Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Kiran George

2026-05-06T03:04:12Z

Frankieren:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Kiran George
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|2|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| height = 1.74 m
| handedness = Right
| coach = [[Yoo Yong-sung]]
| event = Men's singles
| highest_ranking = 34
| date_of_highest_ranking = 7 May 2024
| current_ranking = 48
| date_of_current_ranking = 14 April 2026
| titles =
| bwfbadminton_id = 68317
| bwf_id = 5955AC97-E24C-4550-AE1D-64A5E1F97345
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Thomas Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|2026 Horsens]] | Men's team }}
}}

'''Kiran George''' (born 11 February 2000) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile: Kiran George|url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/68317/kiran-george |publisher=Badminton World Federation |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ubaid|last=Parker|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/polish-international-2021-badminton-india-players-results-title|title=Polish International 2021: India's Kiran George wins singles title, Ishaan Bhatnagar-Sai Pratheek clinch doubles|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=27 September 2021|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> He has competed in the [[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup|2020 Thomas Cup]] and [[2022 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2022 Asian Team Championships]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nayse |first=Suhas |title=I'm really excited to play in Thomas Cup for first time and I hope to do well for India |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/news-i-m-really-excited-play-thomas-cup-first-time-i-hope-well-india-says-kiran-george |publisher=SportsKeeda |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
===2021–22===
In 2021, Kiran George's first tournament played was the [[2021 Orléans Masters|Orléans Masters]] where lost to [[Brice Leverdez]] in the 3rd round.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Badminton |first1=Go |title=Kiran George Orléans Masters |url=https://www.facebook.com/gobadminton/photos/a.319493891824926/1194278411013132/?type=3 |website=Facebook}}</ref> In September, Kiran played in the [[Polish International]] where he won the tournament beating [[Jason Teh]] in the finals winning his first ever tournament since the [[Ghana International]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ubaid|last=Parker|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/polish-international-2021-badminton-india-players-results-title|title=Polish International 2021: India's Kiran George wins singles title, Ishaan Bhatnagar-Sai Pratheek clinch doubles|publisher=International Olympic Committees|date=27 September 2021|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> He also reached the semis of the [[Welsh International]] but lost to [[Siril Verma]].

In 2022, Kiran started the year by playing in 3 BWF world tour tournaments including the [[2022 India Open (badminton)|India Open]] Which he lost the first round and the [[2022 Syed Modi International|Syed Modi International]] which he also lost the first round and the [[2022 Odisha Open|Odisha Open]] which he won the title beating [[Priyanshu Rajawat]] to win his first ever [[BWF World Tour]] title.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The |first1=Bridge |title=Kiran George wins gold |url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/odisha-open-final-womens-mens-singles-live-updates-scores-28770}}</ref> He competed at the [[2022 Badminton Asia Team Championships]] but was eliminated at the group stage. First he lost to Korean [[Kim Joo-wan]] by the score of 18-21 and 14-21 then he lost to Hong Kong's [[Chan Yin Chak]] in the score of 13-21,21-17 and 9-21 and finally [[Ikhsan Rumbay]] in the score of 13-21, 21-17 and 10-21.

===2023===

In Thailand Open BWF Super 500, he pulled off a major upset win against then World No 1 [[Shi Yuqi]] of China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Hindol |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/general/kiran-george-a-ray-of-hope-for-india/ar-AA1xlj15?ocid=BingNewsVerp&apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=www.msn.com |publisher=MSN |date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

===2025===

In India Open BWF Super 750, he reached the quarterfinals by defeating the errorless 18 year old Frenchmen Alex Lanier. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohanarangan |first1=Vinayakk |title=India Open Super 750: Kiran George’s stirring fightback the highlight; Satwik-Chirag and PV Sindhu post contrasting wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/india-open-kiran-george-fightback-satwik-chirag-pv-sindhu-win-9782932/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express |date=17 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
===World Tour (3 titles)===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Odisha Open#Finals|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 14–21, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100|Indonesia Masters (I)]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Koo Takahashi]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Odisha Masters#Finals|2025]]
| align="left" | Odisha Masters
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhamad Yusuf]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 13–21, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

===International Challenge / Series (3 titles, 1 runner-up)===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | [[Ghana International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo]]
| align="left" | 25–23, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Polish International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jason Teh]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 21–14, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Polish Open (badminton)|Polish Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lee Chia-hao]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | [[Denmark Masters]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lu Chia-hung]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Kiran}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kochi]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Sabu Thomas

2026-05-05T11:23:40Z

Frankieren:

{{short description|Indian professor (born 1960)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sabu Thomas
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prof.Sabu Thomas.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1960|3|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| region =
| citizenship =
| residence =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Vice-Chancellor]]
| period = 2019 – Present
| known_for = Founding Director, [https://www.mgu.ac.in/academics/centres/international-inter-university-centre-for-nanoscience-and-nanotechnology/ International & Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology]
| title =
| boards = 
| spouse =
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| awards = 
| website = http://www.sabuthomas.com
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
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| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = S. K. De
| academic_advisors =
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| workplaces = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam]]
| doctoral_students = 
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sabu Thomas''' (born 14 March 1960) is an Indian professor who also served as the [[vice-chancellor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KeralaGovernor/status/1132985316359299076|title=As Chancellor, appointed Prof. (Dr.) Sabu Thomas, Professor, School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, as Vice Chancellor, MG University, Kottayam as per Section 10 of Mahatma Gandhi University Act 1985s, 2010 for four years from the date on which he assumes office.pic.twitter.com/0BQotmnyiw|first=Kerala|last=Governor|date=27 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/prof-sabu-thomas-appointed-mahatma-gandhi-university-vice-chancellor-2043718 |title = Prof Sabu Thomas Appointed Mahatma Gandhi University Vice Chancellor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/education-malayalam/news/prof-sabu-thomas-appointed-vc-of-mg-university-1.3827840 |title = പ്രൊഫ. സാബു തോമസിനെ എം.ജി.സര്‍വകലാശാല വൈസ് ചാന്‍സലറായി നിയമിച്ചു}}</ref> of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]. He is also a full professor (25 March 1998 onwards) of Polymer Science and Engineering at the School of Chemical Sciences. He was the [[Pro-Vice Chancellor]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] during the period of 31 August 2017 to 31 August 2018, Director of School of Chemical Science during the period of 1 November 2010 to 31 December 2013. Hon. Director of [https://www.mgu.ac.in/academics/centres/international-inter-university-centre-for-nanoscience-and-nanotechnology/ International & Inter-University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology] during the period of 28 March 2009 to 11 September 2015, 2 February 2016 to 11 October 2017.

== Early life ==
Sabu Thomas was born on 14 March 1962. He completed his schooling at Kumaranalloor Devi Vilasom HSS. He studied pre-degree at CMS College, Kottayam and then obtained BSc Degree in Chemistry from Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam in 1980 and Bachelor of Technology Degree in Polymer Science and Rubber Technology from [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in 1983. He received his PhD from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in 1987.

== Academic research ==
His areas of academic research include [[polymer nanocomposite]]s and cellulose nanocomposites. He is the editor of the [[Elsevier]] journal ''Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects''.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/nano-structures-and-nano-objects/editorial-board | title=Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects Editorial Board}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2015, he received his first [[Docteur Honoris Causa]] from [[University of Southern Brittany]] in Lorient, France.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www-limatb.univ-ubs.fr/limatb-highlights-452760.kjsp?RH=LIMATB | title=Laboratoire LIMATB – LIMATB Highlights}}</ref> In 2016, he received his second Doctorate honoris causa from [[University of Lorraine]], France.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://factuel.univ-lorraine.fr/node/6958 | title=Portrait d'un Docteur Honoris Causa (2/2) : Sabu Thomas | Factuel| date=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ijl.univ-lorraine.fr/actualites/les-actualites-par-themes/details-categories/le-pr-sabu-thomas-nomme-docteur-honoris-causa-de-l-universite-de-lorraine/ | title=Institut Jean Lamour: Le Pr. Sabu Thomas nommé Docteur Honoris Causa de l'Université de Lorraine}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry]], London, FRSC in 2012. He received the Bronze Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]]<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-2013 |title=Awards: Year – 2013 |date=2018 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India}}</ref> and the MRSI Medal of the Material Research Society of India in 2013.<ref name="Awards and honors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=Awards and honors |date=2018 |publisher=Material Research Society of India}}</ref> He was the recipient of [[Fulbright-Nehru International Education Administrators Award]] 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cies.org/grantee/sabu-thomas | title=Sabu Thomas | Fulbright Scholar Program}}</ref> He received TRiLA Academician of the year 2018 award.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tyretimes.com/dr-sabu-thomas-winner-for-trila-academician-of-the-year/ | title=DR. SABU THOMAS WINNER FOR TRILA ACADEMICIAN OF THE YEARTyretimes | Tyretimes}}</ref>

== Academic identity ==
# [[Google Scholar]] : [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=74VyKRYAAAAJ Prof. (Dr.) Sabu Thomas – Google Scholar Citations]
# [[Scopus]] : [https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7404654376 Scopus preview – Scopus – Author details (Thomas, Sabu)]
# [[ORCID]] : [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4726-5746 ORCID]
# [[ResearcherID]] : [http://www.researcherid.com/rid/G-7310-2016 Prof. (Dr.) Sabu Thomas | Publons]
# [[Vidwan]] : [https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/21829 Vidwan | Profile Page]

== Books ==

[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]
# Biobased Aerogels: Polysaccharide and Protein-based Materials,2018 <ref>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1039/9781782629979|title = Biobased Aerogels|series = Green Chemistry Series|year = 2018|isbn = 978-1-78262-765-4|last1 = Thomas|first1 = Sabu|last2 = Pothan|first2 = Laly A.|last3 = Mavelil-Sam|first3 = Rubie}}</ref>
# Natural Polymers: Volume 1: Composites, 2012<ref>{{Cite book | url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-402-8#!divbookcontent | isbn=978-1-84973-402-8| title=Natural Polymers| date=2012-09-19| last1=John| first1=Maya J.| last2=Thomas| first2=Sabu}}</ref>

[[Elsevier]]
# Advances in Polymer Processing, 1st Edition, From Macro- To Nano- Scales, Woodhead Publishing, 2009

[[John Wiley & Sons]]

# Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding, Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications,2018<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wiley-vch.de/en?option=com_eshop&view=product&isbn=9781119128618&title=Advanced%20Materials%20for%20EMI%20Shielding | title=Wiley-VCH – Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding}}</ref>

[[CRC Press]]
# Methodologies and Applications for Analytical and Physical Chemistry, 2018<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crcpress.com/Methodologies-and-Applications-for-Analytical-and-Physical-Chemistry/Haghi-Thomas-Palit-Main/p/book/9781771886215 | title=Methodologies and Applications for Analytical and Physical Chemistry}}</ref>

[[Nova Publishers]]

# Polymer Nanocomposite Research Advances, 2008<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FU5Gtb5EBZ0C |title = Polymer Nanocomposite Research Advances|isbn = 978-1-60456-063-3|last1 = Thomas|first1 = Sabu|last2 = Zaikov|first2 = Gennadiĭ Efremovich|year = 2008}}</ref>
# Progress in Polymer Nanocomposite Research, 2008<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGYNAAACAAJ&q=Progress+in+Polymer+Nanocomposite+Research |title = Progress in Polymer Nanocomposite Research|isbn = 978-1-60456-484-6|last1 = Thomas|first1 = Sabu|last2 = Zaikov|first2 = Gennadiĭ Efremovich|year = 2008}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Sabu}}
[[Category:Cochin University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]

Lost Horizon

2026-04-30T22:05:19Z

Frankieren: starting a entry

{{Short description|1933 novel by the English writer James Hilton}}
{{Other uses|Lost Horizon (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Lost Horizon
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Lost_Horizon_by_James_Hilton_(1933_dust_jacket).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Dust jacket for the first edition.
| author = [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]]
| audio_read_by = Michael de Morgan
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Fantasy, [[Fiction]], [[novel]], [[Adventure novel|adventure]], [[lost world]], [[Utopian and dystopian fiction]]
| set_in = The [[Kunlun Mountains]] of [[Tibet]], the [[British Raj]], and [[Berlin]]
| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]
| release_date = 1933 / 2010 (audiobook)
| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback), Kindle eBook, audiobook
| pages = ~160 pp. / 8 hrs and 26 mins
| isbn = 978-1840243536
| isbn_note = (UK) {{ISBN|978-0060594527}} (US)
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Lost Horizon''''' is a 1933 novel by the English writer [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]]. The book was adapted into a film, also called ''[[Lost Horizon (1937 film)|Lost Horizon]]'', in 1937 by director [[Frank Capra]]; and a [[Lost Horizon (1973 film)|musical film]] remake in 1973 by producer Ross Hunter with music by [[Burt Bacharach]]. It is the origin of [[Shangri-La]], a [[list of utopian literature|fictional utopian]] [[lamasery]] located high in the mountains of [[Tibet]].

The novel has a [[frame story]] set in [[Berlin]], where a [[neurologist]] obtains a [[manuscript]] which records the narrative of a British diplomat who had disappeared in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. The main narrative depicted in the manuscript starts in May 1931 within the [[British Raj]]. There is a [[revolution]] in the country and several people are [[Emergency evacuation|evacuated]]. A number of them are transported in a [[maharaja]]'s [[airplane|aircraft]], but the plane is [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]]. After a [[crash landing]], the four surviving passengers are guided to Shangri-La in the [[Kuen-Lun]] mountain range.

==Plot==
The prologue and epilogue are a [[frame story]] narrated by a neurologist. This neurologist and a novelist friend, Rutherford, are given dinner at [[Tempelhof]], [[Berlin]], by their old school-friend Wyland, a secretary at the British embassy. A chance remark by a passing airman brings up the topic of Hugh Conway, a British consul in [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], who disappeared under odd circumstances. Later in the evening, Rutherford reveals to the neurologist that, after the disappearance, he discovered Conway in a French mission hospital in Chung-Kiang (probably [[Chongqing]]), [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], suffering from [[amnesia]]. Conway recovered his memory, told Rutherford his story (which Rutherford recorded in a manuscript), and then slipped away again.

Rutherford gives the neurologist his manuscript, which becomes the heart of the novel.

In May 1931, during the [[British Raj]] in India, the 80 White residents of Baskul are being evacuated to [[Peshawar]] because of a revolution. In the aeroplane of the Maharajah of [[Chandrapur]] are: Conway, the British consul, aged 37; Charles Mallinson, his young vice-consul; an American, Henry D. Barnard; and a British missionary, Miss Roberta Brinklow. The plane is hijacked and flown instead over the mountains to [[Tibet]]. After a crash landing, the pilot dies, but not before telling the four (in Chinese, which only Conway speaks) to seek shelter at the nearby [[lamasery]] of Shangri-La. The location is unclear, but Conway believes the plane has "progressed far beyond the western range of the [[Himalayas]]" towards the lesser known heights of the [[Kuen-Lun]] mountain range.

The four are taken there by a party directed by Chang, a postulant at the lamasery who speaks English. The lamasery has modern conveniences, like central heating, bathtubs from [[Akron, Ohio]], a large library, a [[Piano#Grand|grand piano]], a [[harpsichord]], and food from the fertile valley below. Towering above is Karakal, literally translated as "Blue Moon," a mountain more than 28,000 feet high. Mallinson is keen to hire porters and leave, but Chang politely puts him off. The others eventually decide they are content to stay: Miss Brinklow because she wants to teach the people a sense of sin; Barnard because he is really Chalmers Bryant (wanted by the police for stock fraud) and because he is keen to develop the gold mines in the valley; and Conway because the contemplative scholarly life suits him.

A seemingly young Manchu woman, Lo-Tsen, is another postulant at the lamasery. She does not speak English, but plays the harpsichord. Mallinson falls in love with her, as does Conway, though more languidly. Conway is given an audience with the High Lama, an unheard-of honour. He learns that the lamasery was constructed in its present form in the early eighteenth century by a Catholic monk named Perrault from [[Luxembourg]]. The lamasery has since then been joined by others who have found their way into the valley. Once they have done so, their ageing slows; if they then leave the valley, they age quickly and die. Conway guesses correctly that the High Lama is Perrault, now 250 years old.

In a later audience, the High Lama reveals that he is finally dying, and that he wants Conway to lead the lamasery. The High Lama then dies. Conway contemplates the events.

Hours after the High Lama dies, Conway is outside still pondering the events while in the moonlight. Mallinson then grabs him by the arm and tells Conway he has arranged to leave the valley with porters and Lo-Tsen. Barnard and Brinklow have decided to stay. The porters and Lo-Tsen are waiting for him five kilometres outside the valley, but he cannot traverse the dangerous route alone, so he convinces Conway to go along and assist him. Conway is caught, divided between the two worlds. Ultimately, because of his love for the boy, he decides to join Mallinson. This ends Rutherford's manuscript.

The last time Rutherford saw Conway, it appeared he was preparing to make his way back to Shangri-La. Rutherford completes his account by telling the neurologist that he attempted to track Conway and verify some of his claims of Shangri-La. He found the Chung-Kiang doctor who had treated Conway. The doctor said Conway had been brought in by a Chinese woman, who was ill and died soon after. She was old, the doctor had told Rutherford, "Most old of anyone I have ever seen," implying that it was Lo-Tsen, aged drastically by her departure from Shangri-La. The narrator wonders whether Conway can find his way back to his lost paradise.

==Reception and legacy ==

[[File:Marine Corps guard at Shangri-La (later Camp David) on May 7, 1944 - 208-PU-Folder 3 (29265928051).jpg|thumb|left|U.S. Marine standing guard at [[Camp David|Shangri-La]] (1944)]]

The book, published in 1933, caught the notice of the public only after Hilton's ''[[Goodbye, Mr. Chips]]'' was published in 1934.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} ''Lost Horizon'' became a huge popular success and in 1939 was published in paperback form, as [[Pocket Books|Pocket Book #1]], making it the first [[Mass market paperback|"mass-market" paperback]].<ref name="NY">{{cite news |last=Ennis |first=Thomas W. |title=Robert F. De Graff Dies At 86; Was Pocket Books Founder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/03/obituaries/robert-f-de-graff-dies-at-86-was-pocket-books-founder.html |access-date=November 9, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 3, 1981}}</ref>

United States President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] named the Presidential hideaway in [[Maryland]], now called [[Camp David]], after Shangri-La.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Camp David |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/winter/camp-david.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503010745/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/winter/camp-david.html |archive-date=2020-05-03 |access-date=2019-10-09 |website=National Archives |quote=Officially a U.S. Navy installation, the facility was originally built by the Works Progress Administration as a camp for government employees, opening in 1938. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took it over in a few years and named it "Shangri-La," for the mountain kingdom in Lost Horizon, the 1933 novel by James Hilton. It was renamed in 1953 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in honor of his then-five-year-old grandson, Dwight David Eisenhower II.}}</ref> In 1942, to ensure the safety of returning U.S. forces, Roosevelt answered a reporter's question about the origin of the [[Doolittle Raid]] by saying it had been launched from "[[Shangri-La]]". The true details of the raid were revealed to the public a year later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Klein |first=Sandor S. |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1943/04/20/One-year-later-Tokyo-raid-story-told/8761134802538/ |title=One year later, Tokyo raid story told |date=20 April 1943 |publisher=[[United Press International]] |access-date=3 October 2019 }}</ref> This inspired the naming of the {{Sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier}} [[USS Shangri-La (CV-38)|USS ''Shangri-La'' (CV-38)]], commissioned in 1944.<ref name="Name_WW2Illustrated">{{cite web |last1=Hamilton |first1=Curtiss |title=He Flew From 'Shangri-La' to Bomb Tokyo - The War Illustrated |url=https://www.thewarillustrated.info/160/he-flew-from-shangri-la-to-bomb-tokyo.asp |website=The War Illustrated |publisher=J.C. Koppes |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218100550/https://www.thewarillustrated.info/160/he-flew-from-shangri-la-to-bomb-tokyo.asp |archive-date=18 December 2019 |date=6 Aug 1943 |url-status=usurped |quote=For a year the world knew no more than that U.S. planes had bombed Japan from a base which President Roosevelt called "Shangri-La" in playful allusion to the mythical country of James Hilton's novel, Lost Horizon.}}</ref><ref>"Revenge of the Shang" http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/457/Revenge-of-the-Shang.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030153315/http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/457/Revenge-of-the-Shang.aspx |date=30 October 2020 }} Retrieved 2020-07-14.</ref>

By the 1960s, Pocket Books alone, over the course of more than 40 printings, had sold several million copies of ''Lost Horizon'', helping to make it one of the most popular novels of the 20th Century.<ref>For an example of an early paperback edition, learn more about the [[Tauchnitz]] editions.</ref>

''Lost Horizon''{{'}}s concept of Shangri-La has gone on to influence other quasi-Asian mystical locations in fiction including [[Marvel Comics]]' [[K'un-L'un]] and [[DC Comics]]' [[Nanda Parbat]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

In 2001, the city of Zhongdian in [[Yunnan, China]] was renamed [[Shangri-La, Yunnan|Shangri-La City]] to promote tourism.

==Adaptations==

[[File:Lost Horizon postcard promotion 1937.JPG|thumb|upright|Promotional postcard for the 1937 film]]

===Films===

The book has been adapted for film:

* ''[[Lost Horizon (1937 film)|Lost Horizon]]'' (1937), directed by [[Frank Capra]]
* ''[[Lost Horizon (1973 film)|Lost Horizon]]'' (1973), directed by [[Charles Jarrott]] (musical version)

===Radio===

* A one-hour adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the [[BBC National Programme]] at 20:30 on 1 August 1935,<ref name="Times-1935-Aug-1">{{cite newspaper The Times|title=Broadcasting|department=Arts and Entertainment|date=1 August 1935|page=12|issue=47131}}</ref> with a cast that included [[Esme Percy]] as the High Lama, [[Ben Welden]] as Barnard, [[Barbara Couper]] as Miss Brinklow, Jon Swinley as Conway and Cathleen Cordell as Lo Tsen.<ref name="Times-1935-Aug-2">{{cite newspaper The Times|title=Broadcast Drama|department=Reviews|date=2 August 1935|page=10|issue=47132}}</ref> It was broadcast again on 2 August 1935, 30 and 31 January 1936, 30 October 1939 and 9 April 1945.
* [[Orson Welles]] directed and starred in an adaptation for the ''[[Mercury Theatre on the Air|Campbell Playhouse]]'', broadcast on 3 December 1939 with [[Sigrid Gurie]].
* [[Ronald Colman]] reprised his screen role of Robert Conway a number of times for radio, including on the ''[[Lux Radio Theatre]]'' (15 September 1941), ''[[Academy Award]]'' (27 November 1946) and ''[[Favorite Story]]'' (24 July 1948).
* [[Herbert Marshall]] played Conway in ''[[Hallmark Playhouse]]'''s adaptation, broadcast on 30 December 1948.
* The ''[[NBC University Theater]]'' broadcast an adaptation on 10 September 1950.
* A 3-part serialization of the book by [[Malcolm Hulke]] and Paul Tabori was broadcast on the [[BBC Home Service]] 5–19 March 1966 featuring [[Gabriel Woolf]] as Conway, [[Alan Wheatley]] as the High Lama, [[Carleton Hobbs]] as Chang and Elizabeth Proud as Lo-Tsen. This adaptation was re-broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''Sunday Play'' 18 May – 1 June 1969.
* [[Derek Jacobi]] starred as Hugh Conway and [[Alan Wheatley]] reprised his role as the High Lama pin a 3-part [[BBC Radio 4]] ''[[Classic Serial]]'' adaptation dramatised by Barry Campbell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq4lx|title = BBC Radio 4 Extra - James Hilton - Lost Horizon}}</ref> Originally broadcast 22 September – 4 October 1981, it was re-broadcast 8–10 September 2010 on [[BBC Radio 7]], and again in March 2012, November 2014, June 2016, December 2019 and February 2026 on [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]].

===Musical===

The book served as the basis for the unsuccessful 1956 Broadway musical ''[[Shangri-La (musical)|Shangri-La]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jie |first=Chen |title=Sacred Land Represented On Stage |newspaper=China Daily | date=24 October 2002 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8796307.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610054101/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8796307.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2014| access-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref>

==Publications==
''Lost Horizon'' is currently available in paperback format and is now published by Summersdale Publishers Ltd [http://www.summersdale.com], {{ISBN|978-1-84024-353-6}} and Vintage [http://www.penguin.co.uk/vintage], {{ISBN|978-0-099-59586-1}} in the UK and by Harper Perennial, {{ISBN|978-0-06-059452-7}} in the United States.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{FadedPage|id=20181110|name=Lost Horizon}}
* [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500141h.html ''Lost Horizon'' at Project Gutenberg Australia]
* [http://www.stevenhsilver.com/hilton.html Review by Steven Silver]

{{Shangri-La}}
{{James Hilton}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lost Horizon}}
[[Category:Lost Horizon| ]]
[[Category:1933 British novels]]
[[Category:1933 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in 1931]]
[[Category:British fantasy novels]]
[[Category:English fantasy novels]]
[[Category:British adventure novels]]
[[Category:Fantasy adventure novels]]
[[Category:Lost world novels]]
[[Category:Utopian novels]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]
[[Category:Novels set in Berlin]]
[[Category:Novels set in British India]]
[[Category:Novels set in Tibet]]
[[Category:Novels set in fictional countries]]
[[Category:Novels set in monasteries]]
[[Category:Novels about amnesia]]
[[Category:Fiction about aircraft hijackings]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Fantasy novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Adventure novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:British novels adapted for radio]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Hawthornden Prize–winning works]]
[[Category:Novels by James Hilton]]
[[Category:Macmillan Publishers books]]

Umar Khalid

2026-04-30T13:20:53Z

Frankieren: Done!

{{Short description|Indian student activist (born 1987)}}
{{Distinguish}}
{{protection padlock|blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Umar Khalid
| image = Umar khalid (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khalid during [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|11 August 1987}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[MPhil]], [[PhD]])
}}
| movement = [[Justice for Najeeb Movement]]
| father = S. Q. R. Ilyas
| years_active = 2016–present
| organization =
| known_for = [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
}}
'''Syed Umar Khalid''' (born 11 August 1987) is an Indian activist. He was a research scholar at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jnu-missing-student-studetsns-protest-3094202/|title=Student organisations divided over JNUSU's latest form of protest|date=21 October 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/10-things-you-should-know-about-umar-khalid-309919-2016-02-22|title=10 things you should know about Umar Khalid|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=6 March 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> and a former leader of the Democratic Students' Union at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/umar-khalid-an-activist-on-campus/article8273807.ece|title=Umar Khalid, an activist on campus|last=Sebastian|first=Kritika Sharma|date=24 February 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is associated with United Against Hate, a campaign founded along with [[Nadeem Khan (social activist)|Nadeem Khan]] in July 2017, in response to a series of [[lynchings]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/united-against-hate-the-fact-finding-group-accused-of-conspiracy-in-delhi-riots/442438/|title=United Against Hate, the 'fact-finding' group accused of conspiracy in Delhi riots|work=[[The Print]] |date=20 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/batla-house-review-umar-khalid#read-more|title=In 'Batla House', It is Cinematic Liberties vs Facts: Umar Khalid|work=[[The Quint]]|date=18 August 2019|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

In February 2016, Khalid was arrested by the [[Delhi Police]] for his alleged involvement in the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University sedition row|JNU sedition row]], in which anti-India slogans were allegedly raised by unknown persons following a protest organized against the [[capital punishment]] meted out to the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] convict [[Afzal Guru]], and was later released on bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=JNU's Umar Khalid, Anirban Bhattacharya Get Bail, Kanhaiya Kumar Order Helps|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-students-anirban-and-umar-khalid-arrested-on-sedition-charges-get-bail-1288557|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 September 2016|date=18 March 2016}}</ref> He was re-arrested in September 2020 for his alleged involvement in the [[2020 Delhi riots]], an [[Religious violence in India|inter-religious riots]] that took place in the Indian capital of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title=Activists stand in solidarity with former JNU student Umar khalid as he completes 1,000 days of incarceration in Delhi riots case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/activists-stand-in-solidarity-with-former-jnu-student-umar-khalid-as-he-completes-1000-days-of-incarceration-in-delhi-riots-case/articleshow/100883704.cms |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Considered a [[political prisoner]], he has since been imprisoned in [[Tihar Jail]] and has consistently been denied bail, with his court trial yet to begin.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bakshi |first=Gursimran Kaur |date=10 June 2023 |title=As Dr Umar Khalid completes 1,000 days behind bars, it is the justice system which is on trial |url=https://theleaflet.in/criminal-justice/as-dr-umar-khalid-completes-1000-days-behind-bars-it-is-the-justice-system-which-is-on-trial |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Leaflet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Prisoner No. 626710 is Present': An Exploration of Umar Khalid and the Spirit of His Freedom |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/film/prisoner-no-626710-is-present-film-umar-khalid |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=13 September 2024 |title=Four years and counting, Umar Khalid languishes in jail without bail or trial |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-years-and-counting-umar-khalid-languishes-in-jail-without-bail-or-trial/article68640212.ece |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In January 2026, though the [[Supreme Court of India]] acknowledged the delay in trial, it cited the seriousness of the charges and denied bail to him again.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2026 |title=Supreme Court denies bail petition of Umar Khalid and Sharjeel Imam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/umar-khalid-sharjeel-imam-delhi-riots-case-accused-hearing-verdict-supreme-court-january-5-2026/article70472859.ece |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Umar Khalid was born in [[Jamia Nagar]], New Delhi. His father, Syed Qasim Rasool Ilyas, is from Maharashtra, while his mother is from [[Western Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt_Y_jh8Xc0|title=Umar Khalid on Decoding India|date=27 August 2018|work=SKEP|access-date=5 May 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> S. Q. R. Ilyas is the National President of the [[Welfare Party of India]] and a former member of [[Students Islamic Movement of India]], a banned Islamist organisation, which he left in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiya-kumarsyed-qasim-rasool-ilyas-jnu-students-father-if-youe-branding-him-a-traitor-for-my-simi-past/|title =JNU student's father: If you're branding him a traitor for my (SIMI) past|publisher =[[Indian Express]]|quote =Ilyas is now the national president of Welfare Party of India, which operates out of Abul Fazl Enclave in southeast Delhi.|location =New Delhi|date =19 February 2016|website =indianexpress.com|author =Pritha Chatterjee|access-date =12 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/simi.htm |title=Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2019 |title='They will disturb secular fabric': Government extends ban on SIMI by five years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ban-on-simi-extended-by-5-years/story-9MmL1HqT6VqFGkrGhaNiOP.html |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Khalid studied history at the [[Kirori Mal College]] of the [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jnu-row-my-name-is-umar-khalid-and-i-am-a-delhi-university-student/|title=My name is Umar Khalid and I am a Delhi University student…|date=28 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> He later earned his master's and [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] in history at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU). His MPhil dissertation was on '[[Ho people|Hos of Singhbhum]]'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jnu-protest-sedition-umar-khalid-anirban-my-student/|title=Umar Khalid, My Student|date=26 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Khalid describes himself as a hardcore communist who is not a practising Muslim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/umar-khalid-not-a-practising-muslim/article8255254.ece|title='Umar Khalid not a practising Muslim'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 February 2016|last1=Sebastian|first1=Kritika Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/umar-khalid-leftist-participated-in-twitter-trend-praising-prophet/309339/|title=Umar Khalid: Why I, a Leftist, participated in a Twitter trend praising the Prophet|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=22 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-feel-like-the-character-in-the-reluctant-fundamentalist-umar-khalid/articleshow/51465953.cms|title='I feel like the character in The Reluctant fundamentalist': Umar Khalid|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2016 }}</ref>

Khalid's PhD thesis was titled “Contesting claims and contingencies of the rule on [[Adivasi]]s of [[Jharkhand]]” and was submitted to the JNU in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/10-things-you-should-know-about-umar-khalid-309919-2016-02-22|title=10 things you should know about Umar Khalid|website=India Today|date=22 February 2016 |language=en|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> Following his PhD, he published a research article titled "Changing Village Authority in an Adivasi Hinterland: State, Community and Contingencies of Rule in Singhbhum, 1830–1897" in the journal [[Social scientist (journal)|''Social Scientist'']] in 2018.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |jstor = 26530805|language=en-US|title=Changing Village Authority in an Adivasi Hinterland|last1=Khalid|first1=Syed Umar|journal=Social Scientist|year=2018|volume=46|issue=5–6|pages=77–86}}</ref>

== Activism and controversies ==

=== JNU sedition row ===
{{Main|JNU sedition row}}
On 9 February 2016, students of JNU held a protest on their campus against the [[capital punishment]] meted out to the 2001 Indian Parliament attack convict Afzal Guru and Kashmiri separatist [[Maqbool Bhat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jnu-afzal-guru-308204-2016-02-11|title=Afzal Guru: A martyr in JNU campus? Anti-India slogans raised, no arrests made|website=India Today|date=11 February 2016 |language=en|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref>

Four days after the event, [[Delhi Police]] arrested JNU Students Union (JNUSU) president [[Kanhaiya Kumar]] on charges of [[sedition]] and criminal conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/afzal-guru-film-screening-jnu-student-leader-held-for-sedition/|title=JNU student leader held on 'sedition' charges over Afzal Guru event|date=13 February 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Five other students including Khalid went into hiding. After their return 10 days later, Khalid and Anirban Bhattacharya were taken into custody.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jnu-row-kanhaiya-kumar-to-lead-push-for-umar-and-anirbans-release-from-custody-2672974.html|title=JNU row: Kanhaiya Kumar to lead push for Umar and Anirban's release from custody – Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=14 March 2016|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>

The arrest and the use of sedition charges were widely criticized as suppression of [[political dissent]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indiaresists.com/umar-khalid-is-being-targeted-separately/|title=The Way Umar Khalid Is Being Singled Out Proves Him Right|last=Wahab|first=Hisham ul|date=29 February 2016|work=India Resists|access-date=15 September 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111224759/https://indiaresists.com/umar-khalid-is-being-targeted-separately/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35576855|title=Why an Indian student has been arrested for sedition|last=Majumder|first=Sanjoy|date=15 February 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=10 September 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2016/02/delhi-campus-row-seizes-national-attention-160214161846243.html|title=New Delhi campus row grabs national attention|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> An inquiry committee appointed by the administration of JNU meted out varying punishments to a number of students. Kanhaiya Kumar was fined 10,000 rupees while Khalid and Bhattacharya were rusticated for one semester.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/JNU-sedition-row-Kanhaiya-fined-Rs-10000-Umar-Khalid-rusticated-for-one-semester/articleshow/51980941.cms|title=JNU sedition row: Kanhaiya fined Rs 10,000, Umar Khalid rusticated for one semester – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> JNU refused to allow Umar Khalid to submit his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] thesis in July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=JNU refuses to accept Umar's PhD thesis |language=en |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-refuses-to-accept-umars-phd-thesis/article24498994.ece |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=JNU says Umar, 2 others can't submit PhD papers – Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jnu-says-umar-2-others-cant-submit-phd-papers/articleshow/65110109.cms |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> Khalid went to the [[High Court of Delhi|Delhi High Court]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Despite HC Order, JNU Refuses to Accept PhD Thesis of Umar Khalid |url=https://thewire.in/education/despite-hc-order-jnu-refuses-to-accept-phd-thesis-of-umar-khalid |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2018 |title=Allow five to submit thesis, Delhi HC tells JNU |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/allow-five-to-submit-thesis-delhi-hc-tells-jnu/ |access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> and obtained an order allowing him to submit his thesis.<ref name="The Indian Express" /> On 2 August 2018, JNU accepted the PhD thesis submission.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=3 August 2018 |title=JNU accepts Umar's thesis |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnu-accepts-umars-thesis/article24586433.ece |access-date=12 September 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JNU Accepts Umar Khalid's PhD Thesis after Repeated Snubbing by HC {{!}} Caravan Daily |url=https://caravandaily.com/portal/jnu-accepts-umar-khalids-phd-thesis-after-repeated-snubbing-by-hc/ |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=caravandaily.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116091221/https://caravandaily.com/portal/jnu-accepts-umar-khalids-phd-thesis-after-repeated-snubbing-by-hc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 28 February 2020, the Delhi government gave its approval for a trial in the sedition case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-government-gives-nod-for-prosecuting-kanhaiya-kumar-and-two-others-in-jnu-sedition-case/articleshow/74399758.cms|title=Delhi Government gives nod for prosecuting Kanhaiya Kumar and two others in JNU sedition case|work=The Economic Times|date=28 February 2020|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Justice for Najeeb movement ===
{{Main|Disappearance of Najeeb Ahmed}}

Umar Khalid was active in the student protests which followed the suspicious disappearance of Najeeb Ahmed from his JNU hostel on 15 October 2016 after he was allegedly assaulted by students affiliated to the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP). Speaking to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Khalid said the administration had not filed a police complaint regarding the incident (and only the family and students had) and have not taken action against those who attacked Najeeb.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-22 |title=Umar Khalid criticises JNU 'inaction' in Najeeb case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Umar-Khalid-criticises-JNU-%E2%80%98inaction%E2%80%99-in-Najeeb-case/article16079213.ece |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In June 2017, he was fined by the university administration along with three other students for 20,000 rupees each and was issued immediate hostel transfer.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2017-06-02 |title=Four JNU students fined for protesting for Najeeb |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/four-jnu-students-fined-for-protesting-for-najeeb/article18710252.ece |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 15 October 2019, '''''United Against Hate''''' (a campaign group) organised a protest march at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]] to mark three years of the disappearance of Najeeb. Khalid expressed his solidarity and joined the march alleging that the fact that investigative agencies including the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] have not made any progress showed that there have been no efforts to find Najeeb, while his attackers were being protected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Jaishree |date=2019-10-17 |title='Where is Najeeb?': Three years after JNU student's disappearance, Jantar Mantar protest demands answers |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/10/17/where-is-najeeb-three-years-after-jnu-students-disappearance-jantar-mantar-protest-demands-answers |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bhima Koregaon incident ===
{{Main|2018 Bhima Koregaon violence}}

Along with [[Jignesh Mevani]], Umar Khalid was booked for giving 'provocative' speeches in [[Pune]]. The criminal charges against Mevani and Khalid was for promoting enmity between different groups through their speeches. The [[Shaniwarwada Elgar Parishad|Elgar Parishad rally]], where this reportedly happened, was held in Pune to mark the 200th year of the [[Battle of Koregaon]], a place in present-day Pune district, which was fought between the then [[British Indian Army]] and the [[Peshwas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/fir-registered-against-jignesh-mevani-umar-khaid-for-provocative-speeches-in-pune-bhima-koregaon-5010950/|title=Bhima-Koregaon violence: FIR against Jignesh Mevani, Umar Khalid for 'provocative' speeches in Pune|date=4 January 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=13 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Assassination attempt ===
On 13 August 2018, Khalid narrowly survived an assassination attempt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/umar-khalid-shot-constitution-club-of-india-delhi-unhurt-5304467/|title=JNU's Umar Khalid has narrow escape, assailant's gun jams|date=13 August 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=13 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cjp.org.in/dastardly-attempt-to-assassinate-umar-khalid/|title=Dastardly attempt to assassinate Umar Khalid {{!}} CJP|date=13 August 2018|work=CJP|access-date=29 August 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/protesters-ask-police-why-no-action/articleshow/65431399.cms|title=Attack on Umar Khalid: Protesters ask police why no action – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 September 2018}}</ref> The two accused were arrested on 20 August 2018 by police from [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], [[Haryana]]. Before the arrest, the accused had uploaded a video on Facebook on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August]], saying the attack was an Independence Day gift for India, and they also wanted to highlight the issue of cow protection.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-court-sends-2-men-who-attacked-umar-khalid-to-judicial-custody/articleshow/65518044.cms|title=Delhi court sends 2 men who attacked Umar Khalid to judicial custody – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jnu-student-umar-khalid-survives-attack-outside-delhis-constitution-club-attacker-escapes/articleshow/65385813.cms|title=JNU student leader Umar Khalid attacked in Delhi, escapes unhurt|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

== 2020 Incarceration and Delhi riots ==
{{Main|2020 Delhi riots}}

Umar Khalid was booked under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] by Delhi Police for his alleged "provocative speeches" during the [[Namaste Trump|visit of American President Donald Trump to India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Police Books Umar Khalid, Meeran Haider, Safoora Zargar Under UAPA|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-police-books-umar-khalid-meeran-haider-safoora-zargar-under-uapa_in_5e9fb770c5b6a486d0811c0c|date=22 April 2020|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Lockdown of Rights: Umar Khalid, Yogendra Yadav on Delhi Arrests|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/a-lockdown-of-rights-in-conversation-with-umar-khalid-and-yogendra-yadav-on-delhi-violence-arrests-amid-covid19-lockdown|date=5 May 2020|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Delhi police considered his speeches as instigating and facilitating the 2020 Delhi riots.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This is an attack on us all: Student leaders shocked after Umar Khalid charged under UAPA|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2020/apr/23/this-is-an-attack-on-us-all-student-leaders-shocked-after-umar-khalid-charged-under-uapa-11525.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=22 April 2020|title=Charge against former JNU student leader Umar Khalid not yet clear|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/charge-against-former-jnu-student-leader-umar-khalid-not-yet-clear/article31403509.ece|access-date=10 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 14 September 2020, Khalid was arrested by the Delhi Police Special Cell as an alleged conspirator in the Delhi Riots case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Umar Khalid held for Delhi riots 'conspiracy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/umar-khalid-held-for-delhi-riots-conspiracy/articleshow/78096623.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Sengar |first1=Mukesh |last2=Shukla |first2=Saurabh |last3=Achom |first3=Debanish |title=Former JNU Student Umar Khalid Arrested In Delhi Riots Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/former-jnu-student-umar-khalid-arrested-in-delhi-riots-case-2294860 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

In charge sheets related to the riots, the police alleged that Khalid met councillor Tahir Hussain and activist Khalid Saifi at the [[Shaheen Bagh protest]] against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|CAA]] and [[National Register of Citizens|NRC]] on 8 January. The three men allegedly planned the Delhi riots. Khalid was interrogated twice for his alleged role. The police also linked Khalid's speeches to the riots. The Delhi Police's special cell is looking into a larger conspiracy case in addition to multiple cases filed in connection with the riots.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police get 10-day custody of Umar Khalid after his arrest under anti-terror law|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/umar-khalid-produced-in-court-delhi-police-seeks-10-day-custody/story-RR98Lx89UbSHNf2ezBmtEO.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

Delhi Police filed a supplementary charge sheet against Umar Khalid in connection with the Delhi riots. They alleged a case of a multi-layered conspiracy and planning of a riot, and claimed that there was sufficient evidence to proceed against Khalid.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Amit |title=Sufficient material to proceed against Umar Khalid': Delhi court after taking cognizance of riots conspiracy chargesheet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sufficient-material-to-proceed-against-umar-khalid-delhi-court-after-taking-cognizance-of-riots-conspiracy-chargesheet/story-P7SXIOHV8T1LC0MaAR84lN.html |website=hindustan times |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> In early January 2021, a Delhi court agreed with the chargesheet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ne-riots-court-says-khalid-tahir-conspired-together/articleshow/80123119.cms|title = Northeast Delhi riots: Court says Umar Khalid, Tahir Hussain conspired together |date=Jan 6, 2021 | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Khalid filed a bail plea in July 2021, after eight month long hearing his bail application was dismissed. In the bail order the court said that the allegations against Khalid are prima facie true and his role in the "context of conspiracy" related to Delhi riots was apparent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodhi |first=Tanishka |title=Mastermind of a 'conspiracy': Why Umar Khalid's bail plea was dismissed after 8 months of hearings |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/03/25/mastermind-of-a-conspiracy-why-umar-khalids-bail-plea-was-dismissed-after-8-months-of-hearings |date=25 Mar 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref> In March 2022, the court denied bail to Khalid. An Additional Sessions Judge Amitabh Rawat stated that Khalid's plea had "no merit and substance" for the bail to be granted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58301902 |title=Umar Khalid: Activist denied bail in Delhi riots case|date=24 March 2022|website=BBC}}</ref>

On 13 September 2022, as he completed two years in [[Tihar Jail]] under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act or UAPA, accused by the Delhi Police of involvement in 2020 Delhi riots, ''The Wire'' published Khalid's response to an open letter. By employing UAPA, he says, "we can be kept in jail for years, without those framing us needing to prove anything".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umar Khalid on His Two Years in Jail: 'I Feel Pessimistic at Times. And Also Lonely' |url=https://thewire.in/rights/umar-khalid-on-his-two-years-in-jail-i-feel-pessimistic-at-times-and-also-lonely |first1=U |last1=Khalid |date=13 Sep 2022 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

On 18 October 2022, the Delhi High Court dismissed the bail plea of Khalid, as Delhi Police opposed it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 18, 2022 |title=North East Delhi riots case: Umar Khalid's bail plea rejected by Delhi HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/north-east-delhi-riots-case-umar-khalids-bail-plea-rejected-by-delhi-hc/articleshow/94939198.cms |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 December 2022, a Delhi court acquitted him in stone pelting case during Delhi riots.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Court Acquits Umar Khalid, Khalid Saifi in 2020 Riots Stone-Pelting Case |url=https://thewire.in/law/umar-khalid-saifi-acquitted-court-riots |access-date=2022-12-04 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=2022-12-03}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court bail hearings ===
Khalid's bail petition first made it to the Supreme Court of India in May 2023. On 18 May, Justices Bopanna and Hima Kohli of the SC had issued notice and posted the case after six weeks. On 12 July, Justices Bopanna and M. M. Sundresh listed the case for 24 July. The case came up for hearing on 24 July before Justices Bopanna and Bela M. Trivedi.

The bail hearing came up next in the Supreme Court on 9 August 2023 when Justice Mishra recused himself and the bail hearing was scheduled for 17 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-judge-pk-mishra-recuses-himself-from-hearing-umar-khalids-bail-plea-in-uapa-case/article67175314.ece |url-access=subscription |title=Supreme Court judge recuses from hearing Umar Khalid's plea|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2023|access-date=19 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819220651/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-judge-pk-mishra-recuses-himself-from-hearing-umar-khalids-bail-plea-in-uapa-case/article67175314.ece |archive-date= August 19, 2023 }}</ref>

It was listed again before the same judge on 17 August and then it was dropped from the Supreme Court case list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/umar-khalid-bail-plea-dropped-from-sc-cause-list-after-being-listed-before-same-bench-which-had-recused-itself/article67206483.ece |url-access=subscription |title=Umar Khalid bail plea dropped from Supreme Court cause list|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2023|access-date=19 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508012203/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/umar-khalid-bail-plea-dropped-from-sc-cause-list-after-being-listed-before-same-bench-which-had-recused-itself/article67206483.ece |archive-date= May 8, 2024 }}</ref>

On 14 February 2024, Khalid withdrew his bail plea in the Supreme Court, submitting through his lawyer [[Kapil Sibal]] that “he will try his luck” at a lower court, citing a “change in circumstances”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umar Khalid Withdraws Bail Plea in Supreme Court, Citing 'Change of Circumstances' |url=https://thewire.in/law/umar-khalid-withdraws-bail-plea-in-supreme-court-citing-change-of-circumstances |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Wire |date=14 Feb 2024 |first1=Sravasti |last1=Dasgupta |language=en}}</ref> Without elaborating on the “change in circumstance”, Khalid’s father cited the long adjournments in the bail plea. At the time, he had completed 1248 days in incarceration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umar Khalid's Bail Application Tracker |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/umar-khalid-bail-application-tracker/ |date=14 Feb 2024 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Timeline of Umar Khalid's Bail Hearings: Activist Is Now in His Fifth Year in Jail |url=https://thewire.in/law/a-timeline-of-umar-khalids-bail-hearings |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Wire |date=24 Jul 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

As of October 2024, Khalid had been jailed for four years without a trial, prompting the ''New York Times'' to describe him as "a symbol of the wide-ranging suppression of dissent under Prime Minister Narendra Modi."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj |first=Suhasini |date=2024-10-22 |title=Four Years in Jail Without Trial: The Price of Dissent in Modi's India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/22/world/asia/india-muslim-dissent.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> On 18 December 2024, Khalid was granted a 7-day interim bail for attending a family wedding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-18 |title=Umar Khalid gets 7-day interim bail in Delhi riots case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/116434932.cms |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In January 2026, Eight US Lawmakers wrote to Indian ambassador, [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]], demanding Khalid be granted bail and ensuring a free trial as per international norms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eight U.S. lawmakers pen letter in support of Umar Khalid; urge India to grant bail, fair trial ‘as per international law’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eight-us-lawmakers-pen-letter-in-support-of-umar-khalid-urge-india-to-grant-bail-fair-trial-as-per-international-law/article70462705.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=2 January 2026 |language=en-IN |date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=After Mamdani, 8 US lawmakers pledge support for Umar Khalid; ask India to grant him fair trial |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/after-mamdani-8-us-lawmakers-pledge-support-for-umar-khalid-ask-india-to-grant-him-fair-trial/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=2 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

On 5 January 2026, the Supreme Court of India's two-judge bench rejected the bail plea of Khalid, while granting conditional bail to five other co-accused. The judges drew a distinction between the latter's alleged role and those ascribed to Umar Khalid and Sharjeel Imam. They held that the allegations against the five co-accused were "limited" and "ancillary" in nature, whereas Khalidi and Imam faced allegations of a “larger conspiracy” behind the riots in New Delhi. They cited the gravity of the allegations and the “central” role attributed to them by the prosecution.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Aaratrika |title=Delhi riots case: Supreme Court denies bail to Umar Khalid, Sharjeel Imam, grants relief to five co-accused |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-riots-case-supreme-court-denies-bail-to-umar-khalid-sharjeel-imam-grants-relief-to-five-co-accused/article70471723.ece |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref> On the following Saturday, New York City’s newly elected Mayor Zohran Mamdani wrote a letter to Khalid in solidarity, saying, “We are all thinking of you.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=Delhi riots case: Why won’t India release Umar Khalid and Sharjeel Imam? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/5/delhi-riots-case-why-wont-india-release-umar-khalid-and-sharjeel-imam |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|UmarKhalidJNU}}
* {{Facebook|UmarKhalidJNU}}
* {{Instagram|umar_khalid87}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid, Umar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Centre for Political Studies (CPS), Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

Palamaner Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T16:43:01Z

Frankieren: Creating new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palamaner
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (174-Palamaner highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Palamaner Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 255,870
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 174
}}

'''Palamaner Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[N. Amarnath Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 255,870 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Palamaneru
|-
| Gangavaram
|-
| Baireddypalle
|-
| Peddapanjani
|-
| V. Kota
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Ramabrahaman
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kusini Nanjappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| T. C. Rajan
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| M. M. Rathnam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| A. Ratnam
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Anjineyulu
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=3 |Patnam Subbaiah
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[M. Thippeswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[L. Lalitha Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="2"|[[N. Amarnath Reddy]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color| YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[N. Venkate Gowda]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palamaner<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramabrahaman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,780 |percentage=41.46 |change=41.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soma Ram Reddi |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=5,471 |percentage=16.46 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. P. Vajravolu Chetty |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,819 |percentage=14.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Soundara Raja Lyenger |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,305 |percentage=9.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Seethayya Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,505 |percentage=7.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Lakshmayya Naiudu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,731 |percentage=5.21 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sampangi Ramayya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,625 |percentage=4.89 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,309 |percentage=25.00 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,236 |percentage=42.95 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,386 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palamaner<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|votes = 79,977
|percentage = 46.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=R. Reddeppa Reddy|votes=64,429|percentage=37.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,548|percentage=9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,97,912|percentage=84.41|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palamaner<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|votes = 96,683
|percentage = 48.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = R.V.Subash Chandra Bose
|votes = 93,833
|percentage = 47.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,850
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,97,912
|percentage = 84.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palamaner<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =[[N. Venkate Gowda]]
|votes = 119,241
|percentage = 54.46
|change = +5.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|votes = 86,995
|percentage = 40.02
|change = -7.38
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,246
|percentage = 14.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,18,957
|percentage = 88.60
|change = +4.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = TDP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palamaner}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[N. Amarnath Reddy]]|votes=1,23,232|percentage=52.09|change={{up}}12.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[N. Venkate Gowda]]
|votes =1,03,110
|percentage =43.59
|change = {{down}}10.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=B Siva Sankar|votes=4,015|percentage=1.70|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,344|percentage=0.99|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 20,122|percentage=8.51|change={{down}}5.93}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,36,556|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Palamaner]]
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|13.20|78.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Naiyayika

2026-04-21T16:27:17Z

Frankieren: starting a info.

{{Short description|Scholar specialised in Nyaya Shastra}}{{For|the ancient universities of the Naiyayikas|Ancient Mithila University|University of ancient Nadia}}
{{Infobox occupation|name=Naiyayika|type=Philosopher|specialty=*Nyaya Shastra
*Indian Logic|Synonym=Logician|Specialty=|image=Udyanacharya Sanskrit Vidyalaya.jpg|caption=Image of the 10th century CE "Naiyāyika" [[Udayana]]charya|competencies=Logical reasonings, Sanskrit literature|formation=[[Master of Philosophy]] with specialisation in [[Nyaya Sutras]]|employment_field=Department of philosophy in universities, Sanskrit universities and Vedic learning institutes|related_occupation=Professor, Philosopher and Logician}}
'''Naiyayika''' ([[Sanskrit]]: नैयायिक , [[Romanization|Romanised]]: ''Naiyāyika'') is referred to a follower of the [[Nyaya|Nyāya school]] of the [[Indian philosophy]] founded by the [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage ''Akshapada Gautama''. Its plural form is ''Naiyayikas''. The scholar who study and specialises in the field of [[Nyāya Sūtras|Nyaya Shastra]] is known as Naiyayika. The Naiyayikas are also called as logicians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-09-14 |title=Naiyayika, Naiyāyika: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/naiyayika |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Granoff |first=P. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6TzCAAAQBAJ&q=Naiyayika |title=Philosophy and Argument in Late Vedānta: Śrī Harṣa's Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-9822-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Stephen H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMA2RQ61OgoC&q=Naiyayika |title=Classical Indian Metaphysics: Refutations of Realism and the Emergence of "New Logic |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1489-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmBGAQAAQBAJ&q=Naiyayika |title=Indian Psychology Perception |date=2013-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-34605-7 |language=en}}</ref>

The main occupations of the Naiyayikas are the investigations of the truth and acquiring correct knowledge through the process of logical reasonings. They accept the validity of the authority of the [[Vedas]]. They harmonise their own independent thoughts and concepts with that of the Vedas.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-12 |title=(B). A Note on Vedic schools |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/anumana-in-indian-philosophy/d/doc1085475.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

According to Naiyayikas, there are sixteen categories to attain the perfection of correct knowledges. These sixteen categories are ''[[Pramana|pramāṇa]], prameya, saṃśaya, prayojana, dṛṣṭānta, siddhānta, avayava, tarka, nirnaya, [[Vādavidyā|vāda]], jalpa, vitaṇḍā, hetvābhāsa, chhala, jāti, nigrahasthāna''. The Naiyayikas consider four types of proof for valid means of knowledge. These four types of proof are.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-03-28 |title=Philosophy in the Nyāya sūtras [Part 5] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-1/d/doc209812.html#note-t-23797 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nyaya {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/nyaya/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

# ''[[Pratyaksha|pratyakṣa]]''
# ''anumāna''
# ''upamāna''
# ''śabda''

== Etymology ==
Naiyayika is a Sanskrit word. It is combination of two terms ''nyāya'' and ''ika''. The literal meaning of the word ''Naiyayika'' is "knower of the Nyaya philosophy".<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
There is long history of the tradition of Naiyayikas in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The history of the tradition of Naiyayikas span nearly three thousand years back from the present time. The history of Naiyayikas started from the time when the Nyaya Sutras was founded by the Vedic sage Akshapada Gautama in [[Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]]. The Vedic sage Akshapada Gautama is considered as the first Naiyayika in the tradition of Vedic learning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8 |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |language=hi}}</ref> According to the second book known as [[Sabha Parva|Shabha Parva]] in the text [[Mahabharata]], [[Narada|Devashree Narada]] is described as a logician. He was well versed in Logic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gautama Muni |url=https://archive.org/details/NyayaSutra |title=Nyaya Sutra}}</ref>
[[File:Narad - Vintage Print.jpg|thumb|Devashree Narada described as a Logician in the text Mahabharata]]During the period of 1st - 2nd century CE, the Vedic sage [[Vātsyāyana|Vatsyayana]] was a prominent Naiyayika. Some scholars dated his period from 3rd century CE to 4th century CE. He wrote a commentary on the text [[Nyāya Sūtras|Nyaya Sutras]] of Akshapada Gautama to answer the questions of ''Buddhists''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Vedālaṅkāra |first=Haridatta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRdKpsYZVUgC&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8 |title=Cultural history of India |date=2005 |publisher=Atmaram & Sons |isbn=978-81-7043-617-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmBGAQAAQBAJ&q=Ancient+Naiyayikas |title=Indian Psychology Perception |date=2013-10-08 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-34605-7 |language=en}}</ref> The name of the commentary on Nyaya Sutras written by the Naiyayika Vatsyayana is known as ''Nyayabhashya''. It is considered as the earliest commentary on the Nyaya Sutras of Akshapada Gautama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-01-24 |title=Nyayabhashya, Nyāyabhāṣya, Nyaya-bhashya: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/nyayabhashya#hinduism |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-08-19 |title=4. Authors of Nyaya (b): Vatsyayana |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/nyaya-vaisheshika-critical-and-historical-study/d/doc1455870.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Vatsyayana - A Himalayan Boutique Resort.jpg|thumb|Indian philosopher "Vatsyayana" - the prominent Naiyayika of the era 1st - 2nd century CE ]]During the period 6th century CE to 7th century CE, [[Udyotakara|Uddyotakara]] emerged as a prominent Naiyayika who wrote sub commentary on the Vatsyayana's commentary text Nyayabhashya. His sub commentary is known as ''Nyāya-vārtika''. It is also called as ''Nyaya-bhāsya-varttika.'' The period of Uddyotakara variously estimated between 550 CE to 630 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-07-01 |title=Uddyotakara: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/uddyotakara |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dasti |first1=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X0zDwAAQBAJ |title=The Nyaya-sutra: Selections with Early Commentaries |last2=Phillips |first2=Stephen |date=2017-09-01 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-62466-618-6 |language=en}}</ref> In the 9th century CE, [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]] was an eminent Naiyayika in Mithila. He wrote a commentary on the Nyāya-vārtika of Uddyotakara. His commentary is known as ''Nyaya-varttika-tatparyatika''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-01-24 |title=Nyayavarttikatatparyatika, Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā, Nyaya-varttika-tatparyatika: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/nyayavarttikatatparyatika#hinduism |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Similarly [[Jayanta Bhatta]] was another eminent Naiyayika during the period of the 9th - 10th century CE who wrote a commentary known as Nyayamanjari around 1000 CE.<ref name=":3" /> In the 10th century CE, ''Trilochan'' was also a brilliant Naiyayika who wrote a commentary named as Nyayamanjari. Even the name of the commentaries of the both Naiyayikas Jayanta Bhatta and Trilochan were same but the nature of the works were different.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-10-15 |title=Trilocana, Tṛlocana, Tri-locana: 22 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/trilocana |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Trilocana — A Forgotten Naiyāyika |date=1986-12-31 |work=Sanskrit and World Culture |pages=560–566 |editor-last=Morgenroth |editor-first=Wolfgang |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783112320945-093/html |access-date=2024-12-13 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783112320945-093 |isbn=978-3-11-230980-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Bhasarvajna]] was another eminent Naiyayika from the [[Kashmir|Kashmir region]] of [[Indian subcontinent]] in the era of 10th century CE. He is known for his famous treatise ''[[Nyayasara]]''. The treatise Nyayasara is one of the prominent texts in the Nyaya school of Indian philosophy. The literal meaning of the term Nyayasara is "''The Essence of Logic''". He also wrote a commentary known as ''Nyayabhushana'' on his own treatise Nyayasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-05-07 |title=The Prakaranas (a): Nyayasara by Bhasarvajna [Chapter 4.2.1] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/anumana-inference-in-nyaya/d/doc627338.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

During the period of 10th - 11th century CE, [[Udayana|Udayanacharya]] emerged as a prominent Naiyayika in Mithila who reconciled the views of the two independent schools of thought [[Nyaya]] and [[Vaisheshika]] of the [[Indian philosophy]] and led the foundation of the [[Navya-Nyāya|Navya Nyaya]] school of thought. He founded independent treatise known as [[Nyayakusumanjali]] to prove the existence of God using logic. He attempted to devise a rational theology to counter the attack on the existence of God at the hands of Buddhist philosophers such as [[Dharmakirti|Dharmakīrti]], [[Jñanasrimitra|Jñānaśrī]] and against the [[Charvaka|Chārvaka]] school of materialism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy. Vol. 1 |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8 |edition=Repr |volume=1 |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Matilal |first1=Bimal Krishna |title=The character of logic in India |last2=Ganeri |first2=Jonardon |last3=Tiwari |first3=Heeraman |date=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3739-1 |series=Suny series in Indian thought |location=Albany}}</ref> Apart from the text Nyayakusumanjali, he also wrote ''Nyāyavārttikatātparyapariśuddhi, Nyāyapariśiṣṭa, Probodhasiddhi (Bodhasiddhi), Ātmatattvaviveka, Kiraṇāvalī and Lakṣaṇāvalī''.<ref name=":3" />

On the basis of time period and the later development of Nyaya Shastra, the Naiyayikas are classified into two types. They are ancient Naiyayika also known as classical Naiyayika and Navya Naiyayika. The Navya Naiyayika are also called as Neo Naiyayika or New Naiyayika or Modern Naiyayika.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-06-11 |title=The Naiyāyika's View on Injunctions [Chapter 2.4] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/mimamsa-interpretation-of-vedic-injunctions/d/doc627889.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

After the foundation of the text Nyayakusumanjali by the Naiyayika Udayanacharya, the tradition of Neo Naiyayikas started in the sub-continent. But the tradition of the Neo Naiyayikas formally got started after the foundation of the text [[Tattvachintamani|Tattavachintamani]] by the Naiyayika [[Gaṅgeśa|Gangesha Upadhyaya]] of 12th - 13th century CE in [[Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]].<ref name=":3" />

During the period of 14th -15th century CE, the prominent Naiyayikas were [[Ayachi Mishra]], [[Sankara Mishra]], [[Pakshadhara Mishra]], [[Vasudeva Sarvabhauma]] and [[Raghunatha Siromani|Raghunatha Shiromani]], etc.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian logicians]]
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Nyaya]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]

Jhanjeri

2026-04-18T07:29:35Z

Frankieren: put up basic data basic info...

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

'''Jhanjeri''' is a village in the [[Mohali|SAS Nagar district]] and comes under [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] Tehsil as per the latest records total of 3269 people (mainly [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]]) are living here as per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] data, also some Muslim families are living there. Its pin code or better known as [[postal code]] is 140307.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jhanjeri Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab, India|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/mohali/jhanjeri|access-date=2021-02-24|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> The official language of communication is [[Punjabi language|native Punjabi]]. It is known for Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, a college group affiliated with [[I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University|Punjab Technical University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Chandigarh Group of Colleges - CGC Jhanjeri |url=https://www.cgc.ac.in/ |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=CGC |language=en-US}}</ref> The Village is also having another college called Quest Group of Institutions. The Village is facing untidy surrounding due to urban mess and swear water issues as reported in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-23|title=Victims of neglect: Villages Gharuan, Jhanjeri, Landran face an urban mess|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/victims-of-neglect-villages-gharuan-jhanjeri-landran-face-an-urban-mess/story-gzBRZpb14INkZOtGN3MwUK.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|30|41|N|76|37|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Mohali district]]
[[Category:Mohali]]

Kota North Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:26Z

Frankieren: put up new entry v1...

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kota North
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-189-Kota North.svg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 189
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Kota district|Kota]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal|Shanti Dhariwal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Kota North Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] covering the Kota Municipal Corporation in the [[Kota district]] of Rajasthan, India.<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/kota-north.html|title=Kota north (Rajasthan) Assembly Constituency Elections|last=|first=|date=|work=www.elections.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref>

Kota North is one of eight assembly constituencies in the [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 189 amongst 200 constituencies.

Currently this seat is represented by [[Indian National Congress]] candidate '''[[Shanti Dhariwal]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''[[Prahlad Gunjal]]''' by a margin of 2,486 votes.<ref name=RU>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kotanorth-rajasthan-assembly-constituency|title=Kota North Assembly Constituency Election Result|last=|first=|date=12 December 2018|website=resultuniversity.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of Tehsil Ladpura (Partly), Kota Municipal Corporation (Partly)- Ward no. 1, 2, 12 to 32 and 49 to 52.<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|last=|first=|date=20 August 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==Member of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size: x-big;"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Rameshwar Dayal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=2|Krishan Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Bhuwnesh Chaturvedi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=5|[[Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Shanti Dhariwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Om Birla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Shanti Dhariwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Prahlad Gunjal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2|[[Shanti Dhariwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kota North<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94899}}
|percentage = 49.5
|change = {{decrease}}3.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prahlad Gunjal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92413}}
|percentage = 48.21
|change = {{increase}}4.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1594}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change = {{decrease}}0.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2486}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{decrease}}8.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:191704}}
|percentage = 74.96
|change = {{increase}}0.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{Decrease}}8.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kota North<ref name="RU"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94728}}
|percentage = 53.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prahlad Gunjal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76783}}
|percentage = 43.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2363}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17945}}
|percentage = 10.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:177541}}
|percentage = 74.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}10.15
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kota North<ref name=RU/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prahlad Gunjal]]
|votes = 79,295
|percentage = 48.21%
|change = +10.40%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]]
|votes = 64,434
|percentage = 39.18%
|change = -16.38%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Mohammad Shafi
|votes = 13,545
|percentage = 8.34%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,002
|percentage = 1.22%
|change = +1.22%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nathu Lal Sharma
|votes = 1,115
|percentage = 0.68%
|change = -1.01%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Jago Party
|candidate = Komal Swaroop Bhatnagar
|votes = 1,041
|percentage = 0.63%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Atul Srivastava
|votes = 967
|percentage = 0.59%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rajasthan Vikas Party
|candidate = Mohammad Salim
|votes = 328
|percentage = 0.20%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 14,861
|percentage = 9.03%
|change = -8.03%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,64,473
|percentage = 76.00%
|change = +15.60%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{Increase}}9.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kota North<ref name=RU/><ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shanti Kumar Dhariwal]]
|votes = 68,560
|percentage = 55.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suman Shringi
|votes = 46,829
|percentage = 37.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Irshad
|votes = 2,099
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashfaq Hussain
|votes = 912
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Justice Party
|candidate = Abdul Wahid
|votes = 511
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,371
|percentage = 17.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 123,855
|percentage = 60.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.22|75.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Kota district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Kota, Rajasthan]]

Barchana Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:17:07Z

Frankieren: New!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Barchana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barchana
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 50
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Amar Kumar Nayak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 1,94,341{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Barchana''' or Badchana is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Jajpur district]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref name="News18 2019">{{cite web | title=Barchana Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Barchana Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-29 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/barchana-election-result-s18a050/ | access-date=2020-07-05|quote=50. Barchana is an Assembly/Vidhan Sabha constituency in Coastal region of Odisha and falls in Jajpur district. Odisha is located in East India. Seat is unreserved.}}</ref>

The area of this constituency includes Barachana block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp27.htm |title= 27 - Barchana Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 1 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.38}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.64}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.07}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|40.38}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.79}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.07}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|48.36}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|55.53}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.33}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|54.94}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|43.7}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Barachana constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhamnagar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/barchana.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=28 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Barchana Assembly Election Results 2024: Barchana Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/barchana-constituency-result-18050 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Amar Kumar Nayak]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Amar Prasad Satapathy
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|{{full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Sitakanta Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Amar Prasad Satpathy
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Sitakanta Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Managobinda Samal]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Dusasan Jena
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Managobinda Samal]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Jagannath Das
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Dhananjoy Lenka
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jadumani Mangaraj
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Nabakrushna Choudhuri]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Amar Kumar Nayak]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Varsha Priyadarshini]] by a margin of 6,310 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Barchana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amar Kumar Nayak]]
|votes = 71,926
|percentage = 49.38
|change = {{increase}}3.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Varsha Priyadarshini]]
|votes = 65,616
|percentage = 45.05
|change = {{decrease}}1.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajay Samal
|votes = 6,627
|percentage = 4.55
|change = {{decrease}}2.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 409
|percentage = 0.28
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,310
|percentage = 4.33
|change = {{increase}}3.24
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,667
|percentage = 74.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Amar Prasad Satapathy defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Amar Kumar Nayak]] by a margin of 1485 votes.<ref name="Assembly Election 2019 Barchana">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Assembly Election 2019 | url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1850.htm?ac=50 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190620081740/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1850.htm?ac=50 | archive-date=2019-06-20 | access-date=2019-06-20 | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barchana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Amar Prasad Satpathy
|votes = 64,084
|percentage = 46.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Amar Kumar Nayak]]
|votes = 62,599
|percentage = 45.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Samal
|votes = 9,322
|percentage = 6.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 475
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,485
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,415
|percentage = 74.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,81,507
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Amar Prasad Satapathy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Janmejoy Lenka by a margin of 16,939 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barchana<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Barchana|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1850.htm?ac=50|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Barchana (50)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717134409/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=50|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Amar Prasad Satpathy
|votes = 53,322
|percentage = 42.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Janmejoy Lenka
|votes = 36,383
|percentage = 28.7
|change = -1.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Amar Kumar Nayak]]
|votes = 26,260
|percentage = 20.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajnarayan Mohapatra
|votes = 5,048
|percentage = 3.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Simantini Jena
|votes = 3,564
|percentage = 2.81
|change = 0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 567
|percentage = 0.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,939
|percentage = 13.36
|change = 3.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,26,760
|percentage = 77.48
|change = 10.66
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,63,603
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate Amar Prasad Satapathy defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sitakanta Mohapatra by a margin of 10,649 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=10649 |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Barachana<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Amar Prasad Satapathy
|votes = 43,473
|percentage = 40.38
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sitakanta Mohapatra
|votes = 32,824
|percentage = 30.49
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Janmejoy Lenka
|votes = 25,409
|percentage = 23.60
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pabitra Mohan Samantaray
|votes = 2,633
|percentage = 2.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,649
|percentage = 9.89{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,07,708
|percentage = 66.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jajpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.67|86.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Kulwant Kumar Sarangal

2026-04-10T08:43:37Z

Frankieren: put up initial bio nd citations...

{{short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kulwant Kumar Sarangal
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[President's Police Medal|PPMDS]]
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Maharashtra Police|Additional Director General of Police, Maharashtra]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]]
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal|President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
| module = {{Infobox police officer
|child = yes
|service_years = 1990-2023
|badge_number =
|rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director General of Police]]
|department = [[Maharashtra Police]]
}}
}}

'''Kulwant Kumar Sarangal''' is a senior [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 1990 batch from the Maharashtra cadre, with over three decades of service in various capacities. His career has spanned across urban and rural policing, intelligence, security, and traffic management.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kulwant Sarangal: 'Enforcement has own limitations, behavioural change must to ensure safety on road, highway' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kulwant-sarangal-enforcement-has-own-limitations-behavioural-change-must-to-ensure-safety-on-road-highway-8160891/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sarangal was born into a [[Ravidassia]] family and completed primary education from his native village, Mustafabad, Amritsar. Then he attended the Government Senior Secondary School, Verka. He completed his postgraduation in mathematics from [[Guru Nanak Dev University|Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar]], in 1985. He holds the degree in law from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kulwant K. Sarangal – GNDU Alumni Association |url=https://alumni.gndu.ac.in/our_team/kulwant-k-sarangal/ |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

==Professional Life==
In 2012, he was appointed [[Commissioner of Police]], [[Nashik]], where he managed city policing and law-and-order operations. Prior to this appointment he served as Special [[Inspector General of Police]], VIP Security, Mumbai, overseeing the protection of high-profile individuals and security arrangements for major events.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top cop transferred, Sarangal takes over |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Top-cop-transferred-Sarangal-takes-over/articleshow/11830400.cms |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2012}}</ref> He also held the position of Inspector General of Police (Security), Maharashtra State Intelligence Department, coordinating state-level intelligence and security operations. In later years, he was elevated to [[Additional Director General of Police]] (Establishment), responsible for police personnel management, postings, and transfers, and then to Additional Director General of Police (Traffic), Maharashtra, focusing on traffic management, road safety, and accident prevention across the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPS Transfer Maharashtra {{!}} डॉ. भूषणकुमार उपाध्याय गृह रक्षक दलाचे नवे |url=https://bahujannama.com/ips-transfer-maharashtra-dr-bhushan-kumar-upadhyay-appointed-new-director-general-of-home-guard-and-kulwant-kumar-sarangal-appointed-as-additional-director-general-of-traffic-maharashtra/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=बहुजननामा |date=20 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Excess Police Officers to get postings in other police units |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/11/23/Excess-Police-Officers-to-get-postings-in-other-police-units.html |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Senior IPS officer Bhushan Kumar Upadhyay promoted as DG of Maha Home Guard |url=https://theprint.in/india/senior-ips-officer-bhushan-kumar-upadhyay-promoted-as-dg-of-maha-home-guard/808477/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

===Sarangal's Role in Sidhu Moosewala Murder Investigation===
He played a pivotal role in the investigation of the [[Sidhu Moosewala]] murder case. As the Additional Director General of Police (Law and Order), he led efforts that resulted in significant breakthroughs in the case. In June 2022, Pune Rural Police, under Sarangal's guidance, apprehended Santosh Jadhav and Navnath Suryavanshi from Gujarat. Jadhav, a sharpshooter associated with the Lawrence Bishnoi gang, was identified as a primary assailant in the murder. Suryavanshi was considered an accomplice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pune: Cops arrest shooter wanted for Sidhu Moosewala's murder |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/pune-cops-arrest-shooter-wanted-for-sidhu-moosewalas-murder/cid/1869820 |access-date=18 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Following these arrests, further intelligence led to the capture of Siddhesh Hiraman Kamble, alias Mahakal, in Mumbai. Kamble, also linked to the Lawrence Bishnoi gang, was believed to have been involved in the conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shooter In Sidhu Moose Wala Murder Case Arrested From Gujarat: Official |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pune-police-arrest-santosh-jadhav-shooter-in-singer-sidhu-moosewala-murder-case-3061883 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gangster Bishnoi was the mastermind behind Sidhu Moosewala killing, say Delhi Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/gangster-bishnoi-was-the-mastermind-behind-sidhu-moosewala-killing-say-delhi-police/article65508265.ece |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Awards===
He received the [[President's Police Medal]] for distinguished service on Indian Independence Day 2016 for his long and distinguished service towards the community.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRESIDENT'S POLICE MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE INDEPENDENCE DAY-2016 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/distinguished_medal_id_2016.pdf |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Malkiat Singh (police officer)|Malkiat Singh Jakhu]]
*[[Jagmohan Singh Raju]]
*[[Ramesh Chander (Diplomat)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarangal, Kulwant Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]

Chaudhary Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi

2026-04-08T14:57:52Z

Frankieren: Creating a bio basic info - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaudhary Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| website =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|03|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bhind]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| image =
| parents = [[Chaudhary Dilip Singh Chaturvedi]]

| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Scindia School|The Scindia School]], Fort,[[Gwalior]] Bhopal School of sciences (BA Management) [[Barkatullah University]], Bhopal (LL.B.)
}}

'''Chaudhary Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi''' (born 15 March 1967) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] predominantly working in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is currently serving as the state vice president for [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh]] since January 2021
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=सर्किट हाउस में पत्रकारवार्ता:भाजपा प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष एवं पूर्व विधायक चौधरी मुकेश सिंह ने रखी राय; अब आबादhhahhwhwhचौधरी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/gwalior/bhind/news/bjp-state-vice-president-and-former-mla-chaudhary-mukesh-singh-expressed-his-opinion-now-budget-by-population-choudhary-128215223.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=DainikBhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष चौधरी मुकेश सिंह का भिंड दौरा, कार्यकर्ताओं ने किया स्वागत|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/bhind/bhind-reached-the-state-vice-president-workers-welcomed-for-12-hours/mp20210123123600793|access-date=2022-11-29 |website=EtvBharat |language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=भाजपा के नवागत उपाध्यक्ष मुकेश चौधरी को भिंड पहुंचने में 14 घंटे लग गए |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhind-bjp-gathered-in-bhind-6666580|access-date=2022-11-29 |website=NaiDunia |language=hi}}</ref> and is in-charge of Sagar Division, comprising six districts. Chaudhary, a prominent figure in the [[Chambal division]], represented [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon Constituency]] in the 14th [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014_12.pdf |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_12.pdf |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=NIC |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEHGAON ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mehgaon-assembly-elections-mp-12/#results-2013 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=OneIndia|language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=Mehgaon |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/madhya-pradesh/mehgaon-election-result-s12a012/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2022 |title=मुकेश चौधरी – मेहगांव विधानसभा चुनाव 2013 परिणाम
|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/madhya-pradesh/candidates/mukesh-chaudhary-bjp-2013-mehgaon-12?year=2013
|access-date=2022-11-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and prior to that, he had served as the Chairman of [[Bhind district|Bhind]] Nagar Palika Parishad between the years 1999–2004.

== Early life ==
Chaudhary was born on 15 March 1967 to [[Chaudhary Dilip Singh Chaturvedi]] and Smt. Sharda Devi Chaturvedi in [[Bhind district|Bhind]], Madhya Pradesh. He completed his primary education from [[Scindia School|The Scindia School]], [[Fort]], [[Gwalior]] and was a member of the school Cricket, Hockey and Football Teams. He graduated in BA Management in 1988 from the Bhopal School of Sciences before pursuing his [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law (LL.B)]] from the [[Barkatullah University|Barkatullah University, Bhopal]].
His father, [[Chaudhary Dilip Singh Chaturvedi]] was a Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] representing [[Bhind Assembly constituency]] following the 1980 elections; and as the President of University of Lucknow's Students Union, 1955–56, he led the Indian delegation to the historic Afro-Asian Students Conference held at [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]] in 1956.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=1956 |title=Little Bandung : a report on Asian African Students Conference (May–June, 1956) by Pran Sabharwal|url=https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000006319184-00?ar=4e1f&locale=en|access-date=2022-11-29 |language=en}}</ref>
The hereditary title of Chaudhary – recognising the tutelary lordship, was conferred on his great-grandfather by the then King of [[Jaipur]] Estate. His elder brother, [[Chaudhary Rakesh Singh Chaturvedi]], is a leader with the [[Indian National Congress]] party and has represented the [[Bhind Assembly constituency]] and has been a four-time Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly since 1990<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAUDHARY RAKESH SINGH CHATURVEDI|url=https://myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3004 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> which includes a tenure as a cabinet minister between 1998 and 2003 and deputy leader of opposition in 2008–2013. Chaudhary, along with his brother, runs various educational institutions as part of their father's legacy and strive to provide better access and easy availability of academic resources to the people of Chambal division. His father established the first all-girls school in the division.

== Political background ==
Chaudhary began his political career as a student leader in Bhopal when he was first elected as the State Joint Secretary of [[National Students' Union of India]], Madhya Pradesh in 1987–88. Growing in ranks, he was soon made the State General Secretary, NSUI, MP from 1989 to 1990 and later served as State General Secretary of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] between 1998 and 2000. He supported his father, [[Chaudhary Dilip Singh Chaturvedi]] in his State Assembly Election from [[Bhind Assembly constituency]] in 1980, same year when the party was formed<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2020 |title=Forty years ago, April 7, 1980: BJP is born|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/forty-years-ago-april-7-1980-bjp-is-born-6350456|access-date=2022-11-29 |website=IndianExpress|language=en}}</ref> and later supported his brother in winning State Assembly Elections since 1990. He was elected as the Chairman of Bhind Nagar Palika Parishad from [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] and brought revolutionary reforms involving the transparency and efficiency of the Parishad. In 2013, Chaudhary returned to the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] under the tutelage of Shri [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] along with his elder brother [[Chaudhary Rakesh Singh Chaturvedi]]. He successfully contested as a [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate from the [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon Constituency]] and represented his constituency in the 14th Madhya Pradesh State Legislative Assembly between 2013 and 2018. For his exemplary and selfless work in the 2020 by-elections for Mehgaon Vidhan Sabha, on 13 January 2021, Chaudhary was appointed the State Vice President of Bhartiya Janta Party under the Presidency of VD Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=सर्किट हाउस में पत्रकारवार्ता:भाजपा प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष एवं पूर्व विधायक चौधरी मुकेश सिंह ने रखी राय; अब आबादी के हिसाब से बजट: चौधरी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/gwalior/bhind/news/bjp-state-vice-president-and-former-mla-chaudhary-mukesh-singh-expressed-his-opinion-now-budget-by-population-choudhary-128215223.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=DainikBhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=प्रदेश उपाध्यक्ष चौधरी मुकेश सिंह का भिंड दौरा, कार्यकर्ताओं ने किया स्वागत|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/bhind/bhind-reached-the-state-vice-president-workers-welcomed-for-12-hours/mp20210123123600793|access-date=2022-11-29 |website=EtvBharat |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{twitter|ch_mukeshsingh}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhind]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

European theatre of World War II

2026-03-24T10:06:40Z

Frankieren: slightly adjusted layout also and corrected details

{{Short description|Theatre of military operations during World War II}}
{{About|a geographical area of [[World War II]]|the respective U.S. military command|European Theater of Operations, United States Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = European theatre of World War II
| partof = [[World War II]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
| image1=Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17,_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg
| image2=Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B28822,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Infanterie.jpg
| image3=Falaise Pocket 1944.jpg
| image4=Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0903-502,_Russland,_Kampf_um_Stalingrad,_Luftangriff.jpg
| image5=Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_-_Restoration.jpg
| image6=Fotothek_df_ps_0000010_Blick_vom_Rathausturm.jpg
}}
From left to right, top to bottom: {{flatlist|class=inline|
* German [[Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], 1943
* German soldiers take position near a [[Sturmgeschütz III]] on the Eastern Front, 1942
* Destroyed German [[Hummel (vehicle)|Hummel]] and crew in the [[Falaise pocket]] during the [[Normandy campaign]], 1944
* Stuka flying over [[battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], 1942
* Soviet soldier raising a flag over the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] after the [[Battle of Berlin]], 1945
* Destruction after Allied [[bombing of Dresden]], 1945}}
| date = [[Battle of Westerplatte|1 September 1939]]{{snd}}[[Battle of Odžak|25 May 1945]] ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=9|day1=1|year1=1939|month2=5|day2=25|year2=1945}})
| place = [[Europe]] and adjoining regions
| result = Allied victory
| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Belligerents]]
| combatant1 = '''[[Allies of World War II|Allies]]'''{{indented plainlist|
* {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}{{refn|From 1941|group="nb"}}
* {{flag|United States|1912}}{{refn|From 1941|group="nb"}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}{{refn|
*[[French Third Republic|FTR]] until 1940.
*[[Free France]] from 1940 to 1944.
*[[Provisional Government of the French Republic|PGFR]] from 1944.|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Second Polish Republic|1928}}{{refn|
*[[Second Polish Republic|SPR]] until 1939.
*[[Polish government-in-exile]] from 1939.
*[[Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland|PGRP]] from 1944.|group="nb"}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}{{refn|
*[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|KOY]] until 1941.
*[[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] from 1941 to 1945.
*[[DF Yugoslavia]] from 1943.|group="nb"}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946).svg}} [[Democratic Government of Albania|Albania]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]
*([[Allies of World War II|and others]])
}}
| combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]'''{{indented plainlist|
* {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}{{refn|*([[Battle of Poljana|until 15 May 1945]])|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}{{refn|Until the [[Armistice of Cassibile]], 8 September 1943|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}{{refn|Until [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|King Michael's coup]], 23 August 1944 second Axis power in Europe from 8 September 1943<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stahel |first=David |title=Joining Hitler's Crusade |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 |page=78 |isbn=978-1-316-51034-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}}{{refn|German occupation from [[Operation Margarethe|19 March 1944]]|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908-1946)}}{{refn|Until 17 August 1944<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |title=The Balkans: A Post-Communist History |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |page=84 |isbn=978-1-134-58328-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6iBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
* {{Flag|Finland}}{{refn|25 June 1941{{snd}}19 September 1944|group="nb"}}
}}'''Puppet states'''{{indented plainlist|
* {{flag|Italian Social Republic}}{{refn|From 23 September 1943, [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Until 2 May 1945.]]|group="nb"}}
* {{flagcountry|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|name=Slovakia}}
* {{flagcountry|Independent State of Croatia|name=Croatia}}
* {{flagcountry|Hellenic State (1941-1944)}}
*([[Axis Powers|and others]])
}}
| commander1 = {{indented plainlist|
* {{flagicon|USSR|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]]
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] [[Death by natural causes|#]]}}
* {{flagicon|USA|1912|}} [[Harry S. Truman]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Neville Chamberlain]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Winston Churchill]]
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Édouard Daladier]]
* {{flagicon|Free France}} [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* {{flagicon|Second Polish Republic|1928}} [[Władysław Raczkiewicz]]
* {{flagicon|Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland}} [[Bolesław Bierut]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Dušan Simović]]
* {{flagicon|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} [[Josip Broz Tito]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946).svg}} [[Enver Hoxha]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[Emmanouil Tsouderos]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]]{{suicide|Death of Adolf Hitler}}
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Karl Dönitz]]
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}}{{Executed|Death of Benito Mussolini}}
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Ion Antonescu]]{{Executed}}
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Miklós Horthy]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} [[Ferenc Szálasi]]{{Executed}}
* {{flagicon|Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908-1946)}} [[Boris III]] [[Death by natural causes|#]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of Finland}} [[Risto Ryti]]
* {{flagicon|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Jozef Tiso]]{{Executed}}
* {{flagicon|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Ante Pavelić]]
* {{flagicon|Hellenic State (1941–1944)}} [[Ioannis Rallis]]
}}
| strength1 = 44,150,000+ total<ref>Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2013)''The Blitzkrieg Legend''. Naval Institute Press</ref>{{sfn|MacDonald|2005|p=478}}{{sfn|Glantz|House|2015|pp=301–303}}
| strength2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} 18,000,000+ total<ref>{{Cite book |last=Overmans |first=Rüdiger |title=Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg |location=München |publisher=Oldenbourg |year=2004 |page=215 |language=de}}</ref><ref>Total German soldiers who surrendered in the West, including 3,404,950 who surrendered after the end of the war, is given as 7,614,790. To this must be added the 263,000–655,000 who died, giving a rough total of 8 million German soldiers having served on the Western Front in 1944–1945.{{harvnb|Ellis|1993|p=256}}</ref>{{sfn|Glantz|House|2015|pp=301–303}} {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} 2,560,000 total<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cloutier |first=Patrick |title=Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935–1943 |page=211}}</ref>
| casualties1 = '''Killed:''' 9,007,590–10,338,576 '''Captured:''' 5,778,680{{refn|Ellis:
* Norwegian: 2,000 killed or missing with no information provided on those wounded or captured;
* Dutch: 2,890 killed or missing, 6,900 wounded, with no information provided on those captured;
* Belgian: 7,500 killed or missing, 15,850 wounded, and 200,000 captured;
* French: 120,000 killed or missing, 250,000 wounded, and 1,450,000 taken prisoner;
* British: 11,010 killed or missing, 14,070 wounded (only those who were evacuated have been counted), and 41,340 taken prisoner.{{sfn|Ellis|1993|p=255}}<ref>{{harvnb|MacDonald|2005|p=478}}: "Allied casualties from D-day to V–E totaled 766,294. American losses were 586,628, including 135,576 dead. The British, Canadians, French, and other allies in the west lost slightly over 60,000 dead".</ref>|group=nb}}{{refn|Ellis's numbers:
* American: 109,820 killed or missing, 356,660 wounded, and 56,630 captured;
* British: 30,280 killed or missing, 96,670 wounded, 14,700 captured;
* Canadian: 10,740 killed or missing, 30,910 wounded, 2,250 captured;
* French: 12,590 killed or missing, 49,510 wounded, 4,730 captured;
* Pole: 1,160 killed or missing, 3,840 wounded, 370 captured.{{sfn|Ellis|1993|p=256}} Thus according to Ellis' information, the Western Allies incurred 783,860 casualties.
US Army/Air Forces breakdown:
*According to a post-war US Army study using war records, the army and army air forces of the United States suffered 586,628 casualties in western Europe, including 116,991 killed in action and 381,350 wounded, of whom 16,264 later died of their wounds.{{sfn|''U.S. Army Casualties in World War II''|1951}}{{page needed|date=July 2022}}
Total US casualties come to 133,255 killed, 365,086 wounded, 73,759 captured, and 14,528 missing, 2,000 of whom were later declared dead.|group=nb}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Erlikman |first=Vadim |title=Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik |location=Moscow |year=2004 |isbn=5-93165-107-1 |language=ru}}; {{Cite book|last=Axworthy |first=Mark |title=Third Axis, Fourth Ally |publisher=Arms and Armour |year=1995 |page=216 |isbn=1-85409-267-7}}</ref>
| casualties2 = '''Killed:''' 5,406,110–5,798,110{{refn|43,110 Germans killed or missing, 111,640 wounded, no information is provided on any who were captured. Italian losses amounted to 1,250 killed or missing, 4,780 wounded, and no information is provided on any who were captured.{{sfn|Ellis|1993|p=255}}|group=nb}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=George C. |title=Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939–30 June 1945 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |year=1996 |page=202 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-57/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118023511/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-57/index.html |archive-date=2012-01-18 |url-status=dead}} </ref><ref name="Overmans">
* {{Cite book |last=Overmans |first=Rüdiger |title=Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg |publisher=Oldenbourg |year=2000 |isbn=3-486-56531-1}}; {{Cite web |url=http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_var_wvw.html |title=German military deaths to all causes EF |access-date=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502201829/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_var_wvw.html |archive-date=2013-05-02 |url-status=dead}}; {{Cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia |year=2004 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=0-7139-9309-X}}{{page needed|date=July 2022}}
* Italy:
** Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. . Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986
* Romania: {{harvnb|Krivosheev|2001|at=Tables 200–203}}.
* Hungary: {{harvnb|Krivosheev|2001|at=Tables 200–203}}.
* Hungarian wounded: {{harvnb|Clodfelter|2017|p=527}}.
* Soviet volunteer deaths:
** Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945: 8 Bde. {{ISBN|9783881990738}} pp. 1508–1511
* German prisoners: {{harvnb|Krivosheev|2001|at=Table 198}}.</ref> '''Captured:''' 8,709,840<ref name="Overmans" />{{refn|Total German casualties between September 1939 to 31 December 1944, on the Western Front for both the army, Waffen SS, and foreign volunteers amounts to 128,030 killed, 399,860 wounded. 7,614,790 were held in POW camps by early June 1945 (including 3,404,950 who were disarmed following the surrender of Germany).{{sfn|Ellis|1993|p=256}} See also: [[Disarmed Enemy Forces]]|group=nb}}
| casualties3 = 19,650,000–25,650,000 civilians killed{{#tag:ref|All totals listed only include direct deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity, including the [[Holocaust]].<ref>Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}, p. 421.</ref> '''Germany: 910,000.''' 410,000 in Allied strategic bombing, 300,000 in the Holocaust not including Austrian civilian deaths or deaths from the Nazi T4 program.<ref>Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78</ref> Counting the [[Aktion T4]] program adds 200,000+ deaths to the total.<ref>Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus, bundesarchiv.de; accessed 5 March 2016.(German)</ref> '''France: 390,000.''' Includes 77,000 French Jews in the [[Holocaust]].{{sfn|Frumkin|1951|pp=58–59}} '''Netherlands: 187,300.''' Includes 100,000 Dutch Jews in the Holocaust.<ref>"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands" (PDF). Retrieved 4 March 2016.</ref> '''Belgium: 76,000.''' Includes 27,000 Belgian Jews in the Holocaust.{{sfn|Frumkin|1951|pp=44–45}} '''United Kingdom: 67,200.''' Mostly died in German bombing.<ref>Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013–2014, page 44.</ref> '''Norway: 8,200.'''{{sfn|Frumkin|1951|p=144}} Includes 800 Norwegian Jews in the Holocaust. '''Denmark: 6,000.'''<ref>"Hvor mange dræbte danskere?". Danish Ministry of Education. Retrieved 4 March 2016.</ref> '''Luxembourg: 5,000.''' Includes 2,000 Luxembourgish Jews.{{sfn|Frumkin|1951|p=59}}|group=nb}}{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997}}
| campaignbox = {{WWIITheatre}}
}}

The '''European theatre of World War II''' was one of the two main [[Theater (warfare)|theatres of combat]]{{refn|The other main theatre of operations was the [[Pacific War]].|group=nb}} during [[World War II]], taking place from September 1939 to May 1945. The [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] (including the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Free France|France]]) fought the [[Axis powers]] (including [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy]]) on both sides of the continent in the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western]] and [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern]] fronts. There was also conflict in the [[Scandinavia]]n, [[Mediterranean]] and [[Balkan]] regions. It was an intense conflict that led to at least 39 million deaths and a dramatic change in the balance of power in the continent.

During the 1930s, [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of Nazi Germany, expanded German territory by annexing all of [[Austria]] and the [[Sudetenland]] region of [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1938. This was motivated in part by [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Germany's racial policy]] that believed the country needed to expand for the [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] "[[Aryan race]]" to survive. They were aided by Italy, another fascist state which was led by [[Benito Mussolini]]. World War II started with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'s [[invasion of Poland]] on 1 September 1939, and the Soviet Union, led by [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Soviet invasion of Poland|joined the invasion]] later that month. The two nations then partitioned Poland between them.

Poland's allies, [[France]] and the United Kingdom, declared war on Germany days after the invasion of Poland but did not want to actually engage in conflict. This changed after Germany invaded [[Norwegian campaign|Norway]], [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|Denmark]], [[Battle of France|France]], [[German invasion of Luxembourg|the Netherlands]], [[German invasion of Belgium (1940)|Belgium]], and [[German invasion of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]. The six countries were taken over, and Germany began two successive aerial bombardments of the United Kingdom, in the [[Battle of Britain]] and [[the Blitz]]. British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] led his country's war effort. Germany also began a widespread [[genocide]] of [[Jews]] in the [[Holocaust]]. In 1940, [[Greco-Italian War|Italy invaded Greece]], and in 1941, Germany [[World War II in Yugoslavia|invaded Yugoslavia]] and [[German invasion of Greece|Greece]]. In June 1941, Germany began an [[invasion of the Soviet Union]], breaking the countries' [[non-aggression pact]], and in December 1941 Germany [[German declaration of war against the United States|declared war]] on the United States, shortly after [[Imperial Japan]] did so. The United States was led by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].

In 1942, the Soviets stopped further invasion of their country at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. Meanwhile, the Allies engaged in a mass bombing campaign of German industrial targets. In 1943, the Allied powers began an [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]], causing the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|end of Mussolini's regime]], but Germans and Italians loyal to the Axis continued fighting. In April 1945, [[Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt died]] and was succeeded by [[Harry S. Truman]]. The Allies [[Liberation of Rome|liberated Rome]] in June 1944. Also in June, the Allied powers [[Operation Overlord|began an invasion]] of German-occupied western Europe, while the Soviets launched a [[Operation Bagration|massive counterattack in eastern Europe]]. Both campaigns were successful for the Allies. The Soviet Union conquered most of Eastern Europe including the German capital [[Berlin]], as Mussolini [[Death of Benito Mussolini|was hanged]] and Hitler [[Death of Adolf Hitler|committed suicide]]. [[Nazi concentration camps|Concentration camps]] that were used in the Holocaust were liberated. Germany [[German Instrument of Surrender|unconditionally surrendered]] on [[8 May 1945]],{{refn|All German forces were to cease operations on 23:01 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945, which was already 9 May in Moscow and other parts of the USSR; therefore [[Victory Day (9 May)|9 May]] was considered to be the end of the war in the Soviet Union and still is in its successor states|group=nb}} although fighting continued elsewhere in Europe until [[World War II in Yugoslavia|25 May]]. On 5 June 1945, the [[Berlin Declaration (1945)|Berlin Declaration]], proclaiming the unconditional surrender of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] to the four victorious powers, was signed. The Allied powers then moved to finish the [[Pacific War]] against Japan.

Once World War II ended, the Allies occupied the European continent, giving some countries back to their pre-war leaders or creating new governments, before funding their nations' economic recovery. German military leaders were subject to the [[Nuremberg trials|Nuremberg criminal trials]]. Western Europe became a series of [[capitalist]] governments and eastern Europe became [[communist]], beginning the [[Cold War]] among the former Allied nations. Germany was split into the capitalist [[West Germany]] and the communist [[East Germany]].

==Background==
{{Main|Events preceding World War II in Europe|Causes of World War II}}

=== Axis powers ===
{{Main|Axis powers|Nazi Germany|Fascist Italy}}
[[German Empire|Germany]] was defeated in [[World War I]], and the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]] placed punitive conditions on the country after finding Germany and the other [[Central Powers]] [[Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles|guilty for starting the war]]. These punishments included the loss of [[Alsace-Lorraine]], the temporary loss of the [[Saarland]], military limitations, and [[World War I reparations|reparation payments]] to the [[Allies of World War I|Allied powers]]. The [[Rhineland]] region of Germany was also made a [[demilitarised zone]]. Germany would also join the [[League of Nations]], an international governmental body devoted to peacekeeping. Historians are divided on whether or not the treaty was harsh or actually "very restrained" compared to other peace treaties at the time. Many Germans back then blamed their country's post-war economic collapse on the treaty's conditions and these resentments contributed to the political instability, which made it possible for [[Adolf Hitler]] and his [[Nazi Party]] to come to power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Versailles |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/treaty-versailles-ends-wwi/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=Treaty of Versailles - Reparations, Military, Limitations {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919/German-reparations-and-military-limitations |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> This was worsened by the worldwide [[Great Depression]], which began in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Depression |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-great-depression |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

Hitler became the [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and [[fuhrer]] of Germany in 1933.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024j">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Adolf Hitler {{!}} Biography, Rise to Power, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In February 1933, the German [[Reichstag building]] caught on fire in an [[arson]] attack, giving Hitler the opportunity to blame the fire on his political opponents, especially [[communists]]. In response, the government passed the [[Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the German People|Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the People and State]], which "abolished freedom of speech, assembly, privacy and the press; legalized [[phone tapping]] and interception of correspondence; and suspended the autonomy of federated states, like [[Bavaria]]". Communist politicians were arrested, leaving the Nazi Party free to do what they wanted.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Boissoneault |first2=Lorraine |title=The True Story of the Reichstag Fire and the Nazi Rise to Power |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-reichstag-fire-and-nazis-rise-power-180962240/ |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Hitler made Germany an absolute dictatorship, and he withdrew from the League of Nations.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024j" /> In 1934, during the [[Night of the Long Knives]], Hitler ordered the purge of leaders within the Nazi Party's ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) paramilitary organisation, believing them to have gotten too powerful.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Night of the Long Knives {{!}} Date, Victims, Summary, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Night-of-the-Long-Knives |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SA {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/SA-Nazi-organization |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

From 1919 to 1921, Italian fascist [[Benito Mussolini]] grew a base of supporters who wanted him to deal with Italy's political and economic crises, which involved civil conflict over the growth of socialism in the country. Many of Mussolini's supporters became known as [[blackshirts]], who would form a paramilitary that terrorised the Italian countryside in a campaign against socialism. In 1922, during a controversial [[general strike]] by a weakened [[trade union]]ist movement, Mussolini and his followers [[March on Rome|seized power in Rome]] and installed him as the [[Prime Minister of Italy]] to run the country alongside the pre-existing monarchy of King [[Victor Emmanuel III]]. Similar to Germany, Mussolini turned the country into a one-party [[Fascist Italy|fascist state]] which outlawed free speech, the free press, trade unions, and targeted socialists, Catholics, and liberals with a [[OVRA|network of secret police]] and spies. Italy became sympathetic to Nazi Germany in the 1930s.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024n">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=Benito Mussolini {{!}} Biography, Definition, Facts, Rise, & Death {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Celebration of the Japan-Germany-Italy-Triparite-Pact (1940) in Tokio.jpg|thumb|A celebration at the 1940 Tokyo signing of the [[Tripartite Pact|Tripartite Act]] defence agreement between [[Nazi Germany]], [[Imperial Japan]], and [[Fascist Italy]]; their flags are present|upright=1.36]]
Italy, Germany, and [[Imperial Japan]] — led by Emperor [[Hirohito]] and Prime Minister [[Hideki Tojo]] — increasingly allied with each other, and during World War II they would be known as the [[Axis powers]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024j" /><ref name="www.britannica.com-2024n" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Tojo Hideki {{!}} Biography, Early Years, World War II, Facts, & Death {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tojo-Hideki |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Italy and Japan needed allies, as Italy was involved in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] (the Italian invasion of the [[Ethiopian Empire]]) from 1935 to 1937, and Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (Japan's expanded invasion of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]) in 1937, the latter of which was subsumed by World War II and ended in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axis Alliance in World War II |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-powers-in-world-war-ii |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 1936, Italy and Germany made a pact of mutual assurance, the [[Rome-Berlin Axis]] agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rome-Berlin Axis {{!}} Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy & Mussolini {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rome-Berlin-Axis |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Also that year, Japan and Germany signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] to counter the perceived threat of communism from the [[Soviet Union]] led by [[Joseph Stalin]]; Italy joined the pact in 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Comintern Pact {{!}} Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Japan {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Anti-Comintern-Pact |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Italy and Germany signed the [[Pact of Steel]] in 1939, formalising the Rome-Berlin axis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pact of Steel {{!}} Italy–Germany [1939] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pact-of-Steel |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Other [[Axis powers|smaller powers joined the Axis]] throughout World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axis Alliance in World War II |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-powers-in-world-war-ii |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> The Axis' main opponents would be the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], a name reused from the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] who were the main opponent of the Central Powers in World War I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Big Three |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/big-three#:~:text=In%20World%20War%20II,%20the,the%20war%20should%20be%20fought. |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

=== Nazi social policies ===
Under the Nazi Party, Germany [[Racial hierarchy|developed a hierarchy]] which considered the pseudoscientific "[[Aryan race]]" — white ethnic Germans or those closest genetically to them – as the most superior race, and Jews and Slavs at or near the bottom. A major part of [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany's racial policy]] was the concept of ''[[lebensraum]]'', or "living space": increasing the amount of land in Europe where members of the Aryan race could live. The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] writes:
{{Blockquote|text=The Nazis also adopted the [[social Darwinist]] take on [[Darwinism|Darwinian evolutionary theory]] regarding the "[[survival of the fittest]]." For the Nazis, survival of a race depended upon its ability to reproduce and multiply, its accumulation of land to support and feed that expanding population, and its vigilance in maintaining the purity of its [[gene pool]], thus preserving the unique "racial" characteristics with which "nature" had equipped it for success in the struggle to survive. Since each "race" sought to expand, and since the space on the earth was finite, the struggle for survival resulted "naturally" in violent conquest and military confrontation. Hence, war—even [[perpetual war|constant war]]—was a part of nature, a part of the [[human condition]].}}[[File:Greater Germanic Reich.png|thumb|The boundaries of the "[[Greater Germanic Reich]]" that the [[Nazi Party]] planned to be occupied by the "[[Aryan race]]", who were alleged to require "living space" ''([[lebensraum]])'' in Europe beyond Germany's borders<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Dokumentation Obersalzberg: Utopia: The "Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation" |url=https://www.obersalzberg.de/en/exhibition/zweiter-weltkrieg/occupied-europe/utopie-grossgermanisches-reich/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915155030/https://www.obersalzberg.de/en/exhibition/zweiter-weltkrieg/occupied-europe/utopie-grossgermanisches-reich/ |archive-date=15 September 2018 }}</ref>|300x300px]]This formed a key motivation of Germany's expansion in Europe in the mid-to-late 1930s. In 1934, Germany signed a [[non-aggression pact]] with Poland, but this would not last as Poland was considered a part of the ''lebensraum''; Nazi mythology considered eastern Europe to be lost German land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victims of the Nazi Era: Nazi Racial Ideology |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/victims-of-the-nazi-era-nazi-racial-ideology |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebensraum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lebensraum |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2">{{Cite web |title=Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/invasion-of-poland-fall-1939 |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> In 1933, Germany began building [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] to hold their political enemies and those they considered "[[Social degeneration|degenerates]]", such as people on the lower end of their racial hierarchy, the Nazi Party's political enemies (like [[socialists]], [[social democrats]], and communists), Poles, [[Romani people]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Freemasons]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freemasonry under the Nazi Regime |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/freemasonry-under-the-nazi-regime |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> disabled people,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Murder of People with Disabilities |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-murder-of-people-with-disabilities |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> and [[LGBTQ]] people.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-5">{{Cite web |title=Nazi Camps |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-camps |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Nazi Party - Rise to Power, Ideology, Germany {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nazi-Party/The-Nazi-Party-and-Hitlers-rise-to-power#ref348486 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Carlo |first=Andrea |date=7 April 2021 |title=How LGBTQ Victims Were Erased From Holocaust History |url=https://time.com/5953047/lgbtq-holocaust-stories/ |access-date=15 October 2024 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> They were brought from many places across lower continental Europe to the camps using the extensive [[Rail transport in Europe|railway network]] which crossed the continent.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-5" /> The mass killing of the camps' prisoners, which started as soon as they were built, expanded in 1941, which is usually when the start date of the [[Holocaust]] is given.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=When Did the Holocaust Begin? A Genesis of Genocide |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/holocaust-remembrance-day/2020-01-26/ty-article/when-did-the-holocaust-begin/0000017f-f045-d8a1-a5ff-f0cf4c6d0000 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Haaretz}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb| There is debate as to whether "[[Holocaust victims]]" should just refer to the 6 million Jews who were killed, or those 6 million plus the millions of other people who were killed as a part of the same process.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Holocaust Misconceptions |url=https://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/holocaust-misconceptions/ |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Illinois Holocaust Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>}} In 1938, during the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' [[pogrom]]s, 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristallnacht |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kristallnacht |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 1938, German chemists [[Otto Hahn]] and [[Fritz Strassman]] discovered [[nuclear fission]], or the release of large amounts of [[energy]] when an [[atom]]'s [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] splits into smaller [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]]. German scientists of the ''[[Uranverein]]'' ([[uranium]] club) then began a project to develop the [[atomic bomb]], a bomb using nuclear fission that could destroy entire cities. This was supposed to be secret, but scientists fleeing Nazi Germany to avoid persecution made word of the program in other Western countries. In 1939, [[United States]] President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was warned of the program by one of these fleeing scientists, [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why didn't the Nazis beat Oppenheimer to the nuclear bomb? – DW – 08/15/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-didnt-the-nazis-beat-oppenheimer-to-the-nuclear-bomb/a-66540463 |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref>

==== German expansion and the partition of Czechoslovakia ====

The UK and France responded to Germany's aggressive expansion through [[appeasement]], "maintain[ing] peace in Europe by making limited concessions to German demands", which was seen as reasonable by the British and French populaces because the Treaty of Versailles was thought of as indeed too restrictive, and they did not want to go to war with Germany.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2" /> In 1935, Germany revoked the Treaty of Versailles' limitations on its military, and [[Remilitarisation of the Rhineland|remilitizared the Rhineland]] in 1936.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2" /> On 13 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria in the ''[[Anschluss]]''.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anschluss {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Anschluss |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Hitler then threatened to go to war with [[Czechoslovakia]], and in response, on 30 September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, UK prime minister [[Neville Chamberlain]], and French premier [[Edouard Daladier]] signed the [[Munich Agreement]], which gave Germany the [[Sudetenland]], a Czech region near its border with Germany which had long been ethnically German.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2" /><ref name="HISTORY-2020">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=Chamberlain Declares "Peace for Our Time" |url=https://www.history.com/news/chamberlain-declares-peace-for-our-time-75-years-ago |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> Chamberlain returned to England and proclaimed that the UK had achieved "[[Peace for our time]]".<ref name="HISTORY-2020" /> At the same time, Hungary annexed a part of southern Slovakia and Poland annexed the [[Cieszyn Silesia|Tešin District]] of [[Czech Silesia]]. On 15 March 1939, Germany occupied the remaining western half of Czechoslovakia, the Czech provinces of [[Bohemia and Moravia]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=World War II {{!}} Facts, Summary, History, Dates, Combatants, & Causes {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II#ref53531 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, part of Slovakia became the independent fascist and Catholic state of the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] under dictator and Catholic priest [[Jozef Tiso]].<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-6">{{Cite web |title=Czechoslovakia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/czechoslovakia |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> The republic was controlled by the [[Slovak People's Party]], who made the country a client state of Germany and allowed Germany to occupy it.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" /><ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-6" /> At the same time, the eastern part of Slovakia, the [[Subcarpathian Rus]], was annexed by Hungary. The latter two annexations formally ended the country of Czechoslovakia, which had existed since 1918.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-6" />

By early 1939, Hitler had plans of invading [[Poland]], despite Poland having assurances from the UK and France that those countries would intervene if Poland was attacked.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" /> Germany revoked its non-aggression pact with Poland on 28 April.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2" /> To ensure Germany would not face resistance from the Soviet Union during an invasion, the two countries signed an agreement to neutrality named the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] after secret negotiations from 23 to 24 August.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact {{!}} History, Facts, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/German-Soviet-Nonaggression-Pact |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Hitler gave the orders to invade on 26 August, certain that the UK and the Soviet Union would not retaliate. However, on the 25th, the UK and Poland publicly signed a formal treaty of military assurance, causing Hitler to delay the war for a few days. On 31 August, he gave the order to invade the next day.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" />

== Beginning of the war in Europe (1939–1940) ==

=== Invasion of Poland (1939) ===
[[File:Invasion of Poland-1939.png|thumb|Europe at the beginning of [[World War II]] in September 1939, showing the September and October movements of Nazi Germany and the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[invasion of Poland]]|300x300px]]
On 1 September 1939, [[Invasion of Poland|Germany invaded Poland]], falsely claiming that Poland was trying to encircle and partition Germany and that ethnic Germans were being persecuted there. Germany had [[Gleiwitz incident|staged an attack]] on one of their own radio stations the previous night and blamed it on the Poles.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2"/> 1.5 million soldiers of the German military, the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'', took part in the invasion, and had overwhelming military superiority to Poland's 1 million soldiers.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2" /><ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/> The invasion was led by generals [[Fedor von Bock]], [[Franz Halder]], [[Georg von Küchler]], [[Gerd von Rundstedt]], [[Günther von Kluge]], [[Johannes Blaskowitz]], [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], [[Walther von Reichenau]], and [[Wilhelm List]]. Poland fought on a large front, both on the German border and with their flanks in the German territory of [[East Prussia]] in the north and German-occupied Slovakia in the south. Poland did not move their troops eastward to more defensive positions because their western half had their most vital industrial regions.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/>

The ''Wehrmacht'' used "[[Blitzkrieg]] attacks", surprise attacks with "massive, concentrated forces of fast-moving [armoured] units supported by overwhelming air power".<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2"/> Their air force, the [[Luftwaffe]], specifically operated as support for the Army. They quickly destroyed vital Polish infrastructure including the railways, essentially taking out the [[Polish Air Force]] before it could be used.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/><ref name="www.britannica.com-2024i">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2024 |title=Invasion of Poland (1939) {{!}} Description & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Invasion-of-Poland |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1939, they surpassed the three current Allied powers in their individual numbers of infantry and armoured divisions (the ''Wehrmacht''<nowiki/>'s armoured divisions are also known as [[Panzer division (Wehrmacht)|panzer divisions]]).{{refn|group=nb|Poland had 30 infantry divisions, 12 cavalry brigades and one armoured brigrade (as well as 30 reserve infantry divisions which could not be mobilised in time); Germany had 100 infantry divisions and six armoured divisions; France had 90 infantry divisions; and the UK had ten infantry divisions.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/>}} Germany also had more machine guns, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[Anti-tank warfare|antitank guns]], and [[howitzer]]s per division than the Allies, while having about an equal number of tanks and military aircraft to the three of them combined.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/>

New types of military technology invented in the interwar years included [[radar]], the [[dive bomber]], and the [[aircraft carrier]]. The Allied countries, motivated by their victory in World War I, had generally not worked to produce significant amounts of newer weapons and military equipment afterwards, feeling confident in what they already had, while Germany did the opposite since remilitarising in 1935. Poland did not have "tanks, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, and antitank and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|antiaircraft guns]]", and believed [[Horse cavalry|horsed cavalry]] could take on German [[mechanised forces]]. The UK and France did make up for Poland's lack of air strength; Poland only had [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] and [[bomber]]s, and the other Allies had those plus aircraft meant for either [[reconnaissance]], coastal defence, or naval aviation. The UK had ready the newer [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] fighter and was producing the [[Spitfire]], which began combat in 1940. France's military aircraft, however, were outdated, and they were trying to buy newer models from the [[United States]]. The UK did not have any armoured divisions, and France's tanks were spread thin across its infantry divisions. The Allies in 1939 were "together superior in industrial resources, population, and military manpower", but German weapons, equipment, training and [[logistics]] made the ''Wehrmacht'' the most powerful army in the world. ''[[Britannica]]'' writes:<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-1210-502, Polen, Stukas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.22|The [[Luftwaffe]]'s [[Stuka]] bombers during the invasion of Poland]]
{{Blockquote|text=In accordance with the doctrines of General [[Heinz Guderian]], the German tanks were used in massed formations in conjunction with [[motorized artillery]] to punch holes in the enemy line and to isolate segments of the enemy, which were then surrounded and captured by motorized German infantry divisions while the tanks ranged forward to repeat the process: deep drives into enemy territory by panzer divisions were thus followed by [[mechanized infantry]] and foot soldiers. These tactics were supported by dive bombers that attacked and disrupted the enemy's supply and communications lines and spread panic and confusion in its rear, thus further paralyzing its defensive capabilities.}}

The only form of combat in which Germany had inferior capability was at sea, so they did not attack the Allies' navies with massed fleets, but instead through "the individual operation of German [[pocket battleships]] and [[commerce raiders]]".<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/>

France and the UK declared war on Germany on 3 September, but they did not actually engage in warfare with Germany during the invasion of Poland.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2"/> Meanwhile, the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] began over control of sea routes in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=Battle of the Atlantic {{!}} Combatants, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Atlantic |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> On 17 September, the [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviets invaded Poland]], and the Poles now fought on two fronts.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2"/> The next day, Polish government officials escaped into Romania, and for the next ten days, the Polish garrison in the capitol of [[Warsaw]] held on as Germans bombed the city massively, killing many civilians.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/> On the 28th, Poland surrendered, and the next day, Germany and Soviet Union partitioned the county between them in accordance with a secret provision of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2"/> The provision originally stated the western third of Poland would be given to the Germans, and the eastern two-thirds to the Soviets, while [[Lithuania]] would be put in the German sphere of influence; now, the two countries agreed to let Lithuania fall under the Soviet sphere of influence if more of Poland was given to Germany.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/>

The last Polish unit surrendered on 6 October.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-2"/> The invasion ended with 14,000 Germans dead or missing and 66,000 to 70,000 Poles dead. 700,000 Poles were taken prisoner and 80,000 escaped into neutral countries.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o"/><ref name="www.britannica.com-2024i"/> From October 1939 to March 1940, the European theatre was in a phase known as the [[Phoney War]], when no major land operations were made by the Allied powers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2024 |title=Phony War {{!}} Nazi Germany, France, Britain {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Phony-War |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Winter War and Soviet occupation of the Baltics (1939–1940) ===
As early as August 1935, the Soviets' [[Leningrad]] commissar [[Andrei Zhdanov]] had started making observations of their border with [[Finland]]. Based on these observations, the Soviets began building railway spur tracks leading west toward Finnish wilderness, in particular toward [[Kuusamo]], [[Suomussalmi]], [[Kuhmo]], and [[Lieksa]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Nenye |editor1-first=Vesa |editor2-last=Munter |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Wirtanen |editor3-first=Toni |editor4-last=Birks |editor4-first=Chris |title=Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 |year=2015 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-4728-2718-0 |page=44}}</ref> The tracks were meant for a future invasion of Finland; they could have served no other purpose than to transport troops and material, since little trade passed through these regions.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Nenye |editor1-first=Vesa |editor2-last=Munter |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Wirtanen |editor3-first=Toni |editor4-last=Birks |editor4-first=Chris |title=Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 |year=2015 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-4728-2718-0 |page=44}}</ref>

Finland and the [[Baltic states|Baltic]] states – Lithuania, [[Latvia]], and [[Estonia]] — were allocated to the Soviet sphere of influence in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html |title=Text of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact |date=23 August 1939 |publisher=Fordham |access-date=11 February 2003 |archive-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114231303/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 10 October 1939, the Soviets demanded the Baltic states to allow Soviet garrisons to be stationed within them.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" /><ref name="www.britannica.com-2024l" /> The countries felt threatened, resentfully agreeing to sign pacts of mutual assurance allowing the soldiers in.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024l">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Baltic states - Independence, Sovereignty, Geography {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltic-states/Independent-statehood |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The beginning of World War II escalated tensions between Finland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets thought the Axis would use Finland as a base to attack them, and the Finns thought the Soviets were trying to expand into Finnish territory.<ref name="Imperial War Museums-3" /> The Soviets then forwarded demands to Finland that were similar to the demands sent to the Baltic states;<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Nenye |editor1-first=Vesa |editor2-last=Munter |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Wirtanen |editor3-first=Toni |editor4-last=Birks |editor4-first=Chris |title=Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945 |year=2015 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-4728-2718-0 |page=49}}</ref> the Finns also had to destroy their defensive [[Mannerheim Line]] along the [[Karelian Isthmus]] near the border with the Soviet Union. Finland rejected these demands, instead mobilising their army and unsuccessfully attempting to gain Allied support.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024l" /><ref name="Imperial War Museums-3">{{Cite web |title=A Short History Of The 'Winter War' |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a-short-history-of-the-winter-war |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Winter war.jpg|thumb|Finnish soldiers during the [[Winter War]]|upright=1.36|left]]

On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland, justifying it with [[Shelling of Mainila|a staged incident]] at the countries' border. Thus began the [[Winter War]], with the Soviet objective being the conquest of Finland and the installation of a [[Finnish Democratic Republic|communist puppet government]] in [[Helsinki]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reiter |first1=Dan |title=How Wars End |edition=Illustrated |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691140605 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_Avp1TNYjMC |access-date=29 October 2010 |ref=reiter |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419083258/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_Avp1TNYjMC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Zeiler |editor1-first=Thomas W. |editor2-last=DuBois |editor2-first=Daniel M. |title=A Companion to World War II |series=Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History |volume=11 |year=2012 |ref=Zeiler |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-9681-9}}</ref> At the start of the war, the Soviets suffered severe losses and made little progress. The Finns made use of the [[Molotov cocktail]], a type of makeshift grenade, naming it after [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Foreign Minister]] [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] who was blamed for the war. The Finns, who had little outside help, became worn down in a [[war of attrition]].<ref name="Imperial War Museums-3" />

The Soviets reduced their strategic objectives in late January 1940 and put an end to the puppet Finnish communist government, and informed the legitimate Finnish government that they were willing to negotiate peace.<ref>[[#reiter|Reiter (2009)]], pp. 126, 127</ref><ref>[[#Trotter2002|Trotter (2002)]], pp. 234–235</ref> After the Soviets reorganised and adopted different tactics, they renewed their offensive in February and breached the Mannerheim Line.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" /><ref name="Imperial War Museums-3" /> On 6 March, Finland asked for peace terms, and on the 12th, the two countries signed the [[Moscow Peace Treaty]], in which the Finns ceded 9% of their territory to the Soviet Union, and the [[Hanko Peninsula]] was leased to the Soviets for 30 years.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024o" /><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bartrop |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Grimm |editor2-first=Eve |title=The Holocaust, Country by Country |year=2024 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1440879388 |page=103}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-5" /> The war ended the following day.<ref name="www.britannica.com-5">{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Moscow {{!}} Russo-Finnish history [1940] {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Moscow-Russo-Finnish-history-1940 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In June 1940, Joseph Stalin sent another set of ultimatums to the Baltic states, demanding the allowance of an unlimited number of Soviet troops into their countries and to form governments under Soviet terms. All three countries [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|were occupied]] by within a few months and the Soviet Union quickly began the process of [[Sovietization]], the enforcing of communist-led people's assemblies ("[[Soviet (council)|soviets]]") which would be the new governmental bodies. The new Baltic soviets voted for their countries to become republics of the Soviet Union; the Soviet Union formally accepted these additions in August 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Baltic states - Soviet Occupation, Independence, History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Baltic-states/Soviet-occupation |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Scandinavian fronts (April–June 1940) ===
On 9 April 1940, in [[Operation Weserübung]], Germany invaded Denmark and Norway as essentially a preventative measure to stop the UK and France from occupying Norway, as well as to protect German industry; Britain previously had set up naval blockades between Norway and Germany which cut off the import of iron from northern Sweden that was being shipped out of the Norwegian port of [[Narvik (town)|Narvik]]. The invasion was led by General of the Infantry [[Nikolaus von Falkenhorst]]. Germany notified the UK and France of the invasion in a memorandum claiming that the Allies were trying to use Scandinavia as a base from which to attack Germany from the north, and that Scandinavia needed to be protected from Allied "aggression".<ref name="Imperial War Museums-2">{{Cite web |title=One Story, Different Voices: the Norwegian Campaign, 1940 |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/blog/partnerships/2021/12/one-story-different-voices-the-norwegian-campaign-1940 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> In the opening battle of the invasion, the [[Battle of Drøbak Sound]], the Norwegians won and the German advance was slowed down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title=Assault on Oslo: The Naval Disaster in the Drøbak Strait |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/assault-on-oslo-the-naval-disaster-in-the-drobak-strait/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Weserübung-Süd Panzers.PNG|thumb|German [[Panzer I|Pz.Kpfw. I]] tanks in [[Aabenraa]], Denmark on 9 April 1940|upright=1.36]]
Norwegian resistance quickly faltered, however, and Norwegian government heads fled for the countryside. [[Vidkun Quisling]], of the [[Nasjonal Samling]] fascist party, proclaimed a new government on the evening of 9 April 1940, and he became the [[Prime Minister of Norway]] under Germany's administration during the war. Norway's army agreed to cooperate with Germany, and began attacking the Allies. The UK tried to defend Norway with ground, air, and sea presence, but it was difficult. On 27 April, the British ground soldiers began to retreat. On 28 May, the British recaptured Narvik, but the Axis took it again on 9 June. The invasion was over by 10 June 1940.<ref name="Imperial War Museums-2" /> The British [[British occupation of the Faroe Islands|occupied]] the [[Faroe Islands]] in response to Germany's gains.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2012 |title=Faroe Islands profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20424993 |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Sweden [[Sweden during World War II|was able to remain neutral]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Positions of Spain and Portugal ===
In 1936, insurgents led by fascist [[Francisco Franco]] went to war with the democratically elected Spanish government in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Hitler sided with Franco, giving aid to the insurgents. In 1939, Franco won the war, becoming the dictator of Spain. Before that, though, in early 1939, many Spaniards crossed the border into France, where they were given a choice by the French government whether to return to Spain (and be punished by Franco), or join the French military; during World War II, many Spanish soldiers fought for the [[Third French Republic]] (the French government before Germany invaded) and later for the [[French resistance]] against the Nazis.<ref name="Magazine">{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=PLACEHOLDER |first2=REPRINT AUTHOR |title=Spain's Oft-Forgotten Nazi Ties |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/spains-oft-forgotten-ties-to-the-nazis-180981304/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[Spain during World War II|Spain claimed neutrality]] during World War II, but collaborated with the Axis.<ref name="Magazine" /><ref name="HISTORY-2022">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=How the Neutral Countries in World War II Weren't So Neutral |url=https://www.history.com/news/neutral-countries-world-war-ii |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> They gave Germany raw materials to use in weapons production. 10,000 to 15,000 Spaniards that were previously refugees in France were deported to Germany, where about 60% were killed by the Nazis.<ref name="Magazine" /> [[Portugal during World War II|Portugal claimed neutrality]] as well, but they allowed the British to access Portuguese bases in the [[Azores]].<ref name="HISTORY-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Portugal during WW2: Covering the Azores Gap |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/covering-the-azores-gap-in-world-war-ii/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Axis expansion (1940–1941) ==

=== German invasion of Western Europe (1940) ===
[[File:Winston Churchill As Prime Minister 1940-1945 MH26392.jpg|thumb|[[Winston Churchill]] at his desk while leading as [[UK prime minister]], taken c. 1940–1945]]
On 10 May 1940, Germany began an [[Battle of France|invasion of France]] and the Low Countries ([[German invasion of the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], [[German invasion of Belgium (1940)|Belgium]], and [[German invasion of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]). Three German commanders, [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb|Willhelm von Leeb]], Fedor von Bock, and Gerd von Rundstedt took control of an army each and invaded France through the northern end of its German border, and also by crossing into France through the Low Countries, the latter movement resembling the [[Schlieffen Plan]] from World War I.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" />

On the 10th, the Germans first entered the Netherlands and Belgium,<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" /> and Neville Chamberlain resigned, making Winston Churchill the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Chamberlain had been criticised for the failure of the Norwegian campaign, and Churchill had become the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s choice for leading the nation – even if they disliked his anti-socialist beliefs – because of his willingness to fight Germany. A coalition government was formed, led by a war cabinet of Churchill, Chamberlain, the conservative [[Lord Halifax]], and the Labour members [[Clement Attlee]] and [[Arthur Greenwood]]. Churchill also became the [[Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)|Minister of Defence]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Winston Churchill - WWII Leader, Prime Minister, Statesman {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill/Leadership-during-World-War-II |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> On 12 May, the Dutch Queen [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]] fled with her ministers to England, where she established the [[Dutch government-in-exile]]. The next day, the Germans crossed the [[Meuse]] river, entering France.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Battle of France {{!}} History, Summary, Maps, & Combatants {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-France-World-War-II#ref342847 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== British invasion of Iceland (1940) ===

Winston Churchill, meanwhile, tried to convince [[Iceland]] to join the Allies, but they wanted to stay neutral. Ultimately, the UK decided to invade, as the country was strategically important as a base to control the North Atlantic. [[Invasion of Iceland|The invasion]] began on 10 May 1940. The government disliked the violation of their sovereignty, but capitulated to the UK, who [[Allied occupation of Iceland|occupied the country]]. The UK promised to compensate the Icelandic population and leave at the end of the war. Canadian troops arrived in Iceland in June 1940 and the Americans arrived a year later; foreign troops continued staying in Iceland after the war, as the country became a [[NATO]] member.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Sharon |date=15 June 2021 |title=The British invasion of Iceland |url=https://legionmagazine.com/the-british-invasion-of-iceland/ |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=Legion Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Fall of France (1940) ===
[[File:Rotterdam, Laurenskerk, na bombardement van mei 1940.jpg|thumb|The center of the Dutch city of [[Rotterdam]] after its bombing during the [[German invasion of the Netherlands]] in 1940]]On 14 May 1940, Dutch Commander-in-Chief [[Henri Winkelman]] surrendered his forces east of the [[Scheldt]] river, essentially all of the Netherlands. On the 15th, French general [[Maurice Gamelin]] reported to French premier [[Paul Reynaud|Paul Reynard]] that the Germans might take Paris within days. Reynard then replaced Gamelin with retired general [[Maxime Weygand]], who was in Syria. Weygand arrived from Syria on the 19th, leaving the French high command without a top general for days while the Germans pushed towards Paris. Weygand arrived and replaced 12 generals, notably employing general [[Charles de Gaulle]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" />

The Germans broke through the French line on the 15th and marched swiftly into undefended land. They reached the [[English Channel]] by the 20th, and days later, moved north towards [[Calais]] and [[Dunkirk]]. The Belgians became encircled in [[Flanders]]. On the 24th, the Germans almost reached Dunkirk, but Hitler ordered them back, giving the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Forces]] and other Allies in Dunkirk some time to [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuate to England]]. They moved quickly, and the situation worsened on the 27th, when [[Leopold III of Belgium|Leopold III]], the [[king of Belgium]], surrendered his army.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" /> The Allies successfully evacuated by 4 June, saving 198,000 British men and 140,000 French men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Dunkirk evacuation {{!}} Facts, Map, Photos, Numbers, Timeline, & Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Dunkirk-evacuation |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> At this point, the French front had been pushed back to the [[Somme (river)|Somme]] and [[Aisne (river)|Aisne]] rivers. French numbers and morale weakened, and many retreated westward across France. On 9 June, the Germans crossed the [[Seine]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" />[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L05487, Paris, Avenue Foch, Siegesparade.jpg|thumb|German troops in Paris after the [[Fall of France]], 14 June 1940|left]]

On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom. They began attacking France on the 20th, but it made little effect. Reynaud had fled Paris to [[Tours]], and he and his ministers were told by Weygand on the 12th that the French battle had been lost. Meanwhile, French Major General Victor Fortune surrendered his 10,000 men of the British Expeditionary Forces' [[51st Highland Division]] who were being exhausted at [[Saint-Valéry-en-Caux]]. On the 14th, the French military evacuated Paris and the Germans entered the city. Reynaud again moved the government, this time to Bordeaux. The next day, Verdun fell, and on the 16th, Reynaud resigned, being succeeded by [[Philippe Petain]]. On the 17th, Petain asked the Germans for an armistice.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" /> On 18 June 1940, de Gaulle asked the French people, in a [[Appeal of 18 June|speech from London]], to resistance against the Germans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Preserving the "Flame of French Resistance": Charles de Gaulle's June 1940 Addresses |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/preserving-flame-french-resistance-charles-de-gaulles-june-1940-addresses |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> The terms were dictated with Hitler on the 21st, and on the 25th, war between France and Germany/Italy was officially over. On 22 June, France was divided into two sections under the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|Franco-German Armistice]]; one was occupied by the German military and the other, [[Vichy France]], had some autonomy.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024h" />

The [[Chasselay massacre]] occurred in France in June 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Murdered Warriors: The Chasselay Massacre, June 1940 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/chasselay-massacre-june-1940 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

=== Battle of Britain and the Blitz (1940) ===
[[File:President Franklin D. Roosevelt-1941.jpg|thumb|U.S. president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signs the [[Lend-Lease Act]] in 1941]]

Starting in June 1940, in the [[Battle of Britain]], the German [[Luftwaffe]] air branch launched air assaults on the United Kingdom in preparation to launch an amphibious invasion of Britain codenamed [[Operation Sea Lion]]. The British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) successfully defended Britain, and that phase of bombing ended in September 1940. On 7 September, the Luftwaffe started an aerial bombing campaign on Britain known as [[the Blitz]], which instead destroyed strategic targets to hurt the British war effort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2024 |title=Battle of Britain {{!}} History, Importance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Britain-European-history-1940 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=The Blitz {{!}} World War II, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/the-Blitz |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

During the Battle of Britain, the UK asked the U.S. for help, but the American public was divided over the need to get involved in the war. In the November 1940 [[1940 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]], the incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to his third term in office. America was becoming more certain of the need to send aid to the UK; for example, Roosevelt's main opponent in the election, [[Wendell Willkie]] of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], differed from his party's previous sentiment by agreeing to give aid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2024 |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt - New Deal, WWII, Diplomacy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt/Foreign-policy#ref23950 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In December 1940, president-elect Roosevelt gave a speech in which he explained his "[[Arsenal of democracy]]" approach to the war and justifying providing the UK with aid. In March 1941, the [[U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Lend-Lease Act]], which allowed the U.S. to send large amounts of aid: it ranged from "tanks, aircraft, ships, weapons and road building supplies to clothing, chemicals and food." The program soon expanding to giving aid to the Soviet Union, China, and allied France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2022 |title=Lend‑Lease Act: Definition, Ukraine & World War II ‑ HISTORY |url=https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/lend-lease-act-1 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Greek Offensive 1940 41 in Northern Epirus.svg|thumb|The Greek counteroffensive from 13 November 1940 to 7 April 1941|left]]

=== Italian invasion of Greece (1940–1941) ===
On 28 October 1940, Italy began [[Greco-Italian War|invading Greece]].<ref name="www.nam.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=War in the Balkans, 1941-45 {{!}} National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/war-Balkans |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HISTORY">{{Cite web |title=Italy invades Greece {{!}} 28 October 1940 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italy-invades-greece |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HISTORY |date=16 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref> This surprised the Greeks, as well as Hitler, who did not want Axis troops to be taken away from the [[North African campaign]]. Mussolini was convinced that Italy would quickly win, but they were pushed back into Albania after a week. The Italians then spent the next three months in Albania defending against the Greeks. At the [[Battle of Taranto]], the British navy destroyed almost half of the Italian fleet.<ref name="HISTORY" /> In March 1941, the British sent 58,000 [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops to help Greece, despite their intense combat in North Africa.<ref name="www.nam.ac.uk" />

=== The Holocaust begins (1940–1941) ===
[[File:Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 1a.jpg|thumb|[[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian Jews]] being selected to either work or die in the [[gas chamber]]s at the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp]], 19 May 1944|upright=1.36]]
From 20 to 24 November 1940, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia joined the Axis powers under the [[Tripartite Pact]]. In 1941, Hitler and other Nazi Party leaders including [[Heinrich Himmler]] and [[Reinhard Heydrich]] agree on a program of mass extermination of Jews throughout occupied Europe, beginning [[the Holocaust]]; this was referred to as the "[[Final Solution]]" to the "[[Jewish question]]", or the debate over what should happen to the Jews living on the continent. On 1 March 1941, Himmler ordered the construction of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. At the same time, Bulgaria joined the Tripartite Pact, and two days later, Germany began sealing off a [[Kraków Ghetto|Jewish ghetto]] in [[Krakow, Poland]].<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-3">{{Cite web |title=1941: Key Dates |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/1941-key-dates |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> Aside from concentration camps, the Final Solution was also enacted with ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'', mobile killing units.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Einsatzgruppen (Mobile Killing Units) |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/einsatzgruppen |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> Croatia joined the Tripartite Pact on 15 June.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-3" />

=== German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece (1941) ===
On 6 April 1941, Germany, aided by Bulgarian and Hungarian forces, started invading [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[German invasion of Greece|Greece]]. This was to help the Italian invasion of Greece, overthrow the pro-Allied Yugoslavia government, secure the German flank during the planned invasion of Russia, protect German oil in Romania from Allied air attacks, and create a base to attack British communication lines with the east. Major Yugoslavian cities, including [[Belgrade]], were bombed. On 17 April, Yugoslavia capitulated, as Germany moved into northern Greece. Greek cities were subject to Blitzkrieg attacks; despite intense resistance, [[Athens]] fell on 27 April. 2,500 Germans were killed. 11,000 Allied men were captured, and 45,000 evacuated to the island of [[Crete]].<ref name="www.nam.ac.uk" />

On 20 May 1941, Germany began an [[invasion of Crete]]. They launched paratrooper assaults on multiple Cretan cities, overwhelming the Allies, who evacuated the island. Germany fought off guerrilla resistance in [[Yugoslavian resistance during World War II|Yugoslavia]] and [[Greek resistance|Greece]] for the rest of the war. In late 1941, the Brits started aiding the [[Chetnik]] guerrillas, led by [[Dragoljub Mihailovic]]. Eventually, the Chetniks fought in a civil war against another group of guerrillas, the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]], led by [[Josip Broz Tito|Josip "Tito" Broz]]. The Chetniks collaborated with the Allies, and in 1943, the British switched their alliance to the Partisans. In Greece, the communist [[ELAS]] fought a civil war with the republican [[EDES]]. They fought until a peace deal was made by the Allies.<ref name="www.nam.ac.uk" />

== Greatest extent of Axis power (1941–1943) ==

=== Eastern Front (June–July 1941) ===
[[File:Invasion1941.jpg|thumb|German advances in [[Operation Barbarossa]], from 22 June to 25 August 1941|left|upright=1.36]]
On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the invasion of the Soviet Union, code-named [[Operation Barbarossa]].<ref>Amnon Sella. ''<nowiki/>'Barbarossa': Surprise Attack and Communication''. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3, (Jul. 1978), pp. 555–583.</ref> It had originally been planned for May, but Hitler used his troops to invade Yugoslavia and Greece, which was a more pressing matter. The campaigns in southern Europe were quick, but June would end up being a less ideal date for Barbarossa, as it was closer to the brutal Russian winter. Hitler and the Nazi High Command were convinced that by October, Germany would have taken the entirety of European Russia and the Soviet regime would collapse after losing support domestically. 3 million German soldiers were involved in Barbarossa, the largest invasion force in history. The northern end of the invasion was led by Wilhelm von Leeb; the center by Fedor von Bock, Heinz Guderian, and [[Hermann Hoth]]; and the south by Gerd von Rundstedt and [[Paul Ludwig von Kleist]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024f">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2024 |title=Operation Barbarossa {{!}} History, Summary, Combatants, Casualties, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Operation-Barbarossa |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Soviets were taken by surprise, and had trouble creating an opposing force in time. By 27 June 1941, the Germans had reached [[Minsk]]. The local Soviets were encircled; 300,000 became prisoners, while others escaped to the east. Guderian crossed the [[Dnieper]] river on 10 July, and on the 16th, his troops entered [[Smolensk]], taking 200,000 prisoners. Meanwhile, the Soviets used a [[scorched earth]] policy, burning many parts of western Russia. The western manufacturing industries were moved eastward. At the same time, series of storms had turned the roads to Russia into mud, and the German tanks moved slowly. However, by mid-July, the Germans had moved 640 kilometres east from their starting positions, and were 320 kilometres to Moscow. At the end of July, the Germans broke through the Soviet front in [[Kiev]]. 520,000 Soviets were encircled and captured.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024f" />

=== Eastern Front (September–December 1941) ===
[[Operation Reinhard]], named after Reinhard Heydrich, began in the autumn of 1941. It was the plan to kill the two million Jews living in occupied Poland. For this purpose, Germany constructed three [[extermination camp]]s, [[Bełżec]], [[Sobibór]], and [[Treblinka]], and the [[Reich Security Main Office]] led by Heydrich deported Polish Jews to these locations. By the end of the war, around 1.5 million Jews were killed in the three camps. German police and the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) also led a number of killing missions. Operation Reinhard was directed by SS general [[Odilo Globocnik]] from autumn 1941 until summer 1943. It had overlap with [[Aktion T4]], or Germany's program of euthanising disabled people with [[carbon monoxide]] gas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Reinhard (Einsatz Reinhard) |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/operation-reinhard-einsatz-reinhard |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

As the Soviet Union was in a weakened position, in 1941, Finland used the opportunity to start the [[Continuation War]], an attempt to take back the lands that they had lost during the Winter War. It would be fought until 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuation War |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095635147 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en}}</ref> On 8 September 1941, Germany and Finland began the [[Siege of Leningrad]], which also continued until 1944.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024g">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=Siege of Leningrad {{!}} Nazi Germany, World War II, Blockade {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Leningrad |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In October 1941, at [[Vyazma]], 600,000 of them were encircled and captured.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024f" />

On 19 September 1941, the Germans entered the city of Kiev in Ukraine. Some of them were killed in explosions from mines left by retreating Soviet soldiers, and the Germans used this as a pretext to take revenge on the local Jews, whom the explosions were blamed on. From the 29th to the 30th, in the [[Babi Yar massacre]], approximately 33,771 of Kiev's Jews were massacred. They had been summoned to a ravine near the city, where they were made to undress and enter the ravine before being shot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass Shootings at Babyn Yar (Babi Yar) |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kiev-and-babi-yar |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

In October 1941, the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)|Siege of Sevastopol]] started when Germany and Romania tried to take [[Sevastopol]] from the Soviets. Soviet resistance prolonged the siege, but the Axis took the city in July 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgeon Catch 1942: The Siege of Sevastopol |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/sturgeon-catch-1942-the-siege-of-sevastopol/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref> In the [[First Battle of Kharkov]] from 20 to 24 October, the [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Sixth Army]] successfully took the city of [[Kharkov]] where the Soviets had been producing their T-34 tanks. After the city's capture, the Germans discovered the tanks' production had been moved out of the city prior to the battle.<ref name="Hoover Institution">{{Cite web |title=Battles Of Kharkov |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/battles-kharkov |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Wojska niemieckie na froncie moskiewskim (2-878).jpg|thumb|German mechanised forces move through a hamlet towards Moscow in the [[Battle of Moscow]], December 1941.|upright=1.36]]As winter approached, the Germans in the Soviet Union were beaten down by cold weather; many got frostbite and had their military equipment freeze. Meanwhile, new waves of Soviets came to defend the front. On 22 November 1941, the Germans reached [[Rostov-na-Donu]], an important location to continue the Caucasus campaign, but the Soviets launched a counteroffensive and took back the city on the 28th. On 2 December, some Germans had [[Battle of Moscow|reached the suburbs of Moscow]], but this is the closest they got to the center of the city. On 6 December, Soviet commander [[Georgy Zhukov]] started a large counteroffensive at Moscow which confirmed Barbarossa's failure.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024f" />

=== America joins the war (1941) ===
Imperial Japan [[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|declared war on the United States]] by [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacking]] the American military base at [[Pearl Harbor]] in Hawaii on 7 December. The next day, the Japanese ambassador [[Hiroshi Oshima]] went to German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], asking him to finally have Germany declare war on the United States. von Ribbentrop believed that the Americans entering the war would overwhelm the German war effort, but Hitler did not think so. On 11 December, Germany [[German declaration of war against the United States|declared war on the United States]], and the next day, Hitler defended the decision in a speech to the Reichstag. He claimed that Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] policies were the actual cause of World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany declares war on the United States {{!}} 11 December 1941 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-declares-war-on-the-united-states |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |date=16 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Operation Archery (1941) ===
On 27 December 1941, the British Army, Royal Navy, and the RAF launched [[Operation Archery]], an attack on the Axis in the town of [[Måløy]] on [[Vågsøy (island)|Vaagso Island]], Norway. The objective was to "sink, burn and destroy any enemy shipping found in the convoy assembly anchorage, and to put out of action the garrison (kill or capture) and the German installations in the port including the fish factories." Two British Commando units attacked, one to attack the German garrison in the town and the other to stop the German guns at the nearby [[Måløyna|Maaloy Island]]. The Army was supported by the British cruiser [[HMS Kenya|HMS ''Kenya'']] and RAF aircraft taking off from Scotland and the [[Shetland]]s. The British sunk eight German ships and 120 Germans were killed before the British quickly retreated. The tactics of the operation would be used the Allies during the later Normandy landings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horan |first=H.E. |date=April 1961 |title=Operation Archery |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1961/april/operation-archery |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref>

=== Western Front (February–May 1942) ===
[[File:Operation Cerberus-fr.svg|left|thumb|upright=1.36|The route taken by the German ships in the [[Channel Dash]]]]
On 12 February 1942, in Operation Cerberus or the [[Channel Dash]], three of the [[Kriegsmarine]]'s biggest ships ({{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}}, {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}, and {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}}) attempted to move from [[Brest, France]] — a vital German naval port<ref name="Royal Navy-2021">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title='A stirring memory' - the anniversary of the Channel Dash |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news/2021/february/12/20210212-channel-dash |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=Royal Navy}}</ref> — to the German coast in the [[North Sea]] through the [[English Channel]]'s slim [[Dover Strait]], despite the presence of the [[Royal Navy]] and [[RAF Coastal Command]] there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Cerberus: The Kriegsmarine 'Channel Dash' |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/operation-cerberus-the-kriegsmarine-channel-dash/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Airfield-2024">{{Cite web |last=Airfield |first=History of Manston |date=12 February 2024 |title=Channel Dash - The Bravest of the Brave |url=https://www.manstonhistory.org.uk/channel-dash-bravest-brave/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=History of Manston Airfield |language=en-GB}}</ref> Once at Germany, they were supposed to be used for defending Norway. As part of the pre-existing Operation Fuller, launched in 1941 to defend the channel, the British responded with naval and air power; the Luftwaffe defended the Germans.<ref name="Airfield-2024" /> The British destroyed some German aircraft, but the Royal Navy and RAF faced heavy losses and were unable to prevent the ships from reaching their destination. The ships' later use was limited, however.<ref name="Royal Navy-2021" /><ref name="Airfield-2024" />{{refn|group=nb| ''Scharnhorst'' had to undergo repairs until 1943, and was sunk by the British in December 1943 during the [[Battle of the North Cape]]; ''Gneisenau'' was badly damaged, never again being used as a warship, and was [[Blockship|intentionally sank]] near [[Gdynia|Goteshafen]] by the Germans to prevent advancing Soviet ships in 1945; and ''Prinz Eugen'' defended Norway, lasting until the end of war – she was then used in the U.S.' post-war [[Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll|Bikini Atoll nuclear tests]] before sinking from a leak in 1946.<ref name="Royal Navy-2021" /><ref name="Airfield-2024" />}}

On 28 March 1942, in Operation Chariot or the [[St Nazaire Raid]], the Royal Navy attacked the German [[dry dock]] at [[St Nazaire]] in occupied France. The dock served as one of the bases of operation for German [[U-boat]]s, and was defended by 6,000 soldiers. If it was destroyed, then the powerful {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}} — which had been defending Norway – could not be repaired at St Nazaire during potential future involvement in the Battle of the Atlantic, instead having to take trips to two other docks, during which the British could attack her easier. Operation Chariot used 611 British soldiers, first destroying the gate to the dock with the destroyer {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|6}}, then attacking the ships. The British faced heavy losses, with 169 of them killed and 200 taken prisoner, but they greatly hurt the German navy, forcing Germany to divert troops from elsewhere to defend their Atlantic operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=A Bold Strategy: The British Raid on St. Nazaire |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/bold-strategy-british-raid-st-nazaire |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hull |first=Michael D. |date=April 2017 |title=Sacrifice at Saint-Nazaire |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2017/april/sacrifice-saint-nazaire |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref>

On the night of 30–31 May 1942, the [[RAF Bomber Command]] performed [[Operation Millennium]]. 1,047 bombers - the command's first raid involving more than 1,000 bombers – led by the Commander-in-Chief of the Bomber Command, [[Arthur Harris]], launched a raid on [[Cologne, Germany]]. This used {{frac|2|1|2}} times more pilots than any previous night raid, and was important for publicity and psychological warfare. Harris gathered large amounts of spare aircraft, and had some of them used by those who were still in pilot training. The raid was a success, starting more than 2,500 fires, destroying around 13,000 buildings, and killing less than 500 people. 41 RAF aircraft were lost. The operation's tactics were implemented by the Bomber Command for future use during the war. 135,000 to 150,000 of the city's previous population of around 700,000 fled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAF Bomber Command's first 1,000 bomber raid May 1942 {{!}} RAF Memorial Flight Club |url=https://www.memorialflightclub.com/bomber-command-first-bomber-raid |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=www.memorialflightclub.com}}</ref>

=== German and American atomic bomb programs (1942–1945) ===
In summer 1942, the U.S. began the [[Manhattan Project]], or their top-secret atomic bomb program in response to Germany's own program. The Manhattan Project was led by physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], and was worked on mainly in [[Hanford, Washington]]; [[Los Alamos, New Mexico]]; and [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]]. The U.S. overestimated Germany's program, which was cancelled as a military project in July 1942 and continued as a civilian project; it became disorganised as its Jewish scientists continued to escape Nazism, and was underfunded as Hitler did not understand its purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |last2= |first2= |title=Manhattan Project - Manhattan Project National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/mapr/learn/manhattan-project.htm#:~:text=The%20Manhattan%20Project%20was%20an,atomic%20weapons%20before%20Nazi%20Germany. |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dw.com">{{Cite web |title=Why didn't the Nazis beat Oppenheimer to the nuclear bomb? – DW – 08/15/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-didnt-the-nazis-beat-oppenheimer-to-the-nuclear-bomb/a-66540463 |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}</ref>

In 1944, as Berlin was increasingly bombed, Germany's program moved from Berlin to [[Haigerloch]]. There, scientists unsuccessfully [[Haigerloch research reactor|attempted to build]] a [[nuclear reactor]] instead of a nuclear bomb; as Germany weakened, the program shut down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atomkeller Museum |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/atomkeller-museum |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nazi Reactor That Wasn't |url=https://terp.umd.edu/the-nazi-reactor-that-wasnt |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Terp |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Eastern Front (April 1942 – March 1943) ===
In 1942, Reinard Heydrich [[Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich|was assassinated]] by Czech agents while in Prague. On 27 May, he was travelling through the city in an open vehicle; he did not give himself appropriate security, as he was convinced of the efficacy of his anti-resistance campaign within German-occupied Europe. His car went through a usual route taken to get to the nearby airport, where he would fly back to Hitler's headquarters. Along the way, [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Free Czech]] parachute agents (who had been trained in Britain)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Assassination Of Reinhard Heydrich, The Butcher Of Prague |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-assassination-of-reinhard-heydrich-the-butcher-of-prague/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref> rolled a hand grenade under the vehicle. Heydrich was not immediately killed, but his leg and back were hit with grenade splinters, causing an infection which killed him on 4 June 1942. On 9 June, the day of his funeral in Berlin, Hitler announced attacks targeting Czechs in retaliation, and the towns of [[Lidice]] and [[Ležáky]] were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Reinhard Heydrich {{!}} Life & Assassination {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Reinhard-Heydrich |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reinhard Heydrich: In Depth |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/reinhard-heydrich-in-depth |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Second Battle of Kharkov]] from 12 to 28 May 1942, Soviet marshal Semyon Timoshenko attempted to recapture Kharkov from the Germans. 170,000 Soviets were killed and 106,000 wounded as they faced major resistance from Fedor von Bock, but the Soviets retook the city after it had been mostly destroyed.<ref name="Hoover Institution" />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B24543, Hauptquartier Heeresgruppe Süd, Lagebesprechung.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler with generals [[Friedrich Paulus]], [[Adolf Heusinger]] and [[Fedor von Bock]] in [[Poltava|Poltawa]], German-occupied Ukraine, June 1942|upright=1.09]]
Meanwhile, Germany wanted to capture [[Stalingrad]] to cut the Soviet's transportation hub with southern Russia, which would let the Germans take the [[Caucasus]] region and its oil fields. It would also be a symbolic victory to capture the city that included Joseph Stalin's name. On 5 April 1942, Hitler confirmed [[Case Blue]], which planned to destroy the Soviet forces in the south, and then afterwards, go north to take Moscow or finish taking the Caucasus. On 28 June, Fedor von Bock's [[Army Group South]] began the operation. On 9 July, Hitler amended Operation Blue to involve the taking of Stalingrad and the Caucasus at the same time. Army Group South would be split into [[Army Group A]], led south by Wilhelm List, and [[Army Group B]], led to Stalingrad by Bock. Days later, Bock was replaced by [[Maximilian von Weichs]]. The Soviets had faced encirclement until Army Group B split, allowing them to retreat eastwards.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024e">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2024 |title=Battle of Stalingrad {{!}} History, Summary, Location, Deaths, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Stalingrad |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
Army Group A captured Rostov-na-Donu and went into the Caucasus in Operation Edelweiss. Army Group B's advance was Operation Fischreiher. Hitler then reassigned the [[4th Panzer Army]] in Army Group B to help out Army Group A. Stalin and the Soviet high command formed the [[Stalingrad Front]] of multiple armies: the [[21st Army (Soviet Union)|21st]], [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd]], [[63rd Army (Soviet Union)|63rd]], and [[64th Army (Soviet Union)|64th]] Armies, as well as the [[8th Air Army]]. He ordered them on 28 July to take "[[Order No. 227|Not One Step Back]]" and defend Stalingrad. He disallowed the evacuation of civilians from the city, for the purpose of motivating soldiers who would be defending civilians. Hitler then moved the 4th Panzer Army to move north and attack Stalingrad from the south. On the way there, the 4th Panzer Army converged with the [[6th Army (Wehrmacht)|6th Army]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024e" />[[File:German Summer Offensive, 24 July-18 November.PNG|left|thumb|The [[Case Blue|German advance]] to [[Stalingrad]] from 24 July to 18 November 1942|upright=1.36]]On 23 August 1942, the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] began, as a German spearhead attacked the city from the north and the Luftwaffe began bombing. The fighting was some of the most intense of World War II, as the Soviets and Germans fought over blocks and buildings. The Germans pushed the Soviets through the city until they only occupied a strip of the city near the [[Volga]] river 15 kilometres long and 3 to 5 kilometres wide. The Soviets on the other side of the river took supply crossings into the city. On 14 October, the Germans fired on a supply crossing, greatly hurting the Soviets. As winter came, the Germans faced heavy losses and fatigue.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024e" />
From 19 to 23 November 1942, the Soviets launched [[Operation Uranus]], a large counteroffensive formulated by Zhukov, [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]], and [[Nikolai Voronov]]. It attacked the weak and undefended flanks of the 4th Panzer Army and 6th Army, greatly surprising the Germans. The German high command asked Hitler to allow the 6th Army, which was fighting near the Volga, to join the rest of the German forces in the west of the city, but Hitler ordered the leader of the 6th Army, [[Friedrich Paulus]], to stay at the Volga. The Luftwaffe made minor deliveries of supplies to the 6th Army.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024e" />

In mid-December 1942, Hitler began [[Operation Winter Storm]], forming a special army corps led by [[Erich von Manstein]] which would help the 6th Army. The operation failed, and Hitler told the troops to fight to the death. On 10 January 1943, the Soviets began [[Operation Koltso]], which surrounded the 6th Army. On 31 January, Paulus disobeyed Hitler by surrendering, and soon, 22 generals surrendered with him. By 2 February, the remaining 91,000 German men had surrendered. There were more than 800,000 Axis casualties, 1.1 million Soviet casualties, and 40,000 civilian casualties. Many of the surrendering Germans were put in Soviet prison camps.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024e" /> In the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]] from 18 February to 20 March 1943, Erich von Manstein recaptured Kharkov despite being outnumbered by the Soviets 7-to-1.<ref name="Battles Of Kharkov">{{Cite web |title=Battles Of Kharkov |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/battles-kharkov |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dieppe Raid (1942) ===
Operation Jubilee or the [[Dieppe Raid]] was the first time American troops fought on French soil in the war. It was a commando raid on [[Dieppe, France]], that was supposed to be significantly more destructive than previous raids. 5,000 British, American, and Canadian engaged in paratrooper landings and amphibious attacks on the fortified port of Dieppe in a move designed to divert German attention away from the Eastern Front at Stalin's request. Launched on 19 August 1942, the raid was a disaster for the Allies, as half of their force was killed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=Operation Jubilee: The Raid at Dieppe |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/operation-jubilee-dieppe-raid-1942 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

=== Planning the invasion of Italy (1943) ===
[[File:80-G-38559 (25601980716).jpg|thumb|Churchill, Roosevelt, and their Chiefs of Staff at the [[Casablanca Conference]] in January 1943|upright=1.36]]
Roosevelt, Churchill, de Gaulle, and French general [[Henri Giraud]] attended the [[Casablanca Conference]] in [[Casablanca]], [[French Morocco]] from 14 to 24 January 1943. The conference, with the knowledge that the North African campaign would be over soon, heavily focused on the idea of opening a front against the Axis to relieve the pressure on the Soviets on the Eastern Front. The leaders debated invading occupied France or Italy first, and they decided to invade Italy later that year and invade France in 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=The Casablanca Conference |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/casablanca-conference |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

As the Allies prepared for the invasion, they formulated [[Operation Mincemeat]]; they wanted to take Axis attention off the island of [[Sicily]], which would be invaded first. British intelligence took the body of a homeless worker who died of ingesting rat poison, and disguised him as a Major in the British Royal Marines named "William Martin", fitting him with various documentation that established the fake identity. On 30 April, the British submarine [[HMS Seraph (P219)|''HMS Seraph'']] dropped his body off the coast of Spain, intending for him to be discovered by the Axis, who would find a note on his person that mentioned the Allies were planning to invade Greece and the island of [[Sardinia]], launching a small attack on Sicily as a [[feint]]. The mission was successful, as German intelligence officers in Spain found the body and directed false intelligence to higher Axis authorities, who built up troops in Greece and Sardinia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The War on Paper: Operation Mincemeat |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-war-on-paper-operation-mincemeat |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref>

== Allied resurgence (1943–1945) ==

=== Allied bombings in Germany (1943) ===
In 1943, the Allies attacked three dams in the German [[Ruhr]] region (a valley and industrial center): the [[Eder Dam|Eder]], [[Möhne Dam|Möhne]], and [[Sorpe Dam|Sorpe]] dams. This was essential, as they secured the water supply for the region and generated electricity. The plan originated in 1937, but the technology for it was not yet invented; the dams were protected by [[anti-aircraft guns]] and the presence of [[torpedo net]]s in the waters below. In 1942, the British invented the "[[bouncing bomb]]", which could skip along the surface of the water instead of getting caught in the nets. On the night of 16–17 May 1943, in [[Operation Chastise]], the RAF successfully bombed the dams. 53 of the 133 British air crew were killed, and around 1,300 people on land were killed by flooding. It provided a morale boost to the British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Incredible Story Of The Dambusters Raid |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-incredible-story-of-the-dambusters-raid |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref>

The German city of [[Hamburg]] was a key location in the German war effort, functioning as a manufacturing plant for U-boats and a shipyard to store them, as well as a transportation hub for occupied Europe. Arthur Harris identified this as a target for an Allied air attack in summer 1943. He planned a 10-day bombing raid named [[Operation Gomorrah]]. It was scheduled to start on 22 July, but was delayed until the 24th. The Brits and Americans dropped a significant amount of bombs over a few days, and dropped [[Chaff (countermeasure)|bits of tin foil]] from their planes to confuse the Luftwaffe radar systems. A second raid was launched on the 27th, a third on the 29th and 30th, and the final raid on 2 to 3 August. Operation Gomorrah greatly demoralised the Germans; German [[Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production|Armaments Minister]] [[Albert Speer]] wrote: "Hamburg... put the fear of god in me.” The city quickly rebuilt, however, producing 80% of its original output within five months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curatola |first=John |date=10 July 2023 |title=Operation Gomorrah: The First of the Firestorms |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/operation-gomorrah-first-firestorms |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=National World War II Museum}}</ref>

By fall 1943, General [[Hap Arnold]] of the U.S. Air Force had grown disappointed with the U.S.' [[Eighth Air Force]], which had been bombing German targets since January but faced heavy losses in the process. In August, U.S. air planners formed an operation to respond to Arnold's belief that the Eighth exemplified perceptions of air power being ineffective amidst the wider war. In the [[Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission]], the 1st and 3rd Air Divisions of the Eighth were to destroy many German [[ball bearing]] factories in [[Schweinfurt, Germany]], as well as a factory for [[Messerschmitt]] aircraft in [[Regensburg, Germany]], at the same time. It was planned for the 7th but delayed to the 17th. The targets were hit, and German manufacturing was damaged in the short-term, but the Eighth still suffered many losses and did not go on unescorted night raids into Germany for months afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Schweinfurt–Regensburg Raid: August 17, 1943 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/schweinfurt-regensburg-raid-august-17-1943 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

The Allies launched a bombing raid of [[Bremen]] on 8 October 1943, followed by Marienburg on the 9th and Munster on the 10th.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=Mission to Munster |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/mission-munster |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 October, German ball bearing factories were attacked again in the [[Second Schweinfurt raid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title="Black Thursday" October 14, 1943: The Second Schweinfurt Bombing Raid |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/black-thursday-october-14-1943-second-schweinfurt-bombing-raid |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Invasionofitaly1943.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Allied invasion of Italy]] in 1943]]

=== Italian campaign (May–August 1943) ===
In May 1943, the Allies won the North African campaign, and captured many Axis soldiers and military equipment. On 20 May, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]] began. From 20 May to 13 June, they took the islands of [[Pantelleria]], [[Lampedusa]], and [[Linosa]]. On 9 July 1943, the Allies began an [[invasion of Sicily]] in Operation Husky. The Allies faced little resistance while establishing [[beachhead]]s, and was able to take the rest of the island partially due to their frequent resupplying of soldiers to the front.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024m" />

On the night of 24–25 July, Mussolini told the Italian [[Fascist Grand Council]] that Germany was considering evacuating southern Italy. The Council voted for a resolution against him, who resigned. King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|ordered Mussolini to be arrested]] and for a new government to be formed by Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio|Petro Badoglio]]. On 17 August, the Allies finished the conquest of Sicily. There were 23,000 Allied casualties and 165,000 Axis casualties, 30,000 of them Germans.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024m">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2024 |title=Allied invasion of Sicily {{!}} Significance, Summary, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allied-Invasion-of-Sicily |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Eastern Front (July–November 1943) ===
[[File:Soviet troops and T-34 tanks counterattacking Kursk Voronezh Front July 1943.jpg|thumb|Soviet troops counterattacking during the [[Battle of Kursk]] in July 1943|upright=1.36]]
On 5 July 1943, the Germans began [[Operation Citadel]], an assault on a bulge in the Soviet [[Salient (military)|salient]] around the city of [[Kursk]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024d">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=Battle of Kursk {{!}} Eastern Front, German Offensive, Soviet Counterattack {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Kursk |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sky HISTORY TV channel">{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Kursk: the largest tank battle in history |url=https://www.history.co.uk/article/the-battle-of-kursk-the-largest-tank-battle-in-history |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Sky HISTORY TV channel |language=en}}</ref> The bulge went 100 miles west towards the German lines. 900,000 German troops attacked from the north and south, beginning the [[Battle of Kursk]]. It was the largest tank battle in history, involving 6,000 tanks among both sides. The Soviets had predicted the attack, and moved their main forces out of the area. They had also placed minefields and antitank defences, which costed the Germans.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024d" /> On the 9th, the Allies began invading Sicily, and Hitler had to move troops there from the Eastern Front.<ref name="Sky HISTORY TV channel" /> Meanwhile, the Soviets began a buildup of forces, and on 12 July, they counterattacked. The Soviets' better numbers allowed them to make a larger offensive; they took back [[Oryol|Orel]] on 5 August and [[Kharkov]] on 23 August.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024d" /> There were 800,000 Soviet casualties and 200,000 German casualties.<ref name="Sky HISTORY TV channel" />

In spring and summer 1943, the Jews in the Warsaw and [[Białystok Ghetto|Bialystok]] ghettos engaged in armed resistance against the Germans. The same happened at the Treblinka extermination camp on 2 August and the Sobibor extermination camp on 14 October. In retaliation, in autumn 1943, Heinrich Himmler began [[Operation Harvest Festival]], the killing of the 45,000 Jewish prisoners that remained in forced labour in the [[Lublin District]] of occupied Poland. The operation began on 3 November, and Jews were killed at the [[Majdanek concentration camp|Madjanek]], [[Poniatowa concentration camp|Poniatowa]], and [[Trawniki concentration camp|Trawniki]] work camps within days. 42,000 of them ended up being killed in the Germany's largest massacre in the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aktion "Erntefest" (Operation "Harvest Festival") |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aktion-erntefest-operation-harvest-festival |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

From 3 to 23 August 1943, in the [[Fourth Battle of Kharkov]], the final battle in the city, the Soviets attempted to once again capture Kharkov. von Mainstein was urged by Hitler not to give up the city, but von Manstein retreated back across the Dnieper River. 50,000 Soviets and 9,000 Germans were killed.<ref name="Battles Of Kharkov"/>

=== Italian campaign (September–October 1943) ===
On 2 September 1943, the Allies made a small landing at the [[Apulia]] peninsula in Italy, which surprised the Germans. This front led to the Allies capturing the ports of [[Brindisi]] and [[Taranto]], but they did not have the resources to continue north for two weeks. On 3 September, the British crossed the [[Strait of Messina]] between Sicily and mainland Italy. Little progress was made on this front as well, because of a poor road network which stopped larger Allied mobilisation. At the same time, the new Italian government began secretly collaborating with the Allies. ''Britannica'' writes: "It was understood [by the new government] that Italy would be treated with leniency in direct proportion to the part that it would take, as soon as possible, in the war against Germany."<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024k" /> The government surrendered to the Allies on the 8th, yet Germans and Italians remaining loyal to the Axis fought with the Allies in Italy over the next two years.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024k" /><ref name="www.britannica.com-4">{{Cite web |title=Italian Campaign {{!}} Summary, Map, Significance, Date, & World War II {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Italian-Campaign |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943 4.jpg|thumb|A map of the German "[[Winter Line]]" defences in central Italy in 1943 and 1944, with the primary Gustav Line highlighted. The black lines on land show the various Allied advances towards Rome.|upright=1.36]]
On 9 September 1943, the Allied Fifth Army, led by U.S. General [[Mark W. Clark]] and made up of 55,000 Americans and Brits, landed at [[Salerno]], south of the city of [[Naples]]. They were later supported by 115,000 more troops. For a week, they faced the [[German 16th Panzer Division]] led by Field Marshal [[Albert Kesselring]], who were outnumbered but gave more resistance than expected because they had been preparing since the resignation of Mussolini. By this time, the Allies landed at [[Bari]], north of Brindisi, and captured [[Foggia]] without opposition; this group now faced the rear of the Germans in Naples. The Germans thus retreated and on 1 October, the Allies entered the city. Kesselring's forces then solidified a new hold on northern Italy, and the Germans made the "[[Gustav Line]]" of defences in a 160-kilometer (100-mile) line across Italy between the mouths of the [[Garigliano|Gargliano]] and [[Sangro]] rivers, notably crossing the town of [[Cassino]]. The Italian government declared war on Germany on 13 October 1943. The Nazi High Command announced it would not cede Italy to the Allies as it began a war of attrition south of Rome.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024k" />

=== Battle of the North Cape (1943) ===
In December 1943, Germany became aware of two British convoys sailing above Norway through the [[Arctic Circle]] to bring supplies to the Soviet Union on their northern coast. German battleship ''Scharnhorst'' and five destroyers left [[Altenfjord]] on the north coast of Norway and went north to intercept the convoys. This began the [[Battle of the North Cape]] on 25 December. On the 26th, the German destroyers were ordered to return to the coast, leaving the ''Scharnhorst'' up against a large British force. The ''Scharnhorst'' was sunk and 1,927 Germans were killed, only 36 of them surviving after being rescued by the British.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HMS Belfast And The Battle Of North Cape |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/hms-belfast-and-the-battle-of-north-cape |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebire |first=Ian |date=December 2023 |title=When the Scharnhorst Took the Bait |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2023/december/when-scharnhorst-took-bait |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref>

=== Eastern Front (December 1943 – April 1944) ===
On 24 December 1943, [[Nikolai Vatutin]]'s Soviet forces broke out of their salient in Kiev and soon retook [[Zhytomyr]] and [[Korosten]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" /> Throughout 1944, the Germans on the Eastern Front faced having less troops while needing to defend the same wide frontlines. In January, the Germans' surrounding of Leningrad was weakened. On 4 January 1944, the Soviets crossed the pre-war Polish borders. Erich von Manstein's German forces slowed Vatutin's progress, but Germany lost many soldiers, and their defensive line across the Eastern Front was weakened. The Soviets used this to capture [[Lutsk]] in modern Ukraine on 5 February. In March, the Soviets crossed the [[Dnieper]] and [[Bug (river)|Bug]] rivers, coming near Romania and Hungary. Hitler reinforced his troops in Hungary to stop further Soviet advance into central Europe, and to maintain his control of the Balkans. On 1 April, Zhukov attempted to break through these defences into Hungary, but was unsuccessful. Later that month, the Soviets regained the [[Crimea]] and [[Odessa]], and German troops left Sevastopol. In May, Germany stabilised the Eastern Front, but they were "unstable, both politically and militarily, under the surface."<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=Eastern Front {{!}} World War II, Definition, Battles, & Casualties {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Eastern-Front-World-War-II |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Italian campaign (January–June 1944) ===
[[File:The ruined monastery at Cassino, Italy, 19 May 1944. NA15141.jpg|left|thumb|The monastery atop [[Monte Cassino]] in ruins on 19 May 1944, one day after the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] ended]]
The [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] in Italy lasted from 17 January to 18 May 1944.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title=The Destruction of Monte Cassino |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/destruction-of-monte-cassino-1944 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monte Cassino: The bloodiest battle of the Italian Campaign |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/monte-cassino-the-bloodiest-battle-of-the-italian-campaign |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> [[Monte Cassino]] was a hill that, if captured, could be used by the Allies to break through the Gustav Line across Cassino. The hill, on whose summit lied an old [[Benedictine]] monastery, overlooked the highway to Rome which is named the [[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|A1]] today. The first engagement of the wider battle was from 17 January to 11 February, where U.S. and French troops fought elite paratroops of the Luftwaffe; the Allies were pushed back. The second engagement was from 15 to 18 February and involved Allied troops from India and new Zealand. It included Operation Avenger, in which the Allies bombed the monastery. However, the ruins of the monastery ended up being a more effective defensive position for the Germans, who again pushed back an Allied assault. The third engagement from 15 to 26 March was again a loss for the Allies, mainly British and Canadians. The fourth engagement from 11 to 18 May, headed by Polish Allies. They faced intense resistance, but they took the summit of Monte Cassino on the 18th, which by then was mostly abandoned by the Germans. The wider battle led to 105,000 Allied and 80,000 German casualties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Monte Cassino (1944) {{!}} Description & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Monte-Cassino |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Battle of Anzio]], the Allied amphibious landing at [[Anzio]], Italy, was from 22 January to 5 June.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anzio - The Invasion That Almost Failed |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/anzio-the-invasion-that-almost-failed |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANZIO 1944 |url=https://www.history.army.mil/brochures/anzio/72-19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213063200/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/anzio/72-19.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=www.history.army.mil}}</ref> The landing allowed the Allies to bypass the Gustav Line. 36,000 Allied soldiers took Anzio and then the nearby town of Nettuno, facing little resistance. They then spent time securing the beachhead, falsely assuming they need to secure their position before further advancements, when the path to Rome was generally undefended. British general [[Harold Alexander]] and American general [[John P. Lucas]] debated whether to more quickly push towards Rome, making little gains in the process. This gave time for the Axis to start a counteroffensive towards Anzio on 2 February; the offensive reached its peak on the 17th, and the Allied beachhead was reduced in size, but the Allies held on. The 135,000 German troops attacking Anzio were needed on the Eastern Front, and both fronts had fewer people than they needed. Neither side made significant gains over the next few months, but German power was reduced as some of the troops were sent south. On 23 May, the Allies broke out of the bridgehead, and the Germans retreated from the defensive line.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024k">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=Battle of Anzio {{!}} Date, Significance, & Summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Anzio |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> On 4 June 1944, the Allies [[Battle of Anzio|liberated Rome]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-4" /> During the Battle of the Anzio, the Allies suffered 24,000 American and 10,000 British casualties, while the Germans had 27,500 casualties.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024k" />

=== Allied invasion of Western Europe (1944) ===
[[File:Map of the D-Day landings.svg|thumb|upright=1.36|The first day of the Allied invasion of Normandy in [[Operation Neptune]]]]
On 6 June 1944, American, British, Canadian, and [[Military history of Australia during World War II|Australian soldiers]] began the [[Operation Overlord|invasion of German-occupied western Europe]], named Operation Overlord. In [[Operation Neptune]], they invaded five different beaches in the French region of Normandy - nicknamed (from west to east) [[Utah Beach|Utah]], [[Omaha Beach|Omaha]], [[Gold Beach|Gold]], [[Juno Beach|Juno]], and [[Sword Beach|Sword]] - and established a beachhead. By the end of the day, the allies reached the French ''[[bocage]]'', where they met intense German resistance.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" />

The [[British 3rd Infantry Division]], the first division to land on Sword Beach, was told to capture the French city of [[Caen]], a major transportation hub. At the [[Battle for Caen]] towards the end of D-Day, two German panzer divisions and an infantry division annihilated the British. The city remained under German control for the next week. As the [[U.S. 1st Infantry Division]] made gains south of Omaha Beach, some Germans near Caen had to retreat, creating a gap in the western part of the city. In [[Operation Perch]] on 10 June, the [[British 7th Armoured Division]] moved into the gap. Major General Fritz Beyerlein, commander of the Panzer Lehr division, noticed the movement and sent troops to the village of [[Tilly-sur-Seulles]] in between the Brits and Caen to slow the advance. The British, in turn, decided to disengage from Tilly-sur-Seulles and attempt to outflank the Germans at the village of Villers-Bocage. In the [[Battle of Villers-Bocage]], both sides took heavy losses, the British losing 217 men and the Germans losing an unknown amount; the Brits retreated. The Brits and Germans fought over Caen until August. Once the Germans lost Caen, they moved out of Villers-Bocage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigers Triumphant at Villers-Bocage |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/tigers-triumphant-at-villers-bocage/ |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

Meanwhile, in the [[Battle of Carentan]] from 10 to 14 June, the U.S. Army fought the ''Wehrmacht'' over the town of [[Carentan]]. The Germans retreated, securing for the Americans the corridor between the town, Utah Beach, and Omaha Beach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Forgotten Fights: The 101st Airborne at Carentan, June 1944 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/101st-airborne-carentan-mitch-yockelson |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> The Allies were then successful in the [[Battle of Cherbourg]], breaking into the [[Cotentin Peninsula]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" />

Allied advancements disrupted the German high command. In the [[20 July 1944 plot]], many figures of the German high command attempted to assassinate Hitler in East Prussia; Hitler took revenge on many people in the military, and [[Erwin Rommel]] and Günther von Kluge committed suicide.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a">{{Cite web |date=9 September 2024 |title=Normandy Invasion {{!}} Definition, Beaches, Map, Photos, Casualties, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Normandy-Invasion |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Operation Cobra]], starting on 25 July 1944, the Allies broke out of the front with Germany, and started heading toward [[Brittany]]. Hitler ordered [[Operation Luttich]] to reestablish the front, but it failed.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" />

On 15 August, the Allies landed in the French Riviera in [[Operation Dragoon]], starting an invasion of southern France.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" /><ref name="Tucker-Jones-2019">{{Cite book |last=Tucker-Jones |first=Anthony |title=D-Day 1944 : The Making of Victory |publisher=The History Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0750988032 |location=Cheltenham, UK |page=304 |language=English}}</ref> The next day, Hitler allowed the Germans in Normandy to retreat. As they left, they were encircled by American and British spearheads at [[Falaise pocket|Falaise]], creating the [[Falaise pocket]]. However, many Germans broke out between 16 and 19 August. By the time the Germans left Normandy, 50,000 of theirs were dead and 200,000 were taken prisoner.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" />

=== Eastern Front (June–November 1944) ===
[[File:BagrationMap2.jpg|thumb|German and Soviet deployments during [[Operation Bagration]] from June to August 1944|upright=1.36]]On 23 June 1944, the Soviets launched a large counter-offensive, [[Operation Bagration]], against Germany along a 450-mile front across eastern Europe. The Germans expected an offensive from the south and were surprised at the operation's scale. The Soviets were quickly successful, killing thousands within days. After [[Minsk offensive|reaching Minsk]] on 3 July, 100,000 Germans were killed. The way to Poland and Lithuania opened up to the Soviets. [[Lviv]] and all of Byelorussia were liberated by the end of July.<ref name="www.britannica.com-3">{{Cite web |title=Operation Bagration {{!}} Description & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Operation-Bagration |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" /> From 22 to 23 July, [[Majdanek]] near [[Lublin, Poland]] became the first major Nazi concentration camp was liberated by the Allies. The Soviets then liberated Lublin on the 24th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberation of Nazi Camps |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/liberation-of-nazi-camps |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> Operation Bagration ended on 19 August 1944. There were 750,000 Soviet casualties and 360,000 to 670,000 German casualties.<ref name="www.britannica.com-3" />

As the Soviets advanced towards Warsaw in July 1944, they had promised aid to the underground resistance in the city, the [[Home Army]], and encouraged them to start an uprising against the occupying Germans. The Home Army attempted to gain control over the city before the Soviets got there. Starting on 1 August, in the [[Warsaw uprising]], the Poles captured most of the city from a weakened German garrison. On 25 August, the Germans launched a successful and brutal counterattack. The Soviets gave aid to the Home Army on 13 September, but it was too late to significantly help them. The Home Army split into smaller units and continued the uprising, but they were forced to surrender on 2 October. The Germans deported the city's population and [[Destruction of Warsaw|razed]] it. The Soviets had allowed the Germans to suppress the uprising, thus causing the end of the military organisation that supported the [[Polish government-in-exile]] located in London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=Warsaw Uprising {{!}} Summary, Dates, & Monument {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Uprising |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Finns defeated the Soviets at the [[Battle of Tali-Ihantala]] in late June and early July 1944. The battle likely convinced Stalin that conquering Finland was not worth the cost,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mcateer |first=Sean M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg8drRyDGhEC&pg=PA184 |title=500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944–1945 |publisher=Dorrance Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9781434961594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229173003/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg8drRyDGhEC&pg=PA184 |archive-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Moscow Armistice]] was signed on 19 September 1944. The Finns agreed to remove all German troops from Finnish territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finland declares war on Germany {{!}} 3 March 1945 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/finland-declares-war-on-germany |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=HISTORY |date=16 November 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

On 20 August 1944, the Romanians formed a new government which sided with the Soviets and thus allowed them to pass through. They moved into Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. Germany began to move its forces out of Yugoslavia and Greece.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" /> In October, the Allies invaded Greece, but fought little resistance. Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill then agreed that Greece would fall under the "British sphere of influence". In the Yugoslavian campaign of World War II, 1.2 million died, and in the Greek campaign, 300,000 died.<ref name="www.nam.ac.uk" />

On 20 October 1944, [[Belgrade offensive|Belgrade was liberated]]. Meanwhile, the Soviets reached Hungary. On 4 November, they reached Budapest, which was greatly defended. A [[Siege of Budapest|siege]] began which lasted for months.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" /> The Soviet occupation of Hungary gave its anti-fascist parties the possibility to continue their political activities, and as the Soviets captured [[Debrecen]], they held [[1944 Hungarian parliamentary election|a parliamentary election]] and formed the {{ill|Provisional National Government of Hungary|ru|Временное национальное правительство (Венгрия)}} rivalling the [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Nazi-backed government in Budapest]], which continued the war on the side of Germany. Hungarian volunteers participated in the fights for Budapest on the Soviet side.<ref name="Gosztony">Gosztony, Peter. ''Stalins Fremde Heere'', Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1991. {{ISBN|3-7637-5889-5}}</ref><ref name="Центрполиграф-2024">{{cite book |title=Иностранные войска, созданные Советским Союзом для борьбы с нацизмом |isbn=9785046032826 |year=2024 |publisher=Центрполиграф |language=Russian}}</ref><ref name="debr3">{{cite web | url=https://theorangefiles.hu/the-provisional-national-government-1945/ | title=The Provisional National Government (1945) | date=3 December 2015 }}</ref>

=== Western Front (August–September 1944) ===
[[File:Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg|thumb|The [[Liberation of Paris]] on 26 August 1944|left|upright=1.13]]
In 1944, during the invasion of France, American General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at first was going to bypass Paris; however, on 19 August, the French in the city started a resistance against the remaining Germans, and the Allies headed towards the city. On 25 August, the Germans in Paris [[Liberation of Paris|surrendered]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" /> By September, three Allied Army Groups were in line against German formations in the west.<ref name="Tucker-Jones-2019" /> The pace of Allied gains was much quicker than the Allies themselves had estimated; by 11 September, they had reached eastward positions that were initially predicted to be reached around May 1945.<ref name="Warfare History Network-2020">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=The Battle of Aachen: Breaking Down the Door to Europe in WWII |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-battle-of-aachen-breaking-down-the-door-to-europe-in-wwii/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref> There was optimism that the war in Europe might be over by the end of the year.<ref name="Tucker-Jones-2019" /> Allied forces then reached the [[Siegfried Line]], the German defensive line across western Europe.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org"/> The Allies made minor gains in September and October, however, as Germans reinforced the front with new troops.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2"/> From 17 to 24 September, in [[Operation Market Garden]], the Allies sent three airborne divisions to seize road bridges in the Netherlands, to be held open for the [[British Second Army]] to cross. The Allies faced serious resistance on the ground, and the operation was abandoned.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024a" />

The Allies then began heading towards the [[Roer]] river dams to stop the Germans from destroying them and flooding the area, which would delay the Allied advance. The fastest way to the dams was through [[Hurtgen Forest]], which was one of the most fortified areas of the Germans. The [[Battle of Hurtgen Forest]] started on 19 September, as American troops forced their way through the forest. The advance was delayed by the events of the Battle of the Bulge.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org">{{Cite web |title=Hürtgen Forest |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/huertgen-forest |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> In October, in the [[Battle of Aachen]], the U.S. Army faced one of its toughest urban battles in the city of [[Aachen]], a German stronghold. It is located in the Aachen Gap, a stretch of flat land between the Allies' current position and the Ruhr region. The city of Aachen was one of the only major obstacles along the way.<ref name="Warfare History Network-2020" /> The U.S. captured the city after heavy losses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bloodbath in Aachen |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/bloodbath-in-aachen/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Wacht am Rhein map (Opaque).svg|thumb|The German western advance from 16 to 25 December 1944, the beginning of the [[Battle of the Bulge]]|323x323px]]
The [[Battle of the Bulge]] was the last major German offensive of the Western Front. It was an attempt to push the western Allies away from Germany. It started on 16 December 1944. Germany's [[5th Panzer Army|5th]] and [[6th Panzer Army|6th]] Panzer Armies advanced west through the [[Ardennes Forest]], attempting to cross the Meuse river. This caught the allies by surprise.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2">{{Cite web |title=Battle of the Bulge {{!}} Summary, Commanders, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Bulge |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The battle happened amidst extremely cold weather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simons |first=Paul |date=16 December 2014 |title=Weather eye: the Battle of the Ardennes |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/weather-eye-the-battle-of-the-ardennes-fg3928k58t7 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> On 17 December 84 American prisoners of war were murdered by the Germans in the [[Malmedy massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=The Malmedy Massacre |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/malmedy-massacre |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> The Germans failed to reach the Meuse or [[Siege of Bastogne|take Bastogne]], which was held by Americans. On 3 January 1945, the western Allies began a counterattack, and by 16 January, the battle was over. The Allies suffered 75,000 casualties, and the Germans 120,000.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2" />

Afterwards, German forces were not resupplied to the front in great numbers.<ref name="The National WWII Museum | New Orleans-2020">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2020 |title=Death in the West: The Battle of the Ruhr Pocket |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/ruhr-pocket-offensive |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> This depletion of manpower stopped any chances of German large-scale resistance to the Allied invasion.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2" /> In early February, the Battle of Hurtgen Forest continued, and the Allies captured the desired dams. The battle cost 33,000 American casualties.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org" />

=== Eastern Front (January–February 1945) ===
From January 1945, Hitler remained in Berlin at the [[Reich Chancellery|Chancellery]] and [[Führerbunker|its bunker]], cancelling a plan to lead a resistance in southern Germany as the Soviets closed in on Berlin.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024b">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Adolf Hitler - Nazi Leader, WW2, Germany {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/World-War-II |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, Germany unsuccessfully attempted to take back Budapest. On 12 January, the Soviets launched the [[Vistula–Oder offensive|Vistula'''–'''Oder offensive]], crossing the [[Vistula]] river at [[Sandomierz]]. On the 14th, the armies of Zhukov and [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] joined the offensive, greatly expanding its size. Warsaw was isolated and liberated on the 17th.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" /> Also on the 17th, those in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp who were still healthy were told to march west into more fortified German territory.<ref name="HISTORY-2024">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=The Shocking Liberation of Auschwitz: Soviets 'Knew Nothing' as They Approached |url=https://www.history.com/news/auschwitz-liberation-soviets-holocaust |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|The "[[Allies of World War II#The Big Three|Big Three]]" Allied leaders at the 1945 [[Yalta Conference]]. From left to right in the foreground: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and [[Joseph Stalin]].|upright=1.13]]Rokossovsky then moved into East Prussia. By 26 January 1945, he reached the [[Baltic Sea]], isolating all German forces east of [[Danzig]]. Meanwhile, [[Ivan Konev]]'s forces reached the [[Oder]] river, isolating the Germans in [[Upper Silesia]].<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" /> On the 27th, the Soviets [[Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp|liberated]] those were left behind at Auschwitz,<ref name="HISTORY-2024" /> and the Siege of Leningrad ended.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024g" /> Zhukov went through the corridor between the Vistula and [[Warta]] rivers and reached [[Brandenburg]] in Germany on 30 January. The Germans at this point benefited from a smaller front, meaning there was less to defend, but they were being attacked on both the western and eastern fronts. On 13 February, the Siege of Budapest ended, and the Soviets captured the city.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024c" />

From 4 to 11 February 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met at the [[Yalta Conference]] in Crimea. They created a plan for the defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany and its occupied states. They agreed to abolish or confiscate Germany's military industry, try war criminals before an international court, and create interim governments in Eastern Europe before further questions of their governance can be settled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Yalta Conference {{!}} Summary, Dates, Consequences, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Yalta-Conference |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== End of the war in Europe (1945) ==
{{Main|End of World War II in Europe}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1994-041-07, Dresden, zerstörtes Stadtzentrum.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Dresden|Dresden, Germany]], after the [[Bombing of Dresden|Allied bombing of the city]] in February 1945]]

=== German losses (February–April 1945) ===
On 14 February 1945, a [[Bombing of Dresden|raid on Dresden]] produced one of the most devastating fires in history. A firestorm was created in the city, and between 18,000 and 25,000 people were killed.<ref>Bojan Pancevski [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/onthefrontline/3123512/Dresden-bombing-death-toll-lower-than-thought.html Dresden bombing death toll lower than thought], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 3 October 2008.</ref><ref>Kate Connolly, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/03/secondworldwar.germany Panel rethinks death toll from Dresden raids], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 3 October 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Landeshauptstadt Dresden |date=1 October 2008 |title=Erklärung der Dresdner Historikerkommission zur Ermittlung der Opferzahlen der Luftangriffe auf die Stadt Dresden am 13./14. Februar 1945 |url=http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/presseamt/Erklaerung_Historikerkommission.pdf |access-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Landeshauptstadt Dresden}}</ref>

20 to 25 February is known as the "[[Big Week]]" because of Operation Argument, in which Allied air forces took off from southern Italy to perform a series of bombing raids on German industrial targets such as aircraft factories. It significantly weakened the Luftwaffe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Operation Argument ('Big Week'): The beginning of the end of the German Luftwaffe |url=https://www.maxwell.af.mil/News/Display/Article/1754049/operation-argument-big-week-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-german-luftwaffe/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Maxwell Air Force Base |language=en-US}}</ref>

In early March 1945, Allied troops began assaults to help them [[Operation Plunder|cross the Rhine]]. This allowed them to continue the invasion of Germany and encircle German forces in the Ruhr. On 7 March, at the [[Battle of Remagen]], the [[Ludendorff Bridge]] spanning the Rhine at [[Remagen]] was attacked by the Germans, and its foundation collapsed, but the bridge ultimately sat intact over the river. This allowed the U.S. to establish a [[bridgehead]] on the other side. All four U.S. armies in Western Europe went over the Rhine in the next few weeks; the First and Ninth Armies encircled 300,000 German soldiers in the [[Ruhr pocket]], while the [[United States Army Central|Third]] and [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh]] Armies continued on towards central and southern Germany. German Field Marshall Walter Model dissolved the army inside the Ruhr pocket, and the 300,000 were taken as prisoners of war.<ref name="The National WWII Museum | New Orleans-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rhine Crossings in World War II |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-rhine-crossings |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encircling the Ruhr |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/encircling-the-ruhr |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>

From 6 to 15 March, the Germans engaged in [[Operation Spring Awakening]] in Hungary, the last major German offensive of the war. The goal was to attain Hungary's oil reserves (which were some of the last major reserves available to the Axis), as well as to prevent the Soviets from reaching Vienna. It was unsuccessful, and the Soviets began a counteroffensive on the 16th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Spring Awakening: Adolf Hitler's Last WWII Offensive |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/operation-spring-awakening-adolf-hitlers-last-wwii-offensive/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desperate Offensive for Oil |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/desperate-offensive-for-oil/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== End of Nazi Germany (1945) ===
On 12 April 1945, [[Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt died]] of a [[cerebral haemorrhage]], and his vice-president [[Harry S. Truman]] succeeded him as U.S. president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2024 |title=Harry S. Truman {{!}} Biography, Presidency, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harry-S-Truman |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> On the 27th, as Allied forces closed in on [[Milan]], Mussolini was captured by [[Italian Partisans]]. He was trying to flee Italy to [[Switzerland]] and was travelling with a German anti-air battalion. On 28 April, Mussolini and several of the other fascists captured with him were taken to [[Giulino di Mezzegra]] and [[Death of Benito Mussolini|executed by firing squad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2020 |title=Death of the Duce, Benito Mussolini |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/death-of-benito-mussolini |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>
In April and May 1945, the Allies liberated the concentration camps of [[Buchenwald]], [[Dachau]], [[Dora-Mittelbau]], [[Flossenburg]], [[Mauthausen]], [[Ravensbruck]], [[Sachsenhausen]], [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Stutthof]], [[Bergen-Belsen]], [[Treblinka]], and [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberation of Nazi Camps |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/liberation-of-nazi-camps |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Battle of Berlin 1945-a.png|thumb|A map of the [[Battle of Berlin]] from 16 to 25 April 1945|upright=1.13]]
The [[Battle of Berlin]] began on 16 April as the Soviets encircled the city and began shelling the last pockets of resistance with large amounts of artillery.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024b" /><ref name="www.britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Battle of Berlin {{!}} Description & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Berlin |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=Remembering the Battle of Berlin: The Soviet War Memorial at Tiergarten |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/battle-of-berlin-memorial-tiergarten |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> During the battle, many Soviet soldiers engaged in a mass rape of German women and girls known as the [[Rape of Berlin]]. Medical records suggest that 100,000 people were raped, but this is a greatly debated figure. This included people aged "eight to 80", and those aged 15 to 55 were required to get tested for [[STDs]]. Abortion was temporarily made legal in Germany in response.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2015 |title=The rape of Berlin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32529679 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Beevor |first=Antony |date=1 May 2002 |title='The Russian soldiers raped every German female from eight to 80' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/may/01/news.features11 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Hitler became exhausted and began to accept Germany's inevitable failure and the idea of him committing suicide. In his [[last will and testament of Adolf Hitler|last will and testament]], he appointed Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] as the new head of state and [[Joseph Goebbels]] as chancellor. On 30 April, Adolf Hitler, with his wife of one day, [[Eva Braun]], [[Death of Adolf Hitler|committed suicide]] in his bunker.<ref name="www.britannica.com-2024b" /> The German garrison commander, General [[Helmuth Weidling]], then surrendered. Individual German troops continued fighting while the surrendered troops were captured and committed suicide.<ref name="www.britannica.com" /> On 1 May, Joseph Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, at the same time organising the killing of their six children with poison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Goebbels |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/joseph-goebbels-1 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> The Battle of Berlin ended on 2 May. It caused 100,000 Soviet casualties and an unknown number of German deaths.<ref name="www.britannica.com" /> On 4 May, Dönitz went to British officer [[Bernard Montgomery]]'s headquarters in Hamburg and surrendered the German forces in northern Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands.<ref name="Imperial War Museums" />

The next day, at the [[Battle for Castle Itter]] in [[Tirol]], renegade German troops and American troops allied to stop the [[Waffen-SS]] from assaulting a stronghold filled with French politicians who were being held as prisoners. It was the only time Germans and Americans allied during the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle for Castle Itter {{!}} Prisoners, Defenders, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-for-Castle-Itter |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 7 May, Eisenhower accepted [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany's unconditional surrender]] of all their forces, which went into effect the next day.<ref name="Imperial War Museums">{{Cite web |title=What You Need To Know About VE Day |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-ve-day |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref> Norway was thus liberated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/norway |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> 8 May was [[Victory in Europe Day]], and celebrations were had around the world.<ref name="Imperial War Museums" /> The [[Russian Federation]] celebrates 9 May as [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Russia celebrates victory in World War II as Putin accuses the West of fueling global conflicts |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-world-war-victory-putin-ba00d11cdc76ad243921329d7742600c |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> In northern Italy, anti-fascist parties formed a new national government which was led by [[Ferruccio Parri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Italy - Post-WWII, Renaissance, Culture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Italy-since-1945 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> On 20 May, Heinrich Himmler was captured by Russian soldiers, from there getting sent to British capture. On the 23rd, while his person was being searched, he bit down on a [[cyanide capsule]] that was hidden in his mouth, which was stored there in case of capture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heinrich Himmler |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/heinrich-himmler |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2020 |title=An Architect of Terror: Heinrich Himmler and the Holocaust |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/heinrich-himmler-holocaust |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref> On 5 June 1945, the Allies signed the [[Berlin Declaration (1945)|Berlin Declaration]], which formally took over the supreme authority of Germany, bringing about the end of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avalon Project – Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers; June 5, 1945 |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/ger01.asp |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{{Main|World War II casualties}}

39 million people died in the European theatre.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kesternich |first1=Iris |last2=Siflinger |first2=Bettina |last3=Smith |first3=James P. |last4=Winter |first4=Joachim K. |date=1 March 2014 |title=The Effects of World War II on Economic and Health Outcomes across Europe |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=103–118 |doi=10.1162/REST_a_00353 |issn=0034-6535 |pmc=4025972 |pmid=24850973}}</ref> More Soviet citizens died during World War II than those of all other European countries combined. [[Nazism|Nazi ideology]] considered [[Slavs]] to be "[[Untermensch|subhuman]]" and [[Einsatzgruppen|German forces]] committed ethnically targeted mass murder. Civilians were rounded up and burned alive or shot in squads in many cities conquered by the Nazis. Russian government figures now estimate USSR losses within postwar borders to be at 26.6 million,<ref name="S. Maksudov 1994">Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a note – World War II – ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994.</ref><ref name="Andreev EM 1991">Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; {{ISBN|0415101948}}</ref> including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease.<ref name="Andreev EM 1991"/><ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}, pp. 124–31 (these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946–1991, including territories annexed in 1939–40).</ref> This figure includes 8 million dead [[Red Army]] troops died who faced the Axis on the Eastern Front.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2010 |title=Россия и СССР в войнах XX века – Потери вооруженных сил |url=http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722001916/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/ |archive-date=22 July 2010 |language=ru}}</ref>

At the [[Potsdam Conference]] of 17 July to 2 August 1945, the Allies formally agreed to many of the ideas considered at the Yalta Conference. Germany, Austria, and specifically Berlin and Vienna were all divided into four regions each occupied by the U.S., UK, France, and the Soviet Union. The countries used the "[[Five Ds]]" when governing these regions: "demilitarization, [[denazification]], democratization, decentralization, and deindustrialization."<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2024 |title=Potsdam Conference {{!}} Facts, History, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Potsdam-Conference |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> European cities such as Berlin, Prague, and Dresden, had been destroyed, and many died during the abnormally strong winter later that year. The U.S. paid billions of dollars to rebuild Europe in the [[Marshall Plan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cost of Victory |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/cost-victory |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:One year after, 1946.jpg|thumb|"One Year After" a 1946 American map showing the post-war changes to European borders]]
The [[Cold War]] started as the capitalist and communist former Allied states began fighting for control over the new global order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Cold War {{!}} Summary, Causes, History, Years, Timeline, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1949, the American, British, and French occupied regions of Germany became the capitalist [[West Germany]], and the Soviets' region became the communist [[East Germany]]. Both governments were under the influence of their respective former occupants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=Germany - Political Consolidation, Economic Growth, 1949-69 {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Political-consolidation-and-economic-growth-1949-69 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

After Germany's concentration camps were liberated, many of their survivors lived in displaced persons camps for years. Many were afraid of antisemitism if they went back to their old homes in Europe, which drove many Jewish immigrants to the U.S.; in December 1945, the U.S. loosened immigration restrictions to receive those who were displaced by the Nazis.<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-4">{{Cite web |title=Effects and Aftermath of the Holocaust |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-aftermath-of-the-holocaust |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> A lack of places that accepted Jews further motivated [[Zionism]], an ideology promoting a Jewish state where the mostly-[[Arab]] state of [[Mandatory Palestine]] was located. The establishment of the Jewish state of [[Israel]] in 1948, which was supported by most major countries, began the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref name="encyclopedia.ushmm.org-4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=State of Israel proclaimed {{!}} 14 May 1948 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/state-of-israel-proclaimed |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |date=9 February 2010 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Nuremberg trials]] of 1945 to 1946, many officials of the Nazi high command were tried for [[war crime]]s, [[crimes against the peace]], and [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Holocaust - Jewish Resistance, Nazi Oppression, Persecution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Holocaust/Jewish-resistance-to-the-Nazis#ref215492 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Many were convicted and hanged. Karl Dönitz was sentenced to prison for ten years, leaving prison in 1956. He stayed in West Germany until his death in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2020 |title=Nazi Germany's Last Leader: Admiral Karl Dönitz |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/nazi-germanys-leader-admiral-karl-donitz |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - History - Admiral Karl Dönitz |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/donitz_karl_admiral.shtml |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Albert Kesselring was sentenced to death in 1947, had his sentence changed to life imprisonment, and was pardoned and released in 1952, dying in West Germany in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Kesselring {{!}} German WW2 Field Marshal & Strategist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Kesselring |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Albert Kesselring: Hitler's Go-To Guy |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/albert-kesselring-hitlers-go-to-guy/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Warfare History Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Argentina]]'s "fascist-leaning" president, [[Juan Perón]], established "[[Ratlines (World War II)|ratlines]]" (escape routes) in Italian and Spanish ports to smuggle Nazi officials facing potential war crimes prosecution into Argentina, where many of them lived or from which they moved to other South American countries. In 1960, Israeli intelligence agents abducted [[Adolf Eichmann]], a leading figure of the Holocaust, from the city of [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. He was convicted of war crimes by an Israeli court in 1962 and executed. Another leading Holocaust architect, [[Josef Mengele]], lived in multiple South American countries in the decades after the war, dying from a drowning in Brazil in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=How South America Became a Nazi Haven |url=https://www.history.com/news/how-south-america-became-a-nazi-haven |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

In Operation Overcast, later named [[Operation Paperclip]], the U.S. secretly brought 1,600 German scientists and their families to work for the U.S. government, using "German intellectual resources to help develop America’s arsenal of rockets and other biological and chemical weapons, and to ensure such coveted information did not fall into the hands of the Soviet Union". Harry Truman forbade the recruiting of former Nazi officials or sympathizers, but the operation's leading organisations—the [[Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency]] and the [[Office of Strategic Services]]—ignored the stipulation, "eliminating or whitewashing incriminating evidence of possible war crimes from the scientists’ records".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title=What Was Operation Paperclip? |url=https://www.history.com/news/what-was-operation-paperclip |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]
* [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
* [[Pacific War]]
* ''[[Allies at War]]'' (book)
{| class="wikitable" style="width:585px;"
|-
! colspan=3 | ''[[:wikisource:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts in Semimonthly Phases to 15 August 1945|Atlas of the World Battle Fronts]]''
|-  style="font-size:87%; text-align:center;"
|[[File:1943-07-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|110px]] 1943-07-01
|[[File:1943-11-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|110px]] 1943-11-01
|[[File:1944-07-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|110px]] 1944-07-01
|- style="font-size:87%; text-align:center;"
|[[File:1944-09-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|110px]] 1944-09-01
|[[File:1944-12-15GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|110px]] 1944-12-01
|[[File:1945-03-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg|110px]] 1945-03-01
|
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=y}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |date=2017 |title=The Toll of World War II |encyclopedia=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 |edition=4th |publisher=McFarland & Co. |location=Jefferson, NC |isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA465}}
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |date=1993 |title=The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants |publisher=BCA |isbn=978-1-85410-254-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Frumkin |first=Gregory |date=1951 |title=Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 |location=Geneva |publisher=Allen & Unwin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Glantz |first1=David M. |last2=House |first2=Jonathan M. |date=2015 |title=When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS2ArgEACAAJ&pg=PA301 |edition=2nd |series=Modern War Studies |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-2121-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |date=1989 |title=The Second World War |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=0-09-174011-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Krivosheev |first=G. I. |date=1997 |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=1-85367-280-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Krivosheev |first=G. I. |date=2001 |title=Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. |language=ru |publisher=OLMA Press |isbn=5-224-01515-4}}
* {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=C. |date=2005 |title=The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations |publisher=University Press of the Pacific}}
* {{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|''U.S. Army Casualties in World War II''|1951}} |author=Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Army |date=25 June 1953 |title=U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II: Final Report |id=CSCAP (OT) 87 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/Casualties/Casualties-1.html |via=HyperWar Foundation}}
* {{cite book |last=Overy |first=Richard |date=1995 |title=Why the Allies Won |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=0-7126-7453-5 |author-link=Richard Overy}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikivoyage|World War II in Europe}}{{Main|Bibliography of World War II battles and campaigns in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East}}

* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=The Second World War}} 6 volumes, 1948–1953
* {{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Davis Victor |date=2017 |title=The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won |publisher=Basic Books |author-link=Victor Davis Hanson}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Loyd E. |date=1997 |title=World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CN / London |isbn=0-313-29325-2 |url={{GBurl |id=dZ7SyQ5bVYEC}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Williamson |last2=Millett |first2=Allan R. |date=2000 |title=A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-00163-X}}
* {{cite book |title=Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940 |author-link=Ronald E. Powaski |last=Powaski |first=Ronald E. |publisher=John Wiley |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-471-39431-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lightningwarblit0000powa}}
* {{cite book |title=Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940 |author-link=Ronald E. Powaski |last=Powaski |first=Ronald E. |publisher=Book Sales |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7858-2097-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Gerhard L. |date=2005 |title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-44317-2}}

{{World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:European Theatre Of World War Ii}}
[[Category:European theatre of World War II| ]]
[[Category:Theaters of World War II]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Circassians]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Karachay-Balkars]]

Ramarajan

2026-03-22T13:14:58Z

Frankieren: enhance information after review

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, actor and politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Kumaresan Ramaiyya
| image = Ramarajan.jpg
| caption = Ramarajan in 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] for [[Tiruchendur]]
| termstart = 10 March 1998
| termend = 26 April 1999
| constituency = Tiruchendur
| president = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| spouse = [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] (m.1987-div.2000)
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]| [[Screenwriter]]|[[Actor]]|[[Politician]]}}
| birth_place = [[Okkur]], [[Sivagangai]] District, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|10|18}}
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}

'''Kumaresan Ramaiyya''', better knows as '''Ramarajan''' (born 18 October 1960) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, actor and politician. He is referred as "Makkal Nayagan" for acting and directing films on village-based subjects.

==Career==
Ramarajan started his career by doing small roles beginning in the year 1978. He turned director with ''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]'' (1985), Ramarajan approached [[Gangai Amaran]] to compose music. He got his first hype as a lead in the film ''[[Namma Ooru Nalla Ooru]]'', released in 1986. He is popular for doing films on the village-based subjects; these films became the notable identity of Ramarajan. He was known for his dark shirts and colorful costumes. His film ''[[Karagattakaran]]'' (1989) was a blockbuster hit. It ran for over 100 days in 14 centers, one year in seven centres and clocked 400 days in four theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html|title = 30 years of Karakattakaran - Gangai Amaren: The Vazhapazham comedy track was based on a similar sequence in an Adoor Bhasi film| website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref> This was Ramarajan’s 18th film as hero, and his third collaboration with [[Gangai Amaran]] after two hits in ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' (1987) and ''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karakattakaran-2-is-not-happening-says-actor-ramarajan/article27948457.ece?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=9dc5eca3a5216a978d6886af406ea0d25580bf3f-1617496775-0-ASs8Dgjh3qKp3M8_UqQ_Ff43LThpjtSTkgV0tHbysSoVMQwQYnBdiRenQO2mQ40H1Cqt_1cRQUEXJdDZldClXLKYddx_yilF1s3VoUpFpDxJy6u0G8PRPeDUUiFGJYlYc8DEO_DEBKa0ZeShGnnQnxZKdUndu-rvgb_38Fe82c3EcAJ486BC7B2foFg3wlkYH_Zwi-8ptkZ67GexfKTO9HbA_tBYwGg9hZvuIuYt6P2GVYHKOPFmr0prPAqdvTPt2n0yJ5OncUPMTggVgblDtVtxJg76KkN3exLwSp_FwUbz-ZcbVkePERdJnhZ-SCp1y8W6wO64NGyLk3uzlUaD6pqTm3Fo-fONCCibFN8W7v6qjIOueXE4k5CnNjSNFz3dKE1pgZ_Cv68YSX5_HgAdXgCQFnPrDs4yTJiTZ5TVA8dVn1yQHn4ajDi-jMAanORFXMv3MLGScxNBo1gTC4_0IoY3G8dUSgDWyAFRm5pdQ6P68C0jRsTqEdDcVMn6ZGDCoXz-5Ss4--rDhNpnlUD23hi-FjmuFGFzb7K75ZGN9Et1x_uAL_FpXFgbOJ2hIgjcD_ICXXE38lYrTvrIAI3yZMcyWDx-k6kQtVUaCFBHUKt7iZxkk225MfErnQkH1esXz-m-ubxRQfh2U4HRHbfP_7ZAkhNgwsTAUHxlVBZMcijLS3_QbGo2pgxJcBCrJygcUZKdNelVzwr9wruBIAawD_I|title=30 years of 'Karagattakaran': Actor Ramarajan goes on rewind mode|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2019|last1=Kumar|first1=Pradeep}}</ref> He is also known for his performances in ''[[Enga Ooru Kavalkaran]]'' (1988) and ''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ramarajan-admitted-to-hospital-due-to-breathlessness-covid-19-test-results-awaited-1722953-2020-09-18|title=Ramarajan admitted to hospital due to breathlessness, Covid-19 test results awaited}}</ref> His films were as popular as compared to the stars [[Rajinikanth]],[[Kamal Haasan]],[[Vijayakanth]] and [[Karthik (actor)]].

After the mid-1990s, his career started facing the down side. His low budget film ''[[Medhai]]'' was released in 2012 and was a failure at the box office. He has returned to acting after a gap of almost 13 years in a film titled ''[[Saamaniyan]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/13-years-later-ramarajan-returns-to-acting-with-saamaniyan--news-224616 | title=13 Years Later, Ramarajan Returns to Acting with 'Saamaniyan' | date=20 September 2022 }}</ref> Ramarajan has played the solo hero continuously for 45 films.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karakattakaran-2-is-not-happening-says-actor-ramarajan/article27948457.ece|title=30 years of 'Karagattakaran': actor Ramarajan goes on rewind mode|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 June 2019 |last1=Kumar |first1=Pradeep }}</ref>

==Political career==
He was elected to [[12th Lok Sabha]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Thiruchendur]] Lok Sabha constituency in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index1.php?uid=781 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127060323/http://profiles.lakshmansruthi.com/index1.php?uid=781 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 January 2023 |title = Lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was the fifth of six children to Ramaiyya and Vellaiammal, in Okkur, Ramanathapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karakattakaran-2-is-not-happening-says-actor-ramarajan/article27948457.ece|title = 30 years of 'Karagattakaran'| website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Ramarajan fell in love with actress [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] and they married in 1987. However, after 13 years they divorced in 2000, citing differences in their relationship. They have twin children; daughter Aruna, and, son Arun, born in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ramarajan-nalini-daughter-aruna-about-parents-friendliness-tamil-news-264828|title = Ramarajan and Nalini's daughter reveals surprising details for the first time - Tamil News|date = 9 July 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
|-
| 1978
| ''Meenatchi Kunkumam''
| Richman
| Uncredited role in the song "Penn Ninaithal Kaaman"
|-
| 1979
| ''Anbe Sangeetha''
|
| Uncredited role
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Theru Vilakku]]''
|
| Uncredited role
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1981
| ''[[Sivappu Malli]]''
| Aruna's husband
| Uncredited role
|-
| ''Pattam Parakattum''
| Kannan's friend
| Uncredited role
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Kanne Radha]]''
| Bridegroom
| Uncredited role in the song "Kottungadi Ketti Melam"
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Soorakottai Singakutti]]''
|
| Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984
| ''[[Sattathai Thiruthungal]]''
| Chiranjeevi's roommate
| Uncredited role
|-
| ''Vengayin Maindhan''
|
| Uncredited role
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Namma Ooru Nalla Ooru]]''
| Ramu
| Debut as Hero [[7th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best New Face Actor]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1987
| ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]''
| Seethan
|
|-
| ''[[Evargal Indiyargal]]''
| Ramu
|
|-
| ''[[Ondru Engal Jaathiye..!]]''
|Ramu
| Also director
|-
| ''[[Neram Nalla Irukku]]''
| Dr. Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Gramatthu Minnal]]''
|Selvarasu
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1988
| ''[[Ennai Vittu Pogaathe]]''
|Vijaya
|
|-
| ''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]''
|Thangarasu
|
|-
| ''[[Raasave Unnai Nambi]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Rayilukku Neramachu]]''
|Manikkam
|
|-
| ''[[Paarthal Pasu]]''
|Lawyer Shankar
|
|-
| ''Melam Kottu Thali Kattu''
| Ramu
|
|-
| ''[[Enga Ooru Kavalkaran]]''
|Kanthaya
|In This Film He has got the title 'Makkal Nayagan'
|-
| ''[[Namma Ooru Nayagan]]''
|Jagan
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1989
| ''[[Pongi Varum Kaveri]]''
|Muthu
|
|-
| ''[[Enne Petha Raasa]]''
|Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]''
|Velu
|
|-
| ''[[Karagattakaran]]''
| Muththaiya
|
|-
| ''[[Raaja Raajathan]]''
| Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Anbu Kattalai]]''
|Jagan
|
|-
| ''[[Thangamana Raasa]]''
| Thangarasu
|
|-
| ''[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]''
|Raja
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990
| ''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]''
|Panneer
|
|-
| ''[[Thangathin Thangam]]''
|Thangamuthu
|
|-
| ''[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]''
|Selvaraj
|
|-
| ''[[Puthu Paatu]]''
| Ramu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1991
| ''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]''
|Manikkam
|
|-
| ''[[Annan Kattiya Vazhi]]''
|Anand
|
|-
| ''[[Mill Thozhilali]]''
| Balu
|
|-
| ''[[Oorellam Un Pattu]]''
|Agara Muthan
|
|-
| ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu (1991 film)|Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu]]''
|Siva
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| ''[[Ponnuketha Purushan]]''
|Ganapathy
|
|-
| ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]''
| Kalimuthu
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]''
|Anand
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
| ''[[Amman Kovil Vaasalile]]''
|Ponrasu
|Also director
|-
| ''[[Namma Ooru Raasa]]''
|Raasa
|Also director
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997
| ''[[Gopura Deepam]]''
|Balu
|Also writer & director
|-
| ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]''
|Kathirvel
|Also writer & director
|-
| ''[[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]''
|Thangarasu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| ''[[Poomaname Vaa]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Annan (film)|Annan]]''
| Velan
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Ponnana Neram]]''
|A.C Manivel
|
|-
| ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''
| Kaalayan
|Also writer & director
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Medhai]]''
|Saravana Kumar
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Saamaniyan]]''
| Sankara Narayanan
|
|-
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
| rowspan="3"|1985
| ''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]''
|-
| ''[[Marudhani]]''
|-
| ''[[Hello Yaar Pesurathu]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1986
| ''Marakka Maatten''
|-
| ''Solai Pushpangal''
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Ondru Engal Jaathiye..!]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1996
| ''[[Amman Kovil Vaasalile]]''
|-
| ''[[Namma Ooru Raasa]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1997
| ''[[Gopura Deepam]]''
|-
| ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]''
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
*Ramarajan (TV series)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1694755}}

[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]

Kunwar Singh

2026-03-17T22:37:14Z

Frankieren:

{{Short description|Leader of the Indian rebellion of 1857}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kunwar Singh
| reign = 1857–1858
| image = Kunvar singh.jpg
| caption = An imaginary illustration of Kunwar Singh in ''The History of the Indian Empire'', {{circa|1858}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Robert Montgomery|last2=Roberts|first2=Emma|title=The Indian empire : its history, topography, government, finance, commerce, and staple products : with a full account of the mutiny of the native troops ...| volume = 1 | date=1858|publisher=London; New York : London Print. and Pub. Co.| url=https://archive.org/stream/indianempireitsh08mart#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Jagdishpur estate|Jagdishpur]]
| successor = [[Babu Amar Singh]]
| predecessor = Sahabzada Singh
| house =
| dynasty = [[Ujjainiya]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1777|11|13}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1858|04|26|1777|11|13}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Jagdishpur]], [[Jagdishpur estate]]
| death_place = [[Jagdishpur]], [[Shahabad district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|Company India]]
| father = Raja Sahabzada Singh
| mother = Panchratan Kunwar Devi
}}

'''Veer Kunwar Singh''', also known as '''Babu Kunwar Singh''' was a chief organiser of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] from the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] region of Bihar. He was originally the ruler of [[Jagdishpur estate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hartwell |first1=Nicole |title=Framing colonial war loot: The 'captured' spolia opima of Kunwar Singh |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=2021 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhab042 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dole |first=Manoj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVukEAAAQBAJ&dq=veer+kunwar+singh&pg=PA146 |title=Great Indian Freedom Fighter |publisher=Manoj Dole |language=en}}</ref> He led a selected band of armed soldiers against the troops under the command of the British [[East India Company]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Purushottam |title=Kunwar Singh's failure in 1857 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1983 |volume=44 |pages=360–369 |jstor=44139859 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139859}}</ref>

Modern [[India]] commemorates Kunwar Singh as a symbol of early [[Indian nationalism]].

==Early life==
Kunwar Singh was born on 13 November 1777 in [[Rajput]] family to Raja Sahabzada Singh and Panchratan Devi, in Jagdishpur in the Indian state of Bihar. He belonged to a cadet branch of the [[Ujjainiya]] dynasty which ruled the [[Jagdishpur]] principality.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&q=Kunwar+Singh | title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850| publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Dirk H.A. Kolff |author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff | year=2002 | pages=168| isbn=9780521523059}}</ref> A British judicial officer offered a description of Kunwar Singh and described him as "a tall man, about seven feet in height".<ref name="Paul2011">{{cite book|author=E. Jaiwant Paul|title=The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65vrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT90|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-010-4|pages=90–91}}</ref> He went on to describe him as having a broad face with an [[aquiline nose]]. In terms of his hobbies, British officials describe him as being a keen huntsman who also enjoyed horse-riding.<ref name="Paul2011" />

After his father's death in 1826, Kunwar Singh became the ruler of Jagdishpur. His brothers also got some share and inherited some territory however a dispute arose as to their exact allocation. This dispute was eventually settled and the brothers seemingly returned to having cordial relations.<ref name="Paul2011" />

He married the daughter of Raja Fateh Narayan Singh of the [[Deo Raj|Deo Raj estate]] who belonged to the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia clan]] of [[Rajputs]].<ref>Kalikinkar Datta, Biography of Kunwar Singh and Amar Singh, K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1984, p.20</ref>

==Role in the 1857 rebellion==
{{See also|Siege of Arrah}}
[[File:Koer Singh, watercolour on ivory, c. 1857.png|thumb|A miniature portrait of Kunwar Singh, watercolour on ivory, {{circa|1857}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nana Sahib, Rani of Jhansi, Koer Singh and Baji Bai of Gwalior, 1857, National Army Museum, London|url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1959-11-372-1|website=collection.nam.ac.uk|access-date=17 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Koor Sing, 'The Rebel of Arrah,' and his attendants.jpg|thumb|Kunwar Singh and his attendants]]

Singh led the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] in [[Bihar]]. He was nearly eighty and in failing health when he was called upon to take up arms. He was assisted by both his brother, [[Babu Amar Singh]] and his commander-in-chief, [[Hare Krishna Singh]]. Some argue that the latter was the real reason behind Kunwar Singh's initial military success.<ref>{{cite journal | author=P. Kumar | title=Hare Krishna Singh-The Prime-Mover of 1857 in Bihar | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | year=1982 | volume= 43 | pages= 610–617|jstor = 44141296}}</ref> He was a tough opponent and harried British forces for nearly a year. He was an expert in the art of guerilla warfare. His tactics sometimes left the British puzzled.<ref name=Book1 />

Singh assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on 25 July. Two days later he occupied [[Siege of Arrah|Arrah]], the [[List of districts of Bihar|district headquarters]]. Major [[Vincent Eyre]] relieved the town on 3 August, defeated Singh's force and destroyed Jagdishpur. During the rebellion, his army had to cross the [[Ganges]] river. The army of [[John Douglas (British Army officer)|Brigadier Douglas]] began to shoot at their boat. One of the bullets shattered Singh's left wrist. Singh felt that his hand had become useless and that there was the additional risk of infection due to the bullet-shot. He drew his sword and cut off his left hand near the elbow and offered it to the Ganges.<ref name=Book1>{{cite book|last=Sarala|first=Śrīkr̥shṇa|title=Indian Revolutionaries: A Comprehensive Study, 1957-1961, Volume 1|year=1999|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=Bihar|isbn=978-81-87100-16-4 |page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UggIjEuBaAC&q=kunwar+singh+douglas+shot+in+hand+ganga&pg=PT112}}</ref><ref name="bhojpur.bih.nic.in">[http://bhojpur.bih.nic.in/d_history.htm History of Bhojpur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614200657/http://bhojpur.bih.nic.in/d_history.htm |date=14 June 2012 }}. Bhojpur.bih.nic.in. Retrieved on 2011-10-12.</ref>

Singh left his ancestral village and reached Lucknow in December 1857 where he met with other rebel leaders. In March 1858, he occupied [[Azamgarh]] in [[North-Western Provinces]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) and managed to repel the initial British attempts to take the area.<ref name="Datta1957">{{cite book|author1=K. Datta|title=Unrest Against British Rule In Bihar(1831-1859)|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206784|year=1957|publisher=Superintendent Secretariat Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206784/page/n56 51]–55}}</ref> However, he had to leave the place soon. Pursued by Douglas, he retreated towards his home at [[Arrah]]. On 23 April, Singh had a victory near Jagdishpur over the force led by Captain Le Grande (pronounced as ''Le Garde'' in [[Hindi]]). On 26 April 1858 he died in his village. The mantle of the old chief now fell on his brother Amar Singh II, who continued the struggle for a considerable time, running a parallel government in the district of [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]]. In October 1859, Amar Singh II joined the rebel leaders in the [[Terai|Terai plains]] of [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]].<ref name="bhojpur.bih.nic.in"/>

Due to financial difficulties arising from family litigation and his active participation in the 1857 revolt against the British, the management of Kunwar Singh's estate was taken over by the British authorities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Mia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13pyxO8o4moC&dq=jagdishpur+estate&pg=PA401 |title=Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal |last2=Harlow |first2=Barbara |date=2003-12-31 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3164-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==Contemporary British accounts==
[[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|Sir George Trevelyan]], a British statesman and author noted about Kunwar Singh and the battle of Arrah in his book, ''The Competition Wallah'', that:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trevelyan |first1=George Otto |title=The Competition Wallah |date=1864 |publisher=Macmillan |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNYMAAAAIAAJ&q=uncommonly}}</ref>

{{blockquote|''Two facts may be deduced from the story of these operations - first that the besiegers of the house at Arrah were neither cowards nor bunglers; and the next that it was uncommonly lucky for us that Coer Singh was not forty years younger.''|author=|title=|source=}}

[[George Bruce Malleson]], a 19th-century English officer stationed in India during the rebellion of 1857 stated about Kunwar Singh:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malleson |first1=George |title=History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858: Commencing from the Close of the Second Volume of Sir John Kaye's History of the Sepoy War, Volume 2 |date=1896 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |pages=453–454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcZPAQAAIAAJ&dq=one+of+the+three+natives+of+India+thrown+up+to+the+surface+by+the+Mutiny+%2C+who+showed+any+pretensions+to+the+character&pg=PA453}}</ref>

{{blockquote|''One of the three natives of India thrown up to the surface by the mutiny, who showed any pretensions to the character of a strategist — the others being [[Tatya Tope|Tántia Topi]] and the [[Ahmadullah Shah|Oudh Moulvi]]— Kúnwar Singh had carefully for borne to risk the fortunes of his diminished party which, however favorable might be its commencement, must certainly end in its complete defeat.''|author=|title=|source=}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1966 - Colnect 238990 - Commemoration Kunwar Singh - Patriot.jpeg|thumb|right|1966 commemorative stamp of Singh]]

To honour his contributions to Indian independence, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp on 23 April 1966.<ref>[http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Mineral%20Red/KUNWAR%20SINGH Stamp at Indiapost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223500/http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Mineral%20Red/KUNWAR%20SINGH |date=23 January 2019 }}. Indianpost.com (1966-04-23). Retrieved on 2011-10-12.</ref> The [[Government of Bihar]] established the [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]], Arrah, in 1992.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140846/http://vksu-ara.org/ Veer Kunwar Singh University]}}. Vksu-ara.org (1992-10-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-12.</ref>

In 2017, the Veer Kunwar Singh Setu, also known as the [[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]], was inaugurated to connect north and south Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Veer Kunwar Singh Setu |url=https://www.mcelhanney.com/project/veer-kunwar-singh-setu/ |website=McElhanney |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> In 2018, to celebrate 160th anniversary of Kunwar Singh's death, the government of Bihar relocated a statue of him to [[Hardinge Park]]. The park was also officially renamed as 'Veer Kunwar Singh Azadi Park'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Kunwar Singh statue relocated to Hardinge Park, CM to inaugurate tomorrow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kunwar-singh-statue-relocated-to-hardinge-park-cm-to-inaugurate-tomorrow-1217702-2018-04-22 |access-date=3 March 2019 |publisher=IndiaToday |date=22 April 2018}}</ref>

Singh is mentioned in several [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] folk songs, one of which states:<ref>{{cite journal | title=Popular Culture and 1857: A Memory against Forgetting | author=Badri Narayan | journal=Social Scientist | volume=26 |issue = 1/4| year=1998 | pages= 86–94|jstor = 3517583| doi=10.2307/3517583 }}</ref>
{{verse translation|lang1=hi|head1=Verses|lang2=en|head2=English translation
|Ab chhod re firangiya!
Hamar Deswa!
Lutpat kaile tuhun, majwa udaile kailas, des par julum jor.
Sahar gaon luti, phunki, dihiat firangiya,
suni suni Kunwar ke hridaya me lagal agiya!
Ab Chhod re firangiya!
Hamar Deswa!
|O foreigners!
Leave our country!
For you have plundered us, enjoyed the luxuries of our country and oppressed our countrymen.
You have plundered, destroyed and burnt our cities and villages.
Kunwar's heart burns to know all this.
O foreigners!
Leave our country!}}

In the 1970s, a private landlord militia known as the '[[Kuer Sena|Kuer Sena/Kunwar Sena]]' (Kunwar's Army) was formed by Rajput youth in Bihar to combat [[naxalite]] insurgents. It was named after Kunwar Singh.<ref name="Kumar2008">{{cite book|author=Ashwani Kumar|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA118|year=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-709-8|pages=118–}}</ref>

A play by [[Jagdish Chandra Mathur]] titled ''Vijay Ki Vela'' (Moment of Victory) is based on the later part of Kunwar Singh's life. He is also mentioned in the poem "[[Jhansi Ki Rani (poem)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]" by [[Subhadra Kumari Chauhan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

In April 2022, Indian Home minister [[Amit Shah]] announced the installation of a statue commemorating Kunwar Singh at [[Arrah|Ara, Bhojpur]]. About 78,000 national flags were waved by the public as a matter of world record during this announcement.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/on-bihar-visit-amit-shah-honours-1857-rebellion-hero-kunwar-singh-7884328/ | title=On Bihar visit, Amit Shah honours 1857 Rebellion hero Kunwar Singh | date=24 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biography.com.in/2023/03/28/veer-kunwar-singh-biography-in-english/ | title=Veer Kunwar Singh Biography in English | work=Biography | date=22 March 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Indian Air Force]] conducted an air show using fighter jets on the occasion of Vijay Divas of Kunwar Singh on 23 April 2025. It was attended by several dignitaries including the Governor of Bihar and Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/historical-air-show-was-organized-for-first-time-in-bihar-on-birth-anniversary-of-veer-kunwar-singh |title=पटना के आसमान में गरजे Fighter Jet, वीर कुंवर सिंह की जयंती पर पहली बार हुआ ऐतिहासिक एयर शो |date=23 April 2025 |work=Prabhat Khabar }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Bihar]]
* [[Veer Kunwar Singh Museum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kunwar}}
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:1777 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:1858 in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857| ]]

Nelson Venkatesan

2026-03-17T17:00:40Z

Frankieren: Creating a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = Nelson Venkatesan
|birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2016–present
|
}}

'''Nelson Venkatesan''' is an Indian film director, who has directed Tamil language films. He rose to fame through the romantic drama ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'' (2016), and has gone on to make feature films including the comedy drama ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'' (2019) and the thriller drama ''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/14/paruthiveeranis-a-masterclass-in-filmmakingnelson-venkatesan-2497887.html|title='Paruthiveeran is a masterclass in filmmaking': Nelson Venkatesan|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Career==
Nelson began his career in the radio industry, where he worked for ten years, before making his first feature film, ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/oru-naal-koothu-director-nelson-venkatesan-talks-about-his-film.html|title=Oru Naal Koothu director Nelson Venkatesan talks about his film|date=24 October 2015|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/may/15/cg-has-made-filmmakers-lazy-nelson-venkatesan-11618.html|title=CG has made filmmakers lazy: Monster-director Nelson Venkatesan|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The romantic drama, focused on modern day marriages, starred a relative rookie cast of [[Attakathi Dinesh]], [[Miya George]] and [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] in the lead roles. Upon release, the film won critical acclaim, with a reviewer from ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]'' noting "the movie has an engaging screenplay, powerful dialogues backed by intense performances and alluring music".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120616/oru-naal-koothu-movie-review-a-film-not-to-be-missed.html|title=Oru Naal Koothu movie review: A film not to be missed|date=12 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/oru-naal-koothu-is-easily-relatable-says-director-nelson/story-RwFc90kloCQVMHG9nOYfiI.html|title=Oru Naal Koothu is easily relatable, says director Nelson|date=6 June 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/oru-naal-koothu-review-a-refreshing-change-from-blood-n-sickle-dance/story-joYDrwz939lr4N2ebzByZJ.html|title=Oru Naal Koothu review: A refreshing change from blood 'n sickle dance|date=10 June 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' later listed it as one of the best films from Tamil cinema in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-best-of-Kollywood-in-2016/article16937964.ece|title=The best of Kollywood in 2016|newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj }}</ref> Nelson then made ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'', a comedy featuring [[S. J. Surya]] in the lead role, which told the tale of a mouse entering a household.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-nelson-venkatesan-made-monster-story-about-rat-tnm-interview-101862|title=How Nelson Venkatesan made 'Monster' – a story about a rat: A TNM interview|date=16 May 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/081117/sr-prabhu-teams-up-with-nelson-venkatesan.html|title=SR Prabhu teams up with Nelson Venkatesan|date=8 November 2017 }}</ref> He was then attached to the Tamil remake of the Telugu film ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' during 2019, with a proposed cast of [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Amala Paul]], with [[Anirudh Ravichander|Anirudh]] as the music director (retained from the original film), but the project was later stalled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amala-paul-joins-hands-with-vishnu-vishal-for-jersey-tamil-remake-1581422-2019-08-16|title=Amala Paul joins hands with Vishnu Vishal for Jersey Tamil remake|website=India Today}}</ref>

His third film ''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]'' (2023), starring [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the lead role, opened to critical acclaim. A reviewer from ''The Week'' noted "Nelson Venkatesan's ''Farhana'' is like a breath of fresh air; a masterful narrative that weaves together the elements of mystery, intrigue, and psychological suspense, with a silken thread of emotion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2023/05/13/dcm20-anushka-srinivasan-iyer.html|title=Dream Warrior Pictures' Farhana a thrilling thought-provoking entertainer|website=The Week}}</ref> Despite protests from Islamic pressure groups during the release of the film, Venkatesan maintained that he did not misuse the lead character's "Islamic background for easy narrative pleasures".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/may/23/voice-of-an-empath-2577559.html | title=Voice of an empath | date=23 May 2023 }}</ref> After the underrated ''Farhana'', he returns with his fourth offering, ''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' (2025), starring [[Atharvaa]] and [[Nimisha Sajayan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dna-movie-review-atharvaa-nimisha-sajayan-nelson-venkatesan-film-neat-thriller-with-few-unwanted-detours-2743173-2025-06-19|title = DNA review: Atharvaa-Nimisha's film is a smart thriller with few unwanted detours}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]'' || Writer & Director
|-
| 2025 || ''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|8205919}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesan, Nelson}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Chas Municipal Corporation

2026-03-17T08:42:33Z

Frankieren:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Bokaro, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Chas Municipal Corporation
| native_name = चास नगर निगम
| native_name_lang = hi
| coa_pic = This is the logo of Chas Municipal Corporation.png
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Chas Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1977}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]
| leader1 = Bholu Paswan
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Puja Kumari
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Sanjeev Kumar, JAS
| election3 =
| seats = 35
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
| session_room = Chas Municipal Corporation.jpg
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place = ITI More, Chas, Bokaro, Jharkhand - 827013
| last_election1 = 2015
| next_election1 = 2026
| motto =
| website = [https://chasmunicipalcorporation.com/ Official website]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chas Municipal Corporation (CMC)''' is the urban local body governing Chas and [[Bokaro Steel City]] in [[Bokaro district]], [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CMC {{!}} Chas Municipal Corporation {{!}}{{!}} Best Nagar Nigam in Jharkhand |url=https://chasmunicipalcorporation.com/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=chasmunicipalcorporation.com}}</ref> It was formed on 9 February 2015 through the upgradation of Chas Municipality, which had been established in 1977.<ref name=":2">{{cite web
|url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/chas/chas.aspx
|title=Chas Municipal Corporation
|access-date=21 February 2026
|website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/corporation-tag-for-chas-civic-body/cid/1382214
|title=Corporation tag for Chas civic body
|website=The Telegraph
|date=12 February 2015
|access-date=21 February 2026
}}</ref> The corporation is responsible for civic administration and urban infrastructure and comprises 35 wards represented by elected councillors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-24 |title=Chas Municipal Corporation Builds Temporary Bamboo Bridges for Safe Chhath Festival Celebrations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/chas-municipal-corporation-builds-temporary-bamboo-bridges-for-safe-chhath-festival-celebrations/articleshow/124791171.cms |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=चास निगम : वित्तीय वर्ष 2025-26 का बजट करीब दो सौ करोड़ का होगा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/bokaro/story-chas-municipal-corporation-announces-200-crore-budget-for-2025-26-with-focus-on-smart-city-and-infrastructure-development-201747855977308.html |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CMC {{!}} Wards in Chas Municipal Corporation |url=https://chasmunicipalcorporation.com/ward-details |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=chasmunicipalcorporation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=Union Minister's Visit Adds to Mayoral Candidate's Election Expenses in Chas Municipal Corporation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/union-ministers-visit-adds-to-mayoral-candidates-election-expenses-in-chas-municipal-corporation/articleshow/128167251.cms |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web
|url=https://hindi.news18.com/amp/news/jharkhand/bokaro-chas-municipal-corporation-providing-free-water-connection-to-public-5169255.html
|title=बोकारो: चास नगर निगम दे रहा है जनता को मुफ्त पानी कनेक्शन
|website=News18 Hindi
|language=hi
|access-date=21 February 2026
}}</ref>

== History ==

Chas Municipality was established in 1977 to administer the growing urban area adjoining Bokaro Steel City in Bokaro district. The town developed alongside the expansion of industrial and residential activities in the region.<ref name=":2" />

On 9 February 2015, the [[Government of Jharkhand]] upgraded Chas Municipality to a municipal corporation. The corporation currently comprises 35 wards and functions as the principal urban local body for the city.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

==Administrative setup==
The provision of Jharkhand Municipal Act 2011 defines the power of Chas Municipal Corporation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 Feb 2012 |title=Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5332/1/jharkhand_municipal_act_2011_%28english%29.pdf |access-date=21 Feb 2026 |website=India Code |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> The corporation consists of 35 municipal wards, each represented by an elected councillor. The elected body is headed by a Mayor and a Deputy Mayor. In addition, the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government, oversees the administrative functions of the corporation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-29 |title=In Chas, mayor aspirants step up presence on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/in-chas-mayor-aspirants-step-up-presence-on-social-media/articleshow/127782314.cms |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Since September 2024, Sanjiv Kumar is the current Municipal Commissioner of Chas Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMC {{!}} Chas Municipal Corporation {{!}}{{!}} Best Nagar Nigam in Jharkhand |url=https://chasmunicipalcorporation-com.translate.goog/event?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=chasmunicipalcorporation-com.translate.goog}}</ref>

The administrative role of the Chas Municipal Corporation includes:

*Implementation of decisions taken by the elected council.

*Management of urban services and infrastructure within city limits.

*Supervising day to day municipal governance through officials and staff.

== Functions ==
Chas Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban Development & Housing Department |title=Functions |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Functions.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701110435/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Functions.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-24 |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Chas garbage service
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/chas-garbage-service/cid/1318167
|newspaper=The Telegraph (Kolkata)
|date=12 December 2016
|access-date=21 February 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/chas-plans-plant-to-handle-30-tonnes-of-daily-trash/cid/1372575
|title=Chas plans plant to handle 30 tonnes of daily trash
|work=The Telegraph
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bokaro Cracks Down on Single-Use Plastic: Rs 48,000 Fines Imposed in Chas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bokaro-cracks-down-on-single-use-plastic-rs-48000-fines-imposed-in-chas/amp_articleshow/126236654.cms |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-29 |title=Chas civic body seals six buildings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/chas-civic-body-seals-six-buildings/articleshow/110513969.cms |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-04 |title=Jamshedpur: Discussion on single-use plastic ban in special workshop |url=https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-discussion-on-single-use-plastic-ban-in-special-workshop/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=चास निगम क्षेत्र के सिगारीजोरिया में अवैध निर्माण तोड़े जाएंगे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/bokaro/story-chas-municipal-corporation-takes-strict-action-against-encroachment-on-water-bodies-201737400354193.html |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-18 |title=नदी पर अवैध कब्जे के खिलाफ चास नगर निगम सख्त: बोकारो में अतिक्रमणकारियों को नोटिस जारी, डोजर से ढहाए जाएंगे अवैध निर्माण - Bokaro News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/bokaro/news/chas-municipal-corporation-strict-against-illegal-occupation-of-river-134315417.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250210211858/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/bokaro/news/chas-municipal-corporation-strict-against-illegal-occupation-of-river-134315417.html |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2026-02-21 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

* Solid waste management.
* Street light management.
* Approval of construction of new building and regulation of land use.
* Issuance of birth and death certificate.
* Construction and maintenance of municipal roads, drains and public infrastructure.
* Slum Management & encroachment removal.
* Development & maintenance of burial grounds and crematoriums.
* Regulation of slaughter houses.
* Prevention of food adulteration.
* Preventive health care.
* Management of storm water and waste water drainage.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="me11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="me12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="me13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/chas-to-hike-holding-tax/cid/1329383
|title=Chas to hike holding tax
|last=Shekhar
|first=Shashank
|website=The Telegraph (India)
|date=27 July 2016
|access-date=21 February 2026
}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category: Bokaro district]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]

Sarfaraz Ahmad

2026-03-14T14:08:14Z

Frankieren: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Sarfaraz Ahmed{{!}}Sarfaraz Ahmed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarfaraz Ahmad
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| term_start = 4 May 2024
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| image_size = 180
}}
'''Sarfaraz Ahmad''' is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. Ahmad is a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. He is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]. He represented [[Gandey Assembly constituency|Gandey constituency]] in 1980 and 2009 as [[Indian National Congress|INC]] MLA and in 2019 as [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sarfraz Ahmad(JMM):Constituency- GANDEY(GIRIDIH ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12155 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sarfaraz Ahmad(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Gandey(Giridih) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jarka09/candidate.php?candidate_id=473 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Gandey Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Dr Sarfraz Ahmad of JMM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gandey-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430795.html |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmed has been elected leader of JMM in parliamentary of Rajya Sabha. This decision was taken in the party parliamentary group meeting.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr. Sarfaraz Ahmed has been elected leader of JMM in the parliamentary Rajya Sabha. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jharkhand-politics-dr-sarfaraz-ahmed-made-leader-of-jmm-parliamentary-party-in-rajya-sabha |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==Resignation==
Resigned as Member of Jharkhand Legislative Assembly on 1 January 2024 due to personal reasons.<ref>[https://news.abplive.com/states/jmm-mla-sarfaraz-ahmad-resigns-from-jharkhand-assembly-citing-personal-reasons-1653620 JMM MLA Sarfaraz Ahmad Resigns From Jharkhand Assembly Citing Personal Reasons ]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Sarfaraz}}
[[Category:People from Giridih district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Habil Khorakiwala

2026-03-13T19:18:50Z

Frankieren: put up basic pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Habil Khorakiwala
| image =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| children = 3
| alma_mater = Purdue University, Harvard Business School
| occupation = Founder chairman of [[Wockhardt]]
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Habil Khorakiwala''' is the founder and [[Chairman]] of Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[pharmaceutical]] and [[biotechnology]] company [[Wockhardt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habil Khorakiwala And The Power Of Calm |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2015/habil-khorakiwala-and-the-power-of-calm/41385/1 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> He founded Wockhardt in 1967,<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/habil-khorakiwala/?sh=359c84c727c3|title=Profile: Habil Khorakiwala|publisher=Forbes}}</ref> which since then has grown into one of the top Indian makers of [[generic drug]]s, [[formulation]]s, [[biopharmaceutical]]s, nutrition products, [[vaccine]]s, [[active pharmaceutical ingredient]]s (APIs) and a chain of advanced Super Speciality Hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wockhardt.com/who-we-are/overview.aspx |title=Wockhardt – Who we are}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Habil Khorakiwala was born in a [[Dawoodi Bohra]] family of Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in 1942.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |last= Patel|first= Aakar|date=16 May 2010|title=The Muslim businessmen of India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment-the-muslim-businessmen-of-india-1383602|newspaper=DNA| access-date= 10 October 2022}}</ref> His father [[Fakhruddin T. Khorakiwala]] was the founder of India's first departmental store 'Akbarallys' and also the former [[Sheriff of Mumbai]].<ref name="TH">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=6 July 2011|title=Founder of Akbarallys dead|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/founder-of-akbarallys-dead/article2162725.ece|newspaper=Hindu| access-date= 11 October 2022}}</ref> He has three children who are handling different divisions of Wockhardt.<ref name="BI">{{cite news |last= Bhalla|first= Kriti|date=6 July 2022|title=From Nadars to Premjis to Ambanis — here are the 10 biggest father-children run businesses in India|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/here-are-the-biggest-father-children-run-businesses-in-india/slidelist/92279727.cms|newspaper=Business Insider India| access-date= 10 October 2022}}</ref>

He graduated in [[pharmacy]] from L.M. College in [[Ahmedabad]] and then did a master's degree in [[Pharmaceutical Science]] from [[Purdue University]], and an Advanced Management Programme at [[Harvard Business School]], USA.<ref name="Chairman's Profile">{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.wockhardt.com/Files/Dr-Habil-Khorakiwala-Profile.pdf|title=Chairmans profile|publisher=Wockhardt}}</ref>

==Career==
Habil Khorakiwala founded Wockhardt Limited in 1967 after taking over his father's Worli Chemical Works.<ref name="Forbes"/><ref name="NDTV"/> It started as a small firm with only 20 employees, making [[over-the-counter drug]]s. Since then, Wockhardt Limited has grown into a multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology firm with manufacturing facilities around the world and more than 7,000 employees.<ref name="Purdue University"/> In December 2014, he was appointed as the [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Hamdard]] University.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=10 December 2014|title=Medical science push for Jamia Hamdard|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/medical-science-push-for-jamia-hamdard/story-yURpaJcNw3Y4cVk2vggZGN.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times| access-date= 11 October 2022}}</ref> He has also served as [[Sweden]]'s honorary [[Consul (representative)|consul general]] in Mumbai.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=16 August 2012|title=How Wockhardt transformed from a defaulter to market favourite|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/how-wockhardt-transformed-from-a-defaulter-to-market-favourite-309402|newspaper=NDTV| access-date= 11 October 2022}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
* In 2010, Purdue University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Pharmacy degree.<ref name="Purdue University">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/general/2010/10HonDocs/HabilKhorakiwala.html|title=2010 Honorary Degree|publisher=Purdue University}}</ref>
* Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the field of health care and life sciences<ref name="Purdue University"/>
* Award for Excellence as Top CEO from the Institute of Marketing and Management, New Delhi<ref name="Purdue University"/>
* Shiromani Vikas Award for "outstanding and inspiring contributions toward national development"<ref name="Purdue University"/>

==Bibliography==
* Odyssey of Courage<ref name="BS">{{cite news |last= Dobhal |first= Shailesh |date=13 February 2018|title='Odyssey of Courage' book review: Habil Khorakiwala's high five|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/odyssey-of-courage-book-review-habil-khorakiwala-s-high-five-118021201640_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard| access-date= 10 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khorakiwala, Habil}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the pharmaceutical industry]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]

Haji Ali Dargah

2026-03-12T16:20:45Z

Frankieren:

{{Short description|Dargah and mosque near Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Haji Ali Dargah
| native_name = हाजी अली दरगाह
| native_name_lang = mr
| image = Mumbai 03-2016 12 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg
| caption = The [[shrine]] of [[Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]], in 2016
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_size = 250
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| map_caption = Location of the dargah and mosque on an [[islet]], {{cvt|500|m}} off the coast from [[Worli]], near [[Mumbai]]
| location = near [[Worli]], [[Mumbai City district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.985|N|72.81|E|region:IN-MA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sufi Islam]]
| festivals =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] and [[dargah]]
| functional_status = Active [[shrine]]
| heritage_designation =
| ownership = Haji Ali Dargah Trust
| leadership =
| website = {{url|hajialidargah.in}}
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}} and [[Dargah|Sufi mausoleum]]
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
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| facade_direction = West
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1431
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The '''Haji Ali Dargah''' is a [[Sufi shrine]] and the monument of [[Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]], Which is located on an [[islet]] off the coast of [[Worli]] in southern [[Mumbai]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India.

An example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], associated with legends about doomed lovers, the dargah contains the tomb of [[Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]]. Bukhari was a [[Sufi saint]] and a wealthy merchant from [[Uzbekistan]]. Located near the heart of the city, the dargah is one of the most recognisable landmarks of Mumbai.<ref name="Thomas-A">{{Cite book|author=Thomas, Amelia |year=2012 |title=Goa & Mumbai |location=Footscray, Victoria, Australia |edition=second |publisher=Lonely Planet |pages=87–88 |isbn=978-1-74179-778-7}}</ref><ref name="Parab">{{cite news |author1=Parab, Kanika |author2=Poddar, Mansi |title=World's Greatest City: 50 reasons Mumbai is No.1: 43. The floating mosque |newspaper=CNN |date=30 January 2010 |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/worlds-greatest-city-50-reasons-why-mumbai-no-1-809212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007234914/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/worlds-greatest-city-50-reasons-why-mumbai-no-1-809212 |archive-date=7 October 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{Cite news|author=Lewis, Clara |title=dargah devotees against sea link landing |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=11 February 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dargah-devotees-against-sea-link-landing/articleshow/7472244.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713041639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/mumbai/28543042_1_sea-link-worli-haji-ali-dargah |url-status=live |archive-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:হাজী আলী দরগাহ থেকে তাড়দেওয়ের দৃশ্য.jpg|thumb|[[Tardeo]] as seen from the dargah]]
The Haji Ali Dargah was constructed in 1431<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hajiali.org/2007/12/10/78625 |title=Haji Ali dargah was built in 1431 » Haji Ali Dargah, Maryam Mosque in Mumbai |publisher=Hajiali.org |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923115723/http://www.hajiali.org/2007/12/10/78625 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in memory of a wealthy [[Muslim]] merchant, Sayyed [[Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari]], a member of the [[Chishti Order]], who gave up all his worldly possessions before making a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. Hailing from [[Bukhara]], in present-day [[Uzbekistan]], Bukhari travelled around the world in the early to mid-15th century, and eventually settled in present-day [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-sufi-of-mumbai-haji-ali-dargah/|title=The Sufi of Haji Ali Dargah|website=www.theculturetrip.com|date=May 2016|accessdate=15 December 2018|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183505/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-sufi-of-mumbai-haji-ali-dargah/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to legends<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari (R.A.) |publisher=Haji Ali Dargah Trust |url=http://www.hajialidargah.in/hajiali_history1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815061335/http://hajialidargah.in/hajiali_history1.html |archive-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> surrounding his life, once the saint saw a poor woman crying on the road, holding an empty vessel. He asked her what the problem was, she sobbed that her husband would thrash her as she stumbled and accidentally spilled the oil she was carrying. He asked her to take him to the spot where she spilled the oil. There, he jabbed a finger into the soil and the oil gushed out. The overjoyed woman filled up the vessel and went home.<ref name=history/>

Later, Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari had a recurring and disturbing dream that he had injured the Earth by his act. Full of remorse and grief, from that day he started feeling unwell. Then with the permission of his mother, he traveled to India with his brother and finally reached the shore of Mumbai – near Worli or at some place opposite the present tomb. His brother went back to their native place. Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari sent a letter with him to their mother informing her that he was keeping good health and that he had decided to reside at that place permanently for the spread of Islam and that she should forgive him.<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.hajialidargah.in/hajiali_history1.html |title=History of Sayyed Pir Haji Shah Bukhari |website=www.hajialidargah.in |access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref>

Until his death, he kept spreading knowledge about Islam to the people, and his devotees would regularly visit him. Before his death he advised his followers that they should not bury him at any proper place or graveyard and should drop his shroud ('kafan') in the ocean such that it should be buried by the people where it is found.<ref name=history/>

His wish was obeyed by his followers. That is why the Dargah sharief is built at the very site where his [[Shroud]] came to rest in the middle of the sea, where it perched on a small mound of rocks rising above the sea. The tomb and [[Dargah Sharif|Dargah Sharief]] were built in the years to come.<ref name=history/>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Mumbai, India, Sunset over Haji Ali Dargah Mosque.jpg|thumb|Sunset over the dargah islet and the Arabian Sea]]
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 11 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg|thumb|As seen from the Mahalaxmi area]]
[[File:Haji Ali Dargah 's Entrance.JPG|thumb|The entrance to the dargah]]
The ''dargah'' is built on a tiny [[islet]] located {{convert|500|m}} from the coast, in the Haji Ali Bay, in the vicinity of [[Worli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haji Ali Dargah Mumbai |work=TheMumbaiCity |date=16 December 2011 |url=http://www.themumbaicity.com/2011/12/16/haji-ali-dargah-mumbai/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204225608/http://www.themumbaicity.com/2011/12/16/haji-ali-dargah-mumbai |archive-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The edifice is a brilliant specimen of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. The islet is linked to the city precinct of [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalakshmi]] by a narrow causeway, which is nearly 0.62 miles (1 km) long.

The whitewashed structure occupies an area of a marble courtyard and contains the central shrine. The tomb within the mosque is covered by a brocaded red and green ''chaddar'' (tomb cover sheet). It is supported by an exquisite silver frame, Which is supported by marble pillars. The main hall has marble pillars embellished with artistic mirror work: blue, green, yellow chips of glass arranged in kaleidoscopic patterns interspersed with Arabic patterns which spell the ninety-nine names of Allah. As per the Muslim traditions, separate praying rooms for female and male worshippers are provided.

=== Repair and renovation ===
[[Image:Haji-Ali-1.jpg|thumb|The dargah in 2006]]
{{as of|2009}}, the six-hundred-year-old<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomas, Shibu |date=25 July 2009 |title=Court dismisses plea challenging Haji Ali revamp |newspaper=[[the Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4817937.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717033936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Court-dismisses-plea-challenging-Haji-Ali-revamp/articleshow/4817937.cms?intenttarget=no |archive-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> dargah structure was subject to constant erosion due to saline winds and the impact of {{circa|80,000}} visitors per week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Mumbai: For the Tourist |publisher=Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport |url=http://www.csia.in/mumbaimasala/thetourist.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213013916/http://www.csia.in/mumbaimasala/thetourist.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Extensive renovations were completed in 1960 and 1964,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siapa Sangka India Punya Masjid Suci di Tengah Laut |date=1 July 2015 |language=id |publisher=Detiktravel Inside |url=http://travel.detik.com/read/2015/07/01/161251/2957644/1520/siapa-sangka-india-punya-masjid-suci-di-tengah-laut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920191927/http://travel.detik.com/read/2015/07/01/161251/2957644/1520/siapa-sangka-india-punya-masjid-suci-di-tengah-laut |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a structural upgrade of the dargah commenced in October 2008. The plans at that time were that the dargah will be beautified with first and second quality white marble, from [[Makrana]], [[Rajasthan]], the same place from where marble for the [[Taj Mahal]] was brought. In 2010, it was reported that the repair and structural work was envisaged to take 24 months, over two phases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restoration of Haji Ali Dargah |publisher=Haji Ali Dargah Trust |url=http://www.hajialidargah.in/hajiali_restore4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604073314/http://www.hajialidargah.in/hajiali_restore4.html |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> "Phase One" involved reconstruction of the mosque and [[minaret]]s; while "Phase Two" involved renovation of the sanitarium building. Upon completion, it was expected that the holy shrine will have the feel of a ''taj'', in Mumbai's brackish sea water.

== Accessibility ==
[[File:Haji Ali 3.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the causeway and dargah during [[low tide]]]]
[[File:The Haji Ali Causeway.jpg|thumb|The causeway, close to [[high tide]]]]
The dargah is accessible only during [[low tide]]. As the causeway is not bound by railings, when the causeway gets submerged during [[high tide]] it becomes inaccessible.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} During the high tide, the dargah seems completely isolated with no access. The walk on the causeway, with the sea on both sides, is a highlight of a trip to the shrine.

On Thursdays and Fridays, the shrine is a major pilgrimage site. Irrespective of faith or religion, people visit the dargah to receive the blessings of the holy saint. Sometimes, especially on Fridays, various Sufi musicians perform a form of devotional music called ''[[Qawwali]]'' at the dargah.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

== 'Haji Ali for all' movement ==
The 'Haji Ali for All' is a [[feminist movement]] launched by [[Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/scholars-divided-over-allowing-women-in-haji-ali-dargah/story-i4xqsED5CNXYznod3kafcI.html |title=Scholars divided over allowing women in Haji Ali dargah |date=21 October 2015 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and [[Bhumata Brigade]] to secure equal 'right to pray', near the ''[[sanctum sanctorum]]'' (or traditional [[patriarchal]] prohibited areas).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-29 |first1=Hemal |last1=Ashar |first2=Maleeva |last2=Rebello |title=Haji Ali for all: Preeti, Deepti or Trupti... where is she? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Haji-Ali-for-all--Preeti--Deepti-or-Trupti...-where-is-she--17180179 |access-date=2021-02-20 |website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> On 26 August 2016, the [[Bombay High Court]] ruled that women could enter the ''sanctum sanctorum''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bombay-high-court-verdict-on-women-entering-haji-ali-dargah/article9035710.ece |title=Women can enter Haji Ali sanctum, rules HC |first=Sonam |last=Saigal |work=The Hindu |date=27 August 2016 |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Women were allowed to enter the shrine on 29 November 2016, lifting a ban imposed in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/women-set-to-re-enter-mumbais-haji-ali-dargah-after-5-years-1631584 |title=Women Re-Enter Mumbai's Haji Ali Dargah After 5 Years |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 November 2016 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
* ''"Piya Haji Ali"'' song, from movie [[Fiza]], was filmed in the dargah.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4uYjMpE1l8 |title=Piya Haji Ali Full Video - Fiza |author1=Roshan, Hrithik |author2=Bachchan, Jaya |editor=Rahman, A. R. |date=2012 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2025-01-27 }}</ref>
* ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'', a 2008 Indian film, set a scene in the dargah.
* The climax of the super hit Hindi movie [[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|''Coolie'' (1983)]] was shot in the dargah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Anustup |title=Bollywood in the Age of New Media |date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-8676-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bb9vAAAAQBAJ&dq=Haji+Ali+Dargah+Coolie+1983&pg=PT35 |language=en}}</ref>
* There are several references to the mosque in ''[[Shantaram (novel)|Shantaram]]'', the 2003 novel by [[Gregory David Roberts]].
* In the 2025 Indian film [[Kuberaa]], a character visits and eats at the mosque.

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[Moinuddin Chishti]]
* [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]]
* [[Nizamuddin Awliya]]
* [[Turabul Haq Dargah]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Haji Ali Dargah}}
* {{official website|http://www.hajialidargah.in}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ3E1Vuvyj0 Short clip of Qawwali at the Dargah]

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1431]]
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indo-Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:mosques completed in the 1430s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sufism in Maharashtra]]

Bareilly

2026-03-11T14:29:58Z

Frankieren: content update

{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|Raebareli}}{{hatnote group|{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Bareli}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bareilly
| official_name =
| native_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Bareilly Sunset.jpg{{!}}Bareilly Cityscape
| photo2a =Dargah Aala Hazrat 2.jpg
| photo2b =Anand Ashram, Bareilly.jpg
| photo3a = Bareilly Junction Dharamshala 01.jpg{{!}}A Dharamshala near Bareilly Junction
| photo3b = Jhumka Bareilly city 03.jpg{{!}}Jhumka Chowk
| photo3c = IVRI 100 Year Memorial closeup.jpg{{!}} Memorial at IVRI Izzatnagar
| photo4a = Bareillycollege.gif{{!}}Bareilly College
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage = Top to bottom; Left to right: [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]] cityscape, [[Bareilly Dargah]], Anand Ashram Temple, a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]] near [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly Junction]], [[Bareilly ka Jhumka]], Memorial at [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute|IVRI]] [[Izzatnagar]] and [[Bareilly College]]
}}
| nicknames = Nath Nagri<ref name="Nath Nagri" />
| motto =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| map_caption = Location within [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|22|00|N|79|25|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1537
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 =
| founder = Jagat Singh Katehriya
| government_footnotes =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Arun Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]] (City) [[Sanjeev Agarwal]] (Cantonment)
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Bareilly Nagar Nigam'>{{cite web|title=Bareilly Nagar Nigam|url=http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/25UP_bareily_sfcp-min.pdf|website=mohua.gov.in|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 106
| area_metro_km2 = 123
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name='Bareilly Nagar Nigam'/><ref name="dchba">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook Bareilly Part-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Uttar Pradesh|location=[[Lucknow]]|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_A_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf|page=692}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 268
| population_total = 903,668
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_metro = 985,752
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/><ref name="dchba"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Bareillite
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=20 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| demographics_type2 = [[GDP]] (2021)<ref name="bareillyGDP2023">
According to the UPDES' list of UP State's cities' areas by GDP, Bareilly's metropolitan GDP in 2021 was ₹468.81 billion (US$5.9 billion)
{{cite web
|title=List of UP districts by GDP
|url=https://updes.up.nic.in/updes/data/dist_domestic_product/dist_domestic_product_2020_21.pdf
|website=UPDES
|access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Nominal GDP (Metro)
| demographics2_info1 = ₹46681 crore US$5.93 billion
| demographics2_title3 = Share in UP GDP
| demographics2_info3 = ~2.68%
| demographics2_title4 = Share in India GDP
| demographics2_info4 = ~0.21%
| demographics2_title5 = GDP Rank (India)
| demographics2_info5 = [[List of Indian metropolitan areas by GDP|48th]]
| postal_code_type = PIN codes
| postal_code = 2430xx
| area_code =
| registration_plate = UP-25
| website = {{URL|http://bareilly.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| population_blank1_title = Sex ratio
| population_blank1 = 895 [[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Bareilly Municipal Corporation
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Umesh Gautam ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
}}

'''Bareilly''',{{efn|{{Indic Transl|hi|Barēlī|bəɾeːliː|Bareilly.ogg}}}} also spelled '''Bareli''', is a city in [[Bareilly district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is among the largest metropolises in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] and is the centre of the [[Bareilly division]] as well as the historical region of [[Rohilkhand]]. The city lies in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s, about {{convert|252|km|mi|0}} northwest of the state capital, [[Lucknow]], and {{convert|265|km|mi|0}} east of the national capital, [[New Delhi]]. With a population of 903,668 in 2011, it is the [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population|eighth most populous city]] in the state, [[list of North Indian cities by population|17th]] in [[northern India]] and [[List of most populous cities in India|54th]] in India.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Pune - Part XII-B |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=Census of India |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114012959/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0919_PART_B_DCHB_BAREILLY.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 }}</ref> It is located on the bank of [[Ramganga]] River and is the site of the Ramganga Barrage built for canal irrigation.

The earliest settlement in what is now Bareilly was established in 1537 by a local chieftain Jagat Singh Katehriya who named it 'Bans-Bareli' after his two sons Bansaldev and Bareldev. The town came under the rule of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in 1569 and had become the capital of a local [[pargana]] by 1596. The foundation of the modern city of Bareilly was laid by Mughal governor [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657, and in 1658 it became the seat of the governor of [[Budaun]]. The weakening of Mughal Empire lead to the rise of the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]], of which Bareilly was a major centre. The city came under the control of [[Oudh State]] in 1774 after the fall of Rohillas in the [[First Rohilla War]] and was then ceded to the [[British East India Company]] by the [[Nawab of Oudh]] in 1801. A [[Bareilly Cantonment|Military station]] was established in 1811 to the south of the city, where a fort was constructed in 1816. Bareilly was freed by the rebels during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and remained independent under the rule of [[Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla|Khan Bahadur Khan]] until it was re-annexed by the British in 1858.

Bareilly is renowned for being the place of origin of the [[Barelvi movement]], a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Islamic movement formed by Islamic scholar [[Ahmad Raza Khan]] to counter the growing influence of the [[Deobandi movement]] and [[Wahhabism]]. His shrine, located at the [[Bareilly Dargah]], is visited by millions of his followers every year on the occasion of [[Urs-e-Razavi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Priyangi |date=6 November 2018 |title=Urs-e-Razvi audio live-streamed on social media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/urs-e-razvi-audio-live-streamed-on-social-media/articleshow/66516570.cms |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2021 |title=आज से तीन मार्च तक बरेली में मनाया जाएगा उर्से पाक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rudrapur/story-urs-pak-will-be-celebrated-in-bareilly-from-today-to-march-3-3881347.html}}</ref>

The city has been known as ''Nath Nagri'' due to the presence of several ancient Shiva temples,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Ankit |date=6 April 2016 |title=City to have 1.25 quintal silver Shivling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/City-to-have-1-25-quintal-silver-Shivling/articleshow/51718932.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |author=Shailvee Sharda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maitreya-project-UPs-loss-is-advantage-Bihar/articleshow/17304920.cms |title=Maitreya project: UP's loss is advantage Bihar |date=21 November 2012 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094009/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/india/35256958_1_maitreya-statue-maitreya-project-buddha |archive-date=28 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> and more recently as ''Jumka City''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bareilly has come a long way from being 'Jhumka City' to becoming 'Smart City' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bareilly-has-come-a-long-way-from-being-jhumka-city-to-becoming-smart-city-cm-yogi-adityanath20221207201859/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |work=ANI News |date=7 December 2022}}</ref> It is a centre for furniture manufacturing and trade in cotton, cereal and sugar. Bareilly is one of the [[Smart Cities Mission|100 Smart Cities]] being developed in India,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-list-of-98-cities-for-smart-city-project/article7586751.ece |title=Centre unveils list of 98 smart cities; UP, TN strike it rich |access-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126124324/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-list-of-98-cities-for-smart-city-project/article7586751.ece |archive-date=26 November 2016 |url-status = live|newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 August 2015 |last1=Jeelani |first1=Mehboob }}</ref> and one of the nine [[National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets|counter magnet cities]] of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region (NCR)]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bulandshahr-roads-lead-to-Delhi/articleshow/5543759.cms | title=Bulandshahr roads lead to Delhi | date=7 February 2010 | access-date=29 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-07/india/28147824_1_districts-migrants-migration | archive-date=28 September 2013 |url-status = live| work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The city is served by the [[Bareilly Airport]] which has direct flights to [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]]. The [[Bareilly Junction railway station]] located in the city is among the top 100 booking stations of [[Indian Railways]] while [[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]] is the divisional headquarters of [[Izzatnagar railway division|one of the three divisions]] of [[North Eastern Railways]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Bareilly}}

[[File:Ahichchhatra_Fort_Temple_Bareilly.jpg|400px|thumb|left|alt=Multi-coloured political map|[[Ahichchhatra]] (or Ahi-Kshetra) was the ancient capital of Northern Panchala. The remains of this city have been discovered in Bareilly]]
According to the epic [[Mahābhārata]], the Bareilly region ([[Panchala]]) is said to be the birthplace of [[Draupadi]], who was also referred to as 'Panchali' (one from the kingdom of Panchāla) by Kṛṣṇā ([[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]). When [[Yudhishthira]] becomes the king of [[Hastinapur]] at the end of the [[Mahābhārata]], Draupadi becomes his queen. The folklore says that [[Gautama Buddha]] had once visited the ancient fortress city of [[Ahichchhatra]] in Bareilly.<ref name="members.rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://members.rediff.com/gangwar/Bareilly.html |title=About Bareilly |access-date=8 November 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714233142/http://members.rediff.com/gangwar/Bareilly.html |archive-date=14 July 2007 }}</ref> The [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshva]] is said to have attained Kaivalya at Ahichchhatra.<ref name="bareilly.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=http://bareilly.nic.in/hist.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826065926/http://bareilly.nic.in/hist.htm|url-status=dead|title=history|archive-date=26 August 2010}}</ref>

In the 12th century, the kingdom was under the rule by different clans of [[Kshatriya]] Rajputs. Later, the region became part of the [[Muslim]] [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[Delhi Sultanate]] for 325 years before getting absorbed in the emerging [[Mughal Empire]]. The foundation of the modern City of Bareilly foundation was laid by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657 during the rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. Later the region became the capital of [[Rohilkhand]] region before getting handed over to [[Nawab]] [[Vizier|Vazir]] of [[Awadh]] and then to [[East India Company]] (transferred to British India) and later becoming an integral part of [[Republic of India|India]]. The region has also acted as a mint for a major part of its history.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

From an archaeological point of view, the district of Bareilly is very rich. The extensive remains of Ahichchhatra, the Capital town of Northern Panchala have been discovered near [[Ramnagar, Bareilly|Ramnagar village]] of Aonla Tehsil in the district. It was during the first excavations at Ahichchhatra (1940–44) that the painted grey ware, associated with the advent of the Aryans in the Ganges–Yamuna Valley, was recognised for the first time in the earliest levels of the site. Nearly five thousand coins belonging to periods earlier than that of the [[Guptas]] have been yielded from Ahichchhatra. It has also been one of the richest sites in India from the point of view of the total yield of terracotta. Some of the masterpieces of Indian terracotta art are from Ahichchhatra. In fact the classification made of the terracotta human figurines from Ahichchhatra on grounds of style and to some extent stratigraphy became a model for determining the stratigraphy of subsequent excavations at other sites in the Ganges Valley. On the basis of the existing material, the archaeology of the region helps us to get an idea of the cultural sequence from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC up to the 11th century AD. Some ancient mounds in the district have also been discovered by the Deptt. of Ancient History and culture, [[Rohilkhand University]], at Tihar-Khera (Fatehganj West), Pachaumi, Rahtuia, Kadarganj and [[Sainthal, Uttar Pradesh|Sainthal]].<ref name="bareilly.nic.in" /> Apart from this, artefacts of painted grey ware culture of the Iron Age have also been discovered near the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/artefacts-of-painted-grey-ware-culture-found-in-bareilly-village/articleshow/69549550.cms|title=Artefacts of painted grey ware culture found in Bareilly village | Bareilly News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 May 2019 }}</ref>

===Establishment {{anchor|Foundation}}===
[[File:The mausoleum of Hafiz Rahmat Khan at Bareilly, 1814-15.jpg|thumb|The mausoleum of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] at Bareilly, 1814-15]]
Bareilly was founded in 1537 by Jagat Singh Katehriya, a Rajput who named it ''Bareilly '' after his two sons Bansaldev and Baraldev.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cerca.iitd.ac.in/app/assets/cities-plan-pdf/UP/Bareilly.pdf|title=Action Plan For The Control of Air Pollution in Bareilly City - IIT Delhi}}</ref> The city was mentioned by the historian [['Abd al-Qadir Badayuni|Budayuni]]. The foundation of the modern city of Bareilly was laid by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor [[Mukrand Rai]] in 1657. In 1658, Bareilly became the headquarters of the province of Budaun.<ref name="library.upenn.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/crafts1820/introduc.html |title=Introduction |publisher=Library.upenn.edu |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608011910/http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/crafts1820/introduc.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Mughals]] encouraged the settlements of loyal [[Pashtun people|Afghans]] ([[Pathan]]s) in the Bareilly region to control the native Katehriya Rajputs. After the death of [[Mughal Empire|Emperor]]
[[Aurangzeb]], the Afghans began to settle in the villages and [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] with the local Muslims. These descendants of these assimilated Afghans are known as [[Pathan]]s. After the fall of the Mughal Empire, created anarchy and many [[Pathan]]s migrated from the [[Rohilkhand]] region. Bareilly (like other cities in Uttar Pradesh) experienced economic stagnation and poverty due to the breakdown of trade and security, leading to the migration of Rohilla Muslim Pathans to [[Suriname]] and [[Guyana]] as [[indenture]]d labour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/afghan-guyana.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312053421/http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/afghan-guyana.htm|url-status=dead|title=HISTORY OF MY PEOPLE: The Afghan Muslims of Guyana|archive-date=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guyana.org/features/afghanguyanese_muslim.html |title=The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname |publisher=Guyana.org |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206085443/http://www.guyana.org/features/afghanguyanese_muslim.html |archive-date=6 December 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref>

===British East India Company===
Under Barech at the 1761 [[Third Battle of Panipat]], Rohilkhand blocked the expansion of the [[Maratha]] Empire into northern India. In 1772 it was invaded by the Marathas, repulsing the invasion with the aid of the [[Nawab of Awadh]]. After the war, Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] demanded payment for the nawabs' help from Barech. When his demand was refused, the nawab joined the East India Company (under [[Governor-General of India|Governor]] [[Warren Hastings]] and his [[Commander-in-Chief]], [[Alexander Champion (East India Company officer)|Alexander Champion]]) to invade Rohilkhand. The combined forces of Daula and the Company defeated Barech (who was killed in battle at [[Miranpur, Uttar Pradesh|Miranpur Katra]], ending Rohilla rule) in 1774. Rohilkhand was handed over to Daula, and from 1774 to 1800 the province was ruled by the Nawab of Awadh who surrendered Rohilkhand to the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] in a treaty signed on 10 November 1801.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000000187U00000000 |title=Collect Britain has moved |publisher=Collectbritain.co.uk |date=30 November 2003 |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214225139/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019WDZ000000187U00000000 |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}</ref> During the reign of [[Shah Alam II]], Bareilly was the headquarters of Rohilla Sardar Hafiz Rehmat Khan and many coins were minted. The city was later in the possession of Awadh Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah, and his coins had Bareilly, Bareilly Aasfabad and the Bareilly kite and fish as identification marks. Coins were then minted by the East India Company.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms | work=The Times of India | title=When Bareilly was in currency | date=22 June 2003 | access-date=27 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222182948/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms | archive-date=22 February 2011 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Modern period===
[[File:Land of the Veda - India Theological Seminary at Bareilly.jpg|thumb|Theological Seminary at Bareilly, 1895]]
After the [[Rohilla War]], the change in the power structure increased discontent throughout the district.

The most popular trades in and around Bareilly during the 1820s were manufacturing glass, jewellery, glass and [[Lac (resin)|lac]] bangles and gold and silver thread, crimping, bean drying, wire drawing, [[Manjaa|charpoy]] weaving, keeping a grocer's shop and selling kebabs.<ref name="library.upenn.edu" />

====Rebellion of 1857 {{anchor|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}====
Bareilly was a centre of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The rebellion began as a [[mutiny]] of Indian soldiers ([[sepoy]]s), employed in the three [[Presidency armies]], against race- and religion-based injustices and inequities on 10 May 1857 in [[Meerut]]. It expanded into other mutinies and civilian rebellions, primarily in the major north-central Indian river valleys; local episodes extended northwest to [[Peshawar]] (on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|northwest frontier]] with Afghanistan) and southeast (beyond Delhi). There were riots in many parts of Uttar Pradesh, and Muslims in Bareilly, [[Bijnor]] and [[Moradabad]] called for the revival of a Muslim kingdom.<ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]]: ''Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857'', Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1963, pp. 2303–31</ref>

[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|alt=Old, multi-coloured physical-political map|Bareilly was made part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].]]

The [[Rohilla]]s actively opposed the British, but were later disarmed.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bareilly |volume=3 |page=397}}</ref> [[Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla]], grandson of [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]], formed his own government in Bareilly in 1857 and a widespread popular revolt in [[Awadh]], [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Rohilkhand]] took place. In 1857, Khan Bhadur Khan issued silver coins from Bareilly as an independent ruler.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=When Bareilly was in currency | date=22 June 2003 | access-date=27 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222182948/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/When-Bareilly-was-in-currency/articleshow/36674.cms | archive-date=22 February 2011 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref> When the rebellion failed, Bareilly was subjugated. Khan Bahadur Khan was sentenced to death, and hanged in the police station on 24 February 1860.

===Independence {{anchor|Independence of India}}===
[[Bareilly Central Jail]] housed a number of [[political prisoner]]s who supported the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] including [[Yashpal]] (who married while imprisoned on 7 August 1936 was the first such ceremony in an Indian jail). The rules were changed, preventing future prison marriages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice |first=Corinne |last=Friend |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=Fall 1977 |pages=65–90 |jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Akshar vihar Bareilly.jpg|thumb|Akshar Vihar - a lake in [[Civil Lines, Bareilly]]]]
Bareilly is in [[northern India]], at {{coord|28|10|N|78|23|E}}. On its east are [[Pilibhit]] and [[Shahjahanpur]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] on the west, [[Udham Singh Nagar]] ([[Uttarakhand]]) to the north and [[Badaun]] to the south. The city is level and well-watered, sloping towards the south. Its soil is fertile, with groves of trees. A rain forest in the north, known as the ''tarai'', contains tigers, bears, deer and wild pigs. The river Sarda (or Gogra) forms the eastern boundary and is the principal waterway.<ref name=EB1911/> The Ramganga receives most of the drainage from the Kumaon mountains, and the Deoha also receives many small streams. The [[Gomti River|Gomati]] (or Gumti) is also nearby.<ref name=EB1911/>

Bareilly lies {{convert|252|m|ft}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bareilly, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Bareilly.html |website=www.fallingrain.com |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> and is located off the left bank of [[Ramganga River|Ramganga]]. Deoranian, Nakatiya and [[Shankha]], all minor tributaries of Ramganga, flow through the city. The historical core of Bareilly lies approx {{convert|10|km|mi}} to the left of Ramganga. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south, with neighbourhoods like [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]] and [[Bareilly Cantt]] established during British rule; however, after the Independence of India, much of the expansion has been towards the north of the old city. Smaller industrial centres founded during British rule, like [[C.B. Ganj]] and [[Izzatnagar]], also merged with the city. The city has an urban area of {{convert|106|km2|sqmi}}, while together with its metropolitan area it covers {{convert|123|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Bareilly Nagar Nigam" />

===Climate===
Bareilly has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cwa'') with hot summers and cool winters.<ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web |title=Bareilly, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=98124&cityname=Bareilly,+India |website=Weatherbase |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202406/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=98124&cityname=Bareilly,+India |archive-date=30 November 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> The average temperature for the year is 25 °C. June, with an average temperature of 32.8 °C is the warmest month, while the coolest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 15 °C.<ref name="weatherbase" /> Bareilly receives 1038.9 mm precipitation for the year on average. The month with the most precipitation on average is July with 307.3 mm of precipitation, while November is the month with the least precipitation on average, with an average of 5.1 mm. There are an average of 37.7 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in August with 10.3 days and the least precipitation occurring in November with 0.5 days. The summer is noticeably wetter than the winter, although rain falls throughout the year.<ref name="weatherbase" />

{{Weather box
| location = Bareilly (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 29.4
| Feb record high C = 34.0
| Mar record high C = 41.6
| Apr record high C = 45.5
| May record high C = 46.7
| Jun record high C = 47.3
| Jul record high C = 46.0
| Aug record high C = 40.6
| Sep record high C = 38.7
| Oct record high C = 38.3
| Nov record high C = 36.1
| Dec record high C = 30.0
|year record high C = 47.3
| Jan record low C = -1.3
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 4.0
| Apr record low C = 11.1
| May record low C = 16.1
| Jun record low C = 18.5
| Jul record low C = 17.4
| Aug record low C = 20.5
| Sep record low C = 16.7
| Oct record low C = 8.9
| Nov record low C = 5.1
| Dec record low C = 0.1
|year record low C = -1.3
|Jan high C = 19.6
|Feb high C = 24.7
|Mar high C = 30.7
|Apr high C = 37.0
|May high C = 39.2
|Jun high C = 37.8
|Jul high C = 33.8
|Aug high C = 33.2
|Sep high C = 32.9
|Oct high C = 32.2
|Nov high C = 28.0
|Dec high C = 22.4
| year high C = 30.9
|Jan mean C = 14.1
|Feb mean C = 18.2
|Mar mean C = 23.8
|Apr mean C = 29.6
|May mean C = 32.3
|Jun mean C = 32.2
|Jul mean C = 29.9
|Aug mean C = 29.7
|Sep mean C = 29.0
|Oct mean C = 25.9
|Nov mean C = 20.8
|Dec mean C = 16.3
|Jan low C = 8.4
|Feb low C = 11.6
|Mar low C = 16.1
|Apr low C = 21.6
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 26.7
|Jul low C = 26.2
|Aug low C = 25.9
|Sep low C = 24.5
|Oct low C = 20.0
|Nov low C = 14.3
|Dec low C = 9.7
| year low C = 19.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 26.5
| Feb rain mm = 31.4
| Mar rain mm = 20.9
| Apr rain mm = 16.1
| May rain mm = 31.7
| Jun rain mm = 126.0
| Jul rain mm = 364.6
| Aug rain mm = 318.8
| Sep rain mm = 206.8
| Oct rain mm = 32.7
| Nov rain mm = 2.8
| Dec rain mm = 8.3
| year rain mm = 1186.5
| Jan rain days = 1.7
| Feb rain days = 2.3
| Mar rain days = 1.9
| Apr rain days = 1.5
| May rain days = 2.2
| Jun rain days = 5.5
| Jul rain days = 12.1
| Aug rain days = 11.9
| Sep rain days = 7.4
| Oct rain days = 1.2
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 48.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 55
| Mar humidity = 43
| Apr humidity = 29
| May humidity = 32
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 72
| Oct humidity = 60
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 57
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Bareilly Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 23 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M213
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42189
| title = Normals Data: Bareilly – India Latitude: 28.37°N Longitude: 79.40°E Height: 167 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}Bareily has been ranked 17th best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

===Environment and cityscape===
[[File:Company Garden Bareilly.jpg|thumb|Gandhi Udyan, previously called the Company Garden was established during the British Raj in [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]]]]
[[File:Ramayan vatika.jpg|thumb|Ramayan Vatika Sector 2]]
The street system in Bareilly is traditional, with most roads oriented towards different cities. The city centre is the intersection of [[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 37|Nainital Road]] and Bada Bazaar–Shyam Ganj Road at a street known as Kutubkhana. It is a congested street, and the entry of cars or heavy vehicles is prohibited during the day. The Patel Chowk Choraha–Chaupla and Chowki Chauraha–Chaupla Roads run from Lucknow Road to Delhi Road (Old National Highway 24). [[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 37|Nainital Road]] (including the old National Highway 74 or Pilibhit By-pass Road) and Badaun Road began at Kutubkhana. Heavy traffic is allowed on these roads only from Koharapeer Sabji-Mandi and Chaupla Crossroads. Bareilly is on the [[Ganges]] plain, with fertile alluvial soil; however, the lower plain is flood-prone.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The city is on the Ramganga, with seven other rivers passing through the district. The lower [[Himalaya]]s are {{convert|40|km}} north of the river.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
| 1847| 92208
| 1853| 101507
| 1865| 105649
| 1872| 102982
| 1881| 113417
| 1891| 121039
| 1901| 133167
| 1911| 129462
| 1921| 129459
| 1931| 144031
| 1941| 192688
| 1951| 208083
| 1961| 272828
| 1971| 326106
| 1981| 449425
| 1991| 590661
| 2001| 720315
| 2011| 903668
| title= Historical Population of Bareilly
| align = left
|footnote= Source: 1847-1865 - Bareilly district Gazetteer 1911<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.243997|title=3350 Bareilly A Gazetteer Vol 13 (1911)|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> 1872-1891 – [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]<ref name="igoi1901">{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 7, page 12 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_018.gif |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> 1901-2011 - District Census Handbook Bareilly<ref name="dchba" />
}}

According to the [[2011 Indian Census]], Bareilly had a population of 903,668, of which 476,927 were males and 426,741 were females. The sex ratio was 895. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 107,323. The total number of literates in Bareilly was 543,515, which constituted 60.1% of the population, of which male literacy is 66.5% and female literacy is 55.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Bareilly was 68.3%, of which male literacy rate was 72.7% and female literacy rate was 63.2%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] had a population of 71,215 and 2,771 respectively. In 2011, Bareilly had a total of 166222 households.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Bareilly |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=150936 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title= Religions in Bareilly (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Followers
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|58.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|38.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|blue|0.78}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.93}}
|caption=
}}
Bareilly has a majority of Hindus, with 58.58% following [[Hinduism]] according to the 2011 Indian Census.<ref name=religion/> [[Islam]] is the second most followed religion in the city, with about 38.80% followers.<ref name=religion/> [[Sikhism]] (0.90% followers), [[Christianity]] (0.78% followers), [[Jainism]] (0.05% followers) and [[Buddhism]] (0.05% followers) are also practised in the city.<ref name=religion/> Apart from that, about 0.03% people follow some other religions, while about 0.81% of the people did not state their religion.<ref name=religion/>

The city lends its name to the [[Barelvi movement]],<ref name="journals.cambridge.org">Usha Sanyal. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69415&jid=ASS&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=69414 Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century]. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.</ref> which originated in British India to counter the influence of the [[Deobandi movement]] and [[Wahhabism]].<ref>A subcontinent's Sunni schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi dynamic and the creation of modern south Asia<div>A subcontinent's Sunni schism: The Deobandi-Barelvi dynamic and the creation of modern south Asia</div><div>[https://www.proquest.com/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/Jackson,+W.+Kesler/$N;jsessionid=E71CDD20459B791FCAF3F33C6038AD71.i-02e507afe65265d8c Jackson, W. Kesler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715085013/https://www.proquest.com/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/Jackson,+W.+Kesler/$N;jsessionid=E71CDD20459B791FCAF3F33C6038AD71.i-02e507afe65265d8c|date=15 July 2022}}.Syracuse University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3597234.</div></ref> It follows the [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] school of [[jurisprudence]], and has hundreds of millions of followers in South Asia.<ref name="oxfordreference">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095446664?rskey=cR0074&result=2&q=barelvi|title=Barelvi - Oxford Reference|publisher=oxfordreference.com|access-date=24 September 2014}}</ref> Seven ancient Hindu temples dedicated to [[Shiva]] are located in the city – Dhopeshwar Nath, Madhi Nath, Alakha Nath, Tapeshwar Nath, Bankhandi Nath, Pashupati Nath and Trivati Nath, due to which the city is also known by the name of ''Nath Nagri''.<ref name="Nath Nagri">{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Ankit |title=City to have 1.25 quintal silver Shivling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/City-to-have-1-25-quintal-silver-Shivling/articleshow/51718932.cms |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=6 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref> There is a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Trivatinath Bareilly 12.jpg|Dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]], the Trivatinath Temple is one of the seven Nath Temples in the city.
File:Barielly Sharif Dargah Barielly UP.jpg|[[Bareilly Dargah]], the tomb of [[Ahmed Raza Khan|Ahmad Raza Khan]].
File:Bada Gurudwara Model Town Bareilly 02.jpg|A Sikh Gurudwara in Model Town Bareilly.
File:Bishop church 3.jpg|Cathedral of St. Alphonsus, the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Bareilly]].
</gallery>

===Languages===

{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Bareilly (2011)<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 89.31 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 9.90 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.79 |color3 = grey
}}

The official languages are [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref name="langoff"/>

== Administration and politics ==
=== General Administration ===
[[Bareilly division]] consists of four districts, and is headed by the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Bareilly, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. The commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":422">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}</ref> The [[District collector (India)|district magistrate]] of Bareilly reports to the divisional commissioner.

Bareilly district administration is headed by the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] (DM) of Bareilly, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. [[District collector|The DM]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the city. [[District collector|The DM]] is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city.<ref name=":222" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–597|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":63">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}</ref> The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; two additional district magistrates; one city magistrate; and four additional city magistrates.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Collectorate |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31d7f7abc18fcb43975065399b0d1e48e/uploads/2018/02/2018021728.pdf |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Civic administration ===
The municipal board of Bareilly was established on 24 June 1858 under the North-West Provinces and Oudh Act XXVI of 1850. It was then a municipal committee, which was constituted by nominated members headed by the District Magistrate, who was its Ex-Officio Chairman. Seven of the nine nominated members were British including the Magistrate. Later, the North-West Provinces and Oudh Municipal Improvements Act of 1868 (Act VI of '68) recommended the elective principle, which was duly implemented. However, the District Magistrate still remained the chairman of this committee. The Members continued to be nominated by the government until the year 1868, when the elective principle was partially adopted - 27 members now came through election process, while 9 members were still nominated by the government. This system continued until 1900 when, under the Act of 1900, the number of nominated members was changed to 6 and the number of elected members became 18. Nominated members were reduced to 3 by the Municipality Act of 1916 while the number of elected members was increased to 19. Major changes were introduced in 1963; All members of the 48-member committee were now elected, and the system of nomination was abolished. The term of the board was usually 6 years.{{sfn|Mohammad|1986}}

As per the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the Bareilly Municipal Corporation reported a revenue of ₹268 crore (US$32 million) and an expenditure of ₹263 crore (US$32 million) in 2022–23. Taxes contributed to 19.4% of the revenue, while the remaining income came from non-tax sources such as grants and other municipal revenues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bareilly Municipal Corporation city finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/bareilly
|work=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar oath as Minister.jpg|thumb|[[Santosh Gangwar]] has represented [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bareilly]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] eight times.]]
The 16th Lok Sabha Election for the Bareilly MP was won by [[Santosh Gangwar]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He defeated [[Praveen Singh Aron]] by huge margin to retain his stronghold. Bareilly has been a traditional battleground between the INC and the [[Hindu nationalism|saffron parties]]. Regional parties such as the [[Samajwadi Party]], led by Veerpal Singh Yadav, and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] have a limited influence.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Santosh Gangwar was a Member of Parliament for [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bareilly]] for 20 years (1989–2009). He was a former Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas, with an additional charge of Parliament Affairs in the 13th [[Lok Sabha]]. Before this, Gangwar was Minister of State of Science and Technology with an additional charge of Parliamentary Affairs from October to November 1999 and chief whip of the BJP in the 14th [[Lok Sabha]]. He was narrowly defeated in the 15th Lok Sabha elections in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramaseshan |first=Radhika |date=16 April 2014 |title=Where only one identity matters - Modi is the crutch for Maneka as well as Kalyan's son |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/where-only-one-identity-matters-modi-is-the-crutch-for-maneka-as-well-as-kalyans-son/cid/191467 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> He was elected again as a Member of Parliament in 2014 and was selected on 27 May 2014 onwards as the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Ministry of Textile; Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs; and Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation[8][9]

In May 2019, Gangwar became the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Labour and Employment. Santosh Gangwar resigned from his post on 7 July 2021, ahead of the reshuffle in the Modi cabinet. He is currently the Chaiperson of the [[Committee on Public Undertakings]].

=== Law and order ===
[[File:UP Police Zones.png|thumb|The Bareilly Zone (shown in orange), one of the 8 Zones of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police|UP Police]], is headquartered in the city. ]]
Bareilly city comes under the Bareilly zone and Bareilly range of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]; both of which are headquartered in the city. The Bareilly zone is headed by an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]] (ADG) rank, while the Bareilly range is headed by an [[Iinspector general of police|Inspector General]] (IG) rank IPS officer. The ADG, Bareilly Zone is Avinash Chandra,<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers posted at Bareilly Zone |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zonebrly&cd=NAAxADgA |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> and IG, Bareilly Range is Ramit Sharma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} Police Units {{!}} Bareilly Range {{!}} Officials |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangebrly&cd=NAA2ADgA |website=uppolice.gov.in |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

Police force in the Bareilly district is headed by a [[Senior Superintendent of Police|Senior Superintendent]] (SSP) rank police officer, who is practically responsible for maintaining law and order in the district. The SSP is assisted in this task by four [[Additional Superintendent of police (India)|Additional Superintendent]] (ASP) rank officers - SP City looks after the functioning of police stations and law and order in the urban areas, while SP Rural looks after the functioning of the police stations apart from taking care of law and order in the rural areas of the district. SP traffic takes care of traffic arrangements throughout the district and SP Crime oversees criminal investigations that require in-depth analysis. Under these several officers, Circle Officers (CO) of the rank of [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent]] (DSP) take care of the responsibilities of the police stations allotted to them. Five Circle officers come under the supervision of SP Rural while Four officers come under SP City and one CO traffic comes under SP traffic. Apart from this, one CO lines is also posted in Bareilly.<ref name = Police>{{cite web |title=Police in Bareilly District |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31d7f7abc18fcb43975065399b0d1e48e/uploads/2018/02/2018021721.pdf |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

There are a total of 29 police stations in Bareilly district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Name of Police Stations Bareilly district |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31d7f7abc18fcb43975065399b0d1e48e/uploads/2018/05/2018051968.pdf |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> One SHO is stationed at the Bareilly Kotwali while other police stations in the district are headed by an SO. There are various outposts (Chowkis) under the police stations where officials of the rank of [[head constable]] and [[constable]] are stationed along with the beat officers, who are usually on rounds in the areas under them. In addition to the regular police force, reserve forces are also deployed with reserve equipments in the reserve police lines located near Choupla Bareilly. They report directly to the SSP. CO LIU takes care of the Local intelligence by giving regular inputs to the police and magistracy. Two police control rooms are situated in Bareilly - the District Control Room looks after the rural areas of Bareilly while the City Control Room takes care of the urban areas. Additionally they help in coordinating and carrying out of communication throughout the district. There is also a women's police station under CO-1st in Bareilly for action on crimes and issues related to women.<ref name = Police />

Bareilly has a District Court under the [[Allahabad High Court|High Court of Judicature of Allahabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District & Outlying Courts of Uttar Pradesh, India |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/district.htm |website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> The court is headed by the district judge of Bareilly, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Sm. Renu Agarwal is presently posted as the District & Sessions Judge at Bareilly.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Court of Bareilly |url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/District/Bareilly.htm |website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Factories in Parsakhera Bareilly.jpg|thumb|B.L. Agro Refinery at Parsakhera. The Parsakhera Industrial Estate was established by [[UP State Industrial Development Corporation|UPSIDC]] in 1980.]]
Since India began liberalising its economy, Bareilly has experienced rapid growth. Commerce has diversified with mall culture, although the area's rural economy remains agrarian, handicraft (zari-zardosi embroidery work on cloth material), bamboo and cane furniture. The city is equidistant from [[New Delhi]] (national capital) and [[Lucknow]], the capital of Uttar Pradesh. This makes Bareilly a nodal point between two major cities of India.

Bareilly was a flourishing cotton centre in early nineteenth century. There were about 20,000 looms in the city in 1802, with a production value of Rs 30,00,000 per year.<ref name="Gommans">{{cite book |last1=Gommans |first1=Jos J. L.|author-link=Jos Gommans |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |date=1995 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC |access-date=10 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Robert Glyn, the then Magistrate of Bareilly asked Ghulam Yahya to write an account of "craftsmen, the names of tools of manufacture and production and their dress and manners". The most popular trades in and around Bareilly during the 1820s were manufacturing glass, jewellery, glass and [[Lac (resin)|lac]] bangles and gold and silver thread, crimping, bean drying, wire drawing, [[Manjaa|charpoy]] weaving, keeping a grocer's shop and selling kebabs.<ref name="library.upenn.edu"/>[[File:Rubber Factory Fatehganj Bareilly.jpg|thumb|left|Abandoned Rubber Factory at [[Fatehganj Pashchimi|Fatehganj]]. The factory closed down on 15 July 1999.]]

The city witnessed rapid growth in trade and commerce, transport and other socio-economic activities after the construction of Railway lines in the early twentieth century.<ref name="lal 10" /> Several factories, including the National Brewery Company, a match factory, an ice factory and a steam-powered flour mill were established in the city in first decade of the century.<ref name="lal 10">{{harvnb|Lal|1987|p=10}}</ref> The Indian Wood Products Limited was established in [[Izzatnagar]] in 1919, where Catechu was produced on a large scale. A number of industries such as the Indian Turpentine & Rosin (founded in 1926) and the Western Indian Match Company (WIMCO; founded in 1937) were also established at [[C.B. Ganj]], located at a distance of 8 km from the city center. HR Sugar Factory was established in Nekpur in 1932. As a result, Bareilly emerged as a major industrial and commercial area of the region by the 1940s, with many banks and educational institutions being established in every corner of the city.<ref name="lal 11">{{harvnb|Lal|1987|p=11}}</ref>
[[File:Aonla(2).jpg|thumb|[[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative|IFFCO]] plant at [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]]]]
The industrial development of the city continued after the independence of India in 1947 and small scale industries related to ''khandsari'', furniture, engineering and oil extraction began to take shape in Shahamatganj and Nai Basti. Industrial estates were established by the [[UP State Industrial Development Corporation]] (UPSIDC) in CB Ganj in 1958, [[Bhojipura (Assembly constituency)|Bhojipura]] in 1979 and in Parsakhera in 1980.<ref name="jagran">{{cite news |title=Industries 2019 : पुराने उद्योगों ने तोड़ा दम, साल भर तरसते रहे नए उद्योग |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-old-industries-break-down-new-industries-have-been-yearning-for-a-year-19892132.html |access-date=18 February 2020 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>
CB Ganj and Ijjat Nagar had by this time established themselves as major industrial and industrial-cum-transport centers of the city respectively, while the Shahamatganj and Qila markets were among the largest in Bareilly and surrounding areas.<ref name="lal 11" /> By the 1960s and 1980s, several markets were built around residential areas located on the Qutubkhana-railway junction road, of which Subhash Market, Chaupula, Punjabi and Kishore Markets were among the prominent ones. According to the 1971 census of India, Bareilly was a City board of Ist category, and was ranked 9th in the state by importance. The economy here relied on the industrial-cum-service sector; A large number of workers were engaged in activities that were closely related either to industry or to tertiary sectors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Finance And Urban Economic Development in U. P. — A Case Study of Shahjahanpur And Bareilly |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/3189/1/T%203514.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722064310/http://ir.amu.ac.in/3189/1/T%203514.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=18 February 2020 |page=178 }}</ref>

By the end of the 1990s many industries in the city were shut down. The Indian Turpentine & Rosin Factory (ITR) was shut down in April 1998 and the sugar mill of Nekpur ceased production in September 1998.<ref name="jagran" /> The mill, which was under the control of the UP Sugar Corporation had been awarded a gold medal for producing sugar more than the set target in the year 1997 itself.<ref name="jagran" /> A rubber factory situated in [[Fatehganj West]] was also closed on 15 July 1999. The products of the factory were famous all over Asia, and about two thousand people were serving in this factory.<ref name="jagran" /> The WIMCO factory in CB Ganj, which used to supply matches across the country, was shut down in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jainani |first=Deepa |date=22 January 2015 |title=ITC decides to shut matchbox unit in Bareilly |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-itc-decides-to-shut-matchbox-unit-in-bareilly-33321/ |work=Financial Express |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative]] (IFFCO) has a large plant at [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]] (30 km). The plant was commissioned in 1988 and expanded in 1996.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baxi |first1=C. V. |last2=Prasad |first2=Ajit |title=Corporate Social Responsibility: Concepts and Cases : the Indian Experience |date=2005 |page=502 |publisher=Excel Books India |isbn=978-81-7446-449-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB_u44-xJOUC&dq=IFFCO+aonla+1988&pg=PA502 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> It produces ammonia and urea.

Bareilly has very productive land (Tarai) for growing Sugarcane, Rice, pulses & wheat.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-18/news/29787555_1_wheat-export-wheat-prices-wheat-and-rice | work=The Times of India | title=Traders may not benefit from wheat export | date=18 July 2011 | access-date=31 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515222625/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-18/news/29787555_1_wheat-export-wheat-prices-wheat-and-rice | archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status = dead| df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Hindustan Unilever]] has begun growing rice in Bareilly and the Punjab, but the company desires legal reforms and facility construction.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/HLL-initiates-contract-farming-for-basmati-rice/articleshow/31571430.cms | work=The Times of India | title=HLL initiates contract farming for basmati rice | date=17 December 2002 | access-date=27 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104094926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/HLL-initiates-contract-farming-for-basmati-rice/articleshow/31571430.cms | archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status = live| df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2009, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL) awarded pilot contracts to supply power to nine cities to companies who will collect revenue for the state government. Bareilly, Agra, Kanpur, Moradabad and Gorakhpur will be part of the first phase.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/UPPCL-invites-bids-for-franchisee-system/articleshow/4077546.cms | title=UPPCL invites bids for franchisee system | date=4 February 2009 | access-date=29 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093842/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-04/lucknow/28014446_1_franchisee-system-uppcl-first-phase | archive-date=28 September 2013 |url-status = live| work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Indian government initiated a 10-percent-ethanol-blending programme on a pilot basis in Bareilly and [[Belgaum]] in [[Karnataka]]. The city also has CNG and [[liquid petroleum gas]] (LPG) outlets. Bareilly district was the first to implement India's bio-fuel standard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/govt-launches-ethanol-blendingpilot-basis/01/05/348028/ |title=Govt launches ethanol blending on pilot basis |work=Business Standard |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114090930/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/govt-launches-ethanol-blendingpilot-basis/01/05/348028/ |archive-date=14 January 2011 |url-status = live|last1=Modi |first1=Ajay }}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Uttrayani Bareilly 2023 02.jpg|thumb|The Uttarayani fair is held annually on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]].]]
Among the major fairs held in Bareilly are the Chaubari fair, Nariyawal fair, Uttarayani fair and Dussehra fair. The Chaubari fair is held annually on the banks of [[Ramganga]] near Chaubari village. The fair takes place on the occasion of [[Kartik Purnima]]. The biggest attraction of this fair is the market of Nakhar Horses, in which people from far off areas come to sell and buy horses.<ref>{{cite news |title=बरेली का ऐतिहासिक चौबारी मेला आज से, सजा घोड़ो का बाजार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-from-bareilly-s-historic-chobari-fair-today-decorating-the-market-of-horses-2273041.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121233230/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-from-bareilly-s-historic-chobari-fair-today-decorating-the-market-of-horses-2273041.html |archive-date=21 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Nariyawal fair, which lasts for about 15 days, is the second largest fair of the city. The fair takes place on the occasion of [[Navaratri|Gupt Navratri]] in the temple complex of Goddess Sheetla located at Nariyawal. The fair is mainly a religious affair which is attended by devotees from far-flung districts in addition to the nearby villagers.<ref>{{cite news |title=अज्ञातवास में पांडवों ने जिस मंदिर में मां की उपासना की थी वहां चर्मरोगो से भी मिलती है मुक्ति |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-the-temple-where-the-pandavas-worshiped-god-in-unknown-habitat-there-also-freedom-of-skin-disease-19782241.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> The three-day Uttarayani fair is also organised every year at the Bareilly Club ground in [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]] by the 'Uttarayani Janakalyan Samiti'. The fair is held from 13 to 15 January on the occasion of [[Makar Sankranti]]. Several cultural events are held in [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] and [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] languages, in which many artists from [[Uttarakhand|the nearby hill region]] come to perform.<ref>{{cite news |title=बरेली क्लब मैदान पर आज से तीन दिन सजेगा उत्तरायणी मेला |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-uttarayani-fair-will-be-held-three-days-from-today-at-bareilly-club-ground-2957135.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114170356/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-uttarayani-fair-will-be-held-three-days-from-today-at-bareilly-club-ground-2957135.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तरायणी मेला- मैदान में जमा पहाड़ का रंग, ढोल की थाप पर थिरका हर कोई |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/cultural-bareilly-news-bly3919628109 |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तरायणी मेला : पर्वतीय संस्कृति की छटा से किया मेले का आगाज |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-the-fair-stated-with-mountain-culture-19934719.html |access-date=3 April 2020 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

==Transport {{anchor|Travel and transport}}==

===Roads {{anchor|Road}}===
[[File:NH 24 Bareilly 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Highway 530 (India)|NH 530]] connects Bareilly with [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]].]]
Bareilly lies on the [[National Highway 30 (India)|National Highway 30]], which connects [[Sitarganj]] in [[Uttarakhand]] with [[Vijaywada]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The 2040 km (1267.5 mi) highway starts at the junction of [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] at Sitarganj, and passes through Bareilly, [[Lucknow]], [[Allahabad]], [[Jabalpur]] and [[Raipur]] to end at the junction of [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]] in [[Ibrahimpatnamm]] suburb of Vijaywada.<ref name="nh">{{cite web|title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|website=Department of Road Transport and Highways|access-date=21 April 2017|page=30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other National Highways originating in the city include [[National Highway 530 (India)|NH 530]] (Bareilly–[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] Highway),<ref name="nh" /> [[National Highway 530B (India)|NH 530B]] (Bareilly–[[Mathura]] Highway)<ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/183660.pdf|title=New national highways declaration notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> and [[National Highway 730B (India)|NH 730B]] (Bareilly–[[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]] Highway).<ref name="new" /> The [[State Highway 37 (Uttar Pradesh)|UP State Highway 37]] (Bareilly–[[Nainital]] Road) also originates in Bareilly;<ref name=UPPWDSHList>{{cite web |title=Complete Road_Detail's_SH |url=http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |publisher=Public Works Department, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] |access-date=23 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611081808/http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2016 }}</ref> so does the MDR29 W road, which connects Bareilly to [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh|Bilaspur]] via [[Shahi, Uttar Pradesh|Shahi]] and [[Shishgarh]].

Arterial streets include:
* Stadium Road (connecting Pilibhit Road (D.D. Puram) to the ShyamGanj crossroad)
* Macnair Road (connecting [[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 37|Nainital Road]] to Stadium Road)
* Pilibhit By-pass Road, connecting Pilibhit Road to Lucknow Road (Old National Highway 24 or Delhi-Lucknow Highway)
* SH-33 Bareilly to [[Mathura]] via Subhash Nagar & ( Vishwanathpuram ), Budaun and Kasganj
* Mini By-Pass, connecting Delhi Road (Old National Highway 24 or Delhi-Lucknow Highway) to Nainital Road
* Shyam Ganj– Patel Chowk Choraha–Chaupla–Quila–C.B. Ganj Road (Old National Highway 24 or Delhi-Lucknow Highway)
* Shyam Ganj–Bareilly Cantt–Chowki Chauraha–Chaupla Road
* I.V.R.I. Road (connecting Nainital Road to Pilibhit Road)
* [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]] Road
* Highway connecting Delhi to Lucknow four lane via Bareilly is a {{convert|29|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} highway which bypasses the city crowd of Bareilly, ensuring the smooth running of local traffic.

[[File:UPSRTC Bus in Bareilly Cantt.jpg|thumb|A [[UPSRTC]] Bus in [[Bareilly Cantt]].]]
Bareilly is the headquarters of Bareilly region of [[UPSRTC]], which has four depots and twelve stations under it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Services {{!}} Depot & Bus Stations {{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations |website=www.upsrtc.com |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621171441/http://upsrtc.com/en/page/depot-amp;-bus-stations |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About us {{!}} Organisation Structure {{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/en/page/organisation-structure |website=www.upsrtc.com |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621170030/http://upsrtc.com/en/page/organisation-structure |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city has two Bus stations, from where inter-city buses operate. The Bareilly bus station (old bus stand) located in [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]] caters to Buses plying on routes towards the north, west and south of city i.e. on [[Moradabad]]-[[Delhi]], [[Haldwani]]-[[Nainital]], [[Haridwar]]-[[Dehradun]] and [[Agra]]-[[Jaipur]] routes; while the Bareilly Satellite bus station caters to bus services eastwards of the city notably to [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Prayagraj]] and [[Tanakpur]]. Another bus station is proposed at [[Izzatnagar]]. The bus station would be built over an area of 2.285 hectares and would cater to bus services towards [[Delhi]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |title=बरेली में इज्जतनगर बस अड्डे की अड़चन दूर, 16.72 करोड़ स्वीकृत |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-izzatnagar-bus-station-in-bareilly-hurdles-away-1672-crores-approved-21479251.html |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

=== City buses ===
[[File:City bus bareilly.jpg|thumb|A Bareilly city bus]]
City buses in Bareilly are operated by the Bareilly City Transport Services Limited (BCTSL).<ref>{{cite news |title=बरेली में आज से इलेक्ट्रिक बसों में कीजिए सफर |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-travel-in-electric-buses-from-today-in-smart-city-bareiily-22351304.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[Electric bus]]es run on three routes in the city. A charging station-cum-depot for these buses is located in the Swale Nagar neighbourhood of the city.

City bus services in Bareilly were started initially on the Kutubkhana-Railway Junction route by the [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref name="Mohammad 174">{{harvnb|Mohammad|1986|p=174}}</ref> In the 1960s, a total of 4 buses used to ply on the urban routes, and in 1964, 6 new buses were introduced, increasing the number of buses to 10.<ref>{{harvnb|Lal|1987|p=125}}</ref> By 1963–64 the bus services had been expanded from Koharapeer to Bhojipura and [[Fatehganj Pashchimi|Fatehganj]].<ref name="Mohammad 174" /> By the late 1970s, six private buses were operating in the city under the control of the UPSRTC, with an average of 5000 daily commuters.<ref>{{harvnb|Mohammad|1986|p=176}}</ref> However, gradual increase in the traffic on the city roads and the arrival of smaller vehicles resulted in the roadways bus services going into losses, and therefore the bus services were discontinued in the year 1990. At the time of their discontinuation, City buses used to operate from Kutubkhana to [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Railway Junction]], [[Bareilly Cantt|Sadar Cantt]], [[Sainthal, Uttar Pradesh|Sainthal]], [[Nawabganj, Bareilly|Nawabganj]], [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]] and Fatehganj.<ref name="Amar Ujala 31 July 2019">{{cite news |title=स्मार्ट सिटी- शहर की सड़कों पर फिर से सिटी बसें दौड़ाने की तैयारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/city-bus-bareilly-news-bly370603928 |access-date=22 September 2019 |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=31 July 2019 |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922073629/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/city-bus-bareilly-news-bly370603928 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A proposal to restart city bus services in the city was initiated by Bareilly Municipal Corporation in 2019 under the [[Smart Cities Mission]]; 25 CNG and Electric buses were proposed to ply on five routes with a depot at Ramganga Nagar.<ref name="Amar Ujala 31 July 2019" /><ref name="Patrika News 9 December 2019" /> Approval to operate AC Electric buses in the city was granted by state Cabinet in December 2019.<ref name="Patrika News 9 December 2019">{{cite news |title=बरेली में चलेंगी इलेक्ट्रिक एसी बस, कैबिनेट से मिली मंजूरी {{!}} Electric AC bus will run in Bareilly, Cabinet has given approval |url=https://www.patrika.com/bareilly-news/electric-ac-bus-will-run-in-bareilly-cabinet-approval-5481445/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Patrika News |date=9 December 2019 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Construction of a charging station for the electric buses commenced in Swale Nagar in 2020,<ref>{{cite news |title=BAREILLY: सीएनडीएस कंपनी बनाएंगी इलैक्ट्रिक बसों के चार्जिंग स्टेशन, जल्द शुरू होगा काम |url=https://newstodaynetwork.com/uttarpradesh/bareli/bareilly-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97/cid2258011.htm |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=newstodaynetwork.com |date=27 October 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> and was completed in September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=रूट तय, चार्जिंग स्टेशन भी तैयार.. बसें मिलने का इंतजार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/route-fixed-charging-station-also-ready-waiting-to-get-buses-bareilly-news-bly4704929193 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The Electric Buses were inaugurated on 4 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganga |first1=A. B. P. |title=बरेली को मिली 25 इलेक्ट्रिक बसों की सौगात, मुख्यमंत्री योगी ने लखनऊ से किया फ्लैग ऑफ |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/smart-city-bareilly-gets-25-electric-buses-yogi-adityanath-flag-off-from-lucknow-ann-2031976 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=www.abplive.com |date=5 January 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=इलेक्ट्रिक बस : झंडी दिखाकर किया उद्घाटन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly/inaugration-of-e-bus-bareilly-news-bly471524018 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=बरेली की सड़कों पर उतरीं पर्यावरण के अनुकूल इलेक्ट्रिक बसें, शहर के तीन रूट पर दौड़ेंगी बसें, जानें कौन रहा पहला यात्री |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-eco-friendly-electric-buses-ran-on-streets-of-bareilly-buses-run-on-three-routes-know-who-was-first-passenger-22354890.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

===Rail {{anchor|Railway}}===
[[File:Izzatnagar station 04.jpg|thumb|left|[[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]] is the divisional headquarters of [[Izzatnagar railway division|one of the three divisions]] of [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railways]].]]
After the British Indian Government purchased the Indian Branch Railway on 31 March 1872, and renamed the [[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway|Lucknow–Kanpur main line]] as the [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]], railway services started to expand towards the west of Lucknow. The construction of a railway line from Lucknow to [[Sandila]] and then further onwards to [[Hardoi]] was completed in 1872.<ref name=orr>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.pdf | title = The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management E-books6 | access-date = 30 May 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This line was further extended to Bareilly on 1 November 1873.<ref name=orr /> Prior to that, another railway line connecting [[Moradabad]] to [[Chandausi]] had already been built in 1872; it too was extended to Bareilly, the construction completed on 22 December 1873.<ref name=orr />

A new railway line connecting Bareilly and Moradabad via [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], called the Bareilly–Moradabad Chord, was approved on 4 December 1891, and was completed by 8 June 1894.<ref name=orr /> On 8 December 1894, the main line was officially diverted to this chord, while the older line was renamed the Chandausi loop.<ref name=orr /> In 1890 the Bengal and North Western Railway leased the Tirhoot State Railway to increase the latter's revenue, and the Lucknow-Sitapur-Seramow Provincial State Railway merged with the Bareilly-Pilibheet Provincial State Railway to form the Lucknow-Bareilly Railway on 1 January 1891. The Lucknow-Bareilly Railway was owned by the Government of India, and operated by the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway.

The Oudh and Tirhut Railway was formed on 1 January 1943 by the merger of the Bengal and North Western Railway, the Tirhut Railway (BNW operated), the Mashrak-Thawe Extension Railway (BNW operated), the Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway and the Lucknow-Bareilly Railway (R&K operated). The Oudh and Tirhut Railway was later renamed the Oudh Tirhut Railway; it merged with the Assam Railway and the Kanpur-Achnera section of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] to form [[North Eastern Railway (India)|North Eastern Railway]] (headquartered in [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], with a divisional headquarters in [[Izzatnagar]]), one of the 16 zones of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rao|1988|pp=42–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf |title=Northeastern Railway |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106101710/http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rao|1988|p=37}}</ref><ref name=r>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |title=Chapter 1 – Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background |publisher=Ministry of Railways website |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024404/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Bareilly Junction.jpg|thumb|[[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly Junction]] is among the Top 100 booking stations of [[Indian Railways]]]]
Several railway stations serve the city including:
* [[Bareilly Cantt railway station|Bareilly Cantt]] (Station code: BRYC)
* [[Bareilly City railway station|Bareilly City]] (Station code: BC)
* [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly Junction]] (Station code: BE)
* [[Bhojipura Junction railway station|Bhojipura Junction]] (Station code: BPR)
* [[Clutterbuckganj railway station|C.B. Ganj]] (Station code: CBJ)
* Dohna (Station code: DOX)
* [[Izzatnagar]] (Station code: IZN)
* [[Parsa Khera railway station|Parsa Khera]] (Station code: PKRA)
* [[Ramganga railway station|Ramganga Bridge]] (Station code: RGB)

Bareilly is on the [[Moradabad]]-Lucknow route. Trains from the north (including [[Jammu Tawi]] and [[Amritsar]]) and [[Delhi]] running east and northeast (to [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], [[Barauni]], [[Howrah]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Dibrugarh]]) pass through Bareilly, and the city is also on the route from [[Uttarakhand]] to [[Agra]] and [[Mathura]] via [[Budaun]]. Many trains to railway stations in [[Uttarakhand]] pass through Bareilly.

=== Metro ===
[[Bareilly Metro]] is a planned rapid metro system to decongest the traffic in the city. As of 26 April 2025, project DPR is under preparation.

===Air===
Bareilly city is served by the [[Bareilly Airport]] {{airport codes|BEK|VIBY}} – a [[Joint-use airport#Civil enclave|civil enclave]] at the [[Indian Air Force]]'s 'Trishul Air Base' in [[Izzatnagar]], {{convert|6|km}} north of the city centre.

The [[Airports Authority of India]] approved construction of a passenger terminal at the Bareilly civil enclave in 2016.<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|title= UP: Bareilly likely to get airport by 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-bareilly-likely-to-get-airport-by-2017/story-YnlIjAyIGGqhpU79ogN2jP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date= 6 April 2016| access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> {{convert|10|ha|acre}} of land was bought from local farmers by the [[Bareilly district|district administration]] for the project.<ref>{{cite news|title= Civil airport project pending awaiting state govt order |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Civil-airport-project-pending-awaiting-state-govt-order/articleshow/37585241.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 1 July 2014|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> The AAI began the tender process to award construction contracts for the airport in September 2017 and expected the civil enclave to be ready by March 2018, pending Uttar Pradesh government approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bareilly airport |url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/bareilly-airport |work=CAPA. Centre for Aviation |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110224926/https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/bareilly-airport |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the IAF requested changes in the layout of the [[taxiway]] connecting the terminal to the runway.<ref>{{cite news|title= Civilian flights from city may be delayed as IAF seeks changes in taxiway plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/-civilian-flights-from-city-may-be-delayed-as-iaf-seeks-changes-in-taxiway-plan/articleshow/61536334.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 7 November 2017| access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> After the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] approved the taxiway, passenger service was hoped to begin by February 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title= Taxiway gets nod, flights to start before Holi: DM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/taxiway-gets-nod-flights-to-start-before-holi-dm/articleshow/67382442.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 4 January 2019| access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Bareilly Airport]] was inaugurated by state civil aviation minister [[Nand Gopal Nandi]] and Union minister [[Santosh Gangwar]] on 10 March 2019 at the civil enclave of Trishul Air Base. The terminal building can handle 75 passengers during the peak hour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bareilly airport inaugurated! Flight operations to start soon. Check details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/bareilly-airport-inaugurated-flight-operations-to-start-soon-check-details/380370 |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> Flight services from Bareilly to Delhi commenced on 8 March 2021. Currently, it serves 2 routes, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Pankaj|date=21 February 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/delhi-bareilly-flight-to-begin-from-march-8/articleshow/81140101.cms|title=Delhi-Bareilly flight to begin from March 8|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> and [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]].

== Education ==
The primary education in the government schools in Bareilly is taken care of by the ''Basic Shiksha Adhikari'' (BSA), who heads a team of Block Education Officers (BEO) to overlook the primary education sphere. The principal, teachers, ''Shiksha Mitras'' and the PTI teachers constitute the staff of the primary schools. There is also a School Management committee of which the village elected head is also a member. The District Inspector of Schools takes care of the secondary education in the government schools, and the government aided and government recognised institutions in Bareilly. The DIOS generally undertakes the Inspection of School/Colleges and duties of teachers and other employees of Schools and Colleges. He is also responsible for the disposal of Financial Matters and the Maintenance and Distribution of the grant received for the payment of the Salary for the Employees of Schools and Colleges. The District Institute of Education and Training, Bareilly is located in [[Faridpur, Uttar Pradesh|Faridpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Education Department Bareilly |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31d7f7abc18fcb43975065399b0d1e48e/uploads/2018/02/2018021787.pdf |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>

[[James Thomason|Thomason's]] scheme of vernacular education was introduced experimentally in Bareilly in 1850.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Brahma Deo |title=A History of the Secondary Education in Uttar Pradesh, 1843-1900 |date=1989 |publisher=Anamika Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85150-08-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLj3eHqAZ3gC |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Bareilly College 02.jpg|thumb|[[Bareilly College]] was established in 1837.]]
[[File:MJPRU Adm Block 03.jpg|thumb|[[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University|M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]'s jurisdiction extends over nine districts of [[Bareilly division|Bareilly]] and [[Moradabad division|Moradabad]] divisions.]]
There are several universities and institutes of higher education in Bareilly.


;Universities
* [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]
* [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute]]
* [[Bareilly International University]]
* [[Central Avian Research Institute]]
* [[Invertis University]]

;Colleges
* [[Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering, Technology & Research]]
* [[Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Bareilly College]]
* [[Jamiatur Raza]] Islamic College
* [[Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Hartmann College]]

==Defence installations==
{{See also|Bareilly Cantonment}}
[[File:Cannons at Kargil Chowk, Bareilly Cantt.jpg|thumb|Cannons put for public display in a park at Kargil Chowk in Bareilly Cantt]]
In addition to the air-force base, Bareilly is the regimental centre and a major settlement of the [[Jat Regiment]] (one of the longest-serving and most-decorated [[infantry]] regiments of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="india-defence.com">[http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849 Army's Jat Regiment Best Marching Contingent in Republic Day 2007 Parade] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202191522/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849 |date= 2 February 2007 }}. India Defence. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</ref> The regiment won 19 battle honours from 1839 to 1947,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/bajwa.html |title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(4) |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=9 January 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609131125/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/bajwa.html |archive-date= 9 June 2011 }}</ref> and five [[battle honour]]s, eight [[Mahavir Chakra]], eight [[Kirti Chakra]], 32 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s, 39 [[Vir Chakra]]s and 170 [[Sena Medal]]s since independence.<ref name="india-defence.com"/>

==Places of interest==
[[File:Ahichchhatra Shwethambar Tirth (3).jpg|thumb|Jain Temples at [[Ahichchhatra]]]]

===Hindu temples===
{{Main|List of Hindu temples in Bareilly}}

===Islamic sites===
* [[Bareilly Sharif Dargah|Dargah-e-Aala Hazrat]]
* [[Dargah Qibla Basheer Miyan]]
* [[Shah Sharafat Ali Miyan|Dargah Hazrat Shah Sharafat Ali Miyan]]

=== Churches ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- align=center
! Name
! Located
! Year of Establishment
! Architecture
! Image
! Ref
|- align=center
| Christ Church, CNI
| [[Bareilly Cantt]]
| 1838
|
| [[File:Churchbly.jpg|75px]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=क्यों बरेली के इस चर्च में बेंच पर बंदूक टांगने की है व्यवस्था, जानिए |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-why-is-there-a-system-of-hanging-gun-on-the-bench-in-this-church-of-bareilly-know-21156037.html |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |access-date=5 January 2021|date=14 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
| Christ Methodist Church
| [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]]
| 1856
| Protestant
| [[File:Methodist church Bareilly 01.jpg|75px]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=प्रोटेस्टेंट शैली की मिसाल है बरेली का क्राइस्ट मेथोडिस्ट चर्च |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-the-christ-methodist-church-of-bareilly-is-an-example-of-the-protestant-style-21167725.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 January 2021|date=15 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
| St Stephens Church
| [[Bareilly Cantt]]
| 1861
| Indo-Gothic
| [[File:St Stephen's Bareilly 06.jpg|75px]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=जानिए बरेली के पुराने स्टीफन चर्च की क्या है खासियत |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-know-what-is-special-about-the-old-stephen-church-of-bareilly-21163957.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 January 2021|date=14 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
| St Alphonsus Church
| [[Bareilly Cantt]]
| 1868
| Roman
| [[File:Bishop Church Bareilly 01.jpg|75px]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=रोमन और आधुनिक स्थापत्य कला की मिशाल है सेंट अलफॉन्सस महागिरजाघर |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/state-an-example-of-roman-and-modern-architecture-is-st-alphonsus-church-in-bareilly-21164187.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 January 2021|date=16 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
| St Michael and All Angels Church
| Shahjahanpur Road
| 1862
| Anglican
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=एंग्लिकन शैली से बना है सेंट माइकल एंड ऑल एंजिल चर्च |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-st-michael-and-all-angel-church-is-made-of-anglican-style-21171661.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 January 2021|date=24 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
| Salvation Army Church
| [[Civil Lines, Bareilly|Civil Lines]]
| 1898
|
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=सेना के पैटर्न पर चलता है बरेली का सॉल्वेशन आर्मी चर्च |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-solvation-army-church-runs-on-the-pattern-of-military-21198852.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 January 2021|date=23 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
| Beerbhatti Methodist Church
| Subhash Nagar
| 1983
|
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=कलीसिया के सहयोग से स्थापित हुआ था बीरभट्टी मैथोडिस्ट चर्च |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-birbhatti-methodist-church-was-established-with-the-support-of-the-congregation-21196945.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=5 January 2021|date=11 December 2020|language=hi}}</ref>
|- align=center
|Life of Vision Ministry Church, Aonla Bareilly
|
|
|
|
|{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|}

===Sports===
[[File:Football Match at IVRI Ground Bareilly.jpg|thumb|A football league match being played in [[Indian Veterinary Research Institute|IVRI Ground]].]]
Bareilly has three sports stadiums and one cricket academy:
* [[Dori Lal Agarawal Sports Stadium]] (city area)
* Major Dhyan Chand Sports Stadium (cantonment area)
* Dr. Chandrakanta Memorial Sports Stadium (Bisalpur Road, Bhuta)
* SRMS Cricket Stadium (Bareilly-Nainital Road, Bhojipura)
* 68th under 17 volleyball national championship organised by sgfi in 2024,vidhya bharti was the winner and Seeing the hospitality of Bareilly again 69th under 17 volleyball championship organised by sgfi in nov 2025 in p m shri govt inter college bareilly ground. the manipur boys team and west bangal girls was champian of 2025 under 17.The Games were held from 11 November 2025, to 15 November 2025.

===Recreation===
[[File:Urban haat.jpg|thumb|Urban Haat Complex pending inauguration, [[Civil Lines, Bareilly]] ]]
The city has a combined amusement and water park named Fun City. Phoenix United Mall (Bareily) is another attraction of the city. It is located on Pilibhit Bypass Road near Mahanagar Colony. The city also has a huge 14 ft. tall "Jhumka" statue installed in the Parsakhera area popularly known as "Jhumka Choraha" representing the significance of song "Jhumka Gira Re" by Asha Bhosle for the film ''[[Mera Saaya]]''.

== Notable people ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}


*[[Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi]] — Islamic scholar
*[[Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi]] — Pakistani Islamic scholar and translator
*[[Santosh Gangwar]] — governor of [[Jharkhand]]
*[[Rajesh Agarwal]] — treasurer, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Rati Agnihotri]] — actress
*[[Shah Niyaz Ahmad]] — Sufi mystic and preacher
*[[Paras Arora]] — actor
*[[Wasim Barelvi]] — Urdu poet
*[[Clementina Butler]] — evangelist and author
*[[Clementina Rowe Butler]] — missionary
*[[Priyanka Chopra]] — actress
*[[Kanan Gill]] — actor, comedian
*[[Mahmud al-Hasan]] — Sunni [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] Islamic scholar
*[[Anwar Jamal]] — documentary film maker
*[[Kritika Kamra]] — actress
*[[Akhtar Raza Khan]] — Islamic scholar
*[[Hamid Raza Khan]] — Islamic scholar
*[[Hassan Raza Khan]] — Indian scholar and poet
*[[Kaif Raza Khan]] — Islamic scholar and activist
*[[Tauqeer Raza Khan]] – Islamic scholar and politician
*[[Arun Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Kumar]] — politician, forest minister in [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]]
*[[Hiba Nawab]] — actress
*[[Disha Patani]] — Indian actress
*[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]] — former [[Vice President of India|Vice-President of India]]
*[[Percy Pratt]] — first-class cricketer
*[[Sunita Rajwar]] — actress
*[[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]] — Islamic scholar
*[[Priyanka Singh Rawat]] — member of Parliament, Barabanki
*[[Clayton Robson]] — cricketer
*[[Kavita Seth]] — playback singer
*[[Dharmpal Singh]] — politician
*[[Paramahansa Yogananda]] - Indian-American Hindu monk, yogi, and guru



==In popular culture==
*The 1966 song "Jhumka Gira Re" by Asha Bhosle in the Hindi film ''[[Mera Saaya]]''
*The 2017 Hindi film ''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]'' takes Bareilly as its setting
*The 2023 song "What Jhumka?" by Jonita Gandhi, Arijit Singh, Ranveer Singh, Amitabh Bhattacharya and Pritam in the Hindi film ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''

==See also==
* [[Bareilly District]]
* [[History of Bareilly]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Bareilly]]
* [[Neighbourhoods of Bareilly]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |first=Iqbal |last=Husain |title=The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela Chieftaincies in 18th Century India |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rao |first=M.A. |year=1988|title=Indian Railways |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=8123725892 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Hira |title=City and Urban Fringe: A Case Study of Bareilly |date=1987 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-190-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQBRrP4HOAkC |access-date=18 February 2020 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mohammad |first1=Tufail |title=Local Finance and Urban Economic Development in U. P. — A Case Study of Shahjahanpur and Bareilly |date=1986 |publisher=Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/3189/1/T%203514.pdf |access-date=15 April 2021 |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bareilly}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190810060301/https://bareilly.nic.in/ Official Website of Bareilly]

{{Bareilly division topics}}
{{Bareilly district}}
{{Education in Bareilly}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bareilly}}
[[Category:Bareilly| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1657]]
[[Category:1657 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Thamizhum Saraswathiyum

2026-03-10T14:25:44Z

Frankieren: New!

{{Short description|2021 Indian television series}}
{{Long plot|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = ThamizhumSaraswathiyumNew.jpg
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = S. Kumaran
| screenplay = {{nowrap|V.K Amithraj }} C.U Muthuselvan '''Dialogues:''' {{nowrap|Nandhan Sridharan (Episode 1-90)}} S.Mardhu Shankar (Episode 91-278) Alvin Prashanth Raj (Episode 279-717)
| director = S. Kumaran
| creative_director = B. Srinivasan Raadhika Srinivasan
| starring = [[Deepak Dinkar]] [[Nakshatra Nagesh]]
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| open_theme = Neeyum Nannum Anbe
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 717
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Vikatan Televistas]] B.Srinivasan
| cinematography = S. T. Martz
| editor = B. Chandru Sasi K Basant G.V Rajan Palaniswamy
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 19–22 minutes
| company = [[Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|07|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|04|19|df=y}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]] [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
'''''Thamizhum Saraswathiyum''''' is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[soap opera]]. It stars Deepak Dinkar and Nakshatra Nagesh.<ref>{{Cite web | title =தமிழும் சரஸ்வதியும் புதிய தொடர்| url = https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=97341 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210626085052/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=97341 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 26 June 2021 | website = Dinamalar | language = ta}}</ref> It debuted on 12 July 2021 and ended on 19 April 2024 on [[Star Vijay]] and streamed on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. S. Kumaran is the series' director, and Radhika Srinivasan and B. Srinivasan are its producers for Vikatan Televistas.<ref>{{cite web|title=முன்னணி சேனல்கள் களமிறக்கும் புதிய ஷோக்கள்|trans-title=New shows launched by leading channels|date=12 July 2021 |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/suntv-vijaytv-zeetamil-colorstamil-channels-launch-new-serials-shows-322492/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The story is about how Saraswathi chooses to be married in order to avoid her father's continuous criticism of her for not studying well because she is looked down upon for not studying. Though she is an ignorant girl, the prospective grooms demand more money to marry her. Nevertheless, she meets Tamil, an uneducated person with a higher professional value. Both of them marry while keeping it a secret. This shocks the Tamil family since it describes how they integrate as a family, become accepted, and acquire a degree and live happily.

== Plot ==
The chapter starts with Tamizharasu, commonly known as Tamil, a tenth-grade dropout who deserted his studies due to his family's financial hardship. His family consists of seven members: his mother and father, Kothai and Natesan, who originally established Kothai Industries, which is now managed by Tamil, and his younger brother, Karthik, who has fulfilled an MBA, and his sister, Ragini, who is studying MBBS, Abitha, who appears to work as a maid in their house and is taken into account a part of their family as well as an orphan by Kothai, and Tamil's friend Namachivayam, who lives in Kothai's house. Kothai has an older brother whose daughter intended to marry Tamil but subsequently withdrew according to his studies, provoking Kothai to dare her to find another husband.

On the other hand, it focuses on Saraswathi's family, whereby her father Chokkalingam serves as a school administrator and detests Saraswati because she's been studying grade 12 for almost 10 years. Saraswathi's mother, Vasuki, is an educator who attempts to make her feel better. Saraswati's paternal grandmother, who periodically supports her, nor her younger sister Kavya, who also is continuing her B.Tech. in a university, try to teach Saraswati, but she does not understand. Her brother Arun, who has also been pursuing his B.Tech. in AI (Artificial Science), absolutely hates Saraswati's studies.
After the event of the turned-down wedding proposal, a demotivated Tamil prays to the God Saraswati, where Saraswati visits and hides behind a wall pretending to talk as the God, she tells him jokingly that he will meet a girl three to four times while it is raining and he marry her. After this, a happy Tamil tells this to Namachivayam, who really doesn't believe him, and those who return to the temple, where they meet, and it begins to rain.

The storyline then moves on to Chandrakala, another former sub-collector, who is Vasundhara and Aditya's mother. Vasundhara is smitten with Karthik, Thamizh's younger brother. Love is something Kodhai despises. To Thamizh, Karthik professes his love for Vasundhara. Eventually after a lot of problems, the family agrees and Karthik and Vasundhara marry. Meanwhile, one boy attempted to throw a paper at Saraswathi, she gets in trouble cheating on an exam. Chokkalingam (Saraswathi's father) gets enraged by this. Saraswathi comes to terms with her feelings for Tamizh. Kodhai arranges for Thamizh to marry Suhasini. Thamizh realizes his love for Saraswathi on the day of their engagement. Is he planning to marry Saraswathi or Suhasini?

Suhasini states she doesn't want to marry Tamizh because of his education level a few days later. One day, Saraswathi finds Kodhai by chance and saves her as she passes out. Saraswathi begins to appeal to Kodhai. Thamizh confesses his love for Saraswathi to Chokkalingam one day, and the latter agrees to see the clan. She continues to like Kodhai and when he starts asking questions about her qualifications, Saraswathi lies and reveals she took MBA to marry Thamizh. Kodhai agrees to marry Thamizh and Saraswathi despite Saraswathi's lack of education. Chandrakala and Geetha are continually attempting to prevent Thamizh and Saraswathi from marrying. Thamizh's aunt, Geetha, despises Kodhai's family and frequently participates with Chandrakala in her schemes. Geetha discovers Saraswathi's educational level one day, but she is rendered speechless due to an accident. When Geetha escapes from the hospital and she and Chandrakala reveal the truth about Saraswathi's education, The euphoria of Thamizh and Saraswathi is fleeting. As a result of Kodhai's passing out from shock, the entire family turns against Thamizh. Kodhai passes out from shock, and the entire family turns both against Thamizh and Saraswathi as a result. Saraswathi now plans to complete Grade 12 and pursue an MBA to prove herself and gain legitimacy from her family.

When Kothai returned home following her heart attack. She invites Saraswathi and Tamil inside the house. Vasundhara at the time supported both, although Karthi opposed them. Saraswathi was given the directive to avoid speaking negatively about her parents. She also gets ready for the 12th-grade exam so she can demonstrate her point in full. Geetha and Chandrakala are attempting to split while making various trap plans.
While Kothai and Natesan sent Thamil& Saraswathi and Karthik& Vasundhara for a honeymoon to experience and comprehend themselves in [[Yercaud]], Vasundhara and Karthik haven't yet begun living their marital life. They then come back and are united once more. Vasundhara also becomes pregnant, and Chandrakala throws a party for everyone to enjoy.

Thamizh and Saraswathi are split apart by Chandrakala and Madhu. The marriage between Thamizh and Saraswathi starts to fall apart. After being encircled by thugs, Madhu calls Thamizh for assistance. She is saved by an inebriated Thamizh. Madhu later claims to be expecting Thamizh's child. When Kodhai's family learns of this, they have 24 hours to establish Thamizh's innocence. Evidence that Madhu lied about her pregnancy is provided to Saraswathi. Ragini, Thamizh’s sister, catches feelings for Aadhi, Vasundhara’s brother. He rejects Ragini's proposal when she asks him to marry her. Arjun, a colleague of Karthik saves Ragini when she is sad. As Arjun and Ragini get closer, they begin to fall in love. Even though Arjun only married Ragini to exact revenge on Kodhai's family, they eventually got married, while Saraswathi begins to question Arjun's evil intentions.

As Saraswati learns of Arjun's nefarious plans, she tries to convince everyone in the Kodhai family that Arjun isn’t the good guy that they think he is. However, people misinterpret her because they think she is solely to blame. Raagini marries Arjun fully after that. In this scene, Arjun manipulates his family to engage in games with Kodhai and is torn apart. Geetha and Tamizh also expose Chandrakala, causing Vasundhra to part ways with her until she realises what she did was wrong. As the chairman of Kodhai Industries, Kodhai resigns. She assigns Karthi, Tamizh, and Arjun the responsibility of selecting the next chairman. As Tamizh is blamed, Arjun plays a part in stabbing himself and forcing himself into the hospital. Tamizh is opposed by the entire family when they follow.

When Tamil is startled, he and Saraswathi make a choice to leave the Kothai Natesan mansion. They share a home with Namachi. Vasuki and Chokkilingam arrive to help, but Tamil decides not to take their help and wants to be independent. Tamil and Namachi are forced to flee from their home and into another one after Arjun bribes Namachi’s landlord and has him evict them. Without Tamil's knowledge, Saraswathi leaves for work at the repair shop where she works to make ends meet. A few days later, Tamil founded his own business, Saraswathi Industries, which Kodhai and the minister inaugurated. Meenakshi and Vasuki come across Saraswathi and find her working in a mechanic shop to help Tamizh with the bills, and confront Tamizh about it. Upon finding out, Tamizh gets angry since Saraswathi didn’t tell him, but later sympathises and understands why she didn’t tell him. Vasundhara is similarly left alone at home, where Saraswathi discovers that she’s fallen down the stairs and comes to her aid. Vasundhara also gives birth to a child, and Chandrakala thoroughly repents of her actions and begs them both for forgiveness, which they both accept and Vasundhara is reunited with Chandrakala after that. Despite Chandrakala's attempts to unite Tamizh and Saraswathi with Kodhai, Kodhai rejects them. Kothai thinks they came to confront and refute them.

Arjun makes a strategy to lure Kodhai into believing that she is transferring her Anna Nagar property to Ragini on her daughter's request. But Arjun tricks Kodhai into transferring all her properties to Ragini. Ragini later being aware of Arjun's masquerade, supports him and commands her family leave the house. Subsequently, Kodhai and her family vacate the house and become homeless. Kodhai and her family along with Saraswati and Adi take refuge in a temple. Kodhai confronts the deity questioning the scenario she's been put into. Meanwhile Saras informs Tamizh about the situation. Tamizh ruffles Arjun's feathers and collects his family from the temple and brings them to his home. Ragini and family celebrate the departure of Kodhai and Natesan and the transfer of all the properties into Arjun's hand by lighting fireworks atop their house in an attempt to disrespect Kodhai. Kodhai and her family could only watch the atrocities in agony from far.

Tamizh rents a larger house to accommodate his family. Tamizh and his family are confronted by Arjun on the road. Kodhai reprimands Arjun for his dishonesty and curses him. Arjun being angry at Kodhai and her family vows to take revenge on Kodhai's family. Arjun later draws a sniper rifle on Tamizh to murder him silently from a distance, but Ragini draws on Arjun, the situation ends when Ragini agrees to transfer all the properties from her to Arjun.

Then, Ragini gets delivery pain, and Tamizh decides to help her, by taking her to the hospital. Then, Ragini's baby is born. Ragini apologizes to both Tamizh and Saraswathi for misunderstanding them. Meghna, a businesswoman based in Bangalore, found herself at odds with Tamizh from the moment they clashed at the airport, sparked by Meghna's unintentional insult towards Nammachi. However, their dynamic took a turn when Tamizh came to Meghna's rescue during a perilous situation, fostering a sense of gratitude between them. Unbeknownst to Meghna, Nammachi, influenced by his own motives, misled her into believing that Tamizh was single, igniting Meghna's feelings for him.

As their professional relationship blossomed into a partnership, Meghna discovered Tamizh's marital status, leading to a tumultuous confrontation fueled by her sense of betrayal. In a surprising twist, Meghna, driven by anger, allied herself with Arjun, initiating schemes against Tamizh and his business. However, as the truth unfolded, Meghna realized the deceit of her uncle Kalivardhan and his son Madhan, prompting feelings of remorse for her misguided actions towards Tamizh.

Amidst the turmoil, Kalivardhan, Madhan, and Arjun conspired to eliminate Meghna and frame Saraswathi for the crime. In a tragic turn of events, Meghna and her foster mother Kamala met their demise at the hands of hired goons, resulting in Saraswathi's wrongful arrest. Through Tamizh's diligent efforts, Saraswathi was exonerated, and the true culprits were brought to justice.

Meanwhile, Arjun's past transgressions, fueled by his relentless ambition, came to light, leading to a reckoning within his own family. Faced with the consequences of his actions, including his mother's drastic measure of poisoning him, Arjun experienced a change of heart, seeking redemption and reconciliation with the Kodhai and Natesan families.

With reconciliation and forgiveness prevailing, the families united, paving the way for Nammachi and Abitha's marriage, symbolizing a fresh start and the restoration of harmony among all involved.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] as Thamizharasan Natesan "Thamizh" - Saraswathi's husband, Meghna's one-sided lover;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/deepak-dinkar-and-nakshathra-nagesh-excited-about-upcoming-show-thamizhum-saraswathiyum/articleshow/83837501.cms | title=Deepak Dinkar and Nakshathra Nagesh excited about upcoming show Thamizhum Saraswathiyum | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 June 2021 | access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> Kothai and Natesan's elder son; Karthikeyan and Raagini's elder brother; Chairman of the Saraswathi Industries
* [[Nakshatra Nagesh]] as Saraswathi Thamizharasan - Thamizh's wife; Chokkalingam and Vasuki's elder daughter; Kavyapriya and Arunprasad's elder sister. She has been looked down upon for not being able to complete her promised MBA degree. (2021–2024)
* Rayan as Arjun - Raagini's husband; Lakshmi's son; Jayanthi's younger brother. An MBA graduate who works as a director for Kodhai Industries. He loved and married Raagini to enter Thamizh's household and join his family. (2022–2024)

=== Supporting ===
* [[Meera Krishna]] as Kodhainayagi Natesan: Natesan's wife; Thamizh, Karthik and Raagini's mother (2021–2024).
* Ramachandran Mahalingam as Natesan: Kodhai's husband: Thamizh, Karthik and Raagini's father (2021–2024).
* Navin Vetri as Karthikeyan Natesan: Kodhai and Natesan's younger son; Tamizh's younger brother and Vasundhara's husband; Ragini's elder brother (2021–2024).
* Dharshna Sripal Golecha<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-03 |title=Actress Dharshna Sripal quits Tamil daily soap 'Thamizhum Saraswathiyum' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-dharshna-sripal-quits-tamil-daily-soap-thamizhum-saraswathiyum/articleshow/99954892.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> / VJ Sangeetha as Vasundhra Devi Karthikeyan: Karthik's wife; Adhi's sister and Chandrakala's daughter (2021–2023)/(2023–2024).
* KPY Yogi as Namachivayam: Thamizh's best friend (2021–2024).
* Lavanya Manickam<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lavanya Manickam all excited to play Raagini in TV show Thamizhum Saraswathiyum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/lavanya-manickam-all-excited-to-play-raagini-in-tv-show-thamizhum-saraswathiyum/articleshow/84373808.cms#_ga=2.132946509.211000357.1655724988-amp-z8u4cwqz7ra8MIazGv5Bnk7dbkmWibI-5C9v5DGHiZSrOpvgEqtEYxKodmSm5jFp|website=The Times of India| date=13 July 2021 }}</ref> / Asritha Sreedas as Raagini: Kodhai and Natesan's daughter; Thamizh and Karthik's younger sister; Arjun's wife.(2021–2022)/(2022–2024).
* Pop Suresh as Paraman: Jayanthi’s husband
* Babitha Jose as Lakshmi: Arjun and Jayanthi's mother (2022–2024).
* Swathika Senthilkumar as Jayanthi: Lakshmi’s daughter; Paraman's wife; Arjun's elder sister
* Kayal Vizhi / Anbarasi as Abitha (Abi): Kothai's friend
* Akshitha Bopaiah as Meghna: An arrogant businesswoman and Thamizh's business partner and friend also who one-sidedly loves him, unaware that he is married (2023–2024) (Dead).
* Ashok Pandian as Kalivaradhan: Madhan's father, a greedy individual who wants to claim Meghna's properties using Thamizh to lure her in love (2023–2024).
* Mohammed Salmaan as Madhan: Kalivaradhan's son, wants to marry Meghna, and follows in his father's footsteps (2023–2024).
* Rekha Krishnappa<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rekha-krishnappa-set-for-her-tv-comeback-details-inside/articleshow/81720250.cms |title=Rekha Krishnappa set for her TV comeback; details inside |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418083818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rekha-krishnappa-set-for-her-tv-comeback-details-inside/articleshow/81720250.cms|archive-date=18 April 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=28 March 2021 }}</ref> as Chandrakala Devi: Vasundhara and Aditya's mother (2021–2023).
* Syed Saif as Adithya (Adhi): Chandrakala's son and Vasundhara's elder brother; and not related to Ragani
* Prabhakaran Chandran as Chokkalingam: Meenakshi's son, Vasuki's husband, Saraswathi, Arunprasad and Kavyapriya's father (2021–2024)
* Anitha Venkat as Vasuki Chokkalingam: Chokkalingam's wife, Saraswathi, Arunprasad and Kavyapriya's mother (2021–2023)
* A. Revathy as Meenakshi: Chokkalingam's mother (2021–2024)
* Madhan Pandian as Arunprasad Chokkalingam: Chokkalingam and Vasuki's son, Saraswathi's younger brother and Kavyapriya's elder brother (2021–2023)
* Sangeetha/Kokila Gopal as Kavyapriya Chokkalingam: Chokkalingam and Vasuki's younger daughter, Saraswathi and Arunprasad younger sister (2021–2022)/(2022–2023)
* Uma Maheswari as Minnal: Saraswathi's best friend (2021–2022)
* Mercy Leyal as Geetha Manickam: Tamizh's aunt (2021–2023)
* Ganesh as Manickam: Kothai's elder brother (2021–2023)
* Madhumitha Srinivas / Sailu Imran as Madhumita: Geetha's daughter (2021–2022)/(2022–2023)
* Srini as Elango: Arjun's friend (2022)
* Radhika Menon: Minnal's mother (2021)
* Yamini Saravanan: Raagini's friend (2022)
* Shalini as Nisha (2022)
* Ashok Kumar as Ravi: The owner of the mechanic shop who gives Saraswathi her mechanic job. (2023)

===Sirappu Mega Sangamam [[Pandian Stores]]===
* Stalin Muthu as Sathyamoorthy aka Moorthy – Lakshmi and Pandian's eldest son; Jeeva, Kathir and Kannan's brother; Dhanam's husband; Lakshmana Pandian's father (2021)
* [[Sujitha]] as Dhanalakshmi aka Dhanam – Varadarajan and Kamakshi's daughter; Jaga's sister; Moorthy's wife; Lakshmana Pandian's mother (2021).
* [[Venkat Renganathan]] as Jeevanandham aka Jeeva – Lakshmi and Pandian's second son; Moorthy, Kathir and Kannan's brother; Meena's husband; Kayal's father (2021)
* Hema Rajkumar as Meenatchi aka Meena – Janarthanan's elder daughter; Jeeva's wife; Kayal's mother (2021)
* Kumaran Thangarajan as Kathiravan aka Kathir – Lakshmi and Pandian's third son; Moorthy, Jeeva and Kannan's brother; Mullai's husband (2021)
* [[Kaavya Arivumani]] as Mullai Kathiravan - Muruganandham and Parvathy's younger daughter; Malli's sister; Kathir's wife (2021)

===Cameos===
* K. S. Suchitra Shetty as [[Baakiyalakshmi]] (2021)
* [[Sushma Nair]] as Suhasini Gunasekaran (2021)
* VJ Thara as Lavanya Gunasekaran (2021)
* Devi Teju as Lakshmi Gunasekaran (2021)
* Reshma as Arjun and Jeyanthi's elder sister (photographic appearance) (2022)
* Venkatesh as Arjun and Jeyanthi's father (photographic appearance) (2022)
* Lollu Sabha Palaniappan as [[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Selvam]]: He helped Tamizh to save Saraswathi (2024)

==Crossovers and special episodes==
* It had a crossover with [[Pandian Stores]] from 15 November to 28 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FaEkWRhJ3g|title=Pandian Stores - Thamizhum Saraswathiyum Mega Sangamam |website=Youtube|access-date= 15 November 2021|date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The show was produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]]. It was supposed to premiere in May 2021 but was postponed as shootings were halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] and subsequent lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Film and TV shooting activities to be suspended till May 31, says FEFSI|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/coronavirus-film-and-tv-shooting-activities-to-be-suspended-till-may-31-says-fefsi/article34563982.ece|website=The Hindu|date=15 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=It took almost a month to get my sense of taste and smell back: Navin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/it-took-almost-a-month-to-get-my-sense-of-taste-and-smell-back-navin/articleshow/83960392.cms|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2021 }}</ref> The first promo was released on 24 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=தமிழும் சரஸ்வதியும்.. விஜய் டிவியில் வருகிறது புது சீரியல்! ப்ரொமோ வீடியோ இதோ|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vijay-tv-new-serial-thamizhum-saraswathiyum-promo-video-is-out/articleshow/83802759.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Deepak Dinkar]] who commonly joined with S.Kumaran's projects such as [[Thendral]] and [[Thirumathi Selvam]] where reprising his role and making his come back.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DEEPAK DINKAR AND NAKSHATRA NAGESH'S THAMIZHUM SARASWATHIYUM - BRAND NEW SERIAL IN VIJAY TV! FULL DETAILS HERE!|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/deepak-dinkar-nakshatra-nageshs-thamizhum-saraswathiyum-new-vijay-tv-serial.html|website=www.behindwoods.com| date=25 June 2021 }}</ref> Actress [[Nakshatra Nagesh]] was cast as the female lead Saraswathi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=It's a nice phase for TV and everyone associated with it, says Nakshathra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/its-a-nice-phase-for-tv-and-everyone-associated-with-it-says-nakshathra/articleshow/84318561.cms#_ga=2.63962729.711801630.1655629396-amp-z8u4cwqz7ra8MIazGv5Bnk7dbkmWibI-5C9v5DGHiZSrOpvgEqtEY|website=The Times of India| date=12 July 2021 }}</ref>

In May 2023, Dharshana Golecha who played Vasundhara quit the series,<ref>{{Cite news|title= Dharashana of Vasundhara, most popular actress exicted Thamizhum Saraswatiyum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-dharshna-sripal-quits-tamil-daily-soap-thamizhum-saraswathiyum/articleshow/99954892.cms/articleshow/104465588.cms|website=The Times of India|date= 3 May 2023 }}</ref> VJ Sangeetha was cast in play the role of Vasundhara. Actress Rekha Krishnappa was cast to play Vasundhara and Aditya's mother as Chandrakala Devi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chandrakala Devi is here. Rekha's entry in Star Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-a-glimpse-into-rekha-krishnappas-daycation-with-besties-in-mahabalipuram/articleshow/85179417.cms#_ga=2.229637727.211000357.1655724988-amp-z8u4cwqz7ra8MIazGv5Bnk7dbkmWibI-5C9v5DGHiZSrOpvgEqtEYxKodmSm5jFp|website=The Times of India| date=9 August 2021 }}</ref> In October 2023, Akshitha Bopaiah<ref>{{Cite news|title= Actress Akshitha Bopiah joins the cast of Thamizhum Saraswatiyum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actress-akshitha-joins-the-cast-of-thamizhum-saraswathiyum/articleshow/104465588.cms|website=The Times of India|date= 16 October 2023 }}</ref> and Salman were cast as Megna and Mathan.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Television actor Salmaan joins the cast of 'Thamizhum Saraswathiyum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-salmaan-joins-the-cast-of-thamizhum-saraswathiyum/articleshow/104488255.cms|website=The Times of India|date= 17 October 2023 }}</ref>

===Reception===
This show has delivered decent ratings from its launch week.<ref>{{Cite news|title= 'Kayal' continues to rule the TRP charts; Thamizhum Saraswathiyum bags the tenth spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kayal-continues-to-rule-the-trp-charts-thamizhum-saraswathiyum-bags-the-tenth-spot/articleshow/91393345.cms#_ga=2.200802157.211000357.1655724988-amp-z8u4cwqz7ra8MIazGv5Bnk7dbkmWibI-5C9v5DGHiZSrOpvgEqtEYxKodmSm5jFp|website=The Times of India| date=7 May 2022 }}</ref>

The serial 'Thamizhum Saraswatiyum' underwent significant shifts in its airing schedule, moving from a successful slot at 7:30 PM to earlier time slots due to scheduling conflicts with other shows. Despite these changes, it maintained decent ratings. However, in 2023, it faced a further time slot adjustment to 6:00 PM due to declining ratings. Nevertheless, its peak moment came in August 2023 with the storyline involving Arjun truth and Kodhais family, garnering the highest ratings. Unfortunately, a decline in ratings during February and March 2024 led the channel to decide to conclude the serial by April or May 2024. Despite this, the series managed to deliver a remarkable and memorable ending, solidifying its place as a beloved and popular name among Tamil audiences, especially among the younger demographic.<ref>{{Cite news|title= 'Tamil TV show 'Thamizhum Saraswathiyum' to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-thamizhum-saraswathiyum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/109064074.cms|website=The Times of India| date=7 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Thamizhum Saraswathiyum Farewell Team Meet - Deepak Dinkar and Nakshathra Nagesh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG6lA8p-l30&t=1424s|website= Youtube| date=17 April 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/thamizhum-saraswathiyum/1260064997/ ''Thamizhum Saraswathiyum''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt15079914}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Works by Vikatan Televistas}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:Television series by Vikatan Televistas]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Haryana

2026-03-10T11:51:23Z

Frankieren: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|State in northwestern India}}
{{About||the Bollywood film|Haryana (film)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Haryana
| official_name = State of Haryana
| image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Cyber City, Gurgaon|Cyber City in Gurgaon]], [[Pinjore Gardens]], Bronze chariot of [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]] at [[Kurukshetra]], [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Madhogarh Fort]], Migratory birds at [[Kaushalya Dam]], Lake in [[Surajkund]]
| type = State
| image_seal = Emblem of Haryana.svg
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Cyber City View.jpg
| photo2a = Pinjore Garden Chandigarh India (8).JPG
| photo2b = Sourabh475123 01.jpg
| photo3a = Madhogarh Fort, Haryana.jpg
| photo3b = Migratory birds at Kaushalya dam, near Pinjor, Haryana, India.jpg
| photo4b = Most Beautiful Lake in Faridabad.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 250
}}
| etymology = "Abode of God or Green Forest"
| nickname =
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{Force singular}}
| anthem = [[Jai Jai Jai Haryana]] ([[Hindi]]) "Victory to Haryana"
| image_map = IN-HR.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.73|N|76.78|E|region:IN-HR_type:adm1st|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| region = North India
| before_was = Part of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 1 November 1966
| capital = Chandigarh
| largestcity = Faridabad
| districts = [[List of districts of Haryana|{{Wikidata|qualifier|Q2668932|P360|P1114}} ({{Wikidata|qualifier|Q5284615|P31|P1114}} divisions)]]
| Governor = [[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| party =
| judiciary = [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = {{Wikidata|property|linked|P194}}
| assembly_seats = {{Wikidata|property|{{Wikidata|property|raw|P194}}|P1342}} seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 5 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 10 seats
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{Cite web|title=Haryana at a Glance|url=http://www.haryana.gov.in/knowharyana/haryanaglance.html|website=Government of Haryana|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314194109/http://www.haryana.gov.in/knowharyana/haryanaglance.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 44212
| area_rank = 20th
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1,467
| elevation_max_point = [[Karoh Peak]]
| elevation_min_m = 169
| elevation_min_point = [[Yamuna River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | title=Population Projections for India and States, 2011–2036 | date=July 2020 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=13 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313055356/https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/population-projections-for-india-and-states-2011-2036/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30,936,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank = 17th
| population_urban = 43.26%
| population_rural = 56.74%
| population_density = 573
| population_demonym = [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{Cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 85–86 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| additional_official = {{Hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="punjabiofficial"/>}}
| official_script = {{Hlist|[[Devanagari]]}}
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Rutvik |date=28 March 2025 |title=Haryana Budget Analysis 2025-26 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/budget/budget_state/haryana/2025/Haryana_Budget_Analysis_2025-26.pdf |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $158.53 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $667.78 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2025-26
| GDP_rank = 13th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|353182|lk=r}} (nominal)<ref name="Sharada1979" /> {{Increase}} $21,889 (PPP)<ref name="Sharada1979" />
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 6th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.696 {{Color|orange|Medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 13th
| literacy = 84.8%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 18th
| sex_ratio = 892[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922160100/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2025
| sexratio_rank = 29th
| iso_code = IN-HR
| registration_plate = HR
| website = haryana.gov.in
| footnotes = {{Note|cap|†}}Joint Capital with Punjab {{Ref|cap|††}} Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.
| foundation_day = Haryana Day
| mammal = [[Blackbuck]]
| bird = [[Black francolin]]
| flower = [[List of plants known as lotus|Lotus]]
| tree = [[Ficus religiosa|Bodhi tree]]
| image_highway = SH IN-HR.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of highways in Haryana|HR SH1 – HR SH33]]
}}

'''Haryana'''{{efn|{{Indic Transl|hi|Hariyāṇā|ɦəɾɪːˈaːɳɑɐː}}}} is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] located in the [[Northwest India|northwestern part]] of [[India]]. It was carved out after the linguistic reorganisation of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on 1 November 1966. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% ({{Cvt|44212|km2|disp=or}}) of India's land area.<ref name="profile" /><ref name="harec1" /> The state capital is [[Chandigarh]], which it shares with the neighbouring state of Punjab; the most populous city is [[Faridabad]], a part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]. The city of [[Gurgaon]] is among India's largest financial and technology hubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/food-drink/musings/story/ncr-food-hub-dlf-phase-v-one-horizon-centre-whisky-samba-lifefd-967750-2017-03-26|title=This is NCR's new foodie magnet; have you been yet?|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 March 2017|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134055/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ncr-food-hub-dlf-phase-v-one-horizon-centre-whisky-samba-lifefd/1/913271.html|archive-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Haryana has {{wikidata|qualifier|Q5284615|P31|P1114}} [[Divisions of Haryana|administrative divisions]], {{wikidata|qualifier|Q2668932|P360|P1114}} [[List of districts of Haryana|districts]], 72 sub-divisions, 93 [[tehsil|revenue tehsil]]s, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 [[Community development block in India|community development block]]s, 154 [[List of cities in Haryana by population|cities and towns]], 7,356 villages, and 6,222 [[Gram panchayat|villages panchayats]].<ref name="harec1" />{{sfn|NIDM|p=4}}

Haryana contains 32 [[special economic zone]]s (SEZs), mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region.<ref name="harec1" /><ref name=harec2/> [[Gurgaon]] is considered one of the major [[information technology]] and [[automobile]] hubs of India.<ref name=IT3>{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Gurugram among top 5 IT hubs in Asia Pacific|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/gurugram-among-top-5-it-hubs-in-asia-pacific/story-JKwwaSNvsf4Os3AQAAha6L.html|access-date=28 May 2019|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=28 May 2019|agency=|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824131759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/gurugram-among-top-5-it-hubs-in-asia-pacific/story-JKwwaSNvsf4Os3AQAAha6L.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=percapita3>{{cite news|last=Julka|first=Harsimran|title=IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida to other cities in north India|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=30 September 2011|agency=ET Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105032828/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haryana [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|ranks 11th]] among Indian states in [[human development index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[economy of Haryana]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|13th largest]] in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of {{INRConvert|7.65|t|lk=r}} and has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|5th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|240|k}}.<ref name="Survey1">{{cite web|url=http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/esurvey.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Haryana 2020-21|work=[[Government of Haryana]]|pages=2–3|date=1 February 2022|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119164659/http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Esurvey.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state is rich in [[History of Haryana|history]], [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana|monuments]], [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana|heritage]], [[List of protected areas of Haryana|flora and fauna]] and [[Tourism in Haryana|tourism]], with a well-developed [[Economy of Haryana|economy]], [[List of highways in Haryana|national and state highways]]. It is bordered by [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] to the north, by [[Rajasthan]] to the west and [[South Haryana|south]], while river [[Yamuna]] forms its eastern border with [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of [[Delhi]] on three sides (north, west and south), consequently, a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

==Etymology==

Some anthropologists believe that the name "Haryana" originated in the period following the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', when the Ābhiras are thought to have settled in the region. This community was known for developing advanced agricultural techniques.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Muni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cgCAAAAMAAJ&q=abhiras
|title=Haryana: On High Road to Prosperity |date=1974 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0290-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Punia|first=Bijender K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d3rX5jr1WQC&dq=abhira+name+haryana&pg=PA18|title=Tourism Management: Problems and Prospects|date=1994|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-643-5|language=en}}</ref>

Historian Pran Nath Chopra suggests that the name evolved linguistically over time—from Ābhirāyana (derived from ābhira meaning "Abhira" and ayana meaning "path" or "way") to Ahirāyana, and eventually became Hariyānā or Haryana.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abhirayana%3DAhirayana%3DHirayana%3D|title=Religions and Communities of India|date=1982|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-0-391-02748-0|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Haryana|List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana|List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana|label 1 = History of Haryana|label 2 = National monuments in Haryana|label 3 = State monuments in Haryana}}

===Ancient period===
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilization|Vedic Civilization}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 350
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image1 = Skeleton harappa.JPG
| caption1 = A skeleton from an [[Indus Valley civilisation]] site near [[Rakhigarhi]].<ref name="IVC-Rakhigarhi"/> The skeleton is on display in the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]].
| image2 = Kurukshetra.jpg
| caption2 = Manuscript illustration of the [[Battle of Kurukshetra]], which is a war described in the [[Indian epic]] poem ''[[Mahābhārata]]''. The conflict arose from a dynastic succession struggle between two groups of cousins, the [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava]]s, for the throne of [[Hastinapura]] in an Indian kingdom called [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]].
}}
The villages of [[Rakhigarhi]] in [[Hisar district]] and [[Bhirrana]] in [[Fatehabad district]] are home to ancient sites of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], which contain evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals).<ref name="IVC-Rakhigarhi">{{citation |url=http://thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece |title=Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 March 2014 |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127171505/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/rakhigarhi-the-biggest-harappan-site/article5840414.ece |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=live |last1=Subramanian |first1=T. S. }}</ref>

During the [[Vedic era]], Haryana was the site of the [[Kuru kingdom]], one of India's great [[Mahajanapadas]]. The south of Haryana is the claimed location of [[Manusmṛti|Manu]]'s state of [[Brahmavarta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana Plus|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111220/harplus.htm|website=The Tribune|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031143942/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111220/harplus.htm|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2019}} The area surrounding [[Dhosi Hill]], and districts of [[Rewari district|Rewari]] and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]] had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], [[Manusmriti]], [[Brahmana]]s and [[Puranas]].<ref>Sudhir Bhargava, "Location of [[Brahmavarta]] and [[Drishadvati river|Drishadwati river]] is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river" Seminar, Saraswati river-a perspective, 20–22 Nov 2009, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, organized by Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana, Seminar Report: pages 114–117</ref> As per Manusmriti,<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Mlecchas, Yavanas and Heathens: Interacting Xenologies in Early Nineteenth-Century Calcutta |first=Dermot |last=Killingley |title=Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies |editor1-first=Eli |editor1-last=Franco |editor2-first=Karin |editor2-last=Preisendanz |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2007 |isbn=978-8-12083-110-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv-4tyO9u_QC&pg=PA125 |page=125}}</ref> Manu was the king of [[Brahmavarta]], the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

===Medieval period===
Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain [[Tirthankara]] were found in archaeological expeditions in [[Badli]], [[Bhiwani]] ([[Ranila]], [[Charkhi Dadri]] and [[Badhra]]), [[Dadri]], [[Gurgaon]] ([[Gurugram]]), [[Hansi]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], Kasan, Nahad, [[Narnaul]], [[Pehowa]], [[Rewari]], Rohad, [[Rohtak]] ([[Asthal Bohar]]) and [[Sonepat]] in Haryana.{{sfn|Atul Kumar Sinha|Abhay Kumar Singh|2007|p=401}}

[[File:Harsha Ka Tila.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Harsha Ka Tila'' mound west of [[Sheikh Chilli's Tomb]] complex, with ruins from the reign of 7th-century ruler [[Harsha]]]]

[[Pushyabhuti dynasty]] ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at [[Thanesar]]. [[Harsha]] was a prominent king of the dynasty. [[Tomara dynasty]] ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. [[Anangpal Tomar]] was a prominent king among the Tomaras.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 March 2021|title=Explained: The legacy of Tomar king Anangpal II and his connection with Delhi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tomar-king-anangpal-ii-legacy-delhi-7237182/|access-date=6 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413220940/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tomar-king-anangpal-ii-legacy-delhi-7237182/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the sack of [[Bhatner fort]] during the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] conquests of India in 1398, [[Timur]] attacked and sacked the cities of [[Sirsa]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]], [[Sunam]], [[Kaithal]] and [[Panipat]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9Q6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA497|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period: Ed. from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H. M. Elliot ..|last1=Elliot|first1=Sir Henry Miers|last2=Dowson|first2=John|date=1871|publisher=Trübner and Company|pages=427–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval|last=Phadke|first=H.A.|date=1990|publisher=Harman Publishing House|page=123}}</ref>

[[File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Portrait of [[Hemu|Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]], who fought and won across North India from the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Bengal]], winning 22 straight battles{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=66}}]]

[[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]], also called [[Hemu]], claimed royal status and the throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the [[Battle of Delhi (1556)|Battle of Delhi]], and assumed the ancient title of [[Hemachandra Vikramaditya|Vikramaditya]]. The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. [[Panipat]] is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the [[First Battle of Panipat]] (1526), [[Babur]] defeated the [[Lodi Empire|Lodis]]. In the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] (1556), [[Akbar]] defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to [[Rewari]]. [[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]] had earlier won 22 battles across India from 1553 to 1556 from [[Punjab]] to [[Bengal]], defeating the Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at [[Purana Quila]] in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (1761), the Afghan king [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] defeated the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]].

[[File:Seth Ji.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Statue of Seth Nandram Ji Katla Wale]]

The growth of trade centers like Bhiwani was supported by influential merchants such as Seth Nand Ram Ji Katla Wale, who promoted social development and commerce during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was one of the prominent leaders who devoted his life to establishing Bhiwani as a trade centre in the 18th century.
<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arnold P. Kaminsky |author2=Roger D. Long |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA300 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37462-3 |page=300 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619120748/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&pg=PA300 |archive-date=19 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===British period===
The state was part of the British [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]]. The [[Punjab Province (British India)#Administrative divisions|Delhi division]] of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Kalsia State|Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], [[Dujana]] and [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], as well as parts of the [[Patiala State]].

[[File:Punjab 1909.jpg|thumb|left|Map of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province of British India]]; Haryana formed the southeastern areas of the province]]

===Partition and aftermath===
During the [[Partition of India]], the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh-dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as [[East Punjab]] state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of [[Pakistan]]. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from [[West Punjab]]. [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]], who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

===Formation of Haryana===
{{Main|Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966}}

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. It encompassed the predominantly Hindi-speaking southern part of former Punjab, while the state of Punjab was reduced to the area where Punjabi speakers formed the majority population. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Rohtak]] and [[Karnal]] were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the [[tehsil]]s of [[Jind]] and [[Narwana]] in the [[Sangrur]] district – along with [[Naraingarh]], [[Ambala]] and [[Jagadhri]] – were to be included.<ref>{{citation|title=the punjab reorganisation act, 1966 - Chief Secretary, Haryana|url=http://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Acts/Re-Organisation/1474.pdf|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081746/http://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Acts/Re-Organisation/1474.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The commission recommended that the tehsil of [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]], which includes [[Chandigarh]], the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] was given to Punjab.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm |title=History of Haryana - Haryana Day: A new state is born! |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002001513/http://haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> The city of Chandigarh was made a [[union territory]], serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-will-get-chandigarh-punjab-can-claim-lahore-or-shimla-says-peeved-hooda-171617-2013-07-24|title=Haryana will get Chandigarh, Punjab can claim Lahore or Shimla, says a peeved Hooda|date=25 July 2013|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024604/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/haryana-will-get-chandigarh-punjab-can-claim-lahore-or-shimla-says-peeved-hooda/1/296302.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[B. D. Sharma|Bhagwat Dayal Sharma]] became the first [[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]].<ref>{{citation |title=List of Haryana Chief Ministers from November 1, 1966 till date |date=21 October 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/list-of-haryana-chief-ministers-from-november-1-1966-till-date |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030051508/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/list-of-haryana-chief-ministers-from-november-1-1966-till-date/ |archive-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Devi Lal|Chaudhary Devi Lal]] is credited to be the individual who pushed for the creation of this commission. He was an instrumental figure in the separation of the Haryana state from Punjab in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaudhary Devi Lal {{!}} Indian Politician & Freedom Fighter {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chaudhary-Devi-Lal |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Punjabi migration to Haryana in 1947 and 1980s===

The Punjabi migration to Haryana occurred in two major waves—first during the Partition of India in 1947, and later during the 1980s, influenced by the Khalistani movement in Punjab.<ref>{{cite magazine| title = The Many-Faced Afterlife of 1947 | url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/history/many-faced-afterlife-1947 |date=31 May 2023 |first1=Pranav |last1=Kohli |magazine=The India Forum (theindiaforum.in)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title =Khalistan And The Militant Movements In Punjab And Beyond: A Chronological Account |date=27 March 2024 | url=https://insightuk.org/khalistan-and-the-militant-movements-in-punjab-and-beyond |work=[[INSIGHT UK]] }}</ref>

The Partition of India led to one of the largest mass migrations in history, as millions of people were displaced due to the creation of Pakistan. Many Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs fled West Punjab (now in Pakistan) and settled in Haryana, bringing with them their agricultural skills, business expertise, and cultural traditions. Their arrival helped in the economic development of Haryana, particularly in agriculture and trade, as they introduced advanced farming techniques and expanded local businesses.

The Khalistani movement, which emerged in Punjab during the 1980s, led to political instability and violent insurgency. The demand for a separate Sikh state (Khalistan) resulted in clashes between separatist groups and security forces, making the region unsafe for many civilians. This turmoil prompted Punjabi families, including both Hindus and Sikhs, to migrate to neighbouring Haryana, seeking security, stability, and economic opportunities.

The urban centers of Haryana witnessed an influx of Punjabi migrants, who contributed to the state's business and industrial sectors.

By the mid-1990s, the insurgency declined due to government interventions, weakening separatist factions, and changing political dynamics.

These migrations have shaped Haryana's demographic, cultural, and economic landscape, making Punjabis an integral part of the state's growth and identity.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|7=1881|8=40,15,386
|9=1891|10=41,71,339
|11=1901|12=42,68,222
|13=1911|14=38,70,574
|15=1921|16=42,11,393
|17=1931|18=44,95,730
|19=1941|20=51,66,169
|21=1951|22=56,73,597
|23=1961|24=75,90,524
|25=1971|26=1,00,36,431
|27=1981|28=1,29,22,119
|29=1991|30=1,64,63,648
|31=2001|32=2,11,44,564
|33=2011|34=2,53,51,462
|percentages=pagr
|footnote=source:
{{efn|name=Haryana1881}}{{efn|name=Haryana1891}}{{efn|name=Haryana1901}}{{efn|name=Haryana1911}}{{efn|name=Haryana1921}}{{efn|name=Haryana1931}}{{efn|name=Haryana1941}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=right}}
{{See also|List of people from Haryana}}

=== Castes, tribes and ethnic groups===
As per 2019 estimates, the [[Caste system in India|caste]] wise composition of Haryana is 25–30% [[Jats]], 21% [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]], 8% [[Khatris]], 7.5% [[Brahmin]]s, 5.1% [[Ahir]]/[[Yadav]], 5% [[Vaish]], 4% [[Jat Sikhs]], 3.8% [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]]s and other Muslims, 3.4% [[Rajputs]], 3.35% [[Gujjar]], 2.9% [[Saini]], 2.7% [[Kumhar]]s, 1.1% [[Ror]] and 0.7% [[Bishnois]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Hitender |date=5 October 2019 |title=Haryana Assembly Elections 2019: BJP, Congress field fewer Jats for 2019 polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/haryana/haryana-assembly-elections-2019-bjp-congress-field-fewer-jats-for-2019-polls/story-cihkwx35EiM78nszZ9bg5M.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=25 September 2019 |title=27% of population, Jats chief minister 62% of time in Haryana's history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/27-of-population-jats-have-occupied-top-chair-62-of-time-since-states-formation/articleshow/71285092.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruth-Lovell |first1=Saskia |last2=Spirova |first2=Maria |title=Clientelism and Democratic Representation in Comparative Perspective |date=15 October 2019 |publisher=ECPR Press |isbn=978-1-78552-301-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EQhEQAAQBAJ&q=jat |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2023 report, the Jats constitute 25% of the state's population, while Sainis are at 8%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Pawan |date=25 October 2025 |title=BJP appoints OBC MP Saini as Haryana party president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/bjp-appoints-obc-mp-saini-as-haryana-party-president-101698431366653.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref>

The [[Punjabis]] ethnic group constitutes more than one-third of Haryana's population, making them a significant and influential community in the state.<ref>{{cite web| title=Punjabis in Majority in GT road belt - one third of Haryana seats| date = 9 October 2024| url = https://www.ptcnews.tv/politics/haryana-elections-2024-bjp-shatters-57-year-record-conquers-jat-bastion-with-7-stunning-new-wins-4399408}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Punjabis around 38 percent in Haryana| url =https://www.patrika.com/ambala-news/punjabi-community-of-haryana-demands-to-political-leadership-3462115}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Punjabis population 38 percent in Haryana| date =22 December 2009| url =https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjabis-discriminated-against-in-haryana/}}</ref>

===Languages===

[[File:Language Map of Haryana (2011 Census).svg|left|200px|thumb|Languages spoken by district 
'''Haryanvi''' varieties
{{legend|#f0817f|40–50%}}
{{legend|#ea443e|60–70%}}
{{legend|#e02119|70–80%}}
{{legend|#cc1e14|80–90%}}
{{legend|#aa1a13|90–100%}}
Other '''Hindi''' varieties
{{legend|#ffe0d1|30–40%}}
{{legend|#ffcfb8|40–50%}}
{{legend|#ffac85|50–60%}}
{{legend|#ffac85|50–60%}}
{{legend|#ff8952|60–70%}}
{{legend|#ff661f|70–80%}}
{{legend|#eb5600|80–90%}}
'''Punjabi'''
{{legend|#fde791|40–50%}}
]]

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Haryana (2011)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX |title=Indian Census 2011 |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015624/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 47.96
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| value2 = 37.17
| color2 = Red
| label3 = [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]]
| value3 = 7.36
| color3 = Pink
| label4 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]]
| value4 = 2.11
| color4 = maroon
| label5 = [[Mewati language|Mewati]]
| value5 = 1.66
| color5 = gold
| label6 = [[Urdu]]
| value6 = 1.48
| color6 = Green
| value7 = 1.28
| color7 = purple
| label7 = [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui (Baghati)]]
| other = yes
}}
The official language of Haryana is [[Modern Standard Hindi]]<ref name="2011lang">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=dead| page = 11}}</ref> and second official language is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="punjabiofficial">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012411/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under the name "[[Hindi languages|Hindi]]", are spoken in the state. Predominant among them is [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana. [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken in the northeast, [[Bagri language|Bagri]] in the west, Deshwali in the East and [[Ahirwati]], [[Mewati language|Mewati]] and [[Braj Bhasha]] in the south.<ref name="Sharada1979">{{cite book|title=Hariyāṇā kī upabhāṣāeṃ|date=c. 1979|editor-last=Sharada|editor-first=Sadhu Ram|place=Chandigarh|publisher=Bhasha Vibhag|language=hi}}</ref>

There are also significant numbers of speakers of [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], the latter of which was recognised as the second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010.<ref name="2011lang"/><ref name="punjabiofficial"/> After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Varinder |title=Haryana's South connect: When it made Telugu second language in school |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/haryanas-south-connect-when-it-made-telugu-second-language-in-school-5570917/ |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505184601/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/haryanas-south-connect-when-it-made-telugu-second-language-in-school-5570917/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by [[Bansi Lal]] to show the state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjabi-edges-out-tamil-in-haryana-1356124|title=Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana|first=Ajay|last=Bharadwaj|date=7 March 2010|website=DNA India|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134854/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjabi-edges-out-tamil-in-haryana-1356124|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.<ref name="DNA"/>

There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Mewari language|Mewari]], and [[Nepali language|Nepali]],<ref>Bengali and Bhojpuri are listed as they have more than 50,000 speakers each according to the 2011 census; the rest are included following Ethnologue (22nd edition).</ref> as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions, like [[Bauria language|Bauria]], [[Bazigar language|Bazigar]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Gade Lohar language|Gade Lohar]], [[Oadki language|Oadki]], and [[Sansi language|Sansi]].<ref name="Ethnologue2019">{{cite web|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2019|title=India – Languages|edition=22nd|website = Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages | archive-date = 1 April 2019}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Haryana (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 87.46
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 7.03
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Sikhism]]
| value3 = 4.91
| color3 = Yellow
| label4 = [[Jainism]]
| value4 = 0.21
| color4 = Pink
| label5 = [[Christianity]]
| value5 = 0.20
| color5 = Blue
| label6 = [[Buddhism]]
| value6 = 0.03
| color6 = Gold
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 0.18
| color7 = Black
}}

According to the 2011 census, of the total population of 25,351,462 in Haryana, [[Hindu]]s (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with [[Muslim]]s (7.03%) (mainly [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]]s) and [[Sikh]]s (4.91%) being the largest minorities.<ref name="census2011"/>

Muslims are mainly found in the districts of [[Nuh district|Nuh]], [[Palwal district|Palwal]], and [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]], along with the [[Sohna]] tehsil of [[Gurgaon district]].<ref name="census2011"/> Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and they mostly live in the districts adjoining [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], such as [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]], [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]], [[Ambala district|Ambala]] and [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]].<ref name=harsikh1>{{cite news|title=Haryana government announced the formation of rules to register Anand Karaj, the Sikh marriage ceremony|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/haryana-notifies-anand-marriage-registration-rules.html|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715040119/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/haryana-notifies-anand-marriage-registration-rules.html|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=harsc1>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_haryana.pdf | title=Census India 2001 | year=2001 | access-date=28 March 2013 | author=Govt. of India, Census | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113213432/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_haryana.pdf | archive-date=13 November 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>

<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in Haryana, India (1881–2011)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=1 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115015937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=1 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115015938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=1 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120083807/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name=Haryana1881|1881 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], [[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1881 census data here:<ref name="Census1881"/><ref name="Census1881B"/><ref name="Census1881C"/>}}
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318668 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318668 |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part I--The report on the census |year=1891 }}</ref><ref name="Census1891B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1891C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318670 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318670 |access-date=30 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part III--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the Native States, Together with a Caste Index |year=1891 |pages=8 }}</ref>{{efn|name=Haryana1891|1891 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1891 census data here:<ref name="Census1891"/><ref name="Census1891B"/><ref name="Census1891C"/>}}
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=10 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|34}}{{efn|name=Haryana1901|1901 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1901 census data here:<ref name="Census1901"/>{{rp|34}}}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=3 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109220619/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|27}}<ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=3 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>{{rp|27}}{{efn|name=Haryana1911|1911 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1911 census data here:<ref name="Census1911"/>{{rp|27}}<ref name="Census1911B"/>{{rp|27}}}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=17 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326083309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|29}}{{efn|name=Haryana1921|1921 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1921 census data here:<ref name="Census1921"/>{{rp|29}}}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=4 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031110212/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|277}}{{efn|name=Haryana1931|1931 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1931 census data here:<ref name="Census1931"/>{{rp|277}}}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=19 January 2023 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002225000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |url-status=live |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>{{rp|42}}{{efn|name=Haryana1941|1941 figure taken from [[Census in British India|census data]] by combining the total population of all [[Districts of British India|districts]] ([[Hisar district|Hissar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], and [[Ambala district|Ambala]]), and [[princely state]]s ([[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kalsia]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], and [[Jind State|Jind]]) which are in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Haryana, India. See 1941 census data here:<ref name="Census1941"/>{{rp|42}}}}
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="census2011" />
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941 census: including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 2,863,454
|{{Percentage | 2863454 | 4015386 | 2 }}
| 2,959,925
|{{Percentage | 2959925 | 4171339 | 2 }}
| 3,012,101
|{{Percentage | 3012101 | 4268222 | 2 }}
| 2,644,264
|{{Percentage | 2644264 | 3870574 | 2 }}
| 2,898,119
|{{Percentage | 2898119 | 4211393 | 2 }}
| 2,980,206
|{{Percentage | 2980206 | 4495730 | 2 }}
| 3,436,411
|{{Percentage | 3436411 | 5166169 | 2 }}
| 22,171,128
|{{Percentage | 22171128 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 1,009,526
|{{Percentage | 1009526 | 4015386 | 2 }}
| 1,037,541
|{{Percentage | 1037541 | 4171339 | 2 }}
| 1,090,306
|{{Percentage | 1090306 | 4268222 | 2 }}
| 1,019,439
|{{Percentage | 1019439 | 3870574 | 2 }}
| 1,074,072
|{{Percentage | 1074072 | 4211393 | 2 }}
| 1,204,537
|{{Percentage | 1204537 | 4495730 | 2 }}
| 1,401,689
|{{Percentage | 1401689 | 5166169 | 2 }}
| 1,781,342
|{{Percentage | 1781342 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 118,468
|{{Percentage | 118468 | 4015386 | 2 }}
| 146,483
|{{Percentage | 146483 | 4171339 | 2 }}
| 135,634
|{{Percentage | 135634 | 4268222 | 2 }}
| 175,837
|{{Percentage | 175837 | 3870574 | 2 }}
| 193,075
|{{Percentage | 193075 | 4211393 | 2 }}
| 271,077
|{{Percentage | 271077 | 4495730 | 2 }}
| 292,487
|{{Percentage | 292487 | 5166169 | 2 }}
| 1,243,752
|{{Percentage | 1243752 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 19,885
|{{Percentage | 19885 | 4015386 | 2 }}
| 21,575
|{{Percentage | 21575 | 4171339 | 2 }}
| 23,906
|{{Percentage | 23906 | 4268222 | 2 }}
| 20,950
|{{Percentage | 20950 | 3870574 | 2 }}
| 24,005
|{{Percentage | 24005 | 4211393 | 2 }}
| 23,666
|{{Percentage | 23666 | 4495730 | 2 }}
| 23,050
|{{Percentage | 23050 | 5166169 | 2 }}
| 52,613
|{{Percentage | 52613 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 4,045
|{{Percentage | 4045 | 4015386 | 2 }}
| 5,783
|{{Percentage | 5783 | 4171339 | 2 }}
| 6,232
|{{Percentage | 6232 | 4268222 | 2 }}
| 10,019
|{{Percentage | 10019 | 3870574 | 2 }}
| 22,075
|{{Percentage | 22075 | 4211393 | 2 }}
| 16,228
|{{Percentage | 16228 | 4495730 | 2 }}
| 11,549
|{{Percentage | 11549 | 5166169 | 2 }}
| 50,353
|{{Percentage | 50353 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 6
|{{Percentage | 6 | 4015386 | 4 }}
| 25
|{{Percentage | 25 | 4171339 | 3 }}
| 27
|{{Percentage | 27 | 4268222 | 3 }}
| 53
|{{Percentage | 53 | 3870574 | 3 }}
| 39
|{{Percentage | 39 | 4211393 | 3 }}
| 8
|{{Percentage | 8 | 4495730 | 4 }}
| 62
|{{Percentage | 62 | 5166169 | 3 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 4015386 | 4 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 4171339 | 4 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 4268222 | 4 }}
| 4
|{{Percentage | 4 | 3870574 | 4 }}
| 5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 4211393 | 4 }}
| 6
|{{Percentage | 6 | 4495730 | 4 }}
| 149
|{{Percentage | 149 | 5166169 | 3 }}
| 7,514
|{{Percentage | 7514 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 6
|{{Percentage | 6 | 4171339 | 4 }}
| 5
|{{Percentage | 5 | 4268222 | 4 }}
| 8
|{{Percentage | 8 | 3870574 | 4 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 4211393 | 4 }}
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 4495730 | 4 }}
| 7
|{{Percentage | 7 | 5166169 | 4 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Others
| 2
|{{Percentage | 2 | 4015386 | 4 }}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 4171339 | 4 }}
| 11
|{{Percentage | 11 | 4268222 | 4 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 3870574 | 4 }}
| 1
|{{Percentage | 1 | 4211393 | 4 }}
| 0
|{{Percentage | 0 | 4495730 | 4 }}
| 765
|{{Percentage | 765 | 5166169 | 2 }}
| 44,760
|{{Percentage | 44760 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 4,015,386
!{{Percentage | 4015386 | 4015386 | 2 }}
! 4,171,339
!{{Percentage | 4171339 | 4171339 | 2 }}
! 4,268,222
!{{Percentage | 4268222 | 4268222 | 2 }}
! 3,870,574
!{{Percentage | 3870574 | 3870574 | 2 }}
! 4,211,393
!{{Percentage | 4211393 | 4211393 | 2 }}
! 4,495,730
!{{Percentage | 4495730 | 4495730 | 2 }}
! 5,166,169
!{{Percentage | 5166169 | 5166169 | 2 }}
! 25,351,462
!{{Percentage | 25351462 | 25351462 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="20" | {{smalldiv|Note: Colonial-era census figures include small portions of contemporary [[Punjab, India]] due to changes to administrative division borders during the post-independence era.

# [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|kharar]], [[Rupnagar|Ropar]] tehsil of [[Ambala district|Ambala District]] Included in haryana here, while Fully [[Rupnagar|Ropar tehsil]] given to Punjab in [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] while [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar tehsil]] 154 village with [[kalka]] given to haryana and 282 Village with [[Kharar, SAS Nagar|Kharar]] [[kurali]] town given to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and 36 villages with [[Chandigarh|Chandigarth]] and Manimajra town to [[Chandigarh|Chandigarth UT]].
# [[Jind State|Jind Princly State]] fully included in Haryana while its some area also fall into [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Patiala State|Patiala]] State some area also fall in Haryana which not added here.{{clarify|date=February 2026}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=25842_1971_AMB}}</ref>}}
|}
</div>

==Culture==
===Music===
{{Main|Music of Haryana}}

Haryana has its own unique traditional [[Music of Haryana|folk music]], [[List of Indian folk dances#Haryana|folk dances]], [[saang]] (folk theatre),<ref name=harcu2>Sachchidananda'' Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes'' Volume 1 - 1996 817141298X p416.</ref> [[Haryanvi cinema|cinema]],<ref name=harcu1>{{cite news|last=Bhatia|first=Sheveta|title=Second Innings|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/second-innings/661605/|access-date=17 March 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=17 August 2010|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424220013/https://indianexpress.com/news/second-innings/661605/|url-status=live}}</ref> belief system such as [[Punjabi folk religion#Jathera|Jathera]] (ancestral worship),<ref name=harcu3>{{cite web|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|title=Journal of Punjab Studies - Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies - UC Santa Barbara|website=global.ucsb.edu|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213237/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=harcu4>A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H. A Rose</ref> and arts such as [[Embroidery of India#Phulkari (Punjab and Haryana)|Phulkari]] and [[Embroidery of India#Shisha or Mirrorwork (Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan)|Shisha]] embroidery.<ref name=harcu4/>

====Folk dances====
Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying the cultural needs of primarily [[agrarian society|agrarian]] and [[martial race|martial nature]]s of Haryanavi tribes.<ref name=harmu3/>

Haryanvi musical folk theatre's main types are [[Saang]], [[Raslila]] and [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by [[Lakhmi Chand]].<ref name=harmu3>Manorma Sharma, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8131300463 Musical Heritage of India], Page 65-125.</ref>

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are [[Gogaji]]/[[Gugga]], [[Holi]], [[Phalgun|Phaag]], [[Shravana|Sawan]], [[Teej]]. The devotional dances and songs are [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupaiya]], [[Holi]], [[Taal (instrument)|Manjira]], [[Rasa lila|Ras Leela]], [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]s). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery ([[Punjabi Qisse|Kissa]] and [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]] of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance ([[Pungi|Been]] and its variant [[Nāginī]] dance, and [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]), ceremonial ([[Chang dance|Dhamal Dance]], [[Ghoomar]], [[Jhumar|Jhoomar]] (male), Khoria, Loor, and [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]).<ref name=harcu3/>

==== Folk music and songs ====
Haryanvi folk music is based on day-to-day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs.<ref name=harcu3/> Haryanvi music takes two main forms: classical folk music and Desi folk music (country music of Haryana),<ref name=harmu1/> and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of the parting of lovers.<ref name=harmu3/><ref name=harmu1>S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8178353652 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: 21 Arts and Crafts of Haryana].</ref><ref name=harmu2>S. Gajrani, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=818205060X History, Religion and Culture of India], Volume 1, Page 96.</ref>

=====Classical Haryanvi folk music=====
Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on [[Indian classical music]].<ref name=harmu1/> [[Hindustani classical raga]]s, learnt in [[gharana]] [[parampara]] of [[guru–shishya tradition]], are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as [[Alha-Khand]] (1163–1202 CE) about the bravery of [[Alha|Alha and Udal]], [[Jaimal Rathore|Jaimal]] and [[Patta Sisodia|Patta]] of Maharana [[Udai Singh II]]), [[Brahma]]s worship and festive seasonal songs (such as [[Teej]], [[Holi]] and [[Phalguna|Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi]]).<ref name=harmu1/><ref name=harmu2/> Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.<ref name=harmu3/>

=====Desi Haryanvi folk music=====
[[Desi]] Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based on [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Raag Bhairvi]], [[Bhairav (raga)|Raag Bhairav]], [[Kafi (raga)|Raag Kafi]], [[Jaijaivanti|Raag Jaijaivanti]], [[Jhinjhoti|Raag Jhinjhoti]] and [[Raga|Raag Pahadi]] and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs, [[ballad]]s, [[Religious music|ceremonial songs]] (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as [[Puran Bhagat]].<ref name=harmu1/><ref name=harmu2/> Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch.<ref name=harmu3/> Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship-related songs such as [[Phalguna|Phagan]] (song for eponymous season/month), [[Kartik (month)|Katak]] (songs for the eponymous season/month), [[Shraavana|Samman]] (songs for the eponymous season/month), {{lang|bgc-Latn|bande-bandi}} (male-female duet songs), {{lang|bgc-Latn|sathne}} (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends).<ref name=harmu3/> Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as [[Bhajan]], Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), [[Punjabi wedding traditions#Sagai|Sagai]], [[Hindu wedding|Ban]] (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), [[Childbirth in India|Kuan-Poojan]] (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), [[Sanjhi]] and Holi festival.<ref name=harmu3/>

===== Socially normative-cohesive impact =====
Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a way of lessening societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, and dialects. These songs transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen in the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.<ref name=harmu3/>

With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Artists-give-Gurgaons-walls-a-makeover/articleshow/51552667.cms|title=Artists give Gurgaon's walls a makeover|date=25 March 2016|first=Pratyush|last=Patra|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 November 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Artists-give-Gurgaons-walls-a-makeover/articleshow/51552667.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{see also|Cuisine of Haryana}}

As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 May 2018 |title=Most Indians are non-vegetarian, Southern and Northeastern states top the list: Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/most-indians-nonvegetarian-southern-northeastern-states-top-list-report/story/277456.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927040402/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/most-indians-nonvegetarian-southern-northeastern-states-top-list-report/story/277456.html |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=Business Today}}</ref> The cuisine of Haryana, rooted in its predominantly agricultural society, has maintained a simple and uncomplicated essence.<ref name="Corporation">{{Cite web |last=Corporation |first=Haryana Tourism |title=Cuisine of Haryana {{!}} About us {{!}} Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited. |url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/cuisine-of-haryana |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=haryanatourism.gov.in |language=en-IN |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210183724/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/cuisine-of-haryana |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian cuisine#Haryana|regional cuisine]] features the staples of [[roti]], [[saag]], [[Curry|vegetarian sabzi]] and milk products such as [[ghee]], milk, [[lassi]] and [[kheer]].<ref name="harfood12">[http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5491 Cuisine of Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204223020/http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5491|date=4 December 2017}}, [[Haryana Tourism]].</ref> Haryana is often referred to as the 'Land of Rotis' due to its residents' fondness for various types of rotis. Wheat rotis are ubiquitous, along with the popular baajre ki roti. In the past, rotis were commonly made from a blend of wheat, gram, and barley flour, offering a nutritious and wholesome combination. Another notable variety is the gochini atta, crafted from wheat and gram flour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corporation |first=Haryana Tourism |title=Cuisine of Haryana {{!}} About us {{!}} Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited. |url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/cuisine-of-haryana |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=haryanatourism.gov.in |language=en-IN |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210183724/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/cuisine-of-haryana |url-status=live }}</ref> Haryana is renowned for its abundant livestock, including the famed Murrah buffalo and the Haryana cow. This cattle wealth ensures a plentiful supply of milk and dairy products in Haryanvi cuisine. Many households produce their own butter and ghee, which are generously incorporated into daily meals. Fresh homemade butter, known as "nooni" or "tindi ghee," is commonly churned on a daily basis. When a girl becomes a mother, it's customary for her family to present her with gifts of ghee, edible gum (gondh), laddus (sweetmeats made from gram flour), and dry fruits. Buttermilk, known as "chaaj," is a popular beverage and serves as an instant refresher during the summer months. Lassi, made from yogurt, is another beloved drink that can almost constitute a meal in itself. The Haryanvi fondness for lassi is evident in the fact that "thandai," a sweet milk-based drink, is referred to as "kachi lassi" in Haryana.<ref name="Corporation"/>

===Punjabi culture===
Punjabi culture has a significant presence in Haryana, particularly in regions bordering Punjab and the GT road belt. The influence is evident in language, cuisine, festivals, and traditions. Many people in Haryana speak Punjabi alongside Hindi and Haryanvi, and Punjabi music and dance forms like Bhangra and Giddha are popular. Additionally, Punjabi cuisine, including dishes like Makki di Roti and Sarson da Saag, is widely enjoyed. Efforts to preserve and promote Punjabi identity in Haryana have been ongoing, with linguistic and cultural initiatives aimed at strengthening the connection between the Punjabi-speaking population and their heritage.<ref>{{cite news|title = Punjabi Identity in Haryana|url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/opinion/250325/reviving-punjabi-identity-in-haryana-a-journey-through-linguistic-an.html}}</ref>

===Society===

[[Haryanvi people]] have a concept of inclusive society involving the ''"36 Jātis"'' or communities. Castes such as [[Jat]], [[Rajput]], [[Gurjar]], [[Saini]], [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]], [[Ahirs]], [[Ror]], [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]], [[Charan]], [[Bishnoi]], [[Harijan]], [[Aggarwal]], [[Brahmin]], [[Khatri]] and [[Tyagi]] are some of the notable of these 36 Jātis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sāṅgavāna |first1=Guṇapālasiṃha |title=Harayāṇavī lokagītoṃ kā sāṃskr̥tika adhyayana |date=1989 |publisher=Hariyāṇā Sāhitya Akādamī |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubI3AAAAIAAJ|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2017/IJRSS_NOVEMBER2017/IJMRA-12670.pdf|title=Social study the KhapPanchayats of Haryana: A Survey, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 7 Issue 11|publisher=Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell's Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731122151/https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2017/IJRSS_NOVEMBER2017/IJMRA-12670.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Mustard field near Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|A [[Mustard plant|mustard field]] in Haryana, near the state capital of [[Chandigarh]]]]

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.{{sfn|NIDM|p=2}} The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.<ref name=agri/> The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.<ref>{{citation|title=Organizations|url=http://haryana.gov.in/departments/organizations.html|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114182552/http://www.haryana.gov.in/departments/organizations.html|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests.<ref name="harec1" /> [[Karoh Peak]], a {{convert|1467|m|ft|0|adj=on}} tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near [[Morni Hills]] area of Panchkula district, is the highest point in Haryana.<ref name = hillsofmorni>{{cite web |title= Hills of Morni |url= http://www.hillsofmorni.com/morni-hills/karoh-peak-the-highest-point-in-morni |publisher= hillsofmorni.com |access-date= 24 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160314061747/http://www.hillsofmorni.com/morni-hills/karoh-peak-the-highest-point-in-morni/ |archive-date= 14 March 2016 |url-status=live|date= 27 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name = quickgs>{{cite web |title= Interesting Facts About Haryana |url= http://www.quickgs.com/interesting-facts-about-haryana/ |publisher= quickgs.com |access-date= 24 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160312032245/http://www.quickgs.com/interesting-facts-about-haryana |archive-date= 12 March 2016 |url-status=live|date= 7 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name = peakbagger>
{{cite peakbagger| name = Karoh Peak |pid=53260| access-date = 24 March 2016}}</ref><ref name = uchicago>{{cite web | title= Gazetteer of India | url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_376.gif | publisher= University of Chicago | access-date= 24 March 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405214858/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_376.gif | archive-date= 5 April 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the state sits atop the fertile [[Ghaggar River|Ghaggar Plain]], a subsection of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Haryana has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

===Plains and mountains===
Haryana has four main geographical features.{{sfn|NIDM|p=3}}
* The [[Yamuna]]-[[Ghaggar]] plain forming the largest part of the state is also called ''Delhi [[doab]]'' consists of ''Sutlej-Ghaggar doab'' (between Sutlej in the north of Punjab and the Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), ''Ghaggar-Hakra doab'' (between Ghaggar river and [[Drishadvati river|Hakra]] or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy [[Saraswati River]]) and ''Hakra-Yamuna doab'' (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
* The [[Shivalik Hills|Lower Shivalik Hills]] to the northeast in foothills of [[Himalaya]]
* The [[Bagar region]] semi-desert dry sandy plain in north west of Haryana, covering northwest districts of Sirsa, western Fatehabad and northwestern Hisar.
* The [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Range]]'s northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the [[South Haryana|south]], covering [[Nuh district|Nuh]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]], [[Rewari district|Rewari]], and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]].

===Hydrography===
[[File:YamunaRiver.jpg|thumb|[[Yamuna]] river near the Haryana border]]

The [[Yamuna]], a tributary of the [[Ganges]], flows along the state's eastern boundary.<ref>{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/river-saraswati-is-for-real-found-in-haryana_1591937.html|title=River Saraswati is for real, found in Haryana|work=Zee Nees|date=8 May 2015|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120040149/http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/river-saraswati-is-for-real-found-in-haryana_1591937.html|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the [[Sivalik Hills]] of [[Himalayas]], such as [[Ghaggar River|Ghaggar]] ([[palaeochannel]] of vedic [[Sarasvati river]]),<ref name="ref42refar">
{{cite book | title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 | author1=Dale Hoiberg | author2=Indu Ramchandani | publisher=Popular Prakashan, 2000 | isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC | quote=... The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range, northwestern [[Himachal Pradesh]] State, and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State, where it receives the Saraswati River. Beyond the Otu Barrage, the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in the [[Thar Desert]]. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into [[Rajasthan]]. ... | year=2000 | access-date=13 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083034/https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC | archive-date=6 December 2017 | url-status=live}}
</ref> [[Chautang]] (paleochannel of vedic [[Drishadvati river]], tributary of the Ghagghar),<ref name="Ambala">{{cite web|url=http://www.ambalaonline.in/city-guide/rivers-in-ambala|title=Rivers in Ambala, Markanda River Ambala, Tangri River Ambala|website=ambalaonline.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165622/http://www.ambalaonline.in/city-guide/rivers-in-ambala|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="IE1">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/overflowing-ghaggar-tangri-inundate-some-villages-along-punjabharyana-border/687474/ | newspaper=The Indian Express | title=Overflowing Ghaggar, Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab-Haryana border | first=Sanjeev | last=Chopra | date=25 September 2010 | access-date=9 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628231143/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/overflowing-ghaggar-tangri-inundate-some-villages-along-punjabharyana-border/687474/ | archive-date=28 June 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tangri river]] (tributary of the Ghagghar),<ref name="Ambala" /><ref name="IE1" /> [[Kaushalya river]] (tributary of the Ghagghar),<ref name="MH1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/|title=Kaushalya Dam|date=13 December 2012|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114024025/http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Markanda river, Haryana|Markanda River]] (tributary of Ghagghar),<ref name="Ambala"/><ref name="IE1"/> [[Sarsuti]],<ref name="Ambala"/><ref name="IE1"/> [[Dangri]],<ref name="Ambala"/><ref name="IE1"/> [[Somb river]].<ref name="SombHar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm|title=HaryanaOnline - Geography of Haryana|access-date=4 December 2017|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm|archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the [[Ottu barrage]] and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,<ref name="ref42refar"/> rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the [[Satluj]] and enters the state near [[Pinjore]] in the [[Panchkula district]], passes through [[Ambala]] and [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], it reaches [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]] and runs for {{convert|460|km|abbr=on}} before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.<ref name=kurukshetra>{{citation|url=http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/AtAGlance/Rivers/index.htm|title=Geography- others|publisher=District Administration, Kurukshetra|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502082953/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/AtAGlance/Rivers/index.htm|archive-date=2 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The seasonal [[Markanda River, Haryana|Markanda River]], known as the ''Aruna'' in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of [[Ambala]], and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.<ref name=kurukshetra/>

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the [[Aravalli Range]] in and around the hills in [[Mewat]] region, including [[Sahibi River]]<ref name=culture1>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0391023586 Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume, Vijai Shankar Śrivastava, 1981]. {{ISBN|0391023586}}</ref><ref name="Sahibi1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river|title=Sahibi river|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201926/http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AKjain>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjJD61h8Q0C&q=sahibi+river&pg=PA41|title=River Pollution|first=A.K.|last=Jain|date=4 December 2017|publisher=APH Publishing|access-date=4 December 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9788131304631}}</ref><ref name=Dariba>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812460049X Minerals and Metals in Ancient India: Archaeological evidence], Arun Kumar Biswas, Sulekha Biswas, University of Michigan. 1996. {{ISBN|812460049X}}.</ref> (called [[Najafgarh drain]] in Delhi),<ref name=najafpolluted1>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=138509|title=Latest News, Breaking News Live, Current Headlines, India News Online - The Indian Express|website=The Indian Express|access-date=4 December 2017}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=najafpolluted2>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=118627 Environment Minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ Najafgarh basin Delhi's most polluted area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119214020/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ |date=19 January 2010 }}, 25 December 2009, The Indian Express</ref><ref name=najafpolluted3>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120701125350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain |date=1 July 2012 }}, 25 December 2009, The [[Times of India]]</ref><ref name=najafpolluted4>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191225Najafgarh drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 4 July 2006, The Indian Express</ref> [[Dohan river]] (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near [[Neem Ka Thana]] in [[Jhunjhunu district]] of [[Rajasthan]] and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),<ref name="Sahibi1"/><ref name=Dariba/> [[Krishnavati river]] (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near [[Dariba, Rajasthan|Dariba]] and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river)<ref name="Sahibi1"/><ref name=Dariba/> and [[Indori river]] (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in [[Sikar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the [[Drishadwati]]/[[Saraswati]] river.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm |title=Geography of Haryana - Map, Shivaliks, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Saraswati, Morni - India |work=haryana-online.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm |archive-date=1 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Haryana to meet Rajasthan over stopping of river waters|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryana-to-meet-Rajasthan-over-stopping-of-river-waters/articleshow/45399754.cms|work=The Times of India|author=Siwach, Sukhbir|date=7 December 2014|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205134642/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Haryana-to-meet-Rajasthan-over-stopping-of-river-waters/articleshow/45399754.cms|archive-date=5 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Sudhir Bhargava,"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", International Conference, 20–22 Nov 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.</ref>

[[File:Kaushalya Dam.jpg|thumb|[[Kaushalya Dam]]]]

Major canals are [[Western Yaumna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]],<ref name="WYC">{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653|title=Western Yamuna Canal Major Irrigation Project JI01653 -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165614/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Western_Yamuna_Canal_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI01653|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="india.gov.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207085128/http://india.gov.in/sectors/water_resources/sutlej_link.php|url-status=dead|title=National Portal of India|archive-date=7 February 2009|website=india.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=obs1>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rmar2003/04032003/r040320035.html|title=PIB Press Releases|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301205001/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rmar2003/04032003/r040320035.html|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]] (from [[Sutlej]] river tributary of [[Indus]]),<ref name="india.gov.in"/><ref name=obs1/> and [[Indira Gandhi Canal]].<ref name=igc1>Ramtanu Maitra: The Indira Gandhi Canal: greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14, Number 7, 13 February 1987</ref>

Major dams are [[Kaushalya Dam]] in Panchkula district,<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ | title=Kaushalya Dam | publisher=Hills of Morni | date=13 December 2012 | access-date=14 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523064947/http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ | archive-date=23 May 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hathnikund Barrage]]<ref name="WYC"/><ref name=hath1>{{cite web|last=Tak|first=Prakash C.|author2=Jagdish P. Sati|author3=Anjum N. Rizvi|title=Status of waterbirds at Hathnikund Barrage wetland, Yamunanagar District, Haryana, India|date=April 2010|volume=2|issue=4|pages=841|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|access-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317104520/http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/April/o220026iv10841-844.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Tajewala Barrage]] on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district,<ref name="WYC"/><ref name="hath1" /><ref name="Haberman2006">{{cite book|last=Haberman|first=David L.|title=River of love in an age of pollution: the Yamuna River of northern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA78|access-date=2 June 2011|year=2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24789-5|page=78}}</ref> [[Pathrala barrage]] on Somb river in Yamunanagar district,<ref name="WYC"/><ref name="Haberman2006"/> ancient [[Anagpur Dam]] near Surajkund in Faridabad district,<ref name=Peck>{{cite book |last=Peck |first=Lucy |title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building |page=29 |publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd. |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-354-8 |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm |access-date=5 September 2009 |quote=Suraj Kund dam and Surajkund tank: One of the two significant structures in the area, the dam lies about {{cvt|1|km|disp=sqbr}} to the north of the Anangpur village. A path from the main village street will lead you in to flat pastureland. Head for the small rocky hill ahead of you and climb over it. On the other side is another flat area, rather thickly covered in thorn trees. It is worth finding a way through them to the dam that straddles the gap between the two nearby hills. The dam is an impressive edifice {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} wide and {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} high built from accurately hewn quartzite blocks.---There is a passage for the egress of water at the level of the ground on the dammed side. The flat land across which you have walked is clearly caused by centuries of silt deposits in the lake that once existed behind this dam. The land around has been vwey heavily quarried recently, so further archaeological finds are unlikely. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312215021/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm |archive-date=12 March 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= Mohan>{{cite web|url=http://www.isprs.org/congresses/istanbul2004/comm5/papers/676.pdf|title=Spatial Data Modeling in GIS for Historical Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Seven Cities of Delhi|author=Madan Mohan|access-date=7 September 2009|publisher=Department of Geography, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) New Delhi, India|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426130611/https://www.isprs.org/congresses/istanbul2004/comm5/papers/676.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Ottu barrage]] on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.<ref name="ref36hahor">{{Citation | title=Imperial gazetteer of India | author=Sir William Wilson Hunter, India Office | publisher=Clarendon Press, 1908 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=... It was agreed between the British Government and the State of Bikaner that the Dhanur lake, about 8 miles from Sirsa, should be converted into a reservoir by the construction of a masonry weir at Otu ... two canals, the northern and southern ... constructed with famine labor in 1896-7 ... 6.3 lakhs, of which 2.8 lakhs was debited to Bikaner ... | year=1908 | access-date=13 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929213116/http://books.google.com/books?id=iUAKAQAAIAAJ | archive-date=29 September 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indexp2002ysf">{{Citation | title=Tau here, Tau there, Tau everywhere | author=Mukesh Bhardwaj | date=7 April 2002 | access-date=28 November 2010 | newspaper=The Indian Express | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/449/ | quote=... The prestigious Panipat Thermal Plant was named after Devi Lal, as was the new tourist complex at Ottu weir in Sirsa ... | archive-date=24 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424220014/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/tau-here-tau-there-tau-everywhere/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jagran2010kfa">{{Citation | title=बस साल भर बाद खेतों की प्यास बुझाएगी ओटू झील (Ottu reservoir will begin quenching the thirst of fields in only a year) | date=27 May 2010 | access-date=28 November 2010 | newspaper=Dainik Jagran | url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/haryana/4_6_6421654.html | quote=''... किसानों की समस्या से निजात दिलाने में सहायक ओटू झील की याद बरबस किसानों व सिंचाई विभाग को आना लाज़िमी है। सिंचाई विभाग ने किसानों के हित को ध्यान में रखते हुए झील की खुदाई की गति तेज़ कर दी है (it is obvious that the suffering farmers and the irrigation department would look to the Ottu reservoir. Mindful of the farmers' interests, the irrigation department has accelerated the work to deepen Ottu reservoir) ...'' | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050310/http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/haryana/4_6_6421654.html | archive-date=26 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, [[Badkhal Lake]] in Faridabad,<ref name="badkhal1">{{cite web|title=Badkhal |url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/badkhal.asp |publisher=Haryana Tourism, Government of Haryana |access-date=18 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302053727/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/badkhal.asp |archive-date=2 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name="badkhal2">
{{cite magazine| title = Delhi's water bodies face threat of extinction| magazine = India Today| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-water-bodies-extinct-mcd-delhi-parks-and-lakes-society-183229-2014-03-01| date = 1 March 2014| access-date = 18 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107153406/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-water-bodies-extinct-mcd-delhi-parks-and-lakes-society/1/346248.html| archive-date = 7 November 2017| url-status=live}}
</ref> [[Basai Wetland]], [[Sultanpur National Park]], and [[Damdama Lake]] in Gurgaon,<ref>[http://www.damdamalake.com/ Damdama lake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127151930/http://www.damdamalake.com/|date=27 November 2018}}, official website.</ref> [[Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhindawas Lake]] in Jhajjar, holy [[Brahma Sarovar]]<ref name=kurudist3>{{cite news|title=Lakhs take dip in Brahma Sarovar on Occasion of Solar Eclipse|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/29/lakhs-take-dip-in-brahma-sarovar-on-occasion-of-solar-eclipse-1143642694.html|access-date=25 October 2014|agency=United News of IndiaI|publisher=Oneindia|date=29 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025190607/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/03/29/lakhs-take-dip-in-brahma-sarovar-on-occasion-of-solar-eclipse-1143642694.html|archive-date=25 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=kurudist4>{{cite news|last1=Dutt|first1=K.G.|title=Three hundred thousand take holy dip|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug23/head2.htm|access-date=25 October 2014|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=23 August 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025191427/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug23/head2.htm|archive-date=25 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Sannihit Sarovar]] in Kurukshetra,<ref name=kurudist1>{{cite web | title = Religious Places in Kurukshetra - Brahma Sarovar | publisher = Kurukshetra district website | url = http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/010-brahmsarovar/index.htm#top | access-date = 8 August 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140729232051/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/tirath/Kurukshetra/010-brahmsarovar/index.htm#top | archive-date = 29 July 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Blue Bird Lake]] in Hisar,<ref name=blue1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/vets-screen-geese-shut-hisar-s-bluebird-lake/21336.html|title=Title: The Tribune - Hisar Bluebird lake, Published 23 December 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2016|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821173905/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/vets-screen-geese-shut-hisar-s-bluebird-lake/21336.html|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=blue2>{{cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/bluebird.asp|title=Blue Bird (Hisar)|date=11 October 2011|access-date=4 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011073014/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/bluebird.asp|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="dum1">[http://www.damdamalake.com Damdama lake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127151930/http://www.damdamalake.com/ |date=27 November 2018 }}, official website.</ref><ref name="dum2">Rajiv Tiwari, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FBRYCgAAQBAJ&dq=damdama+lake&pg=PT117 "Delhi A Travel Guide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110551/https://books.google.com/books?id=FBRYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT117&dq=damdama+lake#v=onepage&q=damdama%20lake |date=27 November 2018 }}, {{ISBN|9798128819703}}.</ref> [[Hathni Kund]] in Yamunanagar district,<ref name="WYC" /><ref name="hath1" /> [[Karna Lake]] at Karnal,<ref name="karna1">Page 153, Tourism: Theory, Planning, and Practice, By K.K. Karma, Krishnan K. Kamra, Published 1997, Indus Publishing, {{ISBN|81-7387-073-X}}</ref> ancient [[Surajkund]] in [[Faridabad]],<ref name=Peck/><ref name=Sharma>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Y.D |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |page=100 in 161 |access-date=5 September 2009 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |quote=Page 100: Suraj Kund lies about 3 km south-east of Tughlaqabad in district Gurgaon---The reservoir is believed to have been constructed in the tenth century by King Surjapal of Tomar dynasty, whose existence is based on Bardic tradition. Page 101: About 2 km south-west of Surajkund, close to the village of Anagpur (also called Arangpur is a dam ascribed to Anagpal of the Tomar Dynasty, who is also credited with building the [[Lal Kot]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=31 August 2005 }}</ref><ref name=suraj>{{cite web |url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_surajkund.asp |title= Ticketed Monuments – Haryana: Suraj Kund |access-date= 5 September 2009 |publisher= National Informatics Centre, Government of India |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091011023435/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_surajkund.asp |archive-date= 11 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Tilyar Lake]] in Rohtak.<ref name=til>Page 149, ''India: A Travel Guide'', By B.R. Kishore, published 2001, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited, {{ISBN|81-284-0067-3}}</ref><ref name=til4>{{cite web|url=http://cza.nic.in/Status%20of%20Master%20Plan%20Submitted%20by%20Zoos.pdf|title=List of zoos who have submitted their master plan|access-date=4 December 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054343/http://www.cza.nic.in/Status%20of%20Master%20Plan%20Submitted%20by%20Zoos.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=til5>{{cite web|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|title=Protected Area|website=haryanaforest.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Haryana State Waterbody Management Board'' is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14,000 [[Johad#Johads of Haryana|johads of Haryana]] and up to 60 lakes in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] falling within the Haryana state.<ref name=HarWater1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/haryana-to-develop-50-60-small-lakes-water-bodies-in-ncr-manohar-lal-khattar-4918316/ "Haryana to develop 50-60 small lakes, water bodies in NCR: Manohar Lal Khattar"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107062251/http://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/haryana-to-develop-50-60-small-lakes-water-bodies-in-ncr-manohar-lal-khattar-4918316/ |date=7 November 2017 }}, [[Indian Express]], 1 November 2017.</ref><ref name=HarWater2>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-to-constitute-pond-management-authority-117110101271_1.html "Haryana to constitute pond management authority "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003731/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haryana-to-constitute-pond-management-authority-117110101271_1.html |date=7 November 2017 }}, [[Business Standard]], 1 November 2017.</ref>

The only [[hot spring]] in Haryana is the [[Sohna#Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring|Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring]] at [[Sohna]] in Gurgaon district.<ref name=trib200>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000218/haryana.htm#2 "Sohna Hot Spring."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104211236/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000218/haryana.htm#2 |date=4 November 2017 }}, The Tribune.</ref><ref name=HT1>{{cite web|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5617&serviceid=39|title=Hotel Detail - Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited.|website=haryanatourism.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213152258/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5617&serviceid=39|archive-date=13 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tosham Hill range]] has several [[Tosham Hill range#Sacred Sulphur Ponds of Tosham Hill|sacred sulphur ponds]] of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of [[sulphur]], such as ''Pandu Teerth Kund'', ''Surya Kund'', ''Kukkar Kund'', ''Gyarasia Kund'' or ''Vyas Kund''.<ref name=toshamsulfur1>2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MvAdAQAAMAAJ&q=sulphur+tosham "Records, Volume 135, Part 1."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110452/https://books.google.com/books?id=MvAdAQAAMAAJ&q=sulphur+tosham&dq=sulphur+tosham |date=27 November 2018 }}, [[Geological Survey of India]], Page 144.</ref>

Seasonal waterfalls include [[Morni#Tikkar Taal|Tikkar Taal twin lakes]] at [[Morni|Morni hiills]], [[Dhosi Hill]] in Mahendragarh district, [[Pali village]] on the outskirts of Faridabad, and Ghamroj Waterfall near [[Gurgaon]].

===Climate===
Haryana is hot in summer with maximum temperatures hovering around {{convert|40|C}} and cool in winter with minimum temperatures around {{Convert|6|C|F}}. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> The climate is semi-arid to subhumid with an average rainfall of 592.93 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908011654/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the [[monsoon]], and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the [[Western Disturbance|western disturbance]].<ref name=agri>{{citation|title=Home|url=http://agriharyana.nic.in|publisher=Department of Agriculture (Haryana)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023236/http://agriharyana.nic.in/|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
{{Climate chart|[[Gurgaon]]
|5.9|20.9|15.2
|8.4|23.7|21.4
|13.1|29.8|12.0
|19.1|36.9|16.6
|24.1|40.4|30.4
|26.6|39.7|73.2
|26.3|35.2|201.5
|25.5|33.7|207.2
|23.4|34.2|102.1
|17.4|33.1|13.7
|11.1|28.4|10.9
|6.7|22.9|7.6
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=Climatological Normals 1971 - 2000 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20(1971-2000).pdf |publisher=Office of Head, Climate Research & Services India Meteorological Department |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Climate chart|[[Ambala]]
|6.7|18.1|30.7
|9.6|22.5|35.9
|14.3|27.7|29.4
|19.6|35.1|20.1
|23.8|38.4|35.3
|25.5|37.9|111.4
|25.7|34.5|257.0
|25.1|33.5|228.0
|23.3|33.1|136.5
|17.8|31.7|14.3
|11.8|26.9|6.5
|7.5|21.0|15.4
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |publisher=Office of Head, Climate Research & Services India Meteorological Department |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>}}

===Flora and fauna===
{| class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%;"
|+ '''State symbols of Haryana'''
|-
| '''Formation day'''
| 1 November (Day of separation from Punjab)
|-
| '''State mammal'''
| [[Black buck]]<ref name="wiisymbols">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070615001645/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2007|title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers|publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| '''State bird'''
| [[Black francolin]]
|-
| '''State tree'''
| [[Peepal]]<ref name="wiisymbols"/>
|-
| '''State flower'''
| [[Lotus (genus)|Lotus]]<ref name="wiisymbols"/>
|}

====Forests====
Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the tree cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.<ref>{{citation|title=Welcome To Our Website|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/HomeContent1.aspx|publisher=Haryana Forest Department|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327010800/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/HomeContent1.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016 and 2017, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.<ref name="harec1" /> Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the [[monsoon]], a carpet of grass covers the hills. [[Dalbergia sissoo|Shisham]], [[Senegalia catechu|khair]], [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]], [[Terminalia pendula|dhok]], and [[Azadirachta indica|neem]] are the dominant trees of the [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|subtropical dry deciduous forest]] typical of northern India. The species of [[fauna]] found in the state of Haryana include [[black buck]], [[nilgai]], [[Leopard|panther]], [[fox]], [[mongoose]], [[jackal]] and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.<ref>{{citation|title=Flora and Fauna|url=http://www.knowmyindia.com/haryana/gurgaon/sultanpur-national-park/flora-and-fauna.html|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032538/http://www.knowmyindia.com/haryana/gurgaon/sultanpur-national-park/flora-and-fauna.html|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Conservation of Wildlife|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/conservation.aspx|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327013117/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/conservation.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.haryana-online.com/fauna.htm |title=Fauna of Haryana |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202230620/http://haryana-online.com/fauna.htm |archive-date=2 December 2015 }}</ref>

===={{anchor | Protected wildlife areas of Haryana }} Wildlife====
[[File:Watercock (41632546090).jpg|thumb|Watercock]]
{{see also|List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India}}

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.<ref>{{citation|title=Parks, Reserves and Other Protected Areas in Haryana|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Area|url=http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|publisher=haryanaforest.gov.in|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232130/http://haryanaforest.gov.in/protect.aspx|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sultanpur National Park]] is a notable park in Gurgaon District.

===Environmental and ecological issues===
{{see also|Air pollution in India}}
[[Haryana Environment Protection Council]] is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]] are the most polluted. During the [[smog]] of November 2017, the [[air quality index]] of [[Gurgaon]] and [[Faridabad]] showed that the density of [[Particulates|fine particulates]] (2.5 [[Micrometre|μm]] diameter) was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60. Other sources of pollution are [[exhaust gas]]es from old vehicles, [[Crusher|stone crushers]] and brick kilns. Haryana has 7.5 million vehicles, of which 40% are old, more polluting vehicles, and 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are [[Bhiwani]], [[Bahadurgarh]], [[Dharuhera]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and [[Yamunanagar]].<ref name=harenv1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-air-pollution-effect-from-punjab-to-patna-17024258.html "From Punjab to Patna pollution spreads."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424220015/https://www-jagran-com.translate.goog/news/national-air-pollution-effect-from-punjab-to-patna-17024258.html?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US |date=24 April 2022 }}, [[Dainik Jagran]], 12 November 2017.</ref>

==Administration==
{{main|Administrative divisions of Haryana}}

===Divisions===
[[File:Haryana_Wahlkreise_Lok_Sabha.svg|thumb|Ten [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in Haryana]]
{{See also|List of cities in Haryana by population}}

The state is divided into six revenue divisions, five [[Police ranks and insignia of India#State police forces and their structure|Police Ranges]] and four [[Police ranks and insignia of India#State police forces and their structure|Police Commissionerates]] (c. January 2017).<ref name=harD1>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/haryana-re-organises-administrative-units.html Reorganisation of Haryana divisions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231507/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/haryana-re-organises-administrative-units.html |date=29 December 2017 }}, Daily Pioneer, 3 January 2017.</ref><ref name=reddiv1>[http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-approves-to-create-two-new-revenue-divisions/states/news/768930.html Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172428/http://www.uniindia.com/haryana-approves-to-create-two-new-revenue-divisions/states/news/768930.html |date=29 December 2017 }}, 2 February 2017.</ref><ref name=reddiv2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/authority-set-up-to-rejig-administrative-units-across-haryana/articleshow/56302722.cms Authority set up to rejig administrative units across Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229183401/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/authority-set-up-to-rejig-administrative-units-across-haryana/articleshow/56302722.cms |date=29 December 2017 }}, Times of India, 3 January 2017.</ref><ref name=reddiv3>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20170202/3048081.html Haryana approves to create two new revenue divisions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172256/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20170202/3048081.html |date=29 December 2017 }}, Web India, 1 February 2017.</ref> [[Divisions of Haryana#Police divisions|Six revenue divisions]] are: [[Ambala Division|Ambala]], [[Rohtak Division|Rohtak]], [[Gurgaon Division|Gurgaon]], [[Hisar Division|Hisar]], [[Karnal division|Karnal]] and [[Faridabad division|Faridabad]].<ref name=harD1/> Haryana has 11 [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonipat, and Manesar<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 December 2021|title=One year later, Municipal Corporation of Manesar battling transfer of amenities|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/one-year-later-municipal-corporation-of-manesar-battling-transfer-of-amenities-101640287094252.html|access-date=24 February 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223165215/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/one-year-later-municipal-corporation-of-manesar-battling-transfer-of-amenities-101640287094252.html|url-status=live}}</ref>), 18 municipal councils and 52 [[Nagar Palika|municipalities]].<ref name=MC1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=auto&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fgurgaon-municipal-tax-increase-17339518.html Municipal taxes will be sanctioned to the weak bodies of the state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424220015/https://www-jagran-com.translate.goog/haryana/gurgaon-municipal-tax-increase-17339518.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US |date=24 April 2022 }}, [https://www.jagran.com/haryana/gurgaon-municipal-tax-increase-17339518.html Dainik Jagran news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060632/https://www.jagran.com/haryana/gurgaon-municipal-tax-increase-17339518.html |date=19 January 2018 }}</ref>

Within these, there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller [[Dhani (settlement type)|dhani]]s.{{sfn|NIDM|p=4}}

===Districts===
{{Main|List of districts of Haryana}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Divisions !! Districts
|-
| [[Ambala division|Ambala]] || [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]], [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]], [[Yamuna Nagar district|Yamuna Nagar]]
|-
|[[Faridabad division|Faridabad]] || [[Faridabad]], [[Palwal]], [[Nuh district|Nuh]]
|-
| [[Gurgaon division|Gurgaon]] || [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]], [[Rewari district|Rewari]],
|-
| [[Hisar division|Hisar]] || [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], [[Jind district|Jind]], [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]],
|-
| [[Rohtak division|Rohtak]] || [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]], [[Charkhi Dadri]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]], [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]{{sfn|NIDM|p=3}}
|-
| [[Karnal division|Karnal]] || [[Karnal]], [[Panipat]], [[Kaithal]]

|}
Haryana consists of six divisions comprising 22 districts. Each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner (DC), an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who also functions as the District Magistrate (DM) for maintaining law and order and the [[District magistrate|District Collector]] for land revenue administration.

The districts are further divided into [[Subdivision in India|sub-divisions]] and [[tehsil]]s for land revenue administration, and into [[Community development block|blocks]] for development administration. The subdivisions and tehsils are headed by [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub-Divisional Magistrates]] (SDMs) and [[Tehsildar]]s, respectively.

===Law and order===
The [[Haryana Police]] force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. [[Divisions of Haryana#Police ranges|Five Police Ranges]] are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.<ref name=range1>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/haryana-establishes-five-police-ranges-117011601376_1.html Haryana establishes five police ranges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232024/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/haryana-establishes-five-police-ranges-117011601376_1.html |date=29 December 2017 }}, business Standard, 16 January 2017.</ref> [[Divisions of Haryana#Police commissionerates|Four Police Commissionerates]] are Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panchkula and Sonipat.<ref name=harD1/> Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.<ref>{{citation |title=Haryana Police |url=http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811060318/http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The highest judicial authority in the state is the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], with the next higher right of appeal being to the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.<ref>{{citation |title=HC starts e-filing, gets Wi-Fi complex |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/courts/hc-starts-e-filing-gets-wi-fi-complex/13112.html |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 December 2014 |location=Chandigarh |agency=Tribune News Service |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023012/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/courts/hc-starts-e-filing-gets-wi-fi-complex/13112.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Governance and e-governance===
{{See also|List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Haryana Legislative Assembly|List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Haryana (10)|Political families of Haryana|label 1=CMs|label 2=Assembly|label 3=Assembly constituencies|label 4=Lok Sabha constituencies|label 5=Political dynasties}}

The [[Common Service Centres]] (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications for new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, the result of [[Haryana Board of School Education|HBSE]], admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for [[Kurukshetra University]] and [[Haryana Urban Development Authority|HUDA]] plots status inquiry.<ref name = "Express">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/digital-india-campaign-panchkula-comes-out-on-top-among-all-districts-of-haryana|title=Digital India campaign: Panchkula comes out on top among all districts of Haryana|date=26 December 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316045224/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/digital-india-campaign-panchkula-comes-out-on-top-among-all-districts-of-haryana/|archive-date=16 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Haryana has become the first state to implement [[Aadhaar]]-enabled birth registration in all the districts.<ref name=Express/> Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available [[24/7 service|24/7 online]] through single unified [[UMANG]] app and portal as part of [[Digital India]] initiative.<ref name=umang1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/government-unveils-umang-app-for-citizen-services/articleshow/61769676.cms "Government unveils Umang app for citizen services."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417000928/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/government-unveils-umang-app-for-citizen-services/articleshow/61769676.cms |date=17 April 2018 }}, Economic Times, 23 November 2017.</ref><ref name=umang4>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-s-umang-app-finally-sees-the-light-of-the-day-all-you-need-to-know-117112300381_1.html "Govt's Umang app finally sees the light of the day: All you need to know."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031928/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-s-umang-app-finally-sees-the-light-of-the-day-all-you-need-to-know-117112300381_1.html |date=1 December 2017 }}, [[Business Standard]], 23 November 2017.</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Sahara Mall Gurgaon.jpg|thumb|A shopping mall in Gurgaon]]

{{Main|Economy of Haryana|List of special economic zones in India#Haryana|l2 = SEZs in Haryana|Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation|l3 = HSIDC estates|List of companies based in Gurgaon|l4 = Companies in Gurugram|Tourism in Haryana}}

Haryana's [[list of Indian states and union territories by GDP|14th placed]] 12.96% 2012–17 [[compound annual growth rate|CAGR]]<ref name=harec2>[https://www.ibef.org/states/haryana-presentation Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154831/https://www.ibef.org/states/haryana-presentation |date=6 October 2018 }}, [[India Brand Equity Foundation]], Nov 2017.</ref> estimated a 2017–18 GSDP of US$95 billion<ref name="harec1"/> split into 52% [[Service economy|services]], 30% [[Industrial sector|industries]] and 18% [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]].<ref name="harec1">{{cite web|title=Haryana State Budget 2017-18|url=http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Bgfinal.pdf|website=Haryana Finance Dept|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822065346/http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Bgfinal.pdf|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and [[Tourism in Haryana|hospitality]], 15% state and central government employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.<ref name="harec1" />

The industrial sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.<ref name="harec1" /> In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators in India.<ref name="harec1"/>

The service and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational [[special economic zone|SEZ]]s and an additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 approved in-principle) that are mostly spread along the [[Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project|Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor]], [[Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor]] and [[Delhi Western Peripheral Expressway|Western Peripheral Expressway]].<ref name="harec1"/>

The agricultural sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.<ref name="harec1" /> Although Haryana has less than 1.4% of the total area of India, it contributes 15% of food grains to the [[Public distribution system|central food security public distribution system]],<ref name="harec1" /> and makes up 7% of total national agricultural exports, including 60% of total national [[basmati]] rice exports.<ref name="harec1"/>

=== Agriculture ===
====Crops====
[[File:Green farms of Jats in Haryana.jpg|thumb|Green farms in Haryana]]

Haryana is traditionally an [[agrarian society]] of [[zamindar]]s (owner-cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged in agriculture.<ref name="rep1">{{cite report| title= Report on Haryana Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare| url= https://www.icfa.org.in/assets/doc/reports/haryana-agriculture-and-farmers.pdf| publisher= Indian Council of Food and Welfare| page= 2| access-date= 29 September 2021| archive-date= 28 November 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211128073103/https://www.icfa.org.in/assets/doc/reports/haryana-agriculture-and-farmers.pdf| url-status= dead}}</ref> The [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution in Haryana]] of the 1960s<ref name="about IARI"/> combined with the completion of [[Bhakra Dam]] in 1963<ref name=bdam1>{{cite web|title=Bhakra Dam Will Be Engineering Marvel|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19550904&printsec=frontpage|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 April 2017|page=13|date=4 September 1955|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424220014/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19550904&printsec=frontpage|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Western Yamuna Canal#Western Yamuna Command Network|Western Yamuna Command Network]] canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.<ref name="about IARI">{{cite web|title=About IARI|url=http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|website=IARI|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316004157/http://iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|archive-date=16 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This movement lead to large-scale investments towards improving irrigation systems, enhancing the quality of fertilizers, and investing in superior seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Haryana {{!}} History, Capital, Population, Map, & Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Haryana |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502205358/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/256424/Haryana |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains.<ref name="rep1"/>

In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 [[tonne]]s of [[wheat]], 4,145,000 tonnes of [[basmati|rice]], 7,169,000 tonnes of [[sugarcane]], 993,000 tonnes of [[cotton]] and 855,000 tonnes of [[oilseeds]] ([[mustard seed]], [[sunflower]], etc.). In the northeastern area, dairy cattle, buffaloes, and bullocks play a prominent role, being utilised both for agricultural ploughing and as draft animals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Haryana {{!}} History, Capital, Population, Map, & Government {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Haryana |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502205358/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/256424/Haryana |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Fruits, vegetables and spices ====

Vegetable production was [[potato]] 853,806 tonnes, [[onion]] 705,795 tonnes, [[tomato]] 675,384 tonnes, [[cauliflower]] 578,953 tonnes, [[Leaf vegetable|leafy vegetables]] 370,646 tonnes, [[brinjal]] 331,169 tonnes, [[Cucurbitaceae|guard]] 307,793 tonnes, [[pea]]s 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.<ref name="harec1" />

[[Fruit]] production was [[citrus]] 301,764 tonnes, [[guava]] 152,184 tonnes, [[mango]] 89,965 tonnes, [[Sapota|chikoo]] 16,022 tonnes, [[Indian gooseberry|aonla]] 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.<ref name="harec1" />

[[Spice]] production was [[garlic]] 40,497 tonnes, [[fenugreek]] 9,348 tonnes, [[ginger]] 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.<ref name="harec1" />

====Flowers and medicinal plants====

[[Cut flowers]] production was [[Calendula officinalis|marigold]] 61,830 tonnes, [[gladiolus]] 2,448,620 million, [[rose]] 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.<ref name="harec1" />

[[Medicinal plants]] production was: [[aloe vera]] 1403 tonnes and [[stevia]] 13 tonnes.<ref name="harec1" />

====Livestock====
{{see also|Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes#Context:_Buffalo_and_dairying|l1=Dairying in Haryana}}

Haryana is well known for its high-yield [[Murrah buffalo]].<ref name=murr1>{{cite web|url=http://www.axonvet.com/murrah-buffalo.html|title=Murrah Buffalo|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207042140/http://www.axonvet.com/murrah-buffalo.html|archive-date=7 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=murr2>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/story/184582.html|title=Murrah buffalo sets record with 26.33 kg milk|work=The Tribune|date=16 January 2016|access-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813151238/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/story/184582.html|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=murr3>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-farmer-buys-Haryana-murrah-buffalo-for-Rs-25L/articleshow/21753870.cms |title=Andhra Pradesh farmer buys Haryana murrah buffalo for Rs 25L |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2013 |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradesh-farmer-buys-Haryana-murrah-buffalo-for-Rs-25L/articleshow/21753870.cms |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=murr4>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/farmer-earns-rs-40-lakh-a-year-from-murrah-bull-semen-sale/article1-1185010.aspx |title=Rs 40-lakh-a-year hurrah for owner of this Murrah! |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=17 February 2014 |access-date=30 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/farmer-earns-rs-40-lakh-a-year-from-murrah-bull-semen-sale/article1-1185010.aspx |archive-date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> Other breeds of [[cattle]] native to Haryana are [[Haryanvi cattle|Haryanvi]], [[Mewati cattle|Mewati]], [[Sahiwal cattle|Sahiwal]] and [[Nili-Ravi]].<ref name=annr1>{{cite web|url=http://www.cirb.res.in/images/pdf_files/annualreport15-16.pdf|title=CIRB annual report 2015-16.|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720115045/http://cirb.res.in/images/pdf_files/annualreport15-16.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Research ====
{{See also | List_of_Medical,_Ayurvedic,_Dental,_Physiotherapy,_Nursing_and_Para-medical_colleges_in_Haryana#Other_institutes | label 1 = Research institutes in Haryana}}

To support its agrarian economy, both the central government ([[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]], [[Central Sheep Breeding Farm]], [[National Research Centre on Equines]], [[ICAR CIFE Rohtak centre|Central Institute of Fisheries]], [[National Dairy Research Institute]], [[Regional Centre for Biotechnology]], Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and the state government ([[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University|CCS HAU]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences|LUVAS]], [[Government Livestock Farm, Hisar|Government Livestock Farm]], [[Regional Fodder Station, Hisar|Regional Fodder Station]] and [[Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute]]) have opened several institutes for research and education.<ref name=haragr1>M Gupta, 2011, [http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11559/3/ALIS%2058%281%29%2063-70.pdf Ranking of Indian institutions in agriculture & allied sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127205219/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11559/3/ALIS%2058(1)%2063-70.pdf |date=27 January 2018 }}.</ref><ref name=haragr2>Jagvir Singh Yadav, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170223865 Evaluation of Agricultural Extension: A Study of Haryana], Page 44.</ref><ref name=haragr3>Salim Ahmed Lalli, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8189131192 Infrastructure and agricultural development in Haryana: policy implications].</ref>

===Industrial sector===
====Manufacturing====
{{See also|Automotive_industry_in_India#Haryana|label 1=Automotive industry in Haryana}}
[[File:Larsen & Toubro Office.png|thumb|[[Larsen & Toubro]] office at [[Faridabad]]]]
[[File:DLF Gateway Tower.png|thumb|The headquarters of [[DLF Limited]], India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana]]

* [[Faridabad]] is one of the biggest industrial cities of Haryana as well as North India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051228/delhi.htm#1|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood|work=The Tribune|access-date=7 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613023249/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051228/delhi.htm#1|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is home to large-scale MNC companies like India [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] Motor Pvt. Ltd., [[Havells]] India Limited,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.havells.com/company-profile.aspx|title=File not found|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095909/http://www.havells.com/company-profile.aspx|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]] India Limited, [[Escorts Group]], [[Indian Oil]] (R&D),<ref>{{cite web|author=Manohar, Asit|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-26/news/31240306_1_bio-fuels-research-work-indian-oil-corporation|title=IOC Faridabad unit to pump in bio-fuel; R&D unit gearing to reduce pressure on conventional fuel|work=The Times of India|date=26 March 2012|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113631/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-26/news/31240306_1_bio-fuels-research-work-indian-oil-corporation|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lntgulf.com/default.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041859/http://www.lntgulf.com/contact-us.html|url-status=dead|title=金牛配资_炒股配资平台_ 免息配资公司|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=lntgulf.com}}</ref> Eyewear e-tailer Lenskart and healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Faridabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/eyewear-etailer-lenskart-looks-at-150-growth-this-fiscal/article7916307.ece|title=Eye-wear e-tailer Lenskart looks at 150% growth this fiscal|author=Abhishek Law|work=Business Line|date=25 November 2015 |access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211195817/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/eyewear-etailer-lenskart-looks-at-150-growth-this-fiscal/article7916307.ece|archive-date=11 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Faridabad-Rents-climbing-sleepy-town-is-hot-property/articleshow/47728780.cms|title=Faridabad: Rents climbing, sleepy town is hot property|work=The Times of India|date=19 June 2015 |access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622054331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Faridabad-Rents-climbing-sleepy-town-is-hot-property/articleshow/47728780.cms|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hisar, India|Hissar]], an [[National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets|NCR Counter Magnet city]] known as a steel and cotton spinning hub as well as an upcoming integrated industrial aerocity and [[Maintenance, repair, and operations|aero MRO]] hub at [[Hisar Airport]],<ref name=hsraero1>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/hisar-aerodrome-being-considered-for-international-airport-says-mla/article1-1292554.aspx Hisar aerodrome being considered for international airport, says MLA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211001542/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/hisar-aerodrome-being-considered-for-international-airport-says-mla/article1-1292554.aspx |date=11 December 2014 }}, HT Correspondent, [[Hindustan Times]]. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</ref><ref name=tbm1>[http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/Ministry/haryana-govt-to-develop-international-airport-at-hisar-30068 Haryana to develop international airport at Hisar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112209/http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/Ministry/haryana-govt-to-develop-international-airport-at-hisar-30068 |date=19 October 2017 }}, [http://www.travelbizmonitor.com TravelBizMonitor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129150531/http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ |date=29 November 2017 }}, Retrieved in March 2016.</ref><ref name=trib4>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/state-shelves-hisar-airport-project/87044.html State shelves Hisar airport cargo project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019111840/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/state-shelves-hisar-airport-project/87044.html |date=19 October 2017 }}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 29 May 2015.</ref> is a fast-developing city and the hometown of [[Navin Jindal]] and [[Subhash Chandra]] of [[Zee TV]] fame. [[Savitri Jindal]], Navin Jindal's mother, has been listed by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the third richest woman in the world.<ref name="forbes">{{cite magazine |title=Savitri Jindal and family |magazine=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/savitri-jindal |access-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704153925/http://www.forbes.com/profile/savitri-jindal/ |archive-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Panipat]] has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the [[Indian Oil Corporation]], a urea manufacturing plant operated by [[National Fertilizers]] Limited and a [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] power plant. It is known for its woven ''modhas'' or round stools.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/states-culture/haryana.html| title=Haryana culture| work=Indian mirror| access-date=31 July 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827193200/http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/states-culture/haryana.html| archive-date=27 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sonipat]]: [[Kundli#Kundli Industrial Area|IMT Kundli]], Nathupur, Rai and Barhi are industrial areas with several [[small and medium-sized enterprises]], and also large ones such as Atlas cycles, E.C.E., [[Birla family|Birla factory]], and [[OSRAM]]<ref name=soni1>{{cite web|url=http://www.osramindia.com|title=OSRAM|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513131033/http://www.osramindia.com/|archive-date=13 May 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=soni2>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlascyclesonepat.com|title=Atlas Cycles (Haryana) Ltd., Sonepat (India)|website=atlascyclesonepat.com|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216134908/http://atlascyclesonepat.com/|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=soni3>{{cite web|url=http://www.eceindustriesltd.com|title=ECE Industries Ltd.|website=eceindustriesltd.com|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129142459/http://www.eceindustriesltd.com/|archive-date=29 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Gurgaon]]: [[Manesar#Industrial Model Township .28IMT.29.2C Manesar|IMT Manesar]], [[Dundahera]] and [[Sohna]] are industrial and logistics hubs,<ref name=gurman1>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP/2011/02/05&PageLabel=58&EntityId=Ar05800&ViewMode=HTML|title=Article Window|date=5 February 2011|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110536/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?Archive&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP%2F2011%2F02%2F05&PageLabel=58&EntityId=Ar05800&ViewMode=HTML|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=gurman2>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/haryana-showpiece-millennium-city-gurgaons-powerless-original-residents-suffer-135834/|title=Haryana showpiece millennium city Gurgaon's 'powerless' original residents suffer|website=India.com|date=1 September 2014|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034445/http://www.india.com/news/india/haryana-showpiece-millennium-city-gurgaons-powerless-original-residents-suffer-135834/|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=gurman3>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Villagers-fume-after-Haryana-CM-skips-KMP-meet/articleshow/7141757.cms?referral=PM|author=Tanushree Roy Chowdhury|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|title=Villagers fume after Haryana CM skips KMP meet|date=22 December 2010|access-date=7 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102004049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Villagers-fume-after-Haryana-CM-skips-KMP-meet/articleshow/7141757.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=2 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and also has the [[National Security Guards]], the [[Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs]], the [[National Brain Research Centre]] and the National Bomb Data Centre.<ref name=gurman4>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Manesar%20&district=Gurgaon|title=Pin Code of Manesar Gurgaon|website=citypincode.in|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309090757/http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Manesar%20&district=Gurgaon|archive-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Utilities====
Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural [[electrification]] in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.<ref>{{citation|title=General Information|url=http://www.haryanainvest.org/general-information.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909072523/http://www.haryanainvest.org/general-information.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2017}}

Sources of power in the state include:
* Renewable and non-polluting sources
** [[Hydroelectricity]]
*** [[Bhakra Dam#Electricity generation|Bhakra-Nangal Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant]]
***[[Haryana Power Generation Corporation#Generation capacity|WYC Hydro Electric Station]], 62.4 MW, Yamunanagar<ref name=HGPCL1/>
** [[Solar power]] stations
*** [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation#Plans|Faridabad Solar Power Plant]]: being set up by [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation|HPGCL]] Faridabad (c.2016).<ref>{{citation |title=Haryana aims to install solar plants to replace old thermal plants |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-03-15/news/71543274_1_power-plant-solar-plant-hpgcl |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 March 2016 |access-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405034650/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-03-15/news/71543274_1_power-plant-solar-plant-hpgcl |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Nuclear power]] stations
** [[Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant]], 2800MW, Fatehabad, Phase-I 1400MW by 2021<ref name="GHAVP1">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=102476 | title=Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan sigh Lays Foundation Stone of 2800 MW Gorakhpur Haryana Anu Vidyut Pariyojana (Nuclear Power Project) | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=13 January 2014 | access-date=6 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061426/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=102476 | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/gorakhpur-nuclear-power-plant-makes-headway-39141 Gorakhpur nuclear power plant makes headway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921202535/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/gorakhpur-nuclear-power-plant-makes-headway-39141 |date=21 September 2017 }}. Down To Earth. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</ref>
* [[Thermal power station#Typical coal thermal power station|Coal-fired thermal power station]]s
** [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station]], 600MW, Yamunanagar<ref name=HGPCL1>{{cite web |url=http://hpgcl.gov.in/powerplants_rpp.hp |title=HPGCL power plant capacity |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005819/http://hpgcl.gov.in/powerplants_rpp.hp |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** [[Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project]], 1500MW, Jhajjar<ref name=HGPCL1/>
** [[Jhajjar Power Station]], 1500MW<ref name=HGPCL1/>
** [[Panipat Thermal Power Station I]], 440MW<ref name=HGPCL1/>
** [[Panipat Thermal Power Station II]], 920MW<ref name=HGPCL1/>
** [[Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station]], 1200MW, Hisar<ref name=HGPCL1/>

===Services sector===

====Transport====
[[File:Administrative_map_of_Haryana_with_RTO_codes_for_vehicle_registration.png|thumb|Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes]]

===== Aviation =====
{{main|History_of_Haryana#Aviation|l1 = Aviation in Haryana}}

=====Roads and highways=====
{{main|List of highways in Haryana|l1 = Highways in Haryana}}

Haryana has a total road length of {{convert|26062|km}}, including {{convert|2482|km}} comprising [[List of National Highways in India|29 national highways]], {{convert|1801|km}} of [[List of state highways in Haryana|state highways]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://haryanasamanyagyan.com/notes/state-highways-in-haryana/1592/|title=List of State Highways in Haryana|date=2 September 2017|work=Haryana Samanya Gyan|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104211139/https://haryanasamanyagyan.com/notes/state-highways-in-haryana/1592/|archive-date=4 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{convert|1395|km}} of Major District Roads (MDR) and {{convert|20344|km}} of Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).<ref name=trib1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/single-agency-to-handle-road-repair-work-from-january-1/520344.html "Single agency to handle road repair work from January 1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229174916/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/single-agency-to-handle-road-repair-work-from-january-1/520344.html |date=29 December 2017 }}, ''Tribune'', 29 December 2017.</ref> A fleet of 3,864 [[Haryana Roadways]] buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://haryanaindustries.nic.in/WhyHaryana/Pages/NewEconomicInfrastructure.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410062940/http://haryanaindustries.nic.in/WhyHaryana/Pages/NewEconomicInfrastructure.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Why Haryana? - Economic Infrastructure|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

Ancient [[Delhi Multan Road]] and [[Grand Trunk Road]], South Asia's oldest and longest major roads, pass through Haryana. GT Road passes through the districts of [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]], [[Panipat district|Panipat]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]] and [[Ambala district|Ambala]] in north Haryana where it enters [[Delhi]] and subsequently the industrial town of [[Faridabad]] on its way. The {{convert|135.6|km}} [[Western Peripheral Expressway|Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP)]] will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as [[Sonipat]], [[Gurgaon]], and [[Faridabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20526.html|title=KMP Expressways to be completed by 2009|work=The Indian Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315201640/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20526.html|archive-date=15 March 2007}}</ref>

The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from the current four lanes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nh-2-widening-to-claim-25-000-trees-in-faridabad-dist/story-ek0KPewdRR6CZ7mZEgMeWM.html |title=NH-2 widening to claim 25,000 trees in Faridabad dist | india |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032245/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nh-2-widening-to-claim-25-000-trees-in-faridabad-dist/story-ek0KPewdRR6CZ7mZEgMeWM.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> It will further boost [[Faridabad]]'s connectivity with [[Delhi]].

===== Railway =====

{{See also|Railway in Haryana|Railway stations in Haryana|North_Western_Railway_zone#History|Northern_Railway_zone#History|North_Central_Railway_zone#History|label 3=NWR history|label 4=NR history|label 5=NCR history}}

The rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones. [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] [[High-speed rail in India|High-speed rail network]],<ref name=harhsrn1>{{citation|title=Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225448/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (72 km)<ref name=hardfc1>{{cite web|url=http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Eastern_Corridor|title=Eastern DFC|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126065737/http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Eastern_Corridor|archive-date=26 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (177 km)<ref name=hardfc2>{{cite web|url=http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor|title=Western DFC|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203070023/http://dfccil.gov.in/dfccil_app/Western_Corridor|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> pass through Haryana.

[[Bikaner railway division]] of the [[North Western Railway zone]] manages the rail network in [[Hisar division|western]] and [[Gurgaon division|southern]] Haryana covering [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line|Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line]], [[Bathinda–Rewari line|Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line]], Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.<ref name="harrlyz22">{{cite web |url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093153283-BKN.pdf |title=Bikaner Division map and history |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231537/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093153283-BKN.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="harrlyz2">{{cite web | url = http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf | title = Overview of Bikaner Division | publisher = North Western Railway | access-date = 7 May 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030427/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf | archive-date = 8 May 2014}}</ref> [[Jaipur railway division]] of [[North Western Railway zone]] manages the rail network in [[Hisar division|south-west Haryana]] covering [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line]], Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.<ref name=jaip1>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093177866-JP.pdf |title=Jaipur division network map |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229173541/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093177866-JP.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Delhi railway division]] of the [[Northern Railway zone]] manages the rail network in [[Karnal division|north]] and [[Rohtak division|east-central]] Haryana, covering [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line]], [[Delhi–Fazilka line|Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line]], [[Rewari–Rohtak line]], Jind-Sonepat line and [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi-Rewari line]].<ref name="harrlyz21">{{cite web |url=http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,315 |title=Delhi division map and history |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507033025/http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,315 |archive-date=7 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="harrlyz5">{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="harrlyz6">{{cite web|url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319|title = Ambala Railway Division|access-date = 13 January 2016|publisher = [[Railway Board]]|work= [[Northern Railway zone]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418160819/http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319|archive-date = 18 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="harrlyz3">{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations in IR based on Pass. earning of 2011 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128044328/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI%26ACategoryStns.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="harrlyz4">{{cite web|title=PASSENGER AMENITIES - CRITERIA= For Categorisation of Stations |url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045206/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1432447500773-23.Passenger%20Amenities%20PDF.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Agra railway division]] of [[North Central Railway zone]] manages another very small part of the network in [[South Haryana|southeast Haryana]] covering only the [[Palwal railway station|Palwal]]-[[Mathura railway station|Mathura]] line.<ref name=harrlyz11>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,262 |title=NCR Zone map |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230080131/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,262 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=harrlyz1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|title=North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal|website=ncr.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707094035/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] manages a small part of the rail network in [[Ambala division|north-east Haryana]] covering [[Moradabad–Ambala line|Ambala-Yamunanagar line]], [[Delhi–Kalka line|Ambala-Kurukshetra line]] and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]].<ref name=amb1>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319 Ambala Division map and history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418160819/http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,314,319 |date=18 April 2014 }}.</ref>

=====Metro=====
{{main|Delhi Metro|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|label 1 = Delhi Metro|label 2 = Gurgaon Metro}}

[[Delhi Metro]] connects the national capital Delhi with the NCR cities of [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Bahadurgarh]]. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and a track length of 17 km.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ncr-s-longest-metro-line-in-faridabad/article1-800767.aspx |title=NCR's longest Metro line in Faridabad | delhi |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=3 November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=====Sky Way=====
[[File:Delhi Faridabad Skyway.png|thumb|[[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]]]

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the {{convert|4.5|km|adj=on}} international standard [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]], the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hccinfrastructure.com/projects/delhifaridabad_expressway.aspx |title=Projects - Delhi - Faridabad Elevated Expressway Project (dfskyway TM) (NH - 2) |publisher=HCC Infrastructure |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=3 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101032537/http://www.hccinfrastructure.com/projects/delhifaridabad_expressway.aspx |archive-date=1 January 2016 }}</ref>

====Communication and media====

Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other, thus making it the first SWAN of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egovonline.net/articles/article-details.asp?Title=Tulip-IT-in-Haryana&ArticalID=1716&Type=INDUSTRY%20PERSPECTIVE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330231740/http://www.egovonline.net/articles/article-details.asp?Title=Tulip-IT-in-Haryana&ArticalID=1716&Type=INDUSTRY%20PERSPECTIVE|url-status=dead|title=Egovonline.net|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/7526/93/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101071407/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/7526/93/|url-status=dead|title=Punjabnewsline.com|archive-date=1 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080206/haryana.htm | title=The Tribune India | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=6 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627005749/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080206/haryana.htm | archive-date=27 June 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, [[Tata Teleservices]], [[Bharti Telecom]], [[Idea]] [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Aircel]], [[Uninor]] and [[Videocon]]) have operations in the state. The two biggest cities of Haryana, [[Faridabad]] and [[Gurgaon]], which are part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana come under Haryana Telecommunication System.

[[Electronic media]] channels include [[MTV]], [[9XM]], Star Group, [[SET Max]], [[News Time]], [[NDTV 24x7]] and [[Zee Group]]. The [[radio]] stations include [[All India Radio]] and other [[FM broadcasting|FM]] stations.

Panipat, Hisar, Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed and circulated throughout Haryana, in which [[Dainik Bhaskar]], [[Dainik Jagran]], [[Punjab Kesari]], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Samaj]]}}, [[Hari Bhoomi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/haryana|title=Haryana News - Haryana News Live - Haryana Hindi News - Haryana Latest News | Hari Bhoomi|website=haribhoomi.com|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621034451/https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/haryana|url-status=live}}</ref> and Amar Ujala are prominent.

==Healthcare==
{{See also|Haryana Civil Medical Services|List of Medical, Ayurvedic, Dental, Physiotherapy, Nursing and Para-medical colleges in Haryana|National Rural Health Mission|label 1=Haryana Civil Medical Services|label 2=Teaching hospitals|label 3=NRHM}}

[[File:Academic Block, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad.jpg|thumb|[[ESIC Medical College, Faridabad]]]]

The [[total fertility rate]] of Haryana is 2.3. The [[infant mortality]] rate is 41 (SRS 2012) and the [[maternal mortality ratio]] is 146 (SRS 2010–2012).<ref>{{citation|title=State Wise Information|url=http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/haryana.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515054804/http://www.nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/haryana.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2013|publisher=[[National Rural Health Mission]]}}</ref> The state of Haryana has various Medical Colleges including [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] Rohtak, [[Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College]] in District [[Sonipat]], [[ESIC Medical College, Faridabad]] along with notable private medical institutes like [[Medanta]], [[Max Hospital, Gurgaon|Max Hospital]], and [[Fortis Healthcare]].

==Education==

=== Literacy ===

The literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per the 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38%, while female literacy is at 66.67%. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91%, of which males and females were 78.49% and 55.73% literate respectively.<ref>{{citation|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|title=Census 2011, Chapter 6 (State of Literacy)|pages=114–117|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, [[Gurgaon]] city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by [[Panchkula]] at 81.9% and [[Ambala]] at 81.7%.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-haryana-gurgaon-tops-literacy-rate-but-has-worst-sex-ratio/1119373/#sthash.pBWugHfA.dpuf |title=In Haryana, Gurgaon tops literacy rate but has worst sex ratio |work=The Indian Express|date=23 May 2013 |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607143725/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-haryana-gurgaon-tops-literacy-rate-but-has-worst-sex-ratio/1119373#sthash.pBWugHfA.dpuf |archive-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In terms of districts, {{as of|2012|lc=y}}, [[Rewari]] had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 79% and female literacy was 67%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijrsr.com/September2012/12.pdf |title=Spatio-temporal Pattern of Literacy in Haryana |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524023017/http://www.ijrsr.com/September2012/12.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2011, Haryana's urban literacy rate stood at 84.98%, marking a notable rise from 79.92% in 2001. Similarly, the rural literacy rate in the state experienced an improvement, reaching 68.91% in 2011 compared to 58.74% in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Population 2022 {{!}} Sex Ratio & Literacy rate 2024 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/haryana.html |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=www.census2011.co.in |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404020031/https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/haryana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Schools ===
[[Haryana Board of School Education]], established in September 1969 and shifted to [[Bhiwani]] in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over 700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.bseh.org.in/history|title=History|publisher=[[Haryana Board of School Education]]|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224053220/http://www.bseh.org.in/history/|archive-date=24 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the [[bachelor's degree]] level.

In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior secondary schools),<ref name=harsch4>{{cite web|url=http://hryedumis.gov.in/statistics/reports|title=Management Information System - Reports|website=hryedumis.gov.in|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214061251/http://hryedumis.gov.in/statistics/reports|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> 7,635 private schools (200 aided,<ref name=harsch1>{{cite web |url=http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/AidedSchool_AsOn09072014.pdf |title=Haryana Education stats: aided private schools, 2015-2016 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011005518/http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/AidedSchool_AsOn09072014.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 6,612 recognised unaided,<ref name=harsch2>{{cite web|url=http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/ListofPrivateRecognized16122016.pdf|title=Haryana Education stats: Recognized unaided schools 2015-2016|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031023229/http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/ListofPrivateRecognized16122016.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 821 unrecognised unaided private schools<ref name=harsch3>{{cite web|url=http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/ListofPrivateUnrecognized16122016.pdf|title=Haryana Education stats: list of unrecognized unaided schools, 2015-2016|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026051114/http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/stat/ListofPrivateUnrecognized16122016.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>) and several hundred other central government and private schools such as [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Indian Army Public Schools]], [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] and [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|DAV schools]] affiliated to central government's [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] school boards.

=== Universities and higher education ===
[[File:Mriu at night1.jpg|thumb|MRIU]]
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Haryana}}

Haryana has 48 universities and 1,038 colleges,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/a-first-haryana-has-more-women-than-men-pursuing-higher-education/837137.html|title=A first: Haryana has more women than men pursuing higher education|last=Thakur|first=Bhartesh Singh|date=23 September 2019|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925164158/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/a-first-haryana-has-more-women-than-men-pursuing-higher-education/837137.html|url-status=live}}</ref> including 115 government colleges, 88 government-aided colleges and 96 self-finance colleges.<ref name=hareduc1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?&sl=hi&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Fharyana%2Fmahendragarh-haryana-is-growing-rapidly-in-higher-education-colleges-in-small-states-17374290.html Haryana is growing rapidly in higher education, 299 colleges in small state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424220015/https://www-jagran-com.translate.goog/haryana/mahendragarh-haryana-is-growing-rapidly-in-higher-education-colleges-in-small-states-17374290.html?_x_tr_sl=hi&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US |date=24 April 2022 }}, [https://www.jagran.com/haryana/mahendragarh-haryana-is-growing-rapidly-in-higher-education-colleges-in-small-states-17374290.html Jagram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119234959/https://www.jagran.com/haryana/mahendragarh-haryana-is-growing-rapidly-in-higher-education-colleges-in-small-states-17374290.html |date=19 January 2018 }}, 17 January 2018.</ref> [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] has three universities: [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University]] – Asia's largest agricultural university,<ref name="about hau">{{cite web|url=http://hau.ernet.in/|title=About HAU|publisher=Haryana Agricultural University|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512064952/http://hau.ernet.in/|archive-date=12 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]]); several national agricultural and veterinary research centres ([[NRC on Equines, Hisar, Haryana|National Research Centre on Equines]]),<ref name="vision 2030">{{cite web|title=Vision 2030|url=http://nrce.nic.in/downloads/NRCE%20Vision%202030.pdf|publisher=National Research Centre on Equines|access-date=7 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913134303/http://www.nrce.nic.in/downloads/NRCE%20Vision%202030.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> Central Sheep Breeding Farm,<ref name="sheep breeding farm">{{cite web|url=http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/compendium-of-schemes/central-sheep-breeding-farm-hissar-haryana.aspx |title=Central sheep breeding farm |publisher=Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, GoI |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122055903/http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/reports/compendium-of-schemes/central-sheep-breeding-farm-hissar-haryana.aspx |archive-date=22 November 2012 }}</ref> National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research,<ref name="ppu">{{cite web|url=http://www.ppu.edu.in/about-hisar.html |title=Climate of Hisar |publisher=PPU |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505132444/http://www.ppu.edu.in/about-hisar.html |archive-date=5 May 2012 }}</ref> Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute<ref name="nrfmtti">{{cite web|url=http://nrfmtti.dacnet.nic.in/|title=About us|publisher=Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute|access-date=27 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916140714/http://nrfmtti.dacnet.nic.in/|archive-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB);<ref name="about cirb">{{cite web|url=http://www.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=1&lang=en|title=About CIRB|publisher=Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913001100/http://www.cirb.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=1&lang=en|archive-date=13 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and more than 20 colleges including [[Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha]].<ref name="mamc">{{cite web|url=http://mamc.edu.in/|title=Official website|publisher=Maharaja Agrasen Medical College|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072051/http://mamc.edu.in/|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher education. There are more than 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.<ref name=":1" />

[[Union Minister]] [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] announced on 27 February 2016 that the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in [[Panchkula]]'s existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23.<ref name=express>{{citation |title=Under the Digital India initiative: Software Technology Park of India |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/digital-india-digital-india-initiative-software-technology-park-of-india-software-technology-park-in-panchkula-panchkula-news-under-the-digital-india-initiative-software-technology-park-of-india |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310222254/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/digital-india-digital-india-initiative-software-technology-park-of-india-software-technology-park-in-panchkula-panchkula-news-under-the-digital-india-initiative-software-technology-park-of-india/ |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|title=National Committee for Linguistic Minorities|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018191624/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{See also|Template:Stadiums in Haryana|label 1=Stadiums in Haryana}}{{Multiple image
| image1 = Bajrang Punia receiving Arjuna Award-2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = Wrestler [[Bajrang Punia]]
| image2 = Kapil Dev at Equation sports auction.jpg
| caption2 = Cricketer [[Kapil Dev]]
| direction = horizontal
| image3 = The Beijing Olympic bronze medal winner, boxer Vijender Kumar at Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport, in New Delhi on August 25, 2008.jpg
| caption3 = Boxer [[Vijender Singh]]
| image4 = Saina Nehwal in 2011 (cropped-02).jpg
| caption4 = Badminton player [[Saina Nehwal]]
| align = center
}}

In the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|url=/http://mizoramexpress.com/index.php/2010/10/32-medal-winner-from-haryana-to-get-maruti-cars|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126160127/http://mizoramexpress.com/index.php/2010/10/32-medal-winner-from-haryana-to-get-maruti-cars|url-status=usurped|title=32 Medal winner from Haryana to get Maruti Cars|archive-date=26 November 2010|website=MizoramExpress.com}}</ref> During the 33rd National Games held in [[Assam]] in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation<ref>[http://www.33rdnationalgames.nic.in/medal_tally.htm Official site for the 33rd National Games 2007, Guwahati] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019025637/http://www.33rdnationalgames.nic.in/medal_tally.htm |date=19 October 2009 }}</ref> with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.

The [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 World Cup]] winning captain [[Kapil Dev]] made his domestic-cricket debut playing for Haryana. [[Nahar Singh Stadium]] was built in [[Faridabad]] in the year 1981 for international cricket. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58081.html|title=Nahar Singh Stadium - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104073151/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58081.html|archive-date=4 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Tejli Sports Complex is an ultra-modern sports complex in [[Yamuna Nagar]]. [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]] in [[Gurgaon]] is a multi-sport complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/icl/content/ground/321957.html|title=Tau Devi Lal Cricket Stadium - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608174232/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/icl/content/ground/321957.html|archive-date=8 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."<ref>{{citation|title=News Details|url=http://haryanacmoffice.gov.in/newsupdates/details/id/338|publisher=Office of [[Chief Minister of Haryana]]|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701072127/http://haryanacmoffice.gov.in/newsupdates/details/id/338|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|GoH|2015|p=27}}

Haryana is home to [[Haryana Gold]], one of India's eight professional basketball teams that compete in the country's [[UBA Pro Basketball League]].

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], [[Sakshi Malik]] won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country.

Notable badminton player [[Saina Nehwal]] is from [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in Haryana.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 October 2010|first1=Bhupendra|last1=Yadav|title=Why Haryana is India's mine for medals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Why-Haryana-is-Indias-mine-for-medals/articleshow/6844460.cms|access-date=26 July 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216022235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Why-Haryana-is-Indias-mine-for-medals/articleshow/6844460.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Notable athlete [[Neeraj Chopra]], who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold medal in [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]] for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana.
Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana, as 2 medals won in wrestling at [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]] were from Haryana.

Notable athlete [[Ravi Dahiya]], who was born in [[Nahri]] village of [[Sonipat]] District, won a silver medal in the [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]] for India.

[[Ravi Kumar Dahiya|Ravi Kumar]] is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two-time Asian champion.

==Notable people==
{{further|List of people from Haryana}}

==See also==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
* [[Outline of Haryana]]
* [[Politics of Haryana]]
* [[Tourism in Haryana]]
* [[Haryanvi cinema]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Haryana]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{citation|ref={{harvid|GoH|2015}}|title=Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy|url=http://haryanasports.gov.in/pdf/sportspolicyeng.pdf|publisher=Government of Haryana|date=12 January 2015|access-date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020824/http://haryanasports.gov.in/pdf/sportspolicyeng.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}
* {{citation |editor=Atul Kumar Sinha |editor2=Abhay Kumar Singh |title=Udayana New Horizons in History, Classics and Inter-Cultural studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4VeYJdww2YC |publisher=Anamika Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7975-168-8 }}
* {{citation|ref={{harvid|NIDM}}|title=National Disaster Risk Reduction Portal - Haryana|url=http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Haryana.pdf|publisher=National Institute of Disaster Management|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909120623/http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Haryana.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2016|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|title= Haryana: Past and Present|last= Sharma|first= Suresh K|year= 2006|publisher= Mittal Publications|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-8324-046-1|page= 763|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&q=haryana|archive-date= 28 March 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160106/https://books.google.com/books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&q=haryana|url-status= live}}
* {{cite book|title= Haryana General Knowledge|last= Khanna|first= C. L.|year= 2008|publisher= Upkar Prakashan|location= Agra|isbn= 978-81-7482-383-0|page= 75|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kF-iDEMnuyMC&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Folk Tales & Legends of Haryana|last= Yadav|first= Ram B.|year= 2008|publisher= Pinnacle Technology|location= Gurgaon|isbn= 978-81-7871-162-1|page= 305|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovqab_L5IaAC&q=haryana}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|title= Haryana, a Historical Perspective|last= Mittal|first= Satish Chandra|year= 1986|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location= New Delhi|page= 183|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Economic Development of Haryana|last1= Singh|first1= Mandeep|last2= Kaur|first2= Harvinder|year= 2004|publisher= Deep and Deep Publications|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-7629-558-2|page= 234|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DmY55VLeW7gC&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Gandhiji and Haryana: A collection of his speeches and writings pertaining to Haryana|last= Gandhi|first= Mahatma|year= 1977|publisher= Usha Publications|page= 158|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KG0dAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Haryana, ancient and medieval|last= Phadke|first= H. A.|year= 1990|publisher= Harman Publishing House|isbn= 81-85151-34-2|page= 256|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Social and economic change in Haryana|last= Singh|first= Chattar|year= 2004|publisher= National Book Organisation|isbn= 81-87521-10-4|page= 252|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=reTZAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Modern Haryana: History and culture, 1803–1966|last= Yadav|first= Kripal Chandra|year= 2002|publisher= Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn= 81-7304-371-X|page= 320|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WmRuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Formation of Haryana|last= Rai|first= Gulshan|year= 1987|publisher= B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn= 81-7018-412-6|page= 223|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lGYeAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Buddhist remains from Haryana|last= Handa|first= Devendra|year= 2004|publisher= Sundeep Prakashan|isbn= 81-7574-153-8|page= 97|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u1VuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Haryana at a glance: Statistical overview & development indicators|year= 2007|publisher= Jagran Research Centre|page= 157|isbn= 9788186821428|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdTsAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Early medieval art of Haryana|last= Singh|first= Chander Pal|year= 2003|publisher= Koshal Book Depot|isbn= 81-86049-07-X|page= 168|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L7ifAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and style|last= Handa|first= Devendra|year= 2006|publisher= Indian Institute of Advanced Study|isbn= 81-7305-307-3|page= 286|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dfDVAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Journal of Haryana Studies|year= 2008|publisher= Kurukshetra University|location= Kurukshetra|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aFVuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book|title= Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana|last1= Harvey|first1= Bill|last2= Harvey|first2= William|last3= Devasar|first3= Nikhil|last4= Grewal|first4= Bikram|author5= Oriental Bird Club|year= 2006|publisher= Rupa & Co.|isbn= 81-291-0954-9|page= 352|access-date= 11 July 2012|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2cQAQAAMAAJ&q=haryana}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ |title=Military History of India |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1960 |pages=66–69 |isbn=9780861251551 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

; Government
* [http://www.haryana.gov.in/ Official site of the Government of Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184729/http://haryana.gov.in/ |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://haryanatourism.gov.in/ Official tourism site of Haryana, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100403/http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/ |date=13 August 2013 }}
* [https://www.haryana.com Haryana community website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703164928/https://haryana.com/ |date=3 July 2022 }}
; General information
* {{GovPubs|Haryana}}
* {{Britannica|256424|Haryana}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Haryana}}
* {{OSM relation|1942601}}

{{subject bar|India|Geography|Asia|wikt=Haryana|auto=1}}
{{Haryana}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Haryana| ]]
[[Category:North India|*]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Hindi is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Punjabi is an official language]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1966]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Dinesh Gurjar

2026-03-08T23:31:19Z

Frankieren: Creating new details needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinesh Gurjar
| birth_date = 1969
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Dinesh Gurjar''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Morena Assembly constituency]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinesh Gurjar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MORENA(MORENA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=344 |website=My Neta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Morena Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Dinesh Gurjar की हुई जीत, Aap के Ramesh Upadhyay रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/morena-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550822 |website=ABP Live}}</ref> He received a total of 73,695 votes and won with the margin of 19,871 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Morena, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Morena में Dinesh Gurjar ने 19871 मतों सेहासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/morena-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830141-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Morena Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Dinesh Gurjar wins Morena with 73695 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/morena-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470372-2023-12-03 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=मुरैना चुनाव रिजल्ट 2023 Live Updates: कांग्रेस के दिनेश गुर्जर विजयी,19871 वोटो के अंतर से जीते |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election/morena-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-madhya-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-news-bjp-congress-candidate |website=The Quint}}</ref>

==Career==
His political career started with the Youth Congress. In 1992, he became the President of the District Youth Congress. He won the election of District Panchayat member in 1994. He was also the Organization Minister in Seva Dal. In 2002, he became the state vice president of Youth Congress. In 2005-6 Gurjar became in-charge in UP elections. In 2013, he was the Congress candidate from the Morena assembly seat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Morena Chunav Result 2023: मुरैना में दिनेश गुर्जर जीते, भाजपा के रघुराज सिंह कंसाना हारे |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/trending-news/morena-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-bjp-raghuraj-singh-vs-congress-dinesh-gurjar-winners-and-losers-list-latest/1931880 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Dinesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Pongala (film)

2026-03-06T20:39:01Z

Frankieren: Creating details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pongala
| image = Pongala poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = A B Binil
| producer = Deepu Bose Anil Pillai
| writer =
| screenplay = A B Binil
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sreenath Bhasi]]
| narrator =
| music = Ranjin Raj
| editing = Ajas Pukkadan
| cinematography = Jackson
| studio = Global Pictures Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|5|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pongala''''' is a 2025 Indian Malayalam language action revenge film, written and directed by A B Binil. The film stars [[Sreenath Bhasi]] in lead role and the film was released on 5 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi-starrer Pongala gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/02/sreenath-bhasi-starrer-pongala-gets-a-new-release-date |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ഇടിയുടെ മാലപ്പടക്കത്തിനു തിരി കൊളുത്താൻ 'പൊങ്കാല' വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച മുതൽ, ബുക്കിങ് ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pongala-movie-tickets-sreenath-bhasi-m9fe53f6 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=3 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pon">{{cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi-starrer ‘Pongala’ all set for Sunday release, a first for Malayalam cinema |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/26/pongala-malayalam-movie-sreenath-bhasi-release-history.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

== Summary ==
''Pongala'' is the story of clashes that happens among the people of [[Vypin]] harbour, inspired by real incidents happened from the early 2000s in the Vypin-Munambam coastal belt near Kochi.<ref name=Pon/>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sreenath Bhasi]]
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
*[[Kichu Tellus]]
*[[Sampath Ram]]
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]]
*[[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
*[[Sudheer Karamana]]
*[[Sohan Seenulal]]
*Indrajith Jagajith
*Surya Krish
*Yami Sona
}}

==Production==
===Announcement===
The film was announced, with the title poster on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi’s next titled ‘Pongala’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sreenath-bhasis-next-titled-pongala/article68421120.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Title Poster Of Malayalam Movie Pongala Out. Shoot To Begin On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/title-poster-of-malayalam-movie-pongala-out-shoot-to-begin-on-this-date-8971776.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi starrer ‘Pongala’ starts rolling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenath-bhasi-starrer-pongala-starts-rolling/articleshow/113647879.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film was shot at different locations of Kochi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shoot Of Sreenath Bhasi-starrer Malayalam Movie Pongala Underway |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shoot-of-sreenath-bhasi-starrer-malayalam-movie-pongala-underway-9063048.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

===Marketing===
The teaser of the film was released on 22 August 2025<ref>{{cite web |title='Pongala' teaser unleashes raw gangster world; Sreenath Bhasi shines in action-hero avatar - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pongala-teaser-unleashes-raw-gangster-world-sreenath-bhasi-shines-in-action-hero-avatar-watch/articleshow/123447653.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=22 August 2025}}</ref> and the first song was released on 4 December 2025.<ref name=Rel>{{cite web |title=പൊങ്കാല’യിലെ പുതിയ പാട്ട് എത്തി; ചിത്രം ഡിസംബർ 5ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/12/04/pongala-movie-new-song-release-sreenath-bhasi.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

==Censor==
The censor board asked the makers to remove some scenes from the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=പൊങ്കാലയ്ക്ക് എട്ടിന്‍റെ പണി നൽകി സെൻസർ ബോർഡ്; ചിത്രത്തിൽ വയലൻസ് അതിഭീകരം |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/box-office/2025/11/28/pongala-movie-release-delayed.html |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was released on 5 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഇടിയുടെ മാലപ്പടക്കത്തിന് തിരി കൊളുത്താൻ ശ്രീനാഥ് ഭാസി; 'പൊങ്കാല' അഡ്വാന്‍സ് ബുക്കിംഗ് ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/pongala-malayalam-movie-advance-booking-starts-sreenath-bhasi-articleshow-f5kv573 |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=3 December 2025}}</ref><ref name=Rel/><ref>{{cite web |title=ചരിത്രം തിരുത്താൻ പൊങ്കാല: ചിത്രം ഞായറാഴ്ച റിലീസ് ചെയ്യും |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/movies/pongala-to-correct-history-the-film-will-be-released-on-sunday-307400 |publisher=[[Mediaone]] |access-date=4 December 2025 |date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|33014579}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]

Religious pluralism

2026-03-04T18:49:33Z

Frankieren: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Stance of supporting peaceful coexistence and diversity of spiritual belief}}
{{About|religious pluralism|other uses of the term|Pluralism (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Kazan church.jpg|thumb|[[Temple of All Religions]] in [[Kazan]], Russia]]
{{Religious freedom}}
[[File:Bosanska Krupa Churches.JPG|thumb|[[Catholic church]], [[Mosque]] and [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] in [[Bosanska Krupa]], Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[File:HKBP Ressort Jakarta Kernolong.jpg|thumb|[[Batak Christian Protestant Church]] is located next to the Al Istikharah Mosque in [[Jakarta, Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://jakarta.tribunnews.com/2020/12/25/masjid-al-istikharah-dan-gereja-hkbp-kernolong-dibangun-saling-berdekatan-potret-menjaga-toleransi|title=Masjid Al Istikharah dan Gereja HKBP Kernolong Dibangun Saling Berdekatan, Potret Menjaga Toleransi|website=jakarta.tribunnews.com|language=id|date=25 December 2020}}</ref> ]]
[[File:Katarina kyrka & Stockholms moské.JPG|thumb|In Sweden, religions coexist: [[Katarina Church]] and the minaret of the [[Stockholm Mosque]]]]
[[File:Bayswater, London W2 - geograph.org.uk - 4152238.jpg|thumb|The [[West London Synagogue]] and the [[St Matthew's, Bayswater|Church of Saint Matthew]] in London, England]]
[[File:Mosque of Omar with city.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Bethlehem with the [[Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)|Mosque of Omar]], the Evangelical Lutheran Christmas Church, Salesian Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in [[Bethlehem|Bethlehem.]]]]

'''Religious pluralism''' is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of [[religion|religious]] [[belief system]]s co-existing in society. It can indicate one or more of the following:

* Recognizing and [[Religious tolerance|tolerating]] the religious diversity of a society or country, promoting [[freedom of religion]], and defining [[secularism]] as [[neutrality (philosophy)|neutrality]] (of the [[State (polity)|state]] or [[Nonsectarian|non-sectarian]] institution) on issues of religion as opposed to opposition of religion in the [[public forum]] or [[Town square|public square]] that is open to [[Freedom of speech|public expression]], and promoting [[Separation of church and state#Friendly and hostile separation|friendly]] [[Separation of church and state|separation of religion and state]] as opposed to [[Separation of religion and state#Friendly and hostile separation|hostile separation]] or [[antitheism]] espoused by other forms of [[secularism]].
* Any of several forms of religious [[inclusivism]]. One such worldview holds that one's own religion is not the sole and exclusive source of truth, and thus acknowledges that at least some truths and true values exist in other religions. Another concept is that two or more religions with mutually exclusive truth claims are equally valid; this may be considered a form of either [[toleration]] (a concept that arose as a result of the [[European wars of religion]]) or [[moral relativism]].
*''Perennialism'' (based on the concept of ''[[Perennial philosophy|philosophia perennis]]'') is the understanding that the exclusive claims of different religions turn out, upon closer examination, to be variations of universal truths that have been taught since time immemorial. While some perennialists are [[religious universalism|universalists]] who accept [[religious syncretism]], those of the [[Traditionalist School]] reject it, and uphold the importance of the historical, "orthodox" faiths.
* Sometimes as a synonym for [[ecumenism]], i.e., the promotion of some level of unity, co-operation, and improved understanding between different religions or different [[Religious denomination|denomination]]s within a single religion.
* As a term for the condition of harmonious co-existence between adherents of different [[religion]]s or [[religious denomination]]s.

==Definition and scopes==
{{Main|Religious tolerance}}
[[File:Kuta Bali Indonesia Puja-Mandala-01.jpg|thumb|Puja Mandala, a temple that symbolizes tolerance of diversity in Indonesia located in [[Kuta, Bali]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3445500/puja-mandala-simbol-kerukunan-umat-beragama-di-pulau-bali|title=Puja Mandala, simbol kerukunan umat beragama di Pulau Bali|website=antaranews.com|language=id|access-date=5 October 2024|date=17 March 2023}}</ref> ]][[File:1893parliament.jpg|thumb|Congress of [[Parliament of the World's Religions]], [[Chicago]], 1893]]

Religious pluralism, to paraphrase the title of a recent academic work, goes beyond mere toleration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grimshaw |first=Mike |date=2023-01-11 |title=On Canaries, Icebergs and the public sphere: The pragmatic compromise of religious pluralism |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/kt/article/view/20508 |journal=Khazanah Theologia |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.15575/kt.v5i1.20508 |issn=2715-9701|doi-access=free }}</ref> Chris Beneke, in ''Beyond Toleration: The Religious Origins of American Pluralism'', explains the difference between religious tolerance and religious pluralism by pointing to the situation in the late 18th century [[United States]]. By the 1730s, in most colonies religious minorities had obtained what contemporaries called [[religious tolerance|religious toleration]]:{{Sfn | Beneke | 2006 | p = 6}} "The policy of toleration relieved religious minorities of some physical punishments and some financial burdens, but it did not make them free from the indignities of prejudice and exclusion. Nor did it make them equal. Those 'tolerated' could still be barred from civil offices, military positions, and university posts."{{Sfn | Beneke | 2006 | p = 6}} In short, religious toleration is only the absence of [[religious persecution]], and does not necessarily preclude [[religious discrimination]]. However, in the following decades something extraordinary happened in the [[Thirteen Colonies]], at least if one views the events from "a late eighteenth-century perspective".{{Sfn | Beneke | 2006 | p = 5}} Gradually the colonial governments expanded the policy of religious toleration, but then, between the 1760s and the 1780s, they replaced it with "something that is usually called [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]]".{{Sfn | Beneke | 2006 | p = 6}} Mark Silka, in "Defining Religious Pluralism in America: A Regional Analysis", states that religious pluralism "enables a country made up of people of different faiths to exist without sectarian warfare or the persecution of religious minorities. Understood differently in different times and places, it is a [[cultural construct]] that embodies some shared conception of how a country's various religious communities relate to each other and to the larger nation whole."<ref name="Silk 64–81">{{Cite book |last=Silk |first=Mark |title=Defining Religious Pluralism in America: A Regional Analysis |date=July 2007 |volume=612 |pages=64–81}}</ref>

Religious pluralism can be defined as "respecting the otherness of others".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grimshaw |first=Mike |date=2023-01-11 |title=On Canaries, Icebergs and the public sphere: The pragmatic compromise of religious pluralism |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/kt/article/view/20508 |journal=Khazanah Theologia |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.15575/kt.v5i1.20508 |s2cid=256164273 |issn=2715-9701|doi-access=free }}</ref> Freedom of religion encompasses all religions acting within the law in a particular region. [[Exclusivist]] religions teach that theirs is the only way to [[salvation]] and to religious truth, and some of them would even argue that it is necessary to suppress the falsehoods taught by other religions. Some [[Protestant]] [[sect]]s argue fiercely against [[Roman Catholicism]], and [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christians]] of all kinds teach that religious practices like those of [[Paganism]] and [[witchcraft]] are pernicious. This was a common historical attitude prior to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and has informed governmental policy into the present day. For instance, [[Saudi Arabia]] has no protection for freedom of religion, and the country's non-Muslim population are at risk for discrimination and arrest on religious grounds. Of course, many religious communities have long been engaged in building peace, justice, and development themselves, and the emergence of the secular peacemaking field has led religious communities to systematize and institutionalize their own peacebuilding and interfaith work. The Catholic Church has worked in development and poverty reduction, human rights, solidarity, and peace, and after [[World War II]], it began to develop specific tools and apply conflict transformation practices.<ref name="Kazemzadeh 2017">{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/43891542 |title=Pluralism and Democracy in Islam |journal=Internal Journal of Acpcs |date=January 2017 |last1=Kazemzadeh |first1=Hamed |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215134627/https://www.academia.edu/43891542 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Giving one religion or denomination special rights that are denied to others can weaken religious pluralism. This situation was observed in Europe through the [[Lateran Treaty]] and [[Church of England]]. In the modern era, many Islamic countries have laws that criminalize the act of leaving Islam for someone born into a Muslim family, forbid entry to non-Muslims into mosques, and forbid construction of churches, synagogues or temples in their countries.<ref name="Meister 2010 p23-57">Chad Meister (2010), ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19534013-6}}, pp. 32–57</ref>

[[Relativism]], the belief that all religions are equal in their value and that none of the religions give access to absolute truth, is an extreme form of [[inclusivism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carm.org/what-relativism|title=What is relativism?|work=CARM – The Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry|date=21 January 2012|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=25 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625061234/http://carm.org/what-relativism|url-status=dead}}</ref> Likewise, [[syncretism]], the attempt to take over creeds of practices from other religions or even to blend practices or creeds from different religions into one new faith is an extreme form of inter-religious dialogue. Syncretism must not be confused with [[ecumenism]], the attempt to bring closer and eventually reunite different denominations of one religion that have a common origin but were separated by a [[Schism (religion)|schism]].

==History==
{{Main|History of religious pluralism}}
[[File:Istanbul text with Abrahamic religions symbols.jpg|thumb|right|[[Istanbul]] text with Abrahamic religions in [[Turkey]]]]
[[File:Druck Augsburger Reichsfrieden.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Front page of the 1555 [[Peace of Augsburg]], which recognized two different churches in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]]]
[[Cultural pluralism|Cultural]] and religious pluralism has a long history and development that reaches from antiquity to contemporary trends in [[post-modernity]].

German philosophers of religion [[Ludwig Feuerbach]] and [[Ernst Troeltsch]] concluded that [[Eastern religions|Asian religious traditions]], in particular [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], were the earliest proponents of religious pluralism and granting of [[Freedom of religion|freedom to the individuals to choose their own faith]] and develop a personal religious construct within it<ref name="Meister 2010 p62-72" /><ref>Roof & McKinney (1985), "Denominational America and the new religious pluralism", ''The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', 480(1), pp. 24–38</ref> (see also [[Buddhism and Hinduism|Relationship between Buddhism and Hinduism]]); [[Jainism]], another [[Indian religions|ancient Indian religion]], as well as [[Daoism]] have also always been inclusively flexible and have long favored religious pluralism for those who disagree with their religious viewpoints.<ref name="Meister 2010 p62-72">Chad Meister (2010), ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195340136}}, pp. 62–72</ref> The [[Age of Enlightenment]] in Europe triggered a sweeping transformation about religion after the [[French Revolution]] ([[liberalism]], [[democracy]], [[civil and political rights]], [[freedom of thought]], [[separation of Church and State]], [[secularization]]), with rising acceptance of religious pluralism and [[decline of Christianity]]. According to Chad Meister,<ref name="Meister 2010 p62-72" /> these pluralist trends in the Western thought, particularly since the 18th century, brought mainstream Christianity and Judaism closer to the Asian traditions of philosophical pluralism and religious tolerance.

==Classical civilization: Greek and Roman religions==
{{See also|Ancient Greek religion|Greco-Roman mysteries|Paganism|Pax deorum}}
For the Romans, [[Religion in Ancient Rome|religion was part of the daily life]].<ref>[[Jörg Rüpke]], "Roman Religion – Religions of Rome", in ''A Companion to Roman Religion'' (Blackwell, 2007), p. 4.</ref> Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and [[libation]]s to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The [[Roman calendar]] was structured around religious observances; in the [[Roman Empire|Imperial Era]], as many as 135 days of the year were devoted to [[Roman festivals|religious festivals]] and games (''[[ludi]])''.<ref>Matthew Bunson, ''A Dictionary of the Roman Empire'' (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 246.</ref> [[Women in Ancient Rome|Women]], [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slaves]] and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported [[Vestal Virgins]], who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until [[Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire|disbanded under Christian persecution and domination]].

The Romans are known for the [[List of Roman deities|great number of deities]] they honored. The presence of [[Magna Graecia|Greeks on the Italian peninsula]] from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of [[Apollo]]. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks, adapting [[Greek mythology|Greek myths]] and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. [[Etruscan religion]] was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of [[augury]], since Rome had once been ruled by Etruscan kings.

[[Mystery religions]] imported from the [[Near East]] ([[Ptolemaic Egypt]], [[Parthian Empire|Persia]] and [[Mesopotamia]]), which offered initiates [[Soteriology|salvation through a personal God]] and [[Afterlife|eternal life after the death]], were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's [[Sacra gentilicia|family rites]] and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "[[Magic in the Greco-Roman world|magic]]", conspiracy ({{Lang|la|coniuratio}}), and subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional Roman morality and unity, as with the [[Roman senate|Senate]]'s efforts to [[Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus|restrict the Bacchanals]] in 186 BC.

[[File:0 Relief représentant Mithra - Louvre-Lens (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|Marble relief of [[Tauroctony|Mithras slaying the bull]] (2nd century, [[Louvre-Lens]]); [[Mithraism]] was among the most widespread [[mystery religions]] of the Roman Empire.<ref>G. W. Bromiley (ed.), ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'', Vol. 4 (Eerdmans, 1988), p. 116. {{ISBN|0-8028-3784-0}}.</ref>]]
As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to [[Interpretatio romana|absorb the deities and cults of other peoples]] rather than try to eradicate them,<ref>"This mentality", notes John T. Koch, "lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible"; entry on "Interpretatio romana", in ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia'' (ABC-Clio, 2006), p. 974.</ref> since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability.<ref>Rüpke, "Roman Religion – Religions of Rome", p. 4; Benjamin H. Isaac, ''The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity'' (Princeton University Press, 2004, 2006), p. 449; W.H.C. Frend, ''Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus'' (Doubleday, 1967), p. 106.</ref>

One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by [[Freedom of religion|supporting their religious heritage]], building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side-by-side worship of local and Roman deities, including dedications made by Romans to local Gods.<ref>Janet Huskinson, ''Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire'' (Routledge, 2000), p. 261.</ref> By the height of the Empire, numerous [[Interpretatio graeca|international deities]] were cultivated at Rome and had been carried to even the most remote [[Roman provinces|provinces]] (among them [[Cybele]], [[Isis]], [[Osiris]], [[Serapis]], [[Epona]]), and Gods of [[Monism|solar monism]] such as [[Mithras]] and [[Sol Invictus]], found as far north as [[Roman Britain]]. Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one deity or one cult only, [[religious tolerance]] was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing [[Monotheism|monotheistic religions]].<ref>A classic essay on this topic is [[Arnaldo Momigliano]], "The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State", in ''Classical Philology'', 81.4 (1986), pp. 285–297.</ref> The monotheistic rigor of [[Hellenistic Judaism|Judaism]] posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions, but sometimes to intractable conflict.

==Christianity==
{{Main|Christianity and other religions}}

{{See also|Ecumenism}}
[[File:Christian cross.svg|thumb | 220x124px | right | alt=The [[Christian cross]] which is a very popular symbol of Christianity. |
The [[Christian cross]]. A very popular symbol of [[Christianity]].]]
Some Christians<ref>[http://www.christians.eu/why-jesus/ "Why Jesus?"], Christians EU. Article stating that Jesus is the saviour and not Mohammed or Buddha—see second part of this article.</ref> have argued that religious pluralism is an invalid or self-contradictory concept.

Maximal forms of religious pluralism claim that all religions are equally true, or that one religion can be true for some and another for others. Most Christians hold this idea to be [[logic]]ally impossible from the [[principle of contradiction]].<ref>Jason Carlson, [http://www.christianministriesintl.org/articles/12.html "Defending Salvation Through Christ Alone"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003214003/http://www.christianministriesintl.org/articles/12.html |date=2009-10-03 }}, Christian Ministries International</ref> The two largest Christian branches, the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], both claim to be the "[[one true church]]" and that "[[Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus|outside the true Church there is no salvation]]"; Protestantism however, which has many different denominations, has no consistent doctrine in this regard, and has a variety of different positions regarding religious pluralism.

Other Christians have held that there can be truth value and salvific value in other faith traditions. [[John Macquarrie]], described in the ''Handbook of Anglican Theologians'' (1998) as "unquestionably [[Anglicanism]]'s most distinguished systematic theologian in the second half of the twentieth century",<ref>p. 168, Timothy Bradshaw (1998), "John Macquarrie", in: Alister E. McGrath (ed). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHzZAAAAMAAJ&q=macquarrie The SPCK Handbook of Anglican Theologians]'' (pp. 167–68). London: [[SPCK]]. {{ISBN|978-0-281-05145-8}}</ref> wrote that "there should be an end to proselytizing but that equally there should be no syncretism of the kind typified by the [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] movement" (p. 2).<ref name="Macquarrie 1996">John Macquarrie (1996). ''Mediators between human and divine: From Moses to Muhammad''. New York: Continuum. {{ISBN|0-8264-1170-3}}</ref> In discussing nine founders of major faith traditions (Moses, Zoroaster, Lao-zu, Buddha, Confucius, Socrates, Krishna, Jesus, and Muhammad), which he called "mediators between the human and the divine", Macquarrie wrote that:

{{Blockquote|I do not deny for a moment that the truth of God has reached others through other channels – indeed, I hope and pray that it has. So while I have a special attachment to one mediator, I have respect for them all. (p. 12)<ref name="Macquarrie 1996" />}}

[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] also teaches a form of religious pluralism, that there is at least some truth in almost all religions and philosophies.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1977/10/respect-for-other-peoples-beliefs?lang=eng |title=Respect for Other People's Beliefs |first=Gerald E. |last=Jones |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |magazine=[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]] |date=October 1977}}</ref>

===Classical Christian views===
Before the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], mainstream Christianity confessed "one holy catholic and apostolic church", in the words of the [[Nicene Creed]]. [[Roman Catholic]]s, Orthodox Christians, [[Anglicanism|Episcopalian]]s and most Protestant Christian denominations still maintain this belief. Furthermore, the [[Catholic Church]] makes the claim that it alone is the [[one true church|one and only true Church]] founded by [[Jesus Christ]], but the [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Oriental Orthodox]] Churches also make this claim in respect to themselves.{{Citation needed |date=July 2022}}

Church unity for these groups, as in the past, is something very visible and tangible, and schism was just as serious an offense as heresy. Following the Great Schism, Roman Catholicism sees and recognizes the Orthodox Sacraments as valid but illicit and without canonical jurisdiction. Eastern Orthodoxy does not have the concept of "validity" when applied to Sacraments, but it considers the ''form'' of Roman Catholic Sacraments to be acceptable, and there is some recognition of Catholic sacraments among some, but not all, Orthodox. Both generally mutually regard each other as "[[heresy|heterodox]]" and "[[schism]]atic", while continuing to recognize each other as Christian, at least [[secundum quid]] (see [[ecumenicism]]).

===Modern Christian views===
Some other Protestants hold that only believers who believe in certain fundamental doctrines know the true pathway to salvation. The core of this doctrine is that Jesus Christ was a perfect man, is the Son of God and that he died and rose again for the wrongdoing of those who will accept the gift of salvation. They continue to believe in "one" church, an "invisible church" which encompasses different types of Christians in different sects and denominations, believing in certain issues they deem fundamental, while disunited on a variety of doctrines they deem non-fundamental. Some [[evangelical]] Protestants are doubtful if Roman Catholics or Eastern Orthodox can possibly be members of this "invisible church", and usually they reject religious (typically [[restorationist]]) movements rooted in 19th-century American Christianity, such as [[Mormonism]], [[Christian Science]], or [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] as not distinctly Christian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apologeticsindex.org/d01b.html#prot |title=The Protestant Principle |website=Apologetics index: Biblical Guide To Orthodoxy And Heresy |access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

The [[Catholic Church]], unlike some Protestant denominations, affirms "developmental theology", understood to mean that the "[[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]], in and through the evolving and often confused circumstances of concrete history, is gradually bringing the Church to an ever more mature understanding of the [[deposit of faith]] (the saving truths entrusted by Jesus Christ to the Apostles—these as such cannot be changed or added to). The Church comes to recognize [[baptism of desire]] quite early in its history. Later, the Church realizes that Romans 2:14–16, for example, allows for the salvation of non-Christians who do not have unobstructed exposure to Christian teachings: "When Gentiles who have not the law do by nature what the law requires.... They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts....<ref>Robert Magliola, ''Facing Up to Real Doctrinal Difference: How Some Thought-Motifs from Derrida Can Nourish the Catholic-Buddhist Encounter'' (Angelico P., 2014), pp. 101–2.</ref> Various forms of "implicit faith" come to hold standing, until at [[Vatican Council II]], the Church declares: "Nor shall divine providence deny the assistance necessary for salvation to those who, without any fault of theirs, have not yet arrived at an explicit knowledge of God, and who, not without grace, strive to lead a good life" (#16). Vatican Council II in its Declaration [[Nostra aetate]] addresses the non-Christian religions with respect and appreciation, affirming the goodness found in them. Since Vatican Council II, Catholic dialogists in particular are working out the implications of [[John Paul II]]'s statement, in [[Redemptor hominis]] #6 that Christians should recognize "the Holy Spirit operating outside the visible confines of the [[Body of Christ#Catholicism|Mystical Body of Christ]]." Among these dialogists, [[Robert Magliola]], an affiliate of the Italian community Vangelo e Zen ("The Gospel and Zen"), Desio and Milano, Italy, who taught in predominantly Buddhist cultures for years, and practiced Buddhist-Catholic dialogue there and in the West, and who is widely published in this dialogue, argues the following:
{{Blockquote | If God has willed that all persons be saved (see [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] #851, quoting 1 Tim. 2:4) but has not sent the opportunity of Christian conversion to all, how can we not conclude that God wills those good Buddhists in this latter category to live, flourish, and die as good Buddhists? That God in His providence—at least for now—wants Buddhism to be the setting for millions of good and noble people in the world? (This does not mean that Catholics should not witness to the Catholic faith or even—on the proper occasions and in a courteous way—consider it their duty to preach Catholicism to Buddhists, and to teach it mightily. But it does mean that Catholics would do well to remember that God alone sends the grace of conversion when and to whom He wills.)<ref>Robert Magliola, ''Facing Up to Real Doctrinal Difference: How Some Thought-Motifs from Derrida Can Nourish the Catholic-Buddhist Encounter'' (Angelico P., 2014), pp. 116, 142, where he applies the same reasoning to relations with other non-Christian religions.</ref>}}

==Buddhism==
[[File:Buddhism dham jak.png|thumb |120x120px| alt=The Buddhist dharm chakra. Which is like a chariot wheel is a popular symbol of Buddhism. | [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[dharmachakra]], a popular symbol of [[Buddhism]].]]
Buddhist doctrine, fundamentally based upon minimizing or negating the suffering which arises from attachment, like its sister Indic religions, opposes exclusivism and emphasizes pluralism. This is not only encapsulated in the life story of the Buddha, who sought many gurus himself before resolving to seek Enlightenment on his own, but also in Buddhist scripture.

{{Blockquote|text={{lang|pi-latn|Katunnam kilesasîmânam atîtattâ Sîmâtigo bâhitapâpattâ ka brâhmano.}}

What one person, abiding by the (philosophical) views, saying, 'This is the most excellent,' considers the highest in the world, everything different from that he says is wretched, therefore he has not overcome dispute.|title=Sutta Nipata|source=796}}

The Buddha also himself stated that truth is compromised when an individual is not open to entertaining a wide array of teachings. Moreover, without a pluralist understanding, the Buddha stated that truth cannot be discovered or ascertained such that it is truly known:

{{Blockquote|text=If a person has faith, Bhāradvāja, he preserves truth when he says: 'My faith is thus'; but he does not yet come to the definite conclusion: 'Only this is true, anything else is wrong.' In this way, Bhāradvāja, there is the preservation of truth; in this way he preserves truth; in this way we describe the preservation of truth. But as yet there is no discovery of truth.|author=The Buddha|title=The Pali Canon|source=Bhikkhu Bodhi. "In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon"}}

In the Lankavatara Sutra, the Buddha gave a long treatise on the idea that various expressions of Truth may seem contradictory or boundless, yet they all speak of Truth itself – emphasizing that an Enlightened One both accepts pluralism in that there are many ways to referring to Truth, but rises above it through the understanding that Truth transcends all labels.

{{Blockquote | In a political sense, the earliest references to Buddhist views on religious pluralism are found in the [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edicts of Emperor Ashoka]]:

All religions should reside everywhere, for all of them desire self-control and purity of heart. Rock Edict Nb. 7 (S. Dhammika)

Contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all should be well-learned in the good doctrines of other religions. Rock Edict Nb. 12 (S. Dhammika)}}

When asked, "Don't all religions teach the same thing? Is it possible to unify them?" the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] said:<ref>[http://www.zenit.org/article-8376?l=english "Dalai Lama Asks West Not to Turn Buddhism Into a 'Fashion{{'"}}], ''Zenit'', 2003-10-08, retrieved 2009-06-18.</ref>

{{Blockquote | People from different traditions should keep their own, rather than change. However, some Tibetan may prefer Islam, so he can follow it. Some Spanish prefer Buddhism; so follow it. But think about it carefully. Don't do it for fashion. Some people start Christian, follow Islam, then Buddhism, then nothing.

In the United States I have seen people who embrace Buddhism and change their clothes! Like the New Age. They take something Hindu, something Buddhist, something, something.... That is not healthy.

For individual practitioners, having one truth, one religion, is very important. Several truths, several religions, is contradictory.

I am Buddhist. Therefore, Buddhism is the only truth for me, the only religion. To my Christian friend, Christianity is the only truth, the only religion. To my Muslim friend, [Islam] is the only truth, the only religion. In the meantime, I respect and admire my Christian friend and my Muslim friend. If by unifying you mean mixing, that is impossible; useless.}}

==Islam==
{{primary sources|section|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|alt=Crescent symbol.|thumb|120x120px|The [[Star and crescent|crescent and star]], a symbol of the [[Islamic world]]]]
{{Main|Islam and other religions|Liberalism and progressivism within Islam}}

Following a period of fighting lasting around a hundred years before 620 AD which mainly involved Arab and Jewish inhabitants of [[Medina]] (then known as ''Yathrib''), religious freedom for Muslims, Jews and [[Paganism|pagans]] was declared by [[Muhammad]] in the [[Constitution of Medina]]. In early Muslim history (until mid 11th century), most Islamic scholars maintained a level of separation from the state which helped to establish some elements of institutional religious freedom. The Islamic [[Caliphate]] later guaranteed religious freedom under the conditions that non-Muslim communities accept ''[[dhimmi]]'' status and their adult males pay the ''[[jizya]]'' tax instead of the ''[[zakat]]'' paid by Muslim citizens.<ref>{{cite book|last=Njeuma|first=Martin Z.|title=Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809–1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfQA4Q6fX7EC&q=Fulani%20Hegemony%20in%20Yola%20(Old%20Adamawa)%201809-1902&pg=PA82|year=2012|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9956726950|page=82|quote=Of all the various forms of taxation known to Islamic communities, it seems only two{{snd}} the zakat and the jixya were of importance in Adamawa. [...] The jizya was the levy on non-Muslim peoples who surrendered to Islam and were given the status dhimmi}}</ref> Though Dhimmis were not given the same political rights as Muslims, they nevertheless did enjoy equality under the laws of property, contract, and obligation.<ref>H. Patrick Glenn, ''Legal Traditions of the World''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2007, p. 219.</ref><ref>The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of ''La civilisation des Arabes'') writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), ''Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions'', p. 179. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0199359363}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|author-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|date=2007|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|isbn=978-0061189036|page=204|quote = According the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.}}</ref>

Religious pluralism existed in classical [[Islamic ethics]] and [[Sharia]], as the [[religious law]]s and courts of other religions, including Christianity, Judaism and [[Hinduism]], were usually accommodated within the Islamic legal framework, as seen in the early [[Caliphate]], [[Al-Andalus]], [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]], and the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Millet]] system.<ref name="Weeramantry-138">{{cite book|last=Weeramantry|first=C. G.|title=Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering human rights. Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-1sH1wc58UC|year=1997|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9041102418|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3-1sH1wc58UC&pg=PA138 138]}}</ref><ref name="Sachedina">{{cite book|title=The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism|first=Abdulaziz Abdulhussein|last=Sachedina|year=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0195139917|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/islamic_sac_2001_00_4172}}</ref> In medieval Islamic societies, the ''[[qadi]]'' (Islamic judges) usually could not interfere in the matters of non-Muslims unless the parties voluntarily choose to be judged according to Islamic law, thus the ''dhimmi'' communities living in [[Islamic state]]s usually had their own laws independent from the Sharia law, such as the Jews who would have their own ''[[Halakha]]'' courts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages|author=Mark R. Cohen|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=069101082X|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross|access-date=10 April 2010|author-link=Mark R. Cohen}}</ref>

Dhimmis were allowed to operate their own courts following their own legal systems in cases that did not involve other religious groups, or capital offences or threats to public order.<ref name="al-Qattan-99">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0020743800055501|first=Najwa|last=al-Qattan|title=Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=31|issue=3|pages=429–444|publisher=University of Cambridge|year=1999|s2cid=159763960 |issn=0020-7438}}</ref> Non-Muslims were allowed to engage in religious practices that were usually forbidden by Islamic law, such as the consumption of alcohol and pork, as well as religious practices which Muslims found repugnant, such as the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] practice of [[incest]]uous [[Xwedodah|"self-marriage"]] where a man could marry his mother, sister or daughter. According to the famous Islamic legal scholar [[Ibn Qayyim]] (1292–1350), non-Muslims had the right to engage in such religious practices even if it offended Muslims, under the conditions that such cases not be presented to Islamic Sharia courts and that these religious minorities believed that the practice in question is permissible according to their religion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islam and the Blackamerican: looking toward the third resurrection|author=Sherman A. Jackson|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=019518081X|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nprKYM8sleYC&q=ankiha+fasida&pg=PA144|access-date=10 April 2010}}</ref>

Despite Dhimmis enjoying special statuses under the Caliphates, they were not considered equals, and sporadic persecutions of non-Muslim groups did occur in the history of the Caliphates.<ref>[[A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility]] {{ISBN|0805079327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Granada|author1= Richard Gottheil|author2= Meyer Kayserling|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6855-granada|date=1906|access-date=2023-01-02|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-morocco|title=Jews of Morocco|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

The primary sources that guide Islam, namely [[Quran]] and [[hadith|Sunnah]]s, may be interpreted as promoting the fundamental right to practice an individual's belief.<ref>Cole & Hammond (1974), "Religious pluralism, legal development, and societal complexity: rudimentary forms of civil religion", ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'', vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 177–189</ref><ref name="Bonner 2008 p23-31">Michael Bonner (2008), ''Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691138381}}, pp. 23–31</ref> However, the acceptability of religious pluralism within Islam remains a topic of active debate, though the vast majority of Islamic scholars and historical evidences reveal Islam's commitment to no coercion in religion, supporting pluralism in the context of relative toleration. Hamed Kazemzadeh, a pluralist orientalist, argues that cultural absolutism of ours is, of course, today under heavy pressure, a double pressure of defining and semi-bankrupt imperialism and surprisingly strong counter assertive challenge that changed the mentality of Muslims to have a pluralist identity.<ref name="Kazemzadeh 2017" /> Then he highlights the policy method of Islam Messenger in the early Islamic civilization toward other religions.

In Surah Al-Tawba, verse 29 demands Muslims to fight all those who do not believe in Islam, including Christians and Jews (People of the Book), until they pay the [[Jizya]], a tax, with willing submission.
{{blockquote|
Fight those who do not believe in Allah and the Last Day, nor comply with what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, nor embrace the religion of truth from among those who were given the Scripture, until they pay the tax, willingly submitting, fully humbled.|{{qref|9|29|c=y}} }}

Some people have concluded from verse 9:29, that Muslims are commanded to attack all non-Muslims until they pay money, but Shaykh Jalal Abualrub writes:
{{blockquote|
These Ayat (Quranic verses) stress the necessity of fighting against the People of the Scripture, but under what conditions? We previously established the fact that the Islamic State is not permitted to attack non-Muslims who are not hostile to Islam, who do not oppress Muslims, or try to convert Muslims by force from their religion, or expel them from their lands, or wage war against them, or prepare for attacks against them. If any of these offenses occurs, however, Muslims are permitted to defend themselves and protect their religion. Muslims are not permitted to attack non-Muslims who signed peace pacts with them, or non-Muslims who live under the protection of the Islamic State.|source=Abualrub, Holy Wars, Crusades, Jihad }}

In Surah Al-Nisa, verse 89 has been misquoted to seem that it says to slay the [[Apostasy|apostates]]. In actuality, it only commands Muslims to fight those who practice oppression or persecution or attack the Muslims.
{{blockquote|
<poem>4:88 Why are you ˹believers˺ divided into two groups regarding the hypocrites while Allah allowed them to regress ˹to disbelief˺ because of their misdeeds? Do you wish to guide those left by Allah to stray? And whoever Allah leaves to stray, you will never find for them a way.
4:89 They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved, so you may all be alike. So do not take them as allies unless they emigrate in the cause of Allah. But if they turn away, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them, and do not take any of them as allies or helpers,
4:90 except those who are allies of a people you are bound with in a treaty or those wholeheartedly opposed to fighting either you or their own people. If Allah had willed, He would have empowered them to fight you. So if they refrain from fighting you and offer you peace, then Allah does not permit you to harm them.
4:91 You will find others who wish to be safe from you and their own people. Yet they cannot resist the temptation ˹of disbelief or hostility˺. If they do not keep away, offer you peace, or refrain from attacking you, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them. We have given you full permission over such people.</poem>|{{qref|4|88-91|c=y}} }}

===Sufism===
[[Sufi]]s are practitioners of the mystical tradition of Islam. Sufis such as [[Rumi]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dadoo |first1=Yusuf |title=Syncretism, Universalism and Religious Pluralism in the Poetry of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī |journal=Journal for the Study of Religion |date=2004 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=103–121 |jstor=24764337 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24764337 |issn=1011-7601}}</ref> and [[Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenton |first1=Paul B. |title=Jews and Judaism in the Poetry and Prose of the Persian Sufi Abū Sa'īd-i Abū l-Ḫayr (967–1049 CE): An Approach to the Religious Other in Medieval Islamic Society |journal=Religions |date=8 April 2025 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=476 |doi=10.3390/rel16040476|doi-access=free }}</ref> have been associated with religious pluralism or tolerant views toward religious others. Not all Sufis hold pluralist or tolerant views of other religions; Gregory A. Lipton argues that [[Ibn Arabi]] held exclusivist views on Islam and other religions, against pluralist readers of Ibn Arabi such as [[Frithjof Schuon]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipton |first1=Gregory A. |title=Rethinking Ibn 'Arabi |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780190684501}}</ref>

===Ahmadiyya===
{{See also|Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)}}
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2025}}
Ahmadis recognize many founders of world religions to be from God, who all brought teaching and guidance from God to all peoples. According to the [[Ahmadiyya]] understanding of the [[Quran]], every nation in the history of mankind has been sent a prophet, as the Quran states: ''And there is a guide for every people''. Though the Quran mentions only 24 prophets, the founder of Islam, [[Muhammad]] states that the world has seen 124,000 prophets. Thus other than the prophets mentioned in the Quran, Ahmadis, with support from theological study also recognize [[Buddha]], [[Krishna]], founders of [[Religion in China|Chinese religions]] to be divinely appointed individuals.

The Second [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad|Khalifatul Maish]] of the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] writes:
"According to this teaching there has not been a single people at any time in history or anywhere in the world who have not had a warner from God, a teacher, a prophet. According to the Quran there have been prophets at all times and in all countries. India, China, Russia, Afghanistan, parts of Africa, Europe, America—all had prophets according to the theory of divine guidance taught by the Quran. When, therefore, Muslims hear about prophets of other peoples or other countries, they do not deny them. They do not brand them as liars. Muslims believe that other peoples have had their teachers. If other peoples have had prophets, books, and laws, these constitute no difficulty for Islam."<ref name="Intro to Quran">"Introduction to the Study of the Holy Qur’an" by Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. Part 2, Argument 4 Section labeled "A Grand Conception"</ref>

[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], founder of the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] wrote in his book ''[[A Message of Peace]]'':
"Our God has never discriminated between one people and another. This is illustrated by the fact that all the potentials and capabilities (Prophets) which have been granted to the Aryans (Hindus) have also been granted to the races inhabiting Arabia, Persia, Syria, China, Japan, Europe and America."<ref name="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad p. 6">"A Message of Peace" by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, p. 6</ref>

===In modern practice===
Religious pluralism is a contested issue in modern Islamic countries. Twenty-three Islamic countries have laws, as of 2014, which make it a crime, punishable with death penalty or prison, for a Muslim, by birth or conversion, to [[Apostasy|leave Islam]] or convert to another religion.<ref name="LoC Apostasy">[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf Laws Criminalizing Apostasy in Selected Jurisdictions] Library of Congress, US Government (May 2014)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Collection {{!}} Legal Reports (Publications of the Law Library of Congress) {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/publications-of-the-law-library-of-congress/about-this-collection/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref><ref>Doi, Abdur Rahman (1984), ''Shari`a: The Islamic Law''; Taha Publishers; London UK</ref> In Muslim countries such as [[Algeria]], it is illegal to preach, persuade or attempt to convert a Muslim to another religion.<ref>Law No. 02-06 (bis), al Jarida al Rasmiyya, vol.12, 1 March 2006</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] and several Islamic nations have strict laws against the construction of Christian churches, Jewish synagogues, Hindu temples and Buddhist stupas anywhere inside the country, by anyone including minorities working there.<ref name="Meister 2010 p23-57" /> [[Brunei]] in southeast Asia adopted [[Sharia]] law in 2013 that prescribes a death penalty for any Muslim who converts from Islam to another religion.<ref name="LoC Apostasy" /> Other Islamic scholars state Sharia does not allow non-Muslim minorities to enjoy religious freedoms in a Muslim-majority nation, but other scholars disagree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamnewsroom.com/news-we-need/329-yusuf-estes-correcting-quran-misquotes|title=Yusuf Estes Corrects QURAN Mis-Quotes|first=Ansar Al|last=Adl|website=Islam News Room|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Mawdudi, S. Abul `Ala (1982), ''The Rights of Non-Muslims in Islamic State'', Islamic Publications, Lahore, Pakistan.</ref><ref>Abdullah, Najih Ibrahim Bin (1988), "The Ordinances of the People of the Covenant and the Minorities in an Islamic State", ''Balagh Magazine'', Cairo, Vol. 944, 29 May 1988; Also see 5 June 1988 article by the same author.</ref>

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a multi-racial and multi-religious nation, where Muslims form the majority. Residents of Pakistan follow many of the major religions. Pakistan's diverse cultural and religious heritage is part of its multicultural history, but there is a lack of tolerance towards religious minorities in Pakistan. Minorities are facing exploitation by extremist groups, and some sections of the society show hatred towards them, religious minorities are not allowed to join the mainstream of the society because of their religion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Pakistan: Right to freedom of religion or belief under sustained attack |url=https://www.icj.org/pakistan-right-to-freedom-of-religion-or-belief-under-sustained-attack/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=International Commission of Jurists |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mehfooz |first1=Musferah |title=Religious Freedom in Pakistan: A Case Study of Religious Minorities |journal=Religions |date=January 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/rel12010051 |language=en |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>

==Jainism==
{{Main|Anekantavada}}

''Anekāntavāda'', the principle of relative pluralism, is one of the basic principles of [[Jainism]]. In this view, the truth or the reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and no single point of view is the complete truth.<ref>Dundas (2002) p. 231</ref><ref>Koller, John M. (July 2000) pp. 400–407</ref> Jain doctrine states that an object has infinite modes of existence and qualities and they cannot be completely perceived in all its aspects and manifestations, due to inherent limitations of the humans. Only the [[Kevala Jnana|Kevalins]]—the omniscient beings—can comprehend the object in all its aspects and manifestations, and all others are capable of knowing only a part of it.<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) p. 91</ref> Consequently, no one view can claim to represent the absolute truth—only relative truths. Jains compare all attempts to proclaim absolute truth with ''andhgajnyaya ''or the "[[Blind men and an elephant|maxim of the blind men and elephant]]", wherein all the blind men claimed to explain the true appearance of the elephant, but could only partly succeed due to their narrow perspective.<ref name="Hughes 2005 p590-1">Hughes, Marilynn (2005) pp. 590–591</ref> For Jains, the problem with the blind men is not that they claim to explain the true appearance of the elephant; the problem is doing so to the exclusion of all other claims. Since absolute truth is many-sided, embracing any truth to the exclusion of others is to commit the error of ''ekānta'' (one-sidedness).<ref name="The Metaphysics of Paradox">{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Wm. Andrew |title=The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism |date=2018 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-4985-6392-5 |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824002257/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498563925/The-Metaphysics-of-Paradox-Jainism-Absolute-Relativity-and-Religious-Pluralism |url-status=dead }}</ref> Openness to the truths of others is one way in which Jainism embodies religious pluralism.

==Sikhism==
{{Further|Islam and Sikhism|Hinduism and Sikhism}}
{{Primary sources section|date=June 2025}}
The [[Sikh gurus]] have propagated the message of "many paths" leading to the [[Ek Onkar|one God]] and ultimate [[salvation]] for all souls who treading on the path of [[righteousness]]. They have supported the view that proponents of all faiths, by doing good and virtuous deeds and by remembering the [[Lord]], can certainly achieve salvation. Sikhs are told to accept all leading faiths as possible vehicles for attaining spiritual enlightenment, provided the faithful study, ponder and practice the teachings of their prophets and leaders. Sikhism had many interactions with [[Sufism]] as well as [[Hinduism]], influenced them and was influenced by them.

The [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]], the holy book of the [[Sikh]]s, says:
{{blockquote|Do not say that the Vedas, the Bible and the Koran are false. Those who do not contemplate them are false.| Guru Granth Sahib page 1350<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1350&english=t&id=57718|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib |page=1350 |publisher=Sri Granth}}</ref>}}

As well as:
<blockquote>
Some call the Lord "Ram, Ram", and some "Khuda". Some serve Him as "Gusain", others as "Allah". He is the Cause of causes, and Generous. He showers His Grace and Mercy upon us. Some pilgrims bathe at sacred shrines, others go on Hajj to Mecca. Some do devotional worship, whilst others bow their heads in prayer. Some read the Vedas, and some the Koran. Some wear blue robes, and some wear white. Some call themselves Muslim, and some call themselves Hindu. Some yearn for paradise, and others long for heaven. Says Nanak, one who realizes the Hukam of God's Will, knows the secrets of his Lord Master. (Sri Guru Granth Sahib, page 885)<ref>{{cite web|title=sggs ram khudha people pray to there god|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?ction=Page&g=1&h=1&r=1&t=1&p=0&k=0&Param=885|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
One who recognizes that all spiritual paths lead to the One shall be emancipated. One who speaks lies shall fall into hell and burn. In all the world, the most blessed and sanctified are those who remain absorbed in Truth. (SGGS Ang 142)<ref>{{cite web|title=pluarism in sggs|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&g=1&h=1&r=1&t=1&p=0&k=0&Param=142|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
The seconds, minutes, and hours, days, weeks and months and various seasons originate from One Sun; O nanak, in just the same way, the many forms originate from the Creator. (Guru Granth Sahib page 12,13)
</blockquote>

The Guru Granth Sahib also says that [[Bhagat Namdev]] and [[Kabir|Bhagat Kabir]], who were both believed to be [[Hindu]]s, both attained salvation though they were born before [[Sikhism]] took root and were clearly not Sikhs. This highlights and reinforces the Guru's saying that "peoples of other faiths" can join with God as true and also at the same time signify that Sikhism is not the exclusive path for liberation.

Additionally the Guru Granth Sahib says:
<blockquote>
First, Allah (God) created the Light; then, by His Creative Power, He made all mortal beings. From the One Light, the entire universe welled up. So who is good, and who is bad? ||1||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1349&english=t&id=57707|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib |page=1349 |publisher=Sri Granth}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Again, the Guru Granth Sahib Ji provides this verse:
<blockquote>
[[Bhagat Namdev|Naam Dayv]] the printer, and [[Kabir|Kabeer]] the weaver, obtained salvation through the Perfect Guru. Those who know God and recognize His [[Shabda|Shabad]] ("word") lose their ego and class consciousness. ([[Guru Granth Sahib]] page 67)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=67&english=t&id=2722|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib |page=67 |publisher=Sri Granth}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Most of the 15 [[Sikh Bhagats]] who are mentioned in their holy book were non-Sikhs and belonged to Hindu and Muslim faiths, which were the most prevalent religions of this region.

The pluralistic dialogue of Sikhism began with the founder of Sikhism Guru Nanak after becoming enlightened saying the words ''Na koi hindu na koi musalman'' – "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim". He recognised that religious labels held no value and it is the deeds of human that will be judged in the hereafter what we call ourselves religiously holds no value.

Sikhs have been considered eager exponents of [[interfaith dialogue]] and not only accept the right of others to practice their faith but have in the past fought and laid down their lives to protect this right for others; the [[Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar]], who on the pleas of a [[pandit]] of the [[Kashmiris]], agreed to fight against a tyrannic [[Moghul Empire]] (that was forcing them to convert to Islam) in order that they might gain the freedom to practice their religion, which differed from his own.

==Baháʼí Faith==
{{Main|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion}}
[[Bahá'u'lláh]], founder of [[Baháʼí Faith]], a religion that developed in Persia, having roots in Islam,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions – Bahai: Origins of Bahá'í history |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/history/origins_1.shtml |access-date=2020-11-04 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> urged the elimination of religious intolerance. He taught that God is one, and religion has been progressively revealed over time through [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]], the founders of religion. Bahá'u'lláh taught that Baháʼís must associate with peoples of all religions, whether this is reciprocated or not.

Baháʼís refer to this concept as [[Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)|Progressive revelation]], meaning that each religion brings a more advanced understanding of divinity and updated social laws as mankind matures. In this view, God's word is revealed through a series of messengers: [[Abraham]], [[Krishna]], [[Moses]], [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Jesus]], [[Muhammad]], [[Báb]] and Bahá'u'lláh (the founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]) among them. According to Baháʼí writings, there will not be another messenger for many hundreds of years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

There is also a respect for the religious traditions of the native peoples of the planet who may have little other than oral traditions as a record of their religious figures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating Native Cultures Through Words: Storytelling and Oral Traditions |url=https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/informational/storytelling-and-oral-traditions |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian |access-date=2025-04-06}}</ref>

==Religious pluralism and human service professions==
The concept of religious pluralism is also relevant to human service professions, such as psychology and social work, as well as medicine and nursing, in which trained professionals may interact with clients from diverse faith traditions.<ref name="Pargament 1997" /><ref name="Zinnbauer Pargament 2000">Brian J. Zinnbauer & Kenneth I. Pargament (2000). [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=2995869&site=ehost-live Working with the sacred: Four approaches to religious and spiritual issues in counseling]. ''Journal of Counseling & Development'', v. 78 n. 2, pp. 162–171. {{ISSN|0748-9633}}</ref><ref name="Friberg 2001 p177-90" /> For example, [[psychologist]] [[Kenneth Pargament]]<ref name="Pargament 1997">{{Cite book |last=Pargament |first=Kenneth I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn5XObcpnd4C&q=pluralism |title=The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice |date=2001 |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=978-1-57230-664-6 |language=en}}</ref> has described four possible stances toward client religious and spiritual beliefs, which he called ''rejectionist'', ''exclusivist'', ''constructivist'', and ''pluralist''. Unlike the constructivist stance, the pluralist stance:

{{Blockquote | ... recognizes the existence of a religious or spiritual absolute reality but allows for multiple interpretations and paths toward it. In contrast to the exclusivist who maintains that there is a single path "up the mountain of God", the pluralist recognizes many paths as valid. Although both the exclusivist and the pluralist may agree on the existence of religious or spiritual reality, the pluralist recognizes that this reality is expressed in different cultures and by different people in different ways. Because humans are mortal and limited, a single human religious system cannot encompass all of the religious or spiritual absolute reality.... (p. 167)<ref name="Zinnbauer Pargament 2000" />|title=Zinnbauer Pargament 2000}}

Importantly, "the pluralistic therapist can hold personal religious beliefs while appreciating those of a client with different religious beliefs. The pluralist recognizes that religious value differences can and will exist between counselors and clients without adversely affecting therapy" (p. 168).<ref name="Zinnbauer Pargament 2000" /> The stances implied by these four helping orientations on several key issues, such as "should religious issues be discussed in counseling?", have also been presented in tabular form (p. 362, Table 12.1).<ref name="Pargament 1997" />

The profession of [[chaplain]]cy, a religious profession, must also deal with issues of pluralism and the relevance of a pluralistic stance. For example, Friberg argues: "With growing populations of immigrants and adherents of religions not previously seen in significant numbers in North America, spiritual care must take religion and diversity seriously. Utmost respect for the residents' spiritual and religious histories and orientations is imperative" (p. 182).<ref name="Friberg 2001 p177-90">Nils Friberg (2001). [[iarchive:agingspiritualit00davi/page/177|The role of the chaplain in spiritual care]]. In [[David O. Moberg]], ''Aging and spirituality: spiritual dimensions of aging theory, research'' (pp. 177–190). Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-7890-0939-5}} (NB: The quotation is discussing residents in nursing homes).</ref>

==Skepticism==
===Argument from inconsistent revelations===
The argument from inconsistent revelations is an argument that aims to show that one cannot choose one religion over another since their revelations are inconsistent with each other and that any two religions cannot both be true.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&pg=PP1 |title=The God Delusion |date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-34866-7 |page=25 |language=en |author-link=Richard Dawkins |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> The argument appears, among other places, in [[Voltaire]]'s ''[[Candide]]'' and ''[[Philosophical Dictionary]]''. It is also manifested in [[Denis Diderot]]'s statement in response to [[Pascal's wager]] that, whatever proofs are offered for the existence of God in Christianity or any other religion, "an [[Imam]] can reason the same way".<ref name="Diderot 1746">{{Cite book |last=Diderot |first=Denis |title=Pensées philosophiques |number=LIX |volume=1 |year=1875–77 |editor-last=J. Assézar |page=167 |language=fr |author-link=Denis Diderot |orig-year=1746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-wager/#ObjePascWage|title=Objections to Pascal's Wager |chapter=Pascal's Wager |year=2018 |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Also in response to Pascal's wager, [[J. L. Mackie]] said "the church within which alone salvation is to be found is not necessarily the Church of Rome, but perhaps that of the Anabaptists or the Mormons or the Muslim Sunnis or the worshippers of [[Kali]] or of [[Odin]]".<ref>Mackie, J. L., 1982. ''The Miracle of Theism'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 203</ref>

== Religion and globalization in the digital age ==
{{Original research section|date=June 2025}}

The 21st century has seen a profound transformation in the religious landscape due to globalization and digital technologies. These forces have intensified connections across geographic, cultural, and ideological boundaries, significantly reshaping religious identities, expressions, and institutions. Scholars have examined this evolving context through themes such as religious pluralism, digital religion, hybrid identities, migration, secular governance, and commodification of spirituality.

=== Globalization and religious pluralism ===
Globalization has enabled religions and their practitioners to interact closely despite geographical distances. Advances in communication technologies and increased mobility have compressed the world into “a single place,” fostering awareness and accessibility of diverse faiths. This interconnectedness promotes human rights norms, such as religious freedom, empowering individuals to express their beliefs and allowing religious communities to engage more openly in public life.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323405.001.0001 |title=Religious Pluralism, Globalization, and World Politics |date=2008-12-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323405.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-532340-5 |editor-last=Banchoff |editor-first=Thomas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Jeannine Hill |date=May 2008 |title=Religious Pluralism in an Era of Globalization: The Making of Modern Religious Identity |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/004056390806900209 |journal=Theological Studies |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=394–411 |doi=10.1177/004056390806900209 |issn=0040-5639|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Transnational religious networks and diasporic communities flourish under globalization, enriching internal religious diversity and facilitating interfaith dialogue aimed at shared ethical frameworks. Yet, globalization also presents challenges. Secular consumerist values may erode traditional identities, prompting defensive fundamentalist movements and inter-religious tensions. Furthermore, increased visibility of multiple faiths in the public sphere can generate competition between religious groups in pluralistic societies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Gelder |first=C. |date=1996-09-01 |title=Religion and Globalization. By Peter Beyer. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1994. 250 pp. $19.95 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/38.4.906 |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=906–907 |doi=10.1093/jcs/38.4.906 |issn=0021-969X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Digital religion ===
The emergence of “digital religion” refers to religious practice, identity, and community formation within digital environments. It encompasses both traditional institutions adapting to online platforms and new religious movements native to cyberspace. Originating in the mid-1990s, early studies examined online forums where users shared prayers and theological discussions. Scholars quickly debated whether digital expressions of religion represented authentic spirituality or superficial simulations.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2001-10-01 |title=Give me that online religion |url=https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-0876 |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=39–0876-39-0876 |doi=10.5860/choice.39-0876 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=0009-4978|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The mediation of religious experience in cyberspace: Lorne L. Dawson |date=2005-09-15 |work=Religion and Cyberspace |pages=22–44 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003572-9 |access-date=2025-06-01 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203003572-9 |isbn=978-0-203-00357-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

By the early 2000s, research expanded to explore how digital spaces reshape rituals, authority, and religious identity. Communities emerged on websites and social media, offering interactive, immersive religious experiences. One notable example is the Church of Fools, launched in 2004, which enables users to participate in services through avatars. Such digital contexts allow for experimentation with religious roles and beliefs, particularly for those excluded from traditional hierarchies.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Language of Religion |date=2006-08-21 |work=Religion in World History |pages=9–24 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203969588-7 |access-date=2025-06-01 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203969588-7 |isbn=978-0-203-96958-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Digital religion challenges conventional structures by decentralizing spiritual authority and encouraging peer-to-peer spiritual exchange. Participants can construct personalized expressions of belief through online profiles and interactions. However, debates persist regarding the theological legitimacy of exclusively online religious practices and their influence on offline traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Heidi A. |last2=Vitullo |first2=Alessandra |date=January 2016 |title=Assessing changes in the study of religious communities in digital religion studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301 |journal=Church, Communication and Culture |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=73–89 |doi=10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301 |issn=2375-3234|hdl=10281/274930 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Heidi A. |last2=Tsuria |first2=Ruth |date=2021-08-18 |title=Digital Religion |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429295683 |doi=10.4324/9780429295683|isbn=978-0-429-29568-3 }}</ref>

=== Hybrid religious identities ===
Globalization has also facilitated the formation of hybrid religious identities. These identities combine elements from diverse traditions, enabled by the free circulation of beliefs through digital and global networks. New religious movements often originate on the margins of established religions, drawing on eclectic influences such as Eastern spirituality, New Age philosophy, and even scientific discourse.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002-09-01 |title=The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions |url=https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-0015 |journal=Choice Reviews Online |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=40–0015-40-0015 |doi=10.5860/choice.40-0015 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=0009-4978|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

This syncretism results in unique combinations—e.g., blending Jewish Kabbalah with transcendental meditation or fusing shamanism with quantum theory. Such hybridity reflects a shift toward subjectivity, autonomy, and conceptual fluidity in spiritual meaning-making. These hybrid forms signify an adaptive response to the complexities of modern life, where the sacred and secular frequently intersect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fenn |first1=Richard |last2=Geertz |first2=Clifford |date=June 1974 |title=The Interpretation of Cultures |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1384392 |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=248 |doi=10.2307/1384392 |jstor=1384392 |issn=0021-8294|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Migration, religious pluralism, and the secular state ===
Migration is a key vector of religious pluralism in contemporary societies. As people move across borders, they bring diverse religious traditions that challenge and enrich host cultures. For instance, migration to Europe from Muslim-majority countries has expanded the region’s religious diversity, prompting debates about cultural identity, secularism, and integration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bleich |first=Erik |date=2019-10-20 |title=Essays on secularism and multiculturalism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2019.1671069 |journal=Religion, State and Society |volume=47 |issue=4–5 |pages=508–512 |doi=10.1080/09637494.2019.1671069 |issn=0963-7494|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Diasporic communities—such as Sikhs in Canada or Hindus in the UK—establish institutions that transform the cultural landscape, fostering new models of pluralism. In secular states, the coexistence of various faiths demands policy frameworks that balance civic unity with religious freedoms. Tensions often arise when public expressions of faith (e.g., religious attire) intersect with secular norms, illustrating the delicate negotiation required in pluralistic democracies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanney |first=Maria Alejandra |date=2018-09-18 |title=TAYLOR, CHARLES, A Secular Age, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts / London, 2007, 874 pp. |journal=Anuario Filosófico |pages=207–210 |doi=10.15581/009.41.30345 |issn=2173-6111|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=2005-09-15 |editor-last=Hojsgaard |editor-first=Morten |editor2-last=Warburg |editor2-first=Margit |title=Religion and Cyberspace |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003572 |doi=10.4324/9780203003572|isbn=978-0-203-00357-2 }}</ref>

=== Commodification of religion and the New Age movement ===
Global consumer culture has extended into the realm of spirituality, giving rise to the commodification of religion. Traditional religious symbols, rituals, and philosophies are increasingly repackaged as products promising wellness, personal growth, and aesthetic pleasure. This trend reflects broader societal values centered on immediacy and self-optimization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carrette |first=Jeremy |date=2004-03-01 |title=Selling Spirituality |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203494875 |doi=10.4324/9780203494875|isbn=978-0-203-49487-5 }}</ref>

The New Age movement exemplifies this commodification. Practices such as energy healing, holistic retreats, and the use of “positive energy” objects are often stripped from their spiritual roots and marketed for consumption. Scholars like Bernardo Nante argue that this process reduces profound spiritual traditions to superficial lifestyle accessories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=González Montes |first=Adolfo |date=1970-12-01 |title=La vocación humana en Marañón |journal=Seminarios Sobre los Ministerios en la Iglesia |volume=16 |issue=42 |pages=441–472 |doi=10.52039/seminarios.v16i42.4161 |issn=2660-9487|doi-access=free }}</ref> The commercialization of spirituality raises concerns about authenticity and the dilution of religious meaning.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Stuart A. |last2=Heelas |first2=Paul |date=1999 |title=The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3711817 |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=97 |doi=10.2307/3711817 |jstor=3711817 |issn=1069-4404|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Heidi |date=2010-04-05 |title=When Religion Meets New Media |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203695371 |doi=10.4324/9780203695371|isbn=978-1-134-27213-6 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[:Category:Catholic ecumenical and interfaith relations]]
* [[Comparative religion]]
* [[Freedom of religion]]
* [[Gamaliel's principle]]
* [[Global Centre for Pluralism]]
* [[Indifferentism]]
* [[Interreligious organization]]
* [[Institute for Interreligious Dialogue]]
* [[Multiconfessionalism]]
* [[Multifaith space]]
* [[Paradox of tolerance]]
* [[Perennial philosophy]]
* [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]]
* [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]]
* [[Progressive Christianity]]
* [[Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs]]
* [[Religious exclusivism]]
* [[Religious harmony in India]]
* [[Religious liberalism]]
* [[Unitarian Universalism]]
* [[United Religions Initiative]]
* [[Universalism]]
* [[World Council of Churches]]
* [[Marshall Vian Summers#Messenger from God|The New Message from God]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |last=Beneke |first=Chris |year=2006 |title=Beyond Toleration: The Religious Origins of American Pluralism |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press}}.
* [[Ashk Dahlén]], 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm4-G9aWWWEC&pg=PR9 ''Sirat al-mustaqim: One or Many? Religious Pluralism Among Muslim Intellectuals in Iran''] in ''The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought'', ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi, Oxford.
* Eck, Diane (2001) ''A New Religious America: How a "Christian Country" Has Become the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation'', San Francisco: Harper.
* Robert Gordis, 1962, "Ground Rules for a Christian-Jewish Dialogue" in ''The Root and the Branch'', Univ. of Chicago Press.
* [[Robert Gordis]] et al., 1988, ''Emet Ve-Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism'', Jewish Theological Seminary and the [[Rabbinical Assembly]].
* Kenneth Einar Himma (August 2002), "Finding a High Road: The Moral Case for Salvific Pluralism", ''International Journal for Philosophy of Religion'', vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 1–33.
* Hutchison, William R. (2003) ''Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding Ideal'', New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Kalmin, Richard (1994), ''Christians and Heretics in Rabbinic Literature of Late Antiquity,'' Harvard Theological Review, Volume 87(2), pp. 155–169.
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/43891542 |title=Pluralism and Democracy in Islam |journal=Internal Journal of Acpcs |date=January 2017 |last1=Kazemzadeh |first1=Hamed |issue=Winter |volume=5 |pages=62–77 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215134627/https://www.academia.edu/43891542 |url-status=dead }}
* Leon Klenicki ed., 1991, ''Toward a Theological Encounter: Jewish Understandings of Christianity'', Paulist Press / Stimulus.
* {{cite book |first1=Bernard |last1=Lewis |first2=Buntzie Ellis |last2=Churchill
|title=Islam: The Religion and the People |date=2008 |publisher=Wharton |isbn=9780137154944}}
* Monecal, Maria Rosa (2002),''The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain'', Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
* {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=M. |year=1997 |title=A Short Introduction to the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=One World Publications |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=1-85168-209-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaith00mooj}}
* [[Hans Ucko]] ed., 1996, ''People of God, Peoples of God'', WCC Publications.
* {{Cite journal |first1=Brian J. |last1=Zinnbauer |first2=Kenneth I. |last2=Pargament |year=2000 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02574.x |title=Working with the sacred: Four approaches to religious and spiritual issues in counseling |journal=Journal of Counseling & Development |volume=78 |number=2 |pages=162–71 |doi=10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02574.x |url-access=subscription }}.

==Further reading==
* [[Francis Abdelmassieh|Abdelmassieh, Francis]] (2020). ''Egyptian-Islamic Views on the Comparison of Religions: Positions of Al-Azhar University Scholars on Muslim-Christian Relations.'' Münster: LIT. {{ISBN|978-3-643-91280-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ankerl
|first=Guy
|title=Global communication without universal civilization
|orig-year=2000
|series=INU societal research
|volume=1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western
|publisher=INU Press
|location=Geneva |isbn=2-88155-004-5 |year=2000}}
*Albanese, Catherine, ''America: Religions and Religion''. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 1998, {{ISBN|0-534-50457-4}}
* [[Henning Wrogemann|Wrogemann, Henning]] (2019). ''A Theology of Interreligious Relations.'' Downer's Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8308-5099-0}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=religious pluralism}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.pluralism.ca/ Global Centre for Pluralism]
* [https://www.cfr.org/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program Council on Foreign Relations Religion and Foreign Policy Initiative]
* [https://pluralism.org/ The Pluralism Project: Researching Religious Diversity in the United States]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010012203/http://www.usembassymalaysia.org.my/eck.html A New Religious America: Managing Religious Diversity in a Democracy: Challenges and Prospects for the 21st Century] by [[Diana Eck]], retrieved 2009-07-16.
* [https://irstudies.org/index.php/jirs The Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue]
* [https://elijah-interfaith.org/ Elijah Interfaith Institute: Inter Religious Dialogue]
* {{SEP|religious-pluralism|Religious Diversity (Pluralism)|David Basinger}}
* {{IEP|url-id=rel-plur/|title=Religious Pluralism|author=Michael Barnes Norton}}

===Buddhism===
* [http://www.dharmaprotector.org/middleway.html Standing Up for the Middle Way: A Buddhist Perspective on Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513184233/http://www.dharmaprotector.org/middleway.html |date=13 May 2021 }}

===Christianity===
* [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html Nostra Aetate: Declaration on the Relation of the Catholic Church to Non-Christian Religions]
* [http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/interreligious/publist.html World Council of Churches Bibliography of Works on Religious Pluralism]

===Hinduism===
* [http://www.bigpicture.tv/videos/watch/c16a5320f Big Picture TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016001505/http://www.bigpicture.tv/videos/watch/c16a5320f |date=2009-10-16 }} Video of Ela Gandhi, granddaughter of Mahatma Gandhi, talking about religious pluralism

===Islam===
* [https://www.al-islam.org/islam-and-religious-pluralism-murtadha-mutahhari Islam and Religious Pluralism by Ayatullah Murtadha Mutahhari]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831224020/http://www.spiritual-education.org/ Spiritual Education Lesson Plans for Children]

===Judaism===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030831133820/http://www.vbs.org/rabbi/rabrosen/whospea.htm The imperative of Religious Pluralism: A Conservative Jewish View]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001210225200/http://www.religioustolerance.org/jud_chrr.htm Darbu Emet: A Jewish Statement About Christianity]}}

{{Religious pluralism}}
{{Religion topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religious pluralism| ]]
[[Category:Religion|plural]]

Mon Bole Priya Priya

2026-03-04T00:23:24Z

Frankieren: quick adjust intro for clarity

{{Short description|2011 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mon Bole Priya Priya
| image = Mon Bole Priya Priya poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Milan Bhowmik]]
| producer = Sanjay Kumar Das
| writer =
| starring = [[Raaj Bhowmik]] Pamela [[Tapas Paul]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| music = Soumitra Kundu
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|3|18|ref1=<ref>http://www.gomolo.com/mon-bole-priya-priya-movie/41268 Gomolo article</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mon Bole Priya Priya''''' is a 2011 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by Milan Bhowmik. This is a romantic film. According to director Milan Bhowmik– "It’s a love story on the extremes that true love can push one to."<ref name="Mon Bole Priya Priya Telegraph">{{cite news|title=Mon Bole Priya Priya|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110318/jsp/entertainment/story_13729844.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203223512/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110318/jsp/entertainment/story_13729844.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=28 June 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|date=18 March 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
Arjun travels to the city to seek admission in a college. Rich girl Priya is gifted a car without brakes by her uncle. Priya runs over Arjun and he loses his memory. Priya feels sorry for Arjun and romance begins to brew between the two. Ashish Vidyarthi plays the role of a good cop.<ref name="Mon Bole Priya Priya">{{cite news|title=Mon Bole Priya Priya|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/Mon-Bole-Priya-Priya/movie-review/7791739.cms|accessdate=28 June 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 March 2011}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Raaj Bhowmik]] as Arjun
*Pamela as Priya
*[[Tapas Paul]]
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
*[[Rajatava Dutta]]
*[[Rita Koiral]]
*[[Subhasish Mukherjee]]

==Songs==
*"Kono Badha" – Sushati
*"Mon Bole Priya Priya" – [[Aneek Dhar]] & Somchandra
*"Tumi Ele Jibone" – Aneek & Anwesha
*"Ei Je Mati" – Aneek & Somchandra
*"Mon Bole Priya Priya" (Sad) – Aneek
*"Mon Bole Priya Priya" – Instrumental

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6725476}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Bengali-language films]]
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Idavela

2026-03-03T21:43:18Z

Frankieren: fixed lead based on references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Idavela
| image = Idavela 1982 film.jpg
| alt = The theatrical release poster of the 1982 film Idavela
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]
| producer = Shreyes Films
| writer = [[Padmarajan]]
| starring = [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] [[Idavela Babu]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing = G. Venkitaraman
| studio = Shreyes Films
| distributor = Century Films
| released = {{Film date|1982|5|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Idavela''''' ({{langx|en|Interval}}) is a 1982 [[Malayalam]] [[teen film]] written by [[Padmarajan]] and directed by [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]. It stars [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Idavela Babu]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] in the lead roles. It was the debut film of Idavela Babu, who got his screenname through this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1393|title=Idavela|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4557|title=Idavela|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/idavela-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141016140529/http://spicyonion.com/title/idavela-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Idavela|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie opens with showing the 4 college boys to be indulged in smoking, drinking and watching blue films. This time they get caught and are punished. Their parents are also informed about the same and they are a disgrace to their families as well. The college NCC decides to conduct a camp for 10 days and these 4 are asked to first cut their hair and then report their name to attend the camp. However they choose not to give their names. They inform at home of going to the camp and plan to spend those 10 days going elsewhere on their own.

On the day of departure, Thomas picks up Ravi from his home. Ravi's brother asks Thomas to take care of Ravi. The 4 meet at the railway station and go to Munnar. They ask the local taxi to take them to a good hotel and the driver takes them to hotel blue meadow. They get a room by providing fake names. The bearer there is Madhavan (Innocent). The boys have come there with the intention of having sex and inquires with Madhavan regarding the same, who says the hotel is a reputable one and such activities don't happen there.

They go for a long walk, find a girl near the lake and follow her to find that she stays in the room next to theirs in the same hotel. They try to get friendly with her. She (Nalini) mentions her name to be Malu or they can call her Molu as her mother calls her. She develops a liking towards Ravi and dislikes Thomas. This creates jealousy among the other boys towards Ravi. Ravi falls in love with Molu which he tells her but she doesn't respond. Thomas warns Ravi that they are not here to stay forever and has to tell her their intention in his next meeting with her. The next day Ravi meets with Molu, asks her to pose for a few photos which she does willingly. They walk a long distance away from the hotel with the other 3 boys following them without their knowledge. Then Ravi informs Molu that he has been sent to her to tell her to cooperate with the boys. She smilingly tells him to lie to his friends that they made love and she wouldn't mind it. Overhearing this, Thomas jumps in front of her and tries to rape her. Ravi runs to the hotel to get help with Alosius trying to stop him. Ravi runs into a muddy swamp and gets engulfed by it. Alosius tries to save him and gets stuck in the mud. Hearing his shout, the other 2 boys along with Molu rush there and pull him out. Molu realizes that Ravi has drowned and Alosius confirms the same. They try in vain to find Ravi in the swamp. Thomas threatens to kill Molu if she tells anyone about this incident. Molu informs them that she also feels responsible for what's happened and wouldn't inform anyone. She returns to the hotel. The boys wait for the evening, when Christmas celebrations start, to return to the hotel so that no one would notice that Ravi is missing. At night, Madhavan brings them their drink which they had ordered the previous day. After Madhavan leaves Thomas asks the boys to have their drinks but they refuse. They accuse him of being hard hearted and of being responsible for the death of Ravi. Thomas throws the bottle through the window and walks out to the balcony to find Molu standing next door. She accuses him of being a cheat and murderer. The next morning, Alosius and Swami are packing their bags when Molu walks into their room. She enquires about Thomas to find that he is nowhere to be found. Madhavan informs them that he saw Thomas walking a far distance away. Aloysius, Swami and Molu run towards the direction pointed by Madhavan calling out Thomas' name. They come near the muddy swamp and find his cigarette packet and match box nearby. They prod the mud with a log of wood to find a hand come up which confirms their doubts that Thomas has drowned in the swamp.

==Cast==
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Thomas John
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Ravi
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Molu / Malu
* Dileep as Alosius
* Kumar as Parashuram "Swami"
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Madhavettan
* [[Sankaradi]] as Nambeesan Sir
* [[Prem Prakash]] as Ravi's brother
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]] as Thomas's mother

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Amme Kanyaamariyame" (Chilluvazhi Paayum) || Chorus, [[J. M. Raju]] || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Gloria Gloria Gloria Swargeeya" (Vinnin Saanthi Sandesham) || Chorus, [[J. M. Raju]] || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 3 || "Manjumma Vekkum" || [[Krishnachandran]] || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0333386}}
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4557 ''Idavela''] at the Malayalam Movie Database
* [https://drummersdiaries.blogspot.com/2008/02/idavela.html Film review]

{{Padmarajan}}

[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s teen films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Padmarajan]]

Vrithra

2026-03-03T21:37:11Z

Frankieren: Added!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vrithra
| image = Vrithra poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = R Gautham
| producer = Lalitha Shambulingayya Swami Rajwant Singh
| writer = R Gautham
| starring = Nithya Shri
| music = DA Vasantha
| cinematography = Auditya Venkatesh
| editing = EM Arun
| studio =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| released = {{film date|2019|10|11|df=yes}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vrithra''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime drama film]] written and directed by R Gautham .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vrithra-will-resonate-with-crime-thriller-aficionados-says-director-r-gautham-iyer/articleshow/71429887.cms|title=Vrithra will resonate with crime thriller aficionados, says director R Gautham Iyer|newspaper=Times of India|date=5 October 2019 |access-date=5 October 2019}}</ref> The film has been bankrolled by Lalitha, Shambulingayya Swami and Rajwant Singh. The film stars Nithya Shri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/nithyashri-returns-home-with-vrithra/articleshow/71447361.cms|title=Nithya Shri returns home with Vrithra|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=5 October 2019}}</ref> while [[Prakash Belawadi]] and [[Sudha Rani]] appear in supporting roles.

Photographer Auditya Venkatesh has worked as the cinematographer for Vrithra while EM Arun and DA Vasantha have handled the editing and the music departments respectively.

==Plot==
Investigation officer Indra Rao (Nithya Shri) comes across a series of conspicuous clues as she immerses herself in a seemingly open and shut case. However, as the story progresses, she is left to make a difficult choice-her career or the truth. The story involves a metaphor between the contemporary Bengaluru transforming into a jungle ruled by animals.

Indra Rao is a sub-inspector who initially deals with ordinary crimes in the city, from petty offenses to nuisance. However, she is handed over a suicide case, which she considers ordinary at the beginning due to the number of people committing suicide in the city in a daily basis. Her uncle [[Prakash Belawadi]] explains to her that she is trapped in a complex chess game where she doesn't have any clue of who her opponents are. When she goes to find the truth behind the suicide, she finds that the Vrithra is not what she thinks he is but someone who is trying to remove the boundaries in society. The hoarders in society that have all the resources are the actual Vrithra, and she has to make a choice between letting her higher-ranked officer know that she is trying to make things right.

==Cast==
* Nithya Shri as Indra Rao
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Indra Rao's uncle
* [[Sudha Rani]]
* Ravi Sitaraman (K.J. Ravi)
* [[Tharun Sudhir]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/article/stories/tharun-sudhir-returns-to-acting-with-nithyashri-starrer-vrithra/14643|title=Tharun Sudhir returns to acting with Nithya Shri starrer Vrithra|publisher=Cinema Express|accessdate=2 October 2019}}</ref>

==Production==
The movie was launched with [[Rashmika Mandanna]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/sep/26/nithyashri-replaces-rashmika-mandanna-in-gautham-iyers-vrithra-8074.html|title=Nithya Shri replaces Rashmika Mandanna in Gautham Iyer's Vrithra|publisher=Cinema Express|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> as the lead protagonist. However, the makers later replaced her with stage artist Nithya Shri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/051019/maniratnams-assistant-director-to-debut-in-sandalwood-with-vrithra.html|title=Maniratnam's assistant director to debut in sandalwood with Vrithra|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=5 October 2019}}</ref>

The trailer of Vrithra was released on 3 October 2019. The movie has been censored with 'U' certificate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/11/gautham-iyers-vrithra-gets-a-u-certificate-12222.html|title=Gautham Iyers Vrithra gets a U certificate|publisher=Cinema Express|accessdate=11 June 2019}}</ref> and is slated to release on 11 October 2019.

== Reception ==
A critic from the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that "If you are one of those serious minds, who look for quality in what's inside than the glittery package on the outside, then go watch this interesting demon being unraveled".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/111019/vrithra-movie-review-a-quick-watch.html|title=Vrithra movie review: A 'quick' watch|date=11 October 2019|first=Shashiprasad|last=S. M.|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Though the film starts promisingly, the final reveal ends up as a damp squib".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vrithra-starts-well-but-ends-up-as-a-damp-squib/article29674088.ece|title='Vrithra' movie review: Starts well, but ends up as a damp squib|date=19 October 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=K. V. Aditya|last=Bharadwaj|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The main premise of the story is not new and director Gautham throws in plot points that are not addressed well. For a debutant, though, he deserves a pat on the back for the attempt to try something different in terms of the execution".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/vrithra/movie-review/71537734.cms|title=VRITHRA MOVIE REVIEW|date=11 October 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Prathibha|last=Joy}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "As a thriller, ‘Vrithra’ is decent if not great. You see the big reveal coming from a distance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vrithra-review-crime-drama-with-a-smart-woman-cop-767781.html|title=Vrithra review: Crime drama with a smart woman cop|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|first=Vivek|last=M. V.|date=20 October 2019}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Gautham undoubtedly keeps the audience guessing every minute of his debut film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/12/vrithra-movie-review-this-contemporary-take-on-city-is-well-written-but-moves-slow-2046354.html|title='Vrithra' movie review: This contemporary take on city is well-written but moves slow|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=12 October 2019}}</ref> A critic from the ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "A neat package that a discerning audience should not miss".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/vrithra-movie-review-nithyashri-makes-an-impressive-debut/articleshow/71541024.cms|title=Vrithra Movie Review: Nithyashri makes an impressive debut|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.|date=11 October 2019|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]

Boat (2024 film)

2026-03-03T02:27:59Z

Frankieren: Creating some article and citations - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian survival drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Boat
| image = Boat (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chimbu Deven]]
| producer = {{Ubl| Prabha Premkumar
| C.Kalaivani
| Chimbu Deven
}}
| writer = Chimbu Deven
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Yogi Babu]]
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
| cinematography = Madhesh Manickam
| editing = Dinesh Ponraj
| studio = {{Ubl| Maali and Maanvi Movie Makers
| Chimbudeven Entertainment}}
| distributor = Sakthi Film Factory [[Hombale Films]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2024 |title=Yogi Babu-Chimbudevan's Boat gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/08/yogi-babu-chimbudevans-boat-gets-release-date |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|2024|8|2|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2 August 2024 |title='Boat' movie review: Yogi Babu cannot save this tedious, talkative survival drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/boat-movie-review-yogi-babu-cannot-save-this-tedious-talkative-survival-drama/article68472768.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803024710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/boat-movie-review-yogi-babu-cannot-save-this-tedious-talkative-survival-drama/article68472768.ece/amp/ |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Boat''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[survival film|survival]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Chimbu Deven]].<ref name=":0" /> The film stars [[Yogi Babu]], and [[Gouri G. Kishan]] with [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Chinni Jayanth]], Jesse Fox-Allen,
[[Chaams]], [[Jangiri Madhumitha]], [[Shah Ra]], [[Kulappulli Leela]], and Aakshath Das in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=August 2024}}
{| class="infobox"
|-
! style="font-size:100%; text-align: center;"| Narrative structure
|-
| Chapter 1: "Buckingham Veeranum Paradesiyin Peranum" ({{Translation|Buckingham Soldier and grandson of a wanderer}})
|-
| Chapter 2: "Adimai Mandugalum Japan Gundugalum" ({{Translation|Slaves dumb and Japanese bomb}})
|-
| Chapter 3: "Irandu Thuduppum Yegapatta Kaduppum" ({{Translation|2 Oars to travel and a lot of brawl and quarrel}})
|-
| Chapter 4: "Mannavan Vanthaanadi Madhi Kettu Ninnaanadi" ({{Translation|The king arrived, dear and stood sense deprived here}})
|-
| Chapter 5: "Vazhiyariyaa Puraavum Vanthu Serntha Suraavum" ({{Translation|Dove that lost its way', shark that swam into play'}})
|-
| Chapter 6: "Maranjathu Karuvadu Minjunathu Thiruvodu" ({{Translation|Dried fish in vain, only Skulls remain}})
|-
| Chapter 7: "Asaraadha Eliyum Theeradha Pazhiyum" ({{Translation|A mouse unruffled and a blame unsolved}})
|-
| Chapter 8: "Madham Pidicha Yaanai Alariyathu Senai" ({{Translation|Elephant Enraged Army helter-skelter ran scared}})
|-
| Chapter 9: "Vettu Onnu Thundu Onbathu" ({{Translation|1 Strike of the knife 9 heads in strife}})
|-
| Chapter 10: "Nandhavanthil Oru Aandi Kundha Idamillaa Bondi" ({{Translation|Tramp in a garden He has no place of his own}})
|-
|}

During [[World War II]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], as part of the [[Axis powers]], launched aerial bombing attacks on [[British Empire|British-ruled areas]] of [[Colombo]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]], and Kakkinandhiyavada. Sensing an upcoming threat to [[Madras Presidency|Madras province]], around 70% of the population flees Madras, while normal life is forced to happen in open camps, which operate once a week. On the night of 11 October 1943, Japanese warplanes bombed the Madras province.

Kumaran, a fisherman from [[Kasimedu]], and his grandmother Muthumaari meet his sister, Alamu, and her fiancé, Rangan, at [[Santhome]] shore. Kumaran promises Alamu that their younger brother, Chokkalingam "Chokku", who has been arrested, on false charges will attend her upcoming wedding. Kumaran tries to release Chokku, with a recommendation letter, but the British officer refuses and warns him that Chokku will be jailed. Just then, eight Japanese warplanes appear above the camp, and an evacuation order is issued. In the chaos, Kumaran, Chokku, and Muthumaari plan to escape by boat to the ocean. Raja, a writer from Palakkad; Lal, a money-lender native of Rajasthan; Narayanan, a Brahmin, with his daughter Lakshmi; and Vijaya, a pregnant Telugu woman with her son Magesh and Muthaiyya, a retired librarian from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] also follow them to the boat. As they set off, a fellow accused prevents Chokku from escaping. Unaware of this, Kumaran sets off. Back on shore, police capture Chokku and Muthumaari orders him to return to shore, but Kumaran refuses. The police shout, identifying a terrorist suspect named Subbaiyah, who is in the boat, but they proceed forward.

After an hour, Kumaran announces that they've covered 12 miles to evade police patrol. Narayanan becomes frightened upon seeing a rat and asks Kumaran to throw it, but Kumaran refuses, leading to an argument about Brahminism, with Muthaiyya emphasizing that land is equal for all. Raja offers to row the boat, and while doing so, secretly hides a knife under a bag. Meanwhile, Muthaiyya reads Kumaran's recommendation letter, and the letter slips into the sea. Without hesitation, Kumaran jumps into the ocean to retrieve it, but the letter disappears. Raja enquires about the boat tilting to one side, and Kumaran explains that this old [[canoe]] is designed only for 6-7 passengers. They adjust their weight by shifting seats, and Kumaran resumes rowing. As trade winds increase, Narayanan's dhoti is used as a makeshift [[sailcloth]] to harness the wind. Meanwhile, Lal creates a small weapon from copper wires and hides it. Later, they suspect a British patrol boat nearby, and soon a British officer, Irwin Thomas, boards the boat which Kumaran resists, but Irwin holds Kumaran at gunpoint to row the boat.

Irwin warns of Japanese submarines seizing British patrol boats and suggests reaching the [[International waters|high seas]] while boasting about the "white man's burden" of civilizing India. Lal finds a floating radio box and pretends to repair it, while Vijaya secretly scratches the boat to create a hole. Raja reveals his true identity as Raja Mohammed, associated with the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], sparking an argument with Narayanan. Irwin predicts the Indian [[Partition of India|subcontinent's bifurcation]], but Muthaiyya and Raja affirm their commitment to religious harmony. Four hours later, Irwin spots an approaching Japanese vessel and waves the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] flag, using [[landing signal officer]] signals, and the Japanese vessel changes course, assuming their boat is Japanese. Magesh names the rat "Pechi", while Irwin compares the rat to Kumaran, insulting him as an illiterate making Muthaiyya explain the prevailing [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. After five hours of rowing, and to have reached 2 km beyond the sea limit they decide to stay still for the next few hours.

As Lakshmi sings a song, a call from the control room announces that the Japanese bombings are just a rumor and warns that a terrorist is hidden among the group, making Irwin suspect everyone on the boat. Due to the boat's overload, a hole forms, and water starts seeping in. Kumaran insists that the last person to board, Irwin, should jump off, but Irwin fights Kumaran and shoots Kumaran, but the bullet misses and creates another hole in the boat. Kumaran firmly states that at least three people must jump off to avoid overload. Just then, they spot a huge shark approaching. Seven hours pass and the boat is unable to move due to the holes. To reduce the load, they throw away unwanted items, but Muthaiyya refuses to discard the [[Gas cylinder|oxygen cylinder]]. Irwin reveals his gun is a [[Webley Revolver|Webley revolver]], ineffective against sharks. Kumaran warns that standing still will only prolong their survival, but they're running out of water and food. The radio suddenly works, playing [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar|MK Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar's]] song and the shark, having detected human presence, appears but moves away when the song ends. As hunger sets in, except for Narayanan and Lakshmi, the others consume the dried [[Malabar trevally|Malabar kingfish]].

Ten hours later, the water begins seeping in again, and a meteorological alert announces an upcoming cyclone in the Bay of Bengal. Kumaran jumps into the water to tie the boat but his feet get entangled and fortunately, he's rescued. Muthaiyya reveals himself as a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID officer]] and vows to identify the terrorists and throw them off, while the others must decide who will jump next. Muthaiyya asks each person to share their reason for wanting to live and then decide on humanitarian grounds. Everyone pleads their case, except Irwin. Kumaran claims Narayanan's community has enjoyed government perks, while he and his grandmother have no sentimental reason to live and refuse to jump off. As night falls, Muthaiyya suspects Vijaya to be the terrorist, who reveals her son is from her first marriage, and her second marriage was for his medical expenses. Lal performs a [[Puppetry|puppetry show]] depicting British looting, enraging Irwin, who slaps him in anger. Vijaya volunteers to jump off, requesting others to care for her son, but Kumaran stops her informing her that the boat will drift southward, as the cyclone has moved toward the east. He fetches tubers to eat, causing dizziness in those who consume them. Lakshmi and Kumaran who've not consumed it, bond closer and she gifts him an [[Embroidery|embroidered]] kerchief.

Twenty-eight hours pass and a brawl between Kumaran and Raja results in the death of the pet mouse, Pechi delighting Irwin and Narayanan, but soon they discover two newborn mouse pups, Pechi's offspring. Raja, overcome with guilt and grief, prays for forgiveness. Irwin lures Lal with a commercial space in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] in exchange for a favor. Magesh hands Irwin's revolver to Muthaiyya, who shoots Irwin's leg and reveals himself to be the terrorist. Muthaiyya, the chief commander of the spy team of the [[Indian National Army]] chokes Irwin using [[Varma kalai|varmakalai]] and opens the oxygen cylinder, containing a [[SD 50 (bomb)|Japanese war bomb, SD 50]], smuggled to India to blast Madras harbor. Muthaiyya plans to throw Irwin into the ocean, but Irwin manipulates Kumaran and Raja against Muthaiyya and stabs him. Magesh throws the revolver into the sea. Lakshmi finds a paper with an escape plan aligned with the Hungarian Vetrovox method written by Muthaiyya. Lal accidentally throws the oxygen cylinder into the water, which opens panicking everyone as the bomb may explode when it touches the seabed. The heavily wounded Muthaiyya, before dying hands over a photograph of him with [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Andha Naal|Rajan]], and [[Indian (1996 film)|Senapathy]]. They throw Muthaiyya's corpse into the ocean.

Thirty-three hours later, the shark appears again after Irwin places a bait to catch fish for food. Kumaran finds a letter from Chokku, warning about Rangan's playboy nature and requesting him to stop the wedding. To return, Kumaran asks two people to jump from the boat, as Muthaiyya is already dead. Meanwhile, Irwin self-nurses his bullet wounds. With time running out, and impending dangers around, Irwin plans to vote on who should be pushed out of the boat. Irwin manipulates the others to kill Kumaran and Muthumaari as they have received the maximum votes. Lakshmi pleads with her father, that planning to kill them without their knowledge is dishonest. Narayanan emotionally consoles Lakshmi, and Irwin asks Raja to kill Kumaran, but Raja refuses, recalling Muthaiyya's words that Irwin would turn them against each other. As sunrise begins, Muthumaari suddenly jumps into the water, saying the mother ocean will protect her and begins to swim. She asks Kumaran to jump, and without hesitation, he follows her into the ocean.

14 days later, the boatmates visit Irwin, to know the whereabouts of Kumaran and Muthumaari. Now, a reformed Narayanan is seen allowing Lakshmi to pursue music, and he has declined the job at [[Ripon Building]]. Lal is returning to Rajasthan, Vijaya has arranged for her son's operation in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]], and Raja has met his [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|leader]] in Calcutta. Magesh finds the embroidered kerchief gifted by Lakshmi to Kumaran, revealing that Kumaran is alive and has indeed stopped Alamu's marriage. Irwin interrupts, exonerating Kumaran and Chokku from all charges. He asks Kumaran what he wants in return for saving their lives. Kumaran's response is poignant: he asks Irwin to give back his homeland.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Kumaran
* [[Gouri G. Kishan]] as Lakshmi
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Muthaiyya
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Narayanan, Lakshmi's father
* Jesse Fox-Allen as Irwin Thomas
* [[Chaams]] as Lal
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Vijaya
* [[Shah Ra]] as Raja Mohammed "Raja"
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Muthumaari, Kumaran, and Alamu's grandmother
* Aakshath Das as Magesh, Vijaya's son
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as an [[Indian Imperial Police]] officer
* [[Crane Manohar]] as a person in the camp
* Vetrivel Raja as a physician in the camp
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Rangan, Alamu's fiance (cameo appearance)
* Ayali Abi Nakshathra as Alamu, Kumaran's sister (cameo appearance)
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Andha Naal|Rajan]] (photo presence only)
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as [[Indian 2|Senapathy]] (photo presence only)
}}

== Production ==
In February 2019, it was rumoured that [[Yogi Babu]] was replacing [[Vadivelu]] in ''Imsai Arasan 24am Pulikesi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2019 |title=Yogi Babu to replace Vadivelu in 'Imsai Arasan 24am Pulikesi'? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/yogi-babu-replace-vadivelu-imsai-arasan-24am-pulikesi-97046 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2019 |title=Shankar to replace Vadivelu with Yogi Babu in Imsai Arasan 24th Pulikecei? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shankar-to-replace-vadivelu-with-yogi-babu-in-imsai-arasan-24th-pulikecei-1460383-2019-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811044411/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/shankar-to-replace-vadivelu-with-yogi-babu-in-imsai-arasan-24th-pulikecei-1460383-2019-02-20 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In March 2022, it was announced that Chimbu Deven and Yogi Babu are collaborating on a film where Babu plays the role of a fisherman, and they confirmed it is not ''Imsai Arasan 24am Pulikesi'''s script.<ref>{{Cite news |title=வடிவேலுவுக்கு பதில் யோகி பாபு: ஜரூராக கிளம்பிய 'இம்சை அரசன்' இயக்குனர் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-news-in-tamil-yogi-babu-to-act-in-vadivelu-dropped-movie-directed-by-chimbudevan-420148/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221010832/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-news-in-tamil-yogi-babu-to-act-in-vadivelu-dropped-movie-directed-by-chimbudevan-420148/ |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=tamil.indianexpress.com |language=ta}}</ref> The title look poster and title of the film were unveiled on 15 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2023 |title=Chimbu Deven-Yogi Babu's film titled Boat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jul/15/chimbudeven-yogi-babus-film-titled-boat-45667.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122957/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2023/Jul/15/chimbudeven-yogi-babus-film-titled-boat-45667.html |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chimbu Deven's next with Yogi Babu titled 'Boat' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chimbu-devens-next-with-yogi-babu-titled-boat/articleshow/101786111.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chimbu-devens-next-with-yogi-babu-titled-boat/amp_articleshow/101786111.cms |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2023 |title=Yogi Babu's film with Chimbudevan titled 'Boat' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yogi-babus-film-with-chimbudevan-titled-boat/article67086694.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130035228/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yogi-babus-film-with-chimbudevan-titled-boat/article67086694.ece/amp/ |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=துரை |first=சுபா |title=வெளியானது யோகி பாபுவின் 'போட்' திரைப்படத்தின் டைட்டில் லுக் போஸ்டர்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/yogi-babu-chimbu-devan-s-movie-boat-movie-title-reveal-video-released-by-vignesh-shivan-venkat-prabhu-129223/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716090906/https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/yogi-babu-chimbu-devan-s-movie-boat-movie-title-reveal-video-released-by-vignesh-shivan-venkat-prabhu-129223/amp |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |title=யோகி பாபு - சிம்பு தேவன் கூட்டணியில் 'போட்'... வெளியானது டைட்டில் லுக் போஸ்டர் |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/yogi-babu-in-chimbu-devan-direction-is-title-has-been-revealed-129118/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716115341/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/yogi-babu-in-chimbu-devan-direction-is-title-has-been-revealed-129118/amp |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref> This is the second Tamil film, following ''[[Andha Naal]]'' (1954), to be set against the backdrop of the Japanese bombardment of Chennai on 11 October 1943.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Yogi Babu moves mountains to keep him afloat in Boat teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Dec/16/yogi-babu-moves-mountains-to-keep-himafloat-in-boat-teaser-chimbudevan-50451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122959/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2023/Dec/16/yogi-babu-moves-mountains-to-keep-himafloat-in-boat-teaser-chimbudevan-50451.html |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=Now, a Tamil film shot entirely at sea! |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/chimbu-devans-boat-a-film-shot-entirely-at-sea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218105315/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/chimbu-devans-boat-a-film-shot-entirely-at-sea/ |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The South First |language=en}}</ref> The script was written by Chimbu Devan during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], inspired by the Japanese bombing in 1943.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=19 December 2023 |title=Boat was shot in challenging conditions on sea: Chimbudevan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/boat-was-shot-in-challenging-conditions-on-sea-chimbudevan-755309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804123500/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/news/cinema/boat-was-shot-in-challenging-conditions-on-sea-chimbudevan-755309 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=dtnext |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot in the backwaters of [[Uvari]] coastal village in [[Tirunelveli]] for thirty-three days.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Boat censor and runtime revealed: Yogi Babu's survival drama is this long |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/boat-censor-and-runtime-revealed-yogi-babus-survival-drama-is-this-long/ff1ff77c7e805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804123502/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/boat-censor-and-runtime-revealed-yogi-babus-survival-drama-is-this-long/ff1ff77c7e805 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2023 |title=Sudha Raghunathan croons a Gaana number for Chimbudevan's Boat |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Sep/04/sudha-raghunathan-croons-a-gaana-number-for-chimbudevans-boat-47278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804123502/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2023/Sep/04/sudha-raghunathan-croons-a-gaana-number-for-chimbudevans-boat-47278.html |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Soka Naanum Nikkiren
| length1 = 3:32
| lyrics1 = Gold Devaraj
| extra1 = [[Sudha Ragunathan]]
| title2 = Thakida Thadhimi
| length2 = 2:40
| lyrics2 = Gold Devaraj
| extra2 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| title3 = Vaada Vaa (Promo song)
| length3 = 2:42
| lyrics3 = Vamanaa
| extra3 = Gold Devaraj
| total_length = 8:54
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released theatrically on 2 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2024 |title='Boat': Yogi Babu's film with Chimbudevan gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/boat-yogi-babus-film-with-chimbudevan-gets-a-release-date/article68380510.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713225919/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/boat-yogi-babus-film-with-chimbudevan-gets-a-release-date/article68380510.ece/amp/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 1 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Yogi Babu's Boat gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Sep/28/yogi-babus-boat-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "If your only goal in watching a film is to admire its imagery and ambition, then Boat might be an appropriate watch for you. But the film fails to establish itself as anything more than that or as a solid survival drama."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Boat Movie Review : A frivolous film with an intriguing premise but caricaturish characters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/boat/movie-review/112197287.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802195244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/boat/movie-review/112197287.cms |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "''Boat'' is filled with so many holes of ‘what-ifs’ and ‘could-haves’ that it has no way to go except down, and unfortunately, it does leaving no survivors."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2024 |title=Boat movie review: Good intentions fail to salvage this verbose Yogi Babu vehicle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/boat-movie-review-good-intentions-fail-to-salvage-this-verbose-yogi-babu-vehicle-9488663/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803022947/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/boat-movie-review-good-intentions-fail-to-salvage-this-verbose-yogi-babu-vehicle-9488663/lite/ |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Boat is excessively dialogue-heavy, made worse by the loud score drowning out any space for silence. Chances are you might remember the deafening experience and caricaturish characters more than all the well-intentioned ideas. Chimbudevan seems to have lost the plot by more than 12 nautical miles."<ref name=":1" /> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Boat'' promises a thrilling voyage but instead finds itself adrift in a sea of cliches. The director, as the captain, steers the vessel towards a rocky shore of heavy-handed social commentary, rather than the open sea of human complexity."<ref>{{Cite news |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=6 August 2024 |title='Boat' movie review: A boatload of issues keeps it from staying afloat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/02/boat-movie-review-a-boatload-of-issues-keeps-it-from-staying-afloat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804040905/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/02/boat-movie-review-a-boatload-of-issues-keeps-it-from-staying-afloat |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "''Boat'' feels underwhelming and heavy at the same time, simply because the film appears to be stuck in pretty much the same spot it began. With a multi-character arc and a premise that sounds interesting as a one-liner, ''Boat'' becomes too dialogue-heavy and has characters that do not keep you invested in the film."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Boat Movie Review: Chimbudevan washes away an ocean of opportunities in this survival drama that struggles to stay afloat |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/boat-movie-review-chimbudevan-washes-away-an-ocean-of-opportunities-in-this-survival-drama-that-struggles-to-stay-afloat/d994562a31156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804123504/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/boat-movie-review-chimbudevan-washes-away-an-ocean-of-opportunities-in-this-survival-drama-that-struggles-to-stay-afloat/d994562a31156 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' rated the film two out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2024 |title=போட் திரைப்படத்தின் விமர்சனம் {{!}} Boat movie review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/boat-159765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804123503/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/boat-159765 |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Chimbu Deven}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chimbu Deven]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films set on boats]]
[[Category:2020s survival films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1943]]

{{Improve categories|date=October 2024}}

Censor (2001 film)

2026-03-03T01:19:37Z

Frankieren: minor changes

{{short description|2001 film by Dev Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Censor
| image = Censor Dev Anand.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Dev Anand]]
| producer = Dev Anand
| writer = Dev Anand
| narrator =
| starring = Dev Anand [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Mamta Kulkarni]] [[Shammi Kapoor]]
| music = [[Jatin–Lalit]]
| cinematography = Adeep Tandon
| editing = Ashok Bandekar
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|4|6}}
| runtime = 170 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/censor-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndu3mti|title=Censor|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=8 January 2024|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109120737/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/censor-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndu3mti|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Censor''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed and produced by [[Dev Anand]]. It stars himself, [[Hema Malini]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Rekha]]. The film satirises [[film censorship]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/censor/critic-review/censor-movie-review/ |title=Censor Review by Taran Adarsh |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=4 April 2001 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108125005/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/censor/critic-review/censor-movie-review/ |url-status=live }} - {{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/11/stories/09110223.htm |title=Film Review: Censor |last=Us-Salam |first=Ziya |date=11 May 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} - {{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/15censor.htm |title=Censoring Dev Anand |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Mrudula |date=2001 |work=[[rediff.com|Rediff]] |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129094220/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/15censor.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first and only film to star veteran actors Dev Anand and Shammi Kapoor together onscreen.

==Plot==
Under the directions of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister for Information and Broadcasting]], the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Indian Censor Board]] prepares a list of cuts for Bollywood film producer Vikramjeet's new movie ''Aane Wala Kal''. Vikramjeet is unhappy and decides to meet the minister himself to appeal against these cuts, only to find that the minister favours even more cuts. Vikramjeet shows the movie in a private theatre to an audience from all walks of life, takes their written opinion, and smuggles a copy to America, just in time to ensure that it is nominated for an Oscar. This is where Vikramjeet's troubles start as the Censor Board refuses to grant a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]]. He is arrested for smuggling the movie without permission from the Reserve Bank of India. The only way he can escape the wrath of the authorities is by getting some fans and stars of his movie to gather some dirt on the Censor Board members and expose them publicly.

==Cast==
* [[Dev Anand]] as Vikramjeet "Vicky" Kumar
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Naseeruddin Shaikh
* [[Hema Malini]] as Radha
* [[Rekha]] as Ms. Shrivastav
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Shakeela Banu
* [[Mamta Kulkarni]] as Nisha
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Johny
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Judge
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Ajay V. Kumar
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Nandini
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Pandit Shiv Prasad
* [[Vinay Anand]] as Hero
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Raj Devgan(special appearance in song "Hum Jo Rang Mein Aa Gaye")
* [[Pinky Campbell]] as Mohini Shiv Prasad
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Margaret

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics by Vinod Mahendra and [[Gopaldas Neeraj]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yaaron Jo Kal Tak Thay Hum Tum"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|-
| "Is Tarah Dekho Na Humko"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| "Hum Jo Rang Mein Aa Gaye"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
| "Sun Meri Gal"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Jaspinder Narula
|-
| "Ho Aaj Majhab Koi"
| [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Vijeta Pandit]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] and [[Vinod Rathod]]
|-
| "Mere Dil Mein Tu Nazar Mein Tu"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aaya Samay"
| Vinod Rathod, Jaspinder Narula
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0272543}}

[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatin–Lalit]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:2000s satirical films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

British Residency

2026-03-01T19:00:40Z

Frankieren: Creating some info first draft - done

{{About|the British Residency in [[Kollam]]|the building in Hyderabad|British Residency, Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = British Residency Government Guest House
|image = British Residency in Kollam city, Mar 2017.jpg
|caption = British Residency in [[Asramam]]
|coordinates = {{coord|8.897906|76.586191|display=inline}}
|location_town = [[Asramam]], [[Kollam]] city
|location_country= [[India]]
|pushpin_map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
|map_caption = Location within Kollam city
|architect=
|client= [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Col. John Munro]]
|engineer= Captain Arthur
|construction_start_date= 1811
|completion_date= 1819
|demolished_date=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|architectural_style= [[Europe]]an-[[India]]n-[[Tuscan order|Tuscan]]
|size=
}}
{{Princely States topics}}
The '''British Residency''', also known as the '''Government Guest House''' or '''Residency Bungalow''', is a two-storeyed [[palace]] situated at [[Asramam]] in the city of [[Kollam]] in the Indian state of Kerala. It lies close to the site of the old [[Kollam Airport]] situated at [[Asramam]] in the city<ref>[https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Asramam+Adventure+Park/@8.8956744,76.5867166,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3b05fc526082afe9:0x29b26c6ebc27b684 British residency - Kollam]</ref> and was built by [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Colonel John Munro]] between 1811 and 1819. It is a noted Kollam landmark like the [[Chinnakada Clock Tower]].

==Architecture and structure==
The British residency vali
unique symmetry and harmonious blending of variegated artistic features. During the [[British Raj]], the building served as the British Residency. It was built during the [[Travancore]] era by [[Gowri Parvati Bayi]] when [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|Colonel John Munro]] was the British Resident.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204221136/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110402060300.htm Harmony in architecture]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/kollam-ashtamudi-lake-great-alternatives-to-kochi-vembanad-lake/articleshow/10072924.cms | title=Kollam, Ashtamudi Lake - great alternatives to Kochi, Vembanad Lake | date=22 September 2011 | newspaper=The Economic Times | first=Faizal | last=Khan | access-date=12 August 2018 }}</ref> A blend of [[Europe]]an, [[India]]n and [[Tuscan order|Tuscan]] architecture, the central portion of the building has a rounded front, with a large gable decoration. Atop the building there is a crown with a lion seated on it, with the motto ''Dieu et mon Droit'' (God and my right) inscribed above. The {{convert|10|ft}} entrance doors are made up of glass panes. The conference hall in the palace has an antechamber with an adjustable partition-like door while a large fanlight arching over divides the two rooms. The building has rich wooden flooring on the upper storey. The walls of the conference hall having cornices and dentils bordering the four sides with embossed designs of festoons, urns, and floral forms. A motif of a large arch with an ornamental keystone, resting on pillars is embossed over the main doorway. The Edward Rose garden is another main attraction of the mansion.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/flower-show-does-well/article4457481.ece Flower show does ‘well’]</ref>

Antique prints in polished wooden frames adorn the walls including one that depicts the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|battle of Seringapatnam]], dating from 1802. Prof. Pandala has described the Residency as "one of the most elegant buildings in India".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM%2F2011%2F11%2F16&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar03200&AppName=1 |title=Kollam (City of Quilon) and Ashtamudi Lake - A great alternative to the known charms of Kochi and Vembanad Lake |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005090133/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/ETNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETM%2F2011%2F11%2F16&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar03200&AppName=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:British Residency in Kollam.jpg|right|thumb|An old image of the British Residency]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[Residencies of British India]]
* [[Thevally Palace]]
* [[Cheena Kottaram]]
* [[Chinnakada Clock Tower]]
* [[Architecture of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|British Residency}}

{{Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Residencies of British India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]
[[Category:Palaces in Kollam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1819]]
[[Category:1819 establishments in India]]

Dâra

2026-02-24T19:49:48Z

Frankieren: Creating some data and citations

{{Short description|Mizo interpreter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Pu
| name = Dara
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = Lal Dara
| native_name_lang = Lus
| image = [[File:Pu Dara, interpretor and assistant to J. Shakespear.jpg|200px]]
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt = Pu Dara {{circa|1940}} photographed by [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]]
| caption = Pu Dara {{circa|1940}} photographed by [[Anthony Gilchrist McCall]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Darmaka Ralte
| birth_date = 1843
| birth_place = Hmuizawl
| baptised =
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| death_date = 1943
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| occupation = British interpreter Chief of Pukpui
| years_active =
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| known_for = British ally in [[Lushai Rising]]
| notable_works =
| style =
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| title = Chief of Pukpui Pukpui Lal
| term = {{circa|1901}}-1925
| predecessor = ''Position Established''
| successor = Thanghuta
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}}

'''Darmaka Ralte''' (1843-1943) also known as '''Dâra''' was a Mizo interpreter for [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] during the early era of [[British rule in the Lushai Hills]]. He later became Chief of Pukpui.

==Life==
Dâra was born Darmaka Ralte in 1843 in the village of Hmuizawl. At a young age, he travelled to the plains in Cachar and cohabited among the plainsmen and learnt Hindi.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=66}} He would visit Sylhet and Cachar mostly for the selling of crude Indian rubber.{{sfn|Zou|2018|p=|loc=Chapter 4}} His acquisition of Hindi provided him with opportunities in work, which led to his employment in the Burmese police guard under the British.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=66}} Before that, he had heard at Silchar the government needed Lushai interpreters but was struggling to find any as most Mizos avoided going far to distant villages for interpreting. He stayed in Silchar for three years as an instructor of the [[Mizo language]] to the British frontier officers. However, as the British officers became fluent he became redundant. Dâra returned to making amber necklaces as a trade. Hearing the cheap price of supplies in [[Rangoon]] he went to [[British Burma]] with a letter of recommendation from Cachar officials. His amber beads trade wasn't as profitable as expected and he thus served in the Burmese police instead.{{sfn|Zou|2018|p=|loc=Chapter 4}}

Following the annexation of the [[Lushai hills]] (modern day [[Mizoram]] in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], Dâra returned to work in the new administration being set up.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=67}} He left the police force and carried a letter in English and Burmese from British officials. For a while, Dâra worked as a chaprassi at the house of Betal Ram. Soon at Fort Lungleh, he met Shakespear.{{sfn|Zou|2018|p=|loc=Chapter 4}} Shakespear was an intelligence in the expeditionary force at the time, and they met in Hauruang. Upon their meeting and Dâra's request for employment, Shakespear took him in as a personal servant until a vacancy for an interpreter could be filled. Eventually, Dâra became an interpreter, and his proficiency in Hindi propelled him to head interpreter. He was labelled as a "most honest and loyal man" by the British officers.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=67}}

Following the annexation, Dâra participated along the British during the [[Lushai Rising]]. While the British dealt with resistance, Dâra managed communication and capturing of chiefs. Shakespear noted that Dâra's balance of local Mizo customs and British government structure was an indispensable trait. This allowed Dâra to help the British capture the chiefs, Lalthuama, Vansanga, [[Zakapa]] and Zaduna. In reward for his services, Dâra was awarded the Lushai Expedition silver medal. He was rewarded with two [[gayal|sial]] that were confiscated from Zaduna as a token of thanks from the British government.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=67}} In the Lushai Rising, when Shakespear and Dâra were besiged in Vansanga's villahge of Chipphir, they were invited by Vansanga's mother to establish terms. However, Dâra cautioned Shakespear about the deception of Mizo chiefs. The force was ambushed upon arriva,l but Shakespear led an assault on the village and captured it. Another incident during the Lushai rising concerned the village of Lungrung. Dâra advised shakespear that any attempt to attack would lead to their deaths. The villagers mocked the British force for attacking from a superior highland position that overlooked them. They asked for Shakespear to meet them alone to make peace terms.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=61}} The British shot a few rounds but missed due to the difficult angle and positioning. The villagers threatened to take both Shakespear and Dâra's heads. However, while they were distracted, Shakespear's engineers reconnoitred a route and initiated a rear ambush, leading to the scattering and capture of the village. Dâra encouraged Shakespear to capture chiefs to curb the Lushai Rising. He concocted a plan to capture Chief Vansanga who was the most powerful in the south at the time. Using his communication and intelligence on Vansanga, Shakespear and Dâra approached the small village in the middle of the night where Plowden and Dâra captured Vansanga who was drunk asleep.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=62}} Dara was also one of the two interpreters who testified against [[Charles Stewart Murray]] for his sexual misconduct that led to [[Zakapa]]'s participation in the Lushai Rising, while British officers whitewashed it.{{sfn|Jackson|2023|p=29}}

Across the British colonial era in Mizoram, several officers and administrators praised Dâra's services. As a final reward, he was offered either {{currency|200|INR}} or the chiefship of a village. While Dâra originally took the money his wife reprimanded him for not choosing chieftainship which grants several privileges for life. Dâra hurried back with the money and exchanged his reward for chieftainship. His petition was accepted and Dâra was proclaimed chief of Pukpui.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=68}}

This earned him the title Lal Dâra (Chief Dâra). He is argued to be the first commoner appointed by the British as chief. His territory was defined as Pukpui and Kawmzawl and permitted to establish settlements anywhere within the boundary. During the [[History of Christianity in Mizoram|Christianization era]] of Mizoram, the baptist missionaries began to grow in influence and their settlers began to farm on Dâra's land. A proclamation was made to protect his sovereignty and ban [[jhum]]ming on his land from the church members.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=69}} During this time in 1903, Dâra also expelled Christian converts from his villages, which led to the Christian village of Sethlun being established in 1903.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=86}}

Dâra had three sons and two daughters. His son Thanghuta succeeded him in 1925 as Pukpui chief when Dâra became too old.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=69}}{{sfn|Vanlallawma|1994|p=257}} Dara died at age of 100 in 1943.{{sfn|Zorema|2021|p=70}}{{sfn|Vanlallawma|1994|p=257}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Kyle |title=The Mizo Discovery of the British Raj |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Vancouver |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009267359 |access-date=14 March 2025}}
*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last1=Vanlallawma |first1=C. |title=Tun Kum Za Chunga: Mizo Hnam Puipate |date=1994 |publisher=M.C. Lalrinthanga |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.24205/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Dara |access-date=13 November 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zorema |first1=James |title=The South Lushai Hills |date=2021 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zou |first1=David Vumlallian |title=Modern Practices in Northeast India: History, Culture, Representation |date=2018 |publisher=Routeledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-351-27136-3 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Modern_Practices_in_North_East_India/C2Q-DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=13 November 2025|editor-last1=Dzüvichü|editor-first1=Lipokmar|editor-last2=Baruah|editor-first2=Manjeet|chapter=Vai phoba to Raj nostalgia: Sahibs, chiefs, and commoners in colonial Lushai Hills}}

[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Southern Lushai chiefs]]

Veera Santhanam

2026-02-23T01:15:00Z

Frankieren: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian painter, activist, and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veera Santhanam
| occupation = {{hlist|Painter|activist|actor}}
| death_date = {{ddga|2017|7|13|71}}
| years_active = 1989{{endash}}present
}}
'''Veera Santhanam''' was an Indian painter, activist, and actor known for creating [[Mullivaikal Muttram]].

== Career ==
He graduated from [[Government Arts College, Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam Arts College]] and his paintings are inspired by murals and everyday life in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/nov/18/art-and-a-cup-of-coffee-1540083.html|title=Art and a cup of coffee|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=18 November 2016}}</ref> As an activist, he supported [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]] during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]] in the country.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/painter-veera-santhanam-dead/article19273344.ece|title=Painter Veera Santhanam dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2017}}</ref> He also acted in several films including the Tamil film ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014).<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/140717/artist-activist-veera-santhanam-passes-away.html|title=Artist-activist Veera Santhanam passes away|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=14 July 2017}}</ref> He played the lead role in ''Gnanaserukku'' (2018) directed by the independent filmmaker Dharani Rajendran.<ref name="C">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/late-artist-veera-santhanam-is-the-lead-in-this-film/articleshow/68922367.cms|title=Late artist Veera Santhanam is the lead in this film|date=18 April 2019|first=M.|last=Suganth|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> He won Best Actor award at Five Continents International Film Festival, Venezuela.<ref name="C"/>

== Filmography ==
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Sandhya Raagam (1989 film)|Sandhya Raagam]]'' (1989)
*''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' (2010)
*''[[Magizhchi]]'' (2010)
*''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)
*''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012)
*''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' (2013)
*''[[Jannal Oram]]'' (2013)
*''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014)
*''[[Anegan]]'' (2015)
*''[[Urumeen]]'' (2015)
*''Gnanaserukku'' (2018) (posthumous release)
{{colend}}

== Death ==
He died on 13 July 2017 at age 71.<ref name="A"/><ref name="B"/> He died four days after dubbing for his role in ''Gnanaserukku''.<ref name="C"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|3723396}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

1989 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh

2026-02-19T11:39:46Z

Frankieren: adjust lead for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{For|State Assembly election|1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{One source
| date = May 2019
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1989 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1984 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| previous_year = 1984
| next_election = 1991 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh
| next_year = 1991
| election_date = November 1989
| seats_for_election = 42 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N Janardhana Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
| leaders_seat1 = None
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| alliance1 = Congress alliance
| seats1 = 39
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 33
| last_election1 = 6
| last_election2 = 30
| popular_vote1 = 14,671,782
| percentage1 = 51.01%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 9.2%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=NT Rama Rao.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| party2 = Telugu Desam Party
| alliance2 = [[National Front (India)|National Front]]
| leaders_seat2 = None
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 28
| popular_vote2 = 9,09,728
| percentage2 = 42.40%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 2.42%
| map_image = Andhra Pradesh in India (1956-2014).png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[V. P. Singh]]
| after_party = Janata Dal
}}
The [[1989 Indian general election]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] were held for 42 seats in the state. The result was a landslide victory for the [[Indian National Congress]] which won 39 out of 42 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/|title=Past Election Results|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==
===Indian National Congress===
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[N. Janardhana Reddy]]
| 42
|}

===Telugu Desam Party led Alliance===
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| 33
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal|}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]]
|
| [[V. P. Singh]]
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| Chandra Rajeswara Rao
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP_flag.svg|50x50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| [[L. K. Advani]]
|2
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
|
|
|[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|1
|-
!
! colspan=4 | '''Total'''
! 42
|}

===All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen===
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| [[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
| [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
| 5
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kanithi Viswanatham]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Appayyadora Hanumanthu
| rowspan=28 style="background:white;"|
| rowspan=28 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
! 2
| [[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Satrucharla Vijaya Rama Raju]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|shortname=ICS(S)}}
| [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
|-
! 3
| [[Bobbili Lok Sabha constituency|Bobbili]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (born 1950)|Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Kemburi Ramamohan Rao]]
|-
! 4
| [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Uma Gajapathi Raju]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]
|-
! 5
| [[Bhadrachalam Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrachalam (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kamala Kumari Karredula]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Sode Ramaiah]]
|-
! 6
| [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Konathala Ramakrishna]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Pethakamsetti Appala Narasimham]]
|-
! 7
| [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Thota Gopala Krishna]]
|-
! 8
| [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Chundru Srihari
|-
! 9
| [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kusuma Murthy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Aithabathula Jogeswara Venkata Butchi Maheswara Rao
|-
! 10
| [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nachu Seshagiri Rao
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Bhupathiraju Vijayakumar Raju]]
|-
! 11
| [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Ghattamaneni Krishna]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|-
! 12
| [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Boppana Gangadhara Chaudry
|-
! 13
| [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chennupati Vidya]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Vadde Sobhanadreeswara Rao]]
|-
! 14
| [[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Basavapannayya Singam
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|-
! 15
| [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[N. G. Ranga]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| M. S. S. Koteswararao
|-
! 16
| [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Salagala Benjamin]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
|-
! 17
| [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kasu Krishna Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Pidatala Renga Reddy
|-
! 18
| [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Narayanaswamy Katuri
|-
! 19
| [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Puchalapalli Penchalaiah]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| M. Nagabhushanamma
|-
! 20
| [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupathi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chinta Mohan]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| M. Muragaiah
|-
! 21
| [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[M. Gnanendra Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| N. Rangaswamy
|-
! 22
| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Annayyagari Sai Prathap]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[C. Ramachandraiah]]
|-
! 23
| [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddapah]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| M.V. Ramana Reddy
|-
! 24
| [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[S. Gangadhar]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| K. Rameschandra Reddy
|-
! 25
| [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| G. Ramanna Chowdary
|-
! 26
| [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Erasu Ayyapu Reddy
|-
! 27
| [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Bojja Venkata Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Maddur Subba Reddy]]
|-
! 28
| [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[A. R. Mallu]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| V. Tulassi Ram
|-
! 29
| [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mallikarjun Goud]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| [[Jaipal Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| Aliuddin Ahmed
|-
! 30
| [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Lakshman Reddy
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Teegala Krishna Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]]
|-
! 31
| [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[T. Manemma]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| P. Babul Reddy
| {{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| Mohd. Nazeeruddin
|-
! 32
| [[Siddipet Lok Sabha constituency|Siddipet (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Nandi Yellaiah]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| G. Vijaya Rama Rao
| rowspan=2 style="background:white;"|
| rowspan=2 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
! 33
| [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mogaligundla Baga Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| P. Manik Reddy
|-
! 34
| [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tadur Bala Goud]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| P. Srinivas Reddy
| {{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| Ahsanulla Khan
|-
! 35
| [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[P. Narsa Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[C. Madhava Reddy]]
| rowspan=6 style="background:white;"|
| rowspan=6 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
! 36
| [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Gaddam Venkatswamy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Gotte Bhoopathy
|-
! 37
| [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[J. Chokka Rao]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Anand Rao Chalimeda
|-
! 38
| [[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency|Hanamkonda]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Kamaluddin Ahmed (politician)|Kamaluddin Ahmed]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Chandupatla Janga Reddy]]
|-
! 39
| [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Surendra Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[T. Kalpana Devi]]
|-
! 40
| [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Yalamanchili Radhakrishna Murthy]]
|-
! 41
| [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chakilam Srinivasa Rao]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Rama Sharma Boddupally
| {{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| Khaja Pasha
|-
! 42
| [[Miryalguda Lok Sabha constituency|Miryalguda]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Baddam Narsimha Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Bhimreddy Narasimha Reddy]]
| style="background:white;"|
| colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
|}

==Voting and results==
===Results by Alliance===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| rowspan="7" {{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
! rowspan="7"style="background:#fef3e8" | [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP+]]
| {{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| 99,09,728
| 34.45
| {{decrease}}10.37
| 33
| 2
| {{decrease}}28
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| [[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 4,66,874
| 1.62
| ''New''
| 2
| 0
| ''New''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 6,90,829
| 2.40
| {{increase}}0.62
| 2
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 5,62,545
| 1.96
| {{increase}}0.11
| 2
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 5,67,124
| 1.97
| {{decrease}}0.25
| 2
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
| [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS(S)]]
| 2,41,587
| 0.84
| {{decrease}}0.19
| 1
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,24,38,687
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 43.27
| style="background:#fef3e8" | {{decrease}}8.43
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 42
| style="background:#fef3e8" | 2
| style="background:#fef3e8" | {{decrease}}32
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1,46,71,782
| 51.01
| {{increase}}9.20
| 42
| 39
| {{increase}}33
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan="3"|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| 6,02,895
| 2.10
| ''New''
| 5
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[1989 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh#Others|Others]]
| 2,89,485
| 1.01
| {{steady}}
| 38
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 7,62,070
| 2.65
| {{decrease}}2.63
| 140
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 2,87,64,919
! 100%
! -
! 267
! 42
! -
|}

== List of MPs won ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
|Viswanatham Kanithi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|288,263
|47.70
|Appayyadora Hanumanthu
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|238,149
|39.41
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|50,114
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.29
|-
!2
|[[Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Parvathipuram (ST)]]
|Vijayaramaraju Satruchala
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|284,228
|51.55
|Kishorechandra Suryanarayana Deo Vyrichela
|{{Party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|ICS(S)]]
|241,587
|43.81
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|42,641
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.74
|-
!3
|[[Bobbili Lok Sabha constituency|Bobbili]]
|Komburi Ram Mohan Rao
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|325,809
|53.27
|Anand Gajapathi Raju Poosapati
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|285,865
|46.73
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|39,944
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|6.54
|-
!4
|[[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
|Uma Gajapathi Raju Poosapati
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|352,326
|50.31
|M. V. V. S. Murthy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|326,593
|46.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,733
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.68
|-
!5
|[[Bhadrachalam Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrachalam (ST)]]
|Kariyeddula Kamala Kumari
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|270,648
|48.58
|Ramaith Sode
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|246,662
|44.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,986
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.30
|-
!6
|[[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
|Konathala Ramakrishna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|299,109
|47.21
|Appalanarasimham
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|299,100
|47.21
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.00
|-
!7
|[[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
|Mallipudi Mangapathi Pallamraju
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|383,681
|54.45
|Thota Gopala Krishna
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|300,698
|42.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|82,983
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.78
|-
!8
|[[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
|Jamuna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|386,314
|53.63
|Chundru Srihari
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|327,992
|45.53
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|58,322
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.10
|-
!9
|[[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram (SC)]]
|Kusuma Krishna Murty
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|339,419
|53.68
|Aithabathula Jogeswara Venkata Butchi Maheswara Rao
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|284,638
|45.02
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|54,781
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.66
|-
!10
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapur]]
|Bhupatiraju Vijaya Kumar Raju
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|334,215
|50.31
|Nachu Seshagiri Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|320,413
|48.23
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|13,802
|style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} ; color:black;"|2.08
|-
!11
|[[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
|Krishana
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|410,708
|54.36
|Bolla Bulli Ramalah
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|339,301
|44.91
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|71,407
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.45
|-
!12
|[[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|Sambasivarao Kavuri
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|354,533
|52.06
|Boppana Gangadhara Chaudry
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|311,044
|45.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|43,489
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.39
|-
!13
|[[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
|Chennupati Vidya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|423,867
|52.69
|Vadde Sobhanadreeswarrarao
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|365,663
|45.46
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|58,204
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.23
|-
!14
|[[Tenali Lok Sabha constituency|Tenali]]
|Basavapannayya Singam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|345,150
|54.60
|Ummareddy Venkateswarlu
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|280,962
|44.44
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|64,188
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.16
|-
!15
|[[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
|N. G. Ranga
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|404,558
|53.95
|Koteswararao M.S.S
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|339,545
|45.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|65,013
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.67
|-
!16
|[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|Salagala Benjamin
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|364,008
|52.15
|Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|320,388
|45.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|43,620
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.25
|-
!17
|[[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|402,289
|53.26
|Pidatala Renga Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|336,583
|44.56
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|65,706
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.70
|-
!18
|[[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
|Rajamohana Reddy Mekapati
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|396,282
|56.07
|Narayanaswamy Katuri
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|298,912
|42.29
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|97,370
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.78
|-
!19
|[[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore (SC)]]
|Putchalapalli Penchalaiah
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|377,602
|52.83
|M. Nagabhushanamma
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|305,763
|42.78
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|71,839
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.05
|-
!20
|[[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupathi (SC)]]
|Chinta Mohan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|406,057
|54.36
|M. Muragaiah
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|333,557
|44.66
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|72,500
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.70
|-
!21
|[[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
|Gnanendra Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|390,786
|54.83
|N. Rangaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|308,278
|43.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|82,508
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.58
|-
!22
|[[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
|Annaiahgari Sai Prathap
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|340,796
|51.93
|Ramachandraiah C.
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|302,373
|46.07
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|38,423
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.86
|-
!23
|[[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddapah]]
|Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|480,524
|60.16
|M. V. Ramana Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|313,772
|39.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|166,752
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|20.88
|-
!24
|[[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
|S. Gangadhara
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|327,512
|50.17
|K. Rameschandra Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|325,344
|49.83
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,168
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.34
|-
!25
|[[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
|Anantha Venkata Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|349,685
|53.85
|G. Ramanna Chowdary
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|290,203
|44.69
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|59,482
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.16
|-
!26
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|Kotla Vijay Bhaskara Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|363,955
|57.89
|Erasu Ayyapu Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|253,537
|40.32
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|110,418
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17.57
|-
!27
|[[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
|Bojja Venkata Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|370,097
|53.63
|Madduru Subba Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|313,835
|45.48
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|56,262
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.15
|-
!28
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool (SC)]]
|Anatha Ramulu Mullu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|363,026
|53.95
|V. Tulassi Ram
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|291,852
|43.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|71,174
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.58
|-
!29
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
|Mallikarjun
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|335,762
|51.99
|Jayapal Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|265,984
|41.19
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|69,778
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.80
|-
!30
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|403,625
|45.91
|Teegala Krishana Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|270,547
|30.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|133,078
|style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} ; color:white;"|15.14
|-
!31
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|T. Manemma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|348,491
|53.88
|P. Babul Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|200,890
|31.06
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|147,601
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22.82
|-
!32
|[[Siddipet Lok Sabha constituency|Siddipet (SC)]]
|Yellaiah Nandi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|378,172
|52.45
|G. Vijaya Rama Rao
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|291,335
|40.41
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|86,837
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.04
|-
!33
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|Bagareddy M.
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|383,586
|54.42
|P. Manik Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|287,490
|40.79
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|96,096
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.63
|-
!34
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|Taduri Bala Goud
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|294,340
|45.42
|P. Srinivas Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|270,241
|41.70
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24,099
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.72
|-
!35
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
|P. Narasa Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|290,072
|52.52
|C. Madhava Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|245,707
|44.49
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|44,365
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.03
|-
!36
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli (SC)]]
|G. Venkat Swamy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|320,628
|50.05
|Gotte Bhoopathy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|289,993
|45.27
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30,635
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.78
|-
!37
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|Chokka Rao Juvvadi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|284,200
|44.95
|Anand Rao Chalimeda
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|249,008
|39.38
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|35,192
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.57
|-
!38
|[[Hanamkonda Lok Sabha constituency|Hanamkonda]]
|Kamaluddin Ahmed
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|310,079
|50.66
|Janga Reddy Chanduptla
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|246,736
|40.31
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|63,343
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.35
|-
!39
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
|Surender Reddy Ramasahayam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|311,810
|45.81
|Kalpana Devi Tourtreddy
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|257,689
|37.86
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|54,121
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.95
|-
!40
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|Jalagam Vengal Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|388,461
|49.68
|Radhakrishna Murthy Yelamanchili
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|329,209
|42.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|59,252
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.58
|-
!41
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|Chalilam Srinivasa Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|357,733
|47.99
|Rama Sharma Boddupally
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|315,883
|42.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41,850
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|5.62
|-
!42
|[[Miryalguda Lok Sabha constituency|Miryalguda]]
|B. N. Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|396,615
|50.37
|Narsimha Reddy Bheemireddy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|361,620
|45.92
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|34,995
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.45
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/ Website of Election Commission of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040541/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/stats.php CNN-IBN Lok Sabha Election History]

{{Andhra Pradesh general elections|state=expanded}}
[[Category:1989 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
[[Category: Indian general elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1980s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1989 Indian general election|A]]

Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians

2026-02-18T20:08:55Z

Frankieren: Creating Basic Pg Added Tags...

{{Coord|37|12|42|N|119|42|3|W|display=title}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians
| population = 1200 enrolled members (2010)<ref name=sdsu>[http://library.sdsu.edu/guides/sub2.php?id=195&pg=195 "California Indians and Their Reservations: P."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930090640/http://library.sdsu.edu/guides/sub2.php?id=195&pg=195 |date=September 30, 2013 }} ''San Diego State University Library and Information Access.'' 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2012.</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|United States}} ({{flag|California}})
| rels = Traditional tribal religion, [[Christianity]]
| langs = [[English language|English]], [[Chukchansi dialect|Chukchansi]]
| related = other [[Yokuts|Yokuts people]]<ref name=p159>Pritzker 159</ref>
}}
[[File:2775R Picayune Rancheria Locator Map.svg|thumb|Location of Picayune Rancheria]]
The '''Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California''' is a [[federally recognized tribe]] of [[indigenous people of California]], affiliated with the Chukchansi subgroup of the [[Yokuts|Foothills Yokuts]]. The '''Picayune Rancheria''', founded in 1912 and located in [[Coarsegold, California]], covers {{convert|160|acre|km2|0|abbr=on}} in Madera County and serves as the [[ranchería|tribal land]].

The tribe has historically confronted numerous challenges, including European colonization, displacement, and loss of land. In response, they have pursued cultural and economic revitalization efforts, notably with the opening of the [[Chukchansi Gold Resort %26 Casino|Chukchansi Gold Resort & Casino]] in 2003. Various initiatives have been undertaken to revive the Chukchansi language and to maintain the tribe's cultural heritage.

The tribal governance is based in Coarsegold and consists of a seven-member council. Economic activities of the Picayune Rancheria have expanded into investments into retail, construction and other areas. However, the tribe has faced issues related to the [[disenrollment]] of a significant portion of its members following the casino's opening.

==History==
[[File:Chukchansi_women's_tattoos.png|thumb|Traditional Chukchansi women's tattoos]]
The Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians is affiliated to the [[Yokuts|Chukchansi Yokuts]] culture, indigenous to [[Central California]]. This group has occupied the San Joaquin Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills for over 12,000 years. The Chukchansi territory has traditionally spanned from the [[Sierra Nevada]] foothills to the [[Fresno_River|Fresno]] and [[Chowchilla River]] valleys and down to the [[Tehachapi Mountains]]. Today, many Chukchansi reside near their tribal headquarters in the Picayune Rancheria, approximately 30 miles north of [[Fresno]].
[[File:Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_069.jpg|thumb|Photo of Chukchansi woman]]
The Chukchansi language, part of the broader Yokuts linguistic classification, reflects the diversity of approximately 60 tribes identified by anthropologists, each with distinct dialects but sharing cultural similarities.

Historically, the Chukchansi people were adept at utilizing their environment, engaging in farming, hunting, and gathering using advanced techniques. They relied on various animals for protein and employed innovative methods, such as decoys, for hunting. Their diet was complemented by plants, nuts, and seeds, particularly acorns, which were abundant in summer. Fire played a crucial role in their lifestyle, used not only for cooking but also for managing land and hunting grounds.

Following European contact, including [[Spanish_missions_in_California|Spanish missionaries]] and American settlers, the Chukchansi population faced significant challenges, including disease and displacement, dramatically reducing their numbers. The [[California_gold_rush|discovery of gold]] further exacerbated their loss of land and rights under American governance. In the early 20th century, the U.S. government allocated land to landless Native Californians, forming [[Ranchería|Rancherias]]. However, the Chukchansi experienced a period of federal non-recognition and land loss until their federal recognition was reinstated in 1983, although they initially remained landless.

[[Awani]] descendants from [[Yosemite Valley]] are also enrolled in the Picayune Rancheria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surviving Communities |url=https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/surviving-communities.htm |website=Yosemite |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

In recent years, the Chukchansi have worked to reclaim their heritage and land, notably establishing the [[Chukchansi Gold Resort %26 Casino|Chukchansi Gold Resort & Casino]], marking a step toward economic and cultural revitalization.

==Education Programs==

The tribe promotes education and has collaborated with [[California_State_University,_Fresno|Fresno State's]] Department of Linguistics since June 2009 to revive its nearly extinct language through the Chukchansi Yokuts Revitalization Project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous Languages Group |url=https://cah.fresnostate.edu/linguistics/research/ilg.html |publisher=Fresno State Department of Linguistics |access-date= }}</ref> With only a few native speakers remaining, the tribe partnered with the university and contributed $1 million in 2012 to support the language's preservation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |title=With Casino Revenues, Tribes Push to Preserve Languages, and Cultures |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/us/chukchansi-tribe-in-california-pushes-to-preserve-language.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=February 24, 2024 }}</ref> The tribe also established the Picayune Rancheria Chukchansi Scholarship at Fresno State to support students with an interest in Native American culture. Moreover, the tribe offers a range of educational programs, scholarships, and internships for its members. They prioritize early education to support the educational success of Native American children and families, focusing on maintaining and sharing their cultural heritage.

==Government==
The tribe's administrative center is in [[Coarsegold, California]], managed by a seven-member tribal council elected by the community. Annual Tribal Council elections are overseen by an election committee, adhering to the tribe's constitutional guidelines. Eligible candidates and officers must be qualified voters residing within a 75-mile radius of the Picayune Reservation. General eligibility requires tribal members to be 18 years or older and have attended at least eight council meetings. For officer positions, candidates must be 25 years or older and also meet the meeting attendance requirement.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribal Council |url=https://chukchansi-nsn.gov/council/ |publisher=Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians |access-date= }}</ref>

==Rancheria==
Founded in 1912,<ref name=p159/> the '''Picayune Rancheria''' ({{coord|37|12|41|N|119|42|03|W|scale:25000_source:GNIS|display=inline}}) is {{convert|160|acre|m2}} large and located in Madera County, in [[Coarsegold, California]].<ref name=sdsu/> The community of [[Yosemite Lakes, California|Yosemite Lakes]] is also nearby.

The name of the rancheria in the Chukchansi language is {{lang|yok|Gadnew}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fresnostatecah.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023dictionary-chuk_eng-cover-merged.pdf |title=Bilingual Dictionary English-Chukchansi Chukchansi-English |editor1-last=Adisasmito-Smith |editor1-first=Niken |date=2023 |access-date=November 18, 2025}}</ref>{{rp|p=2}}

==Economic development==
The tribe operates the [[Chukchansi Gold Resort %26 Casino|Chukchansi Gold Resort and Casino]] and associated dining venues in [[Coarsegold,_California|Coarsegold]].<ref>[http://500nations.com/casinos/caChukchansi.asp "Chukchansi Gold Resort & Casino."] ''500 Nations.'' Retrieved 26 Nov 2012.</ref> They also hold naming rights to [[Chukchansi Park]] in [[Fresno]].

* '''MightyOak Capital''' is a diversified venture capital, merchant banking, and real estate firm in Central California, focusing on passive investments, mergers, acquisitions, and real estate development.

* '''Mighty Builders''', established in 1987, is a prominent commercial construction company in Central California and the U.S., specializing in Indian Country and self-storage projects, with licenses in California, Nevada, and Hawaii.

* '''Yosemite Lumber''', founded in 1953, serves as a leading lumber and construction supply wholesaler in Central California, catering to both commercial and residential contractors.

* '''Chukchansi Crossing''', positioned on Highway 41 near the Chukchansi Gold Resort and Casino, plans to feature restaurants, retail spaces, and an advanced fuel and travel center, promoting Native American products.

* '''Blue King Inc'''., owned by the Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians, operates as a tribal lending entity, subjecting users to the laws and jurisdiction of the tribe.

* '''Willow Glen Smoke Shop''', established in 2011 by Chukchansi Inc., is a tribal-owned retailer offering Native American tobacco products in California.

* '''Sportsmen's Den''', holding a Federal Firearms License, operates in Oakhurst and Mariposa, CA, offering services related to firearms transactions.

* '''FOI Commercial Interiors''' was acquired by the Chukchansi Indian Tribe in 2010, aligning with the tribe's values and expanding business opportunities in interior design and client services.

==Disenrollment controversy==
Since the Chukchansi Gold Resort and Casino opened in 2003, the Chukchansi Tribe has disenrolled more than half its members.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheehan |first=Tim |date=April 22, 2022 |title=With debts paid, Chukchansi tribe to reap financial jackpot. But storm clouds are brewing |url=https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article260522942.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Conneller |first=Philip |date=June 30, 2019 |title=Chukchansi Chucks Out 60 Members as Tribe Squabbles Over Casino Riches |url=https://www.casino.org/news/chukchansi-chucks-out-60-members-as-tribe-squabbles-over-casino |publisher=Casino.org |access-date= }}</ref> [[Disenrollment]] involves removing individuals from tribal membership, denying them various federal tribal benefits including educational support, land rights, tax advantages, medical care, and income from tribal enterprises like casinos.<ref name="thisamericanlife.org">http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/491/transcript ''Tribes Transcript from This American Life on NPR''. Retrieved 16 April 2014.</ref><ref>http://collegian.csufresno.edu/2013/03/04/chukchansi-dispute-reviewed/ ''Chukchansi Dispute Reviewed'' Retrieved 16 April 2014.</ref>

Following the casino's opening, hundreds of members were disenrolled, resulting in increased financial shares for the remaining members. Those disenrolled included individuals with verified ancestry and rights, as well as some of the last speakers of the Chukchansi language. By 2013, tribal membership reportedly halved from approximately 1,800 to 900.<ref name="thisamericanlife.org"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.standupca.org/tribes/Picayune%20Rancheria/hundreds-expelled-from-chukchansi-tribe/ |title=Hundreds expelled from Chukchansi tribe |website=www.standupca.org |access-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, the Ramirezes family's legal challenge asserted their exclusive legitimacy as tribe members, but the case was dismissed. February 2012 saw the election of leaders opposed to disenrollment, but the standing council members disputed the election results, leading to a standoff. Protests escalated when supporters of the new leaders occupied a tribal building, leading to confrontations involving pepper spray and burning logs. Law enforcement from Fresno and Madera Counties, alongside the California Highway Patrol, intervened.<ref name="thisamericanlife.org"/><ref>[http://www.standupca.org/tribes/Picayune%20Rancheria/power-shutoff-pepper-spray-used-against-occupiers-of-chukchansi-tribal-office/ Power shutoff pepper spray used against occupiers of Chukchansi tribal office]standupca.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013447/http://www.standupca.org/tribes/Picayune%20Rancheria/power-shutoff-pepper-spray-used-against-occupiers-of-chukchansi-tribal-office/ |date=April 19, 2014 }}</ref>

In February 2014, the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] intervened by reinstating the 2010 Tribal Council, recognized as the last uncontested election, as a temporary measure to alleviate the conflict until a new council could be elected.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301224019/http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/02/12/3765261/bia-chukchansi-tribal-council.html The Fresno Bee] </ref>

In 2019, more than 60 members were expelled from the tribe, and in 2023, an additional 49 members faced disenrollment. This reduction in total membership has resulted in an increase in the monthly payouts for the remaining members. The tribe's casino reportedly generated close to $44 million in revenue in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gligich |first=Daniel |title=Chukchansi Tribe Cuts Dozens from Membership Rolls |url=https://sjvsun.com/news/chukchansi-tribe-cuts-dozens-from-membership-rolls/ |website=The San Joaquin Valley Sun |date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
The ranchería is served by the Coarsegold Union Elementary School District and Yosemite Joint Union High School District.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Pritzker |first=Barry M. |title=A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513877-1}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Blume |first=Joanna M. |title=Grasslands—The Forgotten Resource: The Cultural Ecology Of The Central California Grasslands |year=1994 |publisher=Santa Clara University |location=Santa Clara, CA}}
* {{Cite web |title=Chukchansi Gold Casino & Resort |url=http://chukchansigold.com/}}
* {{Cite web |title=Chukchansi Yokuts Revitalization Project |url=http://www.fresnostate.edu/academics/diversity/documents/ChukchansiYokuts.pdf |publisher=California State University, Fresno}}
* {{Cite web |title=Scholarship Information |url=https://fresnostate.academicworks.com/opportunities/12847 |publisher=California State University, Fresno}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Guekguezian |first=Peter Ara |title=Topics in Chukchansi Yokuts Phonology and Morphology |year=2011 |publisher=California State University, Fresno}}
* {{Cite news |title=Tribe Donates $1 Million to Preserve Chukchansi Language |date=10 May 2012 |publisher=Indian Country Media Network |url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/tribe-donates-1-million-to-preserve-chukchansi-language/}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Official Website of the Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians |url=http://chukchansitribe.net/}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chukchansi-nsn.gov/ Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians]
* [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/491/tribes?act=1 This American Life story on Picayune Ranchería Chukchansi]
* [http://goldrushcam.com/sierrasuntimes/index.php/mariposa-daily-news-2014/175-april/12670-national-park-service-announces-picayune-rancheria-of-the-chukchansi-indians-to-receive-51201-in-historic-preservation-grant-dollars-for-american-indian-tribes "Park Service Announces Picayune Rancheria of the Chukchansi Indians to Receive $51,201 in Historic Preservation Grant Dollars for American Indian Tribes"]
*[http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.ling.d7/files/sitefiles/research/papers/22/Guekguezian_vol22.pdf "Topics in Chukchansi Yokuts Phonology and Morphology]
{{Indian reservations in California}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Picayune Rancheria Of Chukchansi Indians}}
[[Category:Yokuts]]
[[Category:American Indian reservations in California]]
[[Category:Madera County, California]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in California]]
[[Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]

Vasuki Anand

2026-02-05T22:30:31Z

Frankieren: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1995{{endash}}1999 2022{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Anand Sai]]
}}
'''Vasuki Anand''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] and television shows and a few Tamil television shows.

== Career ==
Vasuki began her career in television and made her feature film debut with ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' (1998) portraying [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s sister, which fetched her the [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name ="S">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510055834/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/actress-vasuki-anand-talk-about-anni-manchi-sakunamule-movie-1615488|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/actress-vasuki-anand-talk-about-anni-manchi-sakunamule-movie-1615488|archivedate=10 May 2023|title='తొలిప్రేమ' తర్వాత అవకాశాలు వచ్చినా నో చెప్పా, ఎందుకంటే.. : వాసుకి|trans-title=Actress Vasuki Anand Talk About Anni Manchi Sakunamule Movie - Sakshi|date=10 May 2023|via=web.archive.org|publisher=sakshi.com|accessdate=8 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2023/special-interviews/tholiprema-pawan-kalyan-sister-vasuki-about-re-entry-kbk-44692.html|title=Vasuki Anand: పవన్ కల్యాణ్ సోదరి అందుకే రీ ఎంట్రీ ఇస్తున్నానంటోంది | Tholiprema Pawan Kalyan Sister Vasuki About Re Entry KBK|date=9 May 2023|website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/interesting-facts-about-tholi-prema-actress-vasuki-anand-1924929|title='తొలిప్రేమ'లో పవన్‌ చెల్లెలు.. ఇప్పుడు ఎలా ఉందో చూశారా? | Interesting Facts About Tholi Prema Actress Vasuki Anand | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref> She went on to work in 23 television serials.<ref name="S"/> She then took a sabbatical and returned to films with ''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-vasuki-anand-talk-about-santosh-shoban-anni-manchi-sakunamule-movie-121683700756996.html|title=Actress Vasuki : తొలిప్రేమ తర్వాత అవకాశాలు వచ్చాయి.. నో చెప్పా|first=Anand|last=Sai|website=Hindustantimes Telugu}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/tholi-prema-actress-vasuki-anand-re-entry-in-movies-after-23-years-with-anni-manchi-sakunamule/articleshow/100116017.cms|title=పిల్లలు యూకేలో చదువుతున్నారు.. నేను పీహెచ్‌డీ చేస్తున్నాను: 'తొలిప్రేమ' వాసుకి|website=Samayam Telugu}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married art director [[Anand Sai]] after meeting him on the sets of ''Tholi Prema''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/alitho-saradaga/0206/121045621|title=పవన్‌..నేనూ హిమాలయాలకు వెళ్లిపోదామనుకున్నాం! - alitho saradaga|date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305024046/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/alitho-saradaga/0206/121045621 |archive-date=5 March 2021 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

* ''All films are in Telugu''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' || Priya || Won{{endash}}[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]]'' || Gayathri Prasad ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[The Family Star]]'' || Manju ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' || Megha ||
|-
|''[[Beauty (2025 film)|Beauty]]''
|Janaki
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''Chinna China Aasai Minnal'' || Jaanu || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1996{{endash}}1997 || ''[[Marmadesam]]'' || Lalitha || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="3" |Tamil || ''Ragasiyam'' segment
|-
| 1997 || ''Nimmathi Ungal Choice 1'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998 || ''Aachi International'' || ||
|
|-
| ''Aalu Magalu'' || || [[ETV (India)|ETV]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 1998{{endash}}1999 || ''[[Ramany vs Ramany]]'' || rowspan="2" |Ramany || Sun TV || rowspan="2" |Tamil ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ramany vs Ramany 3.0]]'' || [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[90's – A Middle Class Biopic]]'' || Sobha Rani || [[ETV Win]] || Telugu ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0890872}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2023 CFL Premier Division

2026-02-05T18:05:43Z

Frankieren: New!

{{Short description|125th edition of CFL Premier Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = CFL Premier Division
| season = [[2023-24 in Indian football|2023]]
| dates = 25 June – 30 November
| winners = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (14th title)
| relegated = [[West Bengal Police FC]] [[Calcutta FC]] [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI]] [[Dalhousie AC]]
| matches = 196
| matches footnote =
| total goals = 579
| total goals footnote =
| best player =
| league topscorer = [[David Lalhlansanga]] (21)
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring = {{nowrap|East Bengal 10–1 Kidderpore}} (26 September) {{nowrap|George Telegraph 10-1 FCI}} (20 November)
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten = 12 matches (East Bengal)
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2022 CFL Premier Division|2022]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2023 CFL Premier Division''' is the 125th overall season of the [[Calcutta Football League]] – highest [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] divisions of [[West Bengal]]. The 2023 edition saw two top tiers merged, with 26 teams participating in the tournament for the first time since its inception.<ref name=cfl2023>{{cite web|date=5 Jun 2023|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|title=Calcutta Football League (CFL) goes bigger than ever for its historic 125th season|work=The Fan Garage|accessdate=5 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060715/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Format==
The 2023 CFL Premier Division merged the top two tiers, Premier A and B, to form an expanded 26-team competition.<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN|date=31 May 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cfl-premier-div-a-b-to-be-merged/articleshow/100636021.cms?from=mdr|location=Kolkata|title=CFL Premier Div 'A' & 'B' to be merged|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 June 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cfl-premier-div-a-b-to-be-merged/articleshow/100636021.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> Two groups of thirteen teams were divided, with each team playing every other in the group once. The top three teams proceeded to the Super Six round, where they vied for the championship with the points from group stage being carried over.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 September 2023|url=https://www.indianfootballnews.in/2023/09/calcutta-football-league-super-six-teams-2023.html|title=Calcutta Football League 2023: Confirmed Super Six Phase Teams|work=Indian Football News|accessdate=17 September 2023}}</ref> Each group's bottom four teams enter the relegation round.<ref name=cfl2023/><ref name=cflformat2023>{{cite web|first=Tania|last=Roy|date=2 June 2023|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/rules-are-being-changed-in-calcutta-football-league-bhavanipur-club-has-started-training-to-become-champion-31685709922235.html|title=কলকাতা লিগে নিয়মে বদল,শুরুর আগেই বিদ্রোহী কিছু ক্লাব, ভবানীপুর নেমে পড়ল অনুশীলনে|trans-title=Change in rules in Calcutta league, before the start some clubs rebel, Bhavanipur came down to practice|language=bn|work=Hindustan Times Bangla|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154508/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/rules-are-being-changed-in-calcutta-football-league-bhavanipur-club-has-started-training-to-become-champion-31685709922235.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
As per the rules set by AIFF, this year, no foreign players will be participating in the league.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ankon|last=Ghosh|date=6 July 2023|url=https://www.news18.com/football/aiff-bars-overseas-players-from-playing-in-state-leagues-7557805.html|title=AIFF bars foreign players in State league}}</ref>

==Venues==
* Amal Datta Krirangan, [[Dum Dum]]
* Aryan Town Club Ground, [[Durgapur]]
* [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]]
* [[Bidhannagar]] Municipal Sports Complex
* Canning Stadium, [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]
* [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal-Aryan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
* Eastern Ground, [[Chinsurah]]
* [[Kalyani Stadium]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Mohun Bagan-Calcutta FC Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
* Netaji Sports Complex, [[Kamalgazi]]
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
* Rishi Aurobindo Maidan, [[Konnagar]]
* Royal Park Stadium, [[Barrackpore]]
* [[Sailen Manna Stadium]], [[Howrah]]
* [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Barasat Stadium|Vidyasagar Krirangan]], [[Barasat]]
* Vivekananda Stadium, [[Khardah]]

==Teams==
The 26 teams were divided into two groups based on a draw held on 5 June 2023.<ref name=cfl2023/><ref name=cfl2>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=5 June 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html|title=Calcutta Football League: মোহনবাগান-মহমেডানের গ্রুপে অভিষেকের ক্লাব, ইস্টবেঙ্গলের গ্রুপে ভবানীপুর|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Debutant club in Mohun Bagan-Mohammedan group, Bhavanipur in East Bengal group|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154245/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Koushik|last=Biswas|date=5 June 2023|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms|title=Calcutta Football League : বাজল কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগের ঘণ্টা, কঠিন গ্রুপে মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Bell of Calcutta Football League rings, Mohun Bagan in tough group|language=bn|work=Ei Samay|accessdate=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154719/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:"
|-
!colspan=3| Group A
!colspan=3| Group B
|-
!scope="col" | Team
!scope="col" | Head coach
!scope="col" | Captain
!scope="col" | Team
!scope="col" | Head coach
!scope="col" | Captain
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} L Antony Ramesh
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Suresh Meitei]]
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Rajdeep Nandy
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Laltu Mondal
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Surojit Das
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Chaudhuri
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Dalhousie AC]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mridul Banerjee]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Karan Gomes
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Subrata Biswas
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Surajit Seal
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Kibu Vicuna]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Das
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Amit Chakraborty
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI (East Zone)]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Arun Saha
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Dhananjoy Adhikari
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Subhendu Mandi
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Patam Bahadur Thapa
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Madan Mandi
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Prasanta Chakraborty
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Sumit Orao
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Goutam Ghosh
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Sourish Lodh Chowdhury
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bastob Roy|Bastab Roy]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Rathi]]
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sayantan Das Roy
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gurmeet Singh
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Pathachakra Club|Pathachakra]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajarshi Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ankan Bhattacharjee
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Supriya Dasgupta
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Suraj Bahadur Gurung
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hemanta Dora]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/football/peerless-will-face-united-sports/|title=Peerless: জয়ের সরণীতে রয়েছে জামশিদ নাসিরির পিয়ারলেস|website=kolkata24x7.in|publisher=কলকাতা 24×7|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=17 July 2022|access-date=18 July 2022|language=bn|first=Sports Desk|last=24x7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717133154/https://kolkata24x7.in/sports-news/football/peerless-will-face-united-sports/|archive-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Amit Tudu
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Railway
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Kaushik Paul
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Monish Majumder
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Southern Samity]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Bhattacharjee
|{{flagicon|IND}} Debayan Hazra
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Rainbow AC|Rainbow]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Aditya Chatterjee
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Debayan Saha
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Arindam Deb
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Sujoy Mondal
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Wari AC|Wari]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Micky Fernandes]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Swarup Sarkar
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[United SC|United]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} Steven Herbots
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Mondal
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[West Bengal Police FC]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ashok Chakraborty
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subrata Biswas
|-
|}

== First stage ==

===Group A===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=no
|section= Group A
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]


|name_ARM=[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|name_CFC=[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|name_DAC=[[Dalhousie AC]]
|name_DHB=[[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|name_FCI=[[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI (East Zone)]]
|name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|name_MDS=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|name_PTC=Pathachakra
|name_PSC=[[Peerless SC]]
|name_SSA=[[Southern Samity]]
|name_TAG=[[Tollygunge Agragami FC]]
|name_USC=[[United SC]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|update=complete
|win_ARM= 5 |draw_ARM= 6 |loss_ARM= 1 |gf_ARM= 18 |ga_ARM= 11
|win_CFC= 1 |draw_CFC= 4 |loss_CFC= 7 |gf_CFC= 8 |ga_CFC= 38
|win_DAC= 0 |draw_DAC= 4 |loss_DAC= 8 |gf_DAC= 8 |ga_DAC= 29
|win_MBG= 7 |draw_MBG= 3 |loss_MBG= 2 |gf_MBG= 30 |ga_MBG= 13
|win_FCI= 1 |draw_FCI= 3 |loss_FCI= 8 |gf_FCI= 8 |ga_FCI= 32
|win_KMS= 7 |draw_KMS= 3 |loss_KMS= 2 |gf_KMS= 21 |ga_KMS= 8
|win_MDS= 9 |draw_MDS= 2 |loss_MDS= 1 |gf_MDS= 33 |ga_MDS= 9
|win_DHB= 9 |draw_DHB= 2 |loss_DHB= 1 |gf_DHB= 26 |ga_DHB= 5
|win_PTC= 1 |draw_PTC= 4 |loss_PTC= 7 |gf_PTC= 13 |ga_PTC= 28
|win_PSC= 5 |draw_PSC= 5 |loss_PSC= 2 |gf_PSC= 22 |ga_PSC= 9
|win_SSA= 4 |draw_SSA= 3 |loss_SSA= 5 |gf_SSA= 14 |ga_SSA= 17
|win_TAG= 2 |draw_TAG= 2 |loss_TAG= 8 |gf_TAG= 9 |ga_TAG= 28
|win_USC= 6 |draw_USC= 1 |loss_USC= 5 |gf_USC= 25 |ga_USC= 8


|team5=ARM
|team4=KMS
|team12=FCI
|team11=CFC
|team13=DAC
|team6=PSC
|team3=MBG
|team2=DHB
|team10=PTC
|team7=USC
|team9=TAG
|team1=MDS
|team8=SSA

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=SS |result2=SS |result3=SS |result10=RL |result11=RL |result12=RL |result13=RL |col_SS=green1 |text_SS=Qualified for the [[#Super Six|Super Six]] round |col_RL=red1 |text_RL=Relegation round

}}</onlyinclude>

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|show_matches=no
|section= Group B
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]


|name_ARY=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_BSS=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]
|name_CCM=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_ERL=[[Eastern Railway F.C.|Eastern Railway]]
|name_GTF=[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|name_KDP=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|name_PAC=[[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
|name_RLW=Railway FC
|name_ARB=[[Rainbow AC|ASOS Rainbow]]
|name_WAR=[[Wari AC|Wari]]
|name_WBP=[[West Bengal Police FC|West Bengal Police]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots


|update=complete
|win_ARY= 8 |draw_ARY= 0 |loss_ARY= 4 |gf_ARY= 28 |ga_ARY= 12
|win_BHA= 8 |draw_BHA= 3 |loss_BHA= 1 |gf_BHA= 23 |ga_BHA= 8
|win_BSS= 2 |draw_BSS= 5 |loss_BSS= 5 |gf_BSS= 12 |ga_BSS= 14
|win_CCM= 6 |draw_CCM= 1 |loss_CCM= 5 |gf_CCM= 13 |ga_CCM= 13
|win_EAB= 9 |draw_EAB= 3 |loss_EAB= 0 |gf_EAB= 29 |ga_EAB= 6
|win_ERL= 3 |draw_ERL= 2 |loss_ERL= 7 |gf_ERL= 16 |ga_ERL= 26
|win_GTF= 3 |draw_GTF= 2 |loss_GTF= 7 |gf_GTF= 11 |ga_GTF= 19
|win_KDP= 8 |draw_KDP= 1 |loss_KDP= 3 |gf_KDP= 16 |ga_KDP= 11
|win_PAC= 3 |draw_PAC= 1 |loss_PAC= 8 |gf_PAC= 10 |ga_PAC= 22
|win_RLW= 3 |draw_RLW= 3 |loss_RLW= 6 |gf_RLW= 12 |ga_RLW= 21
|win_ARB= 5 |draw_ARB= 2 |loss_ARB= 5 |gf_ARB= 11 |ga_ARB= 10
|win_WAR= 5 |draw_WAR= 1 |loss_WAR= 6 |gf_WAR= 16 |ga_WAR= 23
|win_WBP= 2 |draw_WBP= 2 |loss_WBP= 8 |gf_WBP= 12 |ga_WBP= 24


|team10=GTF
|team2=BHA
|team7=WAR
|team3=KDP
|team5=CCM
|team1=EAB
|team8=RLW
|team13=WBP
|team4=ARY
|team6=ARB
|team11=ERL
|team9=BSS
|team12=PAC

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=SS |result2=SS |result3=SS |result10=RL |result11=RL |result12=RL |result13=RL |col_SS=green1 |text_SS=Qualified for the [[#Super Six|Super Six]] round |col_RL=red1 |text_RL=Relegation round

}}</onlyinclude>

==Super Six==
The top three teams from both groups qualified for the Super Six round with the points from group stage being carried over.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 September 2023|url=https://www.indianfootballnews.in/2023/09/calcutta-football-league-super-six-teams-2023.html|title=Calcutta Football League 2023: Confirmed Super Six Phase Teams|work=Indian Football News|accessdate=17 September 2023}}</ref>

===Standings===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section = Super Six
|update = complete
|show_limit = 6
|source = [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]


|team1 = MDS
|team3 = DHB
|team2 = EAB
|team4 = BHA
|team5 = MBG
|team6 = KDP


|name_EAB = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_MDS = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_BHA = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_KDP = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|name_MBG = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]



|win_EAB= 13 |draw_EAB= 3 |loss_EAB= 1 |gf_EAB= 50 |ga_EAB= 10 |status_EAB = 
|win_DHB= 10 |draw_DHB= 3 |loss_DHB= 3 |gf_DHB= 32 |ga_DHB= 12 |status_DHB = Q 
|win_KDP= 8 |draw_KDP= 1 |loss_KDP= 6 |gf_KDP= 17 |ga_KDP= 29 |status_KDP = 
|win_MDS= 14 |draw_MDS= 2 |loss_MDS= 1 |gf_MDS= 44 |ga_MDS= 11 |status_MDS = C 
|win_BHA= 8 |draw_BHA= 4 |loss_BHA= 4 |gf_BHA= 26 |ga_BHA= 18 |status_BHA = 
|win_MBG= 8 |draw_MBG= 3 |loss_MBG= 4 |gf_MBG= 33 |ga_MBG= 18 |status_MBG = 


|adjust_points_MBG=-2
|hth_MBG=Mohun Bagan Super Giant was deducted 2 points for not fielding a team against East Bengal on 30 November 2023.<ref name=MBSGPointDeduct>{{cite web|date=28 December 2023|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/ifa-announces-mohammedan-sporting-as-cfl-2023-champions-as-east-bengal-gets-3-points-in-postponed-derby/|title=কলকাতা লিগের বাতিল ডার্বিতে জয়ী ঘোষিত ইস্টবেঙ্গল, পয়েন্ট কাটল মোহনবাগানের|trans-title=East Bengal, declared the winner of the canceled Kolkata League derby, Mohun Bagan deducted points|language=bn|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=28 December 2023}}</ref>




|status_text_X=Cannot finish top, but still eligible for [[I-League 3|2024-25 I-League 3]]
|res_col_header = Q
|result1=C |result3=Q |result4=Q
|col_C = gold | text_C = '''Champions'''
|col_Q = green2 | text_Q = Eligible for [[2024–25 I-League 3]]{{efn|If the top teams are already playing in national leagues, then the next highest ranked team(s) would be eligible for [[I-League 3]].}}


|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored; 4) head-to-head points; 5) head-to-head goal difference; 6) fair play ranking; 7) drawing of lots
}}
{{notelist}}</onlyinclude>

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=Team 1 \ Team 2


|team1 = BHA
|team2 = DHB
|team3 = EAB
|team4 = KID
|team5 = MOH
|team6 = MBG


|name_EAB = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_MOH = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_DHB = [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|name_BHA = [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|name_MBG = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|name_KID = [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]


|match_BHA_EAB= 0-3*
|match_BHA_KID= DNP
|match_BHA_MOH= 1-2
|match_BHA_DHB= 2-2
|match_BHA_MBG= 0-3*


|match_DHB_EAB= 1–4
|match_DHB_KID= 3–0
|match_DHB_MOH= 0-2
|match_DHB_MBG= DNP


|match_EAB_KID= 10–1
|match_EAB_MOH= 1–2
|match_EAB_MBG= [[Kolkata derby|3-0]]*


|match_KID_MOH= 0-5
|match_KID_MBG= DNP


|match_MOH_MBG= 2-0


}}

* * = [[Walkover]]

==Relegation Round==
===Points table===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section = Relegation round
|update = complete
|show_limit = 6
|source = [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]


|team1 = PTC
|team2 = GET
|team3 = PAC
|team4 = EAR
|team5 = DAL
|team6 = FCI
|team7 = WBP
|team8 = CFC


|name_PTC = Pathachakra
|name_CFC = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|name_WBP = [[West Bengal Police FC|WB Police]]
|name_PAC = [[Kolkata Police|Police A.C.]]
|name_GET = [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|name_DAL = [[Dalhousie AC]]
|name_FCI = [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI]]
|name_EAR = [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]



|win_PTC = 6|draw_PTC = 5 |loss_PTC = 8|gf_PTC = 30|ga_PTC = 36|status_PTC = 
|win_GET = 6|draw_GET = 4|loss_GET = 9|gf_GET = 32|ga_GET = 27|status_GET = 
|win_PAC = 6|draw_PAC = 4|loss_PAC = 9|gf_PAC = 22|ga_PAC = 33|status_PAC = 
|win_WBP = 3|draw_WBP = 3|loss_WBP = 13|gf_WBP = 18|ga_WBP = 39|status_WBP = 
|win_DAL = 3|draw_DAL = 7|loss_DAL = 9|gf_DAL = 17|ga_DAL = 36|status_DAL = 
|win_CFC = 1|draw_CFC = 8|loss_CFC = 10|gf_CFC = 16|ga_CFC = 50|status_CFC = 
|win_EAR = 5|draw_EAR = 5|loss_EAR = 9|gf_EAR = 23|ga_EAR = 33|status_EAR = 
|win_FCI = 3|draw_FCI = 4|loss_FCI = 12|gf_FCI = 16|ga_FCI = 52|status_FCI = 



|res_col_header = Q
|result5 =R |result6 =R |result7 =R |result8 =R
|col_R = #fcc | text_R = '''Relegated''' to the [[Calcutta Football League#Structure|First Division]]

|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored; 4) head-to-head points; 5) head-to-head goal difference; 6) fair play ranking; 7) drawing of lots
}}

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=Team 1 \ Team 2

|team1 = CFC
|team2 = DAL
|team3 = EAR
|team4 = FCI
|team5 = GET
|team6 = PTC
|team7 = PAC
|team8 = WBP


|name_PTC = Pathachakra
|name_CFC = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|name_WBP = [[West Bengal Police FC|WB Police]]
|name_PAC = [[Kolkata Police|Police A.C.]]
|name_GET = [[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]
|name_DAL = [[Dalhousie AC]]
|name_FCI = [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI]]
|name_EAR = [[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]

|match_CFC_EAR= 2-2
|match_CFC_GET= 2-2
|match_CFC_DAL= 1-2
|match_CFC_PAC= 1-1
|match_CFC_FCI= 0-1
|match_CFC_WBP= 0-0
|match_CFC_PTC= 2-4

|match_DAL_PAC= 2-2
|match_DAL_FCI= 1-0
|match_DAL_WBP= 1-0
|match_DAL_PTC= 0-0
|match_DAL_GET= 1-1
|match_DAL_EAR= 2-3

|match_EAR_WBP= 0-2
|match_EAR_PAC= 0-0
|match_EAR_GET= 0-1
|match_EAR_FCI= 0-0
|match_EAR_PTC= 2-0

|match_FCI_PTC= 2-4
|match_FCI_WBP= 3-2
|match_FCI_PAC= 1-3
|match_FCI_GET= 1-10

|match_GET_WBP= 5-0
|match_GET_PTC= 2-3
|match_GET_PAC= 0-1

|match_PTC_WBP= 1-0
|match_PTC_PAC= 5-0

|match_PAC_WBP= 5-2
}}

* * = [[Walkover]]

==Season statistics==
===Top scorers===
:{{updated|30 December 2023}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center" |1
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} David Lalhlansanga
|align="left" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|rowspan="1" align="center" |21
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Paswan]]
| align="left" |[[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|rowspan="2" align="center" |12
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sahil Harijan
|align="left" |Pathachakra
|-
|align="center" |4
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sagar Kumar Khamaru
|align="left" |[[Eastern Railway F.C.|Eastern Railway]]
|align="center" |9
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center" |5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]
| align="left" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|rowspan="2" align="center" |8
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]
|align="left" |[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|-
|align="center" |7
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Ashiq Shoukathali
|align="left" |[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]
|align="center" |7
|-
|rowspan="8" align="center" |8
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Anubrata Maity
|align="left" |Pathachakra
|rowspan="8" align="center" |6
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Dipesh Murmu
|align="left" |[[United S.C.|United]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mandeep Singh Multani
|align="left" |[[Wari AC|Wari]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Liton Shil
|align="left" |[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aman C. K.]]
|align="left" |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jesin TK]]
|align="left" |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Achinta Ghosh
|align="left" |[[Aryan FC]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|Vishnu P.V.]]
|align="left" |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|}

===Hat-tricks===
'''Note:''' ''In the result, the score of the player's team is mentioned before.''
{|class="wikitable"
!Player
!For
!Against
!style="text-align:center" | Result
!Date
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Sarkar
|[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|[[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]
|align="center" |4–1
|{{dts|2023|7|1|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} David Lalhlansanga
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|align="center" |7–0
|{{dts|2023|7|12|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Beneston Piecton Barretto
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|align="center" |7–0
|{{dts|2023|7|12|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|align="center" |5–1
|{{dts|2023|7|12|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|align="center" |5–2
|{{dts|2023|7|16|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dipesh Murmu
|[[United SC|United]]
|[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]]
|align="center" |8–0
|{{dts|2023|7|25|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Liton Shil
|[[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|[[Southern Samity]]
|align="center" |3–2
|{{dts|2023|7|25|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Md Amirul
|[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|[[Kidderpore SC]]
|align="center" |4–0
|{{dts|2023|7|26|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jesin TK]]
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|[[George Telegraph SC]]
|align="center" |4–0
|{{dts|2023|9|7|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vishnu PV
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|[[Kidderpore SC]]
|align="center" |10–1
|{{dts|2023|9|26|format=dmy}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahitosh Roy
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|[[Kidderpore SC]]
|align="center" |10–1
|{{dts|2023|9|26|format=dmy}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Calcutta Football League}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

[[Category:CFL Premier Division seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football]]

Abdul Rehman Katki

2026-02-05T01:17:56Z

Frankieren: New!

{{Short description|Indian Islamic cleric convicted under UAPA (2023) and acquitted in another case (2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Rehman Katki
| birth_name = Mohammad Abdul Rehman Ali Khan
| other_names = Maulana Abdul Rehman, Abdur Rahman Katki
| birth_date = c. 1978
| birth_place = Paschimkachha, Cuttack district, [[Odisha]], India
| education = Fazilat (Alim degree)
| alma_mater =[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| occupation = Islamic cleric, madrasa teacher
| organization = Jamia Ashraful Uloom, Bilteruan (Tangi)
| known_for = Arrested in 2015 in connection with alleged [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent|AQIS]] links; convicted under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] in 2023 (Delhi case) and acquitted in a separate 2025 Jharkhand case
| criminal_charge = Offences under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]]
| criminal_status = Convicted in [[Delhi]] (2023); acquitted in [[Jharkhand]] (2025); under trial in [[Odisha]] (as of Nov 2025)
}}

'''Abdul Rehman Katki''' (also written as '''Maulana Abdul Rehman''' or '''Abdur Rahman Katki'''; born c. 1978) is an Indian Islamic cleric from [[Cuttack]], Odisha. He was arrested in December 2015 and later convicted under the [[UAPA]] by a [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Delhi special court]] in February 2023. Separately, in a case registered in [[Jharkhand]] in 2016, he was acquitted by a [[Jamshedpur]] court on 28 February 2025. As of November 2025, he remained in judicial custody in [[Odisha]] in connection with a separate UAPA case.

== Biography ==
Abdul Rehman Katki was born in Paschimkachha village under [[Jagatpur, India|Jagatpur]] police station in Cuttack district, Odisha.<ref name="telegraph2015a">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Vijay Deo |date=22 November 2015 |title=Odisha cleric on state police radar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/odisha-cleric-on-state-police-radar/cid/1435706 |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> He studied at [[Jamia Ashraful Uloom]] madrasa in [[Kendrapara]] between 1990 and 1995 before joining [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in Uttar Pradesh, where he completed the [[Dars-e-Nizami]] course (Fazilat).<ref name="iexp2015b">{{cite news |title=Day after Cuttack arrest, relatives, villagers in shock |last=Mohanty |first=Debabrata |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=18 December 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/day-after-cuttack-arrest-relatives-villagers-in-shock/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="nie2015">{{cite news |date=18 December 2015 |title=Rehman's Qaeda Links Shock Kendrapara |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/Dec/18/rehmans-qaeda-links-shock-kendrapara-854990.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He later established the Jamia Ashraful Uloom madrasa at Bilteruan village in Tangi, [[Cuttack district]].<ref name="telegraph2015b">{{cite news |title=Speech effect: Lens on Cuttack cleric |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=24 November 2015 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/speech-effect-lens-on-cuttack-cleric/cid/1459578 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
On 16 December 2015, Katki was arrested from his residence in Paschimkachha by the [[Delhi Police]] (Special Cell), with assistance from the [[Odisha Police]].<ref name="telegraph2015c">{{cite news |title=Qaida arrest in Cuttack |last=Mallick |first=Lelin Kumar |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 December 2015 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/qaida-arrest-in-cuttack/cid/1472370 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="hindu2015">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Pradip |date=17 December 2015 |title=Suspected al-Qaeda terrorist arrested in Cuttack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/suspected-alqaeda-terrorist-arrested-in-cuttack/article7997948.ece |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="iexp2015">{{cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Debabrata |date=16 December 2015 |title=Suspected al-Qaeda terrorist arrested in Cuttack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/suspected-al-qaeda-terrorist-arrested-in-cuttack/ |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-18 |title=Delhi Police arrest Haryana man with suspected al Qaeda links |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/delhi-police-arrest-haryana-man-with-suspected-al-qaeda-links/story-87XqkfORWreMAMR1LnrBuM.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="theprint2024">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=2024-08-22 |title=Jharkhand ATS, Delhi Police bust 'terror module linked to al-Qaeda offshoot', 14 suspects detained |url=https://theprint.in/india/jharkhand-ats-delhi-police-bust-terror-module-linked-to-al-qaeda-offshoot-14-suspects-detained/2234137/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2016 |title=Remanded al Qaeda operatives were radicalising youth: SSP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/remanded-al-qaeda-operatives-were-radicalising-youth-ssp-116042601148_1.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

According to contemporaneous reports, Rehman was 37 years old at the time of arrest and was being investigated for allegedly acting as a facilitator and recruiter for [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent]] (AQIS). Police said that electronic devices and his passport were seized during the search.<ref name="India-Today1">{{cite news |title=Odisha police arrests 37-year-old suspected Al Qaeda terrorist |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 December 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-police-arrests-37-year-old-suspected-al-qaeda-terrorist-277474-2015-12-16 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

According to police statements and subsequent investigative filings, he was alleged to have links with AQIS and to have been involved in recruitment of youths from Odisha and neighbouring states; investigators reported foreign travel and certain foreign-origin bank transactions that were examined during the probe.<ref name="telegraph2015c"/><ref name="telegraph2015e">{{cite news |title=London link to Rahman cash |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 December 2015 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/london-link-to-rahman-cash/cid/1460870 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |title=Abdur Rehman a facilitator for AQIS: Cuttack Police |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/abdur-rehman-a-facilitator-for-aqis-cuttack-police-115121600793_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708024117/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/abdur-rehman-a-facilitator-for-aqis-cuttack-police-115121600793_1.html |archive-date=2018-07-08 |access-date=2025-10-06 |url-status=live|work=Business Standard |language=en |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref name="hindu2016">{{cite news |title=Remanded Al Qaeda operatives were radicalising youth: Police |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 April 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/remanded-al-qaeda-operatives-were-radicalising-youth-police/article8525560.ece |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

Following the arrest, the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha government]] ordered increased scrutiny of madrasas in the state and inquiries into the source of funding of institutions associated with Katki's activities.<ref name="telegraph2015d">{{cite news |title=Govt to monitor madarsa activities |last1=Abraham |first1=Priya |last2=Sharma |first2=Vikash |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=18 December 2015 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/govt-to-monitor-madarsa-activities/cid/1460832 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

Shortly after the arrest, the district administration closed the unregistered madrasa run by Katki at Tangi near [[Cuttack]] and sent 71 students, mostly from [[Jharkhand]], back to their guardians. Police sealed the premises and detained two teachers for questioning, while investigators examined his bank accounts and the leased property records.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha: Suspected terrorist Rahman's illegal madarsa shutdown, students sent back home |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 December 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/odisha/story/suspected-terrorist-rahmans-illegal-madrasa-shutdown-students-sent-back-home-278062-2015-12-19 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

International coverage of the arrests also appeared in global media; a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' report on 18 December 2015 described the detentions of suspected members of an alleged Indian al-Qaeda cell, including Katki, following coordinated operations by Delhi and Odisha Police.<ref name="time2015">{{Cite magazine |last=Plucinska |first=Joanna |date=18 December 2015 |title=Indian Authorities Arrest Local al-Qaeda Suspects |url=https://time.com/4154471/al-qaeda-india-arrests-muhammad-asif/ |access-date=7 October 2025 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Community reaction ==
Local residents described Katki as a religious teacher and expressed surprise at the allegations.<ref name="iexp2015b"/> The Jamiat-Ulama-i-Odisha (M) issued a statement condemning terrorism and urging madrasas to cooperate with authorities.<ref name="et2015">{{cite news |date=24 December 2015 |title=Jamiat-Ulama-i-Odisha asks madrasas to cooperate with government |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jamiat-ulama-i-odisha-asks-madrasas-to-cooperate-with-government/articleshow/50310854.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=PTI}}</ref> Representatives of the [[Jamia Ashraful Uloom]] madrasa told investigators they had cooperated with the inquiry and expressed shock at the allegations, describing him as a disciplined and academically able former student.<ref name="telegraph2015d"/><ref name="telegraph2016">{{cite news |title=Terror suspect reveals Pak links |last=Kar |first=Manoj |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=3 July 2016 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/terror-suspect-reveals-pak-links/cid/1506645 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

Additional reports from ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' described scenes of “shock and awe” in Katki’s native village Paschimkachha, where local residents expressed disbelief at his arrest and called him a respected cleric and teacher. Neighbours told the paper that although he was known as a fiery speaker, he had been regarded as a religious scholar who ran a madrasa for children, mostly from Jharkhand and Odisha. Some villagers criticised him for bringing “a bad name” to the village, while his family and colleagues maintained his innocence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Vikash |last2=Kar |first2=Manoj |title=Shock & awe at Rahman village |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/shock-amp-awe-at-rahman-village/cid/1460784 |access-date=8 October 2025 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=17 December 2015}}</ref>

== Investigation and charges ==
At the time of his arrest, initial police and media reports described Katki as a recruiter for the [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent|Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]] (AQIS), alleging that he ran a madrasa near Cuttack with foreign funding and links abroad.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dixit |first=Rakesh |title=Arrested Odisha cleric Abdur Rehman was hiring for Al Qaeda wing |work=India Today |date=21 December 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/arrested-odisha-cleric-was-hiring-for-al-qaeda-wing-278160-2015-12-20 |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Later court proceedings and media reports did not substantiate these specific claims, and no such findings were recorded in judicial verdicts.<ref name="toi2017choudwar" /><ref name="sambad2018" /><ref name="rediff2023">{{cite news |title=Delhi court convicts 4 Al Qaeda-linked operatives for terror plot |work=[[Rediff.com]] |agency=PTI |date=10 February 2023 |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/delhi-court-convicts-4-al-qaeda-linked-operatives-for-terror-plot/20230210.htm |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="radiance2025">{{cite news |title=Three Men Acquitted After Nine Years in Jamshedpur Court Over Alleged Al-Qaeda Links |work=Radiance News |date=3 March 2025 |url=https://radiancenews.com/three-men-acquitted-after-nine-years-in-jamshedpur-court-over-alleged-al-qaeda-links/ |access-date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="twocircles2025" />

The Odisha Crime Branch filed a [[chargesheet]] in December 2016 accusing Katki of offences under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]] and section 121(A) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], alleging conspiracy, recruitment and related activities; police reported that no explosives or weapons were recovered.<ref name="nie2016">{{cite news |title=Terror suspect Abdul Rehman charged with waging war against state |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=28 December 2016 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2016/Dec/28/terror-suspect-abdul-rehman-charged-with-waging-war-against-state-1553914.html |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Charge sheet against cleric |work=The Telegraph |date=30 December 2016 |last=Sharma |first=Vikash |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/charge-sheet-against-cleric/cid/1503429 |access-date=9 October 2025 }}</ref>

Following his arrest, [[Odisha Police|Odisha]] and [[Jharkhand Police]] jointly investigated Katki’s connections in [[Jamshedpur]] and surrounding areas, examining possible local associates as part of a wider probe into AQIS activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police grill Qaida suspects |work=The Pioneer |date=28 April 2016 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/police-grill-qaida-suspects.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |last=Bhatia |first=Parvinder}}</ref><ref name="telegraph2015kin">{{cite news |last=Jenamani |first=Kumud |title=Scan on kin of Qaida suspect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/scan-on-kin-of-qaida-suspect/cid/1380817 |work=The Telegraph |location=Jamshedpur |date=19 December 2015 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref> A report by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted that a Delhi Police team brought Katki and Abdul Sami to Jamshedpur in April 2016 for interrogation in connection with a local FIR that alleged recruitment and indoctrination of youths in the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murty |first=B. Vijay |title=Delhi Police bring al-Qaeda operatives to Jamshedpur |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/delhi-police-bring-al-qaeda-operatives-to-jamshedpur/story-1jVHyPSuaOV9Z3aGI40k5N.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427122047/http://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/delhi-police-bring-al-qaeda-operatives-to-jamshedpur/story-1jVHyPSuaOV9Z3aGI40k5N.html |archive-date=27 April 2016 |access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

In early 2016, some media reports and investigators stated that Katki’s interrogation suggested a wider [[AQIS]] presence in India; those reports described allegations of recruitment and foreign contacts but did not constitute formal charges on those specific counts in all jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh |date=2 March 2016 |title=Terror network AQIS has wide reach |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Terror-network-AQIS-has-wide-reach/article60577107.ece |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February – 6 March 2016 |title=Country Weekly Report of International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research |url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/India-Weekly-Report-29-06-March-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008095537/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/India-Weekly-Report-29-06-March-2016.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies]] |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2017, the [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] (STF) of the Odisha [[Crime Branch]] produced Katki before the [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|Judicial Magistrate First Class]] (JMFC) in [[Salepur|Salipur]] and indicated that a final chargesheet would be filed; the committal hearing was adjourned briefly after defence counsel said a copy of the chargesheet had not been provided.<ref name="orissapost2017a">{{cite news |title=Final charge sheet soon against Abdur Rehman |work=[[Orissa Post]] |date=15 May 2017 |url=https://www.orissapost.com/final-charge-sheet-soon-against-abdur-rehman/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="telegraph2017">{{cite news |title=Terror trial put on hold |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=16 May 2017 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/terror-trial-put-on-hold/cid/1400032 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> The STF later submitted a 574-page final chargesheet in June 2017, and the matter was transferred to the Cuttack District and Sessions Court for trial.<ref name="orissapost2017b">{{cite news |title=Al Qaeda link: Final chargesheet against Rehman |work=Orissa Post |date=12 June 2017 |url=https://www.orissapost.com/al-qaeda-link-final-chargesheet-against-rehman/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

Following this, Katki was transferred from Delhi’s Tihar Jail to Odisha and lodged in the Choudwar Circle Jail under orders of the Judicial Magistrate, Salipur. The case was committed to the Cuttack Sessions Court, where proceedings continued under heavy security.<ref name="toi2017choudwar">{{cite news |title=Abdul Rehman lodged in Choudwar central jail |work=The Times of India |date=13 June 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/abdul-rehman-lodged-in-choudwar-central-jail/articleshow/59123674.cms |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en |location=Cuttack}}</ref><ref name="nie2017choudwar">{{cite news |title=Cuttack Sessions court to try terror accused Rehman |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 June 2017 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2017/Jun/13/cuttack-sessions-court-to-try-terror-accused-rehman-1616020.html |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en |location=Cuttack}}</ref> By 2018, he remained in custody at Choudwar Circle Jail and was produced periodically before the District and Sessions Court, [[Cuttack]], though several hearings were adjourned due to the absence of prosecution witnesses.<ref name="sambad2018">{{cite news |date=24 April 2018 |title=ଅବଦୁର ରହେମାନ ହାଜର, ଆସିଲେ ନାହିଁ ସାକ୍ଷୀ |trans-title=Abdur Rehman produced in court, witnesses fail to appear |url=https://sambad.in/state/terror-suspect-abdul-rehman-produced-in-court-127045/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008152949/https://sambad.in/state/terror-suspect-abdul-rehman-produced-in-court-127045/ |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[Dainik Sambad]] |location=Cuttack |language=or}}</ref>

Court records show that charges were framed in 2017 under multiple UAPA provisions and sedition-related counts, and judicial proceedings continued over several years with multiple hearings and witness examinations.<ref name="toi2017">{{cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Binita |date=13 September 2017 |title=Court dismiss discharge petition of Abdul Rehman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/court-dismiss-discharge-petition-of-abdul-rehman/articleshow/60500172.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="sambad2017">{{cite news |title=Hearing on sedition charge against Abdur Rehman begins in Odisha court |work=Sambad English |date=21 November 2017 |url=https://sambadenglish.com/hearing-on-sedition-charge-against-abdur-rehman-begins-in-odisha-court/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cuttack court to frame charges against al Qaeda suspect on Jul 24 |work=Business Standard |agency=PTI |date=5 July 2017 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/cuttack-court-to-frame-charges-against-al-qaeda-suspect-on-jul-24-117070501250_1.html |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Madarsa cleric's terror link trial starts |work=The Telegraph |date=23 November 2017 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/madarsa-cleric-s-terror-link-trial-starts/cid/1392599 |access-date=9 October 2025 }}</ref>

=== Related arrests and outcomes ===
The December 2015 operation by the Delhi Police Special Cell against the alleged [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent|Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]] (AQIS) network led to a series of arrests across several Indian states. Those detained during the operation or in connected cases included clerics and preachers such as Abdul Rehman Katki, Mohammad Asif, Zafar Masood, Abdul Sami, Anzar Shah Qasmi, Ahmed Masood Akram Sheikh (Monu), Naseem Akhtar (Raju) and Kalimuddin Mazahiri. Police described the action as the first successful disruption of a suspected AQIS module in India.<ref name="reuters2015">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-17 |title=Delhi police arrest three suspected members of al Qaeda India wing |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/delhi-police-arrest-three-suspected-members-of-al-qaeda-india-wing-idUSKBN0U01PJ/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bbc2015">{{Cite news |date=2015-12-17 |title=India 'al-Qaeda' chief arrested |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35118800 |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="hindu2015" /><ref name="iexp2015" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police confirms busting AQIS module |work=Business Standard |agency=ANI |date=16 December 2015 |url=https://orgecsnew.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-police-confirms-busting-aqis-module-115121600462_1.html |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="chronicle" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Summary of AQIS-related arrests and subsequent outcomes
! Name !! Place & date of arrest !! Reported role (as per police/media) !! Outcome / case status
|-
| '''Mohammad Asif''' || [[Seelampur]], Delhi – 14 Dec 2015<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-16 |title=Delhi Police arrest suspected al-Qaeda member |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-police-arrest-suspected-alqaeda-member/article7995862.ece |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="toiAsif">{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Nazar |title=Delhi cops bring terror suspect Mohd Asif to his house, grill wife, brothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/delhi-cops-bring-terror-suspect-mohd-asif-to-his-house-grill-wife-brothers/articleshow/50336698.cms |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2015}}</ref>|| Reported as founding member and recruiter of AQIS; Delhi Police Special Cell described him as a key figure coordinating recruitment and training.<ref name="reuters2015" /><ref name="bbc2015" /> Some early international reports (e.g., BBC) mentioned his arrest location as Odisha, but later police and court records confirmed it occurred in Delhi.<ref name="toiAsif" /> || Convicted by Delhi special court under [[UAPA]] in February 2023 along with Katki and two others; sentenced to seven years and five months’ [[Penal labour#India|rigorous imprisonment]].<ref name="ndtv2023" /><ref name="otv2023" />
|-
| '''Abdul Rehman Katki''' || Paschimkachha, [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]] (Odisha) – 16 Dec 2015<ref name="hindu2015" /><ref name="iexp2015" /> || Madrasa teacher; alleged facilitator and recruiter for AQIS <ref name="India-Today1" /> || Convicted under [[UAPA]] by Delhi court (Patiala House) in Feb 2023 — sentenced to 7½ years’ RI;<ref name="ndtv2023" /> later acquitted in separate Jamshedpur AQIS case on 28 Feb 2025 for lack of evidence <ref name="toi2025" /><ref name="avenue2025" />
|-
| '''Zafar Masood''' || [[Sambhal]], Uttar Pradesh – 17 Dec 2015<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-17 |title='Al-Qaeda's financier' held in Delhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Al-Qaeda%E2%80%99s-financier-Zafar-Masood-held-in-Delhi/article60516371.ece |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Alleged al-Qaeda financier held |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/alleged-al-qaeda-financier-held-2166062 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toiAsif" /> || Alleged financier and member of AQIS cell (as per police reports) <ref name="time2015" /> || Convicted alongside Katki and Asif in Delhi (2023) — received same 7½-year sentence under [[UAPA]]<ref name="ndtv2023" />
|-
| '''Anzar Shah Qasmi''' || [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka – 6 January 2016<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-18 |title=Delhi Police arrest al-Qaida suspect from Haryana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-police-arrest-al-qaida-suspect-from-haryana/articleshow/50627088.cms |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> (Delhi Police Special Cell)<ref name="Deccan 2016">{{cite news |title=B'luru cleric held for 'terror' link |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 January 2016 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bluru-cleric-held-terror-link-2042479 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shadow of jihad on India's Silicon Valley, cops keep close watch on madarsas |work=[[India Today]] |date=9 January 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/shadow-of-jihad-on-indias-silicon-valley-cops-keep-a-close-watch-on-madrassas-after-clerics-arrest-302922-2016-01-08 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=T. A. |date=10 January 2016 |title=Fiery preacher arrested in terror probe divides, inspires Muslims |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/fiery-preacher-arrested-in-terror-probe-divides-inspires-muslims/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> || Islamic preacher; alleged associate of Katki and Asif, accused of recruitment speeches <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-08 |title=Arrested al-Qaeda suspect accused of sending recruits to Pakistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Arrested-al-Qaeda-suspect-accused-of-sending-recruits-to-Pakistan/article60518861.ece |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>|| Discharged by Delhi court on 17 Oct 2017 for want of “sufficient evidence”<ref name="IndianAngad">{{cite news |last=Angad |first=Abhishek |date=18 October 2017 |title=AQIS links: Islamic preacher let off for want of 'sufficient evidence' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aqis-links-islamic-preacher-maulana-anzar-shah-qasmi-let-off-for-want-of-sufficient-evidence-4895914/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021122920/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aqis-links-islamic-preacher-maulana-anzar-shah-qasmi-let-off-for-want-of-sufficient-evidence-4895914/ |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=8 October 2025 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| '''Abdul Sami''' || [[Nuh (city)|Nuh (Mewat)]], Haryana – 18 January 2016 (Delhi STF)<ref name="ani2016sami">{{cite news |title=AQIS terrorist Abdul Sami arrested from Haryana |work=Business Standard |agency=ANI |date=18 January 2016 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/aqis-terrorist-abdul-sami-arrested-from-haryana-31041.htm |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> || Co-accused; alleged associate and recruiter linked to Katki <ref name="toi2023" /> || Tried in Jamshedpur; acquitted on 28 Feb 2025 along with Katki and Kalimuddin for lack of evidence <ref name="Prabhat2025" /><ref name="mmirror2025" />
|-
| '''Ahmed Masood Akram Sheikh (Monu)''' || [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand – 24 Jan 2016 (Bistupur P.S. Case No. 21/2016)<ref name="chronicle">{{cite news |title=2 al-Qaeda sleeper cell operatives arrested from Jamshedpur |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 January 2016 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/crime/260116/2-al-qaeda-sleeper-cell-operatives-arrested-from-jamshedpur.html |access-date=14 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmad Masood Akram Sheikh @ Masood @ Monu vs State of Jharkhand (B.A. No. 11950 of 2020) |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/56071000/ |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=[[Indian Kanoon]] |date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || Local resident of Dhatkidih; alleged by police to have motivated youths in Jamshedpur to join AQIS, reportedly influenced by Abdul Rehman Katki in early 2000s. 9 mm pistol and five live cartridges were recovered from his house.<ref name="toi2023arms">{{cite news |last=Sridhar |first=B |title=Al Qaeda suspect gets 8-year jail term in Arms Act case |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 February 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/al-qaeda-suspect-gets-8-year-jail-term-in-arms-act-case/articleshow/98194972.cms |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref> || Convicted by ADJ-I Sanjay Kumar Upadhyay, Jamshedpur, on 13 Feb 2023 under sections 25(1A) & 26 of the [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]]; sentenced on 24 Feb 2023 to eight years’ rigorous imprisonment and ₹10 000 fine.<ref name="toi2023arms" />
|-
| '''Naseem Akhtar (Raju)''' || [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand – 24 Jan 2016 (arrested with Monu)<ref name="chronicle" /> || Resident of Mango (Jamshedpur); arrested under the same FIR as Monu for alleged AQIS links and arms possession. || Acquitted by ADJ-I Jamshedpur on 24 Feb 2023 in the same Arms Act case for lack of evidence.<ref name="toi2023arms" />
|-
| '''Kalimuddin Mazahiri''' || [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand – 21 September 2019 (arrested near [[Tatanagar railway station]] by Jharkhand ATS)<ref name="hindu2019muzahiri">{{cite news |title=Al-Qaeda terrorist arrested in Jamshedpur |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=22 September 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-terrorist-arrested-in-jamshedpur/article29482346.ece/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="iexp2019muzahiri">{{cite news |title=Absconding for nearly 3 years, Al-Qaeda terrorist arrested in Jamshedpur |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=22 September 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/al-qaeda-terrorist-arrested-in-jamshedpur-6018707/lite/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday2019muzahiri">{{cite news |title=Al Qaeda terrorist arrested in Jharkhand |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=22 September 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/al-qaeda-terrorist-arrested-in-jharkhand-1601936-2019-09-22/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> || Cleric from Azad Nagar, [[Mango (Jamshedpur)]]; named in the 2016 [[Bistupur]] police FIR (No. 21/2016) along with Katki and Abdul Sami; police alleged he was linked with AQIS and was recruiting or motivating youth for “jihad”.<ref name="indiatoday2019muzahiri"/><ref name="hindu2019muzahiri"/><ref name="iexp2019muzahiri"/> || Granted bail by the [[Jharkhand High Court]] on 3 November 2020 after noting lack of direct evidence and no prior criminal record;<ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=Maulana Kalimuddin Muzahiri v. State of Jharkhand (Bail Application No. 6730 of 2020) |url=https://www.courtkutchehry.com/judgements/1055536/maulana-kalimuddin-muzahiri-vs-state-of-jharkhand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008095310/https://www.courtkutchehry.com/judgements/1055536/maulana-kalimuddin-muzahiri-vs-state-of-jharkhand/ |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=courtkutchehry.com |language=en}}</ref> later acquitted on 28 February 2025 by the [[Jamshedpur]] court due to lack of evidence.<ref name="toi2025"/><ref name="etv2025"/>
|}

== 2023 conviction (Patiala House) ==
On 11 February 2023, a special court at the [[Patiala House Courts Complex]] convicted Katki and three others under sections 18 and 18B of the [[UAPA]] for conspiracy and recruitment; sentence was scheduled for 14 February 2023.<ref name="otv2023">{{cite news |title=Abdur Rehman among 4 operatives of Al Qaida in Indian Subcontinent convicted by Delhi Court |work=[[Odisha TV]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=11 February 2023 |url=https://odishatv.in/news/national/abdur-rehman-among-4-four-operatives-of-al-qaida-in-indian-subcontinent-convicted-by-delhi-court-196764/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>

On 14 February 2023, the court sentenced Katki and three co-accused to seven years and five months’ rigorous imprisonment under sections 18 and 18B. The defence counsel stated that the convicts had already spent around seven years and three months in custody and that this period would be counted as part of the sentence.<ref name="kalinga2023feb">{{cite news |title=Abdur Rehman arrested from Odisha awarded 7.5 yrs rigorous imprisonment |work=Kalinga TV |date=14 February 2023 |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/abdur-rehman-arrested-from-odisha-awarded-7-5-yrs-rigorous-imprisonment/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="ndtv2023">{{cite news |title=Delhi Court Sentences 4 Al-Qaida Operatives To 7 Year Jail Term |date=14 February 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-court-sentences-4-al-qaida-operatives-to-7-year-jail-term-3781221 |access-date=6 October 2025 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref name="pioneer2023">{{cite news |date=2 September 2023 |title=Suspected Al Qaeda terrorist brought to Jamshedpur after Delhi Court awards sentence |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/suspected-al-qaeda-terrorist-brought-to----jamshedpur--after-delhi-court-awards-sentence.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ravi |title=जमशेदपुर समाचार: संदिग्ध आतंकी अब्दुल रहमान कटकी की जमशेदपुर कोर्ट में पेशी, अलकायदा से जुड़े रहने का है आरोप |trans-title=Jamshedpur News: Suspected terrorist Abdul Rehman Katki produced in Jamshedpur court, accused of being associated with Al Qaeda |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/suspected-terrorist-abdul-rehman-katki-appears-in-jamshedpur-court-accused-of-being-associated-with-al-qaeda/articleshow/103287431.cms |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>

Following the verdict, [[Gulzar Azmi]], head of the legal aid committee of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Maharashtra ([[Arshad Madani]]), which had provided legal assistance to the accused, stated that while convictions were recorded under specific UAPA sections, the allegation of any connection with the Al-Qaeda organisation could not be proved.<ref name="hindexpress2023">{{cite news |date=14 February 2023 |title=مولانا عبدالرحمٰن و دیگر کا القاعدہ سے تعلق ثابت نہیں ہوسکا |trans-title=Connection of Maulana Abdul Rahman and others with Al-Qaeda could not be proved |url=https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/connection-of-maulana-abdul-rahman-and-others-with-al-qaeda-could-not-be-proved/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319162447/https://dailyhindustanexpress.com/connection-of-maulana-abdul-rahman-and-others-with-al-qaeda-could-not-be-proved/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=Hindustan Express |language=ur}}</ref>

== Jamshedpur proceedings (2016–2025) ==
In April 2016, Katki and co-accused Abdul Sami were produced before the [[Chief Judicial Magistrate Court|Chief Judicial Magistrate]] in [[Jamshedpur]] after being brought from Delhi’s [[Tihar Jail]] on transit remand. The court granted [[Jharkhand Police]] seven days’ custody for interrogation under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] in connection with the [[Bistupur]] police case. According to police statements cited in contemporaneous reports, the interrogation aimed to ascertain possible links with other suspects, including Masood Ahmed, and to determine whether the accused had undergone arms training abroad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Qaida duo face week-long cop quiz |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=27 April 2016 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/qaida-duo-face-week-long-cop-quiz/cid/1323514 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Debashish |date=2016-07-26 |title=Jharkhand ATS chargesheets al Qaeda member, seeks more time for terror probe |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkhand-ats-chargesheets-al-qaeda-member-seeks-more-time-for-terror-probe/story-B2ZvAD3jdnMJez8oIzUZuN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830112124/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkhand-ats-chargesheets-al-qaeda-member-seeks-more-time-for-terror-probe/story-B2ZvAD3jdnMJez8oIzUZuN.html |archive-date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The trial arising from the 2016 [[First information report|FIR]] at Bistupur police station concluded on 28 February 2025, when the [[Additional District and Sessions Judge]], Jamshedpur, acquitted Katki and two co-accused. The court held that the prosecution had failed to establish any links with [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent|Al-Qaeda]] and found the evidence insufficient under the UAPA.<ref name="toi2025">{{cite news |last=Sridhar |first=B |date=1 March 2025 |title=JSR court acquits 3 al-Qaida terror suspects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jsr-court-acquits-3-al-qaida-terror-suspects/articleshow/118636108.cms |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="avenue2025">{{cite news |date=1 March 2025 |title=Jamshedpur court acquits terror suspects linked to Al-Qaeda due to lack of evidence |url=https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-court-acquits-terror-suspects-linked-to-al-qaeda-due-to-lack-of-evidence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006095547/https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-court-acquits-terror-suspects-linked-to-al-qaeda-due-to-lack-of-evidence/ |archive-date=6 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025 |newspaper=The Avenue Mail}}</ref><ref name="etv2025">{{cite news |title=कोर्ट में अल कायदा के साथ संबंध नहीं साबित कर पाई पुलिस, 9 साल बाद बेगुनाह साबित हुए तीन आरोपी |trans-title=Court finds no proof of Al-Qaeda links; three accused acquitted after nine years |work=ETV Bharat |date=28 February 2025 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!bharat/3-people-arrested-on-charges-of-al-qaeda-jamshedpur-court-declaring-them-innocent-hindi-news-jhn25022807236 |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="mmirror2025">{{cite news |title=Three Muslim men accused of links with Al-Qaeda acquitted after 9 years in jail |newspaper=[[Muslim Mirror]] |date=3 March 2025 |url=https://muslimmirror.com/three-muslim-men-accused-of-links-with-al-qaeda-acquitted-after-9-years-in-jail/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat2025">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Guru Swarup |date=2025-03-01 |title=अलकायदा के संदिग्ध आतंकी कटकी, सामी और कलीमुद्दीन नौ साल बाद बरी, जमशेदपुर की अदालत ने सुनाया फैसला |trans-title=Al-Qaeda suspects Katki, Sami and Kalimuddin acquitted after nine years |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/al-qaeda-suspected-terrorists-katki-sami-and-kalimuddin-acquitted-after-9-years |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="twocircles2025">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Shahzeen |date=11 March 2025 |title=How False Accusations of Having Links with Al-Qaeda Upended a Muslim Cleric's Life |url=https://twocircles.net/2025mar11/451529.html |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=[[TwoCircles]] |location=Ranchi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=مولانا مجاہد، مولانا عبدالرحمٰن اور محمد سمیع برسوں بعد بری |trans-title=Maulana Mujahid, Maulana Abdul Rehman and Muhammad Sami acquitted after years |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/maulana-mujahid-maulana-abdul-rehman-and-muhammad-shami-were-acquitted-years-later-73909 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=[[The Inquilab]] |language=ur}}</ref>

== Appeals & procedure ==
In December 2021, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the [[Delhi High Court]] to expedite hearing of Katki’s bail plea, noting prolonged pre-trial custody and limited progress in witness examination — a point raised by defence counsel as implicating the right to a speedy trial.<ref name="etvbharat2021">{{cite news |title=سپریم کورٹ نے مولانا عبدالرحمن کی ضمانت عرضی پر جلد سماعت کا حکم دیا |work=[[ETV Network]] |date=15 December 2021 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/bharat/sc-orders-delhi-hc-for-quick-hearing-on-bail-plea-of-maulana-abdul-rahman/na20211215194006544 |access-date=6 October 2025 |language=ur |trans-title=Supreme Court orders Delhi HC for quick hearing on bail plea of Maulana Abdul Rahman}}</ref>

In July 2024, the Supreme Court listed a special leave petition filed by Katki (SLP (Crl) Nos. 8719–8720/2024) challenging proceedings in the Jharkhand case. The matter, titled ''Md. Abdul Rhman Ali Khan @ Abdul Rehman @ Katki vs. [[State of Jharkhand]]'', was listed before a bench comprising the Chief Justice, Justice [[J.B. Pardiwala]], and Justice [[Manoj Misra]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=Supreme Court of India: Daily Cause List, 15 July 2024 |url=https://webapi.sci.gov.in/jonew/cl/2024-07-15/M_J_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007102804/https://webapi.sci.gov.in/jonew/cl/2024-07-15/M_J_1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=[[Supreme Court of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 March 2024, the [[Jharkhand High Court]] (DB) dismissed Katki’s appeal against refusal of regular bail, holding that the case diary and confessional statements furnished prima facie material under the UAPA and emphasising that in UAPA matters “jail is the rule and bail the exception.”<ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=Md. Abdul Rhman Ali Khan v. State of Jharkhand |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/115641386/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007103842/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/115641386/ |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=[[Indian Kanoon]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Md. Abdul Rhman Ali Khan @ Md. Abdul ... vs The State Of Jharkhand |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/judgements/jharkhand-high-court/2024/march/2024-latest-caselaw-2597-jhar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007104331/https://www.latestlaws.com/judgements/jharkhand-high-court/2024/march/2024-latest-caselaw-2597-jhar/ |archive-date=2025-10-07 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=latestlaws.com |language=en}}</ref>
The appeal was listed before the Division Bench comprising Justice [[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|Sujit Narayan Prasad]] and Justice Arun Kumar Rai, as shown in the High Court’s daily cause list for 4 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand: Daily Cause List, 4 March 2024 |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/display_pdf/entire_causelist/DAILY%20CAUSELIST%2004-03-2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007111741/https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/display_pdf/entire_causelist/DAILY%20CAUSELIST%2004-03-2024.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=7 October 2025 |website=[[Jharkhand High Court]] |language=en}}</ref>

Between 2023 and 2025, Katki was moved between [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi and Jharkhand facilities for hearings before different courts. His bail pleas and related interlocutory applications were heard in the Jharkhand and Orissa courts at various stages, with proceedings reported by the press.<ref name="kalinga2023">{{cite news |title=No Hearing; AQIS Operative Abdur Rehman returns to Delhi |work=[[Kalinga TV]] |date=28 April 2023 |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/al-qaeda-operative-abdur-rehman-returns-delhi/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="toi2023">{{cite news |title=Qaida man brought from Tihar jail produced in Steel City court |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/qaida-man-brought-from-tihar-jail-produced-in-steel-city-court/articleshow/103298844.cms |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="avenue2023b">{{cite news |title=Jamshedpur: Suspected terrorist Abdul Rehman Katki's bail rejected |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 September 2023 |url=https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpur-suspected-terrorist-abdul-rehman-katkis-bail-rejected/ |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="hamarapayam2024">{{cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=کٹک القاعدہ مقدمہ: مولانا عبدالرحمن کٹکی کو ضمانت پر رہا کرنے سے ہائی کورٹ کا انکار |trans-title=Cuttack al-Qaeda case: High Court refuses bail to Maulana Abdul Rehman Katki |url=https://hamarapayam.in/47189/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212074542/https://hamarapayam.in/47189/ |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=6 October 2025 |work=Hamara Payam |language=ur}}</ref>

In November 2025, the [[Orissa High Court]] rejected Katki's bail plea in a separate UAPA case registered by [[Odisha Police]], noting the gravity of allegations and their implications for national security. While refusing bail under Section 483 of the [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita]] (BNSS), the court directed the Cuttack Sessions Court to expedite the trial, observing the prolonged period of custody already undergone by the accused.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Orissa high court orders expedited trial for terrorism suspect Md Abdur Rehman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/orissa-high-court-orders-expedited-trial-for-terrorism-suspect-md-abdur-rehman/articleshow/125392626.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-17|access-date=2026-02-02|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa High Court denies bail to Cuttack's Abdur Rehman who had links with Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS)|url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/orissa-high-court-denies-bail-to-cuttacks-abdur-rehman-who-had-links-with-al-qaeda-in-the-indian-subcontinent-aqis-10647561|website=Sambad English|date=2025-11-11|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|first=Biswajeet|last=Swain}}</ref>

== Scholarly mention ==
Academic sources have briefly mentioned Katki's arrest in the context of studies on [[Deobandi jihadism|Deobandi networks and transnational jihadist movements]]. The book ''Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan'' (2016), published by [[Springer Nature]], referred to him as an Indian cleric allegedly associated with attempts to establish [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent|AQIS]]-linked recruitment networks, based on contemporary security reports and press coverage from 2015.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Jawad |chapter=Introduction: An Alternative discourse on Religious militancy|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |last2=Pio |first2=Edwina |author-link2=Edwina Pio |last3=Kamran |first3=Tahir |author-link3=Tahir Kamran |last4=Zaidi |first4=Abbas |date=2016-11-09 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |page=18 |language=en|archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712233715/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katki, Abdul Rehman}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]

Urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh

2026-02-04T04:38:44Z

Frankieren: Done!

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

In the India census of 2011, an [[urban agglomeration]] was defined as:

{{quote|An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity.|<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher = |accessdate = 2012-07-07 }}</ref>}}

Abbreviations: M Corp. = Municipal corporation; NP = [[Nagar Palika]]/[[Nagar Panchayat]]; NPP = Nagar Palika Parishad; CT = [[Census town]]; OG = Out Growth; CB = Cantonment Board

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text style="text-align:center"
|+Urban agglomerations in [[Uttar Pradesh]] with populations over 100,000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher = |accessdate = 2012-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | publisher = |accessdate = 2012-07-07}}</ref>
! rowspan="2"|Urban agglomeration
! rowspan="2"| Name of constituent
! rowspan="2"| District
! rowspan="2"|Type*
! colspan="4" | Population as of 2011 <ref name=totaldata>{{cite web|title=District Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |work=census2011.co.in (This is a [[scraper site]], and is not an Indian government website.) |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=towns>{{cite web|title=List of towns: Census of India 2001|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/up_towns.pdf|work=Government of India|publisher=[[2001 Census of India]]|access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Literacy Rate <ref name=totaldata>{{cite web|title=District Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |work=census2011.co.in (This is a [[scraper site]], and is not an Indian government website.) |access-date=8 October 2012}}</ref>
|- class="static-row-header"
! Total
! Male
! Female
! Children under 5 yrs
|-
| rowspan="7"; align="left"|[[Kanpur]]
|align="left"|[[Kanpur]]
|align="left"|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]]
|align="left"|M Corp
|align="right"|2,920,031
|align="right"|1,515,370
|align="right"|1,404,661
|align="right"|251,127
|align="right"|84.14
|-
|align="left"|[[Kanpur Cantonment]]
|align="left"|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]]
|align="left"|C
|align="right"|108,035
|align="right"|58,505
|align="right"|49,530
|align="right"|10,750
|align="right"|79.65
|-
|align="left"|[[Chakeri]]
|align="left"|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]]
|align="left"|CT
|align="right"|7,526
|align="right"|3,803
|align="right"|3,723
|align="right"|1,116
|align="right"|89.63
|-
|align="left"|[[Shuklaganj]]
|align="left"|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|84,072
|align="right"|44,098
|align="right"|39,974
|align="right"|9,604
|align="right"|78.91
|-
|align="left"|[[Unnao]]
|align="left"|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|177,658
|align="right"|93,021
|align="right"|84,637
|align="right"|19,980
|align="right"|81.71
|-
|align="left"| [[Jajmau|Katri Piper Khera]]
|align="left"|[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|align="left"|CT
|align="right"|26,475
|align="right"|14,192
|align="right"|12,283
|align="right"|3,368
|align="right"|78.72
|-
|align="left"|[[Armapur Estate|Armapore Estate]]
|align="left"|[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur]]
|align="left"|CT
|align="right"|15,463
|align="right"|8,160
|align="right"|7,303
|align="right"|1,431
|align="right"|89.13
|-
|align="left"|[[Lucknow]]
|align="left"|[[Lucknow]]
|align="left"|[[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|2,815,601
|align="right"|1,470,133
|align="right"|1,345,468
|align="right"|280,817
|align="right"|84.72
|-
| rowspan="2"; align="left"|[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|align="left"|[[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|align="left"|[[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|15,12,296
|align="right"|273,859
|align="right"|238,437
|align="right"|76,231
|align="right"|75.24
|-
|align="left"|[[Khora]]
|align="left"|[[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
|align="left"|CT
|align="right"|189,410
|align="right"|102,669
|align="right"|86,741
|align="right"|26,599
|align="right"|86.00
|-
|align="left"|[[Agra]]
|align="left"|[[Agra]]
|align="left"|[[Agra district|Agra]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|1,574,542
|align="right"|849,771
|align="right"|724,771
|align="right"|186,516
|align="right"|63.44
|-
|align="left"|[[Varanasi]]
|align="left"|[[Varanasi]]
|align="left"|[[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|1,432,280
|align="right"|758,795
|align="right"|673,884
|align="right"|129,180
|align="right"|80.12
|-
|align="left"|[[Meerut]]
|align="left"|[[Meerut]]
|align="left"|[[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|1,309,023
|align="right"|689,567
|align="right"|619,456
|align="right"|163,910
|align="right"|77.70
|-
|align="left"|[[Prayagraj]]
|align="left"|[[Prayagraj]]
|align="left"|[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|1,117,094
|align="right"|601,363
|align="right"|515,731
|align="right"|102,556
|align="right"|86.50
|-
|align="left"|[[Bareilly]]
|align="left"|[[Bareilly]]
|align="left"|[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|898,167
|align="right"|477,438
|align="right"|420,729
|align="right"|94,915
|align="right"|70.17
|-
|align="left"|[[Aligarh]]
|align="left"|[[Aligarh]]
|align="left"|[[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|872,575
|align="right"|463,123
|align="right"|409,452
|align="right"|113,658
|align="right"|70.36
|-
|align="left"|[[Gorakhpur]]
|align="left"|[[Gorakhpur]]
|align="left"|[[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|671,048
|align="right"|353,550
|align="right"|317,498
|align="right"|62,205
|align="right"|85.97
|-|
|align="left"|[[Ayodhya]]
|align="left"|[[Ayodhya]]
|align="left"|[[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|642,678
|align="right"|300,000
|align="right"|342,000
|align="right"|678
|align="right"|90.09
|-
|align="left"|[[Jhansi]]
|align="left"|[[Jhansi]]
|align="left"|[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|align="left"|M Corp.
|align="right"|507,293
|align="right"|268,101
|align="right"|239,192
|align="right"|51,762
|align="right"|83.81
|-
|align="left"|[[Muzaffarnagar]]
|align="left"|[[Muzaffarnagar]]
|align="left"|[[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|392,451
|align="right"|206,902
|align="right"|185,549
|align="right"|48,692
|align="right"|80.99
|-
|align="left"|[[Mathura]]-[[Vrindavan]]
|align="left"|[[Mathura]]-[[Vrindavan]]
|align="left"|[[Mathura district|Mathura]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|349,336
|align="right"|186,586
|align="right"|162,750
|align="right"|41,888
|align="right"|76.75
|-
|align="left"|[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
|align="left"|[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
|align="left"|[[Rampur district|Rampur]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|325,248
|align="right"|169,826
|align="right"|155,422
|align="right"|37,945
|align="right"|60.74
|-
|align="left"|[[Shahjahanpur]]
|align="left"|[[Shahjahanpur]]
|align="left"|[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|327,975
|align="right"|173,133
|align="right"|154,842
|align="right"|36,606
|align="right"|68.92
|-
|align="left"|[[Farrukhabad]]-[[Fatehgarh|Fategarh]]
|align="left"|[[Farrukhabad]]-[[Fatehgarh|Fategarh]]
|align="left"|[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|275,754
|align="right"|145,515
|align="right"|130,239
|align="right"|32,342
|align="right"|74.92
|-
|align="left"|[[Mirzapur]]-[[Vindhyachal]]
|align="left"|[[Mirzapur]]-[[Vindhyachal]]
|align="left"|[[mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|233,691
|align="right"|125,003
|align="right"|108,688
|align="right"|27,744
|align="right"|78.25
|-
|align="left"|[[Bulandshahr]]
|align="left"|[[Bulandshahr]]
|align="left"|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|222,826
|align="right"|116,923
|align="right"|105,903
|align="right"|28,936
|align="right"|78.98
|-
|align="left"|[[Hardoi]]
|align="left"|[[Hardoi]]
|align="left"|[[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|126,890
|align="right"|66,752
|align="right"|60,138
|align="right"|13,040
|align="right"|87.15
|-
|align="left"|[[Orai]]
|align="left"|[[Orai]]
|align="left"|[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|187,185
|align="right"|99,564
|align="right"|87,621
|align="right"|20,031
|align="right"|83.31
|-
|align="left"|[[Sitapur]]
|align="left"|[[Sitapur]]
|align="left"|[[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|177,351
|align="right"|93,410
|align="right"|83,941
|align="right"|18,529
|align="right"|83.11
|-
|align="left"|[[Modinagar]]
|align="left"|[[Modinagar]]
|align="left"|[[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|130,161
|align="right"|69,179
|align="right"|60,982
|align="right"|14,181
|align="right"|90.00
|-
|align="left"|[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
|align="left"|[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
|align="left"|[[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|152,010
|align="right"|81,050
|align="right"|70,960
|align="right"|16,307
|align="right"|84.39
|-
|align="left"|[[Hathras]]
|align="left"|[[Hathras]]
|align="left"|[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|137,509
|align="right"|73,376
|align="right"|64,133
|align="right"|16,686
|align="right"|79.06
|-
|align="left"|[[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
|align="left"|[[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]
|align="left"|[[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|154,388
|align="right"|82,215
|align="right"|72,173
|align="right"|17,697
|align="right"|83.30
|-
|align="left"|[[Pilibhit]]
|align="left"|[[Pilibhit]]
|align="left"|[[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|130,428
|align="right"|68,855
|align="right"|61,573
|align="right"|11,767
|align="right"|74.26
|-
|align="left"|[[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar|P. D.D.U. Nagar]]
|align="left"|[[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Nagar|P. D.D.U. Nagar]]
|align="left"|[[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|110,110
|align="right"|57,925
|align="right"|52,185
|align="right"|13,997
|align="right"|82.83
|-
|align="left"|[[Khurja]]
|align="left"|[[Khurja]]
|align="left"|[[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|111,089
|align="right"|58,577
|align="right"|52,512
|align="right"|15,510
|align="right"|67.63
|-
|align="left"|[[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
|align="left"|[[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
|align="left"|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|114,353
|align="right"|58,484
|align="right"|55,869
|align="right"|12,289
|align="right"|81.07
|-
|align="left"|[[Mainpuri]]
|align="left"|[[Mainpuri]]
|align="left"|[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|117,327
|align="right"|61,481
|align="right"|55,846
|align="right"|14,300
|align="right"|85.95
|-
|align="left"|[[Etah]]
|align="left"|[[Etah]]
|align="left"|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|118,632
|align="right"|62,966
|align="right"|55,666
|align="right"|14,164
|align="right"|86.43
|-
|align="left"|[[Ghazipur]]
|align="left"|[[Ghazipur]]
|align="left"|[[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|110,698
|align="right"|58,126
|align="right"|52,572
|align="right"|12,689
|align="right"|85.46
|-
|align="left"|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|align="left"|[[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]]
|align="left"|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|107,914
|align="right"|56,674
|align="right"|51,240
|align="right"|11,266
|align="right"|88.63
|-
|align="left"|[[Azamgarh]]
|align="left"|[[Azamgarh]]
|align="left"|[[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|110,980
|align="right"|58,033
|align="right"|52,947
|align="right"|12,629
|align="right"|86.43
|-
|align="left"|[[Ballia]]
|align="left"|[[Ballia]]
|align="left"|[[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|align="left"|NPP
|align="right"|104,271
|align="right"|55,706
|align="right"|48,565
|align="right"|10,798
|align="right"|86.62
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Uttar Pradesh topics}}
{{Urban agglomerations of India by states}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh-related lists|Urban agglomerations]]

Rajaji (actor)

2026-01-11T02:27:02Z

Frankieren: Creating post

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajaji
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Rajaj
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = 2011{{endash}}present
| notable_works = ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013).
}}
'''Rajaji Manickam''' (formerly '''Rajaj''') is an Indian actor who works in Tamil-language films. He is known for his collaborations with [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]] including ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013).

== Career ==
Rajaji knew [[Naveen (director)|Naveen]] through a schoolmate and was his roommate when he was in Chennai. Both Naveen and him made their lead debut through ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013).<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlI4BB0ankw|title=70mm Cinema Encyclopedia | Kolanji Movie | Actress Sanghavi | Actor Rajaji |-[Epi-84]|(28/07/2019)|date=July 27, 2019|via=YouTube|time=6:00-6:30|work=[[Vendhar TV]]|language=ta}}</ref> His next film was ''[[Sathuran]]'' (2015), which featured him in the role of an auto driver.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/33861/cinema/Kollywood/Sathuran-movie,-Rajaji-in-action-role.htm|title=சதுரன் படத்துக்காக ஆக்சன் ஹீரோவாக நடித்துள்ள மூடர்கூடம் ராஜாஜி! | Sathuran movie, Rajaji in action role|date=June 30, 2015|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref> The reason the director cast him in the role was that he felt that he fit the role and the audience would be unable to guess his next move as opposed to casting a popular actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-crime-thriller-that-takes-place-in-the-night/articleshow/46582480.cms|title=A crime thriller that takes place in the night|date=January 16, 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In ''[[Engitta Modhathey]]'' (2017), he played a [[Kamal Haasan]] fan while [[Natty Subramaniam|Natrajan Subramaniam]] played a rival [[Rajinikanth]] fan. Since he wasn't able to imitate Kamal Haasan's acting, he used the actor's mannerisms in his character.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200317/people-worshiped-mgrs-cut-out-rajaji.html|title=People worshiped MGR's cut-out: Rajaji | People worshiped MGR's cut-out: Rajaji|first=Janani|last=K|date=March 20, 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Regarding his performance, a critic wrote, "Rajaji has a less prominent role to play, given how much screen time Natraj receives. His performance during the first half though nearly matches Natraj on every move".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250317/enkitta-mothathey-movie-review-refreshing-and-very-energising.html|title=Enkitta Mothathey movie review: Refreshing and very energising|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=March 25, 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Dhanaram Saravanan, who worked as an associate director for ''Moodar Koodam'', made his directorial debut with ''[[Kolanji]]'' (2019), which marked Rajaji's second collaboration with Naveen.<ref name="V"/> A critic opined that the romantic track featuring him testing the audience's patience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kolanji/movie-review/70375556.cms|title=Kolanji Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Kolanji by Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Regarding his performance in the film ''[[Koorman]]'' (2022) co-starring [[Janani (actress)|Janani]], a critic noted, "Coming to the performances, Rajaji, despite his earnestness, isn't really up to the mark. [...] But Rajaji is found wanting in scenes that demand him to emote loud".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajajee & Janani's Koorman trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajajee-jananis-koorman-trailer/articleshow/89341417.cms |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/Feb/11/koorman-movie-review-this-thriller-isnt-just-sharp-enough-29676.html|title=Koorman Movie Review: This thriller isn't just sharp enough|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=February 11, 2022|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Another critic noted, "A complex role that has been pulled up well by him".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstodaynet.com/2022/02/12/review-koorman/|title=Review: Koorman|first=Balasubramani|last=Muniyandi|date=February 12, 2022}}</ref>

He collaborated with Ramu Chellappa, the director of ''Enkitta Mothathe'' again, for ''[[Tik Tok (2023 film)|Tik Tok]]'' (2023), which received a low key release but was in the news when actress [[Priyanka Mohan]] intervened and removed her intimate scenes from the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2021/02/16150312/2363653/Tamil-cinema-TikTok-movie-preview.vpf|title=டிக்டாக் | Tamil cinema TikTok movie preview|first=|last=|date=February 16, 2021|website=Maalai Malar|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tik-tok-movie-producer-files-police-complaint-priyanka-mohans-deleted-portions/articleshow/107397430.cms |title='Tik Tok' movie producer files a police complaint after Priyanka Mohan's portions deleted from the film |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || ''Dina Anjal'' employee || rowspan="5" | credited as Rajaj
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' || Vellaichami (White)
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sathuran]]'' || Dheena
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Engitta Modhathey]]'' || Nallaperumal
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kolanji]]'' || Gemini
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Koorman]]'' || Dhana ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Tik Tok (2023 film)|Tik Tok]]'' || Vikki, Altap/Anand || Dual roles
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Once Upon a Time in Madras]]'' || Jothi ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6013375}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Manbazar

2026-01-03T07:50:14Z

Frankieren: further update intro as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manbazar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|03|41.4|N|86|39|51.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,521
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]],[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03253
| registration_plate = WB 56,WB 80
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Manbazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manbazar]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manbazar''' is a city in [[Manbazar I]] block of [[Manbazar subdivision]] of [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The headquarters of Manbazar subdivision are located in Manbazar.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|3|0|N|86|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Manbazar subdivision in Purulia district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|1|55|N|86|21|57|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Barabazar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Barabazar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|52|33|N|86|30|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bandwan| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bandwan]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|3|41|N|86|39|51|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Manbazar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= Manbazar (CT)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black 
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|56|25|N|86|39|28|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Bargorya| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Bargorya]] (R) |shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|30|N|86|35|31|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Boro| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Boro, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|11|36|N|86|31|1|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Kenda| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Kenda, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|17|N|86|31|27|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kuruktopa| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kuruktopa]] (R) |shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|10|24|N|86|39|46|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Laulara| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Laulara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|9|46|N|86|39|7|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Puncha| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Puncha, Purulia]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|34|N|86|39|40|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Budhpur| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Budhpur, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|9|12|N|86|39|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Pakbirra| numbered11=H| mark-title11= [[Pakbirra]] (H) |shape-color11=#AA6666
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|57|22|N|86|36|20|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Susunia| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Susunia, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label13=Kangsabati Project|labela13= Reservoir| label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13=0| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none
|mark-coord14={{coord|23.0543|86.5265}}| label14=Kumari River| label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14=12| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none
|mark-coord15={{coord|23.1093|86.6365}}| label15=Kangsabati River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=55| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|53|0|N|86|19|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}

===Location===
Manbazar is located at {{coord|23|03|41.4|N|86|39|51.1|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills. [[Manbazar subdivision]], shown in the map alongside, is located in the eastern part of the district. It is an overwhelmingly rural subdivision with 96.32% of the population living in the rural areas and 3.68% living in the urban areas. There are 3 census towns in the subdivision. The map shows the Kangsabati Project Reservoir. The [[Mukutmanipur Dam]] is in Bankura district but the upper portion of the reservoir is in Manbazar subdivision. The remnants of old temples and deities are found in the subdivision also, as in other parts of the district. The subdivision has a very high proportion of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]. Bandwan CD block has 51.86% ST population, Manbazar II CD block has 48.97% ST population. Manbazar I CD block has 22.03% ST and 22.44% SC. Puncha CD block has 24.74% ST and 14.54 SC.<ref>[[John Wardle Houlton|Sir John Houlton]], ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purulia.gov.in/tourntravel/tour_archeo.html|title=Travel and Tourism : Purulia|publisher=The Official Website of Purulia District}}</ref> Writing in 1911, H. Coupland, ICS, speaks of the aboriginal races largely predominating in the old Manbhum district. He particularly mentions the Kurmis, Santhals, Bhumij and Bauri.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/manbhum01coup/manbhum01coup_djvu.txt | title = Bengal District Gazetteers – Manbhum by H. Coupland| work= Page 76: Manbhum, Castes and Tribes| publisher = University of California, San Diego |accessdate = 10 February 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
|1869| 2261
|1872| 2429
|2011| 9521
|percentages=pagr
}}
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Manbazar town had a total population of 9,521 of which 4,867 (51%) were males and 4,654 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,007. The total number of literates in Manbazar was 6,948 (81.61% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Civic administration==

===Sub Division===
Manbazar subdivision is one of the four subdivisions from Purulia district.SDO and SDPO offices are present in the Manbazar city.
===Police station===
Manbazar police station has jurisdiction over a part of the [[Manbazar I]] CD block. The area covered is 411.11 km2 and the population covered is 153,985.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 8 October 2016 |url-status = usurped |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archivedate = 29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://puruliapolice.org/ps/bandwan-ps/ | title = Bandwan PS | publisher = Purulia District Police | accessdate = 8 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Manbazar I CD block are located at Manbazar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 2 December 2016 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|SH 4]] running from Jhalda (in Purulia district) to Digha (in Purba Medinipur district) and [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|SH 5]] running from Rupnarayanpur (in Bardhaman district) to Junput (in Purba Medinipur district) cross at Manbazar.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 8 October 2016}}</ref> SBSTC has a bus depot at Manbazar.

==Education==
[[Manbhum Mahavidyalaya]] at Manbazar is affiliated to [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]]. It offers courses in B.Sc. (Hons) in Economics and Computer Science, B.Sc. (General), B.Com (Hons), B.Com (General), B.A. (Hons) in Bengali, English, Santali, History, Geography and Economics, B.A. (General), B.B.A. (Hons).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.collegeadmission.in/ManbhumMahavidyalaya/Manbhum_Mahavidyalaya.shtml |title= Manbhum Mahavidyalaya |publisher= College Admission |accessdate= 8 October 2016 |archive-date= 13 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161013170649/http://www.collegeadmission.in/ManbhumMahavidyalaya/Manbhum_Mahavidyalaya.shtml |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Manbazar R.M. Institution, Manbazar Girls' High school, Swapan Subrata High School, PDGM High School is present in the Manbazar town.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://skbu.ac.in/cvs/skbu_file/20140418154038.pdf |title= Manbhum Mahavidyalaya |publisher= SKU |accessdate= 8 October 2016}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Manbazar Rural Hospital, with 40 beds, is a major government medical facility in Manbazar I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 January 2020 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purulia district]]

Madhubani district

2025-12-27T23:44:59Z

Frankieren: quick rework section per sources additionally and added references

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Madhubani, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhubani district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Kali Mandir Rajanagar Madhubani.jpg
| image_caption = [[Rajnagar Kali Mandir|Kālī Mandir]] in [[Rajnagar, Bihar|Rajanagar]]
| image_map = Bihar district location map Madhubani.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|26|24|N|86|15|E|type:adm2nd_region:IN_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Madhubani, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila region|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga division|Darbhanga]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3501
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,487,379
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Maithili people|Maithili]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = 60.9 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 925
| leader_title = District Magistrate & Collector
| leader_name = Arvind Kumar Verma IAS
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]], [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]], [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]], [[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]], [[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]], [[Bisfi Assembly constituency|Bisfi]], [[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]], [[Rajnagar, Madhubani Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]], [[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]], [[Phulparas Assembly constituency|Phulparas]], [[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
| demographics2_title1 = Official language
| demographics2_title2 = Regional language
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics2_info2 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]], [[National Highway 227 (India)|NH 227]], [[National Highway 227J (India)|NH 227J]], [[National Highway 227L (India)|NH 227L]], [[National Highway 527A (India)|NH 527A]], [[National Highway 527B (India)|NH 527B]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1,273 mm
| website = {{URL|https://madhubani.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Madhubani district''' is one of the thirty-eight [[List of districts of Bihar|districts]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]], and is a part of [[Darbhanga division]]. Its administrative headquarters are located in [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]. The district has an area of {{convert|3501|km2}} and has a [[population]] of 4,487,379 (as of 2011).

Madhubani is the largest fish-producing district of Bihar in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Economic Survey 2022-23 |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/finance/CitizenHome.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=state.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==
Madhubani became a district in 1972 when it was split from [[Darbhanga district]].<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111017155710/http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | archive-date = 17 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> It is believed that [[Baliraajgadh]], an archaeological site which lies in modern-day Madhubani district was the capital of the ancient [[Mithila Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/satyam/balirajharh-a-ancient-mithila-915917.html|title = News18 इंडिया: Hindi News, Latest News in Hindi, Breaking News in Hindi}}</ref> In 2019 a meteorite fell at a farm in Mahadeva village in the district, and was later named as [[Mahadeva Meteorite]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-24 |title=Suspected meteorite chunk lands in Bihar's Madhubani district |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suspected-meteorite-chunk-lands-in-bihars-madhubani-district-5847474/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Madhubani district occupies an area of {{convert|3501|km2}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1118–1119 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to the [[Bahamas]]' [[North Andros]] island.<ref name="Islands">{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = North Andros Island 3,439km2 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | archive-date = 1 December 2015 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> It occupies the Terai region.

== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Madhubani district}}
|}

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Madhubani one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[List of districts in India|640]]).<ref name="brgf" /> It is one of the 38 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme. But in last few years there a lot of changes happened.
This city is going to adopt urbanisation.<ref name="brgf">{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Places==
[[Saurath Sabha|Saurath]], a road side village on Madhubani-Jainagar road, contains a temple known as Somnath Mahadev. It owes its importance to the annual Sabha held by [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithili Brahmins]] for negotiating marriages. Many Panjikars who keep the genealogical records of the different families reside here and outside.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madhubani.bih.nic.in/tourist.asp |title=:::Welcome to Madhubani, Bihar::: |access-date=2018-05-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174025/http://madhubani.bih.nic.in/tourist.asp |archive-date=6 May 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The festival of [[Durga Puja]] takes place in the village [[Gandhwari]].

[[Laukaha]] is a Town in the district of Madhubani in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]. It is close to the border of Nepalese town of [[Thadi]]. Laukaha in India and [[Thadi]] in Nepal are a part of one of the agreed route for Mutual Trade between [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eximguru.com/exim/trade-agreement/india-nepal-trade.aspx|title=India Nepal Trade Agreement. India-Nepal Foreign Treaty of Trade Agreement.|website=www.eximguru.com|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> [[Nepal]] Government of [[Nepal]] has set up a dedicated customs office in the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.customs.gov.np/en/customsofficescontact.html|title=Department of Customs, Nepal - Custom Contact Offices|website=www.customs.gov.np|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> and Government of [[India]] has set up a Land Customs Station with a Superintendent level officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybex.in/Notifications/17-2012-Amends-Notification-63-1994-9672.aspx |title = No. {{!}}}}</ref> So in simple Import and Export are allowed in this location.

There were several [[Ashram|Ashramas]] of the prominent [[Rishi|Vedic sages]] in the region of the Madhubani district during the ancient times. Some of them are [[Yajnavalkya Ashram]] at [[Jagban]], [[Kapil Ashram]] at [[Kapileshwar Temple, Bihar|Kapileshwar Sthan]], [[Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul|Vishwamitra Ashram]] at [[Bisaul]] and [[Shringi Rishi Ashram, Singiya|Shringi Rishi Ashram]] at Singiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Court, Madhubani {{!}} India |url=https://madhubani.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly there are several locations in the district which are associated either with [[Ramayana]] or with [[Mahabharata]]. ''Girija Devi Mandir'' at [[Phulhar]] is the place where it is believed that [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] met each other first time in their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=फुलहर व कल्याणेश्वर स्थान होंगे पर्यटन स्थल के रूप में विकसित - Phulhar and Kalyaneshwar places will be developed as tourist places - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-phulhar-and-kalyaneshwar-places-will-be-developed-as-tourist-places-20086321.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[Gandiveshwar Sthan]] is believed to be the place where [[Arjuna]] in Mahabharata hid his famous [[Gandiva]] bow during the exile period of the [[Pandava|Pandavas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार में इस जगह पर अर्जुन ने अज्ञातवास के दौरान छिपाया था अपना गांडीव, यह स्थल आज देश-दुनिया की नजरों से ओझल - At this place in Bihar Arjun had hidden his Gandiv during his exile this place is lost from the eyes of the country and the world today |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-at-this-place-in-bihar-arjun-had-hidden-his-gandiv-during-his-exile-this-place-is-lost-from-the-eyes-of-the-country-and-the-world-today-20785580.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> [[Baneshwar Sthan]] at Barri village is believed to be the place where Arjuna established a [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] known as ''Baneshwar Nath Mahadev''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार में इस जगह महाभारत के अर्जुन ने बाण से प्रकट की थी गंगा, जानिए आज उसका हाल - At this place in Bihar Arjuna of Mahabharata had revealed the Ganges with arrows know his condition today |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-at-this-place-in-bihar-arjuna-of-mahabharata-had-revealed-the-ganges-with-arrows-know-his-condition-today-21119492.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Similarly [[Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir]] at Kalna is associated with Ramayana. It is believed that the Shivalinga of the temple was established by the [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-16 |title=राज्य की रक्षा को लेकर राजा जनक के पिता ने लिया था ये फैसला, अनोखी है कहानी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-history-of-this-shiva-temple-very-ancient-mithilanchal-king-janak-father-established-for-protect-kingdom-8413214.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

In the mediaeval periods, some villages of the district were known for the study of [[Sanskrit literature]], [[Indian philosophy|Indian Philosophy]] specially [[Nyaya|Nyaya Shastra]] and [[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra|Vaisheshika Sutra]]. There are still some remains of the academies established by the prominent philosophers and scholars of the mediaeval periods at different villages in the district. They are [[Kalidas Dih]], [[Vachaspati Mishra Dih]], [[Ayachi Mishra Dih]], Kumarila Bhatta Dih, [[Bisfi Vidyapati Dih]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-01 |title=111 feet Vidyapati statue to come up at Bisfi in Madhubani district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/111-feet-vidyapati-statue-to-come-up-at-bisfi-in-madhubani-district/articleshow/39392048.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Musaharniya Dih]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=उत्तर बिहार में पुरातात्विक स्थलों पर अतिक्रमण और अवैध निर्माण, मिट रही पहचान - Encroachment and illegal construction on archaeological sites in North Bihar |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-encroachment-and-illegal-construction-on-archaeological-sites-in-north-bihar-23212847.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार के मधुबनी में महाकवि कालिदास को मां भगवती से मिला था ज्ञान का वरदान - Mahakavi Kalidas got the gift of knowledge from mother Bhagwati in Madhubani of Bihar |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-mahakavi-kalidas-got-the-gift-of-knowledge-from-mother-bhagwati-in-madhubani-of-bihar-21384782.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजकीय वाचस्पति स्मृति पर्व समारोह की सभी तैयारी पूरी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-all-the-preparations-of-the-government-vachaspati-memorial-gala-festival-are-completed-19035438.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कुमारिल भट्ट डीह को मिलेगा पर्यटन केंद्र का दर्जा - Kumaril Bhatt Dih will get tourism center status - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-kumaril-bhatt-dih-will-get-tourism-center-status-19846807.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=CM hails Ayachi study model |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/cm-hails-ayachi-study-model/cid/1661551 |work=The Telegraph online}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Madhubani art}}

Madhubani art or Mithila painting<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&pg=PA96 |title=Madhubani Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9788170171560}}</ref> was traditionally created by the women of various communities in [[Mithila region]] of India and [[Nepal]]. It originated from Madhubani district of Mithila region of [[Bihar]], and, it is popularly called Mithila painting or Madhubani art. Madhubani is also a major export centre of these paintings.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&pg=PA96 |title=Madhubani Painting |date=30 September 2017 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170171560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110108/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96&dq=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8kJ761p_SAhUrIsAKHb2ZDfYQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&f=false |archive-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=live |via=Google Books |df=dmy-all}}</ref> This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas mainly originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments led to the name Madhubani art being used alongside the name "Mithila Painting."<ref>Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref>

== Subdivisions ==
Madhubani District consists of five subdivisions. Each subdivision is headed by a subdivisional magistrate, who is responsible for law and order, development, and revenue related work in their respective subdivisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madhubani.nic.in/tehsil/|title=Subdivision {{!}} Madhubani Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>

# Madhubani Sadar
# Benipatti
# Jhanjarpur
# Phulparas
# Jainagar

== Blocks and circles ==
There are 21 blocks and circles in the district and each block is headed by a block development officer and each circle is headed by a circle officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madhubani.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|title=Blocks and Circles {{!}} Madhubani Administration|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>

# [[Rahika]]
# [[Pandaul]]
# [[Rajnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
# [[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]]
# [[Kaluahi]]
# Khjauli
# [[Jainagar (community development block)|Jainagar]]
# Ladania
# [[Basopatti]]
# [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
# [[Bisfi Assembly constituency|Bisfi]]
# Harlakhi
# [[Madhwapur]]
# [[Jhanjharpur|Jhanjarpur]]
# [[Andhra Tharhi|Andhrathadi]]
# [[Lakhnaur]]
# [[Madhepur]]
# [[Phulparas Assembly constituency|Phulparas]]
# [[Ghoghardiha]]
# [[Khutauna]]
# Laukahi

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=10,52,146|13=1911|14=10,58,313|15=1921|16=10,52,477|17=1931|18=11,43,713|19=1941|20=12,48,825|21=1951|22=13,61,699|23=1961|24=16,01,048|25=1971|26=18,92,039|27=1981|28=23,25,844|29=1991|30=28,32,024|31=2001|32=35,75,281|33=2011|34=44,87,379|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Madhubani district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.39}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|18.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], Madhubani district has a population of 4,487,379,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Madhubani |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/286/download/794/DH_2011_1005_PART_A_DCHB_MADHUBANI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 37th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1282|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] from 2001 to 2011 was 25.51%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Madhubani has a [[sex ratio]] of 926 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 58.62%. 3.60% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 13.08% and 0.09% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Madhubani district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value1 = 84.07 |color1 = mistyrose
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 12.86 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 2.92 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.15 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 84.07% of the population in the district spoke [[Maithili language|Maithili]], 12.86% [[Urdu]] and 2.92% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ayachi Mishra Dih]]
*[[Alpura, India]]
*[[Basuki Bihari]]
*[[Bichkhana]]
*[[Bisfi Vidyapati Dih]]
*[[Dakshineswar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]
*[[Ekadash Rudra Mahadev Mandir]]
*[[Gandiveshwar Sthan]]
*[[Ghoghardiha]]
*[[Hareshwar Nath Mandir]]
*[[Kalidas Dih]]
*[[Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir]]
*[[Kapil Ashram]]
*[[Madhaweshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]
*[[Mithila Haat]]
*[[Musaharniya Dih]]
*[[Phulhar]]
*[[Shringi Rishi Ashram, Singiya]]
*[[Shilanath Mahadev Mandir]]
*[[Sitamarhi–Jaynagar–Nirmali line (via Sursand)]]
*[[Vachaspati Mishra Dih]]
*[[Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul]]
*[[Vishnu Statue, Bairwa, Madhwapur]]
*[[Uchhaith|Uchchaith]]
*[[Yajnavalkya Ashram]]
*[[Baneshwar Sthan]]
*[[Sugarway Riverfront]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://madhubani.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Madhubani district
|North = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|Northeast =
|East = [[Supaul district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Saharsa district]]
|Southwest = [[Darbhanga district]]
|West = [[Sitamarhi district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division}}

{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhubani District}}
[[Category:Madhubani district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, India]]
[[Category:Darbhanga division]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Bihar]]

Pankaj Dheer

2025-12-21T20:30:03Z

Frankieren: Creating new pg!

{{Short description|Indian actor (1956–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pankaj Dheer
| image = PankajDheer.jpg
| caption = Dheer in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1956|11|09}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|10|15|1956|11|09}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1970–2025
| spouse = {{marriage|Anita Dheer|1979}}
| children = [[Nikitin Dheer]]
| relatives = [[Kratika Sengar]] (daughter-in-law)
| website =
}}

'''Pankaj Dheer''' (9 November 1956 – 15 October 2025) was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films and television. He was known for his role of [[Karna]] in the television series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' and roles in ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]'' and ''[[Badho Bahu]]''. He appeared in several Hindi films in small roles, including ''[[Sadak]]'', ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'', ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' and ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]''.

==Career==
Dheer began his on-screen career in the film Poonam in 1981, which did poorly at the box office. He then played roles in several small films, until he got his big break, appearing in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s epic television series [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], as [[Karna]].<ref name="karna">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahabharat-star-pankaj-dheer-passes-away-at-68-after-long-battle-with-cancer/articleshow/124572102.cms|title='Mahabharat' star Pankaj Dheer passes away at 68 after long battle with cancer |website=Times of India| date=16 October 2025 | access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> He was originally cast as [[Arjuna]], but got the role of Karna due to his refusal to shave off his moustache.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pankaj Dheer reveals BR Chopra kicked him out of Mahabharat after he refused to shave his moustache for Arjuna's role |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pankaj-dheer-reveals-br-chopra-kicked-him-out-of-mahabharat-after-he-refused-to-shave-his-moustache-for-arjunas-role-9053784/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211170016/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pankaj-dheer-reveals-br-chopra-kicked-him-out-of-mahabharat-after-he-refused-to-shave-his-moustache-for-arjunas-role-9053784/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |location=Chennai |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Santanu |title=RIP Pankaj Dheer: Did you know he was to play Arjun in Mahabharat but got Karna's due to a 'bewakoofi'? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/rip-pankaj-dheer-did-you-know-he-was-to-play-arjun-in-mahabharat-but-got-karnas-due-to-a-bewakoofi-101760518544372.html |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020050304/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/rip-pankaj-dheer-did-you-know-he-was-to-play-arjun-in-mahabharat-but-got-karnas-due-to-a-bewakoofi-101760518544372.html |archive-date=20 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The role of Karna was the highlight of Dheer's career and made him a household name in India. His pictures were used in textbooks as reference to Karna and his statues are worshipped as Karna in temples in [[Karnal]] and Bastar.<ref name="karna" /><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/did-you-know-mahabharat-s-Karan-pankaj-dheer-s-statue-is-worshipped-in-temples-in-karnal-and-bastar-1682514-2020-05-27 |title=Did you know Mahabharat's Karan, Pankaj Dheer's statue is worshipped in temples in Karnal and Bastar? – Television News |website=India Today |date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313042751/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/did-you-know-mahabharat-s-karna-pankaj-dheer-s-statue-is-worshipped-in-temples-in-karnal-and-bastar-1682514-2020-05-27 |access-date=20 October 2025 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> He became a much sought-after actor for both television and movies after his success in ''Mahabharat''.<ref name="karna" />

He appeared as the lead in debut episode ''Dastak'' of horror anthology TV series ''[[Zee Horror Show]]'' (1993), along with [[Archana Puran Singh]].<ref name="horror DH">{{cite news |title=Horror shows, where art thou? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/horror-shows-art-thou-2400538 |access-date=15 October 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015160739/https://www.deccanherald.com/features/horror-shows-art-thou-2400538 |archive-date=15 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also played the lead as a defence lawyer in the TV Series ''[[Kanoon (TV series)|Kanoon]]'', a series based on court-room dramas.<ref name="Kanoon IT">{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Amit |title=B.R. Chopra back on TV with courtroom drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19931215-b-r-chopra-back-on-tv-with-courtroom-drama-811942-1993-12-14 |access-date=15 October 2025 |work=India Today |date=15 December 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126135653/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19931215-b-r-chopra-back-on-tv-with-courtroom-drama-811942-1993-12-14 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> He appeared as Hussain in the 1993 action film ''[[Pardesi (1993 film)|Pardesi]]''.<ref name="Pardesi">{{Cite AV media |title=Pardesi Full Movie 4K <nowiki>|</nowiki> Mithun Chakraborty, Varsha Usgaonkar, Shakti Kapoor <nowiki>|</nowiki> परदेसी (1993) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkzi6BPF7is |time=00:35 |date=22 February 2023 |type=Video |language=hi |via=Youtube |access-date=22 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102235811/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkzi6BPF7is |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> He starred as the lead character of King Shivdutt in fantasy TV series ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'' in 1994.<ref name="karna" />

He performed versatile supporting character roles in Hindi movies such as ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'', ''[[Andaaz]]'', ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' and ''[[Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge]]''.<ref name="karna" /> He appeared as Police Inspector Malik in the 1995 action film ''[[Nishana (1995 film)|Nishana]]''.<ref name="Nishana">{{Cite AV media |title=निशाना Nishana - Full Movie <nowiki>|</nowiki> Mithun Chakraborty, Rekha, Paresh Rawal, Pankaj Dheer, Raza Murad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgDR9BDht7s |date=29 August 2022 |type=Video |language=hi |via=Youtube |access-date=22 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517220200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgDR9BDht7s |time=00:39 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> He collaborated with [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and appeared as a supporting actor in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada movies]] such as ''[[Vishnu Vijaya]]'', ''[[Appaji]]'' and ''[[Vishnu Sena]]''.<ref name="vijayavani">{{cite news |title=ವಿಷ್ಣು ವಿಜಯ್, ಅಪ್ಪಾಜಿ, ವಿಷ್ಣು ಸೇನಾ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚಿದ್ದ ನಟ ಪಂಕಜ್ ಧೀರ್ ಇನ್ನಿಲ್ಲ! |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/actor-pankaj-dheer-the-iconic-karn-of-mahabharat-dies-after-cancer-battle |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=Vijayavani |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016111151/https://www.vijayavani.net/actor-pankaj-dheer-the-iconic-karn-of-mahabharat-dies-after-cancer-battle |archive-date=16 October 2025 |location=Mumbai |language=kn |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006 Dheer established a shooting studio, ''Visage Studioz'' along with his brother Satluj Dheer at [[Jogeshwari]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2006-lowest-openers-in-u-k/|title=Akshay inaugurates Pankaj Dheer's studio|date=11 February 2006|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=30 June 2010|archive-date=15 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915223447/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2006/02/11/6675/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, he opened ''Abbhinnay Acting Academy'' in Mumbai, with actor [[Gufi Paintal]] as the faculty head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Features-Events/Events/Akshay-inaugurates-Abbhinnay-Acting-Academy/eventshow/5773825.cms|title=Akshay inaugurates Abbhinnay Acting Academy|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412012114/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Features-Events/Events/Akshay-inaugurates-Abbhinnay-Acting-Academy/eventshow/5773825.cms|archive-date=12 April 2010}}</ref> He directed the romantic comedy-drama film ''[[My Father Godfather]]'' in 2014.<ref name="zee mfg">{{cite news |title='My Father Godfather': A preview |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/my-father-godfather-a-preview_151005.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |work=Zee News |date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307072350/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/my-father-godfather-a-preview_151005.html |archive-date=7 March 2014 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011 he appeared in the [[Zee TV]] historical drama series ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''.<ref name="Shobha Somnath Ki">{{cite news |title=Another tale of valour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/Jun/04/another-tale-of-valour-259540.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421170323/https://www.newindianexpress.com/web/20250421170323/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/Jun/04/another-tale-of-valour-259540.html |archive-date=21 April 2025 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2012 and 2014, he played the recurring role of [[Himavat|Maharaj Himavan]] in the Mythological TV series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''.<ref name="DKDM TOI">{{cite news |title=On the sets: 'Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev' |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/on-the-sets-devon-ke-dev-mahadev/articleshow/15489695.cms |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=Times of India |date=14 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128111214/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/on-the-sets-devon-ke-dev-mahadev/articleshow/15489695.cms |archive-date=28 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="karna" /> He reprised the role of Karna in the 2013 movie, ''[[Mahabharat Aur Barbareek]]'', which also had appearances from several actors of the original 1989 ''Mahabharat'' TV series.<ref name="Mahabharat Aur Barbareek">{{cite news |last1=Manwani |first1=Akshay |title=The Show of Shows |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/show-shows |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=[[The Caravan]] |date=1 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301193913/https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/show-shows |archive-date=1 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 he portrayed Anand Kapoor in the [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] [[Indian television drama|soap opera]] ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]''<ref name="DKBDHJ">{{Cite AV media |title=Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane – दिल की बातें दिल ही जाने – Episode 26 – 5th May 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJ1UIHzdbr8 |type=Video |language=hi |via=Youtube |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref> and appeared in the Zee TV drama series ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''.<ref name="DRK TV9H">{{cite news |title=Pankaj Dheer Family: पिता थे प्रोड्यूसर, बेटा सलमान-शाहरुख की फिल्म में बना विलेन, मिलिए पंकज धीर के परिवार से |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/mahabharat-serial-actor-pankaj-dheer-death-family-tree-son-father-wife-details-3530688.html |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020011349/https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/mahabharat-serial-actor-pankaj-dheer-death-family-tree-son-father-wife-details-3530688.html |archive-date=20 October 2025 |language=hi |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016 he appeared in [[Life OK]] drama TV series ''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar]]''.<ref name="RKSB BS">{{cite news |title=It's tough for actors to break from characters: Ishita Dutta |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/it-s-tough-for-actors-to-break-from-characters-ishita-dutta-116071200553_1.html |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820073728/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/it-s-tough-for-actors-to-break-from-characters-ishita-dutta-116071200553_1.html |archive-date=20 August 2016 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live}}</ref> He played the role of a wrestler, Ganga Singh Ahlawat, in romantic drama TV series ''[[Badho Bahu]]''.<ref name="Badho Bahu">{{cite news |last1=Razzaq |first1=Sameena |title=Pankaj Dheer to play Prince Narula's father on new show |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/220816/pankaj-dheer-to-play-prince-narulas-father-on-new-show.html |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130104345/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/220816/pankaj-dheer-to-play-prince-narulas-father-on-new-show.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> He played the role of Barrister D'Costa in the [[ZEE5]] [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] web series ''[[Poison (TV series)|Poison]]'' in 2019, which was his last performance in a web series.<ref name="PD Deccan Herald">{{cite news |title='Mahabharat', 'Chandrakanta' star Pankaj Dheer dies at 68 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mahabharat-chandrakanta-star-pankaj-dheer-dies-at-68-3764906 |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016101831/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/mahabharat-chandrakanta-star-pankaj-dheer-dies-at-68-3764906 |archive-date=16 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

He played the [[Dual role|double role]] of Ravindra Singh Bagga and Gyaneshwar Singh in drama TV series ''[[Ajooni]]'' in 2022–23.<ref name="Ajooni">{{cite news |title=Pankaj Dheer to be seen in a double role in Ajooni; will be seen as Masterji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankaj-dheer-to-be-seen-in-a-double-role-in-ajooni-will-be-seen-as-masterji/articleshow/101982496.cms |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721044209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pankaj-dheer-to-be-seen-in-a-double-role-in-ajooni-will-be-seen-as-masterji/articleshow/101982496.cms |archive-date=21 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In his last television appearance, he played the role of Giriraj in the [[Sci-fi]] [[Fantasy]] series ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]'' in 2024.<ref name="PD Deccan Herald" /><ref name="Dhruv Tara">{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Sukarna |title=Exclusive: Pankaj Dheer on his role in Dhruv Tara; says 'It is very different from what I had done in the recent past' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pankaj-dheer-on-his-role-in-dhruv-tara-says-it-is-very-different-from-what-i-had-done-in-the-recent-past/articleshow/111611085.cms |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116132612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-pankaj-dheer-on-his-role-in-dhruv-tara-says-it-is-very-different-from-what-i-had-done-in-the-recent-past/articleshow/111611085.cms |archive-date=16 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Pankaj Dheer was born on 9 November 1956<ref name="PD wion">{{cite news |last1=Toppo |first1=Nikita |title=Pankaj Dheer dies at 68: Inside the family, net worth, and career of Mahabharat's Karna |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/pankaj-dheer-dies-at-68-inside-the-family-net-worth-and-career-of-mahabharat-s-karna-1760519604513/1760519604516 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=WION |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020024657/https://www.wionews.com/photos/pankaj-dheer-dies-at-68-inside-the-family-net-worth-and-career-of-mahabharat-s-karna-1760519604513/1760519604514 |archive-date=20 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> in Punjab,<ref>{{cite news |title="Pankaj Dheer Recovered From Cancer But Relapsed Last Year": Mahabharat Co-Star Puneet Issar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pankaj-dheer-recovered-from-cancer-but-relapsed-last-year-mahabharat-co-star-puneet-issar-9471682 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=NDTV |date=17 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020030934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pankaj-dheer-recovered-from-cancer-but-relapsed-last-year-mahabharat-co-star-puneet-issar-9471682 |archive-date=20 October 2025 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Karishma |title=From Epic Television to Punjabi Roots: Remembering Pankaj Dheer |url=https://ghaintpunjab.com/from-epic-television-to-punjabi-roots-remembering-pankaj-dheer/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=ghaintpunjab.com |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020031410/https://ghaintpunjab.com/from-epic-television-to-punjabi-roots-remembering-pankaj-dheer/ |archive-date=20 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PD wion" /> India. Dheer had a son, [[Nikitin Dheer]], who is also an actor. Nikitin is married to actress [[Kratika Sengar]].<ref name="marriage">{{cite news |title=Nikitin Dheer and Kratika Sengar – Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's Karan Patel to Taarak Mehta's Disha Vakani: TV actors who opted for an arranged marriage |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-karan-patel-balika-vadhus-neha-marda-these-actors-had-an-arranged-marriage/nikitin-dheer-and-kratika-sengar/photostory/60360291.cms |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226165626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-karan-patel-balika-vadhus-neha-marda-these-actors-had-an-arranged-marriage/photostory/60360249.cms |archive-date=26 February 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pankaj Dheer died from cancer on 15 October 2025, at the age of 68.<ref name="karna" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pant |first1=Asmita |title='Mahabharat' actor Pankaj Dheer dies after battle with cancer |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/mahabharat-actor-pankaj-dheer-dies-after-battle-with-cancer-19716602.htm |website=CNBC TV18 |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015144222/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/mahabharat-actor-pankaj-dheer-dies-after-battle-with-cancer-19716602.htm |archive-date=15 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/mahabharat-serial-fame-karna-aka-actor-pankaj-dhir-passes-away-due-to-cancer-a-a603/|title=Pankaj Dheer Death: 'महाभारत'मधील 'कर्ण' काळाच्या पडद्याआड, अभिनेते पंकज धीर यांचं कर्करोगानं निधन| work= [[Lokmat]]|date=15 October 2025|access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> A funeral was held and he was cremated at Pawan Hans Crematorium in the [[Vile Parle West]] area of Mumbai.<ref name="TOI funeral">{{cite news |title=Pankaj Dheer passed away: Sidharth Malhotra attends veteran actor's funeral; Offers condolences to Nikitin Dheer and family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pankaj-dheer-passed-away-sidharth-malhotra-attends-veteran-actors-funeral-offers-condolences-to-nikitin-dheer-and-family/articleshow/124584314.cms |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020061229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pankaj-dheer-passed-away-sidharth-malhotra-attends-veteran-actors-funeral-offers-condolences-to-nikitin-dheer-and-family/articleshow/124584314.cms |archive-date=20 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV funeral">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Tanisha |title=Pankaj Dheer Cremation: Salman Khan, Sidharth Malhotra And Others Arrive To Pay Last Respects |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pankaj-dheer-cremation-salman-khan-sidharth-malhotra-and-others-arrive-to-pay-last-respects-9460775 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020061010/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pankaj-dheer-cremation-salman-khan-sidharth-malhotra-and-others-arrive-to-pay-last-respects-9460775 |archive-date=20 October 2025 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Firoz Khan]] and several other actors paid their last respects.<ref name="TOI funeral" /><ref name="NDTV funeral" />

==Filmography==

===As director===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scole="col" | Year
! scole="col" | Title
! scole="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2014
| ''[[My Father Godfather]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sneak-peek-into-my-father-godfather-of-dreams-lies-underworld-1963666 |title=Sneak peek into 'My Father Godfather': Of dreams, lies & underworld | Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307032553/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sneak-peek-into-my-father-godfather-of-dreams-lies-underworld-1963666 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="zee mfg" />
|}

===As actor===

====Films====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scole="col" | Year
! scole="col" | Title
! scole="col" | Role(s)
! scole="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scole="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Poonam (film)|Poonam]]''
| Girija
|
| <ref name="karna" />
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Sookha]]''
|
|
| <ref name="karna" />
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Meraa Suhaag]]''
|
|
| <ref name="karna" />
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Randam Varavu]]''
| DIG Vishnu IPS
| Malayalam film
| <ref name="karna" />
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]''
| Mahesh Dholakia
|
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Jeevan Ek Sanghursh Full Movie <nowiki>|</nowiki> Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Paresh Rawal, Rakhee <nowiki>|</nowiki> 90's Hindi Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y8gAnWw_xs |time=00:50 |date=28 May 2019 |type=Video |language=hi |publisher=[[Rajshri Productions]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="karna" />
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]''
| Thakur Ranveer Singh
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Nautiyal |first1=Urvashi |title=एक मूंछ ने 'अर्जुन' को बना दिया 'कर्ण', पंकज धीर तो चले गए पीछे रह गई महाभारत से जुड़ी ये यादगार कहानी |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/pankaj-dheer-rejected-arjun-role-in-mahabharata-because-of-moustache-actor-passed-away-9458933 |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=NDTV |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016103626/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/pankaj-dheer-rejected-arjun-role-in-mahabharata-because-of-moustache-actor-passed-away-9458933 |archive-date=16 October 2025 |location=New Delhi |language=hi |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Sanam Bewafa]]''
| Zuber Khan
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer">{{cite news |title='Mahabharat', 'Chandrakanta' actor Pankaj Dheer dies at 68 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mahabharat-chandrakanta-star-pankaj-dheer-dies-at-68/article70166686.ece |url-access=registration |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016095516/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mahabharat-chandrakanta-star-pankaj-dheer-dies-at-68/article70166686.ece |archive-date=16 October 2025 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Sadak]]''
| Inspector Irani
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Majboor Ladki]]''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Majboor Ladki |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/majboor-ladki-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmduznzg |website=British Board of Film Classification |access-date=22 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251022064328/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/majboor-ladki-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmduznzg |archive-date=22 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Mr. Bond (film)|Mr. Bond]]''
| Dragon / Daga
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Even Akshay Kumar will not want to see this throwback photo from 1992 film Mr Bond |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/even-akshay-kumar-will-not-want-to-see-this-throwback-photo-from-1992-film-mr-bond-1466983-2019-02-28 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=India Today |date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128045928/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/even-akshay-kumar-will-not-want-to-see-this-throwback-photo-from-1992-film-mr-bond-1466983-2019-02-28 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Jaagruti]]''
| Custom Officer Vishal
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Salman Khan was pressing a real knife to my throat, I started bleeding': Ashok Saraf recalls suffering a deep cut during Jaagruti shoot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-was-pressing-a-real-knife-to-my-throat-i-started-bleeding-ashok-saraf-recalls-suffering-a-deep-cut-during-jaagruti-shoot-10154172/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728074358/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-was-pressing-a-real-knife-to-my-throat-i-started-bleeding-ashok-saraf-recalls-suffering-a-deep-cut-during-jaagruti-shoot-10154172/ |archive-date=28 July 2025 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Pardesi (1993 film)|Pardesi]]''
| Hussian
|
| <ref name="Pardesi" />
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Aashik Awara]]''
| Ranveer
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Ashaant]]''
| Amit
|
| <ref name="vijayavani" />
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''
| Randhir
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Nidhi |title=Pankaj Dheer Passes Away: क्या काम करते हैं पंकज धीर की पत्नी और बच्चे? एक क्लिक में जान लें यहां |url=https://www.abplive.com/gk/mahabharat-actor-pankaj-dheer-passes-away-due-to-cancer-know-about-his-daughter-and-son-anita-dheer-and-nikitin-dheer-3028997 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=ABP News |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020034138/https://www.abplive.com/gk/mahabharat-actor-pankaj-dheer-passes-away-due-to-cancer-know-about-his-daughter-and-son-anita-dheer-and-nikitin-dheer-3028997 |archive-date=20 October 2025 |language=hi |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Nishana (1995 film)|Nishana]]''
| Police Commissioner Mallik
|
| <ref name="Nishana" />
|-
| 1996
| [[Appaji]]
| Arjun
| Kannada Film
| <ref name="vijayavani" />
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]''
| Vijay Malhotra
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
| Chief Security Officer Khanna
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge]]''
| Shivpratap Singh
|
| <ref name="PD Deccan Herald" />
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Om (2003 film)|Om]]''
| Mr. Dhariwal
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Ganapati |first=Priya |date=22 March 2003 |title=Om cuts like a knife |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/22om.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225012658/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/22om.htm |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Andaaz]]''
| Professor Rohit Malhotra
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''
| Captain Basheer Ali
|
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]''
| Rakesh Kapoor
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/08/taarzan_the_wonder_car_review.shtml |title=BBC - Shropshire - Bollywood - Taarzan - The Wonder Car |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=20 October 2025 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115184013/https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/08/taarzan_the_wonder_car_review.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Vishnu Sena]]''
| DCP Samarjith singh
| Kannada Film
| <ref name="vijayavani" />
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Sarhad Paar]]''
| Suraj
|
| <ref name="Pankaj TET">{{cite news |title=Pankaj Dheer movies and TV shows: Check full list of Karna-famed actor's work apart from BR Chopra's Mahabharat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/pankaj-dheer-movies-and-tv-shows-check-full-list-of-karna-famed-actors-work-apart-from-br-chopras-mahabharat/articleshow/124571932.cms |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016112823/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/pankaj-dheer-movies-and-tv-shows-check-full-list-of-karna-famed-actors-work-apart-from-br-chopras-mahabharat/articleshow/124571932.cms |archive-date=16 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Gippi]]''
| Papaji
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com//news/entertainment/movie-review-gippi-is-adorable-50212509-in-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608084512/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/movie-review-gippi-is-adorable-50212509-in-1.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2013 |title=Movie review: Gippi is adorable | author=Swati Deogire |date=10 May 2013 |publisher=in.com | access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Mahabharat Aur Barbareek]]''
| [[Karna]]
|
| <ref name="Mahabharat Aur Barbareek" />
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kaptaan]]''
| Dhillon
| Punjabi Film
| <ref>{{cite web | title=KAPTAAN | website=British Board of Film Classification | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kaptaan-film | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609194648/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kaptaan-film | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 June 2016 | accessdate=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Television ====
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1988–1990
| ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharata]]''
| [[Karna]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Actors talk about what went into making Mahabharat in 1988 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/actors-talk-about-what-went-into-making-mahabharat-in-1988/story-W5i1GX9wqpY25Pijoa1NaI.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319000827/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/actors-talk-about-what-went-into-making-mahabharat-in-1988/story-W5i1GX9wqpY25Pijoa1NaI.html |archive-date=19 March 2025 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Zee Horror Show]]''
| Monty
| <ref name="horror DH" />
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Kanoon (TV series)|Kanoon]]''
| Vijay Saxena
| <ref name="Kanoon IT" />
|-
| 1994–1996
| ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''
| Raja Shivdutt
| <ref name="karna" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb205.htm |title=Sony to unveil summer collection |date=23 February 2004 |website=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806054315/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb205.htm |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| ''[[The Great Maratha]]''
| [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Manish |title="The Great Maratha" Echoes In "Panipat" |url=https://www.dissdash.com/2019/12/06/the-great-maratha-echoes-in-panipat/ |website=Dissdash |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128024534/https://www.dissdash.com/2019/12/06/the-great-maratha-echoes-in-panipat/ |archive-date=28 January 2022 |date=6 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]''
| Ali Khan
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Tiwari |first1=Aarti |title=Mahabharat Actor Pankaj Dheer Critical, Gets Admitted To ICU |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/mahabharat-actor-pankaj-dheer-critical-gets-admitted-to-icu/2025/03/06 |website=iwmbuzz.com |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612220757/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/mahabharat-actor-pankaj-dheer-critical-gets-admitted-to-icu/2025/03/06 |archive-date=12 June 2025 |date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1997–1998
| ''[[Mahabharat Katha]]''
| [[Karna]]
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mahabharat Katha Episode 16 |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6h7dyu |time=38:11 |type=Video |language=hi |via=Dailymotion |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016074806/https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6h7dyu |archive-date=16 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
| Dayashankar
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Rishtey – HIndi Serial – Full Episode – 21 – Alok Nath, Rajeev Paul, Aman Verma,R.Madhavan – Zee TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dipe8O6R8Ik |time=03:24 |date=21 August 2012 |type=Video |language=hi |via=Youtube |access-date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Kamini Damini]]''
| Kamini's husband
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Ayaz |first1=Shaikh |title=Forked Act. Hema Malini On Her Dream Double Role In TV's Kamini-Damini |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/forked-act/cid/968472 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=25 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020042555/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/forked-act/cid/968472 |archive-date=20 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
| Dwarkadas
| <ref name="The Hindu Pankaj Dheer" />
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
| Mr. Sisodia "Raja Sahab"
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/raja-ki-aayegi-baraat/articleshow/3402794.cms |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825225730/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/raja-ki-aayegi-baraat/articleshow/3402794.cms |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
| Sarpanch
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Akash |title=Pankaj Dheer death: Karan Tacker, Vatsal Sheth, Ishita Dutta pay tribute to their former co-star |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/pankaj-dheer-death-karan-tacker-vatsal-sheth-ishita-dutta-arjun-feroze-khan-tanuj-virwani-pay-tribute-101760527818201.html |access-date=16 October 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016150016/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/pankaj-dheer-death-karan-tacker-vatsal-sheth-ishita-dutta-arjun-feroze-khan-tanuj-virwani-pay-tribute-101760527818201.html |archive-date=16 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| Jamnalal Dwivedi
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Sasural Simar Ka |last=Kulkarni |first=Onkar |date=13 May 2011 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/sasural-simar-ka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708064526/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/sasural-simar-ka/ |archive-date=8 July 2017 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=The Indian Express |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''
| Kirit Chalukya
| <ref name="Shobha Somnath Ki" />
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| [[Himavat|Maharaj Himavan]]
| <ref name="karna" /><ref name="DKDM TOI" />
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Gurubaksh
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Savdhaan India – S43 E10 A son breaks the trust |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/savdhaan-india/363/a-son-breaks-the-trust/1000006837/watch |type=Video |language=hi |via=Hotstar |access-date=16 October 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Dil Ki Baatein Dil Hi Jaane]]''
| Anand Kapoor
| <ref name="DKBDHJ" />
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
| Mr. Jaamdar
| <ref name="DRK TV9H" />
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar – Baazigar]]''
| Kailashnath Trivedi
| <ref name="RKSB BS" />
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Badho Bahu]]''
| Ganga Singh Ahlawat
| <ref name="Badho Bahu" />
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Poison (web series)|Poison]]''
| Barrister D'Costa
| <ref name="PD Deccan Herald" />
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Ajooni]]''
| Ravindra Singh Bagga, Gyaneshwar Singh
| <ref name="Ajooni" />
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Giriraj
| <ref name="Dhruv Tara" /><ref name="PD Deccan Herald" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dheer, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]

Jayanti Naik

2025-12-08T17:21:51Z

Frankieren: put up initial post more to come

{{short description|Indian writer and researcher (born 1962)}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Jayanti Naik
| image = Dr Jayanti Naik.jpg
| caption = Naik in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|08|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Quepem]], Goa, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|[[folklorist]]}}
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| education = P.G.Diploma in Folklore & M.A. (Soc.) Mysore University; Ph.D. (Konkani) Goa University
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Mysore University]]
* [[Goa University]]}}
| subject = {{hlist|Folklore|Sociology|Konkani}}
| movement = [[Konkani Language Agitation]]
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
* ''Garjan''
* '''Athang''
* ''Konkani Lokved''
* ''Grajan''
* ''Nimnnem Bondd''
* ''Venchik Lok Kannio''}}
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
}}

'''Jayanti Naik''' (born 6 August 1962) is an Indian [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writer, [[folklore]] researcher, short story writer, dramatist, children's writer, folklorist, and translator. She was the first person to earn a [[doctorate]] from the [[Goa University]]'s Department of Konkani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaa |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/fiction/2017/2/8/ramaa |website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017|date=8 February 2017 }}</ref> Naik is also a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. In her career of some three decades, she has produced on average, a book a year.

==Folklore and folk tales==
Naik takes care of the folklore section of the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]], the aim of which is to "conserve and preserve (the) rich folklore of Goa".<ref name="GKA">{{Cite web |url=http://goakonkaniakademi.org/ |title=最新歯科治療法をチェック！インプラントから虫歯治療まで |access-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017124644/http://goakonkaniakademi.org/ |archive-date=2017-10-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her work includes ''Ratha Tujeo Ghudio'', ''Kanner Khunti Naari'', ''Tlloi Ukhalli Kelliani'', ''Manalim Gitam'', ''Pednecho Dosro'', and ''Lokbimb''.<ref name="GKA" />

Naik has written 16 books on folklore. Her book on Konkani folklore, entitled ''Konkani Lokved'', has several folk tales current among the Konkani-speaking emigrants who made their permanent home in the southern Indian States of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] in their original form with regional slant, as they were graphically recounted to her.<ref name="Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=113957|title=Bangalore: Award to Goan Konkani Folklore Reseacher Dr Jayanti Naik|access-date=2018-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122916/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=113957|archive-date=2018-11-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

Naik's ''Amonnem Yek Lokjinn'' ([[Goa Konkani Akademi]], 1993) focuses on the village of [[Amona, Goa|Amona]] and its surrounding regions. It covers its history religion, social practices, festivals and folklore, among other topics. In 2019 Rajaee Prakashan published 'Gutbandh' a collection of her articles on Goan folklore which had appeared in the Marathi newspaper Lokmat.

She had also compiled and edited, ''Venchik Lok Kannio'', a collection of Konkani [[Folklore|folk tales]] in the Roman (Romi) script, which was published by the Goa Konkani Akademi, in 2008.
It has been transliterated by [[Felicio Cardozo]].<ref name="Award" />

'Lokrang' (2008) is a collection of essays on Goan and Konkani folklore.

==Konkani writing==
In ''A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992'', the linguist and Konkani writer [[Manohararāya Saradesāya]] (also Dr [[Manohar Rai Sardesai]]) says of the 1962-born Naik's collection of short stories, ''Garjan'': "''Garjan'' means ''The Roar'' and in fact here the woman conscious of her strength and her social rights "roars." It is a roar of revolt against the mightily and the rich in favour of the poor, the weak, the oppressed. There is vigour in her style but at times her expression lags behind her thoughts." He also comments on Jayanti Naik's ''Nimnnem Bondd'' (''The Last Revolt'') which "expresses dissatisfaction against the idea of God's justice" and adds: "It is true that the women writers are prone to a certain sentimentality but this sentimentality is hardly overdone."<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=jayanti+naik+konkani&pg=PA202 | title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 | first=Manohararāya | last=Saradesāya | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | year=2000 | page=202 | isbn=9788172016647 }}</ref> In 2019 Rajaee Publications published her third collection of short stories 'Aart'.

==Reception==
[[Jyoti Kunkolienkar]] rates Naik (along with [[Hema Naik]]) as the authors writing on women-centric themes in Konkani from Goa today.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/My-stories-are-about-women-Jyoti-Kunkolienkar/articleshow/27858328.cms|title=My stories are about women: Jyoti Kunkolienkar - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2015-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518165747/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/My-stories-are-about-women-Jyoti-Kunkolienkar/articleshow/27858328.cms|archive-date=2014-05-18|url-status=live|last1=Achrekar |first1=Pratima }}</ref>

==Career==
Besides English, her stories have been translated into Hindi, Marathi, Telugu and Malayalam.

She is the editor of the Konkani Akademi literary journal 'Ananya'.

Naik features in an anthology of Konkani writing, called ''Katha Darpan'' and published to mark the 138th anniversary of the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Konkani-writers-eye-national-canvas/articleshow/5266253.cms|title=Konkani writers eye national canvas - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2009 |access-date=2015-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128143752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Konkani-writers-eye-national-canvas/articleshow/5266253.cms|archive-date=2009-11-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

Naik was earlier with the [[Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr]], a Konkani training and research centre run out of [[Alto Porvorim]] in [[Goa]]. She became the first person to obtain a Ph.D. in Konkani, after she defended her thesis around 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tskk.org/annual_report_disp.php?id=5|title=Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr|website=www.tskk.org|access-date=2015-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503071400/http://tskk.org/annual_report_disp.php?id=5|archive-date=2016-05-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Translations of her work==

The Final Victory, a translation by Vidya Pai of Jayanti Naik's short story Jait. This appeared in the monthly Goa Today in October 1999.

''Asaadi'', a translation by Vidya Pai of Jayanti Naik's short story of the same name. (''Samyukta''—A Journal of Women's Studies, Vol III, No 2, July 2003, published by Women's Initiatives, Thiruvananthapuram. http://www.samyukta.org Editor GS Jayashree Post box 1162 Pattom Palace PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695004.)

''Basavo'', also translated by Vidya Pai, is an English version of Naik's story of the same name. This was part of the British Council project of a website of women's writing from South Asia edited by [[Mini Krishnan]] and [[Rakhshanda Jalil|Rakshanda Jalil]]. This is not available currently.

''Flowers and kumkum ----symbols of a woman's marital status'' (again by Vidya Pai) is a translation of Naik's essay ''Phool kumkum ---ayavpanache kurvo''' appeared on 3 May 2015 in ''Chitrangi''.

*"Uma and the Human Sacrifice" by Augusto Pinto and published 3 parts in [[The Navhind Times]] Goa between 13 and 27 October 2012
*"A fulfillment of a Desire" by Augusto Pinto published in 4 parts in The Navhind Times' Goa between 19 May to 8 June 2013
*"If Vozhoryo Curses then ..." translated in 4 parts in The Navind Times, Goa between 22 December 2012 and 5 January 2013
*"Biyantul: A Cinderella Story translated in 3 parts in The Navhind Times, Goa between 6 April 2013 and 20 April 2013.

The Salt of the Earth, a collection of eleven selected short stories of hers translated into English by Augusto Pinto was published in 2017 by Goa 1556 publishers. It contains a Preface by Dr Jayanti Naik and an Afterword by the translator entitled 'The Bahujan Writes Back'. The stories in this volume are 1) Biyantul: A Cinderella Story; 2) The Fulfillment of a Desire; 3) The Victory; 4) The Curse of Vozhrho; 5) An Account of Her Life; 6) Ramaa 7) Naman: The Invocations: 8) Fil'Mine Mana; 9) Life Sentence; 10) Uma and the Human Sacrifice; 11) Basvo: The Nandi Bull.

==Bibliography==
Naik is a prolific author and besides folklore has written literature in a variety of genres including short stories, poetry, drama and children's literature. A list of her books is appended.
# Garjan (Short Stories, 1989)
# Ratha Tujea Ghudeo (Folklore, 1992)
# Kaner Khunti Nari (Folklore, 1993)
# Talay Ukhal’li Khellyani (Folklore, 1993)
# Manalim Geetam (Folklore, 1993)
# Amonem – Ek Lokjinn [Amona – Folk Culture] (Folklore, 1993)
# Pednecho Dosro [The Dussehra Festival of Pernem] (Folklore, 1995)
# Nagsherachem Sur [The Voice of Nagsher] (Folklore, 1996)
# Lokbimb (Folklore, 1998)
# Sorpanchi Karamat [A Snake's Traits] (Translation, 1998)
# Konknni Lokkanyo [Konkani Folk Tales] (Folklore, 2000)
# Vaghmamachi Fajitee [Uncle Tiger's Comeuppance] (Children's Literature, 2000)
# Chad Shanyank Fatrachem Shith [The Over Smart Ones Get Stones in Their Rice] (Children's Literature, 2001)
# Athang (Short Stories, 2002)
# Navrangi Phul [The Flower of Nine Colours] (Children's Literature, 2002)
# Bhurgheamkhatir Lokkanyo [Folk Tales for Children] (Children's Literature, 2002)
# Karlechi Banvad [The Banvad of Karla Village???] (Folklore, 2002)
# Sanulyanchi Kavnulam (Children's Literature, 2004)
# Goenchim Lokkala [Goan Folklore] (Children's Literature, 2004)
# Ganvran (Folklore, 2005)
# Rajratna (Folklore, 2005)
# Lokrang (Folklore, 2008)
# Lokmanthan [Folk Churning] (Folklore, 2008)
# Venchik Lokkannio [Folk Tales from Everywhere] (Folklore, 2008)
# Kukumadevichi Deepmaal (Drama, 2009)
# Mirgveno (Poems, 2010)
# Visarjan [Immersion] (Translation, 2012)
# Deshantaricheo Lokkatha - Bhag 1 [Folktales from .....] (Folklore, 2013)
# Kalmayaa [Kalmaya ...] (Drama, 2014)
# Mhaji Mati, Mhaji Mansha [My Land and My People] (Sketches, 2015)
# The Salt of the Earth: Stories from Rustic Goa translated with an Afterword by Augusto Pinto (Goa 1556) (Short Stories in English, 2017)
# Gutbandh (Folklore essays in Marathi, 2019)
# Aart (Short Stories, 2019)

A collection of 9 essays by various critics on her Konkani short stories are collected in Jayantichi Katha: Aswaad ani Samiksha ed. Avadhut Amonkar, Rajaee Publications, 2006. This book also contains a detailed biographical and bibliographical information about her till 2005.

Detailed interviews with Jayanti Naik appeared in Jaag monthly in September 1998, in the March -May issue of Jaag in 2005, as well as in Goa Today in March 2005.

==Awards==
She is the recipient of a number of State and National level awards, most noteworthy of which are the Kala Akademi Literary Award in 2002; the Dr TMA Pai Foundation's Best Konkani Book award for Konknni Lokkanyo in 2002; Sahitya Akademi Literary Award in 2004 for her collection of short stories ‘Athang’; and the [[Yashadamini Puraskar]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/yashadamini-award-conferred-on-8-women/30210.html|title=Yashadamini Award conferred on 8 women|access-date=2015-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095319/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/yashadamini-award-conferred-on-8-women/30210.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=29428|title=The salt of the Earth|access-date=2018-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171325/http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=29428|archive-date=2018-02-23|url-status=live}}</ref> She was awarded the 2019 [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for her translation of the Hindi novel Zindaginama by [[Krishna Sobti]] into Konkani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2019.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2019|date= 18 August 2020|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Jayanti}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women folklorists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]

KRBL (company)

2025-12-08T08:26:08Z

Frankieren: put up the article initial version

{{Short description|Indian rice processing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = KRBL Limited
| logo = KRBL Limited logo.png
| logo_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| genre =
| traded_as = {{NSE|KRBL}} {{BSE|530813}}
| former_name = Khushi Ram Behari Lal Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |title=KRBL plans to scale up seeds business |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/krbl-plans-to-scale-up-seeds-business-104030301010_1.html |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=3 March 2004}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1889}} in [[Lyallpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| founders = {{ubl|Khushi Ram|Behari Lal<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |title=Returns On Rice: The Making Of India's Biggest Basmati Exporter |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/8th-anniversary-special/returns-on-rice-the-making-of-indias-biggest-basmati-exporter/46923/1 |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>}}
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|Anil Mittal {{small|(Chairman & Managing Director)}}}}
| industry = [[Rice]]
| products =
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|5363|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|701|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=KRBL tanks after Q4 earnings |url=https://www.capitalmarket.com/news/hot-pursuit/krbl-tanks-after-q4-earnings/1427864 |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=capitalmarket.co}}</ref>
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| homepage = {{URL|https://krblrice.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''KRBL Limited''' is an Indian [[rice]] processing and exporting company, and the world's largest [[rice mill]]er. It is best known for its India Gate brand of [[basmati rice]], which is the largest selling rice brand in India.<ref name=forbes/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Sounak |title=India's largest selling rice brand is now a zero-tax product |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/1fs5AXOkT6RuGb7ASeUn0I/Indias-largest-selling-rice-brand-is-now-a-zerotax-product.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=mint |date=7 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian rice miller eyes expansion as Gulf demand grows |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-rice-miller-eyes-expansion-as-gulf-demand-grows-622905.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Arabian Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's Pride |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/the-power-of-i_2017/indias-pride-3622 |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Outlook Business}}</ref> The company exports rice to over 80 countries;<ref>{{cite news |title=KRBL Ltd. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/krbl-5991/information/company-history |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> about 36% of its export revenue comes from the [[Middle East]] countries, as of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Gate -The Indian Superbrand For The World |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/enterprise-3/outlook-business-initiative-148/india-gate-the-indian-superbrand-for-the-world-6322 |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=Outlook Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=James |title=New Indian products from KRBL set to hit UAE shelves |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/406191-new-indian-products-from-krbl-set-to-hit-uae-shelves |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Arabian Business |date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

==History==
KRBL was founded in 1889 in [[Lyallpur]] by two brothers–Khushi Ram and Behari Lal; the company name is an [[acronym]] of their names. Initially set up as a cotton-spinning (or perhaps cotton ginning) business, it also had business interests in edible oil, wheat and rice. After the [[partition of India]], the family settled in [[Delhi]] and started again from scratch, working as trade agents of rice and oil in the city's Naya Bazaar area.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manmohan |first1=Nutan |title=India Gate basmati rice was created in Delhi's Naya Bazaar. It remains undefeated leader |url=https://theprint.in/feature/india-gate-basmati-rice-was-created-in-delhis-naya-bazaar-it-remains-undefeated-leader/1621824/ |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

By the 1970s, KRBL was producing only rice, and supplying to local exporters including the [[Zee Group]]. The company began exporting rice directly, in its own name, only in 1985. In 1992, it set up its first unit in [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], on the outskirts of Delhi. This unit was for sorting, grading and packaging rice. In 1995, KRBL issued its [[initial public offering]]. In 1998, the company launched its own brand of rice, "India Gate," in the Indian market. In 1998, the company commissioned its second plant (sorting, grading, and packaging of rice) in [[Alipur, Delhi]]. In 2001, the third plant was set up in [[Gautam Buddh Nagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] (again in the outskirts of Delhi).<ref name=forbes/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Modi |first1=Ajay |title=India gets its first basmati billionaire family |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/india-gets-its-first-basmati-billionaire-family-117111600061_1.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=16 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anil Mittal has played a key role in transforming basmati trade |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/anil-mittal-krbl-played-key-role-in-changing-basmati-trade/story/201070.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Business Today}}</ref>

In 2003, KRBL became the first Indian rice company to receive foreign investment, and in 2006, it issued [[Global depository receipt|GDRs]] of {{USD}}13 million. It was also in 2003 that KRBL acquired a 65-acre rice processing, grading and packaging plant near [[Dhuri]] for {{INR}}15.8 crore through a [[court auction]]. The facility was turned into the largest rice milling plant in the world after a {{INR}}200 crore upgrade.<ref>{{cite news |title=KRBL bets on plant upgrade for growth |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/krbl-bets-on-plant-upgrade-for-growth/cid/877048 |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adding a regional flavour |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/adding-a-regional-flavour |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=Business India |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, the company started operating its fourth plant, located in [[Sonipat district]] of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KRBL Ltd commences new Grading, Sorting and Packaging plant at Akbarpur Barota, Distt. Sonipat |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=190785 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=EquityBulls |date=2016-07-27}}</ref>

==Controversy==
The company was named in a [[chargesheet]] filed by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) in December 2020 in relation to a [[money laundering]] case linked with [[Embraer]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sonavane |first1=Ravindra N. |title=KRBL slips 6% as ED names company in chargesheet in Embraer deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/krbl-slips-6-as-ed-names-company-in-chargesheet-in-embraer-deal-11607573700172.html |access-date=26 October 2021 |work=mint |date=10 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, the ED arrested KRBL's joint managing director Anoop Kumar Gupta in connection to the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal|AgustaWestland bribery scandal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ED arrests Joint MD of rice export firm KRBL in AgustaWestland scam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-arrests-joint-md-of-rice-export-firm-krbl-in-agustawestland-scam-101612018266577.html |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pusa 1121 rice]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1889]]
[[Category:Rice organizations]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Achanak 37 Saal Baad

2025-11-29T00:42:22Z

Frankieren: Stub

{{Short description|Horror Tv Show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Achanak 37 Saal Baad.jpg
| alt = The word ''Lost'' in white lettering on a black background.
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Psychological thriller]]
* [[Supernatural]]
* [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
}}
| creator =
| writer = [[Shridhar Raghavan]]
| director = [[Mukul Abhyankar]]
| starring =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 197
| producer = [[B. P. Singh]] [[Pradeep Uppoor]]
| company = Fireworks Production
| first_aired = {{Start date|2002|03|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2004|02|02|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Achanak - 37 Saal Baad''''' ({{Translation|''Suddenly - after 37 years''}}) is an Indian [[supernatural]] and [[psychological thriller]] [[Indian television|television]] serial which was telecasted on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. The centerpiece of this serial was the little known small town of Gahota, which experienced paranormal activities after each cycle of 37 years. It aired on 22 March 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/4104_sony-does-it-gradually|title=Sony does it gradually|access-date=2002-03-21|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902174520/https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/4104_sony-does-it-gradually|url-status=live}}</ref> to 2 February 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/june/june73.htm|title=Sony's Achanak... completes first cycle on Friday with a twist in the tale|date=2003-01-11|access-date=2003-01-11|archive-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807191039/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/june/june73.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/oct/oct31.htm|title='Lagaan', 'Achanak', new shows - SET gears for life after 'K3H'|date=2003-01-11|access-date=2003-01-11|archive-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807191017/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/oct/oct31.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/1463_achanak-gets-a-facelift|title=Achanak gets a facelift|access-date=2003-09-29|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902174518/https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/1463_achanak-gets-a-facelift|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot==
Strange things happen in Gahota every 37 years causing a strange hysteria in people and leading them to kill others or themselves and not remembering anything once the cycle is over in a few months. Gahota is controlled by the devil's henchman, Ajay, who has been granted the ability to control the minds of people in Gahota by the devil himself.

Preparing for the devil's birth, Ajay removes anyone who comes in the way by murdering the person. Eventually, the devil is born in the form of Rahul/Ajinkya. Ajay encourages the young Rahul to recall his powers and true purpose since Rahul has grown up as a normal, kind human being oblivious of his powers. Rahul finally transforms into Ajinkya, who promptly kills Ajay as he is no longer needed. Later, Ajay comes back to life and joins the reincarnated others to facilitate Ajinkya's birth, to defeat and kill Ajinkya.

== Cast ==

* [[Faraaz Khan]] as Ajay / Professor Jaydev
* [[Rahil Azam]] as Rahul / Ajinkya "Shaitaan"
* [[Iravati Harshe]] as Sheela<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021013/spectrum/pers.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Personality of the week|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=14 August 2022|archive-date=20 March 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050320045857/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021013/spectrum/pers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sanjeev Vatsa as Sanjeev
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Deepen
* Yajuvendra Singh as Sattu / Satyapal
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Pratap
* [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Dipankar Ray
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Inspector Vanshi
* Kanchan Mirchandani as Neena
* Sunila Karambelkar as Janvi
* [[Ravindra Mankani]] as Avinash
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Malini
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Kamal
* [[Zafar Karachiwala]] as Ratan
* Indu Verma as Bhumika
* Manish Nagpal as Arjun
* Bijay Anand as Jugal
* [[Sunita Rajwar]] as Ajinkya's evil baby sitter
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Gurudev Shantanu
* [[Shruti Ulfat]] as Rupali
* [[Tannaz Irani]] as Naina
* [[Neha Mehta]] as Anjali
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Shashank
* [[Akshay Anand]] / Iqlaq Khan as Rahul’s father
* [[Nishigandha Wad]] as Rahul’s mother
* [[Shital Shah]] as Rajkumari Of Garavali
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Reshmi
* Rushali Arora as Sunidhi
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Glass Factory Manager
* [[Surekha Sikri]] as Shashank’s grandmother
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Arjun’s father
* [[Narendra Jha]] as ACP Amardeep Kawle
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Devender
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]] as Nikhil
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Kavita
* [[Mayuri Kango]] as Mehek
* [[Gufi Paintal]] as Pandit Dharamjeet
* ''Sagarika'' Soni as Shalini

==Episode list==
{{Episode table |caption=Achanak 37 Saal Baad Episodes|overall= |title= |airdate=|background=92401D|episodes=
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=1 |Title=Gahota Ki Khabar |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=2 |Title=Nakli Tasveerein |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|07|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=3 |Title=Gahota Ka Raaz |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|08|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=4 |Title=Sheila Reaches Gahota |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=5 |Title=Dipankar Arrives In Gahota |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=6 |Title=Dipankar Ki Theory |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=7 |Title=Malini Ki Drishti |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|14|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=8 |Title=Koi Kaise Bhool Sakta Hai? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|15|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=9 |Title=Samay Ki Kimat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=10 |Title=The Ghosts Of Gahota |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=11 |Title=Shikaar Aur Shikaari |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=12 |Title=Attack On Malini |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|21|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=13 |Title=Makadi Ka Jaal |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|22|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=14 |Title=Gohata Ka Malik |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=15 |Title=Dipankar's Sacrifice |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=16 |Title=Intezaar Khatam Hua |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=17 |Title=House in Serects |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|28|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=18 |Title=Bloody Mary |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|29|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=19 |Title=Safed Khargosh |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=20 |Title=Bass Kuch Hi Dino Ki Baat Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|05|31|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=21 |Title=Koi Ghar Mein Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|03|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=22 |Title=Sheila Kahin Nahi Jayegi |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|04|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=23 |Title=Sarika Ka Accident Ho Gaya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|05|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=24 |Title=Ajeeb Khel Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=25 |Title=The Candles Display Messages |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|07|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=26 |Title=Abb Se Savdhaan Rehna Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=27 |Title=Ye Baccha Nahi Kuch Aur Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|11|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=28 |Title=Where Is Sheila? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|12|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=29 |Title=Bacchon Ki Badli |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=30 |Title=Koi Ghar Mein Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|14|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=31 |Title=Welcome Home |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=32 |Title=Bachne Ki Chah |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|18|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=33 |Title=Twenty-One Years Later |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|19|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=34 |Title=Main Pagal Nahi Hoon |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=35 |Title=Professor Jaydev Here |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|21|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=36 |Title=Sapno Ke Meaning |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=37 |Title=Talking To Spirits |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|25|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=38 |Title=Ek Jaise Sapne? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|26|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=39 |Title=Recurring Dreams |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=40 |Title=Mysterious Woman |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|06|28|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=41 |Title=Reincarnation? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|01|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=42 |Title=Naina Ko Marna Padega |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=43 |Title=Khaali Kamraa |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|03|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=44 |Title=Gaadi Ka Kissa |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|04|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=45 |Title=Sanjeev Escapes The Asylum |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|05|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=46 |Title=Missing Book |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|08|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=47 |Title=Dreams Theory |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=48 |Title=Amit Is Critical |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=49 |Title=Sanjeev Looks For Ajay |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|11|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=50 |Title=Hadsa Ya Khoon? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|12|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=51 |Title=Professor Jaydev Persuades Rahul |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|15|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=52 |Title=Bhoomika Meets Professor Jaydev |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=53 |Title=Attempt On Sanjeev's Life |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=54 |Title=Rahul Ki Chinta |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|18|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=55 |Title=Sanjeev Arrives At The Camp |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|19|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=56 |Title=Jaydev Makes His Move |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|22|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=57 |Title=Sanjeev Confronts The Soul |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=58 |Title=Manish Goes Missing |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=59 |Title=Buri Aatma Ki Nishani |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|25|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=60 |Title=Professor Jaydev Persuades Rahul |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|26|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=61 |Title=Professor Jaidev Ka Sach |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|29|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=62 |Title=Raat Ka Intezaar |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=63 |Title=The Needle Of Doubt |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|07|31|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=64 |Title=Ajinkya Ki Asli Shakti |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|01|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=65 |Title=Rahul's Transformation |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=66 |Title=Dost Ya Dushman? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|05|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=67 |Title=Buri Shakti Ka Ilaaj |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=68 |Title=Tumhe Kis Baat Se Khushi Hogi? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|07|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=69 |Title=Koi Nahi Samjega |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|08|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=70 |Title=Rahul Finds Bhumika |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=71 |Title=Bhumika Marr Chuki Hai? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|12|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=72 |Title=Nina Warns Kamal |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=73 |Title=Har Cheez Mein Aage |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|14|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=74 |Title=Rahul's Offer For Nina |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|15|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=75 |Title=Dost Ya Dushman? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=76 |Title=Rahul's Mother Meets Gurudev |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|19|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=77 |Title=Kya Farak Hai Hum Dono Mein |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=78 |Title=Heera |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|21|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=79 |Title=Rahul Ki Investment |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|22|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=80 |Title=A Test For Kamal |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=81 |Title=Ajinkiya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|26|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=82 |Title=Bangla Bula Raha Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=83 |Title=Ajay Returns |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|28|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=84 |Title=Ek Teer Do Nishane |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|29|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=85 |Title=Diamond Merchant |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|08|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=86 |Title=Police Ko Dhokha |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=87 |Title=Ajinkya Ki Kahaani |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|03|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=88 |Title=Shaitani Shaktiya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|04|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=89 |Title=Ajay Ki Asliyat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|05|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=90 |Title=Ajay Abb Badal Chuka Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=91 |Title=Daraavni Gufa |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=92 |Title=Second Thoughts |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=93 |Title=Asli Guruji Kaun? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|11|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=94 |Title=Mandir Aur Guffa |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|12|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=95 |Title=Finding The Cave |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=96 |Title=Mitti Ka Putla |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=97 |Title=Nai Aatma Ka Nirmaan |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=98 |Title=Ajinkya Ke Dushman |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|18|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=99 |Title=Ajay Enters The Cave |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|19|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=100 |Title=Dhoka |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=101 |Title=Maut Ka Raaz |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=102 |Title=Aarti |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=103 |Title=Maksat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|25|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=104 |Title=Have Changed |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|26|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=105 |Title=Khooni Ko Dhoondo |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=106 |Title=Jaadui Baksa |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|09|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=107 |Title=Nameless Face |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|01|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=108 |Title=Pehchaan Kaun |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=109 |Title=Voh Jeetega |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|03|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=110 |Title=Kaisa Laga Rahul? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|04|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=111 |Title=Shraap Se Mukti |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|07|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=112 |Title=Dost Aur Dushman Mein Farak |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|08|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=113 |Title=Maut Ka Khel |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=114 |Title=Garavali |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=115 |Title=Jaadu Nagri |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|11|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=116 |Title=Ajinkya's Hostages |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|14|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=117 |Title=Jaadugar Ki Sharat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|15|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=118 |Title=Gupt Raasta |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=119 |Title=Kayamat Ki Raat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=120 |Title=Chhati Indri |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|18|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=121 |Title=Moti Ki Shaktiyon Ka Raaz |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|21|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=122 |Title=Rajkumari's Efforts To Take Control |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|22|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=123 |Title=Ajinkya Gets The Ring |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=124 |Title=Ajinkya Gets Caught |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=125 |Title=Ajinkya Interrogated By The Army |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|25|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=126 |Title=Ajinkya Escapes The Army |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|28|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=127 |Title=A Trip To The Past |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|29|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=128 |Title=Ajinkya's Next Target |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=129 |Title=Ajinkya Gets Powerful |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|10|31|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=130 |Title=Dipen's Life At Risk |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|01|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=131 |Title=Rajkumari Fights For Her Life |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|04|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=132 |Title=Dagger Or The Ring? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|05|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=133 |Title=Sattu Disappears |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=134 |Title=The New Sattu |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|07|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=135 |Title=Khoon Ya Katal? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|08|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=136 |Title=Ajinkya Ki Shaktiyan |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|11|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=137 |Title=The Destroyed Ring |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|12|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=138 |Title=Mysterious Location |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=139 |Title=Ajay's Sacrifice |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|14|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=140 |Title=Atmaao Ki Mukti |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|15|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=141 |Title=Kaha Hai Dadi Maa? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|18|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=142 |Title=Baatcheet Ka Zariya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|19|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=143 |Title=Moti Ko Dhundo |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=144 |Title=Mujhe Nahi Jaante? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|21|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=145 |Title=Ye Tera Darr Hain |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|22|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=146 |Title=Ajinkya's Dreams |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|25|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=147 |Title=Ajju Ki Baddua |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|26|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=148 |Title=Looking For Ajinkya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=149 |Title=Janvi Ki Shaktiyan |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|28|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=150 |Title=Asli Aur Nakli Ka Fark |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|11|29|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=151 |Title=Janvi Gets Into The Power Grid |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=152 |Title=Bijli Ki Dikkat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|03|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=153 |Title=Janvi Breaks Ajinkya Out |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|04|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=154 |Title=Ajay And Gurudev Locked Up |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|05|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=155 |Title=Gurudev Faces Janvi |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=156 |Title=Gurudev Gets Captured |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=157 |Title=Ashram Mein Toofaan |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=158 |Title=Janvi Wants The Ring |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|11|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=159 |Title=Unhone Janvi Ko Maar Diya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|12|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=160 |Title=Yeh Sirf Tumhara Vehem Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=161 |Title=Gurudev Wants To Find Ajay And Kamal |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=162 |Title=Janvi Meets Ajinkya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=163 |Title=Ye Nahi Toh Tum Bhi Nahi |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|18|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=164 |Title=Shyaam Hone Se Pehle Pahuchna Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|19|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=165 |Title=Janvi Tumhe Bula Rahi Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=166 |Title=Kata Hua Haath |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=167 |Title=Sheesha |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=168 |Title=The Antique Store |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|25|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=169 |Title=Sheesha Kahan Hai? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|26|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=170 |Title=Yahan Sab Ulta Hai |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=171 |Title=Jaal Bichana Padega |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=172 |Title=Savdhaan Rehna |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2002|12|31|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=173 |Title=Ajay Se Kaun Ladega? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|01|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=174 |Title=Janvi's Death |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=175 |Title=Ajinkya Ki Barbadi |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|03|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=176 |Title=Maut Ka Intezaar |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|06|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=177 |Title=Kya Ajinkya Wapis Ayega? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|07|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=178 |Title=Kahan Hoga Ajinkya? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|08|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=179 |Title=The Hunt Has Begun |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|09|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=180 |Title=Kal Subah Takk Der Ho Gayi Toh? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|10|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=181 |Title=Mysterious Deaths |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|13|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=182 |Title=The Undead |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|14|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=183 |Title=Unexplained Hallucinations |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|15|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=184 |Title=New Light Hospital |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|16|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=185 |Title=Pehchana? |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|17|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=186 |Title=Ajinkya Yahi Hain |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|20|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=187 |Title=Sweet Desire |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|21|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=188 |Title=Ajay Par Bharosa Mat Karna |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|22|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=189 |Title=Devendra's Interrogation |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|23|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=190 |Title=Smashed |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|24|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=191 |Title=The Haunted Shoot |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|27|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=192 |Title=Jaadooi Sheesha |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|28|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=193 |Title=Amardeep's Fate |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|29|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=194 |Title=Search For Tanya |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|30|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=195 |Title=Shaitaani Taakat |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|01|31|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=196 |Title=The Socola love |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|02|02|df=y}}}}
{{Episode list |EpisodeNumber=197 |Title=The |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2003|02|02|df=y}}}}
}}

==Awards ==
Indian Telly award for Best horror programme of the year in 2003.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller television series]]

Blue Star (company)

2025-11-13T03:32:03Z

Frankieren: expand formatting further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian multinational home appliances company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Blue Star Limited
| logo = Blue Star (company).svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|500067}}
*{{NSE|BLUESTARCO}}<ref name="About Blue Star">{{cite web |title=Blue Star Registered Address Contact Details, Blue Star Management |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/bluestar/management/BS#BS |website=www.moneycontrol.com |access-date=4 May 2019 |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>}}
| ISIN = INE472A01039
| predecessor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1943}}
| founder = Mohan T Advani
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist| *Shailesh Haribhakti ([[Chairman]])
*Vir S Advani ([[Vice Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])
*B Thiagarajan (MD)<ref name="About Blue Star" />}}
| industry = {{plainlist|
*[[Home appliance]]s
}}
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Air conditioner]]s
*[[Cooler|Air cooler]]s
*[[Refrigerator]]s
*[[Washing machine]]s
*[[Freezer|Cold storage,water purifier ]]
*[[Microwave oven|Microwave]]s
*[[Air purifier]]s
*[[Water dispenser]]s}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|6081|c}} (2022)<ref name="Financials">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/consumer-goods-white-goods/bluestar/BS|title=Blue Star Financial Statements |website=moneycontrol.com |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|296|c}} (2022)<ref name="Financials"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|166|c}} (2022)<ref name="Financials"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4312|c}} (2022)<ref name="Financials"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|998|c}} (2022)<ref name="Financials"/>
| num_employees = 2,800+ (2022)<ref name="Financials"/>
| owner =
| subsid =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| homepage = {{URL|www.bluestarindia.com}}
}}

'''Blue Star Ltd''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[home appliances]] company, headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It specializes in [[air conditioning]], [[Refrigeration|commercial refrigeration]] and MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing and firefighting). It is the country's second largest homegrown player in the air conditioning space.<ref name="second largest ac maker">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Blue Star eyes commercial refrigeration products, water purifiers as next growth driver |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/blue-star-eyes-commercial-refrigeration-products-water-purifiers-as-next-growth-driver/articleshow/63417461.cms |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=22 March 2018}}</ref>

== History ==

Blue Star was founded in 1943 by Mohan T Advani as a reconditioning company.<ref name="founding">{{cite news |title=Bluestar aims to be USD 1 bn plus company in 5 years - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bluestar-aims-to-be-usd-1-bn-plus-company-in-5-years/articleshow/65983774.cms |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref name="founding 1">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Pavan |title=Corporate India 500: A Visual Survey |date=1987 |publisher=Business Press |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fENXAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Soon after inception, Blue Star ventured into the manufacturing of ice candy machines and bottle coolers and began the design, execution of central air conditioning projects, followed by the manufacturing of water coolers. The company later expanded into new product lines and began exporting to [[Dubai]]. It went public in 1969 with an [[initial public offering]], listing on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref name="ipo">{{cite web |title=Blue Star > Company History > Consumer Goods - White Goods > Company History of Blue Star |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/bluestar/history/BS#BS |website=www.moneycontrol.com |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="blue star history">{{cite book |last1=Vachani |first1=Sushil |title=Multinationals in India: Strategic Product Choices |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |isbn=9788120405509 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx_tAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="blue star history 2">{{cite book |title=Business India |date=2005 |publisher=A. H. Advani |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbRIAAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="blue star history 1">{{cite book |title=Enlite |date=1968 |publisher=Light Publications. |pages=25–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf8nAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the late 2000s, Blue Star ventured into the electrical, plumbing and fire-fighting contracting businesses, offering customers an integrated [[mechanical, electrical, and plumbing]] (MEP) solution. It then forayed into the residential air conditioning segment a few years later, along with entering the water and air purification segments as well as the [[facility management|engineering facility management]] (EFM) space recently.<ref name="changing blue star">{{cite news |last1=Bhuva |first1=Rajiv |title=Making cool hot again, or how Vir Advani is changing Blue Star |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/making-cool-hot-again-or-how-vir-advani-is-changing-blue-star/100540 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Manufacturing and operations==

Blue Star has four manufacturing plants, which are located in [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra]], [[Kala Amb]], [[Vada, Palghar|Wada]], and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="plants 1">{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Virendra |title=Blue Star to set up new plant in S. India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/blue-star-to-set-up-new-plant-in-s-india/article6974717.ece |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref><ref name="plants 2">{{cite news |title=Blue Star to set up new plant in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/ampnbspblue-star-to-set-up-new-plant-in-ahmedabadampnbsp/articleshow/11219761.cms |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=23 December 2011}}</ref> In addition, the company is currently in the process of setting up a plant in [[Sri City]].<ref name="sri city">{{cite news |title=Blue Star to commission greenfield plant in Andhra Pradesh in three years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/mar/27/blue-star-to-commission-greenfield-plant-in-andhra-pradesh-in-three-years-1956413.html |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

Blue Star has a presence in 18 countries in the [[Middle East]], Africa, [[SAARC]] and [[ASEAN]] regions. Blue Star has three Joint Ventures in Oman, Qatar and Malaysia.<ref name="international ops">{{cite news |title=Blue Star Limited celebrates 75 years of operations |url=https://www.mepmiddleeast.com/suppliers/hvac/71473-blue-star-limited-celebrates-75-years-of-operations |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=Mechanical Electrical Plumbing ME |date=15 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The company has subsidiaries in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Qatar]] and India. The company serves the [[Middle East]] market via its UAE subsidiary.<ref name="international operations">{{cite news |last1=Chaki |first1=Deborshi |title=Blue Star appoints KPMG to value West Asia, Malaysia units |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ms2FUgFcb56Rg7cEKiytuO/Blue-Star-appoints-KPMG-to-value-West-Asia-Malaysia-units.html |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=Live Mint |date=26 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="middle east">{{cite news |title=Blue Star discloses expansion plans in the Middle East region |url=https://www.mepmiddleeast.com/72264-blue-star-expands-operations-in-the-middle-east |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=Mechanical Electrical Plumbing ME |date=23 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The company's subsidiary in India is called Blue Star Engineering & Electronics Ltd <ref name="india subsidiaries">{{cite news |title=Blue Star drops plan to merge subsidiaries |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Blue-Star-drops-plan-to-merge-subsidiaries/article20883829.ece |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.bluestarindia.com/}}

{{Electronics industry in India}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1943]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]

André Wink

2025-11-08T06:29:17Z

Frankieren: New!

{{Short description|Dutch historian (born 1953)}}
'''André Wink''' is an [[Emeritus|emeritus professor]] of history at [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]. He is known for his studies on [[India]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] area, particularly over the [[Medieval India|medieval]] and [[History of India|early modern]] age (700 to 1800 CE). He is the author of a series of books published by [[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic]], [[Oxford University Press]], and [[Cambridge University Press]] on ''[[al-Hind]]'' – a term used in [[Arab history]] to refer to the [[Islamization|Islamized]] regions in the Indian subcontinent and nearby regions.

Wink was born in 1953, in [[Hollandia (city)|Hollandia]], [[Netherlands New Guinea]] (present day [[Jayapura]], [[Indonesia]]). He studied at [[Leiden University]], and in 1984, he received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in Indian history under the guidance of [[Indology|Indologist]] J.C. Heesterman. Until 1990, he researched and published from the [[Netherlands]]. He became a professor at the University of Wisconsin in 1989, from where he has contributed ever since to the field of history of India, Indonesia and countries near the Indian Ocean. He became a senior fellow in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-05 |title=Wink, André – Home of Dutch Studies |url=https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/wink-andre/ |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl |language=nl}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== ''Land and Sovereignty: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarajya'' ===
In 1986, Wink published a socioeconomic history of the Marathas in eighteenth century. Reviews were largely favorable and his revisionist{{clarify|date=May 2025}} approach was admired.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |date=November 1987 |title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarajya by Andre Wink |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2057136 |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=941–42 |doi=10.2307/2057136 |jstor=2057136 |s2cid=249918982 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conlon |first=Frank F. |date=September 1988 |title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya by André Wink |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2121577 |journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]] |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=765–766 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700006227 |jstor=2121577 |s2cid=154444822|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Rothermund |first=Dietmar |date=June 1989 |title=Land and Sovereignty in India by André Wink |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3631979 |journal=Journal of Economic and Social History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=239–240 |jstor=3631979 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Muzzaffar |date=1989 |title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth Century Marātha Svarājya by André Wink |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312573 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=825–29 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010258 |jstor=312573 |s2cid=143918791|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Richard B. |date=December 1990 |title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya by Andre Wink |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2162859 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=1606–1607 |doi=10.2307/2162859 |jstor=2162859 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== ''Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World'' ===

==== Volume 1 ====
[[Indology|Indologist]] Catherine Asher calls it a "ground-breaking volume" that is based on recent scholarship as well as the "contemporary [[Arabic|Arab]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]] and Indian vernacular texts".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Asher |first=Catherine |year=1991 |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th—11th Centuries. By André Wink. 396 pages, maps, index, bibliography. E. J. Brill, Leiden1990. $94.50. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/alhind-the-making-of-the-indoislamic-world-vol-1-early-medieval-india-and-the-expansion-of-islam-7th11th-centuries-by-andre-wink-396-pages-maps-index-bibliography-e-j-brill-leiden1990-9450/3B6596C22FF4F4DDA17224728D935435 |journal=Review of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=215–216 |doi=10.1017/S0026318400024524 |issn=0026-3184 |s2cid=199254986|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wink examines the "political, economic and social" impact on the Indian subcontinent between seventh and eleventh centuries from the conquests and expansion of Islam.<ref name=":5" /> His central thesis on the economic impact of Islam dispelled many commonly held dogmas on demonetization theory, and underlined the errors in "drawing parallels between contemporary Europe and India".<ref name=":5" /> She concludes that any book of such sweep was bound to have critics but the shortcomings were minor enough to render the study as remarkable and pivotal.<ref name=":5" />

[[Bruce Lawrence|Bruce B. Lawrence]] – a scholar of [[religious studies]], states Wink's scope is "ambitious, even monumental", but volume 1 of "al-Hind is seriously flawed by its too narrow focus, its author's near total disregard of cultural actors, issues, and influences".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Bruce B. |date=1993 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume I. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195430 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=123–125 |doi=10.1093/jis/4.1.123 |issn=0955-2340 |jstor=26195430|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Lawrence questions Wink's glossing over India's past political history to make his economic and trade theory related point that there was "no cohesive entity labelled India before Arabs coined the word al-Hind". His discussion of the economic impact of early Islamic expansion into India relies primarily on a region consisting of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratiharas]], the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], the [[Coromandel Coast|Cola-mandalam]] and the Asian [[archipelago]], with only two – [[Kashmir]] and [[Bengal]] – covered from the rest of India. Some of his conclusions on [[Tibet]] and [[China]] are scarcely discussed in the book. The major blunder of Wink's volume 1, states Lawrence, is to "reduce the entire process of Islamization to an expanding commercial network, with the result that Islam becomes merely the idiom for unifying the economy of the Indian Ocean at the beginning of the second millennium AD."<ref name=":3" /> Wink's Volume 1 is blind to cultural history of institutional Islam, where he reduces Islamization to an "idiom of trade" in trans-Asian scale rather than the necessary broader view of its "religious or juridical or political significance". The book is a reprieve from small scale histories that characterizes South Asian historiography, but a better study would integrate insights of historians such as Derryl MacLean, remarks Lawrence.<ref name=":3" />

Historian Derryl N. Maclean, who published ''Religion and society in Arab Sind'' in 1984, noted Wink's first volume focuses on the initial expansion of Muslims into the East and their economic activities at the frontiers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=MacLean |first=D. N. |date=1992 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Volume I: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40106605 |journal=The International History Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=535–537 |issn=0707-5332 |jstor=40106605}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Brill (Original thesis published in 1984 by McGill University) |isbn=90-04-08551-3}}</ref> Wink sketched Sind as an "economically and culturally marginal" territory dominated by rebellions, a view supported more to colonial historians than [[primary source]]s. The chapter on non-Arab India provided "welcome glimmers of insight" and did "break some new ground" by challenging R.S. Sharma's thesis of feudalism. However, states MacLean, Wink's work exhibited signs of "hasty research and composition" affecting his larger conjectures and portrayed a reductive, unsubtle and "ahistorical [[caricature]]" of a complex Indo-Islamic past.<ref name=":4" /> Maclean criticized his "the cavalier manner with unattributed quotes from primary sources", "numerous broad and unsupported statements", "quasi-[[Orientalism|orientalist]] musings" and "chaotic transliterations" some of which are "clearly misreadings".<ref name=":4" /> MacLean's more serious concern with Wink's volume 1 is the tendency therein to make Islam and Hinduism more real than the abstraction they are. In Wink's approach, "Islam becomes a rubric for an economic complex", states MacLean.<ref name=":4" />

Historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]] states Wink's volume 1 deals with India and entire Indian Ocean basin just like the Arabic-Persian term "Hind embraced a far wider area than the subcontinent".<ref name="Jackson1">{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |year=1992 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182474 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=99–100 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300002066 |issn=1356-1863 |jstor=25182474 |s2cid=163016524|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The book is based on a "highly impressive range of secondary literature" as well early literature published in the Middle East. Its central theme is how the formation of the Caliphate and Islamic expansion interconnected with the "development of the India trade". Wink goes beyond the typical rhetoric of [[Jihad|Islamic holy war]] and Arab politics, vigorously challenging the "notions purveyed by R.S. Sharma" that unconvincingly parallel early India into the mold of [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]].<ref name="Jackson1" /> Jackson criticizes Wink's use of a few partially incorrect names, willingness to accept some discredited dates, and some sources such as Chachnama. Nevertheless, states Jackson, Wink's volume 1 overall is "an important and stimulating work which not only distils a considerable body of the most recent scholarship but breaks new ground in the originality of its ideas".<ref name="Jackson1" />

The historian [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], in one of his essays, states Wink's volume 1 "tends to treat both Islam and Muslims in a largely monolithic and undifferentiated fashion and is strikingly reticent both on questions of ideology and on the social and economic competition and conflict between different groups operating in the Indian Ocean".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |year=1995 |title=Of Imarat and Tijarat: Asian Merchants and State Power in the Western Indian Ocean, 1400 to 1750 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179208 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=754 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500019940 |issn=0010-4175 |jstor=179208 |s2cid=144772949|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Denis Sinor]] states that he fails to detect any other central themes other than the primary importance of trade and admires Wink's "erudition and wide reading".<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Sinor |first=Denis |year=1996 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume I Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries, Andre Wink |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931016 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |issn=0021-910X |jstor=41931016}}</ref> However, the book was loaded with "far too many data on far too many subjects", and "often overtly verbose and superfluous", striving to fit a vast range of facts into a framework too small to hold them.<ref name=":6" /> Yet, it has its qualities too, offering new insights and data for further research to the few patient readers, states Sinor.<ref name=":6" />

Sunil Kumar, in his review of Wink's first volume, noted the author to "seldom extend beyond a 'cut and paste' methodology" where information was conveniently chosen and discarded from existing secondary scholarship to pursue his broader agenda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=2016-08-11 |title=Book Reviews : André Wink, al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7–11th Centuries, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1990, Rs. 250 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/025764309401000107 |journal=Studies in History |language=en |volume=10 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1177/025764309401000107 |s2cid=162737652|url-access=subscription }}</ref> K.S. Shrimali reiterates like criticisms and found the work to be [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialist]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shrimali |first=Krishna Mohan |date=1993 |title=Reflections on Recent Perceptions of Early Medieval India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517748 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=33–35, 39 |doi=10.2307/3517748 |issn=0970-0293 |jstor=3517748|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Ranabir Chakravarti, a historian of [[History of India|ancient India]], express surprise that Wink's discussion on Rashtrakutas were solely based on Arabic chronicles and that he did not cite any kind of [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] records.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chakravarti |first=Ranabir |date=February 1996 |title=The Export of Sindani Indigo from India to the 'West' in the Eleventh Century |journal=The Indian Historical Review |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass for [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] |volume=XVIII |page=26}}</ref> Viswa Mohan Jha, in his review, deemed it to be an "impossible caricature" replete with references that did not support the text.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Vishwa Mohan |date=February 1996 |title=The Artless Pirennian |journal=The Indian Historical Review |volume=XVIII |pages=93–104}}</ref>

==== Volume 2 ====
In the review of volume 2, states Peter Jackson, Wink's "geographical scope is vast", just like in volume 1.<ref name="jackson2">{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |year=1998 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. II. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183589 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=456–458 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300010671 |issn=1356-1863 |jstor=25183589 |s2cid=163503379|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It embraces not "merely India and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] but south-east Asia". This is the period in Wink's analysis where a fusion happened between two different cultures, one "of [[Maritime transport|maritime trade]] and [[Nomadic pastoralism|pastoral nomadism]]" prevalent in the Islamic controlled parts of West and Central Asia, and the settled and "static agricultural world" of India. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] became the crucible for the processes of this fusion. In volume 2 of his series, states Jackson, Wink publishes a dedicated study on the conquest of India by Islamic armies, the military differences between the invading and defending armies, the processes and history of conquest, raids, religious advisors and of early Delhi Sultanate through 1290 CE.<ref name="jackson2" /> In latter parts of this work, Wink examines the Islamic rule's impact on maritime trade, [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous culture]], [[iconoclasm]], and [[Buddhism]]. It is a "book full of ideas", states Jackson, where Wink demonstrates an "enviable command of the secondary literature on a wide range of topics".<ref name="jackson2" /> The "scholarship evident in the book commands admiration, even if one disagrees with aspects of his analysis", adds Jackson.<ref name="jackson2" /> He questions Wink's work on its inadequate discussion of the ''[[mamluk]]'' slave system and imported [[Indian Ocean slave trade|slaves from Africa]] under Delhi Sultanate, treating enslavement to be a "frontier phenomenon" involving [[infidel]] Indians. Wink persuasively treats [[Turkish people|Turkish]] military strengths, yet does not answer the difficult question as to why [[Mongols]] failed in establishing themselves in India. Jackson questions the use by Wink, for some of his sections, the seventeenth-century compiled work of the sometimes dubious [[Firishta]], while acknowledging that there is a dearth of corroborating sources from this period.<ref name="jackson2" /> These are the parts in Wink's book, critiques Jackson, where one finds misspelled and unrecognizable place names, and some minor factual errors, in the manner similar to Firishta's work. Jackson lists a series of such "irritating distractions" and "slips" as he calls them, then adds Wink's volume 2 is "otherwise splendid" and "much needed" scholarship to place Indian history in the global context and to understand the Indo-Islamic world.<ref name="jackson2" />

Gavin Hambly found it to be an authoritative work of "consummate scholarship and intellectual distinction" on the Islamic spans of India; the parts on Delhi Sultanate were given "an entirely fresh perspective" and overall, the volume exhibited "deep learning, leisured pace, and sound judgment" doing justice to Wink's wide-ranging approach.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hambly |first=Gavin R. G. |date=August 1999 |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Volume 2. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries. By André Wink. Leiden: Brill, 1997. xii, 427 pp. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/alhind-the-making-of-the-indolslamic-world-volume-2-the-slave-kings-and-the-islamic-conquest-11th13th-centuries-by-andre-wink-leiden-brill-1997-xii-427-pp-13750-cloth/E23EA5DD6BDA78EBE8F18C521704F7A5 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=887–888 |doi=10.2307/2659190 |issn=1752-0401 |jstor=2659190|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]] states, "like its predecessor, this volume is wide-ranging, extensively researched and highly schematic". He mentions Wink's central thesis on the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate as a part of larger geo-cultural movement, that the attacks and wars during this period had a major role in essentially ending Buddhism within India, and its shift to Tibet, Sri Lanka and southeast Asia. Wink's work, states Eaton, also argues how the [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s ''[[Iqta'|iqta]]'' system revitalized north Indian economy and helped India become "the hub of world trade". Eaton questions the thesis on ''iqta'' and its impact on Indian economy, adding that Wink provides a wealth of information on the topic. According to Eaton, the [[Numismatics|numismatic]] evidence shows that the Indian economy was already highly monetized before the Turkic conquests. There are other difficulties in the book, states Eaton, such as how the quotations and his sources are presented. Eaton criticizes Wink's "juxtaposing works composed hundreds of years apart from each other without contextualizing them". Setting aside such difficulties, Eaton states that Volume 2 provides important and provocative new interpretations, one that correctly sees "Indo-Islamic world as a world-historical process".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |date=1998 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Volume II: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40101325 |journal=The International History Review |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=642–643 |issn=0707-5332 |jstor=40101325}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aquil |first=Raziuddin |title=Review of André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. II, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th – 13th Centuries, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1997 |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=134–137}}</ref>

==== Volume 3 ====
Peter Jackson found all the three volumes to be magisterial works and based on impressive secondary literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=1992 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25182474 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=99–100 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300002066 |issn=1356-1863 |jstor=25182474 |s2cid=163016524|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=1998 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. II. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183589 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=456–458 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300010671 |issn=1356-1863 |jstor=25183589 |s2cid=163503379|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. 111. Indo-Islamic Society 14th–15th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188570 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=367–369 |doi=10.1017/S1356186305285565 |issn=1356-1863 |jstor=25188570 |s2cid=161357341|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Richard Eaton's review of the 3rd volume of ''Al-Hind'' states that it is a "survey of the 14th and 15th century Indian Ocean region through the lens of geography". It presents the Indo-Islamic developments over this period as a "fusion" of the nomadic central Asian culture with settled agrarian north Indian culture, thus creating post-nomadic empires of [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] and [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]]. Eaton calls this an elegant scheme, if somewhat awkward. It covers the [[Habshi]] slaves and [[Mercenary|mercenaries]] from [[East Africa]] brought into India for military campaigns in Bengal, [[Gujarat]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], how capitals and major cities such as [[Delhi]] and [[Devagiri]] were settled in the fringes of semi-arid zones as well as in the non-arid lower [[Ganges|Gangetic]] valley. Eaton questions Wink's theory and understanding of religion and religious conversion in [[Malaysia]], Kashmir, eastern Bengal, and the Indonesian archipelago. After reviewing the book, states Eaton, "one feels the need to identify more precisely the mechanisms by which Muslim societies emerged from the fusion of these two geo-cultural worlds". Wink's suggestion that "threats, humiliation, destruction of temples" or "fusion" of nomadic-settled cultures, states Eaton, does not explain this. The Volume 3 may be judged by critics as 'sweeping geography-driven" scheme that does not give human agency the credit it deserves, states Eaton, yet it is innovative and provocative secondary work that is a "welcome relief from standard dynastic narratives" commonly published.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |year=2005 |title=Reviewed work: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. III: Indo-Islamic Society, 14 th–15 th Centuries Al-Hind, André Wink|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23063026 |journal=Middle East Studies Association Bulletin |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=213–214 |doi=10.1017/S0026318400048252 |jstor=23063026 |s2cid=164996009 |access-date=2021-03-08|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In his review, [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] begins by stating that Wink's three volume project was a monumental task and skeptics had feared about how any scholar could hope to dominate this vast field covering a thousand-year span, given the uneven state of historiography and myriad sources.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |date=2005 |title=Review of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: III: Indo-Islamic Society, 14th–15th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40109549 |journal=The International History Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=352–354 |issn=0707-5332 |jstor=40109549}}</ref> He then observes that the first two volumes have their admirers but they did not entirely allay the fears.<ref name=":0" /> The third volume, finds Subrahmanyam, was less [[polemic]]al than its predecessors but had a less clear thesis.<ref name=":0" /> Also, Wink had a "persistent tendency" of using [[Anachronism|anachronistic]] sources, penned centuries after the events as against contemporary sources; his choice of using old non-critical translations was criticized, as well.<ref name=":0" /> Overall, Subrahmanyam notes that the volume clearly demarcated the "thin line between boldness and intellectual courage on the one hand, and [[chutzpah]] that eventually becomes mere [[hubris]]".<ref name=":0" />

==Major publications==
* ''Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarajya'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986
* ''Al-Hind, the making of the Indo-Islamic world, volume I: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th–11th centuries'', Leiden: Brill, 1990. – second edition 1991; third edition 1996; Oxford University Press, 1990, {{ISBN|978-90-04-09249-5}}
* ''Al-Hind, the making of the Indo-Islamic World, volume II: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries'', Leiden: Brill, 1997; Oxford University Press 1999, {{ISBN|978-90-04-10236-1}}
* "Akbar", Oneword Publication, 2008; {{ISBN|978-1-85168-605-6}}
* ''Nomads in the sedentary world'' (editor along with Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov), Psychology Press, 2001; {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1369-1}}
* ''Al-Hind: the making of the Indo-Islamic world, volume III: Indo-Islamic society, 14th–15th centuries'', Leiden: Brill 2003, Oxford University Press 2009, {{ISBN|978-90-04-13561-1}}
* "Post Nomadic Empires: From the Mongols to the Mughals", (edited by [[Peter Fibiger Bang]] and [[C.A. Bayly]]), Palgrave Macmillan UK 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-230-30841-1}}
* "Sovereignty and universal dominion in South Asia", Sage Publications (journal), 2016
* ''The Making of the Indo-Islamic World c.700–1800 CE'', Cambridge University Press, 2020, {{ISBN| 9781108278287}}

== ''The Making of the Indo-Islamic World'' reception and reviews ==
Historian Roy S. Fischel believes Wink's work "offers a unique and significant contribution" to the discussion of the introduction of [[Islam]] to India.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Fischel |first=Roy S. |date=September 2022 |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. c. 700–1800 CE By André Wink |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etac033 |journal=[[Journal of Islamic Studies]] |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=400–4|doi=10.1093/jis/etac033 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, he thinks that some of Wink's approaches have limitations. Namely, Wink's overuse of dichotomies that downplay the flexibility of some categories like "mobile" and "settled".<ref name=":8" /> Furthermore, the broad scale of the book – covering over a millennium – and the rich detail Wink provides makes the book "not easily accessible" to audiences who are not already knowledgeable about the subject.<ref name=":8" /> P. P. Barua disagrees, stating that ''Making of the Indo-Islamic World'' synthesizes a lot of Wink's prior works that makes it more accessible to a general audience and scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barua |first=P. P. |date=May 2021 |title=Wink, André. The making of the Indo-Islamic world: c. 700–1800 CE. |journal=[[CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries]] |volume=58 |issue=9 |page=914}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wink, Andre}}
[[Category:20th-century American educators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]

Tana, Gujarat

2025-11-08T00:48:14Z

Frankieren: Stub

{{One source|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tana
| flag_alt =
| pushpin_label = Tana
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| government_footnotes =
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| seal_alt =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| image_shield =
| subdivision_type2 = [[Tehsil|Taluka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|34|39|N|71|58|44|E|region:CN-63|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| seat =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sihor]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| area_blank1_title =
| area_water_percent =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tana,+Gujarat+364260,+India/@21.5801677,71.9659531,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be1ff97f6cc1481:0xfe4b354f9d039a88!8m2!3d21.5773701!4d71.9786614|title=Tana · Gujarat 364260, India}}</ref>
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_magnitude = 
| area_note =
| area_blank2_km2 =
| length_km =
| area_rank =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 = 4.33
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
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| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_party =
| population_demonym =
| leader_name =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 42
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 10774
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| width_km =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| population_note =
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 364260
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Area code]]
| area_code = 02846
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tana''' is a village under administration of the tehsil of [[Sihor]], [[Bhavnagar district]] (14 kilometres from the district headquarters, [[Bhavnagar]]), [[Gujarat]], India.

== Demographics and geography ==
Tana's native language is Gujarati. As of 2011, Tana's population of 10,774 people lives in 1927 households. Tana also has:

* a female population of 5,236.
* a literacy rate of 0.2%; a female literacy rate of 0.1.
* a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes and Castes]] population of 740.
* a working proportion of the population of 39.4%.
* a population of 1,334 people under 6 years of age; 559 females.
* 0.318 square kilometres of non-agricultural land.
* 2.203 square kilometres of irrigated land.
* one primary health care center and two secondary health centers.
* one high school named Sanghavi TZ high school up to 12 th standard education is available

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhavnagar district]]

Kozhikode metropolitan area

2025-10-30T15:05:33Z

Frankieren: put up first details from scratch...

{{about|the [[urban agglomeration]]|the city|Kozhikode}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Greater Kozhikode Metropolitan Area
| other_name = Kozhikode urban agglomeration
| nickname = City of Spices
Port City of Kerala
| settlement_type = [[Urban Agglomeration]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top clockwise: Aerial view of in [[Calicut]] city, [[Kozhikode Medical College]], [[IIM Kozhikode]], [[EMS Stadium]], ULCCS [[Cyber park]] Calicut, Hilite City and [[Hilite Mall]], [[Beypore port]], [[Kozhikode Railway Station]], [[Calicut International Airport]]
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Corporation of Kozhikode
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 909.79

| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,028,399
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Pop_city">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0495 and 0496
| registration_plate = KL-11, KL-18, KL-56, KL-57, KL-76,
KL-77, KL-85
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kozhikode]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1102
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 95.42
| blank4_name_sec1 = Kozhikode Lok Sabha Constituency
Vatakara Lok Sabha Constituency (major portion)
Wayanad Lok Sabha Constituency (minor portion)
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kozhikode metropolitan area''' or '''[[Calicut]] urban agglomeration''' or '''Kozhikode urban agglomeration''' is the 19th largest [[urban agglomeration]] in [[India]] and 2nd largest in [[Kerala]] after the [[Kochi Metropolitan Area]] according to the 2011 Census of India. The Urban Agglomeration spans across 909.79 square kilometres of area encompassing a population of 2,028,399 (2.028 million).

The area constituted on the basis of census data 2011, consists of Corporation of Kozhikode and the municipalities of [[Vatakara]], [[Koyilandy]], [[Ramanattukara]], [[Feroke]], [[Payyoli]], [[Koduvally]], [[Mukkam]] .

== Constituents of the urban agglomeration ==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! No.
! Location
! Type
! Population

|-
| 1
| [[Kozhikode]]
| City corporation
| 609224
|-
| 2
| [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]]
| Census town
| 28,213
|-
| 3
| [[Ayancheri]]
| Census town
| 26,293
|-
| 4
| [[Azhiyur]]
| Census town
| 30,023
|-
| 5
| [[Balusseri]]
| Census town
| 27,363
|-
| 6
| [[Chekkiad]]
| Census town
| 24,246
|-
| 7
| [[Chemancheri]]
| Census town
| 34,819
|-
| 8
| [[Chorode]]
| Census town
| 38,245
|-
| 9
| [[Edacheri]]
| Census town
| 26,819
|-
| 10
| [[Eramala]]
| Census town
| 34,658
|-
| 11
| [[Feroke]]
| Municipality
| 54,074
|-
| 12
| [[Iringal]]
| Census town
| 25,894
|-
| 13
| [[Kadalundi]]
| Out growth
| 42,516
|-
| 14
| [[Kakkodi]]
| Census town
| 42,866
|-
| 15
| [[Karuvanthuruthy]]
| Census town
| 21,952
|-
| 16
| [[Keezhariyur]]
| Census town
| 15,116
|-
| 17
| [[Koduvally]]
| Municipality
| 50,787
|-
| 18
| [[Kottappally]]
| Census town
| 21,169
|-
| 19
| [[Kozhukkallur]]
| Census town
| 14,007
|-
| 20
| [[Kunnamangalam]]
| Census town
| 53,396
|-
| 21
| [[Kunnummal]]
| Census town
| 18,031
|-
|-
| 22
| [[Kuruvattur]]
| Census town
| 34,241
|-
| 23
| [[Kuttikkattoor]]
| Census town
| 25,929
|-
| 24
| [[Maniyur]]
| Census town
| 21,820
|-
| 25
| [[Mavoor]]
| Census town
| 29,781
|-
| 26
| [[Meppayyur]]
| Census town
| 13,922
|-
| 27
| [[Nadapuram]]
| Census town
| 40,230
|-
| 28
| [[Naduvannur]]
| Census town
| 25,979
|-
| 29
| [[Nanmanda]]
| Census town
| 27,316
|-
| 30
| [[Olavanna]]
| Census town
| 43,895
|-
| 31
| [[Palayad]]
| Census town
| 18,141
|-
| 32
| [[Panangad, Kozhikode|Panangad]]
| Census town
| 14,347
|-
| 33
| [[Pantheeramkavu]]
| Census town
| 24,537
|-
| 34
| [[Perumanna]]
| Census town
| 35,460
|-
| 35
| [[Peruvayal]]
| Census town
| 27,598
|-
| 36
| [[Poolacode]]
| Census town
| 29,872
|-
| 37
| [[Payyoli]]
| Municipality
|
|-
| 38
| [[Koyilandy]]
| Municipality
| 71,873
|-
| 39
| [[Ramanattukara]]
| Municipality
| 35,937
|-
| 40
| [[Thalakkulathur]]
| Census town
| 29,388
|-
| 41
| [[Thazhecode]]
| Census town
| 25,116
|-
| 42
| [[Thikkody]]
| Census town
| 27,051
|-
| 43
| [[Thuneri]]
| Census town
| 23,421
|-
| 44
| [[Thurayur]]
| Census town
| 14,176
|-
| 45
| [[Ulliyeri]]
| Census town
| 32,509
|-
| 46
| [[Vatakara]]
| Municipality
| 75,295
|-
| 47
| [[Valayam]]
| Census town
| 14,328
|-
| 48
| [[Villiappally]]
| Census town
| 34,502
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Portal|India}}
{{South Malabar}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Geography of Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Kerala]]