |title=The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290634 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=429–449 |doi=10.1177/0038022920120303 |jstor=26290634 |s2cid=157167951 |issn=0038-0229|quote= Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei dynasty. The physical boundary of Manipur has been fluctuating with historical changes in political power and the intra state and the inter state boundaries|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singha |first=Memchaton |date=2016 |title=Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18th to 19th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552717 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=874–879 |jstor=26552717 |issn=2249-1937|quote=Both Manipur and Burma succeeded in maintaining their status as independent princely states until the British occupation by in the last part of 19th century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waikhom |first=Rangitabali |date=2002 |title=Women's Society and Politics in Pre-Colonial Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158255 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1356–1357 |jstor=44158255 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> But it was also invaded and ruled over by [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese kingdom]] at various point of time.<ref>{{citation |first1=Myint-U |last1=Thant |title=The Making of Modern Burma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMH_GlTgftcC |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79914-0 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lieberman |first=Victor |date=1996 |title=POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION IN BURMA UNDER THE EARLY KONBAUNG DYNASTY 1752 – c. 1820 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931038 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=152–168 |jstor=41931038 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref> It became a protectorate of the British [[Company Rule in India|East India Company]] from 1824, and a [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manipur |volume=17 |page=582}}</ref> The princely state bordered the [[Assam Province]] in the west and [[British Burma]] in the east, and in the 20th century covered an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi) and contained 467 villages.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} The capital of the state was [[Imphal]].

== Kangleipak State ==
The early history of Manipur is composed of mythical narratives. The location of the [[Kangla Fort]] on the banks of the [[Imphal River]] is believed to be where King Pakhangba built his first palace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yuhlung |first=Cheithou Charles |date=2013 |title=The Identity of Pakhangpa: The Mystical Dragon-Python God of Chothe of Manipur |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2317260 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2317260 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[:simple:Loyumba Shinyen|Loyumba Shinyen]], the written constitution of Kangleipak was formally developed by King [[Loiyumba]] (1074–1121) in 1110 AD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=J.B. |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=J.B. |date=2003 |title='Loiyamba Shinyen': A Landmark in Meitei State Formation in Medieval Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145476 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=362–368 |jstor=44145476 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He consolidated the kingdom by incorporating most of the principalities in the surrounding hills.<ref name="PT">Phanjoubam Tarapot, ''Bleeding Manipur'', Har Anand Publications (30 July 2007) {{ISBN|978-8124109021}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=December 2025}} After subjugating all the villages within their valley, Kangleipak kings grew in power and began a policy of expansion beyond their territory. In 1443 King Ningthoukhomba raided [[Akla]] (present day [[Tamu, Myanmar]]), an area ruled by [[Shan people]], initiating a policy of Manipuri claims to the neighbouring [[Kabaw Valley]].<ref name="PT"/>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=December 2025}} The zenith of the Kangleipak State was reached under the rule of King [[Khagemba]] (1597–1652).{{How|date=December 2025}} Khagemba's brother Prince Shalungba was not happy about Khagemba's rule so he fled to the [[Taraf (Bengal)|Taraf]] where he allied with the local [[Bengali Muslim]] leaders. With a contingent of Bengali Muslim soldiers led by [[Muhammad Sani]], Shalungba then attempted to invade [[Manipur]] but the soldiers were captured and made to work as labourers in Manipur. These soldiers married local [[Meitei people|Meitei women]] and adapted to the [[Meitei language]]. They introduced [[hookah]] to Manipur and founded the [[Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslim community).<ref name=back>{{cite book|first=Rajmohan|last=Nath|title=The back-ground of Assamese culture|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984/page/n137 90]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984|year=1948|publisher=A. K. Nath}}</ref> It is claimed that Manipur learned the art of making gunpowder from the Chinese merchants who visited the state around 1630 and had started making rockets named ''Meikappi'' by the early 18th century.{{sfn|Laichen|2003|pp=505–506}}

== Manipur State ==
In 1714, King [[Pamheiba]] was initiated into [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] by [[Shantidas Gosai]], a [[Bengali Hindu]] from [[Sylhet]]. He made the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] faith the [[state religion]], replacing [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]], made the [[Meitei language]] (aka [[Manipuri language]]) written in [[Bengali script]], destroying many documents of [[Meitei language]] written in [[Meitei script]] and changed his name to Garib Niwaj.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} In 1724, the [[Sanskrit]] name ''Manipur'' ({{translation|the City of Jewels}}) was adopted as the name of the state, to make the realm eponymous with [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipura of the Mahabharata]]. King Garib Niwaj made several incursions into [[Burma]], but made no permanent conquest. After the death of Gharib Nawaz in 1751, Manipur was occupied by the [[Kingdom of Burma]] and the Meitei king [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagyachandra]] ({{langx|mni|[[Ching-Thang Khomba]]}}) sought help from the British, but when the British refused help he went to Ahom King [[Rajeswar Singha]] who sent a force of 40,000 under Haranath Senapati Phukan to free Manipur.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=296–297}}</ref> A treaty of alliance was negotiated in 1762 and a military force was sent to assist Manipur. The force was later recalled and then the state was left to its own devices.<ref name="IGI">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_192.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 17, page 186 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Manipur was invaded at the onset of the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], together with [[Cachar]] and [[Assam Province|Assam]].

==British protectorate==
Following the [[Seven Years Devastation of Manipur|Burmese occupation of Manipur]] and of [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Assam]], in 1824, the British declared war on Burma, which came to be known as the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]. The exiled Manipur prince [[Gambhir Singh]] sought British help for raising a force and the request was granted. [[Sepoy]]s and artillery were sent and British officers trained a levy of Manipuri troops for the battles that ensued. With British help, [[Gambhir Singh]] succeeded in expulsion of Burmese from Manipur, after receiving additional reinforcement, he expelled the Burmese from [[Kabaw Valley]] by 1826 as well,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Yumkhaibam Shyam |date=18 August 2022 |title=1891 Anglo-Manipuri War And Rarely Known Manipuri Heroes |url=https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/10620 |journal=Journal of Positive School Psychology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=4471–4478|quote=Gambhir Singh now decided to expel the Burmese from Kabaw Valley (plain area between Manipur of this day and the Chindwin River now in Burma) which had been for Manipur for ages in the past. Nur Singh was, therefore, sent along with 1000 men to Tamu on 1st January, 1826. On being asked for reinforcement, Gambhir Singh along with the two British officers left for Tamu on 13th January, 1826. Conquering not only Tamu but also Samsok, the prince unfurled the flag of Manipur on the bank of Chindwin on 1st February 1826. |issn=2717-7564}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Boileau Pemberton |url=http://archive.org/details/ReportOnEasternFrontierOfBritishIndia |title=Report On Eastern Frontier Of British India|pages=47–48|quote= in June, 1825, he compelled them to evacuate the Muneepoor valley. In the following year, having obtained some re-inforcements, he entered Kubo, attacked the Burmese forces in their stockaded position at Tummoo, and pursuing them across the Ungoching hills, cleared the western bank of the Ningthee river of every opposing detachment... |date=1835}}</ref> and Gambhir Singh became the king of Manipur, after the war the Treaty of Yandabo was signed.<ref name="IGI"/> According to the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] [[William McCulloch (political officer)|McCulloch]], by the treaty of Yandabo, Manipur was declared independent but being too weak by itself to remain so, and its position being in a military point of view, of too much importance to permit the chance of the Burmese obtaining the command of it, the British government has been compelled to guard against such a chance and to retain in the country a political agent, all border disputes having been settled by this officer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mcculloh |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467210 |title=Valley Of Manipur|page=38 |date=1980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 November 2023 |title=Colonial Historiography As A Lens To Comprehend The History Of Manipur |url=https://www.boletindeliteraturaoral.com/index.php/bdlo/article/view/336 |journal=Boletin de Literatura Oral – the Literary Journal |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1474–1483}}</ref> However, the Burmese did not agree to the cession of Kabaw Valley. After prolonged negotiations, the British agreed to return Kabaw Valley to Burma, on the ground that Marjit Singh had already ceded it earlier. Some Manipuri scholars regard this as a lease to Burma.<ref>{{Citation |last=Meetei |first=Naorem Malemsanba |title=Consolidation of British 'Indirect Rule' in Manipur |date=2015 |work=Colonialism and Resistance |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-14/consolidation-british-indirect-rule-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei |access-date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Routledge India|page=151 |doi=10.4324/9781315638317-14 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-63831-7}}</ref> as the British paid a compensation of 500 ''Sicca'' Rupees per month.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=C. U. (Comp ) |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.162510 |title=Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vol. 12 edn: 5|page=197 |date=1931 |publisher=Calcutta |others=Kerala State Library}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sanjeev |first=Thingnam |title=Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making |date=2015 |work=Colonialism and Resistance |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-21/recasting-space-thingnam-sanjeev |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=Routledge India|page=243 |doi=10.4324/9781315638317-21 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-63831-7}}</ref> After these developments, Manipur is deemed to have become a [[British protectorate]],<ref>
{{citation |last=Phanjoubam |first=Pradip |title=The Northeast Question: Conflicts and frontiers |pages=3–4 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxStCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34004-1}}: "After comprehensively defeating the Burmese in 1826 in Assam and Manipur, and the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo, the British annexed Assam, but allowed Manipur to remain a protectorate state."
</ref> even though its ensuing status is debated till this day.{{sfn|Sanatomba, Interrogation into the political status of Manipur|2015}}

At the death of Gambhir Singh, his son [[Chandrakirti Singh]] was only one year old, and his uncle [[Nara Singh]] was appointed as regent. That same year the British decided to restore the Kabaw Valley to the [[Kingdom of Burma]], which had never been happy about the loss. A compensation was paid to Raja of Manipur in the form of an annual allowance of [[Rupee|Rs]] 6,370 and a [[Residencies of British India|British residency]] was established in Imphal, the only town of the state, in 1835 to facilitate communication between the British and the rulers of Manipur.<ref name="IGI"/>

After a thwarted attempt on his life, Nara Singh took power and held the throne until his death in 1850. His brother [[Debindro Singh|Devendra Singh]] was given the title of Raja by the British, but he was unpopular. After only three months, the rightful heir Chandrakirti Singh invaded Manipur and rose to the throne. Numerous members of the royal family tried to overthrow Chandrakirti Singh, but none of the rebellions was successful. In 1879, when British Deputy Commissioner G.H. Damant was killed by an [[Angami Naga]] party, the king of Manipur assisted the British by sending troops to neighbouring [[Kohima]]. Following this service to the crown, Chandrakirti Singh was rewarded with the [[Order of the Star of India]].

After Maharaja Chandrakriti's death in 1886 his son [[Maharaja Surchandra|Surachandra Singh]] succeeded him. As in previous occasions, several claimants to the throne tried to overthrow the new king. The first three attempts were defeated, but in 1890, following an attack on the palace by [[Tikendrajit Singh|Tikendrajit]] and [[Kulachandra Singh]], two of the king's brothers, Surachandra Singh announced his intention to abdicate and left Manipur for Cachar. Kulachandra Singh then rose to the throne while Tikendrajit Singh, as the commander of the Manipuri armed forces, held the real power behind the scenes. Meanwhile, Surachandra Singh, after leaving Manipur, appealed to the British for help to recover the throne.<ref name="IGI"/>

===The 'Manipur Expedition'===

{{main|Anglo-Manipur War}}

The British decided to recognise Kulachandra Singh as Raja, and to send a military expedition of 400 men to Manipur to punish Senapati Tikendrajit Singh as the main person responsible for the unrest and the dynastic disturbances. This action and the violent events that followed are known in British annals as the 'Manipur Expedition, 1891',<ref>Ian F.W. Beckett, ''Victoria's Wars'', Shire, {{ISBN|978-0747803881}}, p. 62</ref> while in Manipur they are known as the 'Anglo-Manipur War of 1891'.

The British attempt to remove Tikendrajit from his position as military commander (Senapati) and arrest him on 24 March 1891 caused a great stir. The British Residency in Imphal was attacked and the Chief Commissioner for Assam [[James Wallace Quinton|J.W. Quinton]], Col. Sken, the British Resident and other British officials were murdered. In the middle of the unrest [[Ethel Grimwood|Ethel St Clair Grimwood]], the widow of Frank St Clair Grimmond, the killed British Resident, was credited with leading a retreat of surviving [[sepoy]]s out of Manipur to Cachar.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Grimwood [née Moore; other married name Miller], Ethel Brabazon [pseud. Ethel St Clair Grimwood] (1867–1928), the heroine of Manipur|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-101006|access-date=11 October 2020|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/101006|last1=Reynolds|first1=K. D.}}</ref> She was later lauded as a hero.<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/grimwood/manipur/manipur.html Ethel St. Clair Grimwood, ''My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny'' (fl.1891)]</ref> A 5,000 strong punitive expedition was sent against Manipur on 27 April 1891. Three British columns entered Manipur from [[British Burma]], Cachar and the Naga Hills, which after several skirmishes with the 3,000 men strong Manipuri army, managed to pacify the kingdom. Following the British attack, Tikendrajit and Kulachandra Singh fled, but were captured. Tikendrajit and those Manipuris involved in the killing of the British officers were tried and hanged, while the deposed King Kulachandra Singh and other leaders of the rebellion were sent to the [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]]. Manipur was briefly [[annexation|annexed]] to [[British India]] by virtue of the [[doctrine of lapse]]. On 22 September 1891 when [[Meidingngu Churachand]] (Churachandra), a 5-year-old boy, was put on the throne, power was restored nominally to the Manipuri crown over the state. During the dynastic disturbances and the British intervention the Naga and [[Kuki people|Kuki]] hill tribes of the state lapsed into lawlessness, with numerous instances of murder and arson in the mountain villages, a situation that lasted well into 1894.<ref name="IGI"/>

== Princely state under British Raj ==

The child ruler Churachand belonged to a side branch of the Manipur royal family, so that all the main contenders to the throne were bypassed. While he was a minor the affairs of state were administered by the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]], which facilitated the introduction and implementation of reforms. The first paved road to Manipur was inaugurated in 1900 —until then there had been no proper roads to reach the kingdom— and this improvement in communication facilitated a visit by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon]] in 1901.
Raja Churachand was formally declared king in 1907 after completing education in [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer]].<ref name="IGI"/>
In 1918 he was given the privilege to use the title '[[Maharaja]]' and during his reign Manipur enjoyed a period of relative peace and prosperity. In 1934 king Churachand was [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom#Knighthood|knighted]] by the British, becoming Sir Churachandra Singh.<ref name="worldstatesmen.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html|title=Indian Princely States K-Z|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

Between March 1944 and July 1944 part of Manipur and the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] of Assam Province were occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. The capital Imphal was shelled on 10 May 1944.<ref>Pum Khan Pau (2012) Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A
Historical Analysis, Strategic Analysis, 36:5, 776–786, {{doi| 10.1080/09700161.2012.712387}}</ref>{{verify source|date=August 2023}}

== Twilight and end of the princely state ==
On 14 August 1947, with the lapse of paramountcy of the British Crown, Manipur regained its political autonomy that it had prior to 1891.<ref name="Subramanian">
{{Cite book |last=Subramanian |first=K. S. |title=State, Policy and Conflicts in Northeast India |date=5 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge & CRC Press |pages=31–32 |isbn=978-1-317-39651-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OSoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |quote=With the lapse of British paramountcy in 1947, the state reverted to its pre-1891 autonomy... }}
</ref>{{efn|Some Manipur scholars tend to label this political autonomy as "independence".<ref name=Akoijam>
{{citation |first=A. Bimol |last=Akoijam |title=How History Repeats Itself |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |number=30 |date=28 July 2001 |pages=2807–2812 |jstor=4410908 |ref={{sfnref|Akoijam, How History Repeats Itself|2001}}}}
</ref><ref name=Banerjee/>}}
The Maharaja had signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] on 11 August 1947, which legality is argued by many,<ref>{{Citation |last=Sanatomba |first=Kangujam |title=Interrogating into the Political Status of Manipur |date=2015 |work=Colonialism and Resistance |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-15/interrogating-political-status-manipur-kangujam-sanatomba |access-date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9781315638317-15 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-63831-7}}:"Furthermore, Section 9(b) of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, would certainly dispel any doubt about the titular status of the Maharaja, which was expressedly stated thus: ‘The Maharaja means His Highness, the Maharaja of Manipur, the constitutional head of the state.’ The Maharaja in his capacity as the constitutional ruler could not execute the Instrumentwithout proper authorisation and constitutional endorsement. This was simply on account of the fact that he was not a sovereign ruler and that Manipur was not a sovereign state then. Therefore, the act of signing the Instrument of Accession on 11 August 1947 by the Maharaja could not be considered an Act of the State. Hence, the Instrument was deemed null and void right from the moment it was executed... "</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vinBEAAAQBAJ&dq=manipur+state+constitution+and+instrument+of+accession&pg=PA176 |title=Migration, Regional Autonomy, and Conflicts in Eastern South Asia: Searching for a Home(land) |last2=Chattoraj |first2=Diotima |date=26 May 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature|page=176 |quote= There is no legal and constitutional validity of the Instrument of Accession signed on 11 August 1947 that vested matters such as defense, external affairs, and communication in the Dominion of India.. |isbn=978-3-031-28764-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rinku |first=Khumukcham |date=26 December 2019 |title=De Jure Government of Manipur argues the legitimacy of 'Instrument of Accession' |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/de-jure-government-of-manipur-argues-the-legitimacy-of-instrument-of-accession/ |work=Imphal Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khomdom |first=Lisam |date=5 July 2018 |title=Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 A Cure for all myriads of ailments in Manipur ?|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Human_Rights_Legal.Manipur_State_Constitution_Act_1947_Part_3_By_Khomdon_Lisam |work=E Pao}}</ref> ceding the three subjects of defence, external affairs and communications to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], while retaining internal political autonomy.<ref>
{{harvp|Furber, The Unification of India|1951|loc=p. 357: "... in July and August 1947 all of the princely states within the geographical orbit of India as distinct from that of Pakistan (except Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh) "acceded" to India in accordance with the procedure laid down in the [Government of] India Act of 1935 as adapted and amended by the Government of the new Dominion of India. The important states "acceded" only with respect to defence, external affairs and communications as defined in List I of Schedule VII of the [Government of] India Act of 1935."}}
</ref><ref name=CIRCA>
{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}} |quote=Before the controversial merger, both Manipur and India were bound by the Instrument of Accession (IOA) which the King of Manipur signed on 11 August 1947. The IOA was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten on 16 August 1947 vide Home Department, Government of India file no A-1/1/1947. Subsequently, the Manipur State Council approved the IOA in its meeting held on 22 August 1947 Vide Memo No. 383 PTI Reference Council Minutes Part I of 11-8-1947. The execution of the Instrument of Accession was published in the Manipur State Gazette on 27 August 1947.}}
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=chapter 6, p. 139: "The Dominion of India once again successfully convinced the Maharaja of Manipur to sign the Instrument of Accession along with the Governor General of India on 11 August 1947 on the promise of protecting the internal authority, autonomy and welfare of the state."}}
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Sanatomba, Interrogation into the political status of Manipur|2015|loc=p. 169}}
</ref> A '[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]' was enacted, giving the state its own constitution, although this did not become known in other parts of India owing to the relative isolation of the kingdom.<ref name=Banerjee>{{citation |first=S. K. |last=Banerjee |title=Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=19 |number=1 |date=January–March 1958 |pages=35–38 |jstor=42748891 |ref={{sfnref|Banerjee, Man Aipur State Constitution Act|1958}}}}</ref> The Government of India did not recognize the Constitution.{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p. 145}}

On 21 September 1949, the Maharaja was coerced to sign a Manipur Merger Agreement with the Union of India, to take effect on 15 October the same year, which legality is also disputed by many<ref>{{Citation |last=Sanatomba |first=Kangujam |title=Interrogating into the Political Status of Manipur |date=2015 |work=Colonialism and Resistance |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-15/interrogating-political-status-manipur-kangujam-sanatomba |access-date=11 May 2024 |publisher=Routledge India|pages=164–175 |doi=10.4324/9781315638317-15 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-63831-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wirsing |first1=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9OGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=Fixing Fractured Nations: The Challenge of Ethnic Separatism in the Asia-Pacific |last2=Ahrari |first2=E. |date=26 February 2010 |publisher=Springer |page=123|isbn=978-0-230-28127-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haokip |first1=Thongkholal |title=Political Integration of Northeast India: A Historical Analysis |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=304–314 |issn=0970-0161 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.646508 |s2cid=153661583 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2124640_code1495356.pdf?abstractid=1723424&mirid=1 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Political Integration of Northeast India|2012}}}}: "The Maharajah of Manipur was invited to Shillong in September 1949 for talks on integration.... The Maharaja was placed under house arrest and debarred from any communication with the outside world. The Maharaja was thus forced to sign the ‘Merger Agreement’ with India on September 21, 1949, and Manipur became a 'Part-C state' of the Indian Union."</ref> As a result of the agreement, the Manipur State merged into the Indian Union as a [[Part C State]] (similar to a [[Chief Commissioner's Province]] under the colonial regime or a [[Union Territory]] in the present Indian structure), to be governed by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. The representative assembly of Manipur was abolished.<ref name="RCGu">{{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0330396110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C |at=Section 13.V |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008}}}}</ref>

Unhappy with the central rule, [[Rishang Keishing]] began a movement for representative government in Manipur in 1954. The Indian home minister, however, declared that the time was not yet ripe for the creation of representative assemblies in Part C States such as Manipur and [[Tripura]], stating that they were located in strategic border areas of India, that the people were politically backward and that the administration in those states was still weak.<ref name="RCGu"/> However, it was given a substantial measure of local self-government under the Territorial Councils Act of 1956, a legislative body and council of ministers in 1963, and [[Manipur|full statehood]] in 1972.{{sfnp|Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India|1996|p=68}}

==Rulers==
{{main|List of Meitei kings}}

The rulers of Manipur state were entitled to an 11-[[gun salute]] by the British authorities. The present dynasty began in 1714.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html|title=MANIPUR|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112924/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*1709–1754 [[Pamheiba|Gharib Nawaz]] (Pamheiba) (d. 1754)
*1754–1756 [[Chitsai|Bharat Shah]] (Chitsai)
*1756–1764 [[Gaurisiam|Guru Sham]] (Gaurisiam) (d. 1764)
*1764–1798 [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Jai Singh (Bhagya Chandra)]]
*1798–1801 [[Rohinchandra]] (Harshachandra Singh) (d. 1801)
*1801–1806 [[Maduchandra Singh]] (d. 1806)
*1806–1812 [[Charajit Singh]] (d. 1812)
*1812–1819 [[Marjit Singh]] (d. 1824)

=== Rajas under Burmese rule ===
There were two feudatory kings during the time of the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasions]].
*1819–1823 Shubol
*1823–1825 Pitambara Singh

=== Rajas under British protection ===
*26 Jun 1825 – 9 January 1834 [[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba|Gambhir Singh]] (d. 1834)
*1834–1844 Nara Singh – Regent (d. 1850)
*1844 – 10 April 1850 [[Nara Singh]] (s.a.)
*1850 (3 months) [[Debindro Singh|Devendra Singh]] (d. 1871)
*1850 – May 1886 [[Maharaja Chandrakriti|Chandrakirti Singh]] (s.a.) (b. 1831 – d. 1886) (from 18 February 1880, Sir Chandrakirti Singh)
*1886 – 24 September 1890 [[Maharaja Surchandra|Surachandra Singh]] (d. 1891)
*24 Sep 1890 – 19 April 1891 [[Kulachandra Singh]] (b. 18.. – d. 1934)

=== Rulers of the princely state under British Raj ===
*19 Apr 1891 – 18 September 1891 ''[[Interregnum]]''
*18 Sep 1891 – September 1941 [[Churachandra Singh]] (b. 1885 – d. 1941, titled "Maharaja" in 1918, knighted 1934)
*Sep 1941 – 15 October 1949 [[Bodhchandra Singh]] (b. 1909 – d. 1955)

=== British Political Agents ===
The [[Agencies of British India|Political agents]] were subordinated to the [[Chief Commissioner of Assam|Chief Commissioner]] of Assam (Lieutenant Governor of East Bengal and Assam during 1905–1912){{sfnp|Thokchom, Princely State of Manipur|2022|loc=Appendix IV}}{{verify source|date=March 2024}}

*1835–1844 George Gordon
*1844–1863 [[William McCulloch (political officer)|William McCulloch]] (1st time)<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= McCulloch, John Ramsay |volume= 35 |last= Boase |first= George Clement |author-link= George Clement Boase | pages= 19-21; see page 21 ..."McCulloch, William (1816–1885), resident at Manipur, McCulloch's eldest son........hold his office at Manipur till the middle of 1845, when he was promoted to the post of political agent there".... |short= 1}}</ref>{{efn|William MuCulloch authored ''Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes'' (1859).<ref>{{cite book |last=McCulloch |first=W. |title=Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes |series=Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department) |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Printing Company |year=1859 |oclc=249105916 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06262 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore|1859}}}}</ref>}}
*1863–1865 Dillon
*1865–1867 [[William McCulloch (political officer)|William McCulloch]] (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1867–1875 Robert Brown{{efn|Robert Brown authored ''Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule'' (1874).<ref>{{citation |first=R. |last=Brown |title=Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule |year=1874 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/statistical-account-of-manipur |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Statistical Account of Manipur|1874}}}}</ref>>}}
*1875–1877 Guybon Henry Damant (acting)
*1877–1886 Sir James Johnstone{{efn|James Johnstone authored ''My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills'' (1896).<ref>{{citation |title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills |first=Sir James |last=Johnstone |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company |location=London |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/myexperiencesinm00johniala |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Johnstone, My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|1896}}}}</ref>}}
*1886 (6 weeks) Trotter (acting)
*25 Mar 1886 – 21 April 1886 Walter Haiks (acting)
*1886 – 24 April 1891 [[Ethel Grimwood|St. Clair Grimwood]] (d. 1891)
*1891 Sir [[Henry Collett]] (British commander)
*1891–1893 H.St.P. John Maxwell (1st time)
*1893–1895 Alexander Porteous (1st time)
*1895–1896 H.St.P. John Maxwell (2nd time)
*1896–1898 Henry Walter George Cole (1st time) (acting)
*1898–1899 Alexander Porteous (2nd time)
*1899–1902 H.St.P. John Maxwell (3rd time)
*1902–1904 Albert Edward Woods
*1904–1905 H.St.P. John Maxwell (4th time)
*1905–1908 John Shakespear (1st time){{efn|John Shakespear authored ''The Lushei Kuki Clans'' (1912).<ref>{{citation |last=Shakespear |first=J. |title=The Lushei Kuki Clans |publisher=MacMillan and Co |location=London |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/lusheikukiclans00shak |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Shakespear, The Lushei Kuki Clans|1912}}}}</ref>}}
*1908–1909 A.W. Davis
*1909–1914 John Shakespear (2nd time)
*1914–1917 Henry Walter George Cole (2nd time) (s.a.){{clarify|date=September 2015}}
*1917–1918 John Comyn Higgins (1st time)
*1918–1920 [[William Alexander Cosgrave]]
*1920–1922 L.O. Clarke (1st time)
*1922 [[Christopher Gimson]] (1st time) (acting)
*1922–1924 L.O. Clarke (2nd time)
*1924–1928 John Comyn Higgins (2nd time) (s.a.)
*12 Mar 1928 – 23 November 1928 C.G. Crawford
*1928–1933 John Comyn Higgins (3rd time) (s.a.)
*1933–1938 Christopher Gimson (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1938–1941 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (1st time) (Japanese prisoner 1941–45)
*1941–1946 Christopher Gimson (3rd time) (s.a.)
*Dec 1946 – 14 August 1947 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (2nd time)

=== British administrators ===
During the princely state stage (1891–1947), an [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) officer of the [[East Bengal and Assam]] cadre was appointed as the administrator, first as the vice-president of the Manipur State Darbar, and, from 1916, as its president.{{sfnp|Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur|1991|p=9}}{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=49–50}}<ref>{{citation |last=Epstein |first=M. |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4zJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27061-9 |page=75}}</ref><ref name="worldstatesmen.org"/>
* May 1907 – 1910 [[William Alexander Cosgrave]]{{sfnp|Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur|1991|p=9}}
* April–June 1910 C. H. Bell
* June 1910 – 1917 John Comyn Higgins
* 1917–1918 Robert Herriot Henderson (1st time)
* 1918 – July 1918 V. Woods
* 1918–1919 Sir Robert Herriot Henderson (s.a., 2nd time)
* 1919–1921 [[Christopher Gimson]]<ref>[http://www2.le.ac.uk/hosted/litandphil/presidents/president-profiles/1955-c-gimson-1955-56 C Gimson 1955–56]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society.</ref>
* 1921 – June 1921 William Shaw
* June 1921 – September 1922 Charles Seymour Mullan
* September 1922 – June 1927 [[Colin Grant Crawford]]
* June 1925 – February 1926 Hugh Weightman (acting)
* June 1927 – 1930 Anthony Gilchrist McCall
* 1930 – February 1933 Cecil Walter Lewery Harvey
* February 1933 – February 1936 Gerald Pakenham Stewart
* March 1936 – February 1937 Crispin Bernard Chitty Paine
* February 1937 – 1939 Alexander Ranald Hume MacDonald
* July 1939 – 1943 Thomas Arthur Timothy Sharpe{{sfnp|Thokchom, Princely State of Manipur|2022|loc=p. 10}}
* May 1943 – November 1945 Edward Francis Lydall
* November 1945 – 14 August 1947 [[Francis Fenwick Pearson]] (designated Chief Minister from 15 July 1947)

=== Indian administration ===
;Political agents
The [[Agencies of British India|Indian Agents]] were subordinated to the [[Governor of Assam]].
* 15 August 1947 – 1947 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (s.a.){{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=139–140}}
* 1947–1948 Debeswar Sharma{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=139–140}}

;Dewans
The Dewans were representing the [[Governor of Assam]].
*1948 – 16 April 1949 M. K. Priyobrata Singh (s.a.){{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=139–140}}
*16 April 1949 – 15 October 1949 Rawal Amar Singh{{sfnp|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011|pp=141–142}}

==Flags==
The State of Manipur had a set of two flags, a white one and a red one. All featured the Pakhangba dragon in the centre, although not as prominently in the latter flags.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-manip.html|title=Manipur|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:In manipur3.gif|thumb|230px|White flag with coat of arms (1907–1949)]]
|[[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|thumb|230px|Red flag with Pakhangba (till 1907)]]
|[[File:In manipur1.gif|thumb|230px|White flag with Pakhangba (till 1907)]]
|}

==See also==
*[[History of Manipur]]
*[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]
*[[Meitei inscriptions]]
*[[Ningthouja dynasty]]
*[[Meitei mythology]]
*[[Political integration of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |last=Furber |first=Holden |author-link=Holden Furber |title=The Unification of India, 1947–1951 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=1951 |pages=352–371 |doi=10.2307/2753451 |publisher=Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia |jstor=2753451 |ref={{sfnref|Furber, The Unification of India|1951}}}}
*{{cite journal|last=Laichen|first=Sun|title=Military Technology Transfers from Ming China and the Emergence of Northern Mainland Southeast Asia (c. 1390–1527)|date=2003|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=34|issue=3|pages=495–517|jstor=20072535|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0022463403000456 |s2cid=162422482 |url=http://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/808 }}
* {{citation |last=Agnihotri |first=S. K. |chapter=Constitutional Development in North-East India since 1947 |editor1=B. Datta-Ray |editor2=S. P. Agrawal |title=Reorganization of North-East India Since 1947 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v44gVIFltgQC&pg=PA69 |year=1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-577-5 |pages=57–92 |ref={{sfnref|Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India|1996}}}}
* {{citation |first=Kangujam |last=Sanatomba |chapter=Interrogation into the political status of Manipur |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=159–180 |ref={{sfnref|Sanatomba, Interrogation into the political status of Manipur|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sipra |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |year=1992 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-7099-310-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&q=Brahmins+in+manipur&pg=PA68}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Karam Manimohan |title=History of the Christian Missions in Manipur and Neighbouring States |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-7099-285-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000sing |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur|1991}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Sudhirkumar Singh |first=Haorongbam |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |journal=INFLIBNET |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |via=Shodhganga |degree=PhD |year=2011 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |hdl=10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements|2011}}}}
* {{cite thesis |first=Veewon |last=Thokchom |title=Princely State of Manipur: Durbar, the Raj and Resistances, C. 1900–1950 |publisher=Department of History & Ethnography, Mizoram University |location=Aizwal |degree=M. Phil. |year=2022 |url=http://mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1325/1/VEEWON%20THOKCHOM,%20His.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Thokchom, Princely State of Manipur|2022}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |first=L. |last=Joychandra Singh |title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur |publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Joychandra Singh, The Lost Kingdom|1995}}}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/asintroduced/91_1956_Eng_LS.pdf Territorial Councils Act, 1956], Lok Sabha Bills, retrieved 25 November 2020.
*[http://kangleipakima.blogspot.com/2012/11/seven-clans-flag-of-manipurkangleipak.html Seven clans of Manipur]
{{coord|24|49|N|93|57|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
* {{Cite book|last=Government of Manipur|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125717|title=Manipur Gazette, 1949, January–June|pages=1–5|date=1949}}
* [https://www.fotw.info/flags/in-mu.html|title= Hosting sites of FOTW], National Flag

{{Princely states of India}}

[[Category:19th century in the Manipur Kingdom]]
[[Category:20th century in Manipur]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Former countries in Burmese history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1110 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]

Marali Manasagide

2026-03-09T00:13:56Z

FranklynDavitt2: Created a bio - done

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| country = [[India]]
| released =
| list_episodes =
| creator =
| image_alt =
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|01|21|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|08|09|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 428
| num_seasons =
| language = Kannada
| starring = Divya Wagukar [[Chandan Kumar]] Shilpa Shetty
| image = Marali Manasagide.jpg
| company = Pixel Pictures Private Limited
| cinematography = Mandya Manju
| editor =
| creative_director = Prashanth Belagatti
| director = Satish Krishna
| producer = Prashanti Malisetti Prashanth Belagatti
| writer = Shreenidhi
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Star Suvarna]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| related = ''[[Kusum Dola]]''
}}

'''''Marali Manasagide''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language drama on [[Star Suvarna]] which premiered from 9 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marali Manasagide to premiere in August - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/marali-manasagide-to-premiere-in-august/articleshow/84288032.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show is an official remake of [[Star Jalsha]]'s TV series ''[[Kusum Dola]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin's Kannada remake Marali Manasagide to premiere on August 9 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiins-kannada-remake-marali-manasagide-to-premiere-on-august-9/articleshow/84820545.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show stars Divya Wagukar,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Divya Wagukar bags a pivotal role in Marali Manasagide - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/divya-wagukar-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-marali-manasagide/articleshow/84608320.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Chandan Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandan Kumar gets into cop mode for new serial Marali Manasagidhe - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandan-kumar-gets-into-cop-mode-for-new-serial-marali-mansagidhe/articleshow/84111784.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and Shilpa Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandan Kumar's newest TV show, Marali Manasagide, premiers tomorrow - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandan-kumars-newest-tv-show-marali-manasagide-premiers-tomorrow/articleshow/85148244.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Spandana is a young, courageous, and outspoken woman, who aspires to become an engineer and resides with her father Ramachandra. On the other hand, Vikranth Nayak, an aspiring IPS officer, meets Vaishnavi, a free-spirited girl on a trip where both of them fall in love with each other. At the end of the trip, he gets a call stating that he has been selected as an IPS officer. Vikranth leaves the trip and Vaishnavi to appoint to his job. At his oath-taking ceremony, he meets Spandana and her father Ramachandra, who is Vikranth's senior officer. Later, Vikranth's cousin Shamanth marries Vaishnavi due to uncertain circumstances. Later, Spandana marries Vikranth due to the promise Vikranth gave to her father. After the marriage, Vikranth tells Spandana not to expect any love from him as he has already given his love for Vaishnavi who is now his sister-in-law. How Vikranth and Spandana fall in love forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Divya Wagukar as Spandana Ramachandra: Vikranth's wife and Ramachandra's daughter
* [[Chandan Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandan Kumar's latest transformation wows fans; see pic - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandan-kumars-latest-transformation-wows-fans-see-pic/articleshow/85678427.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police#India|ASP]] Vikranth Nayak: Spandana's husband
* Shilpa Shetty as Vaishnavi: Vikranth's love interest who later becomes Shamanth's wife

=== Recurring ===
* Vinay Gowda<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinay Gowda returns to the small screen as army man on Marali Manasagide - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vinay-gowda-returns-to-the-small-screen-as-army-man-on-marali-manasagide/articleshow/85270317.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Shamanth: Vikranth's cousin and Vaishnavi's husband
* Harini Sreekanth / Nandini Gowda as Sujatha: Vikranth's mother and Spandana's mother-in-law
* Mareena Thara as Chandrakala: Ananth Kumar Nayak's elder sister-in-law
* Anikha Sindhya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anikha Sindhya shares a BTS video from the set of Marali Manasaagide; take a look - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anikha-sindhya-shares-a-bts-video-from-the-set-of-marali-manasaagide-take-a-look/articleshow/85452246.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anika Sindya bags a meaty role in the upcoming show 'Marali Manasagide' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anika-sindya-bags-a-meaty-role-in-the-upcoming-show-marali-manasagide/articleshow/85175206.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Kavana: Vikranth and Shamanth's aunt
* Akshitha Sathyanarayana as Panchami, Gaurav’s wife; Vikrant’s cousin-in-law
* Srinath Vasishta as Retd. [[Major (rank)|Major]] Alok Kumar Nayaka: Vikranth's father and Spandana's father-in-law
* Ashok Sharma as Bhavani Shankar: MLA Gopinath's son; Spandana's one-sided obsessive lover
* Arvind Rao as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Karnataka Police|DSP]] Ramachandra: Spandana's father and Vikranth's mentor and colleague

== Soundtrack ==
The title song for the series ''Marali Manasaagide'' has been sung by singer Sinchana Chandan, Aishwarya Rangarajan and Jubin Paul. The original music has been given by Karthik Sharma.
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| headline = Marali Manasaagide Soundtrack:
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Marali Manasaagide Title Song
| length1 = 1:56
| extra1 = Sinchana Chandan, Aishwarya Rangarajan, Jubin Paul
| total_length = 1:56
| lyrics1 = Harshapriya
}}

== Production ==
The show marks the comeback of actor Chandan to serials after a brief gap. The shows title track was shot in Bengaluru and the show is being filmed in Bengaluru.The opening episodes were shot in picturesque locations in Gokarna and Tumkur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marali Manasaagide shoots for Shamanth-Vaishnavi's wedding special episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/marali-manasaagide-shoots-for-shamanth-vaishnavis-wedding-special-episodes/articleshow/85788052.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marali Manasagide to premiere today; here's all you need to know about the new soap - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/marali-manasagide-to-premiere-today-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-soap/articleshow/85171059.cms|access-date=2021-09-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Original Release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Kusum Dola]]'' ''কুসুম দোলা''
| 22 August 2016
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 2 September 2018
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' ''நெஞ்சம் மறப்பதில்லை''
| 9 October 2017
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 23 February 2019
| rowspan="6"| Remake
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' ''गुम है किसी के प्यार में''
| 5 October 2020
| [[StarPlus]]
| 27 June 2023
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Marali Manasagide'' ''ಮರಳಿ ಮನಸಾಗಿದೆ''
| 9 August 2021
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 21 January 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]'' ''लग्नाची बेडी''
| 31 January 2022
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 15 December 2024
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Krishna Mukunda Murari]]'' కృష్ణ ముకుంద మురారి
| 14 November 2022
| [[Star Maa]]
| 8 June 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham'' ചന്ദ്രികയിലലിയുന്ന ചന്ദ്രകാന്തം
| 20 November 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/marali-manasagide/1260066227 ''Marali Manasagide''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Suvarna original programming]]

Mocharla Ramachandra Rao

2026-03-06T07:35:07Z

FranklynDavitt2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
'''''[[Dewan Bahadur]]'' Sir Mocharla Ramachandra Rao Pantulu Garu''' [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind Medal, 1st Class]] was an Indian [[freedom fighter]] and statesman who was president of the [[Andhra Mahasabha|4th Andhra Mahasabha]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Innaiah |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUduAAAAMAAJ |title=Between Charisma and Corruption: Politics in Indian States with Special Study of Andhra Pradesh, 1890-1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Sole distributors, Navayuga Book Shop |language=en}}</ref> and represented the [[Godavari District|Godavari]], [[Krishna district|Kistna]], and [[Guntur district|Guntur districts]] in the [[Legislative Council of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTg1AQAAMAAJ&dq=Mocherla+Ramachandra+Rao+guntur&pg=RA2-PA9 |title=Thacker's Indian Directory |date=1918 |language=en}}</ref> He was allied with the [[Mylapore clique|Mylapore group]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9780/2249894x |title=Review of Research |publisher=Laxmi Book Publication|doi=10.9780/2249894x }}</ref> and known as the '[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale|Gokhale]] of South India'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=P. Rajeswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTrs9MF9374C |title=The Great Indian Patriots |date=1991 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-280-6 |language=en}}</ref> after a famous description of [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-01-12 |title=January 1949 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc68643.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Mylapore clique]]

GauriShankar (film)

2026-03-04T09:32:06Z

FranklynDavitt2: Adding A Info And Citations - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Marathi-language film by Harekrishna Gowda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = GauriShankar
| image = GauriShankar Marathi Movie Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Harekrishna Gowda
| writer =
| based_on =
| producer = Vishal Pradeep Sampat
| starring = {{ubl|Harekrishna Gowda|Rahul Jagtap|Dakshina Rathod}}
| cinematography = Roshan Khadgi
| editing = Amit Javalkar
| music = Prashant-Nishant
| studio = {{ubl|MovieRoot Productions|Orange Productions}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|02|28|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''GauriShankar''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] [[action drama film]] directed by Harekrishna Gowda and produced by MovieRoot Productions and Orange Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newsmar |date=2025-02-06 |title=गौरीशंकर'मधून उलगडणार प्रतिशोधाची अनोखी कथा; नव्या दमाच्या कलाकारांचा नवा कोरा चित्रपट - |url=https://www.topnewsmarathi.com/other/entertainment/a-unique-story-of-revenge-will-unfold-in-gaurishankar-a-new-blank-film-by-fresh-actors-gaurishankar-to-release-on-28th-february/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-11 |title=नाव धार्मिक वाटलं तरी अ‍ॅक्शनपॅक्ड ड्रामा आहे 'गौरीशंकर', पाहा टिझर |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!entertainment/action-packed-marathi-drama-film-gaurishankar-teaser-launched-maharashtra-news-mhs25021101871 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref> It stars Harekrishna Gowda, Dakshina Rathod, and Rahul Jagtap in pivotal roles, marking their debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2025-02-10 |title=GauriShankar: नव्या दमाच्या कलाकारांचा नवा कोरा चित्रपट 'गौरीशंकर' चा धडाकेबाज टीजर लाँच! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/the-exciting-teaser-of-the-new-film-gaurishankar-has-been-launched-which-features-a-new-cast-780239.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref> The story revolves around the love between Gauri and Shankar and the challenges they face in their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2025-01-13 |title='गौरीशंकर' मधून उलगडणार प्रतिशोधाची अनोखी कथा, नव्या दमाच्या कलाकारांचा नवा कोरा चित्रपट! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/gaurishankar-marathi-movie-teaser-released-750755.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>

The film was released on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Upcoming Marathi Movie : 'गौरीशंकर' चित्रपटाचा ॲक्शन टीजर रिलीज |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/upcoming-marathi-movie-gaurishankar-teaser-released/848430/#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Harekrishna Gowda
* Kavya Suryavanshi Vasani
* Dakshina Rathod
* Rahul Jagtap
* Sushil Bhosale
* Aarya Jaywant Patil

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film is composed by Prashant-Nishant. {{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 9:29
| title1 = Sukh Aale
| length1 = 5:05
| lyrics1 = Sanket Kolambekar
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]] [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]]
| title2 = Basti
| length2 = 4:24
| lyrics2 = Sanket Kolambekar
| extra2 = [[Rohit Raut]]
}}

== Release ==
The teaser of the film was released on 8 February 2025, and the 1-minute 20-second trailer was released on 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-02-10 |title=GauriShankar Teaser {{!}} धडाकेबाज ॲक्शन असलेल्या 'गौरीशंकर' चित्रपटाचा टीजर लाँच |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/gaurishankar-teaser-launch-exciting-action-packed-marathi-movie |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti |date=2025-02-10 |title=GauriShankar: प्रेमात हरला नाही, प्रतिशोधाने थांबला नाही; धडाकेबाज ॲक्शन असलेल्या 'गौरीशंकर' चित्रपटाचा टीजर Out |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/gaurishankar-action-packed-marathi-movie-teaser-released-svk01 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|35675120|GauriShankar}}
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]

Babul (1950 film)

2026-03-04T04:11:39Z

FranklynDavitt2: update layout

{{Short description|1950 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Babul
| image = Babul1950.jpg

| caption =
| director = S. U. Sunny
| producer = [[Naushad]]
| writer = Azmi Bazidpuri
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Nargis]] [[Munawar Sultana]]
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography = Fali Mistry
| editing = Moosa Mansoor
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1950|12|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Babul''''' (English: ''Father's House'') is a 1950 [[Bollywood]] [[musical drama film]] directed by S.U. Sunny, produced and with music direction by [[Naushad]]. The film stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nargis]], [[Munawar Sultana]] in pivotal roles. A box office success, the film became the 2nd highest earning film of 1950, earning an approximate gross of Rs. 12,500,000 and a net of Rs. 70,00,000.<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India|title=Top Earners 1950|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA==|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120922022011/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=155&catName=MTk1MA== |date=2 January 2010|archivedate=22 September 2012|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ashok hails from a wealthy family and has a job as a postmaster, but it is clear that his job requires little hard labor, aside from sending an occasional telegram, leaving him time to enjoy his comforts – [[cigarette]]s, [[painting]] and song writing. A girl named Bela, the poor and simple daughter of the former postmaster strives for his affections and is supported by her poor father who wants her married. Bela prepares Ashok's meals, teases and amuses him, and imagines a happy marriage with Ashok, who likes her but is not in love with her.

Bela has competition from the wealthy [[landowner]] Jamnadas's daughter Usha, who lives a lavish lifestyle in a hilltop [[mansion]]. Usha, drives a foreign car and seems more suitable for Ashok, the young postmaster. Bela, heartbroken, in a fit of jealousy lies to Usha that Ashok has confessed his love for her and is playing a double game.

Bela witnesses Usha's wedding while sitting in a tree, believing that shortly afterwards she would be married off to Ashok. But the tree branch that she is sitting on breaks and she falls to the ground, severely injured. As she is brought back to her father's home in this condition, Ashok arrives and promises her father he would marry Bela. As Ashok sits on Bela's bedside to comfort her, Bela dreams again that the black-veiled rider has come to get her and dies.

== Cast ==
* [[Dilip Kumar]] as Ashok<ref name=UOI/>
* [[Nargis]] as Bela<ref name=UOI/>
* [[Munawar Sultana]] as Usha<ref name=UOI/>
* Amar as Usha's Father
* [[Jankidas]] as Ashok's Father
* Jugnu as Munshi
* [[Khursheed Bano|Khursheed]] as Munshi's Wife
* [[Tun Tun|Uma Devi]] as Tun Tun (Munshi's Daughter)

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Babul
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Naushad]]<ref name=UOI/>
| cover =
| released = 1950
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = ''Dulari''
| prev_year = 1949
| year = 1950
| next_title = ''Dastan''
| next_year = 1950
}}

The score and a soundtrack of fifteen songs was composed by [[Naushad]]<ref name=UOI/> and the lyrics were penned by [[Shakeel Badayuni]].<ref name=UOI/> The songs were mostly about the joys and pains of love, and the film is closely connected to the lyrics. The best known song in the film ''Chod Babul Ka Ghar'' (literally meaning ''Now you must leave your father's house''), is performed when a newly married girl departs from her maternal home and village. The love song ''Nadi Kinare'' (''On the bank of a river'') is performed by Ashok and Usha and a group of boatmen.<ref name=UOI>{{cite web|url=https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/babul|title= Film review of Babul (1950 film)|website= University of Iowa website|access-date=23 September 2023|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604182510/https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/babul|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Duniya Badal Gayi<ref name=UOI/>
| extra1 = [[Shamshad Begum]], [[Talat Mahmood]]
| length1 = 03:20
|
| title2 = Dhadke Mera Dil
| extra2 = Shamshad Begum
| length2 = 03:19
|
| title3 = Chhod Babul Ka Ghar (Female)<ref name=UOI/>
| extra3 = Shamshad Begum
| length3 = 03:17
|
| title4 = Chhod Babul Ka Ghar (Male)
| extra4 = Talat Mahmood, [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length4 = 03:35
|
| title5 = Kisi Ke Dil Mein Rehna Tha
| extra5 = Shamshad Begum, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length5 = 03:41
|
| title6 = Lagan More Man Ki
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar, Munawar Sultana
| length6 = 03:13
|
| title7 = Mera Jeevan Saathi Bichhad Gaya
| extra7 = [[Talat Mahmood]]
| length7 = 03:25
|
| title8 = Milte Hi Ankhen Dil Hua Diwana Kisi Ka
| extra8 = Shamshad Begum, Talat Mahmood
| length8 = 02:55
|
| title9 = Pancchi Ban Mein
| extra9 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length9 = 03:03
|
| title10 = Husn Walon Ko Na Dil Do
| extra10 = Talat Mahmood
| length10 = 03:31
|
| title11 = Jadoo Bhare Nainon Mein
| extra11 = Shamshad Begum, [[Dilip Kumar]]
| length11 = 03:29
|
| title12 = Nadi Kinare Saath Hamare<ref name=UOI/>
| extra12 = Shamshad Begum, Talat Mahmood, Mohammed Rafi
| length12 = 03:17
|
| title13 = Na Socha Tha Yeh
| extra13 = Shamshad Begum
| length13 = 03:32
|
| total_length = 43:37
}}

==Cinematography==
The film takes a theatrical form, largely attributed to the set of the film and script. Cinematographer Fali Mistry contributes much to the film with atmospheric lighting, especially during night scenes and is able to create an essence of darkness in the hilltop mansion which adds an element of suspense.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0331186|title=Babul }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babul (1950 Film)}}
[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:1950 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Aamar Pratigya

2026-03-04T03:48:25Z

FranklynDavitt2: improved information per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aamar Pratigya
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| writer = Perarasu
| starring = [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] [[Priyanka Trivedi]]
| producer =
| distributor =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|2008|02|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| budget = {{INRConvert|10|m}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Jeet and Varsha in Jor |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080312/jsp/entertainment/story_9011073.jsp |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | Entertainment | Tolly tally |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=12 March 2008 |accessdate=2012-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124803/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080312/jsp/entertainment/story_9011073.jsp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| gross =
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = Bengali
| music =
}}
'''''Aamar Pratigya''''' ({{langx|bn|আমার প্রতিজ্ঞা}} "My Promise") is a 2008 film Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Swapan Saha]]. The film is an official remake of 2005 Tamil movie [[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/from-the-floors/cid/963810|title = From the floors}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Biswanath Basu]]
* [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as Shiba / Bijoy Raj Chowdhury
* [[Priyanka Trivedi]]
* [[Paoli Dam]]
* [[Tathoi Deb]]
* [[Premjit Chatterjee]]
* [[Surajit Sen]]
* [[Rajatava Dutta]]
* [[Dulal Lahiri]]
* [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Laboni Sarkar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090829201802/http://www.gomolo.in/movie/movie.aspx?mid=20971 gomolo.in]

{{Swapan Saha}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]
{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Priyatama

2026-03-03T23:26:36Z

FranklynDavitt2: minor cleaned up citations based on references and added references

{{About||the 2014 Marathi film|Priyatama (2014 film)}}
{{Original research|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyatama
| image = Priyatama.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| producer = T.C.Dewan
| writer = Ranjan Bose [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]] Yogesh{{small|(lyrics)}}
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Rakesh Roshan]] [[Asha Sachdev]] [[Utpal Dutt]]
| music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing =
| studio = Modern Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|9|20}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Priyatama''''' ({{translation}} '''Sweetheart''') is a 1977 [[Hindi]]-language [[musical film]], produced by T.C. Dewan under the Modern Pictures banner and directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]]. It stars actors like [[Jeetendra]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Asha Sachdev]] in lead roles, with music composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]]. Asha Sachdev won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the portrayal of the character of Renu.
According to film expert Rajesh Subramanian producer T C Dewan in a foul mood rejected the song Koi roko na stating its rubbish. He spoke harshly to lyricist Yogesh Gaur which hurt the writer deeply. Although Dewan later apologised Yogesh walked out of the film never fo work again with him. Song writer Anjaan stepped in to pen the remaining songs. Ironically Koi roko na sung by Kishore Kumar became a chartbuster.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |page=49}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |title=Filmfare Awards Winner}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ravi and Dolly live in Bombay with their best friends, Vicky and Renu. The two get married after the concurrence of Dolly's father, Justice Sinha. However, their pre-marriage romance is unable to withstand the pressures of matrimony with bliss and harmony, giving way to bouts of doubt and misunderstanding, leading to the filing of divorce proceedings through their respective lawyers, Kaantewal and Rustomjee.

Desperate efforts by Vicky and Renu to prevent the estranged couple from splitting are to no avail. Events take a turn when Justice Sinha visits them ostensibly for treatment of his heart ailment forcing the two to act like a happily married couple to avoid causing him any distress. The retired judge sees through the charade and tries to mend their relationship.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Ravi
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Dolly
*[[Rakesh Roshan]] as Vicky
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Dolly's father Mr. Sinha
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Dolly's friend Renu
*[[I. S. Johar]] as Lawyer Kaantawala, a feminist and advocate of Dolly
*[[G. Asrani]] as Lawyer Rustomji, advocate of Ravi
*[[Deven Verma]] as David Pinto
*[[Sapru (actor)|Sapru]] as Doctor
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Natwarlal

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Koi Roko Na"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| 2
| "Tu Jo Bole Haan To Haan"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 3
| "Tere Bin Kaise Din"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 4
| "Na Na Jaane Na Doongi"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Usha Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| "Cham Cham Barse"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0152080|title=Priyatama}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Basu Chatterjee}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Devru

2026-03-03T21:41:01Z

FranklynDavitt2: Adding Initial Data Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devru
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991) by [[Priyadarshan]]}}
| producer = [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Duniya Vijay]]
*Pragna
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = J G Krishna
| editing = Jo Ni Harsha
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|09|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Devru''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Sadhu Kokila, starring [[Duniya Vijay]] and Pragna in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/vijay-is-now-devru/articleshow/5232401.cms?from=mdr|title=Vijay is now Devru|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 November 2009|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625085201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/vijay-is-now-devru/articleshow/5232401.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Im-no-fair-and-lovely-hero-Vijay/articleshow/4951036.cms?from=mdr|title=I'm no fair and lovely hero: Vijay|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2009|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625085409/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Im-no-fair-and-lovely-hero-Vijay/articleshow/4951036.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991).

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Devru
* Pragna as Divya
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Dhanush
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Ram Reddy
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]]
* [[Shobaraj]]
* [[P. N. Sathya]] as Aadi
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* Yathiraj
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Devru
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sadhu Kokila
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:04
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|492RcTKd_aw| Devru - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:04
| title1 = Baaro Baaro Baa
| extra1 = [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| length1 = 5:12
| title2 = Hallo Hallo
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Priya
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Doora Swalpa Doora
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Mummy Mummy
| extra4 =Megha
| length4 = 4:59
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Vijay is simply superb, especially in action sequences, which are his forte. Pragna excels in the climax and has the potential to be a star. Ravikale, Ashish Vidyarthi, Shobhraj and Yathiraj do justice to their roles. Camerawork by J G Krishna is good. Thushar Ranganath has penned some catchy dialogues. The music is okay, but the comedy sequences are average".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/devru/movie-review/5257346.cms?from=mdr|title=DEVRU MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625090235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/devru/movie-review/5257346.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Surprisingly Sadhu's music comes as a dampener. J G Krishna scores well in his camera work. Like many other remakes, Devaru follows the original and ends up as an ordinary fare".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-devaru/20091120.htm|title=Devaru is a tedious remake|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=20 November 2009|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625090235/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-devaru/20091120.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Devru and makes his life miserable. You have to watch the film to know if Devru wins his battle against Ram Reddy and his henchmen, including the ACP. Some of the songs, especially the item song, are mainly meant for the front benchers. Dialogues are powerful and punchy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Nov/21/devru-105953.html|title=Review - Devru|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625090633/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/nov/21/devru-105953.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> BSS of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "True, there is Vijay, all-rounder in acting, dancing and fighting. There is Sadhu himself, whose raised eyebrow is enough to bring out a giggle. There are Ravi Kale, Ashish Vidyarthi and Shobhraj. But none of their characters settles with the viewers, with Sadhu running a swift race, all the while ignoring bystanders substance, cohesion and credibility".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/36999/devru.html|title=Review - Devru|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=20 November 2009|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625091026/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/36999/devru.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Sify]] Wrote "Director Sadhu Kokila also a music director and comedy actor falls below average in his three responsibilities. None of the songs are worth hearing again. JG Krishna does a good job with the camera".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/devru-review-kannada-pclxvzfiefjih.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124040712/https://www.sify.com/movies/devru-review-kannada-pclxvzfiefjih.html|archive-date=24 January 2022|title=Devru|work=[[Sify]]|access-date=24 November 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Rockline Entertainments films]]

Kadha

2026-03-03T21:36:17Z

FranklynDavitt2: Done...

{{Short description|2005 Malayalam film by Sundar Das}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Sundar Das]]
| producer = [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| writer = Vashya Vachas
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Kavya Madhavan]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = M. Venugopal
| editing = L. Bhoominathan
| studio = [[Revathy Kalamandhir]]
| distributor = Friends-Anju Films Release
| released = {{Film date|2005}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kadha''''' ({{Translation|Story}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Sundar Das]] and starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], and [[Kavya Madhavan]]. The film features music composed by [[Ouseppachan]].

== Plot ==
Madhava Menon and his wife Sethulekshmi eventually have a son after being childless for a period. They cared for their son Nandu, who grows up to be a mischievous and playful youth. Madhava Menon wants Nandu to become a doctor, but he is not interested. His life changes after Meera enters his life.<ref name="S">{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7614|title=Love lost|first=Unni|last=R. Nair|website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|access-date=5 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414191201/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=7614|archive-date=14 April 2004}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Nandhan Menon (Nandu)
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Meera
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Madhava Menon, Nandu's father
* [[Indrans]] as Dr. Aravindaksha Kaimal
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Achumaman
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Panchayat President
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Gautham, Meera's love interest
* [[Narendra Prasad]] as Raghavan Nambiar, Meera's father
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as Gopan<ref>{{cite web| title=Tharikida sabu is on a roll !| date=1 December 2013| access-date=19 December 2022| author=Radhika C Pillai| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tharikida-sabu-is-on-a-roll-/articleshow/26679479.cms| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film was in production as of April 2004. The film was produced by [[G. Suresh Kumar]]'s [[Revathy Kalamandhir]].<ref name="S"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]], with lyrics penned by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]. The soundtrack consists of nine songs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kadha (Malayalasangeetham) |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?2698 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=Filmy Focus |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Songs
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Raga
|-
| Mazhayulla Raathriyil || [[Sujatha Mohan]] ||
|-
| Mazhayulla Raathriyil [M] || [[Vidhu Prathap]] ||
|-
| Oduvilee Sandhyayum Njaanum || [[G Venugopal]] || Desh
|-
| Oduvilee Sandhyayum Njaanum [D] || [[G Venugopal]], [[K. S. Chithra]], Chorus ||
|-
| Oduvilee Sandhyayum Njaanum [F] || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kaapi
|-
| Thathum Thathakal || [[Asha G Menon]] || Madhyamavathi
|-
| Vaarmegha || Franco Simon Neelankavil ||
|-
| Vaarmegha [Instrumental] || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| Yaathrayaavumee Hemantham || Santhosh Keshav ||
|}
== Release ==
The film was released directly on television during Onam 2005.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|24062532}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar Das]]

Rajani Kantha

2026-03-03T21:32:32Z

FranklynDavitt2: done

{{for|the Indian actor|Rajinikanth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajani Kantha
| image =
| caption =
| director = Pradeep Raj
| producer = K. Manju
| screenplay = Pradeep Raj
| starring = [[Duniya Vijay]] [[Aindrita Ray]]
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = Palanivel
| released = {{Film date|2013|3|01|df=yes}}
| distributor = K. Manju Cinemaas
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Rajani Kantha''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic drama film directed by Pradeep Raj and produced by K. Manju. The film stars [[Duniya Vijay]], playing dual roles along with [[Aindrita Ray]] in the lead roles. It is remake of 2004 Korean film ''[[My Brother (2004 film)|My Brother]]''. The film's music is composed by [[Arjun Janya]] and the cinematography is by Giri.

==Plot==
Duniya Vijay plays a double role Rajani and Kantha with one of the characters is born with a cleft palate. The film's plot lies in how people with the condition deal with the jibes that come their way and emerge stronger.

==Cast==
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Rajani and Kantha
* [[Aindrita Ray]] as Priya
* [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]]
* [[Chikkanna]]

==Production==

===Launch===
The film production went on floors from October 2011 at the Kanteerava Studios in Bangalore. Celebrated Tamil actor [[Rajinikanth]]'s close aid Rao Bahaddur formally launched the film's proceedings on behalf of the star.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rajanikantha
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|12|14}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| lyrics_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sattakku Satak
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Arjun Janya]], [[Duniya Vijay]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Olavina Kiranake
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Archana Ravi
| length2 =
| title3 = Yentani Sentu
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Chandan Shetty]], Meghana Hebbar
| length3 =
| title4 = Yavathhu Hingagilla
| extra4 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Parvagilla
| extra5 = Chandan Shetty, Suma Shastry
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Srikanth Srinivasa of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the film a rating of two and a half out of five stars and wrote "Rajni Kantha is for Duniya Vijay's fans" praising Vijay's performance as Rajni in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title= Review: Rajni Kantha is for Duniya Vijay's fans |url= http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-rajni-kantha/20130301.htm |work= [[Rediff.com]] |date= 2013-03-01 |accessdate= 2013-03-01}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Vijay for his excellent performance in a double role, particularly Rajani with speech defect. Aindrita Ray has given life to her role with a splendid performance. Music by Arjun Janya has some catchy tunes. Camera by R Giri is eye catching".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rajani-kantha/movie-review/18761637.cms?from=mdr|title=RAJANI KANTHA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A Shardhha of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "key. On the whole, the ingredients never catch fire in the lifeless script. Arjun Janya's music is good but is lost in the story and there is nothing to rave about Giri's cinematography. The Verdict: It is hard to swallow particularly in an era of diminishing expectations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/mar/02/rajani-kantha-kannada-454958.html|title='Rajani Kantha' (Kannada)|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "The music of the film by Arjun Janya is melodious, and cinematography by R Giri is also average. All in all the film lacks a good narrative and is a waste of effort".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-rajani-kantha-lacks-narration-593977.html|title=Kannada review: 'Rajani Kantha' lacks narration|work=[[News18 India]]|date=2 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Arjun Janya who whips up frothy tunes and dream concoctions for the mass and class alike. A little more homework would do wonders for the director and his hero, it must be said. However, Rajini Kantha also sends out a message: Any kind of publicity cannot always be ‘good’ publicity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/315891/pay-your-sins-sooner-later.html|title=Pay for your sins sooner than later|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=2 March 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajani Kantha}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:2013 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pradeep Raj]]
[[Category:Rajinikanth]]

B. Kalyani Amma

2026-02-28T18:57:23Z

FranklynDavitt2: stub

{{Short description|Indian writer (1883–1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Kalyani Amma
| birth_date = {{birth date|1883|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|10|9|1883|2|22|df=y}}
| occupation = Writer, Editor, Teacher, Social Reformer
| notable_works = Ormayil Ninnum, Vyazhavatta Smaranakal, Mahathikal, Veettilum Purathum, Arogya Shastram, Arogya Shastravum Grihabharanavum
| spouse = Swadeshabhimani K. Ramakrishna Pillai
}}

'''B. Kalyani Amma''' (22 February 1883 – 9 October 1959) was a writer, editor, teacher and social reformer from [[Kerala]]. Kalyani Amma's most notable work is ''Vyazhavatta Smaranakal'' (Memories of a Cycle of Twelve Years) and ''Ormayil Ninnum'' (Reminiscences).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Jayasree|first=G. S.|date=2015-08-27|title=Twelve eventful years|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/swadeshabhimani-k-ramakrishna-pillais-wife-b-kalyani-amma-was-a-writer-and-social-reformer-in-her-own-right/article7582805.ece|access-date=2021-04-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was one of the editors of two of the earliest magazines published for women in Kerala, ''Sharada''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Unnikrishnan|first=Sandhya M.|title=Unregistered Representation of Women "Heroes" in the Indian Freedom Struggle with Special Reference to Kerala|publisher=Research Journal of Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai|date=January–June 2019|pages=54}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |first=Saju |last=Chelangad |title=Women's Journalism and Kochi |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/nagaram/article-1.4108392 |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422050617/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/nagaram/article-1.4108392 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''Malayalamasika''<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Priyadarsanan|first=G.|title=Masikapatanangal (Studies on Magazines)|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd.|year=1974|location=Kottayam}}</ref>. Kalyani Amma was the wife of [[Swadeshabhimani K. Ramakrishna Pillai]], a political writer, journalist and editor.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==
B. Kalyani Amma lived in the erstwhile princely state of [[Travancore]] during the turn of the century. She was born in Kuzhivilaakathu House, Kuthiravattom, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], on 22 February 1883. She was the daughter of Subbraayan Bhatt and Bhagavathy Amma.<ref name=":0" /> She belonged to a traditional Nair family. She completed her matriculation in a Zenana Mission School with financial help from missionaries who taught and ran the school. The school where she studied did not officially have a high school. The school authorities engaged tutors to teach her and two other friends.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Antony|first=Teena|date=2013|title=Women's Education Debates in Kerala: Fashioning Sthreedharmam|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/11676/11/12_chapter4.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2021|website=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET|pages=223–236|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706074830/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:80/bitstream/10603/11676/11/12_chapter4.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-06 }}</ref>

She was married off before she could complete her F.A. (equivalent to the current pre-university or Grade 11 and 12). Her husband encouraged her to complete her education and she pursued higher education after her marriage to Ramakrishna Pillai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Antony|first=Teena|date=January–June 2013|title=Malayali women: Education and the development of the self in the early 20th century|url=https://www.jyotinivas.org/pdf/Vol7(1).pdf|journal=National Journal of Jyoti Research Academy|volume=7|pages=24–30|issn=0975-461X|via=Jyoti Nivas College}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kalyani Amma knew Ramakrishna Pillai before their marriage. Their marriage was held against the wishes of her family as the horoscopes (which was important in a Hindu marriage), of Kalyani Amma and Ramakrishna Pillai, did not match.<ref>{{Cite web|title=നഷ്ടജാതകവും ലാഭജാതകവും|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/columns/kadhakkoottu/jathakam.html|access-date=2021-04-22|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> The marriage took place in 1904. Her married life was unusual in the strong bond she shared with her husband, which was not the case in early twentieth-century Kerala.

When Ramakrishna Pillai was banished by the Travancore government, she followed her husband with their two young children. She gave up her teaching job and moved to Malabar with him. Both of them were hosted by Tharavath Ammalu Amma, another well-known writer, intellectual and the first woman dramatist from Kerala, at Palghat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=B. Kalyani Amma - Biography|url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/PROFILES/BKalyaniAmma/Html/BKAmmagraphy.htm|access-date=2021-04-22|website=www.keralasahityaakademi.org}}</ref> She acted as a foster mother to the couple.

== Later life ==
Kalyani Amma continued her education in Madras after Ramakrishna Pillai was banished. She completed her BA Degree in Philosophy and did a teacher training course also. She started teaching in a school in Kannur, Malabar and the family moved with her.<ref name=":3" /> She later moved on to a school in Mangalore. Ramakrishna Pillai had contracted Tuberculosis while they were in Malabar. She took care of him until his death in 1916. She retired as a Headmistress in 1937 and stayed on in Malabar instead of moving to her ancestral home in Travancore.<ref name=":3" />

== Literary achievements ==
Kalyani Amma took on editing and writing for ''Malayalamasika'' during her stay in Malabar. She had been writing and editing for ''Sharada'' while in Travancore.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Priyadarshan|first=G.|title=Manmarinja Masikakal (Magazines that no longer exist)|publisher=National Book Stall|year=1972|location=Kottayam}}</ref> Both the magazines had articles on women's education, health, social reform, etc. Kalyani Amma was a regular contributor to various other magazines also. ''Ormayil Ninnum'' (Reminiscences), ''Vyazhavatta Smaranakal'' (Memories of a Cycle of Twelve Years), ''Mahathikal'' (Great Women), ''Thamarassery'', ''Karmaphalam'' (Fruits of One's Actions), ''Veettilum Purathum'' (The Home and Outside; a translation of Tagore's ''The Home and the World''), ''Arogya Shastram'' (The Science of Health), ''Arogya Shastravum Grihabharanavum'' (Health Science and Household Management) are her documented books.<ref name=":0" />

''Ormayil Ninnum'', her autobiography, is an enlightening read on the social customs, [[untouchability]] related practices, and life for a woman during the early twentieth century in Kerala. She was a well-known figure in the literary and social sphere. She left the manuscript of the book with her friend, Tharavath Amminni Amma because she knew that journalists would hound her daughter for her story after her death.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Amma|first=B. Kalyani|title=Ormayil Ninnu|publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd.|year=1964|editor-last=K. Gomathy|editor-first=Amma|location=Kottayam}}</ref>

''Vyazhavatta Smaranakal'' is her most popular book. It portrays her life with Ramakrishna Pillai, which lasted for twelve years until his death. The 1998 edition of ''Vyazhavatta Smaranakal'' was published by [[DC Books]], Kottayam, containing introductory remarks by [[Tharavath Ammalu Amma]] (14.12.1916). Tharavath Ammalu Amma's preface comparing Kalyani Amma to Sita following an exiled Rama into the forest set the tone for the reception of the book.<ref name=":0" /> The book went on to have more than thirteen editions since it was first published in 1916.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amma|first=B. Kalyani|title=Vyaazhavattasmaranakal|publisher=D.C. Books|year=1997|location=Kottayam}}</ref>

''Mahathikal'' is purported to have been prescribed as a textbook in the princely state of Cochin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amma |first=B. Kalyani |url=https://ksaorg.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2023/04/H18-549kk.pdf |title=Lives of Good and Great Women (Mahatikal part 1) |publisher=The Svadeshabhimani Press |editor-last=K. Ramakrishna |editor-first=Pillai |edition=1st |location=Trivandrum |language=Malayalam}}</ref>

Kalyani Amma was one of the well-known early contributors to women's magazines from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devika|first=J.|title=Her-self: Early Writings on Gender by Malayalee Women, 1898-1938|publisher=Stree|year=2005|isbn=8185604746|location=Kolkata|pages=xxxi}}</ref> She wrote on various subjects like women's health, education, home management, and so on.<ref name=":5" /> She was interested in bringing about social and communal reform in early twentieth-century Kerala. Her autobiography is one of the few existing personal documentation on how untouchability and caste system worked in that period in Kerala from the point of view of a Nair.

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amma, Kalyani}}
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]

Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School

2026-02-21T08:43:58Z

FranklynDavitt2: further added content and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School
| native_name =
| image = Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School Entrance - 18 Jessore Road - Barasat - Kolkata 2017-05-08 7142.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School Entrance
| motto = Knowledge Bestows Humility<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barasat.igmhs.org/|title=IGMHS - Barasat|website=barasat.igmhs.org|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>
| motto_translation =
| address = 18, Jessore Rd, Barowaritola, Barasat
| city = Kolkata
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 700124
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.708589|N|88.4743798|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private school]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1989
| founder = Shri Shyam Deo Rai
| closed =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board Of Secondary Education]]
| oversight =
| principal = Mrs Sunanda Jaiswal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barasat.igmhs.org/|title=IGMHS - Barasat|website=barasat.igmhs.org|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>
| staff =
| grades = [[K-12]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barasat.igmhs.org/|title=IGMHS - Barasat|website=barasat.igmhs.org|access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>
| years =
| gender =
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams =
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = https://www.barasat.igmhs.org
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School''' is an [[English-medium education|English Medium]] Co-Educational School at [[Jessore Road]], [[Barasat]]. It was founded by Shri Shyam Deo Rai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barasat.igmhs.org/|title=Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> It was inaugurated in late 25 December 1989 at 12.00.00 AM ([[Indian Standard Time]]). The current principal of the school is Sunanda Jaiswal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barasat.igmhs.org/|title=Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> It is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[New Delhi]].

== Location ==
The school is located on the busy [[Jessore Road]]. It has an area of about 1.08 [[acre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barasat.igmhs.org/|title=Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School|website=Barasat Indira Gandhi Memorial High School|access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
On the outside, there are two buildings. The left building is of Primary classes (UN to Class 5) and the right one is of Secondary Classes (Classes 6 to 12). The school has almost all the facilities like Library, Chemistry Lab, Physics Lab, Biology Lab, Computer Lab, Gym Room, Indoor Games Room. The classes are equipped with [[HCL Technologies]]' Smart Class Kit

== School campus ==
The outer area covered by the school is much little. There is a small playground which only the primary students—of classes UN to 5—has access to. The secondary students have access only to a concrete ground.

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://barasat.igmhs.org/}}

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Schools in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Satya Hegde

2026-02-11T07:13:28Z

FranklynDavitt2: quick update

{{short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satya Hegde
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|05|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Haliyal]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2002–present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Satya Hegde''' (born 17 May 1975) is an Indian cinematographer who works in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. He made his debut with ''Taali Kattuva Shubhavele'' in 2002. Following this, he worked in over 20 films and received critical praise for his work in ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' (2007) and ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]'' (2013), along with his collaborations with [[Duniya Soori|Suri]].<ref name="tnie1">{{cite news |author= Sharadhaa A. |title= Sandalwood too gets a boost with cinematography |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1518615.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130331022203/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1518615.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 31 March 2013 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 27 March 2013 |accessdate= 10 March 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Satya Hegde was born on 17 May 1975 to Parameshwar Hegde and Savithri in [[Haliyal]], [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Karnataka]]. He completed his schooling from Carmel High School, Haliyal in 1989. Following this, he was sent to [[Sanduru]] to complete his [[Pre-university course]] by his father who then wanted him to pursue a career in [[Computer science]]. Due to his poor scores during the course, he was persuaded by his brother to obtain a [[diploma]]. Having decided to choose cinematography as the subject specialization at the Sri Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic, [[Bangalore]], Hegde obtained the diploma in cinematography in 1995.<ref name="th1">{{cite news |author= Shivakumar S. |title= In the eyes of the lens |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/cinematographer-satya-hegde/article6338637.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 21 August 2014 |accessdate= 10 March 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Hegde began his career as a cinematographer assisting [[B. C. Gowrishankar]], a popular cinematographer of the time. He also assisted [[Ashok Kashyap]], [[P. Rajan]], [[H. C. Venu]], [[P. K. H. Das]], [[Surendranath Begur]], and [[Krishna (cinematographer)|Krishna]]. During the time, he worked in making [[corporate video]]s, [[documentary film]]s, [[television advertisement]]s and in [[soap opera]]s such as ''Ankura'' and ''Swarnarekhe''. He worked as a camera operator and an assistant cinematographer in the [[Kannada language]] films ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]'' (2000), ''[[Parva (2002 film)|Parva]]'' (2002) and ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title= Cinematographer - Satya Hegde |url= http://www.geocities.ws/infinitifilms/kannada/cameraman.html |website= geocities.ws |accessdate= 11 March 2015}}</ref> In the same year, he started out as an independent cinematographer in films with the film ''Taali Kattuva Shubhavele''. He then worked in the 2005 releases ''Yashwanth'' and ''Masala'', both of which failed to perform commercially. Following this, Hegde worked with Ashok Kashyap in a [[soap opera]] before returning to films with the 2007 film ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' for which he won praise for his work from critics.<ref name="th1"/>

His work in ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]'' (2013), that was shot mostly outdoors with simulated lighting won him praise.<ref name="tnie1"/> He then worked in ''[[Gajakesari]]'' (2014) collaborating with [[Krishna (cinematographer)|Krishna]], a cinematographer himself, as the director. He received praise for his work in ''[[Rhaatee]]'', with critics calling it a "visual poetry"; it involved frames of [[Bangalore]] and Muthathi forest.<ref>{{cite news |title= Movie Review: Rhaatee |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Rhaatee/articleshow/46637727.cms |newspaper= Bangalore Mirror |date= 20 March 2015 |accessdate= 6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= It's a domination of camera over script |url= https://in.newshub.org/s-domination-camera-over-script-13974197.html |website= newshub.org |date= 23 March 2015 |accessdate= 6 April 2015}}</ref> For his work in ''Rhaatee'', he was awarded the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] at the [[2014 Karnataka State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Film awards: a balance between main and independent film-making streams|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/film-awards-a-balance-between-main-and-independent-filmmaking-streams/article8230707.ece|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]''
|rowspan="2"| [[Sunil Kumar Desai]]
| Assistant cinematographer
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2002
| ''[[Parva (2002 film)|Parva]]''
| Assistant cinematographer
|-
| ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]''
| N. Lokanath Rajaram
| Assistant cinematographer
|-
| ''Taali Kattuva Shubhavele''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005
| ''Yashwanth''
|rowspan="2"| [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]
|
|-
| ''[[Masala (2005 film)|Masala]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007
| ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]''
| [[Duniya Soori|Suri]]
| Suvarna Film Award for Best Cinematographer Kasturi Film Award for Best Cinematographer Cinegandha Award for Best Cinematographer
|-
| ''Ee Preethi Onthara''
| Subramanya Thememane
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]''
| Suri
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2009
| ''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]''
| [[A. P. Arjun]]
|
|-
| ''[[Junglee (2009 film)|Junglee]]''
| Suri
|
|-
| ''[[Manasaare]]''
| [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| Zee Kannada Film Award for Best Cinematographer Innovative Film Award for Best Cinematographer<ref>{{cite web|title=Innovative Film Awards, star studded, star oriented|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=1884&ptype=News&title=INNOVATIVE%20FILM%20AWARDS%20?STAR%20STUDDED%20STAR%20ORIENTED!|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220193929/http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=1884&ptype=News&title=INNOVATIVE%20FILM%20AWARDS%20%3FSTAR%20STUDDED%20STAR%20ORIENTED%21|archivedate=20 December 2013|publisher=chitratara.com|date=3 May 2010|accessdate=28 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gokula (film)|Gokula]]''
| [[Prakash (film director)|Prakash]]
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Jackie (2010 film)|Jackie]]''
| Suri
| Suvarna Film Award for Best Cinematographer
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''
| [[Nagashekar]]
| SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer
|-
| ''[[Hudugaru]]''
| K. Madesh
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
| ''[[Shiva (2012 film)|Shiva]]''
| [[Om Prakash Rao]]
|
|-
| ''[[Anna Bond]]''
| Suri
| Nominated—SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Myna (film)|Myna]]''
| Nagashekar
| Nominated—SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''[[Gajakesari]]''
| [[Krishna (cinematographer)|Krishna]]
| Nominated—SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer
|-
| ''[[6-5=2 Hindi|6-5=2]]''
| Bharat Jain
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2015
| ''[[Rhaatee]]''
| A. P. Arjun
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]]
|-
| ''[[Aatagara]]''
| [[K. M. Chaitanya]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kendasampige]]''
| Suri
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2016
| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]''
| Suri
|
|-
| ''[[U Turn (2016 film)|U Turn]]''
| [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
|
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2017
| ''[[Maasthi Gudi]]''
| Nagashekar
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]''
| Nagashekar
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| ''[[Butterfly (upcoming film)|Butterfly]]''
| [[Ramesh Aravind]]
|
|-
| ''[[Paris Paris]]''
| Ramesh Aravind
| Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Act 1978]]''
| Mansore
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[100 (2021 film)|100]]''
| Ramesh Aravind
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]''
| A. P. Arjun
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]''
| Nagashekar
|
|-
| ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]''
| [[Rohit Padaki]]
|
|-
| ''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''
| [[Arjun Janya]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.satyahegde.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|4148000}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Satya}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Mandeep Benipal

2026-02-08T12:06:49Z

FranklynDavitt2: Created pg - done

{{short description|Indian film director|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mandeep Benipal 
| honorific_suffix =
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| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for = ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]''
| notable_works = ''Sadda Haq'' 
| awards =
| website = 
| module =
}}

'''Mandeep Benipal''' is an Indian [[film director]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131208/spectrum/main1.htm|website=Tribune India|publisher=Tribune India|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jazzy B in yet another row|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Jazzy-B-in-yet-another-row/articleshow/19376267.cms|website=Times of India|publisher=Jaspreet|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with movie ''[[Ekam - Son of Soil]]'' in 2010. Later he came up with the movie ''[[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]]'' (2013),<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadda Haq ban: making a mockery of the CBFC|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/sadda-haq-ban-making-a-mockery-of-the-cbfc/|website=BollywoodLife|publisher=Cineswami|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref>'' [[Yoddha (2014 film)|Yoddha]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Yoddha - The Warrior feat. Kuljinder Singh Sidhu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Yoddha-The-Warrior-feat-Kuljinder-Singh-Sidhu/articleshow/44156457.cms|website=Times of India|publisher=TNN|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> and ''[[Dakuan Da Munda]]''.<ref name="times"/>

== Career ==
Mandeep Benipal started his career as an assistant director. He assisted director Manoj Punj for movie [[Shaheed-E-Mohabbat Boota Singh]] (1999) starring [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Divya Dutta]] and [[Des Hoyaa Pardes]] (2004) starring [[Gurdas Maan]], [[Juhi Chawla]]. He also assisted Gaurav Trehan for movie Hashar (2008) starring [[Babbu Maan]].

Mandeep Benipal made his debut as a director in the year 2010 with Punjabi movie Ekam - Son of Soil starring [[Babbu Maan]], [[Mandy Takhar]]. The film opened to a good response at the box office.

In 2013, Mandeep Benipal came up with movie Sadda Haq in the year 2013. Sadda Haq is based on the events in the 1980s and 1990s when the state suffered from militancy, portrays several issues; including the murder of a human rights activist, alleged police torture, fake encounters, jailbreak and the assassination of a politician. This movie performed really well at box office. It was also a hit in UK.<ref>{{cite web|title='Sadda Haq' Box Office Collection: Kuljinder Starrer a Hit in UK|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sadda-haq-box-office-collection-kuljinder-starrer-a-hit-in-uk-460341|website=IBTimes|publisher=Ankita Mehta|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> Sadda Haq was nominated in 10 different categories in PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014 and the movie succeeded in winning three of them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jatt & Juliet 2 wins Best Movie at PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Jatt-Juliet-2-wins-Best-Movie-at-PTC-Punjabi-Film-Awards-2014/articleshow/31396420.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> Sadda Haq was initially banned by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]], which stated that "The release of the film was banned to maintain communal harmony in the state". This movie was later released after the order of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to lift the ban. [[Censor Board of India]]'s gave this movie A Certificate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjabi film Sadda Haq to release tomorrow|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/punjabi-film-sadda-haq-to-release-tomorrow-611882|website=NDTV|publisher=Press trust of India|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sadda Haq banned by Punjab Government|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/punjab-government-bans-controversial-film-sadda-haq-india-today-157814-2013-04-04|website=India Today|publisher=Vikas Kahol|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=5 times Indian films had to knock on court's door to bypass censor board|url=http://www.dailyo.in/arts/vikram-bhatt-post-raaz-reboot-censor-board-cbfc-pahlaj-nihalani-udta-punjab/story/1/12919.html|website=DailyO|publisher=Praveen Shekhar|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Cinema Straddles Centuries, Pushes for Change|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/features/indian-cinema-1200477038/|website=Variety|publisher=Naman Ramachandran|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab, Delhi ban film based on Khalistan movement|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-delhi-ban-film-based-on-khalistan-movement/article4585856.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=Chander Suta Dogra|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Banned in Punjab|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/qlaLeBCAgsfeK0H03UU50K/Films-banned-in-Punjab.html|website=LiveMint|publisher=Uday Bhatia|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ban on Sadda Haq lifted, film crew elated|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ban-on-sadda-haq-lifted-film-crew-elated|website=Sunday Guardian|publisher=Jatinder Preet|accessdate=19 October 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025344/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ban-on-sadda-haq-lifted-film-crew-elated|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, he came up with movie Yoddha - The Warrior starring [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]] in lead role. The film is based on the life of a simple person who becomes a warrior due to circumstances.<ref>{{cite web|title=After 'Sadda Haq', Kuljinder Sidhu Comes up with 'Yoddha – The Warrior'|url=https://www.sikh24.com/2014/10/19/after-sadda-haq-kuljinder-sidhu-comes-up-with-yoddha-the-warrior/#.WAbzvOh97IU|website=Sikh24|publisher=Sikh24 Editors|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now Kuljinder Sidhu declares to make movie 'Wanted Zinda' on Bhai Harinder Singh Jinda|url=http://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/08/31/now-kuljinder-sidhu-declares-to-make-movie-wanted-zinda-on-bhai-harinder-singh-jinda/|website=Sikh Siyasat|publisher=Parmjeet Singh|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref> Yoddha was notimated for 6 categories in [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2015 Nominations|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/PTC-Punjabi-Film-Awards-2015-Nominations/articleshow/46537541.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, he directed ''[[Dakuan Da Munda]].''<ref name="times">{{cite web |title=Dakuaan Da Munda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/dakuaan-da-munda/movieshow/63202451.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=9 July 2018}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* [[Ekam - Son of Soil]] (2010)
* [[Sadda Haq (film)|Sadda Haq]] (2013)
* [[Yoddha: The Warrior|Yoddha]] (2014)
* [[Dakuaan Da Munda]] (2018)
* [[Kaka Ji]] (2019)
* [[DSP Dev]] (2019)
* [[Dakuaan Da Munda 2]] (2022)
* [[DJ Wale Babu]] (2022)

== Awards ==
Benipal was nominated in Best Director category of PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2014.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4030793}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|mandeep_benipal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benipal, Mandeep}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]

Mahipalpur

2026-02-01T16:54:26Z

FranklynDavitt2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahipalpur
| native_name =
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| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods of Delhi|Village/Town]]
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| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5449|N|77.1281|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South West Delhi district]]
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| demographics1_title1 = Native
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110037
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| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
}}
'''Mahipalpur''' on National Highway - 8, leading to Gurugram and Jaipur has ancient roots and it is amongst the oldest villages of India. It is located at the edge of south central ridge of 1500 million year old Aravali Hills; It is bound by the South Central Ridge in the North East, Vasant Kunj towards East, Shankar Vihar (Military Cantonment) towards North, National Highway -8 towards North West and Rangpuri village toward South West. Currently the most popular hotel and guest house destination in Delhi. In revenue department record it is an urban village, located in [[New Delhi]] district of [[Delhi NCT (union territory)|Delhi]], [[India]]. It is located near the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. [[Delhi Aerocity metro station]] is the nearest metro station.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manoj |title=Mahipalpur: Delhi's urban village is now the capital's latest hotel hub |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/mahipalpur-delhi-s-urban-village-is-now-the-capital-s-latest-hotel-hub/story-4MSe24UUSuHitbzy2s6yQI.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Richi |title=In South Delhi, a 14th century palace in ruins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/In-South-Delhi-a-14th-century-palace-in-ruins/articleshow/49794888.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 November 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
The village dates back to the 11th century, and is named after a [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomara]] ruler named Mahipala. The area around the village has been inhabited since then. For example, the [[Sultan Ghari]] monument was built in around 10th century by the [[Pratihara dynasty]]. The area around the village has been inhabited since earlier. For example, the [[Sultan Ghari]] monument was built in around 10th century by the Pratihara dynasty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lidhoo |first1=Prerna |last2=Trikha |first2=Bhavini |title=Mahipalpur to become a heritage hub |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/mahipalpur-to-become-a-heritage-hub/story-CaGILxTvB2LR53wXwyL2lJ.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Ronald Vivian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cN7-8ZwviRgC&dq=mahipalpur+rajput&pg=PA29 |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-8028-020-7 |language=en}}</ref> Mahipalpur has an ancient Hauz and Mahal,<ref>{{Cite news |last=sharma |first=Richi |date=15 Nov 2015 |title=In South Delhi, a 14th-century palace in ruins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/in-south-delhi-a-14th-century-palace-in-ruins/articleshow/49794888.cms}}</ref> two historical monuments which reveal the habitation of this area during the seven capitals that existed in Delhi in historic times. As per a local story, during the 17th century people escaped from the nearby malikpur village, as they would have had to face the ruler's rage, having looted a person working with him, migrated here and removed the local people.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Significance of the village ==
Mahipalpur is a politically active village, and a beautiful village , in the first legislative assembly of Delhi in 1952, public representative for Najafgarh Constituency, [[1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election#:~:text=The first Delhi Legislative Assembly,constituencies elected a single member.|Shri Ajit Singh, MLA]] hailed from Mahipalpur village.

In the 8th Legislative assembly of Delhi [[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat|Colonel Devinder Sehrawat]], who was elected as public representative i.e. [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|MLA]] of Bijwasan Constituency also hails from this village.

Mahipalpur is one of the villages affected by land acquisition. Individual agriculture land was acquired for construction of the Indira Gandhi International Airport and National Highway 8. The village was given very less compensation for their individual private agriculture land. The Gram Sabha Land of the village was acquired and in most of the former gram sabha land of Mahipalpur, the Aravali Bio Diversity [[Aravalli Biodiversity Park|park]] is set up. The villagers however have no access to the Aravali Bio Diversity park as the passage from village is blocked by Shankar vihar Cantt.

Like all rural villages Mahipalpur also has a rich heritage of celebration of festivals and seasonal and celestial occurrences. The Nangara of Village Mahipalpur is visible at most political events in the capital. the inhabitants of the urban village often celebrate [[Holi]] and other hindu festivals.

Mahipalpur has hosted two Mahapanchayats.
[[File:Mahipalpur Mahapanchayat 25 Oct 2010.jpg|thumb|Mahipalpur Maha-Panchayat on 24 Oct 2010]]

=== Maha- Panchayat at Mahipalpur On 25 October 2010 ===
It was organised by Colonel Devinder Sehrawat, the then Secretary of Delhi Gramin Samaj.Shri Balram Jakhar,  former speaker of Lok Sabha of India presided over the meeting and Shri Jayant Chaudhary, MP of RLD party was special guest. The mah-Panchayat was conducted with the aim of protect & safeguard the interest of villagers.
[[File:Mahipalpur Mahapanchayat 25 OCt 2010 Audience.jpg|thumb|Rural Leaders present at the Maha-Panchayat at Mahipalpur on 24 Oct 2010]]
The Maha-Panchayat was very well attended and several rural leaders were present in this meeting.

The agenda points included:-

* Regularisation of extended Lal Dora/ existing Abadi

* Construction should be permitted in Extended Lal Dora and Existing Abadi and the order on getting the building plan sanctioned should be withdrawn being impractical.

* Acquisition of Land be carried out only after negotiation with the landowners. No force able acquisition of land. First right of utilising land for commercial activity be given to the land owners, role of DDA as middle man should be minimised.

* The land of villages of South Delhi acquired in 1980 be denotified as most of the area has come under construction and occupation and the sword of land acquisition should be removed from their head.

* Delhi Land Reform Act 1954 should be abolished immediately and section 81 be withdrawn to protect the interest of villagers

* Villagers should be involved and have the right in Management of Gram Sabha Land.

* Prepare a comprehensive Development plan for Villages of Delhi. Provide basic amenities like Sewage system, Parks, Mother Dairy and Safal outlets, sport facilities e.g. playground &stadiums, colleges for boys & girls and dispensaries in villages. The villages should be developed before acquisition of the land by DDA.

* No Conversion charge be levied on properties located on roads of rural as well as urbanised villages where land has been acquired by the govt as the rent is the only source of income for farmers rendered jobless due to land acquisition.

* Restore representation rights to villages of Delhi and rectify the folly of abolition of erstwhile Panchayats.

* Review the decision to impose House Tax in Villages without providing any facilities.

* Issue the gazette notification and Implementation of rent control Act which has not been implemented even after having been passed by both the houses of the parliament and signed by the president.

* Provide reservation to children of farmers whose land has been acquired in schools built on the allotted land.

* Institutions of higher education located in Delhi should recognize the OBC status of farmers of Delhi who have been declared backward as a result of the land acquisition by the State commission.

* Safeguard the old customs and traditions of the villages.

* DTC shelters are not provided in rural areas, these should be provided being essential for the commuters.

* Public utilities and urinals are totally absent in rural areas these should be developed in rural belt to provide basic civic facilities to the rural population.

== See also ==
* [[Vasant Kunj]]
* [[Delhi Aerocity metro station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]

List of international cricket centuries by Sourav Ganguly

2026-02-01T05:31:27Z

FranklynDavitt2: enhanced section per sources and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Sourav Ganguly crop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sourav Ganguly]] scored 16 centuries in Test matches and 22 in ODIs.|alt=A man in the Indian test cricket uniform standing near the boundary line]]

[[Sourav Ganguly]] is a former [[Cricket in India|Indian cricket]]er and captain of the [[India national cricket team]]. From his international debut in 1992 to his retirement in 2008, he scored [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] (100 or more runs) on 16 occasions in [[Test cricket]] and in 22 [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sourav Ganguly|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28779.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118082701/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28779.html|archive-date=18 January 2017}}</ref>

Ganguly scored a [[List of centuries scored on Test cricket debut|century on Test debut]], against [[England cricket team|England]] in [[Lord's]] in June 1996. He became the 10th Indian player to perform the feat,<ref name="ct1"/> and the third player to score a century on debut at the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=high_score;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting|title=List of Test centuries on debut at Lord's|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223210430/http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/stats/index.html?class=1%3Bdebut_or_last%3D1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bground%3D10%3Borderby%3Dhigh_score%3Brunsmin1%3D100%3Brunsval1%3Druns%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting|archive-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> In the next match at [[Trent Bridge]], he made 136 and became the third batsman to make a century in each of his first two innings.<ref name="ct2"/> He is eighth in the list of leading Test century makers for India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records – Test matches: Most hundreds in a career for India |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1;id=6;type=team |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216011059/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=1%3Bid%3D6%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=16 December 2007 }}</ref> His highest score of 239{{mdash}}his only double century{{mdash}}was made against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in 2007 at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]. He made centuries against all [[Test cricket#Test cricket playing nations|Test-cricket playing nations]] except [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. His centuries have been scored in fourteen cricket grounds, including eight outside India. He ended up in the nineties on four occasions{{emdash}}including two scores of 99.<ref>{{cite web| title=Sourav Ganguly – Test match nineties| url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/28779.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;runsmax1=99;runsmin1=90;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings| work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=20 February 2008| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322030300/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html| archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>

In ODIs, Ganguly scored centuries against ten opponents{{mdash}}against all the cricketing nations that have [[One Day International#Teams with ODI status|permanent One Day International status]] except the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]]. His first ODI century came against [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at the [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] in August 1997. He made his highest score in the format when he scored 183 against the same team during the [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cup]]. As of January 2019, he is joint-eighth in the list of leading century makers in ODIs.{{efn|He is tied with [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]], and is behind [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (49); [[Virat Kohli]] (43); [[Ricky Ponting]] (30); [[Rohit Sharma]] (29); [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (28); [[Hashim Amla]] (27); and [[Kumar Sangakkara]], [[AB de Villiers]] and [[Chris Gayle]] (25 each).<ref name="cenrec">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html|title=One Day International: Most hundreds in a career|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214154934/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html|archive-date=14 February 2008}}</ref>}} Along with [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Herschelle Gibbs]], and [[Chris Gayle]], Ganguly holds the record for the most centuries in the [[ICC Champions Trophy]], with three.<ref>{{cite web |title=Records in ICC Champions Trophy (ICC KnockOut) / Most hundreds |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/batting-most-hundreds-career/icc-champions-trophy-icc-knockout-44 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref> Four out of his 22 centuries were scored at home grounds and eighteen were at away (opposition's home) or neutral venues. He was dismissed six times between 90 and 100.<ref name="odidis">{{cite web|title=Sourav Ganguly – ODI nineties|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/player/28779.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;runsmax1=99;runsmin1=90;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 February 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322030300/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html|archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>

==Key==
[[File:Lord's Pavilion.jpg|right|thumb|The pavilion at [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], where Ganguly scored a century on debut|alt=A large building with several balconies in which spectators are seated]]

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|*
| Remained [[not out]]
|-
|{{dagger}}
| Captained the team
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
| [[Man of the match]]
|-
|Test
| The number of the Test matches played in that series
|-
|Pos.
| Position in the [[Batting order (cricket)|batting order]]
|-
|Inn.
| The [[Innings#Cricket|innings]] of the match
|-
|S/R
| [[Strike rate]] during the innings
|-
|H/A/N
| The venue was at home (India), away or neutral.
|-
|Lost
| The match was lost by India.
|-
|Won
| The match was won by India.
|-
|Drawn
| The match was [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]].
|}

== Test centuries ==

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Centuries in Test cricket<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / SC Ganguly / Test matches|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28779.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202072612/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28779.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Brunsmin1%3D100%3Brunsval1%3Druns%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dinnings|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | No.
! scope="col" style="width:30px" | Score
! scope="col" style="width:125px" | Against
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | Pos.
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | Inn.
! scope="col" style="width:20px" | Test
! scope="col" style="width:300px" | Venue
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | H/A
! scope="col" style="width:125px" | Date
! scope="col" style="width:40px" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:20px" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{sort|1310|131}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 2/3 || [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|June|20}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct1">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63714.html |title=India vs. England, Lord's Cricket Ground, London, June 20–24, 1996 |access-date=5 July 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724124931/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63714.html |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{sort|1361|136}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|July|4}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct2">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63715.html |title=India vs. England, Trent Bridge Cricket Ground, Nottingham, July 4–8, 1996 |access-date=5 July 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404145249/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63715.html |archive-date=4 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{sort|1470|147}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Sinhalese Sports Club]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|August|9}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct3">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63763.html |title=India vs. Sri Lanka, Sinhalese Sports Club, Colombo, August 9 – 13 August 1997 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202063822/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63763.html |archive-date=2 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{sort|1090|109}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 2 || 1/3 || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|November|19}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct4">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63775.html |title=India vs. Sri Lanka, Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali November 19–23, 1997 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228064231/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63775.html |archive-date=28 February 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{sort|1730|173}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 4 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|December|3}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct5">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63777.html |title=India vs. Sri Lanka, Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, December 3–7, 1997 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202063827/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63777.html |archive-date=2 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{sort|1011|101*}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 4 || 4 || 3/3 || [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|January|2}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct6">{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63827.html |title=New Zealand v India, WestpacTrust Park, Hamilton, January 2–6, 1999 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119220017/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63827.html |archive-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{sort|1250|125}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 5 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|October|29}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct7">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63850.html |title=India vs. New Zealand, Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, October 29 – 2 November 1999 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202063837/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63850.html |archive-date=2 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{sort|1360|136}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 3 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|February|28}} || Won ||<ref name="ct8">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63977.html |title=India vs. Zimbabwe, Feroz Shah Kotla, New Delhi, February 28–4 March 2002 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118150248/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63977.html |archive-date=18 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{sort|1280|128}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 1 || 3/4 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|August|22}} || Won ||<ref name="ct9">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63999.html |title=India vs. England, Headingley, Leeds, August 22–26, 2002 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107231456/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63999.html |archive-date=7 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{sort|1001|100}}* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 6 || 1 || 1/2 || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|October|8}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct10">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64046.html |title=India vs. New Zealand, Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, October 8 – 12, 2003 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304152307/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64046.html |archive-date=4 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{sort|1440|144}} {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 2 || 1/4 || [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|December|4}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct11">{{cite web|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64059.html|title=Australia v India, Brisbane Cricket Ground, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, December 4–8, 2003|access-date=19 February 2008|work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123192836/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64059.html|archive-date=23 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{sort|1010|101}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 5 || 2 || 1/2 || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|September|13}} || Won ||<ref name="ct12">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/219062.html |title=Zimbabwe v India, Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo, September 13–16, 2005 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119234732/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/219062.html |archive-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{sort|1000|100}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 5 || 1 || 1/2 || [[Chittagong Divisional Stadium|Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium]], [[Chittagong]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|May|18}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct13">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/282691.html |title=India vs. Bangladesh, Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium, Chittagong, May 18–22, 2007 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208141717/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/282691.html |archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{sort|1021|102}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 5|| 1 || 2/3 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|November|30}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct14">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/297807.html |title=India vs. Pakistan, Eden Gardens, Kolkata, November 30 – 4 December 2007 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208134926/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/297807.html |archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | {{sort|2390|239}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 4 || 1 || 3/3 || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|December|8}} || Drawn ||<ref name="ct16">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/297808.html |title=India vs. Pakistan, M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, December 8–12, 2007 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131215806/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/297808.html |archive-date=31 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | {{sort|1020|102}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 6 || 1 || 2/4 || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|October|17}} || Won ||<ref name="ct17">{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/345670.html |title=India vs. Australia, Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, October 17–21, 2008 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221042029/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/345670.html |archive-date=21 December 2008}}</ref>
|}

== ODI centuries ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Centuries in One Day Internationals<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / SC Ganguly / One-Day Internationals|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28779.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002734/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/28779.html?class=2%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Brunsmin1%3D100%3Brunsval1%3Druns%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dinnings|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | No.
! scope="col" style="width:30px" | Score
! scope="col" style="width:125px" | Against
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | Pos.
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | Inn.
! scope="col" style="width:20px" | S/R
! scope="col" style="width:300px" | Venue
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | H/A/N
! scope="col" style="width:125px" | Date
! scope="col" style="width:40px" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:20px" class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | {{sort|1130|113}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 2 || 1 || 89.68 || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|August|20}} || Lost ||<ref name="c1">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64558.html |title=Sri Lanka vs. India, R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo, 20 August 1997 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310192733/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64558.html |archive-date=10 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2
! scope="row" | {{sort|1240|124}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 1 || 2 || 89.85 || [[National Stadium, Dhaka|Bangabandhu Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|January|18}} || Won ||<ref name="c2">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66136.html |title=India vs. Pakistan, National Stadium, Dhaka, 18 January 1998 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211105832/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66136.html |archive-date=11 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 3
! scope="row" | {{sort|1050|105}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 2 || 1 || 75.00 || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]|| Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|April|17}} || Won ||<ref name="c3">{{cite web|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65768.html|title=India vs. New Zealand, Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium, Sharjah, 17 April 1998|access-date=19 February 2008|work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006081326/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65768.html|archive-date=6 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | {{sort|1090|109}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 1 || 1 || 80.14 || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|July|7}} || Won ||<ref name="c4">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66157.html |title=Sri Lanka vs. India, R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo, 7 July 1998 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131220141/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66157.html |archive-date=31 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 5
! scope="row" | {{sort|1070|107}}* {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 2 || 82.94 || [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|September|27}} || Won ||<ref name="c5">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64590.html |title=India vs. Zimbabwe, Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo, 27 September 1998 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120033802/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64590.html |archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 6
! scope="row" | {{sort|1300|130}}* {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 1 || 1 || 81.25 || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|March|22}} || Won ||<ref name="c7">{{cite web|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66212.html|title=India vs. Sri Lanka, Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur, 22 March 1999|access-date=19 February 2008|work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121073953/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66212.html|archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 7
! scope="row" | {{sort|1830|183}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || 2 || 1 || 115.82 || [[County Ground, Taunton|County Ground]], [[Taunton]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|May|26}} || Won ||<ref name="c6">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65213.html |title=India vs. Sri Lanka, County Ground, Taunton, 26 May 1999 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310192748/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65213.html |archive-date=10 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 8
! scope="row" | {{sort|1390|139}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 1 || 94.55 || [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|October|1}} || Won ||<ref name="c8">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66246.html |title=India v Zimbabwe, Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi, 1 October 1999 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129145338/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66246.html |archive-date=29 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 9
! scope="row" | {{sort|1530|153}}* {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 1 || 1 || 102.00 || [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]], [[Gwalior]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|November|11}} || Won ||<ref name="c9">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64632.html |title=India v New Zealand, Captain Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior, 11 November 1999 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002110359/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64632.html |archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 10
! scope="row" | {{sort|1000|100}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 2 || 78.74 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|January|12}} || Lost ||<ref name="c10">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65589.html |title=Australia v India, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, 12 January 2000 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119183435/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65589.html |archive-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 11
! scope="row" | {{sort|1410|141}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 1 || 97.91 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|January|25}} || Won ||<ref name="c11">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65595.html |title=India vs. Pakistan, Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, 25 January 2000 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802003138/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65595.html |archive-date=2 August 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | {{sort|1051|105}}* {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZAF}} || 1 || 2 || 75.53 || [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|March|12}} || Won ||<ref name="c12">{{cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64658.html |title=India vs. South Africa, Keenan Stadium, Jamshedpur, 12 March 2000 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322030300/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html |archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 13
! scope="row" | {{sort|1350|135}}* {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 1 || 2 || 108.87 || [[National Stadium, Dhaka|Bangabandhu Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|May|30}} || Won ||<ref name="c13">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65700.html |title=Bangladesh vs. India, National Stadium, Dhaka, 31 May 2000 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206164823/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65700.html |archive-date=6 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 14
! scope="row" | {{sort|1411|141}}* {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZAF}} || 1 || 1 || 99.29 || [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|October|13}} || Won ||<ref name="c14">{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66178.html |title=India v South Africa, Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi, 13 October 2000 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322030300/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html |archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 15
! scope="row" | {{sort|1170|117}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 1 || 1 || 90.00 || [[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|October|15}} || Lost ||<ref name="c15">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66179.html |title=India v New Zealand, Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi, 15 October 2000 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218165254/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66179.html |archive-date=18 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 16
! scope="row" | {{sort|1440|144}} {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 1 || 94.73 || [[Sardar Patel Gujarat Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|December|5}} || Won ||<ref name="c16">{{cite web|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/64681.html|title=India v Zimbabwe, Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad, 5 December 2000|access-date=19 February 2008|work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322030300/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html|archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 17
! scope="row" | {{sort|1270|127}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ZAF}} || 1 || 1 || 100.79 || [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|October|5}} || Lost ||<ref name="c17">{{cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66098.html |title=India vs. South Africa, New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, 5 October 2001 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201191744/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66098.html |archive-date=1 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 18
! scope="row" | {{sort|1110|111}} {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|KEN}} || 1 || 1 || 89.51 || [[Boland Park]], [[Paarl]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|October|24}} || Won ||<ref name="c18">{{cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66106.html |title=India vs. Kenya, Boland Park, Paarl, 24 October 2001 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330055610/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66106.html |archive-date=30 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 19
! scope="row" | {{sort|1171|117}}* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 2 || 107.33 || [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|September|22}} || Won ||<ref name="c19">{{cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66190.html |title=England v India, R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo, 22 September 2002 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821025634/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/66190.html |archive-date=21 August 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 20
! scope="row" | {{sort|1120|112}}* {{dagger}}
|| {{cr|NAM}} || 3 || 1 || 94.11 || [[City Oval]], [[Pietermaritzburg]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|February|23}} || Won ||<ref name="c20">{{cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65257.html |title=India vs. Namibia, City Oval, Pietermaritzburg, 23 February 2003 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402063946/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65257.html |archive-date=2 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 21
! scope="row" | {{sort|1071|107}}* {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|KEN}} || 3 || 2 || 89.16 || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|March|7}} || Won ||<ref name="c21">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65276.html |title=India vs. Kenya, Newlands, Cape Town, 7 March 2003 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322000047/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65276.html |archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 22
! scope="row" | {{sort|1111|111}}* {{dagger}} {{double dagger}}
|| {{cr|KEN}} || 3 || 1 || 97.36 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Sahara Stadium Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|March|20}} || Won ||<ref name="c22">{{cite web |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html |title=India vs. Kenya, Kingsmead, Durban, 20 March 2003 |access-date=19 February 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322030300/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/65285.html |archive-date=22 March 2008}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{International cricket centuries}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by player|Ganguly, Sourav]]
[[Category:India cricket-related lists|Centuries]]

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket

2026-01-31T07:12:56Z

FranklynDavitt2: cleanup page based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|issues}}

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has caused disruption to [[cricket]] around the world, [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports|mirroring its impact across all sports]]. Around the world and to varying degrees, leagues and competitions have been cancelled or postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/covid-19-list-of-all-the-cricket-series-affected-by-coronaviruss-full-coverage-1219320|title=List of all the cricket series affected by coronavirus: full coverage|work=ESPN cricinfo|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref>

==International==
===Tournaments===
In July 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) announced that both the 2020 and 2021 editions of the [[Men's T20 World Cup]] had each been postponed by one year due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733391 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2020 postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Therefore, the 2020 tournament was moved to [[2021 Men's T20 World Cup|November 2021]], and the 2021 tournament was moved to [[2022 Men's T20 World Cup|October 2022]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733341 |title=Men's T20 World Cup postponement FAQs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> Due to the disruption of [[2023 Cricket World Cup qualification|qualification]],<ref>{{cite news |date=20 July 2020 |title=ICC postpones T20 World Cup due to Covid-19 pandemic yes |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29502051/icc-postpones-t20-world-cup-due-covid-19-pandemic}}</ref> the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] was also rescheduled from February–March 2023 to October–November 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC postpones T20 World Cup due to Covid-19 pandemic |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29502051/icc-postpones-t20-world-cup-due-covid-19-pandemic |access-date=20 July 2020 |work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=20 July 2020 }}</ref>

Australia and India retained the rights to host the Men's T20 World Cup,<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup in Australia postponed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733558 |access-date=20 July 2020 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> with the ICC announcing on 8 August that India will host the 2021 tournament, and Australia will host the 2022 tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Venue for postponed 2020 ICC Men's T20 World Cup confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1749944 |access-date=8 August 2020 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> The ICC also confirmed that the [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2021 Women's Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|tournament's qualifier]] had each been postponed by one year due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Next year's Women's World Cup postponed to 2022 |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/next-years-womens-world-cup-postponed-to-2022/ |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=Women's CricZone |archive-date=16 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316070820/https://www.womenscriczone.com/next-years-womens-world-cup-postponed-to-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Women's Cricket World Cup postponed until 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53698343 |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> The qualifier itself would ultimately be cancelled midway through due to concerns about the rise of the Omicron variant in South Africa while the qualifier was being held in neighboring Zimbabwe, and instead of using the results from the games completed, Women's ODI rankings were used to qualify [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan women's national cricket team|Pakistan]], and the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]] for the finals, and [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Ireland women's cricket team|Ireland]] for the [[2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship|next cycle]] of the [[ICC Women's Championship]], a decision that controversially and detrimentally affected [[Thailand women's national cricket team|Thailand]], an Associate team whose results in the qualifier had given them a fair chance of qualifying for the finals and/or the Women's Championship, but due to their lack of ranking, were instead left out of either.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand and the fallacy of the ICC’s global growth strategy |url=https://emergingcricket.com/opinion/thailand-and-the-fallacy-of-the-iccs-global-growth-strategy/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=Emerging Cricket}}</ref>

Due to concerns over the COVID-19 situation in India, in June 2021 the ICC announced that the 2021 Men's T20 World Cup would be re-located to sites in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=ICC T20 World Cup 2021 to take place in UAE from October 17 |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/icc-t20-world-cup-2021-to-take-place-in-uae-from-october-17/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=SportsTiger}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Shayan |title=T20 World Cup set to begin on October 17 in UAE; final on November 14 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-set-to-begin-on-october-17-in-uae-final-on-november-14-1267881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625170432/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-set-to-begin-on-october-17-in-uae-final-on-november-14-1267881 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> India remained the formal host nation of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC announces expansion of global events |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2164062 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

===Rankings===
In May 2021, five teams dropped off the [[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings]] rankings due to failing to play enough fixtures to qualify in the relevant period.<ref>[https://emergingcricket.com/news/nepal-netherlands-gain-in-annual-rankings-update/ Nepal, Netherlands gain in annual rankings update]</ref>

==Africa==
The [[2022 ACA Africa T20 Cup|2020 ACA Africa T20 Cup]] was scheduled to take place in Kenya in March 2020, before it was postponed in line with the Kenyan government's 30-day ban on international gatherings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=145 |title=ACA T20 Africa Cup Kenya 2020 postponed |work=Africa Cricket Association |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.busybuddiesng.com/ncf-closes-lagos-camp-as-coronavirus-forces-postponement-of-africa-cricket-championship/ |title=NCF closes Lagos camp as coronavirus forces postponement of Africa Cricket Championship |work=Busy Buddies |date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518041252/https://www.busybuddiesng.com/ncf-closes-lagos-camp-as-coronavirus-forces-postponement-of-africa-cricket-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 13 March 2020, the [[Dutch cricket team in Namibia in 2019–20|Netherlands tour to Namibia]] was cancelled due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1645212 |title=SL-Eng Tests, Ind-SA ODIs postponed amid growing COVID-19 fears |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> Three days later, [[Irish cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2019–20|Ireland's tour to Zimbabwe]] also got cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000354.shtml |title=Ireland tour of Zimbabwe to be called off |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125326/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000354.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/irelands-zimbabwe-tour-to-be-cancelled-39043769.html |title=Ireland's Zimbabwe tour to be cancelled |work=Belfast Telegraph |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref> On 24 March, [[2022 Namibia Tri-Nation Series (round 18)|Namibia tri-series]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1648353 |title=COVID-19 update – ICC qualifying events |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

On 11 June 2020, the ICC confirmed that the [[2022 Cricket World Cup Challenge League B (Uganda)|Cricket World Cup Challenge League B]] has been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1679832 |title=Two more series on the Road to India 2023 postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000006/000641.shtml |title=World Cup Challenge League B postponed |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708092841/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000006/000641.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The following month, the ICC also confirmed that the [[2022 Namibia Tri-Nation Series (round 17)|Namibia Tri-Nation Series]], scheduled to take place in September 2020, had also been postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1737880 |title=Two more ICC qualifying events postponed due to Covid-19 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/events/cwc-leagues/cwc-league-2/two-african-icc-qualifying-events-postponed-due-to-covid-19/ |title=Two African ICC qualifying events postponed due to COVID-19 |work=Emerging Cricket |date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

In August 2020, Afghanistan's [[Afghan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022|tour to Zimbabwe]] was called off, following an increase of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe|COVID-19 cases in Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29619831/covid-19-impact-zimbabwe-v-afghanistan-t20i-series-called-off |title=Covid-19 impact: Zimbabwe v Afghanistan T20I series called off |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/zimbabwes-t20i-series-against-afghanistan-called-off-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/77431416.cms |title=Zimbabwe's T20I series against Afghanistan called off due to coronavirus |work=Times of India |date=8 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> Later the same month, the Netherlands' [[Dutch cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022–23|tour to Zimbabwe]] was also called off,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-cricket-hopes-to-salvage-pakistan-tour/ |title=Zimbabwe Cricket hopes to salvage Pakistan tour |work=The Chronicle |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-national-cricket-team-still-hopes-to-tour-pakistan/ |title=Zimbabwe national cricket team still hopes to tour Pakistan |work=The Chronicle |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> along with Pakistan's planned [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2020–21|tour to South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/6215-pakistans-tour-of-south-africa-postponed-over-covid-19-fear |title=Pakistan's tour of South Africa postponed over Covid-19 fear |work=Geo Super |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> In December 2020, England's ODI matches [[English cricket team in South Africa in 2020–21|against South Africa]] were postponed following a COVID-19 outbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30468430/south-africa-vs-england-2020-tour-called-covid-19-outbreak |title=England's South Africa tour called off after Covid-19 outbreak |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>

In December 2020, the first match of South Africa vs England (under South Africa's ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Super League series) was initially postponed (later on cancelled) after two players of England Cricket Team tested positive for COVID-19 and also found breaching codes of bio-secure environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/england-cricket-coronavirus-positive-test-south-africa-b1766911.html|title=Two England cricket members test positive for coronavirus after South Africa ODI cancelled|date=6 December 2020|work=The Independent|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

In early February 2021, Australian men announced that they would postpone their upcoming tour of South Africa because of the unacceptable risk of contracting COVID-19 whilst on Tour, along with difficulty in repatriating any Tour party members were some to contract the disease.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moonda |first1=Firdose |last2=McGlashan |first2=Andrew |title=Australia postpone South Africa tour because of 'unacceptable' Covid-19 risk |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-call-off-south-africa-tour-because-of-unacceptable-level-of-covid-19-risk-1249841 |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Asia==
The [[2021 Everest Premier League|2020 Everest Premier League]] in [[Nepal]] was also postponed on 12 March.<ref>{{cite web|title=Everest Premier League 2020 postponed due to coronavirus threat|url=https://www.emergingcricket.com/events/everest-premier-league/everest-premier-league-2020-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-threat/|date=5 March 2020|website=Emerging Cricket|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> On 13 March, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced that the start of [[2020 Indian Premier League]] will be postponed from 29 March to 15 April.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's official: IPL 2020 postponed to April 15 due to coronavirus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-official-ipl-2020-postponed-to-mid-april-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/74609776.cms |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 16 April, BCCI suspended the tournament indefinitely due to the pandemic and on 4 June BCCI announced that IPL will staged outside India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29034887/bcci-set-defer-ipl-indefinitely-india-lockdown |title=With India in lockdown, IPL 2020 suspended indefinitely |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> On 13 March, BCCI cancelled the [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|ODI matches between India and South Africa on 15 and 18 March]], which were originally announced to be played without spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=India-South Africa series called off due to COVID-19 threat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/coronavirus-india-south-africa-series-called-off-due-to-covid-19-threat/article31061061.ece |access-date=13 March 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> On the same day, the two-match Test series between [[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020–21|Sri Lanka and England]], scheduled to be played in March 2020, was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28896266/england-tour-sri-lanka-cancelled-amid-covid-19-spread |title=England tour of Sri Lanka cancelled amid COVID-19 spread |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The remaining seven matches of the 2020 Road Safety World Series, a T20 tournament in India, were rescheduled to a later date.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldseriest20.com/news/in-the-interest-of-public-safety-security-and-support-to-the-government-road-safety-world-series-rescheduled |title=In the interest of public safety & security and support to the Government, Road Safety World Series rescheduled, new dates to be announced later |date=13 March 2020 |website=Road Safety World Series |language=en|access-date=13 March 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318140831/https://www.worldseriest20.com/news/in-the-interest-of-public-safety-security-and-support-to-the-government-road-safety-world-series-rescheduled|archive-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> It was earlier decided that the remaining seven matches of the tournament would be played behind the closed doors in [[DY Patil Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldseriest20.com/news/unacademy-road-safety-world-series-to-be-played-behind-closed-doors-in-dy-patil-stadium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325122940/https://www.worldseriest20.com/news/unacademy-road-safety-world-series-to-be-played-behind-closed-doors-in-dy-patil-stadium |url-status=usurped |archive-date=25 March 2020 |title=Unacademy Road Safety World Series to be played behind closed doors in DY Patil Stadium |date=12 March 2020 |website=Road Safety World Series |language=en|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

A women's [[International cricket in 2019–20#2020 Thailand Women's Quadrangular Series|quadrangular series]] was scheduled to take place in Thailand in April 2020,<ref name="CV1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/quadrangular-tournament-ahead-for-ireland-women |title=Quadrangular tournament ahead for Ireland Women |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515141226/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/quadrangular-tournament-ahead-for-ireland-women |url-status=dead }}</ref> but was cancelled a month before it was due to start.<ref name="CV2">{{cite web |url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/womens-quadrangular-series-in-thailand-called-off/ |title=Women's Quadrangular Series in Thailand called off |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> The [[2022 Cricket World Cup Challenge League A (Malaysia)|2020 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A]], scheduled to take place in March 2020, was postponed,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1636508 |title=Men's Cricket World Cup Challenge League A postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> along with two T20I matches [[Mujib 100 T20 Cup Bangladesh 2020|between a World XI and Asia XI side]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28882792/world-xi-v-asia-xi-matches-postponed-amid-coronavirus-fears |title=World XI v Asia XI matches postponed amid coronavirus fears |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

On 12 March, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] announced that all remaining matches of the [[Pakistan Super League]]'s ongoing [[2020 Pakistan Super League|fifth season]] being played in [[Karachi]] (where the majority of cases in Pakistan had been concentrated) would be closed to spectators.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2020|title=Covid-19: PSL matches in Karachi to be played in empty stadium|work=The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2174849/1-coronavirus-fears-psl-matches-karachi-played-empty-stadium/|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2020|title=Coronavirus pandemic: Pakistan Super League matches in Karachi to be played in front of empty stands|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/psl-matches-in-karachi-to-be-held-closed-door-without-crowd-coronavirus-outbreak-pandemic-1654922-2020-03-12|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> On 16 March 2020, the remaining play-offs in the [[2020 Pakistan Super League]] were postponed due to a huge spike in the number of coronavirus cases around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/4433-pcb-decides-to-call-off-psl-2020-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-report |title=PCB 'postpones' PSL 2020 amid coronavirus outbreak |website=www.geosuper.tv}}</ref> The [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Pakistan in 2019–20|Bangladesh tour of Pakistan]] for a single ODI and a Test match was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1645763 |title=Bangladesh's Karachi leg of Pakistan tour postponed |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> On 24 March 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that all ICC qualifying events scheduled to take place before 30 June 2020 had been postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. This included [[2021 Men's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier|2020–21 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier]] for Western and Eastern sub-regions.<ref name="ICC-postponement">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1648353 |title=COVID-19 update – ICC qualifying events |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref>

On 9 April 2020, there was an announcement of postponement of [[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2020|Australia-Bangladesh Test series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29014919/bangladesh-australia-test-series-postponed-amid-covid-19-threat |title=Bangladesh-Australia Test series postponed amid Covid-19 threat |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> On 20 April 2020, Sri Lanka and South Africa cricket boards confirmed that [[South African cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021–22|SA tour to the island nation]] has been postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29069801/south-africa-june-tour-sri-lanka-postponed |title=South Africa's June tour of Sri Lanka postponed |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

On 23 June 2020, [[New Zealand cricket team in Bangladesh in 2020|New Zealand cricket team's tour to Bangladesh]], which was scheduled to take place in August, was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29351230/new-zealand-august-tour-bangladesh-postponed |title=New Zealand's August tour of Bangladesh postponed |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> A day later, on 24 June 2020, the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020–21|Bangladesh's tour to Sri Lanka]] was postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29357362/bangladesh-postpone-sri-lanka-tour-due-covid-19-pandemic |title=Bangladesh postpone Sri Lanka tour due to Covid-19 pandemic |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

On 9 July 2020, the [[2022 Asia Cup|2020 Asia Cup]] was postponed until the following July,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/news/2020/3491 |title=ACC Media Release: Asia Cup 2020 to be Postponed |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> with the [[2022 Asia Cup Qualifier|2020 Asia Cup Qualifier]] tournament cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/no-home-asia-cup-for-uae-after-tournament-is-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic-1.1046740 |title=No home Asia Cup for UAE after tournament is cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic |work=The National |date=9 July 2020 |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> On 25 August 2020, the ICC confirmed that the [[2022 Cricket World Cup Challenge League A (Malaysia)|2020 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A]] tournament had been postponed again due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1775687 |title=ICC Men's CWC Challenge League A postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> The following month, it was confirmed that the 2020 edition of the [[2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|Women's Asia Cup]], scheduled to take place in September in Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiancricket.org/downloads/2019/CalendarFY2020.jpg |title=Asian Cricket Council Calendar 2020 |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=21 July 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204191533/http://www.asiancricket.org/downloads/2019/CalendarFY2020.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> had also been cancelled due to the pandemic.<ref name="WAC">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29935247/women-cricket-covid-19-return-action-some-teams-not-all |title=Cricket for some, not for all - where does the women's game stand? |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref> On 28 September 2020, Bangladesh's [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2020–21|planned tour to Sri Lanka]] was postponed for a second time, after both cricket boards could not agree on the quarantine requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29992258/bangladesh-tour-sri-lanka-postponed-again-bcb,-slc-stalemate-covid-19-quarantine-continues |title=Bangladesh tour of Sri Lanka postponed again as stalemate over quarantine continues |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, the [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] (BCB) confirmed that there would be no edition of the [[Bangladesh Premier League]] in 2020, due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114495/no-bangladesh-premier-league-in-2020-confirms-bcb-chief |title=No Bangladesh Premier League in 2020, confirms BCB chief |work=CricBuzz |date=11 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> In January 2021, the [[Ireland cricket team]] were scheduled to play four ODIs [[Irish cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2020–21|against the UAE]]. However, a COVID-19 outbreak in the UAE team meant that the tour schedule was changed multiple times, resulting in only two of the four matches being played.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55703958 |title=UAE v Ireland: Simi Singh stars as visitors earn 112-run win to level ODI series |work=BBC Sport |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

In India, the [[2020–21 Ranji Trophy]] tournament was cancelled due to the pandemic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-ranji-trophy-in-2020-21-but-bcci-to-hold-domestic-50-over-competitions-for-men-women-u-19-boys-1249623 |title=No Ranji Trophy in 2020-21, but BCCI to hold domestic 50-over games for men, women, and U-19 boys |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> the first time since the tournament's inception in the [[1934–35 Ranji Trophy|1934–35 season]] that the Ranji Trophy was not held.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-to-hold-hazare-trophy-as-per-state-units-wish-no-ranji-trophy-for-first-time-in-87-years/article33701912.ece |title=No Ranji Trophy for first time in 87 years |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol }}</ref> On 5 May 2021, the [[2021 Indian Premier League]] was suspended indefinitely, after a rise in COVID-19 cases within teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-suspended-as-covid-count-increases-1262269 |title=IPL 2021 suspended as Covid count increases |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117360/saha-tests-positive-for-covid-19-srhvmi-set-to-be-rescheduled |title=IPL 2021 suspended indefinitely; Saha, Mishra test positive |work=CricBuzz |date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> The remainder of the season was played in the UAE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-bcci-to-conduct-remainder-of-ipl-2021-in-september-october-in-uae-1264442 |first=Nagraj |last=Gollapudi |date=29 May 2021 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |title=BCCI to conduct remainder of IPL 2021 in September-October in UAE |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-to-kickstart-ipl-s-uae-leg-from-september-19-1270974 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=25 July 2021 |title=Dhoni vs Rohit to kickstart IPL's UAE leg from September 19 |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref>

In Pakistan, the [[2021 Pakistan Super League]] was postponed from March–April to 1 June. They were hosted in [[United Arab Emirates]] due to growing cases of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The winner surprisingly became Multan Sultans (They were below the table for the entire time. Until the tournament postponed and hosted again on 1 June.)

==Europe==
On 11 March 2020, English teams [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] and [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] both cancelled their pre-season warm-up tours to the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/51835256 |title=Worcestershire & Surrey cancel pre-season trips to United Arab Emirates over coronavirus fear |newspaper=BBC Sport |date=11 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> The following day, [[Australia women's cricket team in South Africa in 2019–20|Australia Women's tour to South Africa]] in March 2020 became the first major international series to be curtailed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1219220.html |title=Australia Women won't tour South Africa as scheduled because of coronavirus |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> On 21 March 2020, announcement was made for postponement of [[Bangladeshi cricket team against Ireland in England in 2023|Bangladesh's summer tour to Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000372.shtml |title=Ireland postpone series against Bangladesh |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201145049/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000003/000372.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/cricket-ireland-and-bangladesh-cricket-board-agree-to-postpone-series |title=Cricket Ireland and Bangladesh Cricket Board agree to postpone series |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321122359/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/cricket-ireland-and-bangladesh-cricket-board-agree-to-postpone-series |url-status=dead }}</ref> Teams from [[Austria national cricket team|Austria]], [[Luxembourg national cricket team|Luxembourg]] and [[Romania national cricket team|Romania]] were to tour Belgium for their T20 international series in April and May. All the three series got cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/202179940129854/posts/1114923062188866/|title=Belgium vs Austria T20I series planned for 18-19th April 2020 in Belgium has been postponed due to Coronacrisis|website=Cricket Belgium Official (via Facebook)|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/202179940129854/posts/1118064285208077/|title=Belgium vs Luxembourg T20Is postponed until further notice|website=Cricket Belgium Official (via Facebook)|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/202179940129854/posts/1122824444732061|title=A very busy and exciting summer programme got entirely affected by the COVID-19|work=Cricket Belgium Official on Facebook|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

On 21 April 2020, the Dutch government banned all public events in the country through August, requiring the postponement of tours of the Netherlands by [[New Zealand cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022|New Zealand]], [[Pakistani cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022|Pakistan]] and the [[West Indian cricket team in the Netherlands in 2022|West Indies]]. A [[2020 Netherlands Quadrangular Series|quadrangular series]] to by played in Netherlands in June was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/all-international-matches-in-the-netherlands-postponed/ |title=All international matches in the Netherlands postponed |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/121213055/coronavirus-huge-cloud-over-black-caps-tours-to-uk-and-west-indies-because-of-covid19 |title=Coronavirus: Huge cloud over Black Caps tours to UK and West Indies because of Covid-19 |work=Stuff |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

On 5 May 2020, [[Tom Harrison (cricketer)|Tom Harrison]], chief of the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB), told the [[Culture, Media and Sport Committee|Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee]] that the ECB could lose as much as £380 million if the entirety of the season were to be cancelled, and hoped that investments in the upcoming limited overs competition [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] could be a "profit centre" for the ECB.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tom Harrison denies gambling on Hundred as ECB face £380 million loss|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29136075/tom-harrison-denies-gambling-hundred-ecb-face-380-million-loss|date=5 May 2020|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were originally scheduled to tour England in July 2020 to play three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches. Due to pandemic, in May 2020, it was suggested that the dates for the series were [[Australian cricket team in England in 2020|moved back to September]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/irish-work-to-bring-forward-england-duels-39180821.html |title=Irish work to bring forward England duels |work=Belfast Telegraph |date=5 May 2020 |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> The [[New Zealand cricket team in Ireland in 2022|New Zealand tour of Ireland]] was postponed on 15 May 2020 due to the pandemic. At the same time [[International cricket in 2020#Pakistan in Ireland|Pakistan's tour]] was also called-off.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52664231 |title=Ireland: Home games against New Zealand and Pakistan called off because of Covid-19 restrictions |work=[[BBC Sport]] |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ireland-s-home-summer-scrapped-as-pakistan-new-zealand-postpone-tours-1222794|title=Ireland's home summer scrapped as Pakistan, New Zealand postpone tours|work=ESPN cricinfo|access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref>

On 1 June 2020, the Professional Cricketers' Association confirmed that county cricketers will continue to take pay cuts of up to 20 per cent for the months of June and July.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/52875104|title=County cricket: Player wage cuts extended into June and July, PCA confirms|work=BBC Sport |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> On 10 June 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that the [[2022 Scotland Tri-Nation Series (round 14)|Scotland tri-series]], also involving [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] has been postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketscotland.com/ninth-round-of-cricket-world-cup-league-2-postponed/ |title=Ninth round of Cricket World Cup League 2 postponed |work=Cricket Scotland |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> Australia were supposed to [[International cricket in 2020#Australia in Scotland|tour Scotland]] for a solitary T20I. However, on 17 June 2020, [[Cricket Scotland]] confirmed that the match had been cancelled.<ref name="BBCJune17">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/53079453 |title=Scotland v Australia T20 game cancelled amid coronavirus pandemic |work=BBC Sport |access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref>

In August 2020, South Africa women's planned [[South Africa women's cricket team in England in 2022|tour to England]] was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/news/35853/Momentum-Proteas-unable-to-travel-for-England-Women-Tour |title=Momentum Proteas unable to travel for England Women Tour |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=18 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918133143/http://cricket.co.za/news/35853/Momentum-Proteas-unable-to-travel-for-England-Women-Tour |url-status=dead }}</ref> In November 2020, Ireland and Scotland women's [[Ireland women's cricket team against Scotland in Spain in 2020–21|planned tour to Spain]] was postponed, after Scotland withdrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/la-manga-womens-series-off-after-cricket-scotland-withdrawal |title=La Manga women's series off after Cricket Scotland withdrawal |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141840/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/la-manga-womens-series-off-after-cricket-scotland-withdrawal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketscotland.com/womens-series-versus-ireland-postponed/ |title=Womens Series versus Ireland Postponed |work=Cricket Scotland |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, the seventh edition of the [[Central Europe Cup]] in Prague was one of several annual associate member tournaments to be cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/central-european-cup-cancelled-due-to-prague-covid-19-flare-up/|title=Central European Cup Cancelled due to Prague Covid-19 flare-up|work=Emerging Cricket|date=15 September 2020|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000011/001161.shtml?860|title=Central Europe Cup cancelled|work=CricketEurope|date=5 September 2020|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421190317/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2020/articles/000011/001161.shtml?860|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2020, the planned [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League|Cricket World Cup Super League]] fixtures between the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] and [[England cricket team|England]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30398717/england-netherlands-2021-england-going-dutch-historic-odi-series-postponed-2022 |title=England won't be going Dutch as Netherlands ODI tour is postponed |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> The series was originally scheduled to be played in May 2021, but it was moved to May 2022 due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/netherlands-vs-england-in-icc-cwc-super-league-postponed/ |title=Netherlands vs England in ICC CWC Super League postponed |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref>

==North America==
On 13 March 2020, the [[2022 United States Tri-Nation Series (round 12)|2020 United States Tri-Nation Series]] was postponed due to the pandemic and travel restrictions to the United States. The tri-series also involved [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] and the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Series six of Men's CWC League 2 in USA postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1645150|work=International Cricket Council|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Cricket World Cup League 2 in USA Postponed due to Coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.usacricket.org/media-release/mens-cricket-world-cup-league-2-in-usa-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/|date=13 March 2020|work=USA Cricket|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The [[2019–20 West Indies Championship]] was suspended due to the pandemic and [[Barbados national cricket team|Barbados]] was declared the champion on 24 March.<ref>[https://apnews.com/435405d82ed4d043a7998c2a32fc8e87 Barbados declared winners of West Indies championship] AP, 24 March 2020</ref>

The men's and women's [[Associate international cricket in 2019–20#2020 Central American Cricket Championship|Central American Cricket Championship]] were scheduled for April and May 2020 respectively. On 1 April, both tournaments were cancelled as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=yourmaninmexico |number=1245331662767964160 |date=1 April 2020 |title=CAC is off}}</ref> The pandemic delayed the launch timelines for [[USA Cricket]]'s planned domestic T20 leagues, with [[Minor League Cricket]] delayed to 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=USA Cricket plan to make country leading nation in the sport |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1099662/usa-cricket-plan-leading-nation-in-sport |access-date=2020-10-17 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-16 |title=USA Cricket targets ICC full member status by 2030 |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/usa-cricket-icc-full-member-status-t20-league-la-2028-olympics |access-date=2020-10-17 |website=SportsPro Media}}</ref> and [[Major League Cricket]] delayed to 2023 due to both the pandemic and the need to construct cricket-specific facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USA's MLC T20 tournament pushed back to 2023 at AGM |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/usa-s-mlc-t20-tournament-pushed-back-to-2023-at-agm-1263761 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

New Zealand's [[New Zealand cricket team in the West Indies in 2022|tour of the West Indies]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50404085 |title=New Zealand in West Indies 2020 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/newzealand/bangladesh_test_series_new_zealand_postponed.html |title=Bangladesh Test series against New Zealand postponed |work=The Cricketer |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> and South Africa's [[South African cricket team in the West Indies in 2021|tour of the West Indies]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2020/05/13/south-africa-tours-to-west-indies-put-back/ |title=South Africa tours to West Indies put back |work=Barbados Today |date=14 May 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50404956 |title=South Africa in West Indies 2020 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> were both postponed, after the West Indies [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|tour to England]] was rescheduled.

The ODI portion of an [[Irish cricket team in the United States in 2021–22|Ireland series in December 2021]] against the United States was cancelled due to COVID-19 issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=USA-Ireland ODI series cancelled due to Covid-19 outbreak |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/usa-ireland-odi-series-cancelled-due-to-covid-19-outbreak-1294687 |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==South America==
On 23 March, the T20I series between [[Brazil women's national cricket team|Brazil women's team]] and [[Argentina women's national cricket team|Argentina women's team]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exmouthjournal.co.uk/sport/cricket/former-exmouth-cricketer-coaching-the-brazilian-national-women-s-team-1-6573977|title=Former Exmouth cricketer coaching the Brazilian national women's team|website=Exmouth Journal|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929002054/https://www.exmouthjournal.co.uk/sport/cricket/former-exmouth-cricketer-coaching-the-brazilian-national-women-s-team-1-6573977|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[South American Cricket Championship|2020 South American Cricket Championship]] were also cancelled after being postponed from October 2020.<ref name="SACC">{{cite tweet |user=brasil_cricket |number=1293518999523909632 |date=12 August 2020 |title=Due to the current situation in South America we're cancelling the South American Championships that had been postponed to Nov/Dec 2019}}</ref>

==Oceania==
On 14 March 2020, the [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2019–20|remaining two One Day International (ODI) matches]] of the [[Chappell–Hadlee Trophy]] along with the three-match [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) series [[Australian cricket team in New Zealand in 2019–20|between Australia and New Zealand]] were cancelled due to new border restrictions imposed by the New Zealand government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.pn/2U7Ngt5 |title=Australia v NZ cancelled amid travel restrictions |work=ESPNcricinfo |first=Andrew |last=McGlashan |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> The first ODI match of the series had been played on 13 March behind closed doors in [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1645137 |title=COVID-19 outbreak: Chappell-Hadlee series to be held behind closed doors |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The following day, [[Cricket Australia]] confirmed that the final round of matches in the [[2019–20 Sheffield Shield season]] had been cancelled, with [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] being named as the winners of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28913589/new-south-wales-named-sheffield-shield-winners-final-cancelled |title=New South Wales named Sheffield Shield winners as final cancelled |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> [[New Zealand Cricket]] cancelled the final two rounds of matches in the [[2019–20 Plunket Shield season]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28909068/plunket-shield-cancelled-due-coronavirus-measures,-wellington-named-champions |title=Plunket Shield cancelled due to coronavirus measures, Wellington named champions |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> with [[Wellington cricket team|Wellington]] being named the winners of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120318144/coronavirus-plunket-shield-cancelled-wellington-firebirds-declared-champions |title=Coronavirus: Plunket Shield cancelled, Wellington Firebirds declared champions |work=Stuff |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
On 24 March 2020, the ICC confirmed that all ICC qualifying events, across all regions, scheduled to take place before 30 June 2020 had been postponed due to the pandemic. This included [[2023 United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series|tri-series]] between [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|PNG]], [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] and UAE.<ref name="ICC-postponement" />

On 30 June 2020, [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2022|Zimbabwe's ODI tour to Australia]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/zimbabwe-tour-of-australia-in-august-postponed-due-to-covid-19-2693519.html |title=Zimbabwe Tour of Australia in August Postponed Due to COVID-19 |work=News18 |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29385335/zimbabwe-three-match-odi-tour-australia-postponed |title=Zimbabwe's three-match ODI tour to Australia postponed |work=ESPN cricinfo |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> On 4 August 2020, the [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|West Indies T20I tour to Australia]] was also postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29592281/australia-west-indies-t20is-cancellation-leaves-cricket-calendar-clearer-ipl |title=Australia v West Indies T20Is postponed, IPL to not clash with any international cricket |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-west-indies-t20-series-postponed-twenty20-world-cup-schedule-series-ipl/2020-08-04 |title=Australia v Windies on hold as part of schedule rejig |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> On 25 September 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that the one-off Test match [[Afghan cricket team in Australia in 2021–22|against Afghanistan]], and the limited-overs series [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2022–23|against New Zealand]] had both been postponed due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cricket-australia-postpone-afghanistan-test-new-zealand-one-day-internationals-schedule/2020-09-25 |title=CA confirms Afghanistan Test, NZ ODIs on hold |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Impact of the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic on cricket}}
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports by type|Cricket]]
[[Category:2020 in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricket events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|*]]

Joshua Marshman

2026-01-29T19:19:05Z

FranklynDavitt2: improved article

{{Short description|Christian missionary (1768–1837)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
[[File:Portrait of J. Marshman, D.D (4673803) (cropped).jpg|thumb|19th-century silhouette portrait of Marshman]]
'''Joshua Marshman''' (20 April 1768 – 6 December 1837) was a [[Baptist]] missionary in [[Bengal]], India from 1799 until his death. He was a member of the [[Serampore trio]] with [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] and [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]]. The trio founded [[Serampore University]], many primary and secondary schools, and translated and published a large number of works, including translations of the [[Bible]]. Marshman was "an accomplished scholar, linguist and theologian and was a prolific author and polemicist".<ref name='"0"'>{{cite web |title=Joshua Marshman |url=https://www.missionariesoftheworld.org/2011/07/joshua-marshman.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718152509/http://www.missionariesoftheworld.org/2011/07/joshua-marshman.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 July 2014 |website=Missionaries of the World |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> His mission involved social reforms and intellectual debates with educated Hindus such as [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]].

==Origins==
Joshua Marshman was born on 20 April 1768<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Buckland|first=Charles Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryindia00unkngoog/page/n292|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year=1906 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co.|location=London|pages=276|oclc=5190365}}</ref> in Britain at [[Westbury Leigh]], [[Wiltshire]], [[England]]. His father, John Marshman was a weaver. Of his family little is known, except that they traced their descent from an officer in the Army of [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]], one of a band who, at the Restoration, relinquished, for conscience-sake, all views of worldly aggrandisement, and retired into the country to support himself by his own industry.

His father John passed the early part of his life at sea and was engaged in the ''[[HMS Hind (1749)|Hind]]'', a British frigate commanded by Captain [[Robert Bond (Royal Navy officer)|Robert Bond]], at the 1759 capture of [[Quebec]]. Shortly after this, he returned to England and in 1764 married Mary Couzener. She was a descendant of a French family who had sought refuge in England following the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]]; after his marriage he lived in Westbury Leigh and took up the trade of a weaver.

==Early days==
Marshman's family were poor and could give him little education. In 1791, Joshua married [[Hannah Marshman|Hannah Shepherd]] and in 1794 they moved from Westbury Leigh to [[Bristol]]. There they joined the [[Broadmead Baptist Church]]. [[Baptists]] at that time were [[English Dissenters|dissenters]] who separated from the [[Church of England]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late |url-access=registration |editor1-first=F. L. |editor1-last=Cross |editor2-first=E. A. |editor2-last=Livingstone |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=USA |edition=3rd |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/490 490] |date=13 March 1997|isbn=978-0-19-211655-0 }}</ref> Marshman taught in a local [[charity school]] supported by the church. He also studied at the Bristol Baptist College.

Marshman was appointed a missionary by the [[Baptist Union of Great Britain]]. On 29 May 1799 Marshman his wife and their two children set out from [[Portsmouth]] for India aboard the ship ''Criterion''. Although there was a threat of a French naval attack the family landed safely at the Danish settlement of [[Serampore]], a few miles north of Calcutta, on 13 October 1799.

==Family==
[[File:Joshua Marshman grave plaque.jpg|thumb]]
The couple had 12 children; of these only five were alive when their father died. Their youngest daughter Hannah married [[Henry Havelock]], who became a British general in India, and whose statue is in [[Trafalgar Square]], London. Their daughter Rachel was married to the forestry administrator [[Dietrich Brandis|Sir Dietrich Brandis]].

When he first met pioneering missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]]'s four boys in 1800, Marshman was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated them. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718165819/http://www.missionariesoftheworld.org/2011/07/hannah-marshman.html Missionaries of the World website, ''Hannah Marshmann'']}}</ref> Marshman, his wife Hannah, and their friend the printer William Ward, took the boys in tow. Together they shaped the boys as Carey pampered his botanical specimens, performed his many missionary tasks and journeyed into Calcutta to teach at Fort William College. They offered the boys structure, instruction and companionship. To their credit – and little to Carey's – all four boys went on to useful careers.

Marsman's son, [[John Clark Marshman]] (1794–1877), was also to become an important part of the missionary work at the college; he was also an official Bengali translator and published a Guide to the Civil Law which, before the work of Macaulay, was the civil code of India; he also wrote a "History of India" (1842).<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Marshman, Joshua|volume=17|page=774}}</ref>

==Translation work==
[[File:Joshua Marshman Used Chair - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0755.JPG|thumb|upright|Chair used by Joshua Marshman, at the Serampore College.]]
Like [[William Carey (missionary)|Carey]] with whom he had come to work, Marshman was a talented and gifted scholar. Marshman and Carey together translated the [[Bible]] into many Indian Languages as well as translating much classical [[Indian literature]] into English, the first being their 1806 translation of the ''Ramayuna of Valmeeki''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ramayuna of Valmeeki|last1=Carey|first1=William|last2=Marshman|first2=Joshua|date=1806|place=Serampore, India|url=https://archive.org/details/ramayanvalmeeki01marsgoog|page=Advertisement|publisher=Serampore}}</ref>

In early 1806,<ref>{{cite book|last=Marshman|first=Joshua|title=Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language|place=Serampore|date=1809|page=ii}}</ref> he, together with two of his sons and one of Carey's, moved to Serampore to begin training in Chinese under the instruction of Prof. Hovhannes Ghazarian (Johannes Lassar), a Macao-born Armenian, fluent in Chinese, who, together with two Chinese assistants,<ref>{{cite book|last=Marshman|first=Joshua|title=Elements of Chinese grammar: with a preliminary dissertation on the characters and the colloquial medium of the Chinese; and an appendix containing the Ta-hyoh of Confucius, with a translation|url=https://archive.org/details/elementschinese00confgoog|date=1814|place=Serampore|page=Preface ii|publisher=Serampore, Printed at the Mission press}}</ref> had been attracted to Fort William by Carey's promise of a salary of £450 per annum.<ref>{{cite book|last=Medhurst|first=Walter H|title=China, its State and Prospects|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.22483|date=1838|place=London}}</ref>{{rp|254}} Marshman studied for at least five years under Ghazarian during which time Ghazarian published several of the gospels.<ref name = Buchanan>{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Claudius|title=Researches in Asia with Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages|date=1811|edition=Boston reprint}}</ref>{{rp|96}}

In 1809 he produced the first direct English translation of the [[Analects]], replacing an existing 1691 indirect translation via French and Latin.<ref>St. André, James (2018) Consequences of thee conflation of xiao and filial piety in English. Translation and Interpreting Studies 13:2, pp. 303–304.</ref> The work describes itself as the first of two planned volumes,<ref>Marshman (1809). ''The Works of Confucius''. Serampore: Mission Press.</ref> but the second volume does not appear to have ever made it to print.

Marshman's November 1809 ''Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language''<ref name = Buchanan />{{rp|98}} was followed, in 1814, by his ''Clavis Sinica: Elements of Chinese Grammar'', the former being the earliest known published work of Romanisation of Chinese for English speakers, pre-dating [[John Francis Davis|Davis]] (1824) and [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Morrison]] (1828). The quality of his work, both in principle and execution, was the subject of strident criticism from Davis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=John Francis|title=Chinese Novels, Translated from the Originals, to which are added Proverbs and Moral Maxims|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesenovelstra00davirich|date=1822|place=London|publisher=John Murray|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinesenovelstra00davirich/page/27 27]–50}}</ref>

In 1822, the first translation of the Bible into Chinese, credited to Lassar and Marshman, was published.<ref>Wylie, Alexander. 1867. Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.</ref>

In 1818 he launched the periodical 'Friend of India'.<ref>[https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/rest-of-the-serampore-trio Christian History Institute website, ''The Rest of the Serampore Trio'', article by Vinita Hampton Wright ]</ref>

Marshman had an important role in the development of Indian newspapers. He was a keen proponent of the new developments in educational practice and was keen to encourage school teaching in local languages, even though the colonial authorities preferred that lessons be given in English.

==Foundation of Serampore College==
On 5 July 1818, [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], Joshua Marshman and [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]] (another member of their missionary team) issued a prospectus (written by Marshman) for a proposed new "College for the instruction of Asiatic, Christian, and other youth in Eastern literature and European science". Thus was born [[Serampore College]], which still continues to this day.

At times funds were tight, and after a brief and false rumour alleging misapplication of funds caused the flow of funds being raised by Ward in America to dry up, Carey wrote,<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=George|title=The Life of William Carey, D.D: Shoemaker and Missionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLa787pY5gMC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=30 June 2011|isbn=9781108029186|page=413}}</ref>

<blockquote>Dr. Marshman is as poor as I am, and I can scarcely lay by a sum monthly to relieve three or four indigent relatives in Europe. I might have had large possessions, but I have given my all, except what I ate, drank, and wore, to the cause of missions, and Dr. Marshman has done the same, and so did Mr. Ward.</blockquote>

==Works==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bamOkgAACAAJ|title=Dissertation on the characters and sounds of the Chinese language: including tables of the elementary characters, and of the Chinese monosyllables|author=Marshman|first=Joshua|location=Serampore|oclc=20216718|year=1809}}
* {{cite book|first=Joshua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s48PAAAAYAAJ|title=Elements of Chinese Grammar: With a Preliminary Dissertation on the Characters, and the Colloquial Medium of the Chinese, and an Appendix Containing the Tahyoh of Confucius with a Translation|author=Marshman|year=1814|publisher=Printed at the Mission Press|location=Serampore|isbn=9781139507288|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139507288}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=Marshman|title=The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman and Ward|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts|year=1859|volume=I & II|location=London|first=John Clark|url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/jcmarshman/lifetimes.htm}}
* {{cite book
| author = Sunil Kumar Chatterjee
| title = John Clark Marshman (a trustworthy Friend of India)
| year = 2001
| issue = 2nd Edition
| oclc = 51228078
}}
* {{cite book
| author = The Council of Serampore College
| title = The Story of Serampore and its College
| year = 2006
| issue = Fourth Edition
| oclc = 173263455
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/obit/#hmarshmanobit Bengal Obituary – 1848]
{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshman, Joshua}}
[[Category:1768 births]]
[[Category:1837 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Westbury, Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Chinese]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:English Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:18th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British people of French descent]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Statue of Ahimsa

2026-01-26T17:04:25Z

FranklynDavitt2: small correct content after review further and added references

{{short description|Jain idol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = ''Statue of Ahimsa''
| native_name = ऋषभदेव मूर्ति<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra-news/statue-making-in-mangi-tungi-shrine-area-of-vrushabh-god-in-final-stage-1179454 |title=मांगी-तुंगीतील कामांच्या संथपणाबद्दल मुख्यमंत्र्यांकडे तक्रार |date=29 December 2015 |work=Loksatta }}</ref>
| native_name_lang = hin
| image = File:Shri 1008 Rishabdev Bhagwan 108 idol at Mangi Tungi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|20.84245|74.08461|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_alt = Statue of Ahimsa
| map_caption = Statue of Ahimsa
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Nashik]]
| location = Tahrabad, [[Mangi Tungi]]
| elevation_m = 1324
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=dna/>
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha]]
| festival = [[Mahamastakabhisheka]]
| creator = [[Gyanmati Mataji]]
| website = {{url|http://mangitungi108ftidol.com/}}
| established = 2002
| completed = 2016
}}
[[File:Mangi Tungi Hill.jpg|thumb|Mangi Tungi Hill]]
{{Jainism}}
The '''''Statue of Ahimsa''''' is located at [[Mangi-Tungi]], in Nashik, in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is the tallest [[Jainism|Jain]] statue in the world.<ref name=ndtv>{{citation |url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/108-ft-tall-jain-teerthankar-idol-enters-guinness-records-1284799 |title =108-Ft Tall Jain Teerthankar Idol Enters 'Guinness Records' |date =6 March 2016 |work = [[NDTV]]}}</ref> The statue depicts the first [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]], [[Rishabhanatha]].<ref name=bs/> The statue is {{convert|108|ft|m}} tall – {{convert|121|ft|m}} including pedestal.<ref name=bs/><ref name=dna15>{{citation |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-rs185-crore-state-nod-for-infra-work-at-nashik-hills-2158992 |title=Rs 18.5 crore state nod for infra work at Nashik hills |date=24 January 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]}}</ref> The statue has been carved out of the Mangi-Tungi hills, which are considered to be sacred by the Jains.

The statue was built by the inspiration of the Jain nun ([[Aryika]]) [[Gyanmati]], and under the guidance of Aryika Chandanamati. The project was chaired and directed by Raveendra Kirti. The construction of the statue started in 2002 under the guidance of Chief Secretary Pannalalji Papdiwal and Chief engineer C. R. Patil working president Anil Jain-Delhi. It was completed on 24 January 2016 (Tithi-Magh Krishna Ekam). The statue was sculpted by Moolchand Ramchand Nahata Firm.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mangitungi108ftldol.com/en_US/|title=Mangitungi Panchakalyanak}}</ref>

==History==
The inspiration of the idol was given by the Jain nun [[Gyanmati]] in 1996.<ref name=dna>{{citation |title=World's tallest statue of Lord Rishabhdeva consecrated at Mangi Tungi in Nashik |url=http://www.iamin.in/en/nashik/news/world%E2%80%99s-tallest-statue-lord-rishabhdeva-consecrated-mangi-tungi-nashik-85025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221020159/http://www.iamin.in/en/nashik/news/world%E2%80%99s-tallest-statue-lord-rishabhdeva-consecrated-mangi-tungi-nashik-85025 |url-status=unfit |archive-date=21 February 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=11 February 2016 |last=Balajiwale |first=Vaishali |editor=Vinaya Patil }}</ref> ''Shilapujan'' (foundation stone laying ceremony) was done in 2002.<ref name=dna/> More than 10,000 truck loads of rock material was carved out for the purpose.<ref name=dna/>

The [[Mangi Tungi]] hills are one of the four [[siddha kshetra]]s for the [[Jain community]] in Maharashtra.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=178}} The hills are an important pilgrimage for the Jains, especially the local population of [[Marathi Jains]] and [[Gujarati Jains]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&pg=PA156 |title=People of India |isbn=9788179911006 |last1=Bhanu |first1=B. V. |date=17 August 2023 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref> There are several [[Jain temples]] at the pinnacles and at the base of the hills.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oICZM5HKRbAC&pg=PA76 |title=Trek the Sahyadris |isbn=9788173871511 |last1=Kapadia |first1=Harish |date=March 2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company }}</ref>

==Statue==
The image of [[Rishabhanatha]], carved out of a single rock, is {{convert|108|feet}} tall ({{convert|121|feet}} including pedestal), 1840 sq feet in size, and weighs 8712 tonne.<ref name=":0" /> It is said to be the world's tallest Jain idol.<ref>{{citation |title=Amit Shah felicitated by Jain community |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/latest-headlines/amit-shah-felicitated-by-jain-community/123402.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 February 2016 |location=[[Nashik]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] }}</ref> It is located {{convert|4343|feet}} above sea level,<ref name=dna/> near [[Mangi-Tungi]] hills in [[Baglan taluka]].<ref name=bs/><ref name=toi/> Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records visited Mangi Tungi in 2016 and awarded the engineer of the 108 ft tall ''Rishabhdeva'' statue, C R Patil, the official certificate for the world's tallest Jain idol.<ref name=":0">{{citation |title=Guinness Book to certify Mangi Tungi idol |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Guinness-Book-to-certify-Mangi-Tungi-idol/articleshow/51275366.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=hindu>{{citation |title=108-feet Jain Teerthankar idol enters "Guinness book of records" |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/108feet-jain-teerthankar-idol-enters-guinness-book-of-records/article8324175.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Premises==
The rural development department, led by minister Pankaja Munde, approved the initial funds of {{INRConvert|18.5|c}} for the civil work in the temple area spread over 100 acres.<ref name=dna15/>

==Panch Kalyanak Mahotsav==
The [[Panch Kalyanaka]] Pratistha Mahotsav of the statue was held from 11 February 2016 to 17 February 2016 at Mangi Tungi. A number of measures were taken by the local administration to deal with the expected rise in pilgrim numbers.<ref name=bs>{{citation |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/preparations-on-for-mega-religious-ceremony-of-jains-116011300390_1.html |title=Preparations on for mega religious ceremony of Jains |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=13 January 2016 |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[Nashik]] }}</ref>

The [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] had promised several development initiatives, that were likely to be undertaken by the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]]. There were challenges getting water from the [[Haranbari dam]] at estimated cost of {{INRConvert|3|c}}.<ref name=toi>{{citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/70-crore-plan-for-idol-installation-at-Mangi-Tungi/articleshow/50037188.cms |title=70-crore plan for idol installation at Mangi-Tungi |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2015 |last=Botekar |first=Abhilash |agency=TNN |location=[[Nashik]] }}</ref>

The [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] president, [[Amit Shah]] & Maharashtra's Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] along with Maharashtra's Rural Development Minister [[Pankaja Munde]] visited the festival on 13 February 2016.<ref name=hindu/><ref>{{citation |title=Rs 27-crore development plan for Mangi Tungi: Devendra Fadnavis |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-27-crore-development-plan-for-mangi-tungi-devendra-fadnavis/articleshow/51010100.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Amit Shah to visit twin-pinnacled Mangi Tungi hills today |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Amit-Shah-to-visit-twin-pinnacled-Mangi-Tungi-hills-today/articleshow/50970629.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 February 2016 }}</ref>

Around 5000 couples and their 18000 family members participated in the rituals of the Panchkalyanak Mahotsav. More than 100 Jain Munis and Aryikas participated in the event.<ref>{{citation |title=Towering idol draws thousands to Mangi Tungi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Towering-idol-draws-thousands-to-Mangi-Tungi/articleshow/51052945.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 February 2016 }}</ref>

==Mahamastakabhishek==
The first [[Mahamastakabhisheka|Mahamastakabhishek]] of the statue was held on 18 February 2016. The first Abhishek was performed by Shri Kamal Kumar Jain from Ara(Bihar), followed by Shri Suresh Jain of Teerthankar Mahavir University and Padma Bhushan Shri [[Veerendra Heggade]] of [[Dharmasthala|Dharamsthala]]. Other devotees like Shri Pannalal ji Papdiwal, Shri Binod Kumar Sethi of Dimapur and many more also got the privilege of performing the Abhishek on the first day. Panchamrit Abhishek was performed using milk, flowers, orange juice, sugar cane juice, water, saffron etc.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Statue of Ahimsa 10.jpg|Panchamrit Abhishek of ''Statue of Ahimsa''
Statue of Ahimsa 11.jpg|Panchamrit Abhishek of ''Statue of Ahimsa''
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Gommateshwara statue]]
* [[Bawangaja]]
* [[Jainism in Maharashtra]]
* [[Jainism in North Karnataka]]
* [[Statue of Vasupujya]]
* [[List of largest monoliths]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.mangitungi.highestjainidolinworld.com/en_US Official website]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Statues in India}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India|Ahimsa]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:2016 sculptures]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Jagat Singh I

2026-01-26T12:06:03Z

FranklynDavitt2: corrected information also and updated info

{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar from 1628 to 1652}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| image = Jagat Singh I.jpg
| caption = 18th century portrait of Jagat Singh I
| succession = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Mewar]]
| reign = March 1628 – 10 April 1652
| predecessor = [[Karan Singh II]]
| successor = [[Raj Singh I]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodias of Mewar]]
| birth_date = 1607
| death_date = {{death date and age|1652|04|10|1607|df=y}}
| spouse = {{collapsible list|
Rathorji Jagroop Kanwarji of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]
Rathorji Sujan Kanwarji of [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]] in [[Mewar]]
Chauhanji Kanak Kanwarji of [[Bedla]] in [[Mewar]]
Hadiji Sada Kanwarji of [[Bundi]]
Chauhanji Anup Kanwarji of [[Kotharia, Rajasthan|Kotharia]] in [[Mewar]]
Rathorji (Mertaniji) Karam Kanwarji of [[Merta City|Merta]]
Parmarji Anand Kanwarji of [[Malpura]] in [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]
Jhaliji Chandra Kanwarji of [[Bari Sadri]] in [[Mewar]]
}}
| issue = {{collapsible list|
Sangram Singh

[[Raj Singh I]]

Ari Singh

Ajai Singh

Jai Singh

Dhan Kanwarji m.to Maharao Bhao Singh of [[Bundi]]

Deep Kanwarji m.to Maharaja [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]] of [[Bikaner]]

Sisodiniji (name unknown) m.to Raja Rai Singh of [[Nagaur]]
}}
| house = Ranawat Sisodia
| father = [[Karan Singh II]]
| mother = Rathorji (Mahechiji) Jeevant Kanwarji d.of Rao Jaswant Singh of [[Jasol]] in [[Marwar]]
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
'''Maharana Jagat Singh I'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html |title=UDAIPUR |access-date=16 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227164732/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1607 – 10 April 1652), was the Rana (ruler) of the [[Mewar Kingdom|Kingdom of Mewar]] belonging to the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia Dynasty]]. He reigned from 1628 to 1652 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnZKSg4crdcC&dq=%22Jagat+Singh+I%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA23|isbn = 9788170172932|title = Costumes of the Rulers of Mewar: With Patterns and Construction Techniques|year = 1994|publisher = Abhinav Publications}}</ref>

==Accession==
Jagat Singh succeeded his father, [[Karan Singh II]], as the ruler of Mewar. By the time he ascended the throne, the state had recovered enough from previous conflicts that he sought to expand Mewar’s influence over neighboring territories. During decades of warfare, Mewar had lost significant areas, and regions such as [[Mandalgarh]], [[Banera]], [[Shahpura, Shahpura district|Shahpura]], [[Dungarpur]], and [[Banswara]] had become effectively autonomous, governed by local chiefs holding these lands as jagirs from the Mughal emperor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |location=New Delhi |edition=First |isbn= |pages= }}</ref>
== Military campaigns ==
In an effort to reclaim lost territories, Jagat Singh launched military campaigns against neighboring states including Pratapgarh-Deoliya, Dungarpur, Sirohi, and Banswara. During these conflicts, the ruler of [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]], Jaswant Singh, was killed, leading his successor, Hari Singh, to appeal for Mughal intervention against Mewar. Jagat Singh was not discontented with this arrangement and sent an army under the command of Ram Singh to plunder the city of Deoliya (Pratapgarh) in 1628. Then the Rana sent his commander Akhai Raj to invade the town of Dungarpur and Sirohi. As a result, the town of Sirohi was exterminated and its neighboring areas were annexed to the Kingdom of Mewar. Next the chief of Banswara, Samar Singh, apologised to the Maharana and recognized his suzerainty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G.n. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.247251 |title=Mewar and the Mughal Emperors |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala and Co Ltd, Agra |year=1954 |pages=148-150 |language=English}}</ref>

Although the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] initially overlooked the situations due to his long-standing association with the family—dating back to Shah Jahan's youth as Prince Khurram, he eventually responded in 1643 when he was present in [[Ajmer]]. Through negotiations, Jagat Singh's son, [[Raj Singh I]], was able to deal with the emperor there.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |location=New Delhi |edition=First |isbn= |pages= }}</ref>
== Cultural patronage ==
Jagat Singh is also remembered for his patronage of learning, arts and culture. He constructed [[Udaipur|Udaipur’s]] famous [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur|Jagdish temple]] and also completed the construction of [[Jag Mandir Palace|Jagmandir palace]]. An important inscription from 1652, composed by Lakshmi Nath and displayed at the Udaipur temple, provides insight into the contemporary rituals and significant events of the period. The later years of his reign were marked by economic prosperity, as evidenced by the regular ‘tula-daan’ ceremonies in which he was weighed in silver and later in gold, with the corresponding weight given away in charity to Brahmins and the needy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |location=New Delhi |edition=First |isbn= |pages= }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:1607 births]]
[[Category:1652 deaths]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:16:37Z

FranklynDavitt2:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Vizianagaram {{Small|AP-3}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Vizianagaram.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established =2008
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Appalanaidu Kalisetti]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]
|assembly_cons=[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]] [[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]] [[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]] [[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]] [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]] [[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]] [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
}}
'''Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. As per the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order (2008),'' it was formed with seven assembly segments belongs to [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] districts .<ref>{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Delimitation/02.pdf |website=Official website of the Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=21 |format=PDF |date=22 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/postal-ballots-increase-tenfold-in-srikakulam/article27175172.ece|title=Postal ballots increase tenfold in Srikakulam|last=Rao|first=K. srinivasa|date=2019-05-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==
The seven [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] segments of Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|page=30|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|7
|[[Etcherla Assembly constituency|Etcherla]]
|[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|[[Nadukuditi Eswara Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|9
|[[Rajam Assembly constituency|Rajam]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" |[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Kondru Murali Mohan]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|14
|[[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
|[[R. V. Sujay Krishna Ranga Rao|R. V. S. K. K. Ranga Rao (Babynayana)]]
|-
|15
|[[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|[[Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao]]
|-
|16
|[[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
|[[Kondapalli Srinivas]]
|-
|17
|[[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]]
|[[Lokam Naga Madhavi]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|18
|[[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1967{{ndash}}2009: [[Bobbili Lok Sabha constituency|Bobbili]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ashok Gajapathi Raju|Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Appalanaidu Kalisetti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Vizianagaram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Appalanaidu Kalisetti]] |votes=7,43,113|percentage=57.20|change={{increase}}13.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]] |votes=4,93,762|percentage=38.00|change={{decrease}}9.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate= [[None of the Above]] |votes=23,250|percentage=1.79|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bobbili Srinu|votes=10,623|percentage=0.82|change={{decrease}}0.47}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,49,351|percentage=19.19|change={{increase}}15.27}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,07,632|percentage=82.19|change={{increase}}0.91}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Vizianagaram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]
|votes = 578,418
|percentage = 47.49
|change = {{increase}}9.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju|Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati]]
|votes = 530,382
|percentage = 43.55
|change ={{decrease}}4.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Mukka Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 34,192
|percentage = 2.81
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adiraju Yedla
|votes = 15,725
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{decrease}}9.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanyasi Raju Pakalapati
|votes = 7,266
|percentage = 0.60
|change = {{increase}}0.60
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 48,036
|percentage =3.92
|change = {{decrease}}5.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,24,433
|percentage = 81.28
|change = {{increase}}1.49
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,03,980
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]] : Vizianagaram<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/vizianagaram.html VIZIANAGARAM LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref><ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju|Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati]]
|votes = 536,549
|percentage = 47.89
|change = {{increase}}13.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Ravu Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna Rangarao
|votes = 429,638
|percentage = 38.35
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|votes = 122,487
|percentage = 10.93
|change = {{decrease}}29.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,528
| percentage = 0.58
| change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 106,911
| percentage = 9.54
| change = {{increase}}3.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 112,0,316
| percentage = 79.79
| change = {{increase}}2.72
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Vizianagaram]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Botcha Jhansi Lakshmi]]|votes=411,584|percentage=40.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kondapalli Appala Naidu]]|votes=351,013|percentage=34.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kimidi Ganapathi Rao|votes=172,034|percentage=16.87|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=60,571|percentage=5.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,019,825|percentage=77.07|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/vizianagaram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Vizianagaram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|18.1|83.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]

Gurjar

2026-01-18T08:32:53Z

FranklynDavitt2: quick refined citations for clarity additionally

{{Short description|Ethnic group in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Gurjar
| native_name =
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| flag_alt =
| regions = [[South Asia]]
| langs = [[Gojri language|Gojri]] • [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Pashto]] • [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Balochi language|Balochi]] • [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] • [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] [[file:Om symbol.svg|20x20px]] • [[Islam]] [[file:Allah-green.svg|20x20px]]
| related_groups = [[Jats]] • [[Rajput]]s • [[Ahir]]s and other [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan People]]
}}
The '''Gurjar''' (or '''Gujjar''', '''Gujar''', '''Gurjara'''<ref name="Mayaram 2017">{{cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |chapter=The Story of the Gujars |editor=Vijaya Ramaswamy |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-55825-9 |pages=67 |quote=The heterogeneous category that is variously called gujar/Gujjar/Gurjara. }}</ref>) are an [[agricultural]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zelin |first=Madeleine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHNECgAAQBAJ |title=Merchant Communities in Asia, 1600–1980 |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-31789-0 |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref> ethnic community, residing mainly in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Afghanistan]],<ref name="Rahi">{{Cite book |editor-last=Rahi |editor-first=Javaid |year=2012 |title=The GUJJARS - A Book Series on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe |volume=1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/41978043}}</ref> divided internally into various clan groups.<ref name="Rahi" /> They were traditionally involved in agriculture, [[pastoral]] and [[nomad]]ic<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Mar 2022 |title=Welfare measures of nomadic Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes to be taken |work=The Tribune |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/bjp-sets-its-eyes-on-gujjar-bakarwal-tribes-in-jammu-and-kashmir-374770 |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 Feb 2022 |title=As seen from the eyes of nomadic tribes |publisher=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/jammu-kashmir-delimitation-gujjars-bakarwals-7779985/lite/ |access-date=18 Feb 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Finding identity: Nomadic Gujjar tribes |date=29 Jul 2021 |publisher=Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/kashmir-s-nomadic-tribes-of-gujjar-and-bakarwal-finding-identity-among-the-unidentified-b1892822.html |access-date=29 Jul 2021}}</ref> activities and formed a large heterogeneous group.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/43050675 |editor-last=Rahi |editor-first=Javaid |year=2016 |title=The GUJJARS - A Book Series on History and Culture of Gujjar Tribe |journal=The Gujjars -Vol: 06- ed Javaid Rahi |volume=6}}</ref> The historical role of Gurjars has been quite diverse in society: at one end they have been found related to several kingdoms and, at the other end, some are still nomads with no land of their own.<ref name="Mayaram 2017" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Agnihotri |first1=V. K. “The Gujjars are pastoral and nomadic. They wander throughout the year in search of grazing pastures for their cattle which mostly consists of buffaloes and cows. Gujjars are Hindus as well as Muslims though the bulk of them are Muslims. Muslim Gujjar is a nomad and therefore, has no settled home in any part of Himachal Pradesh. Today Hindu Gujjars mostly lead a settled life.” |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyPsvseSdiQC&dq=nomad+gujjar&pg=PA14 |title=Socio-economic Profile of Rural India: North-central & western India (Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra) |last2=Vora |first2=Rajendra |date=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-206-2 |language=en}}</ref>

The pivotal point in the history of Gurjar identity is often traced back to the emergence of a [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara kingdom]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] during the [[Middle Ages]] (around 570 CE).<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |author=Baij Nath Puri |date=1957 |title=The History Of The Gurjara Pratiharas |url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryofthegurjarapratiharasbaijnathpuri_300_m/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> It is believed that the Gurjars migrated to different parts of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]] from the Gurjaratra.<ref>{{harvnb|Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=6}} "we have noted that Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi was the base from which several lineages tracing descent from the Gurjaras emerged"</ref>

The Gurjaras started fading from the forefront of history after the 10th century CE. Thereafter, history records several Gurjar chieftains and upstart warriors, who were rather petty rulers in contrast to their predecessors. Gujar or Gujjar were quite common during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era, and documents dating from the period mention Gujars as a 'turbulent' people.

The Indian states of [[Gujarat]] and Rajasthan were known as ''Gurjaradesa'' and ''Gurjaratra'' for centuries prior to the arrival of the British. The [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] and [[Gujranwala]] districts of Pakistani [[Punjab]] have also been associated with Gurjars from as early as the 8th century CE, when there existed a Gurjara kingdom in the same area.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=12}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Buddha Prakash |title=Aspects of Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKg5AQAAIAAJ |year=1965 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |page=157 |isbn=9780842616812 }}</ref> The [[Saharanpur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]] was also known as Gurjargadh previously, due to the presence of many Gurjar [[zamindar]]s in the area.<ref name="Puri1975">{{cite book |author=Baij Nath Puri |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orAJAQAAIAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |pages=14–17 |isbn=978-81-215-0003-6 }}</ref>

Gurjars are linguistically and religiously diverse. Although they are able to speak the language of the region and country where they live, Gurjars have their own language, known as [[Gujari]]. They mostly follow [[Islam]] followed by [[Hinduism]]:<ref name="nps">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Nuristan.html |title=Nuristan |work=Program for Culture & Conflict Studies |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |date=October 2009 |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC&pg=PA51 48 & 51]}} As per a 1988 estimate, out of the total Gurjar population in the Indian subcontinent, 53% were followers of Islam, 46.8% were adherents of Hinduism while 0.2% were [[Sikhs]].<ref>Sukhbir Singh, "[https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf Distributional Pattern of the Major Agricultural Communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in Their Traditional Abode of the North-Western Indian Subcontinent]", ''Population Geography'', Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2, June–December 1988, pp. 1–17, table 2 on p. 6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240815183749/https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf Archived] 23 June 2025.</ref>

The Hindu Gurjars are mostly found in Indian states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab Plains]] and [[Maharashtra]]. Muslim Gurjars are mostly found in Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], mainly concentrated in [[Lahore]] and northern cities of [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Jhelum]]; and in Indian Himalayan regions such as [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and Garhwal and Kumaon divisions of [[Uttarakhand]]; and [[Afghanistan]].

== Etymology ==
The word ''Gujjar'' represents a ''[[caste]]'', a tribe and a group in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, locally referred to as [[Jāti|''jati'']], ''zaat'', ''qaum'' or [[Baradari (brotherhood)|''biradari'']].<ref name="Raheja1988">{{cite book|author=Gloria Goodwin Raheja|url=https://archive.org/details/poisoningiftritu0000rahe|url-access=registration|title=The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village|date=15 September 1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-70729-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/poisoningiftritu0000rahe/page/n16 01]–03|quote=This regional dominance and the kingship (rajya) exercised by Gurjar chiefs still figure prominently in oral traditions current among Saharanpur Gurjars and in the depiction of their identity as Ksatriya "kings" in printed histories of the Gujar Jati.}}</ref><ref name="Asghar2016">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Asghar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utd7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=The Sacred and the Secular: Aesthetics in Domestic Spaces of Pakistan/Punjab|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=2016|isbn=978-3-643-90836-0|page=10|quote=The main grouping is the biradari, which is a very old established norm of people identifying themselves ... A larger and also ancient form of grouping is the caste (qaum). The three main ones are Jaats (farmers), Arains (who traditionally were gardeners) and Gujjars (people who tend livestock and sell milk).}}</ref>

It has been suggested by several historians that Gurjara was initially the name of a tribe or clan which later evolved into a geographical and ethnic identity following the establishment of a ''[[janapada]]'' (tribal kingdom) called 'Gurjara'.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=6}} This understanding has introduced an element of ambiguity regarding ancient royal designations containing the word 'gurjara' such as ''gurjaraeshvara'' or ''gurjararaja'', as now it is debatable whether the kings bearing these epithets were tribal or ethnic Gurjaras.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |date=2006 |title=Negotiating Identity and Status |journal=Studies in History |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=181–220 |doi=10.1177/025764300602200202 |s2cid=144128358 |issn=0257-6430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Shanta Rani |date=2012 |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 |issn=0376-9836}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Historians and anthropologists differ on the issue of Gurjar origin. According to one view, circa 1 [[Common Era|CE]], the ancient ancestors of the Gurjars came in multiple waves of migration and were initially accorded status as high-caste warriors in the Hindu fold in the North-Western regions (modern Rajasthan and Gujarat).<ref name=Singh2012p44>{{harvnb|Singh|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oscmJoix2IAC&pg=PA44 44–]}}</ref> [[Aydogdy Kurbanov]] states that some Gurjars, along with people from northwestern India, merged with the [[Alchon Huns|Hephthalites]] to become the [[Rajput]] clan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000007165/01_Text.pdf |title=The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis |last=Kurbanov |first=Aydogdy |page=243 |year=2010 |access-date=11 January 2013 |quote=As a result of the merging of the Hephthalites and the Gujars with population from northwestern India, the Rajputs (from Sanskrit "rajputra" – "son of the rajah") formed.}}</ref>

Previously, it was believed that the Gurjars had migrated earlier on from Central Asia as well, however, this view is generally considered to be speculative.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |chapter=The Story of the Gujars |editor=Vijaya Ramaswamy |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-55825-9 |pages=67}}</ref>

According to B. D. Chattopadhyaya, historical references speak of Gurjara warriors and commoners in [[North India]] in the 7th century CE, and mention several Gurjara kingdoms and dynasties.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1994|p=64|ps=. "documents dating from seventh century suggest a wide distribution of Gurjaras as a political power in western India"}} However, according to Tanuja Kothiyal, the historical image of Gurjars is that of "ignorant" herders, though historical claims of Gurjar past also associate them with [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s. She cites a myth that any Rajput claim Gurjars may have comes through a Rajput marrying a Brahmin woman, and not through an older Kshatriya clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=tanuja+kothiyal+book |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=14 March 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |pages=249–250 |language=en |quote=The cultural image of the Gujar is of an ignorant herder though the historical claims of Gujar past also associate them with Gurjara-Pratiharas, with long migrations through Thar. However, as the Devnarayan epic reveals, any Rajput link that the Gujars may claim, comes from multi-caste marriages that are contracted in the course of the epic rather than any other claim to descent from the older kshatriya clan. The original ancestor of the Gujars is a Rajput, who marries a Brahmin woman.}}</ref> She says that the historical process suggests the opposite: that Rajputs emerged from other communities, such as Gurjars, [[Jats]], [[Raikas]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothiyal |first=Tanuja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&q=tanuja+kothiyal+book |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |date=14 March 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08031-7 |pages=265 |language=en |quote=from gradual transformation of mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation. ... In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite.}}</ref>

The oldest known reference to the word ''Gurjara'' is found in the book called ''[[Harshacharita]]'' (Harsha's Deeds), a biography of king ''[[Harsha]]vardhana'' written around 630 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=Delhi |year=1986 |page=9}}</ref> [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Banabhatta]], the author of ''Harshacharita'', mentions that Harsha's father [[Prabhakaravardhana|Prabhakravardhana]] (560-580 CE) was "a constant threat to the sleep of Gurjara"''—''apparently a reference to the Gurjara king or kingdom. Inscriptions from a collateral branch of Gurjaras, known as ''[[Gurjaras of Lata]]'', claim that their family was ruling ''Bharakucha'' ([[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]) as early as 450 CE from their capital at Nandipuri.

According to scholars such as [[Baij Nath Puri]], the [[Mount Abu]] (ancient Arbuda Mountain) region of present-day [[Rajasthan]] had been an abode of the Gurjars during the medieval period.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Kulbhushan Warikoo|author2=Sujit Som|publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya|quote=Dr. B. N. Puri who wrote a thesis Gurjar Pratihar at oxford university states that the Gurjars were local people}}</ref> These Gurjars migrated from the Abu mountain region and as early as in the 6th century CE, they set up one or more principalities in Rajasthan and [[Gujarat]]. The whole or a larger part of Rajasthan and Gujarat had been long known as ''Gurjaratra'' (country ruled or protected by the Gurjars) or ''Gurjarabhumi'' (land of the Gurjars) for centuries prior to the Mughal period.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|author2=Achut Dattatrya Pusalker |author3=A. K. Majumdar |author4=Dilip Kumar Ghose |author5=Vishvanath Govind Dighe |author6=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1977|page=153}}</ref>

In [[Sanskrit]] texts, the [[ethnonym]] has sometimes been [[false etymology|interpreted]] as "destroyer of the enemy": ''gur'' meaning "enemy" and ''ujjar'' meaning "destroyer").<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warikoo |first1=Kulbhushan |last2=Som |first2=Sujit |title=Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya |page=4 |quote="Gurjar" is a Sanskrit word which has been explained thus: Gur+Ujjar;'Gur' means 'enemy' and 'ujjar' means 'destroyer'. The word means "Destroyer of the enemy". |date=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Gurjara aura Unakā Itihāsa meṃ Yogadāna Vishaya para Prathama …, Volume 2 |first=Bhāratīya Gurjara |last=Parishada |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kwIAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Gurjar Parisha |page=27 |quote=Sanskrit Dictionary Compiled by Pandit Radha Kant (Shakabada 1181) explains: Gurjar=Gur (enemy)+Ujar(destroyer)}}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
Babur, in the context of revolt, wrote that Jats and Gujjars poured down from hills in vast numbers in order to carry off oxen and buffaloes and that they were guilty of the severest oppression in the country.<ref name="Mayaram2004">{{cite book|author=Shail Mayaram|title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zL-7m2MDp2EC|year=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-096-1| pages = 94}}</ref>
Many Gurjars were converted to Islam at various times, dating back to Mahmud of Ghazni's raid in Gujarat in 1026. Gurjars of [[Awadh]] and Meerut date their conversion to [[Tamerlane]], when he sacked Delhi and forcibly converted them. By 1525, when Babur invaded India, he saw that the Gurjars of northern Punjab were already Muslims. Until the 1700s, conversions continued under [[Aurangzeb]], who converted the Gurjars of Himachal Pradesh by force. Pathans and Balochis drove Gurjar converts out of their land, forcing them into vagrancy.<ref>Sharma, J. C., (1984). "Gujars". In {{cite book
| title = Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey
| volume = 1
| pages = 298–301}} edited by Richard V. Weekes. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.</ref>

=== British rule ===
[[File:Goojur_Sirdars_of_Rajpootana.jpg |thumb|Gurjar sardars of Rajasthan during British era]]
[[File:Two Gurjar (also transliterated as Gujjar, Gujar, Gurjara, & Gujjer) Men on a Pavement and a Woman in a Doorway in Delhi, Shepherd & Robertson (possibly), ca.1859–69.png|thumb|Two Gurjar men on a pavement and a woman in a doorway in Delhi, Shepherd & Robertson (possibly), ca.1859–69]]
In the 18th century, several Gurjar chieftains and small kings were in power. A fort in [[Parikshitgarh]] in [[Meerut district]], also known as Qila Parikishatgarh, is ascribed to a Gurjar king [[Nain Singh Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://meerut.nic.in/tourist.htm
|title=Tourist Places
|publisher=District Administration Meerut
|access-date=31 May 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619074812/http://meerut.nic.in/tourist.htm
|archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2023}} Morena, Samthar, Dholpur, Saharanpur and Roorkee were also some of the places ruled by Gurjar kings.<ref name="cite">{{cite web |url = https://roorkee.cantt.gov.in/history/ |title = Roorkee Cantonment Board - History |access-date = 2 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://chambaldivisionmp.nic.in/en/culture-heritage/ |title = Culture & Heritage |access-date = 20 September 2021}}</ref> Bhati Clan of Gurjars had significance influence in Bulandshahr joint magistracy. Rao Roshan Singh of Bhati clan was a landlord of wide area till 1812, other chiefs of this clan were, Shambu Singh, Ajit singh and Dargahi Singh Bhati. The Bhati Gurjars in this area had somewhat similar position as the Gurjar Rajas of Saharanpur area.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Kolff
| first =Dirk H.A.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9955DwAAQBAJ&dq=bhatti+gujars&pg=PA149
| title =Grass in their mouths: The Upper Doab of India under the company's Magna Charta, 1793-1830
| publisher =Brill
|date=13 August 2010
|isbn=978-90-04-18802-0
| page =149
}}</ref>

In [[Delhi]], the [[Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Metcalfe House]] was sacked by Gurjar villagers from whom the land had been taken to erect the building.<ref>{{Cite book
| last =Sen
| first =Geeti
|author2=Ashis Banerjee
| title =The Human Landscape
| publisher =Orient Longman
|year=2001
|isbn=978-81-250-2045-5
| page =236
}}</ref> In September 1857, the British were able to enlist the support of many Gurjars at [[Meerut]].<ref>{{Cite magazine
|title=The Adivasis of India – A History of Discrimination, Conflict, and Resistance
|author=C.R. Bijoy
|magazine=PUCL Bulletin
|publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties
|pages=55–61
|date=February 2003
}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Afghanistan ===
[[File:Bakitar Gujar, 1984.jpg|thumb|right|Gurjar children in Afghanistan, 1984]]
The Gurjar people are a tribal group who have lived in Afghanistan for centuries. According to the Afghanistan news agency [[Pajhwok Afghan News|Pajwok Afghan News]], there are currently an estimated 1.5 million Gurjar people residing in the country. The Gurjar people are predominantly found in the northeastern regions of Afghanistan, including [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]], [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]], [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]], [[Takhar Province|Takhar]], [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]], [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]], [[Laghman Province|Laghman]], [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]], and [[Khost Province|Khost]]. They have a distinct culture and way of life.<ref name=pajhwok.com>{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2021/01/13/gujars-use-andak-meat-for-coronavirus-treatment/ |title=Gujars use Andak meat for coronavirus treatment
|date=January 2021 |access-date=15 March 2023|last1=Hamdard
|first1=Azizullah |quote=Reaching in numbers almost 1.5 million, Gujar tribe men and women live in parts of Kapesa, Baghlan, Balkh, Kunduz, Takhar, Badakhshan, Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar and Khost provinces.
}}</ref>

The old [[Afghanistan Constitution|Afghanistan constitution]] officially recognised 14 ethnic groups, including the Gurjar ethnic group being one of them.<ref name="pajhwok.com"/>

Many Gurjar tribal people in Afghanistan are deprived of their rights and their living conditions are poor. They have sometimes been internally displaced in the past by illegal [[militia]]s; for example, during 2018 around 200 Gurjar families were displaced from their homes in [[Farkhar District|Farkhar district]] in Takhar province.<ref name="gujar-tribesmen-forcibly-evicted-takhar-homes">{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2018/02/06/gujar-tribesmen-forcibly-evicted-takhar-homes/ |title=Gujar tribesmen forcibly evicted from Takhar homes
|date=February 2018 |access-date=20 March 2023
}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the Gurjar people in the northeastern province of Badakhshan used Andak meat to treat the corona virus, due to lack of clinics and other health facilities in their areas. The Gurjar Tribe Council deemed the meat of the Andak animal as ''[[haram]]'' (forbidden) but many Gurjar people in the area said they had no choice.<ref name="pajhwok.com"/>

Gurjar tribal leaders met with [[Hamid Karzai]] when he was [[President of Afghanistan]]. They demanded schools and hospitals be built in their areas and the [[Government of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] give scholarships to Gurjar students to study abroad.<ref name="karzai-assures-consider-gujar-tribe-demands">{{cite news |url=https://pajhwok.com/2013/09/11/karzai-assures-consider-gujar-tribe-demands/
|title=Karzai assures to consider Gujar tribe demands
|date=September 2013 |access-date=15 March 2023
}}</ref>

=== India ===
Today, the Gurjars are classified under the [[Other Backward Class]] category in some states in India.<ref name=article2608724>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2608724.ece |title=India's Gujjar caste fight for a downgrade |first=Jeremy |last=Page |work=[[The Times]] |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131104003944/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article2608724.ece |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Himachal Pradesh, they are designated as a Scheduled Tribe under the [[Reservation in India|Indian government's reservation program]] of [[positive discrimination]]. [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Gurjars were assimilated into several varnas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=R. S.|title=Early medieval Indian society: a study in feudalisation|publisher=Orient Longman Private Limited|year=2003|page=207|quote=It would be wrong to think that all foreigners were accepted as kshatriya and Rajputs for, in course of time, the Gujar people broke up into brahmans, banias, potters, goldsmiths, not to speak of herdsmen and cultivators (kunbis), who were looked upon as sudras. |isbn=978-81-250-2523-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&pg=PA207|access-date=30 November 2009}}</ref>

====Delhi====
Gurjars form an important component of Delhi. They have combined their traditional occupation of pastoralism and marginal cultivation over a large area in and around Delhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Demographic Study of Gujjars of Delhi: Population Structure and Socio-cultural Profile|year=2004 |doi=10.1080/09709274.2004.11905710|last1=Dabral|first1=Shweta|last2=Malik|first2=S.L.|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|volume=16|pages=17–24 |s2cid=55355163| issn = 0970-9274 }}</ref>

==== Haryana ====

The Gurjar community in Haryana has set elaborate guidelines for solemnizing marriages and holding other functions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/ncr1.htm#4
|title=Anti-dowry campaign renewed before marriage season
|author=Chattar Pal Tanwar
|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=[[Chandigarh]]
|date=3 August 2003
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref> In a ''mahapanchayat'' ("the great [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]"), the Gujjar community decided that those who sought dowry would be excommunicated from the society.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030630/ncr1.htm#5
|title=No band, no dhol, and just 11 baratis
|author=Parmindar Singh
|work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh
|date=29 June 2003
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref>

==== Rajasthan ====

[[File:Shri Devnarayan BhagwanVeerGurjar.JPG|thumb|right|Fairs of [[Shri Devnarayan Bhagwan]] are organized two times in a year at Demali, Maalasheri, [[Asind]] and [[Jodhpuriya]]]]
[[File:SawaibhojGurjar.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Devnarayan#Bagaravat Bharat|Sri Sawai Bhoj Bagaravat]], one of the 24 Gujar brothers collectively known as Bagaravats, at [[Dev Dham Jodhpuriya]] temple.]]

The Rajasthani Gurjars worship [[Surya]], [[Devnarayan]] (an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]), [[Shiva]] and [[Durga|Bhavani]].<ref name=neuman>{{cite book|title=Bards, ballads and boundaries: an ethnographic atlas of music traditions in West Rajasthan|author=Daniel Neuman|author2=Shubha Chaudhuri|author3=Komal Kothari|publisher=Seagull|year=2007|quote=Devnarayan is worshipped as an avatar or incarnation of Vishnu. This epic is associated with the Gujar caste|isbn=978-1905422074|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bardsballadsboun00neum}}</ref><ref name=vol11>{{cite book|title=Indian studies: past & present, Volume 11|publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers|year=1970|page=385|quote=The Gujars of Punjab, North Gujarat and Western Rajasthan worship Sitala and Bhavani}}</ref>
Gurjar Goth is collective chant-like singing sung by Gurjar men and women, the themes of songs generally being [[Devnarayan]] Katha.<ref>{{Cite book
| last =
| first =
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAaCAAAAMAAJ&q=goth%20gujar
| title =Sangeet Natak. (1998).
| publisher =Sangeet Natak Akademi.
|date=1996
|isbn=
| page =
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last =
| first =
|url=
| title =Lok Rang: National Cultural Festival. (1996)
| publisher =Jawahar Kala Kendra
|date=1998
|isbn=
| page =
}}</ref> In Rajasthan, some members of the Gurjar community resorted to violent protests over the issue of reservation in 2006 and 2007. They demanded a change in their status from Other Backward Class (OBC) to Scheduled Tribe (ST). They felt marginalized and faced livelihood crises. During the 2003 election to the Rajasthan assembly, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) promised them Scheduled Tribe status.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/rahi060608.htm
|title= Gujjar of Rajasthan and ST Status
|publisher=[[Countercurrents.org]]
|date=6 June 2008
|access-date=24 June 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |date=June 2014 |title=Pastoral predicaments: The Gujars in history |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0069966714525163 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=191–222 |doi=10.1177/0069966714525163 |issn=0069-9667|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, the party failed to keep its promise after coming to the power, resulting in protests by the Gurjars in September 2006.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/060905/139/67ale.html
|title=Gujjar community goes berserk in Rajasthan
|publisher=Yahoo! News
|date=5 September 2006
|access-date=31 May 2007
}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In May 2007, during violent protests over the reservation issue, members of the Gurjar community clashed with the police.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705301541.htm |title=Gujjar unrest: CPI(M) demands judicial probe |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 May 2007 |access-date=31 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215605/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705301541.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Subsequently, the Gurjar protested violently, under various groups including the Gurjar Sangarsh Samiti,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=374252&sid=REG&ssid= |title= Talks between Rajasthan Government, Gujjars collapse |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=30 May 2007 |access-date=31 May 2007 }}</ref> Gurjar Mahasabha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May302007/national200705304597.asp?section=updatenews |title=Gujjars seek resignation of Minister Kalulal Gujjar |work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=30 May 2007
|access-date=31 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131756/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May302007/national200705304597.asp?section=updatenews  |archive-date = 29 September 2007}}</ref> and the Gurjar Action Committee.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Four_dead_in_Gujjar-police_clash/articleshow/2082202.cms |title=Four dead in Gujjar-police clash in Rajasthan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2007 |access-date=31 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113193527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Four_dead_in_Gujjar-police_clash/articleshow/2082202.cms |archive-date=13 January 2009 }}</ref> Presently, the Gurjars in Rajasthan are classified as Other Backward Class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/rajasthan.htm |title=Central List of Other Backward Classes: Rajasthan |publisher=National Commission for Backward Classes |access-date=31 May 2007}}</ref>

On 5 June 2007, Gurjars rioted over their desire to be added to the central list of tribes who are given favoured treatment under the reservation system. However, other tribes on the list oppose this request, as it would make it harder to obtain the few positions already set aside.<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=5 June 2007 |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1628192,00.html?xid=rss-world&iid=sphere-inline-bottom |access-date=26 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004511/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1628192,00.html?xid=rss-world&iid=sphere-inline-bottom |title=The Race to the Bottom of India's Ladder}}</ref>

In December 2007, the Akhil Bhartiya Gurjar Mahasabha ("All-India Gurjar Council") stated that the community would boycott the BJP, which was in power in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gurjar community 'threatens' to boycott BJP |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/004200712311013.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 December 2007 |access-date=31 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112093120/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/004200712311013.htm |archive-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> But in 2009 the Gurjar community was supporting BJP so that they could be politically benefitted. [[Kirori Singh Bainsla]] fought and lost on the BJP ticket. In the early 2000s, the Gurjar community in Dang region of Rajasthan was also in news its falling [[sex ratio]], unavailability of brides, and the resultant [[polyandry]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/31/stories/2003083100250400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321101203/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/08/31/stories/2003083100250400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=21 March 2004
|title=Men without women
|author=Manipadma Jena
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=3 August 2003
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp021505.htm
|title=Diminishing returns
|author=Astrid Lobo Gajiwala
|work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]
|date=7 February 2005
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref>

{{See also|2008 caste violence in Rajasthan}}

==== Madhya Pradesh ====

{{as of|2022}}, the Gurjars in [[Madhya Pradesh]] are classified as Other Backward Classes.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2fvPkOo88fWK%2fs%2fLWkaxMKHeos%2fc%2fKys
|title=Central List of Other Backward Classes: Madhya Pradesh
|publisher=National Commission for Backward Classes
|access-date=22 January 2023
}}</ref>

==== Maharashtra ====
In Maharashtra, Gurjars are in very good numbers in Jalgaon District. Dode Gurjars and Dore Gurjars are listed as Other Backward Classes in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/maharashtra.html
|title=Central List of Other Backward Classes
|publisher=National Commission for Backward Classes
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref>

==== Gujarat ====
The State took its name from the Gurjara, the land of the Gurjars, who ruled the area during the 700s and 800s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Gujarat|url=https://gujaratindia.gov.in/about-gujarat/history-1.htm|website=Gujrat State Portal|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015743/https://gujaratindia.gov.in/about-gujarat/history-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

They are listed among the Other Backward Classes of Gujarat.<ref name="goi">{{cite web|title=Central List of OBCs For the State of Gujarat|url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/gujarat.pdf|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

A few scholars believe that the [[Leva Patil|Leva]] [[Kunbi]]s (or Kambis) of Gujarat, a section of the [[Patidar]]s, are possibly of Gurjar origin.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/people_castes.html
|title=Buldhana: Castes
|work=Buldhana District Gazetteer
|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Cultural Affairs Department of Government of Maharashtra
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref><ref name="indomitable_sardar">{{Cite book
|last=Panjabi
|first=Kewalram Lalchand
|title =The Indomitable Sardar
|year =1977
|publisher =Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
|page=4
|quote=Vallabhbhai Patel belonged to the famous clan of Leva Gujar Patidars who played a notable role in the history of Gujarat. They were Gujars who came from Punjab and had occupied the rich charotar land between Mahi and Tapi rivers.
}}</ref> However, several others state that the Patidars are [[Kurmi]]s or [[Kunbi]]s (Kanbis);<ref name="Pocock 1972">{{Cite book
|last=Pocock
|first=David Francis
|title=Kanbi and Patidar: A Study of the Patidar Community of Gujarat
|year=1972
|publisher=Clarendon Press
|isbn=978-0-19-823175-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/kanbipatidarstud0000poco
}}</ref> Gurjars are included in the OBC list in Gujarat but Patidars are not.<ref name=goi/>

Gurjars of [[North Gujarat]], along with those of Western Rajasthan and [[Punjab]], worship [[Shitala|Sitala]] and [[Bhavani]].<ref name=vol11/>

==== Himachal Pradesh ====
{{As of|2001}}, the Gurjars in parts of Himachal Pradesh were classified as a Scheduled Tribe.<ref name="census2001">{{cite web|publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |access-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042409/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |archive-date=5 June 2010}}</ref>

==== Jammu and Kashmir ====
[[File:BAKARWALS_RAJOURI.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Bakarwals (Gujjar Shepherd) from Jammu and Kashmir]] [[File:Gurjar Family with their Embroidery (14577300535).jpg|thumb|Gurjar family with their embroidery]]

The Gurjars and Bakerwals tribes of Jammu and Kashmir were declared a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribal.nic.in/DivisionsFiles/clm/17.pdf|title= Scheduled Tribe Order |publisher= Government of India, Tribal Affairs Department }}</ref> At the 2001 census, they were found principally in [[Rajouri District|Rajouri]], [[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch]], [[Reasi District|Reasi]], [[Kishtwar district]], with presences elsewhere.<ref name="census2001_jk_st">{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=Jammu & Kashmir Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes
|work=[[Census of India]] 2001
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India
|access-date=31 May 2007
}}</ref> It is believed that Gurjars migrated to Jammu and Kashmir from Gujarat (via Rajasthan) and Hazara district of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>{{Cite book
| last =Kapoor
| first =A. K.
|author2=M. K. Raha |author3=D. Basu |author4=Satwanti Kapoor
| title =Ecology and man in the Himalayas
| year =1994
| publisher =M. D. Publications
| isbn =978-81-85880-16-7
| pages =43–44
}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, the Gurjars and the Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir were classified as Scheduled Tribes constitute 12% of the total population of Jammu and Kashmir. However, they claim that they constitute more than 20% of the population, and allege undercounting because of their [[transhumance|nomadic]] lifestyle, saying that when the censuses were held in 2001 and 2011, half of their population had been in the upper reaches of the Himalaya.<ref name="census2001" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/gujjars-bakerwals-seek-special-census-373095|title= Gujjars, Bakerwals seek special census |work=The Tribune |location=New Delhi}}</ref> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gurjars are the most populous scheduled tribe in Jammu and Kashmir, having a population of nearly 1.5 million. Nearly all of them follow Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribalaffairs.jk.gov.in/StPopu.pdf|title= Tribal Population of Gujjars, Bakerwals|publisher= Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Tribal Affairs Department }}</ref>

The Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir in 2007 demanded that this tribal community be treated as a [[Linguistic minorities|linguistic minority]] in the erstwhile state and provided with constitutional safeguards for their language [[Gojri]]. They also pressured the state government to urge the central government to include [[Gojri]] in the list of [[official languages of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=128044|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904180135/http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=128044|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2012|title=Meri News|publisher=Meri News|access-date=16 April 2009}}</ref>

In 2002, some Gurjars and [[Bakarwal]]s in Jammu and Kashmir demanded a separate state called Gujaristan for Gujjar and Bakarwal communities, under the banner of All India Gurjar Parishad.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=13233
|title = Gujjars, Bakerwals demand Gujaristan in J&K
|work = [[Indian Express]]
|date = 29 July 2002
|access-date = 31 May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050220224316/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=13233
|archive-date = 20 February 2005
}}</ref> Gurjars and Bakarwals have at times been targeted by militants of the insurgency in the territory, such as during the [[2001 Kot Charwal massacre|Kot Charwal]] and [[2004 Teli Katha massacre|Teli Katha massacre]]s.

==== Uttarakhand ====
{{Main|Van Gujjar people}}
[[File:OpenSpeaks-Gju-Maari Jaban Maari Birsa-Taukeer Alam-Van Gujjari Wedding.webm|thumb|[[Taukeer Alam]] sharing the [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]] wedding rituals and clothings]]

The Van Gujjars ("forest Gurjars") are found in the [[Shivalik Hills]] area of Uttarakhand. The Van Gujjars follow Islam, and they have their own clans, similar to the Hindu [[gotra]]s.<ref name="businessline_outside_jungle">{{cite web
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/09/04/stories/100444m8.htm
|title = Outside the jungle book
|author = Radhakrishna Rao
|website = [[The Hindu Business Line]]
|date = 4 September 2000
|access-date = 31 May 2007
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070528103747/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/09/04/stories/100444m8.htm
|archive-date = 28 May 2007
}}</ref> They are a pastoral semi-nomadic community, practising [[transhumance]]. In the winter season, the Van Gujjars migrate with herds of semi-wild [[water buffalo]] to the Shivalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayas, and in summer, they migrate to alpine pastures higher up the Himalayas. The Gurjars sell milk to local peoples as their primary source of income. They treat their animals with great care and do not eat them nor sell them for meat.<ref name="Bound">{{cite book |title=Himalaya Bound: One Family's Quest to Save Their Animals - and an Ancient Way of Life |publisher=Pegasus Books |author=Michael Benanav |year=2018 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2023}}

The Van Gujjars have had conflicts with forest authorities, who prohibited human and livestock populations inside reserved parks.<ref name="businessline_outside_jungle" /> However, India's [[Forest Rights Act]] of 2006 granted rights to "traditional forest dwellers" to the lands they have relied on for generations. The conflict between local forest officials, who claim rights over the newly created parks, and the thousand year nomadic traditions of the Van Gujjars has been ongoing.<ref name="Bound" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/0731/p17s07-wosc.html |title=Is there room for India's nomads? |work=Christian Science Monitor |author=Michael Benanav |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
It has been estimated that Gujjars comprise 20% of Pakistan's total population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2007 |title=Who are the Gujjars? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/who-are-the-gujjars/story-cHGOp2jkDxjWspEpXZuBAM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815112219/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/who-are-the-gujjars/story-cHGOp2jkDxjWspEpXZuBAM.html |archive-date=15 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=In Pakistan, they comprise as much as 20 per cent of the population.}}</ref>

In 1999, British anthropologist Stephen Lyon estimated their total population in Pakistan to number 30 million and theorized the notion of "Gujarism", the fact that Gujjars in Pakistan are conscious of their identity and often base their social activities, such as local political participation, on this basis, what he calls kin-network activism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyon |first=Stephen |date=May 1999 |title=Gujars and Gujarism: simple quaum versus network activism |url=https://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Era_Resources/Era/SLyon/Reports/gujarism.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818093731/https://era.anthropology.ac.uk/Era_Resources/Era/SLyon/Reports/gujarism.html |archive-date=18 August 2024 |website=[[University of Kent]]}}</ref>

==== Punjab ====
Gujjars are mostly found in the country's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]], where they gave their name to cities and towns such as [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujar Khan]] and [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], but for economics reasons recently they have emigrated to cities such as [[Karachi]].

==== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ====
Gujjars are also present in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], where they're the third largest ethnic groups after the [[Pashtuns]] and the [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]], found in the [[Hazara region|Hazara]] region as well places like [[Dir (region)|Dir]], [[Swat District|Swat]], and [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]], often being conversant in [[Pashto]], the provincial language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Races and Tribes |url=https://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818094524/https://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes |archive-date=18 August 2024 |website=[[Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]}}</ref>

In Swat, [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] Samiullah was a Gujjar community leader who was the first to raise a private tribal army against the [[Pakistani Taliban]], with around 10,000 men, but was eventually defeated and executed by the Taliban in 2008, who then desecrated his dead body by hanging it publicly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roggio |first=Bill |date=17 December 2008 |title=Taliban desecrate body of slain opposing tribal leader |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/taliban_desecrate_bo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818151733/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/taliban_desecrate_bo.php |archive-date=18 August 2024 |website=[[FDD's Long War Journal]] |quote=Samiullah was the first tribal leader in Swat to raise a lashkar, or tribal army, to oppose the Taliban. He claimed to have organized more than 10,000 tribesmen to oppose the Taliban and protect 20 villages. Samiullah and his followers are members of the Gujjar community, which is a group distinct from the dominant Pashtun tribal confederations that support the Taliban.}}</ref>

==== Azad Kashmir ====
In [[Azad Kashmir]], they are one of the region's largest communities, by some estimates even being considered the single largest group with 800,000 individuals.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web |title="With Friends Like These...": Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir: II. Background |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175448/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/pakistan0906/3.htm |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=June 14, 2019 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |quote=While the Gujjars, numbering close to eight hundred thousand, are possibly the largest such group (...)}}</ref><ref name="d712">{{cite web | last=Agency | first=Anadolu | title=Caste, ethnic loyalties decide poll favourites in AJK | website=The Express Tribune | date=2021-07-17 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2311080/caste-ethnic-loyalties-decide-poll-favourites-in-ajk | access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gurjaradesa]]
* [[Pratiharas of Mandavyapura|Gurjaras of Mandavyapura]]
* [[Bhadanakas]]
* [[Muslim Gujjars]]
* [[Pratihar Gurjars]]
* [[List of Gurjar clans]]
* [[List of Gurjars]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |first=Brajadulal |last=Chattopadhyaya |title=The Making of Early Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmVuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195634150}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=David Emmanuel|title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upk5AgAAQBAJ|year=2012|location=Boston|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-1-61451-185-4}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation|last=Rawat|first=Ajay Singh|title=Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNQU4VFrbgC|year=1993|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-85182-97-1}}
* {{citation |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |title=Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFPnh9B5zncC&pg=PA257 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-076-7 |pages=257–}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*

{{Gurjar clans}}{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gurjar| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kunar Province]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Hindkowan tribes]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Pastoralists]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Pazhampillichal

2026-01-12T05:14:15Z

FranklynDavitt2: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pazhampillichal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.059969|N|76.833599|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Idukki
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Devikulam
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 517.245
| population_total = 1552
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685561
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pazhampillichal''' is a village in the [[High Range]] district [[Idukki]] of [[Kerala]] State, India. It is one of the far-flung forest fringe villages in the [[Munnar]]/[[Devikulam]] [[Wildlife]], deciduous and evergreen forest, connecting from Aarammile (6th Mile) which is in between [[Adimaly]] - [[Neriamangalam]] on the [[Munnar]] – [[Cochin]] State Highway.

==History==

Pazhampillichal<ref name="wikimapia">{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/16915044/Pazhampillichal|title=Pazhampillichal village|publisher=wikimapia.org|accessdate=2015-05-15}}</ref> village is a migratory habitation only, in strict sagaciousness. In 1972, few families from other early-settled Idukki towns and villages under the leadership of Sri, M.C. Kuttappan, Sri. Mathew, Sri. Maniyanattu Varghese (Kallippara Varghese) and Sri. C. K. Govindhan (They were from VDCL) migrated to the forest, but the state forest officials ousted and dislodged them away. But later in 1974 they came again and settled naming the possession of lands as Pazhampillichal. But they were severely punished by legal authorities against the possession of [[Forest Land Enhancement Program|forest land]] and many of them were jailed.

The migrant families were mainly from the [[backward communities]] like SCs and [[Pulayar|Cheramar Christian]]<ref>[[Pulaya]]</ref> etc. which still continued, but not a [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996|PESA]]<ref>[[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996|PESA]]</ref> or such categorized area, for there are other classes or [[castes]] groups also settled in here. Though Pazhampillichal was established earlier than the nearby or neighboring two villages Padikkappu and Mamalakandom, it had no school up to recent years and the Post Office is still Padikkappu only. Since inception notwithstanding the [[Climate of India|climate]], [[geographical]] and [[Natural disaster|natural catastrophes]], families with oneness and accordance live together here. There is indications vis-à-vis the presence of Early man|early man's [[Habitation (India)|habitations]] or settlements over the areas through the relics and vestiges found from the location.

The first migrant families including women and children suffered a lot due to many factors like tortures from forest department officials, [[wild animals]] (There are still elephants, pigs and other animals often disturb the farmed lands), the occurrences of natural calamities and evacuation etc. Though other villages of the district got title deed (Pattayas) to their procession of lands, Pazhampillichal families still wait for title deed despite the 40 years over living. In the past forty years of history there were two of such incidences of [[natural]] [[landslides]] with quivers and rumble that devastated the agricultural lands and [[infrastructure]] of Pazhampillichal and most pathetically killing 11 precious lives in the year 1997!!

== Etymology ==

This beautiful [[nature]] bound and made location of settlement area gets its name, as many migrant elders conveyed, from the much earlier settled family with name "Pazhampilli". Those settlers were from a Muslim family who took the forest land on lease for cultivation. During their cultivation and staying over the location, in order to have self-protection they happened to shoot an elephant, which died on the field itself. This incident brought them fear that the officials would book case on them and jailed. Driven by the fear they fled the location. Later the name "Pzhampilli" was added "Chaal" and thus came the present name. "Chaal" in [[Malayalam]] ([[Dialect|Local dialect]]) means a "trench" or "watercourse" or "gully" etc.

==Geography==

Pazhampillichal is situated at an altitude of 1696.998<ref>http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude/Pazhampillichal.htm{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with coordinates of 10.059969"E and 76.833599"N’. It is a hilly aslant location only, the junction or headquarters is located on the center of households which are situated on the north west side of hill starting from Chappath gradually increasing elevation towards upper side of the same hill followed by a road and further [[File:Neriamangalam.JPG|thumb|right|Enchathotti Chain Bridge built across the River Periyar and the Forest in which Pazhampillichal also located 12.3 km away from here]]goes to Padikkappu. The other sides of the hill are [[Forest|dense forest]] with animals like elephants, monkeys, kezha etc., tall trees and various flora and fauna too. Beneath of this household situated areas go down to a small stream and from there another mountain starts and its east sides (Facing to the road that goes from Chappath to Padikkappu through the heart of Pazhampillichal) are also occupied by people and there are households even though less comparatively. The other side of this same hillock is also forest only. Thus Pazhampillichal is a copiously forest-fringe hamlet located between two hills that are being separated by a small stream and thus it looks like valley like arroyo or ravine.

The two hilly mounds situated over east and west with the forests and natural [[vegetation]] provide safety, water resources and fecundity for Pazhampillichal and same time pose threats too in rainy seasons. As of or more than other places in Idukki district, the village gets teeming down pour and in winter the village also get cold higher due to the coverage of the forests.

==Road connectivity==

The village is connected to other areas through one road only that is connected to the road that starts from 6th Mile (Aaram mile) situated on the [[Cochin]]-[[Munnar]] highway towards North having a distance of 5.00 kilometers. This same road further goes from the locality called Chappath (Which is also a part of Pazhampillichal) towards north east to the only village exists beyond Pazhampillichal in the forest called Mamalakandom at a distance of 7 kilometers and the road goes towards south in height facilitating transportation and connectivity for all the people and ends up at Padikkappu at a distance of 3 kilometers away. The highway is connected to [[Adimaly]], [[Munnar]], [[Devikulam]] towards south-west and to [[Neriamangalam]], [[Muvattupuzha]] and [[Ernakulam]]-[[Cochin]] towards north-east crossing the famous and Kerala's lengthy and biggest river called [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] at a distance of 12 kilometers.

===Distance to nearby villages and towns===

[[Mamalakandam]] – 7 km
Padikkappu - 3 Mks
Aaram mile (6th)- 5 km
[[Adimaly]] -
[[Neriamangalam]] -
[[Munnar]] -
[[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]] -
[[Ernakulam]] -

==Demographics==

There are 320 households with a total number of 1552 people.<ref>[[(2001 Census of India)]]</ref> The majority of communities in the village belong to SC and [[Cheramar]] [[Christians|Christian]] with 60% of households and population; [[Syro-Malabar]] or RC families are 11%; ST households are 26%. Other communities make up the remaining 3%. Actually Pazhampillichal has many small localities like Chappathu, Kambiline, Kurathikudi, Velliamparakudi, Chupam, Kollamkudi etc. with mostly ST families and population.

Though this is of [[backward communities]] and a remote settlement far-flung forest fringe village, Pazhampillichal is having 100% [[literacy]], which other villages may adopt and learn to work out.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Constituency==

Pazhampillichal comes under [[Adimaly Gramapanchayath]] and Mannamkandom Village of [[Devikulam]] Taluk. The Parliament and Legislative Assembly constituency of Pazhampillichal are [[Idukki]] and Devikulam respectively. It is the first (1) ward in the Adimaly Gramapanchayath. People of this village in accordance and unity follow and support all major political parties in Kerala.

==Educational institutions==

Earlier there was any educational institution in Pazhampillichal, which might be of the remoteness, reserve and less population of the village. But now it has a school under state government

Govt. LP School (1st Standard to 4th Standard)

And thereafter children need to go for education to Neriamangalom 15 km away), Eattam mile (8th Mile) (8 km on walking) or to Adimaly (23 km)

==Worship and religious institutions==

In 1974 onwards Sri, Lukose Mulavathukuzhi works here in the village spreading [[gospel]] and conducting [[bible]] classes. He was a dedicated [[Evangelism|evangelist]] and the first person started prayers and support services in Pazhampillichal. Later in 1976 he established "Vellassery Church" here.

There are [[Hindu]] and [[Christianity|Christian]] [[religious]] congregations and groups in this village. And [[Christianity]] is the major [[religion]] in the village and there are no other religious groups or followers.

===Christian===
There are a number of [[Christianity|Christian]] denominational churches and [[worship]] centers existing in Pazhampillichal. They are:

# [http://www.smcim.org/church/pazhampillichal St. Mary’s Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102908/http://www.smcim.org/church/pazhampillichal |date=24 September 2015 }} (BVM Assum)(Under [[Syro-Malabar]] or RC Denomination and Kothamangalom Eparchy)<ref name="smcim">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcim.org/church/pazhampillichal|title=BVM Assu Church|publisher=smcim.org|accessdate=2015-05-15|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102908/http://www.smcim.org/church/pazhampillichal|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# CMS Church (Under the [[Church Mission Society]], Anglican Episcopal Churches)
# [[Church of South India|CSI]] (under Church of South India)
# [[Marthoma Church]]
# [[Jacobite Church]]
# [http://IPC%20Pentecostal%20Church%20Kumbanad IPC Prayer Hall]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Under the Indian Pentecostal Churches)
# [http://Believers’%20Church,%20Manjadi Believers’ Church]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Under Believers’ Church, Manjadi, Tiruvalla)
# [[Seventh-day Adventist]] (Under Seventh-day Adventists Missions)
# Global Mission Prayer Hall (Under Global Mission Churches Ministry)
# New India Church
# Sharon Fellowship
# Emmanuel Church
# Independent Church

===Hindu and related religions===

* [[PRDS|Prathyaksha Raksha Dhaiva Sabha]] (Under [[Poikayil appachan|Poikayil]] Yohannan's Movements)
* Devi Temple (Chappathu Vana Durga)

==Income and livelihood==

The mainstay income of this migratory village is from agriculture only that around 94% of families depend on agriculture for their income and [[livelihood]]. There is no other income generation option in this village like enterprises of high levels or micro-cottage industries etc. Though forests are nearby, no [[NTFP]] collection or such activities among the villagers.

And the remaining 6% of families depend on agro-labour works. Since many of the agriculture-investment families are of [[Farming|marginal farming cultivators]], they go for cutting and loading of paper-raw material "Eeta" in the forest in order to supplement the shrinkages of [[income]] and [[livelihood]]. Some times this appendage source, available occasionally converts major support to the families.

And there is active participation and implementation of the central Government Scheme facilitated by State Government under 100 days guarantee Pattern; [[<ref>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act</ref>|MNREGS]] (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) in Malayalam equivalent "Thozhilurappu Padhathi". Out of the total population 94% people have such job cards in this village.

==Languages==
[[Malayalam]], the popular and official governing [[Malayalam|vernacular language of Kerala]] is the etymological dialect of the people of Pazhampillichal. There are youngsters who use [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] too.
Few Significant People and Influential Families:

There are few families who supported for the [[Development theory|development]] of Pazhampillichal as of now through their services, education, [[leadership]] and inputs too. Some of such families are
Olickal House,
Maniyanattu (Kallippara)
Allunkal,
Panamkunnel,

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]