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Bangladesh Liberation War order of battle: Pakistan

2026-05-15T13:35:49Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|Order of Battle}}
{{weasel|date=August 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

On 25 March 1971, the [[Pakistani military]], supported by paramilitary units, launched the [[Operation Searchlight|military operation]] to pacify the muktibahini held areas of [[East Pakistan]], which led to a prolonged conflict with the Bengali [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=87–97}}</ref> Although [[Conventional warfare|conventional]] in nature during March–May 1971, it soon turned into a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla insurgency]] from June of that year. [[Indian Army]] had not directly supported the Bengali resistance but had launched [[Operation Jackpot]] to support the insurgency from May 1971.

The initial deployments of the Pakistan armed forces were to combat and contain the activities of the Mukti Bahini. This was changed over time and by December 1971, 3 Infantry and 2 ad hoc divisions were deployed to face the ''Mitro Bahini''.

==Background: Initial deployments against Mukti Bahini==
[[File:Banoob71.PNG|325px|right|thumb|Order of Battle: Location of Pakistani and Mitro bahini units on 3 December 1971. Some unit locations are not shown. Map not to exact scale]]

From the March 1971, the [[Pakistani military]]'s [[Pakistan Eastern Command|Eastern Command]] under its commander [[Lieutenant-General]] [[AAK Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]], started [[Pakistani military deployments|military deployment]] to provide the defence of [[India-East Pakistan border|borders linked with India]] against a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971#India's official engagement with Pakistan|possible penetration]] by the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=81–83}}</ref> During this time, the 9th Infantry Division, headquartered in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] under its GOC Major-General Shaukat Riaz, had held the area of responsibility for looking after the looking area south of the [[Padma River]] for the defence of borders linked with India while the 16th Infantry Division, that headquartered in [[Bogra]] under its GOC Major-General Nazar Hussain Shah, had been responsible for the area north of Padma and west of [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] rivers.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|pp=80–92}}</ref>

The 14th Infantry Division under its GOC Major-General Rahim Khan, was headquartered in [[Dhaka]] that had the entire area of responsibility for the rest of the province.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=92}}</ref>

The original plan was based on a series of exercises, known as ''Titumeer'', which were held during 1970–1971, was revised several times and approved in October 1971.<ref>{{harvnb|Qureshi|2002|pp=119–120}}</ref> General Niazi had created 4 ad hoc infantry brigades and 2 ad hoc infantry divisions before the final order of battle was devised.<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=126}}</ref> The final order of battle prior to 3 December 1971, was:<ref>{{harvnb|Jacob|1997|pp=184–188}}</ref>

'''Eastern Command Headquarters, Dhaka'''<ref name="autogenerated184">{{harvnb|Niazi|1998|pp=184–187}}</ref> 
Commander, [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)|Eastern Command]]: [[Lieutenant-General|Lt. Gen.]] [[A. A. K. Niazi|A.A.K. Niazi]] 
[[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], 14th Infantry Division (till March '71): [[Major-General|Maj. Gen.]] [[Khadim Hussain Raja]] 
[[Military Advisor]]: Maj. Gen. [[Rao Farman Ali]] 
[[Chief of Staff|COS]]: [[Baqir Siddiqui|Brig. Baqir Siddiqui]] 
[[Commanding officer|CO]] [[Pakistan Army Corps of Artillery|Artillery]]: Brig. S.S.A. Kashim 
CO [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured]]: Col. Bakhtier 
CO [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Engineers]]: Brig. Iqbal Sharif 
CO [[Pakistan Army Corps of Signals|Signals]]: Brig. Areef Reza 
CO [[Pakistan Army Medical Corps|Medical]]: Brig. Fahim Ahmed Khan 
CO [[Special Service Group|SSG Army]]: [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt. Col.]] [[Tariq Mehmood]] 
[[:Category:Directors-General of the Inter-Services Public Relations|Dir]]. [[Inter-Services Public Relations (Bangladesh)|ISPR]]: [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Siddique Salik]] 
[[Director-general|Dir.]] [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]]: Major [[Khalid Mahmud Arif|K.M. Arif]]

*Units under HQ Control: **6th Engineer Regiment **10th Engineer Regiment – detached to various locations **11th Engineer Regiment – Lt. Col Sarwar ** 43rd Light Ack Ack – Lt. Col. Mohammad Afzal ** 19th Signal Regiment **3rd Commando Battalion (less elements) **Army Aviation Squadron #4 – Lt. Col. Liakat Bokhari

===[[Dhaka Defence Scheme (Adhoc)]]===

Brig. Kashim (North): Dhaka Cantonment & Tongi area 
Brig. Mian Mansoor (East): Munshiganj & Narayanganj 
Brig. [[Tajammul Hussain Malik|T.H. Malik]]: [[Battle of Hilli|Hilli]] & [[Bogra]] 
Brig. Bashir: Dhaka city proper 
Brig. William Harrison: [[Comilla]] & [[Chittagong]]
*EPCAF HQ and Sector units:
**Police and Razakars

==36 Ad hoc Infantry Division==
GOC: Major General Muhammad Jamshed HQ Dhaka 
Area of Operation: Dhaka, Tangail and Mymensingh districts
*93 Infantry Brigade: Brig Abdul Qadir Khan HQ Mymensingh
**adhoc tank squadron<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2q6SgAACAAJ |title=An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh |date=2003 |publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref>
**31 Baluch – Jamalpur
**33 Punjab – Mymensingh
**71 Wing WPR – Kishorganj
**70 Wing WPR – Bijaipur

==14 Infantry Division==
GOC: Major General Abdul Majid Qazi, HQ [[Brahmanbaria]] 
Area of Operation: Sylhet and Northern Comilla districts
*34th Punjab Regiment
===Sylhet===
*202 Infantry Brigade: Brig. Salimullah
**31 [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab]] – [[Sylhet]]
**91 [[Mujahid Force]] Battalion – [[Sunamganj]]
Also: Wings of Tochi, Thal and Khyber scouts<ref name=":0" />

===Moulvibazar===
*313 infantry Brigade: Brig. Iftikar Rana
**22 [[Baloch Regiment|Baloch]] – [[Kulaura]] ([[Battle of Gazipur]])
**30 [[Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force]] – Shamshernagar (in Kamalganj)
**91 [[Mujahid Force]] (two companies) & Tochi Scouts – Sherpur

===Brahmanbaria===
*27th Infantry Brigade: Brig. Saadullah
**33rd Baluch – Kasba
**12th Frontier Force – Akhaura
**12th Azad Kashmir
**3 [[PT-76]] and 1 [[M24 Chaffee]]

==39 Ad hoc Division==
GOC: Maj. Gen. Rahim Khan (replaced by Brig. Mian Mansoor) – Chandpur 
Area of Operation: Comilla, Feni and Northern Chittagong
**21st Azad Kashmir (one companies with each brigades)

===Comilla===
*117th Infantry Brigade: Brig. Sheikh M.H. Atif
**30 Punjab – Saldanadi
**23 Punjab<ref name=":0" />
**25th Frontier Force – Mainamati
**12th Azad Kashmir – Comilla (two companies)

===Feni===
*53rde Infantry Brigade: Brig. Aslam Niazi
**15th Baluch – Belonia
**39th Baluch – Laksham

===Ramgarh===
*91st Ad hoc Brigade: Brig. Mian Taskeenuddin HQ Chittagong
**24th Frontier Force – Ramgarh (two companies)
**[[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Mizo people|Mizo]] troops<ref name="autogenerated184"/>
**EPCAF 11th and 14th Wing
**One Pakistan Ranger battalion
**One Mujahid Battalion
===Chittagong===
*97th Independent Brigade: Brig. Ata Mohd. Khan Malik
**48th Baluch – Chittagong
**24th Frontier Force
**2 SSG Commando – Rangamati
**60th Wing Rangers – Ramgarh
**61st Wing Rangers – Cox's Bazar
** Marine Battalion<ref name=":0" />

==16th Infantry Division==
GOC: Maj. Gen. Nazar Hussain Shah HQ: [[Bogra]], then [[Natore]] 
Area of Operation: Rajshahi, Bogra, Dinajpur, Rangpur and Pabna Districts

**34th Punjab
**29th Cavalry (three squadrons of [[M24 Chaffee]])<ref name=":0" />
**13 Engineer Battalion
===Saidpur===
*23rd Infantry Brigade: Brig. Iqbal Shaffi
**25th Punjab – Lalmanirhut
**26th Frontier Force – [[Dinajpur District (Bangladesh)|Dinajpur]]
**48th Punjab – [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]]
**8 Punjab – [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]]
**86th Mujahid – Gaibandha

===Bogra===
*205th Infantry Brigade: Brig. Tajammul Hussain Malik HQ: Khetlal
**13th Frontier Force
**4th Frontier Force – Hili
**3rd Baluch – Jaipurhut

===Natore===
*34th Infantry Brigade: Brig. Mir Abdul Nayeem
**32nd Punjab – Nawabganj
**32nd Baloch
**12nd Punjab (one company)<ref name=":0" />

===Rajshahi===
*Rajshahi Ad hoc Brigade<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=148}}</ref>

==9th Infantry Division==
GOC: Maj. Gen HM. H. Ansari HQ [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] 
Area of Operation: [[Khulna]], Jessore, [[Kushtia]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Barisal]] and Patuakhali districts
**6th Punjab
**21st Punjab (R&S)
**3rd Independent Armoured Squadron ([[M24 Chaffee]])

===Jhenidha===
*57th Infantry Brigade: Brig. Manzoor Ahmed
**18th Punjab – Darshana
**50th Punjab – Jhenida
**29th Baluch – Kushtia

===Jessore===
*107th Infantry Brigade: Brig. Malik Hayat Khan
**22nd Frontier Force – Benapole
**38th Frontier Force – Afra
**15th Frontier Force – Jessore
**12th Punjab – Jessore (minus one company)<ref name=":0" />

===Khulna===
*314th Ad Hoc Brigade: Brig. Fazle Hamid<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=138}}</ref>
**One Mujahid Bn
**Five [[East Pakistan Civil Armed Force]] companies
**Five [[Internal security force]] companies<ref name=":0" />

==Pakistan Air Force==
[[Air Officer Commanding]], Dacca airbase: [[Air Commodore|Air Cdre]] [[Inamul Haque Khan]] 
Officer Commanding (Operations Wing): [[Group Captain|GP.Capt.]] [[Zulfiqar Ali Khan]] 
Officer-in Charge (OIC), [[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons|No. 14 Squadron "Tail-choppers’’]]: [[Wing commander (rank)|Wg. Cdr.]] Mohammed Afzal Chowdhury
*Number of aircraft of the squadron: 20 [[F-86]] Sabers
*Training unit: 3 [[T-33 Shooting Star|T-33]]

==Pakistan Navy==
Flag Officer Commanding, Eastern Naval Command: [[Rear Admiral|R.Adm]] [[Mohammad Shariff]] 
[[Commanding Officer|CO]] [[Pakistan Marines]]/[[Commanding officer|CO]] [[Special Service Group Navy|SSG Navy]]: [[Captain (naval)|Capt.]] [[Ahmad Zamir]] 
Dir. [[Military Communications|MILCOM]]: [[Commander (rank)|Cdr.]] [[Tariq Kamal Khan|T.K. Khan]] 
Dir. [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Nav Intel.]]: Cdr. [[Mansurul Haq]]
*4 Gunboats: PNS ''Rajshahi'', ''Comilla'', ''Sylhet'' and ''Jessore''
**1 Patrol Boat: PNS ''Balaghat''
**17 armed boats<ref>{{harvnb|Salik|1997|p=133}}</ref>
**24 improvised gunboats<ref name=":0" />
==Paramilitary==
[[East Pakistan Civil Armed Force|East Pakistan Civil Armed Forces]] : Maj Gen Mohammad Jamshed Khan<ref name=":0" />
*Rangpur Sector : 8th Wing, 9th Wing, 10th Wing
*Comilla Sector : 1st Wing, 3rd Wing, 12th Wing
*Chittagong Sector : 2nd Wing, 11th Wing, 14th Wing
*Dacca Sector : 13th Wing, 16th Wing
*Jessore Sector : 4th Wing, 5th Wing, 15th Wing
*Rajshahi Sector : 6th Wing, 7th Wing, unidentified wing

==See also==
* [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]
* [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]

==Notes and references==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===References===
* {{cite book |last=Jacob |first=J. F. R. |author-link=J. F. R. Jacob |year=1997 |title=Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation |publisher=The University Press Limited |isbn=81-7304-189-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Niazi |first=A.A.K |author-link=A. A. K. Niazi |year=1998 |title=The Betrayal of East Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-577727-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Qureshi |first=Hakeem Arshad |year=2002 |title=The Indo Pak War of 1971: A Soldiers Narrative |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-579778-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Salik |first=Siddiq |author-link=Siddique Salik |year=1997 |orig-year=First published 1977 |title=Witness to Surrender |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-577761-1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan Army Order Of Battle December 1971}}
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War orders of battle]]

Halasuru Someshwara Temple

2026-05-02T20:11:47Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|Hindu Shiva temple in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{other|Someshwara Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Halasuru Shri Someshwaraswami Temple
| native_name = 
| image = Someshwara1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The entrance of Someshwara temple
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|12.975445|77.624231|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| locale = [[ulsoor|Halasuru]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva|Someshwara]]
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Halasuru Someshwara Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], located in the neighborhood of Halasuru in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is one of the old temples in the city, dating back to the [[Chola]] period, and it is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Dynamics of Language Maintenance Among Linguistic Minorities: A Sociolinguistic Study of the Tamil Communities in Bangalore|year=1986|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1986|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyViAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+++temple+ulsoor}}</ref> Major additions or modifications were made during the late [[Vijayanagara Empire]] period under the rule of Hiriya [[Kempe Gowda]] II.<ref name="achari1"/><ref name="michell">Michell (1995), p. 69</ref>

Someshwara temples were built by the Cholas in Karnataka. During that period, we see Tamil inscriptions as a few [[Thuluva Vellala|Mudaliars]] (Tuluva Vellala) were settled. These [[Mudaliars]] had settled in parts of TN especially Arcot. The temple is being managed by the Muzarai department.

The archakas are from the Dikshit community. It is one of the oldest and biggest temples of Bengaluru. The main festivals are Mahashivaratri, Brahmotsavam, and Karthika Somawaram. Other festivals include Annabhishekam, Shiva Deepam, Ardra Darshanam, Sankranthi, Yugadi, and Navarathri. Anna prasadam is provided every Monday. During shivaratri more than a lakh people visit. The ''[[vahana]]''s ("vehicles") at the temple include the [[bull]], [[Nandi (Hinduism)|adhikaranandi]], [[elephant]], [[Bandicoot|mouse]], peacock, [[goat]] and [[Parrot|snake]], while a silver chariot is a recent addition. Statues of the presiding divine couple are seated on a ''vahana'' or chariot which is brought in a procession around the temple while the temple band plays music

==History==
In the "Gazetter of Mysore" (1887), Benjamin Lewis Rice describes a legend behind the consecration of the temple. [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempe Gowda]], while on a hunt, rode far away from his capital [[Yalahanka]]. Being tired, he rested under a tree and fell asleep. The local deity Someshwara appeared to him in a dream and instructed him to build a temple in his honor using buried treasure. In return the chieftain would receive divine favor. Kempe Gowda found the treasure and dutifully completed the temple.<ref name = rice>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&dq=Somesvara+temple+in+bangalore&pg=PA71 B.L.Rice, p72 "Halasur"]</ref>

According to another version of the legend, King Jayappa Gowda (1420-1450 CE) from a minor dynasty of the Yelahanka Nada Prabhus was hunting in a forest near the present Halasuru area, when he felt tired and relaxed under a tree. In a dream, a man appeared before him and told him that a ''[[linga]]'' (universal symbol of the god Shiva) was buried under the spot where he was sleeping. He was instructed to retrieve it and build a temple. Jayappa found the treasure and initially built the temple out of wood.

Another account attributes the temple to the [[Chola Dynasty]] with later renovations made by the Yelahanka Nada Prabhus.<ref name="achari1">{{cite news|last=Achari|first=S.N|title=Bangalore's beautiful Someshwara temple|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/240777/F|access-date=23 November 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=10 April 2012}}</ref> The Kamakshi temple was built by the Mysore Maharajas. However, even before them, Adi Shankaracharya established a Shri Chakra there.

==Structure==
According to Michell, the temple plan follows many of the basic elements of [[Vijayanagara architecture]] though at a lower scale. The temple has a square sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') which is surrounded by a narrow passageway. The sanctum is connected to a closed ''[[mantapa]]'' (hall) whose walls are decorated with pilasters and sculptures in frieze. The closed ''mantapa'' is connected to a spacious open ''mantapa'' consisting of four large projecting "bays" (area between four pillars). The piers leading to the sanctum and those facing outward from the open ''mantapa'' are the standard ''[[Yali (Hindu Mythology)|Yali]]'' (mythical beast) pillars. The eastern ''[[gopuram]]'' is a well-executed, typical 16th century structure.<ref name="michell"/>The brahma samba is located in the east direction of the temple which is about 18 feet in height and has the base radius of 2 feet.

There are several notable sculptures and decorative features in the complex. An impressive pillar (''kambha'' or [[Nandi (bull)|nandi]]) pillar) stands near the tall tower over the entrance gate (''[[gopura]]''). The tower itself exhibits well sculptured images of gods and goddesses from [[Hindu]] mythology. The open ''mantapa'' consists of forty-eight pillars with carvings of divinities in frieze. To the north is the ''navagraha'' temple (shrine for the nine planets) with twelve pillars, each pillar representing a saint (''rishi''). The entrance to the sanctum exhibits sculptures of two "door keepers" (''[[dvarapala]]kas''). Other notable works of art include sculptures that depict King [[Ravana]] lifting [[Mount Kailash]] in a bid to appease the god Shiva, [[Durga]] slaying [[Mahishasura]] (a demon), images of the [[Nayanmar]] saints ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] Shaivaite saints), depictions of the ''Girija Kalyana'' (marriage of [[Parvati]] to the god [[Shiva]]), the [[saptarishi]]s (seven sages of Hindu lore).<ref name="achari1" /> Recent excavations at the temple site has revealed the existence of a temple tank (''[[Temple tank|kalyani]]'') which could be 1200 years old.<ref name="tank">{{cite news|last=R|first=Arthi|title=Ulsoor dig unearthing 1,200-year-old pond|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-30/bangalore/28115764_1_pond-oldest-temple-kalyani|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120806/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-30/bangalore/28115764_1_pond-oldest-temple-kalyani|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=23 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2010}}</ref> There are other shrines dedicated to Ganapathi, Bhimeshwara, Nanjundeshwara, Arunachaleshwara, Chandramouleeshwara, Kamakshi, Vishnu, Navagraha etc.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Entrance gopura or gateway of the Ulsur temple in Bangalore (c.1868), by Henry Dixon, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections.jpg|Entrance gopura or gateway of the Ulsoor temple in Bangalore (c.1868), by Henry Dixon, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections<ref name=Dixon-1868>{{cite book|last1=Dixon|first1=Henry|title=Archaeological Survey of India Collections|date=1868|url=http://arjunpuriinqatar.blogspot.com.au/2011/11/rare-photographs-of-bangalore-part-i.html|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>
File:Halasuru Someshwara Temple.jpg|Someshwara temple in 1890
File:Mantapa (hall) in Someshwara temple (16th century) in Bengaluru.JPG|Ornate open ''[[mantapa]]'' (hall) at the Someshwara temple in Halasuru
File:Depictions of the Girija Kalyana (marriage of Parvati to the god Shiva.jpg|Depiction of the Girija Kalyana (marriage of Parvati to the god Shiva
File:Durga slaying Mahishasura (a demon).jpg|Durga slaying Mahishasura (a demon)
File:Ornate pillars in Someshwara temple at Bengaluru.JPG|''Mantapa'' pillars at Someshwara temple in Halasuru
</gallery>

==Inscriptions==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px" perrow="4">
File:Ulsoor Someshwara Tamil Inscription BN-15.jpg|Ulsoor Someshwara Temple, Tamil Inscription BN-15<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>
File:Vijaynagar Tamil Inscription, Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor.jpg|Tamil Inscription, Someshwara Temple, Ulsoor
</gallery>

==References==
* {{cite book |last= Michell|first=George|title=[[The New Cambridge History of India]], Volumes 1-6 |orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521-441102}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Halasuru Someshwara Temple}}
{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]

Bijoy Kumar Banerjee

2026-04-24T17:21:27Z

FranciscaFortney: Made first bio w/ sources.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1927–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bijoy Kumar Banerjee
| office = [[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 March 1967
| term_end = 2 May 1971
}}

'''Bijoy Kumar Banerjee''' (1927–1996) was an Indian politician. He was the 6th Speaker of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 8 March 1967 to 2 May 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=T. V. R. |title=Who else but the Supreme Court? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/mar/11flip.htm |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WEST BENGAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/statistical/wbengal.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=HT THIS DAY: November 30, 1967 — West Bengal Assembly prorogued; Speaker adjourns House, holds Ghosh Government illegal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-november-30-1967-west-bengal-assembly-prorogued-speaker-adjourns-house-holds-ghosh-government-illegal-101638211109117.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=CHAUDHURI |first=AMIYA KUMAR |date=1993 |title=Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855642 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=86–107 |jstor=41855642 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Boris Johnson's strategy on Brexit: Evasive showmanship is no substitute for honest debate |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/boris-johnson-s-strategy-on-brexit-evasive-showmanship-is-no-substitute-for-honest-debate/cid/1703097 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid Brexit furore, will Boris have to eat his hat? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/221019/amid-brexit-furore-will-boris-have-to-eat-his-hat.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=22 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पश्चिम बंगाल स्पीकर लिस्ट |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/west-bengal-speakers-list/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Marc Galanter (law professor)

2026-04-21T23:56:29Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|American law professor (1931–2026)}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2015}}
'''Marc Galanter''' (February 18, 1931 – April 14, 2026) was an American academic who was Professor of Law Emeritus at the [[University of Wisconsin Law School]] and Honorary Professor of Law at the [https://nludelhi.ac.in/faculty/prof-marc-galanter/ National Law University Delhi]. Previously he was the John and Rylla Bosshard Professor of Law and South Asian Studies at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] and LSE Centennial Professor at the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]]. He taught South Asian Law, Law and Social Science, Legal Profession, Religion and the Law, Contracts, Dispute Processing and Negotiations. He authored numerous books and articles related to law, the legal profession and the provision of legal services in India.

Galanter was also an expert on the [[Bhopal disaster]] that occurred in Bhopal, India in 1984. His collection of court documents, newspaper clippings, secondary sources and photos forms the foundation of the "Bhopal: Law, Accidents, and Disasters in India" digital collection maintained by the University of Wisconsin Law School Library. The Bhopal digital archive contains thousands of documents, videos, a timeline and a bibliography of other works about the Bhopal disaster.

Galanter died on April 14, 2026, at the age of 95.<ref>[https://www.cressfuneralservice.com/obituaries/marc-galanter Marc Selig Galanter]</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Galanter|editor1-first=Marc|title=Lowering the Bar|date=October 2006|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-21350-1|edition=1st}}
* Law and Society in Modern India, Oxford India Paperbacks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Galanter |first1=Marc |title=Law and Society in Modern India |date=1989 |publisher=Oxford India Paperbacks |isbn=9780195622942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsqRQgAACAAJ}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [http://law.wisc.edu/profiles/msgalant@wisc.edu UW Law bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312015735/http://www.marcgalanter.net/index.htm Marc Galanter's Web site]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galanter, Marc}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:American legal writers]]
[[Category:University of Chicago alumni]] 
[[Category:University of Chicago Law School alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty]]
[[Category:Bhopal disaster]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin Law School faculty]]

Kerala snakebite murder

2026-04-20T14:22:04Z

FranciscaFortney: creating a stub!

{{Short description|Snakebite murder case in Kerala}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox event
| title= Kerala snakebite murder case
| time=
| duration=
| venue= [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| location= [[Anchal]], [[Kollam]], Kerala, India
| coordinates=
| also_known_as= Uthra murder case
| type= Murder case
| inquiries = [[Kerala Police]]
| outcome=
| reported deaths= 1
| arrests= 5 (as of 22 August 2020)
| suspects= Sooraj S. Kumar
| charges= Murder
}}

'''Kerala snakebite culpable homicide''' was a case in which the victim, Uthra, a twenty-five-year-old woman, was killed by a [[snakebite]] inflicted while she was asleep on 7 May 2020. She was in her parents' home in [[Anchal]], located in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]].

Her husband, Sooraj S. Kumar, a twenty-seven-year-old bank employee,<ref name=india/><ref name= Mumbai>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-snake-bite-murder-case-two-more-arrested-police-interrogates-victims-mother-in-law/articleshow/76159248.cms|title=Kerala snake-bite murder case: Two more arrested, police interrogates victim's mother-in-law|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053525/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-snake-bite-murder-case-two-more-arrested-police-interrogates-victims-mother-in-law/articleshow/76159248.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> was arrested. Later, he confessed to the public media that he purchased a [[cobra]], and introduced the snake into their bedroom, with the intention of killing his wife.<ref name=new>{{cite news |title=Kerala snakebite murder: Accused Sooraj publicly confesses to killing wife Uthra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/14/kerala-snakebite-murder-accused-sooraj-publicly-confesses-to-killing-wife-uthra--2169587.html |publisher=newindianexpress.com/ |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053448/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/14/kerala-snakebite-murder-accused-sooraj-publicly-confesses-to-killing-wife-uthra--2169587.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sooraj confesses to killing Uthra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sooraj-confesses-to-killing-uthra/article32084091.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=14 Jul 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sooraj-confesses-to-killing-uthra/article32084091.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3152115/death-snakebite-new-murder-weapon-choice-india|title=Death by snakebite: new murder weapon of choice in India|date=13 October 2021 |publisher=South China Morning Post|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013081222/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3152115/death-snakebite-new-murder-weapon-choice-india|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Kerala Police]] produced strong scientific evidence that supported a charge of murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uthra murder case: Strong scientific evidence goes against 'greedy' Sooraj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/12/uthra-murder-case-strong-scientific-evidence-goes-against-greedy-sooraj-2370522.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012041708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/12/uthra-murder-case-strong-scientific-evidence-goes-against-greedy-sooraj-2370522.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Kollam sessions court, on 13 October 2021, Sooraj S. Kumar was found guilty of killing his wife by forcing a live cobra to bite her. Judge M. Manoj sentenced him to 17 years imprisonment plus double [[life imprisonment]] and a monetary penalty of 5 [[lakh]] ({{Lakh|5}}) [[Indian rupee|rupees]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Uthra murder case: Sooraj awarded double life sentence for killing wife using cobra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/13/uthra-murder-case-sooraj-awarded-double-life-sentence-for-killing-wife-using-cobra-2371170.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013073641/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/oct/13/uthra-murder-case-sooraj-awarded-double-life-sentence-for-killing-wife-using-cobra-2371170.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Incident ==
Uthra was a disabled<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/10/uthra-relatives-depose-in-snakebite-murder-case.html|title=Uthra's relatives depose in snakebite murder case|website=OnManorama|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122061931/https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/10/uthra-relatives-depose-in-snakebite-murder-case.html|url-status=live}}</ref> young housewife who had been married for two years, and was the mother of a one-year-old son.<ref name="HT"/> At the time, Uthra was recovering from a previous [[Russell's viper]] bite, inflicted on 2 March 2020,<ref name= NIE/> two months prior at her husband's home near Adoor, and she was living in her parents' home during her recovery.<ref name="HT"/><ref name=Mumbai/> The viper bite caused her to be completely bed-ridden for around 52 days, and she had to undergo plastic surgery to repair the damage.<ref name = TNM/>

She was found unconscious in her bedroom in her parents' home when her mother called on her in the morning. It appeared that she had been bitten by a snake during the night of 6 May 2020. Uthra died the next day, 7 May 2020. A large [[Indian cobra]] was found in the bedroom that she shared with her husband.<ref name="HT"/><ref name=Mumbai/>

According to Uthra's mother, Manimegalai,<ref name =Mumbai/> her daughter and Sooraj went to bed after dinner. The next morning Sooraj, usually a late riser, woke up unusually early and went outside. However, Uthra didn't wake up at her usual time. Her mother went into her room and found Uthra unconscious. Later, the room was searched, and the cobra was discovered and killed.<ref name= NIE/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58947068|title=When a cobra became a murder weapon in India|date=19 October 2021 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020061510/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58947068|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Complaint and evidence ==
One week after his daughter's death, Uthra's father, Vijayasenan,<ref name=Mumbai/> contacted [[Kerala Police|police]], stating that he suspected foul play in his daughter's death.<ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Two more arrested in Kerala's snake bite murder case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-more-arrested-in-kerala-s-snake-bite-murder-case/story-K449vsquXy6ppH4y2FsL2O.html |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=22 Aug 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053509/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-more-arrested-in-kerala-s-snake-bite-murder-case/story-K449vsquXy6ppH4y2FsL2O.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He filed a complaint on 21 May to [[Kerala Police]], calling it an [[Manner of death|unnatural death]]. Her parents stated that, because Uthra and her husband were sleeping in an air-conditioned room, it would have been difficult for the cobra to enter the room without being detected.<ref name="HT"/>

Uthra had already informed her parents about Sooraj Kumar's expertise in handling venomous snakes.<ref name=NIE/> Approximately two months prior to her death from the cobra bite, Uthra had been bitten by a [[Russell's viper]].<ref name=NIE>{{cite news |title=Kerala woman's 'killer' snake exhumed for forensic probe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/may/26/kerala-womans-killer-snake-exhumed-for-forensic-probe-2148279.html |publisher=newindianexpress.com |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053510/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/may/26/kerala-womans-killer-snake-exhumed-for-forensic-probe-2148279.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The combination of the two incidents caused police to suspect Sooraj Kumar's involvement in this case.<ref name=NIE/>

Noted snake expert [[Vava Suresh]] took interest in the incident. After visiting both homes, he recommended that Uthra's family contact the police. Later, Vava Suresh gave his expert testimony and statement to the police. In the first snakebite incident, he said that a Russell's viper would have been unable to reach the second [[storey]] room in her husband's home, where Uthra received the first snake bite. In regards to the second, fatal bite, Vava Suresh also noted that it would have been difficult for the cobra to enter the air-conditioned room in Uthra's parents' home unaided. He surmised that the cobra may have been "hurt", as a means of forcing it to bite the sleeping woman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/uthra-might-have-been-forcefully-bitten-by-snake-says-vava-suresh-1.4794192|title=Uthra might have been forcefully bitten by snake, says Vava Suresh|website=Mathrubhumi|date=30 May 2020 |access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053449/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/uthra-might-have-been-forcefully-bitten-by-snake-says-vava-suresh-1.4794192|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discovery and arrests==
The police arrested the victim's husband, Sooraj, as the prime suspect and arrested the snake catcher Chavarukavu Suresh Kumar as a second suspect in the case. On 12 July 2020, Sooraj made a public confession about the murder.<ref name= NIE14072020>{{cite news |title=Kerala snakebite murder: Accused Sooraj publicly confessed to killing wife Uthra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/14/kerala-snakebite-murder-accused-sooraj-publicly-confesses-to-killing-wife-uthra--2169587.html |publisher=newindianexpress.com |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053450/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jul/14/kerala-snakebite-murder-accused-sooraj-publicly-confesses-to-killing-wife-uthra--2169587.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Confession during evidence collection at his Adoor home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sooraj-confesses-to-killing-uthra/article32084091.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |date=14 July 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053451/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sooraj-confesses-to-killing-uthra/article32084091.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He stated that he bought two snakes for ₹10,000 each (US$135),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=10,000&From=INR&To=USD|title=10000 INR to USD | Convert Indian Rupees to US Dollars | XE|website=www.xe.com|access-date=27 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053527/https://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=10%2C000&From=INR&To=USD|url-status=live}}</ref> from Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala snakebite murder: Traces of cobra venom found in victim Uthra's body |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/crime/kerala-snakebite-murder-traces-of-cobra-venom-found-in-victim-uthras-body-qdnjtn |publisher=asianetnews.com |date=18 Jul 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053451/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/crime/kerala-snakebite-murder-traces-of-cobra-venom-found-in-victim-uthras-body-qdnjtn |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the police, Sooraj admitted that he gave "sleep-inducing pills"<ref name="onm" /> to his wife in order to sedate her before releasing the snake.<ref>{{cite news |title=Victim was drugged: Police uncovers new evidence in Kerala's snakebite murder case |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/05/28/snakebite-murder-kollam-sooraj-suresh-uthra-kerala-police.html |publisher=onmanorama.com |date=28 May 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053513/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/05/28/snakebite-murder-kollam-sooraj-suresh-uthra-kerala-police.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He confessed that he had starved the cobra for eleven days to ensure that the cobra would bite his wife. The snake "was kept in a bottle without being fed" from 24 April to 6 May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/snakebite-murder-cobra-starved-for-11-days-before-killing-uthra-confesses-suraj-1.4802905|title=Snakebite murder: Cobra starved for 11 days before killing Uthra, confesses Suraj|website=Mathrubhumi|date=3 June 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053515/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/snakebite-murder-cobra-starved-for-11-days-before-killing-uthra-confesses-suraj-1.4802905|url-status=live}}</ref>

The investigating team reported that Uthra was attacked twice, first with a viper and then with a cobra.<ref name = TNM>{{cite news |title='A brutal, rare murder using two snakes', says chargesheet in Uthra's death |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/brutal-rare-murder-using-two-snakes-says-chargesheet-uthra-s-death-130809 |publisher=thenewsminute.com |date=7 May 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053517/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/brutal-rare-murder-using-two-snakes-says-chargesheet-uthra-s-death-130809 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kerala police's special investigation team (SIT) stated that Sooraj would be the primary person accused and that another case would be registered against him, his mother, father and sister for domestic violence and destroying evidence.<ref name="HT" /> The State Women's Commission also urged the police to arrest the family members.<ref name= "HTJune">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-snake-bite-murder-three-more-arrested-hidden-gold-ornaments-dug-out/story-STR75oMUJfRKuR6JNPu50I.html|title=Kerala snake-bite murder: Three more arrested, hidden gold ornaments dug out|date=June 2, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053550/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-snake-bite-murder-three-more-arrested-hidden-gold-ornaments-dug-out/story-STR75oMUJfRKuR6JNPu50I.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Crime Branch [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]], A Ashokan, the officer who had led the investigation stated that prior to her death, "she wasn’t able to walk, was in a bed-ridden situation for 52 days and had to undergo a plastic surgery after getting bitten by the viper. Making her get bitten again with a more venomous snake while she had still not recovered from the earlier attempt amounts to brutal murder only”.<ref name= NIE14072020/>

Sooraj was booked under various sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for murder, attempted murder, attempted permanent injury and destruction of evidence.<ref name = TNM/>

During the course of the investigation, it was discovered that gold from Uthra's bank locker had been removed on 2 March, the date of her first snakebite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/uthra-murder-suraj-s-mother-sister-taken-in-police-custody-1.4800722|title=Uthra murder: Suraj's mother, sister taken in police custody|website=Mathrubhumi|date=2 June 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127142131/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/uthra-murder-suraj-s-mother-sister-taken-in-police-custody-1.4800722|url-status=live}}</ref> In early June 2020, Uthra's father-in-law, Surendran Panicker (59) was arrested, on charges of destroying evidence and hiding 38 sovereign of gold jewellery, which police discovered buried in a nearby rubber plantation.<ref name="Mumbai" /> Uthra's parents stated that the majority of her dowry was still missing.<ref name = "HTJune"/>

In August 2020, both Renuka and Surya, mother and sister of Sooraj, were arrested on charges of conspiracy, domestic violence and destruction of evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/uthara-murder-case-mother-sister-of-victims-husband-arrested/article32420996.ece|title=Uthara murder case | Mother, sister of victim's husband arrested|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 23, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053610/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/uthara-murder-case-mother-sister-of-victims-husband-arrested/article32420996.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The charges include "sections 498A (Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty), 406 (Punishment for criminal breach of trust), 201 (Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender) and 34 (Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-snakebite-murder-case-uthras-husband-s-mother-and-sister-also-arrested-131396|title=Kerala snakebite murder case: Uthra's husband's mother and sister also arrested|date=August 23, 2020|website=The News Minute|access-date=26 September 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053611/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-snakebite-murder-case-uthras-husband-s-mother-and-sister-also-arrested-131396|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although Chavarukavu Suresh Kumar was originally one of the accused, he became a witness in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/uthra-murder-case-suraj-claims-innocence-before-court-1.5177061|title=Uthra murder case: Suraj claims innocence before court|website=Mathrubhumi|date=2 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102094545/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/uthra-murder-case-suraj-claims-innocence-before-court-1.5177061|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Forensic evidence==
On 26 May 2020, Kerala Police sent the carcass of the cobra for [[Forensic science|forensic]] examination.<ref name= NIE/> The cobra was 80 cm long, and capable of inflicting a fatal bite to a human.<ref name="HT"/> The then Kerala DGP [[Loknath Behra]] said that in this peculiar case, the investigation would be carried out in a scientific manner by conducting a [[Genetic testing|DNA test]] on the dead snake.<ref name=india>{{cite news |title=Kerala snake bite murder: Investigation team to extract DNA of animal as evidence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-snake-bite-murder-investigation-team-to-extract-dna-of-animal-as-evidence-1682274-2020-05-27 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=27 May 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053555/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-snake-bite-murder-investigation-team-to-extract-dna-of-animal-as-evidence-1682274-2020-05-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Motive==
Sooraj S. Kumar, a private bank employee, is said to have planned the murder by watching snake handling videos on the internet and receiving training to handle venomous snakes.<ref name=india/> His motive was to take ownership of his wife's dowry in gold,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Man Watched As Cobra Bit Sleeping Wife In Grisly Murder Plan: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kollam-kerala-news-husband-arrested-for-killing-wife-with-snakebite-2234818 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119053555/https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kollam-kerala-news-husband-arrested-for-killing-wife-with-snakebite-2234818 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as her life insurance policy.<ref name= NIE14072020/> Police received information that Sooraj had obtained a life insurance policy on his wife a few months prior to her death.<ref name=new/>

Uthra's father said that "he had gifted over 100 sovereigns of gold and a new car" to Sooraj and his family,<ref name="HT"/> in addition to [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]10 lakhs in cash.<ref name = "HTJune"/>

==Court case==
The case became a major reference point in the criminology syllabus, since Sooraj employed a natural weapon to commit the murder.<ref name="onm">{{cite news |last1=Krishnaraj |first1=R |title=Uthra murder case opens a new chapter — Homicidal Snakebite — in Criminology |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/10/11/uthra-murder-case-opens-new-chapter-criminology-harishankar-inte.html |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=OnManorama |date=11 Oct 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011111048/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/10/11/uthra-murder-case-opens-new-chapter-criminology-harishankar-inte.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lack of a history of such a crime made it difficult for the investigation team to determine that murder was committed. In December 2020, the snake catcher, Chavarukavu Suresh Kumar, testified to the court that Sooraj contacted him and purchased a snake. Suresh learned of Uthra's death from the [[newspaper]]s. Sooraj told Suresh that he no longer wished to be wed to a disabled wife and that people would attribute his wife's death to "[[Kukke Subramanya Temple#Sarpa Samskara / Sarpa Dosha|sarpa dosha]]", the wrath of snakes (a popular belief). Suresh said he was distressed by Uthra's death. According to his testimony, snakes he captured were usually released into the forest with assistance from Indian Forest officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/03/uthra-snakebite-murder-case-snake-catcher-statement-against-sooraj.html|title=Uthra murder case: Snake-catcher points fingers at Sooraj|website=OnManorama|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122054003/https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2020/12/03/uthra-snakebite-murder-case-snake-catcher-statement-against-sooraj.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sessions Court judgement===
In court, Sooraj was found guilty of using a live cobra to kill his wife Uthra.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-10-13|title=Uthara murder case: Man who killed his wife with cobra gets double life sentence, 17 years prison|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/uthara-murder-case-man-who-killed-his-wife-with-cobra-gets-double-life-sentence-17-years-prison/article36979583.ece|access-date=2021-10-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014075632/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/uthara-murder-case-man-who-killed-his-wife-with-cobra-gets-double-life-sentence-17-years-prison/article36979583.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 October 2021, [[Kollam district|Kollam]] Additional District and [[Sessions Court]], led by additional sessions [[judge]] Manoj M, sentenced Sooraj to 17 years' imprisonment plus two consecutive [[life imprisonment|life]] sentences, and an additional penalty of five lakh [[Indian rupee sign|rupees]]. This is considered to be the first case in the state of [[Kerala]] in which a murder involved the use of a live animal as the weapon.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varghese |first1=Hannah M. |title=Uthra Murder : Husband Who Murdered Wife By Inducing Snake Bite Sentenced To Life By Kerala Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/uthra-murder-husband-who-murdered-wife-by-inducing-snake-bite-sentenced-to-life-by-kerala-court-183675?infinitescroll=1 |work=www.livelaw.in |date=13 October 2021 |language=en |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029225355/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/uthra-murder-husband-who-murdered-wife-by-inducing-snake-bite-sentenced-to-life-by-kerala-court-183675?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
A Malayalam film titled '''Rajakumari''', inspired by the Uthra murder case, was announced in November 2025. The title poster was released by actress [[Manju Warrier]].<ref>{{cite web |title=കേരളത്തെ നടുക്കിയ ഉത്ര വധം സിനിമയാകുന്നു; 'രാജകുമാരി'യുടെ ടൈറ്റില്‍ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്ത്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/uthra-murder-case-movie-rajakumari-manju-warrier-poster-athmiya-rajan-unnikrishnan-sub782id |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

The film is produced by Nalla Cinema Productions and marks the directorial debut of Unnidas Koodathil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manju Warrier unveils poster of 'Rajakumari' |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/manju-warrier-unveils-title-poster-rajakumari-women-centric-thriller-929 |website=NewKerala |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref> The lead actress of the film is [[Athmiya Rajan]], who portrays Janaki, a character based on Uthra.<ref>{{cite web |title=കേരള മനസാക്ഷിയെ ഞെട്ടിച്ച ഉത്ര വധം സിനിമയാകുന്നു; നായികയായി ആത്മീയ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/11/17/uthra-murder-case-based-movie-rajakumari-first-look.html |website=Manorama Online|access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

The supporting cast includes Fahad Siddiq, [[Sreejith Ravi]], [[Senthil Krishna]], Veena Nair, Rithu Manthra, Kudassanad Kanakam, and Rajesh Kannur. Music is composed by Denson Dominic with lyrics by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ഉത്ര വധം സിനിമയാകുന്നു; 'രാജകുമാരി' ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റർ പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്ത് മഞ്ജു വാര്യർ|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/uthra-murder-is-becoming-a-movie-1468297 |website=Madhyamam |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dowry death]]
*[[Dowry system in India]]
*[[Rattlesnake James]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2020 murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths due to snake bites]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Uxoricides in India]]

Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera

2026-04-18T23:54:33Z

FranciscaFortney: Made some bio basic info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Debiprasad Mishra
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Independent politician]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]] as an [[independent politician]] following ticket denial from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=576 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baramba Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Independent Candidate Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/baramba-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916976.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Win for 3 Independents reflects anti-incumbency, local connect |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/win-for-3-independents-reflects-anti-incumbency-local-connect/articleshow/110751215.cms |website=timesofindia.com |publisher=Minati Singha |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bijaya Kumar Dalabehera, IND Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/bijaya-kumar-dalabehera-18087-8 |website=NDTV |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalabehera, Bijaya Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anil S Benake

2026-04-18T21:42:15Z

FranciscaFortney: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil S Benake
| birth_name = Anil S Benake
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1965|7|13|df=y}}<ref>myneta</ref>
| birth_place = [[Belgaum]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].
| constituency = [[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency|Belgaum Uttar]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = Firoz Nuruddin Sait
| successor = [[Asif Sait]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| website =
| alma_mater = RL Law College
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Anil S Benake''' is an Indian politician. He is former member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] who represented [[Belgaum Uttar Assembly constituency|Belgaum Uttar]]. He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OneIndia MLA Anil |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/anil-s-benake-72232.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Constituencies List 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/elections/karnataka-election-constituencies-list-2018/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-10 |title=Maratha organisations seek berth for MLA from their community |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/maratha-organisations-seek-berth-for-mla-from-their-community/article35846393.ece |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
He was born on 13 July 1965 and completed his graduation from RL Law College in 1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt MLA List Official Source |url=https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/membersaddress_eng.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benake, Anil}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Tekkali Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:16Z

FranciscaFortney: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tekkali
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (3-Tekkali highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Tekkali Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 222,222
| constituency_no = 3
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| incumbent_image = Kinjarapu Atchannaidu.png
}}

'''Tekkali Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora was the first MLA from the constituency. [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 222,222 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.<ref name="te ref1">{{cite news |title=Tekkali Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Tekkali Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/tekkali-election-result-s01a003/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=News18}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency.<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandals
|-
| [[Nandigam, Srikakulam district|Nandigam]]
|-
| [[Tekkali]]
|-
| [[Santha Bommali]]
|-
| [[Kotabommali]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Tekkali Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q59834162,Q59834155,Q3422502,Q59834191"}</mapframe>
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ronanki Satyanarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N. Ramulu
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sattaru Lokanadham Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Bammaidi Narayanaswami
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Attada Janardhana Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Saroja Varada
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Duvvada Nagavali
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|-
| 1995 by-election
| Appayya Dora Hanumanthu
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Korla Revatipathi
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Appayya Dora Hanumanthu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Korla Revatipathi
|-
| 2009 by-election
| Korla Bharathi
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|votes = 1,07,923
|percentage = 45.11
|change = {{increase}}6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=[[Duvvada Srinivas]]
|votes=73,488
|percentage=30.72
|change={{decrease}}4.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=
|candidate=Remaining
|votes=4,960
|percentage=2.07
|change={{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=3,682
|percentage=1.54
|change={{increase}}0.23
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,90,053
|percentage= 79.44
|change={{increase}}0.91
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,39,246
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=34,435
|percentage=14.39
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|votes=87,658
|percentage=38.98
|change={{decrease}}0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=Perada Tilak
|votes=79,113
|percentage=35.18
|change={{decrease}}0.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Janasena Party
|candidate=Kaniti Kiran Kumar
|votes=2,806
|percentage=1.25
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=
|candidate=Remaining
|votes=4,071
|percentage=1.81
|change=--
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=2,935
|percentage=1.31
|change={{increase}}0.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,76,583
|percentage=78.53
|change={{increase}}0.57
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =2,24,852
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=8,545
|percentage=3.8
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
|votes=81,167
|percentage=39.45
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=Duvvada Srinivas
|votes=72,780
|percentage=35.37
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Killi Rammohana Rao
|votes=1,849
|percentage=0.91
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=
|candidate=Remaining
|votes=3,727
|percentage=1.81
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=871
|percentage=0.42
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,60,394
|percentage=77.96
|change=
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =2,05,744
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=8,387
|percentage=4.08
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Revatipathi Korla|votes=47,513|percentage=34.8|change={{decrease}}12.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]|votes=45,620|percentage=33.4|change={{increase}}2.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Duvvada Srinivas|votes=36,552|percentage=26.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,893|percentage=1.4|change={{decrease}}15.3}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=136,450|percentage=76.0|change={{increase}}3.0}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{decrease}}7.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = A. D. Hanumanthu
|votes = 49,480
|percentage = 47.7
|change = {{increase}}2.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = L. L. Naidu
|votes = 32,209
|percentage = 31.1
|change = {{decrease}}21.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,271
|percentage = 16.7
|change = {{increase}}10.4
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,03,491
|percentage = 73.0
|change = {{increase}}6.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing = {{increase}}11.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Korla Revatipathi
|votes = 49,012
|percentage = 52.1
|change = -18.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Hanumantu Appayyadora|votes=42,960|percentage=45.6|change={{increase}} 18.5}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Koneru Adinarayanarao|votes=1,941|percentage=2.1|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Republican Party|candidate=Bibi Rashida|votes=215|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,052|percentage=6.5|change=-37.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=96,680|percentage=66.3|change=-4.1}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = N.T. Rama Rao
|votes = 66,200
|percentage = 70.9
|change = +19.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Baburao Vajja|votes=25,310|percentage=27.1|change={{decrease}} 15.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Bharatiya Janta Party|candidate=B.B. Subhash|votes=697|percentage=0.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kambala Rao|votes=697|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kaviti Syamu|votes=332|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Laxminarayana Pandrati|votes=168|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,890|percentage=43.8|change=+35.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,105|percentage=70.4|change=+1.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali<ref>{{Cite web | title=IndiaVotes AC: Tekkali 1989 | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/andhra-pradesh/tekkali/27/12850/86 | access-date=2025-12-01 | website=www.indiavotes.com}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Duvvada Nagavali|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=44,272|percentage=51.6%|change=-9.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sattaru Lokanadham|party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,838 |percentage=42.9% |change=+13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bammidi Narayanaswamy |party=Independent |votes=3,817 |percentage=4.5% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Penta Murty |party=Independent |votes=550 |percentage=0.6% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Koneru Rao |party=Independent |votes=364 |percentage=0.4% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,434 |percentage=8.3% |change=-22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,392 |percentage=68.9% |change=+0.9 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,667 |change = +24,929}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Saroja Varada
|votes = 42,487
|percentage = 60.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Duvvada Ramarao|votes=20,916|percentage=29.9|change={{increase}} 5.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Dal|candidate=Jeevanrao Tamare|votes=2,767|percentage=4.0|change={{decrease}}14.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Attada Janardhanarao|votes=2,29|percentage=3.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Korlapu Mallesu|votes=777|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ambati Bhoolokam|votes=645|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Reyyi Jayamma|votes=316|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,571|percentage=30.3|change=-0.8}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=71,236|percentage=68.0|change=+0.6}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Attada Rao|votes=35,274|percentage=56.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Lokanadham Sattaru|votes=15,558|percentage=24.8|change={{decrease}}8.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Dal|candidate=Bammidi Narayamaswamy|votes=11,846|percentage=18.9|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,716|percentage=30.8|change={{increase}}10.9}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=63,949|percentage=67.4|change={{decrease}}8.3}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Bammaidi Narayanaswami|votes=36,206|percentage=54.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satharu Naidu|votes=22,502|percentage=33.7|change={{decrease}}24.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Hussana Begam|votes=7,998|percentage=12.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=13,704|percentage=19.9|change={{decrease}}8.61}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=68,871|percentage=75.7|change={{increase}}12.31}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sattaru Naidu
|votes = 29,502
|percentage = 57.98
|change = +33.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Swatantra Party|candidate=Suggu Rao|votes=14,998|percentage=29.47|change=-14.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=D. Naidu|votes=4,881|percentage=9.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bompaili Ramanna|votes=1,503|percentage=2.395|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,504|percentage=28.51|change=+9.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=50,884|percentage=63.39|change=-2.06}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = N. Ramulu
|votes = 20,749
|percentage = 43.62
|change = -18.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=B. Lakshminarayanamma|votes=11,802|percentage=24.81|change=-13.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Y. Viswanatham|votes=7,873|percentage=16.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=B.M. Reddi|votes=7,146|percentage=15.02|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,947|percentage=18.81|change=-5.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=47,570|percentage=65.45|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Ronanki Satyanarayana
|votes = 23,588
|percentage = 62.10
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora]]
|votes = 14,390
|percentage = 37.89
|change = {{increase}}4.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,198
|percentage = 24.21
|change = {{increase}}22.62
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 37,978
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali<ref>{{Cite web| title=Statistical report on general election, 1955 to the legislative assembly of Andhra Pradesh | url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209040043/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf | archive-date=2022-12-09}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,252 |percentage=33.38% |change=+5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandi Kurmanna |party=Independent |votes=10,716|percentage=31.79% |change=+5.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mosalikanti Venkararamadasu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,949 |percentage=11.72% |change=-4.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dukka Reddy |party=Independent |votes=3,519 |percentage=10.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hanumanta Dora |party=Independent |votes=2,902 |percentage=8.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garimella Ramanamurty |party=Independent |votes=1,369 |percentage=4.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=536 |percentage=1.59% |change=+0.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,707|percentage=54.27% |change=+0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,108 |change =+912 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Tekkali<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora |party=Independent politician |votes=9,113 |percentage=27.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandi Kurmanna |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,628 |percentage=26.37% |change=26.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attada Krishnamurthi |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=6,795 |percentage=20.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandalam Gavrayya |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,341 |percentage=16.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabas Chandra Sathapathi |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=2,840 |percentage=8.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=485 |percentage=1.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,717 |percentage=53.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,196 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.61|84.23|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Nethra (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:24Z

FranciscaFortney: new a post

{{Short description|Indian Telugu language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nethra Cover Art.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Supernatural]] [[Fantasy]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| story = Mahesh Pandey
| writer = '''''Dialogues''''' Malathi Nethaji
| screenplay = Anand Goradia
| director = Ramnarayan Uragonda
| creative_director = Amol Arvind Surve Sanjay Ghosh Sonia Bansal
| starring = [[Shivani Tomar]] Prem Jacob Bharadwaj
| narrated =
| composer = Manoj Sharma
| theme_music_composer = Sushant Pawar
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 126
| location = Mumbai
| executive_producer = Nilesh Gundel
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] Gayathri Gill Tewary Rahul Kumar Tewary
| cinematography = Murali Mohan Chegu
| animator = Raj Studios One Life Studios
| editor = Satish Kulakarni Medisetty Sandeep Paladagu Mahidhar Akhilesh Aareti
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] [[Swastik Productions]]
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|10|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|03|04|df=y}}
| open_theme = "Mullokaalekore Janme needi"
}}
'''''Nethra''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[Supernatural fiction]] television series aired on [[Gemini TV|GeminiTV]] from 10 October 2022 to 4 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=Nethra Serial Gemini TV Launching On 10th October - Monday To Saturday At 08:30 PM |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/nethra-serial-gemini-tv/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Indian TV News |language=en-US |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203183736/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/nethra-serial-gemini-tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SunNetwork - Program Detail |url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=3Lb678nEW5A=&ShowType=banner |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.sunnetwork.in |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203184026/https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=3Lb678nEW5A=&ShowType=banner |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-11-01|title=Bengali channel is ready to launch 'Sunethra' which as originally launched Telugu as 'Nethra'|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sudipta-banerjee-starrer-sunetra-to-launch-soon/articleshow/95224738.cms#_ga=2.65439662.1620213440.1670509624-amp-p9_JzYpUwpE_q_vG3EbSnoJzEl68OxBe1OvhqKJzJa7CCIb-VzEuFb1Zx92kH3RU|access-date=8 December 2022|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411214911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sudipta-banerjee-starrer-sunetra-to-launch-soon/articleshow/95224738.cms?from=mdr#_ga=2.65439662.1620213440.1670509624-amp-p9_JzYpUwpE_q_vG3EbSnoJzEl68OxBe1OvhqKJzJa7CCIb-VzEuFb1Zx92kH3RU|url-status=live}}</ref> The show stars Sudipta Benarjee and [[Shivani Tomar]] in title role and Prem Jacob and Bharadwaj in pivotal roles.

==Plot==
The story of Love Vs Revenge where it's continuing since 6 births to the present 7th birth. Nethra is a naagini who's chosen by [[Shiva|Mahadeva]] to protect and maintain the survival of humanity. For that, all the powers to preserve peace for the whole world were stored in the Naagamani for her but only can obtain the gem by marrying a normal human. The gem also only appears every 21 years at Tripura Pournami where she should be with her partner to obtain it. She chose Arjun over Asura ( Karan) which made him outraged to achieve that gem at any costs to hail the world. This is birth by birth story where Karan in every birth keeps getting in the way for Nethra and Arjun's love and trying to obtain the Naagamani for his selfish reasons. In the present day at 7th birth, will Nethra be able to win Arjun's love after their marriage and can they both protect the Naagamani against Karan forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
*Sudipta Benarjee<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bengali beauty Sudipta Banerjee to feature in a Telugu series - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-beauty-sudipta-banerjee-to-feature-in-a-telugu-series/articleshow/89088575.cms |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203181302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-beauty-sudipta-banerjee-to-feature-in-a-telugu-series/articleshow/89088575.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> / [[Shivani Tomar]] as Nethra, Istaroopadhari Naagini
*Prem Jacob as Arjun, Nethra's husband
*Bharadwaj as Karan Rayapati
*Radha Krishna as Rajasekhar Rayapati, great business man and Karan's father
*Jyothi Reddy as Pushpa, Karan's mother
*Chinna as Narayana Rao, Nethra's Father
*Durga devi as Saraswathi, Nethra's mother
*Annapurna Vitthal as Old lady who in lives Lord Siva temple
*Krishnaveni as Karan's grand mother
*Chakri as Karan's uncle and Krishnaveni's husband
*Anju Asrani as Krishnaveni, Karan's aunt
*Priya Tarun as Jhansi, Karan's Aunt
*Akella Gopala Krishna as Jhansi's husband
*Anuradha as Ashmitha, Karan's cousin sister
*Sravani Yadav as Sona, Karan's sister
*Abhiram as Amar, Karan's cousin brother
*Poorna Sai Kumar as Vishwak, Karan's cousin brother

==Dubbed versions==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 70%; margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of dubbed versions of ''Nethra''
|- style="color:white"
! scope="col" style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! scope="col" style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! scope="col" style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! scope="col" style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired
! scope="col" style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Sunetra''
|14 November 2022
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|26 March 2023
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudipta Banerjee starrer 'Sunetra' to launch soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sudipta-banerjee-starrer-sunetra-to-launch-soon/articleshow/95224738.cms |date=2022-11-01 |access-date=2022-12-08 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118232152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sudipta-banerjee-starrer-sunetra-to-launch-soon/articleshow/95224738.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|rowspan="2"| ''Nethra''
|28 November 2022
|[[Surya TV]]
|8 April 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netra Malayalam Serial Surya TV Launching on 28th November at 07:30 PM |url=https://www.keralatv.in/netra-serial-surya-tv/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Kerala TV |date=21 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207131119/https://www.keralatv.in/netra-serial-surya-tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|4 December 2022
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|26 February 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nethra Serial Sun TV Launching on 04th December at 02:00 PM – Shivani Tomar, Prem Jacob in Star Cast |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/nethra-serial-sun-tv/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=IndianTV Info |date=27 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207132226/https://www.indiantvinfo.com/nethra-serial-sun-tv/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Nagashree''
|5 December 2022
|[[Udaya TV]]
|29 April 2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagashree Serial Udaya TV from 05 December at 07:30 PM|url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/nagashree-serial-udaya-cast/|access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Kannada TV Shows|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Nethra''
|6 March 2023
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|27 August 2023
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Nethra - Promo {{!}} Everyday @ 10:30 PM {{!}} Tamil Serial|publisher=[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEgXhP6dsj8 |date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-04-27 |via=Youtube |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Netra''
|13 March 2023
|[[Sun Marathi]]
|5 August 2023
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Netra - Coming Soon {{!}} From 13th March 10:30Pm {{!}} Marathi Serial |publisher=[[Sun Marathi]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThKDwCQvhSE |date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-03-12 |via=Youtube |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318142913/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThKDwCQvhSE |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]

T. Madhava Rao

2026-04-04T23:28:46Z

FranciscaFortney: new

{{Short description|Indian statesman}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Rajah, Sir
| name = Tanjore Madhava Rao
| honorific_suffix =[[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image = Tanjore Madhava Rao 1880.jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = {{circa|1880}} portrait of Rao
| office1 = [[Diwan of Baroda]]
| term_start1 = 10 May 1875
| term_end1 = 28 September 1882
| monarch1 = [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]
| predecessor1 = [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]
| successor1 = Kazi Shahabuddin
| office2 = [[Diwan of Indore]]
| term_start2 = 1873
| term_end2 = 1875
| monarch2 = [[Tukojirao Holkar II]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tukojirao Holkar II]]
| successor2 = [[R. Raghunatha Rao]]
| office3 = [[Diwan of Travancore]]
| term_start3 = 1857
| term_end3 = May 1872
| monarch3 = [[Uthram Thirunal]], [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]
| predecessor3 = [[Krishna Rao (administrator)|Krishna Rao]]
| successor3 = [[A. Seshayya Sastri]]
| birth_date = 20 November 1828{{Sfn|Lal|2015|p=20}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]
| death_date = 4 April 1891
| death_place = [[Mylapore]], [[Madras]], [[British India]]
| party =
| spouse = Yamuna Bai
| father = [[R. Ranga Rao (administrator)|T. Ranga Rao]]
| mother =
| children = [[T. Ananda Rao]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras University]]
| occupation = politician, administrator
| profession = lawyer
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raja Sir Tanjore Madhava Rao''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (20 November 1828{{Sfn|Lal|2015|p=20}}{{snd}}4 April 1891), also known as '''Sir Madhava Rao Thanjavurkar''' or simply as '''Madhavarao Tanjorkar''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] statesman, [[Indian civil service|civil servant]], administrator and politician who served as the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Travancore]] from 1857 to 1872, [[Indore]] from 1873 to 1875 and [[Baroda]] from 1875 to 1882.{{Sfn|Solomon|Bond|2006|p=24}} He was the nephew and son of the former Travancore Diwans [[T. Venkata Rao]] and [[R. Ranga Rao (administrator)|T. Ranga Rao]].{{Sfn|Buckland|1971|p=28}}{{Sfn|Lethbridge|2005|p=292}}{{Sfn|Aiyangar|1995|p=106}}

Madhava Rao was [[Rao family|born in a prominent family]] of [[Deshastha Brahmin]]s of [[Kumbakonam]] in 1828 and had his education in [[Madras]].{{Sfn|Hemingway|2002|p=220}} After serving for two years in the Madras civil service, Madhava Rao was appointed tutor to the princes of Travancore. Impressed with his performance, Madhava Rao was transferred to the Revenue Department in which he rose step by step to become Diwan in 1857.

Madhava Rao served as Diwan of Travancore from 1857 to 1872 bringing about developments in education, legislation, [[public works]], medicine, [[vaccination]] and [[public health]] and agriculture. He was also responsible for clearing Travancore's public debts. Madhava Rao quit as Diwan of Travancore and returned to Madras in 1872. He served as Diwan of Indore from 1873 to 1875 and as Diwan of Baroda from 1875 to 1882. In his later life, Madhava Rao actively participated in politics and was one of the early pioneers of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Madhava Rao died in 1891 in [[Mylapore]], Madras at the age of 63.

Madhava Rao was respected and regarded for his administrative abilities. British Liberal statesman [[Henry Fawcett]] called him "the [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot|Turgot]] of India". In 1866, he was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]].

==Early life and career==
Madhava Rao was born on 20 November 1828 in a prominent [[Thanjavur Marathi (people)|Thanjavur Marathi]] [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WxPmlV2KMu4C&q=brahmin A National Biography for India, Volume 1 By Jyotis Chandra Das Gupta, Page 64]</ref> His great-grandfather Gopal Pant and his grandfather, Gundo Pant, held offices of trust and power under the British as also various Indian princes. His father [[R. Ranga Rao (administrator)|R. Ranga Rao]] served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1837{{mdash}}1838 and his paternal uncle [[R. Venkata Rao|Rai Raya Rai Venkata Rao]] was also a former [[Dewan]] of [[Travancore]]. Madhava Rao had two older brothers. His family was deeply attached to the [[Uttaradi Math]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Growth of Public Opinion in the Madras Presidency, 1858-1909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0gFAAAAMAAJ|page=36|author=D. Sadasivan|publisher=University of Madras|year=1974|quote=Sit T. Madhava Rao was one of the outstanding statesmen of his time. He was born in the city of Kumbakonam, in 1828. His father, R. Ranga Rao, Dewan of Travancore. Madhava Rao spent his early years in Madras and studied in the Presidency College, then known as the High School of the Madras University.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pen-portraits and Tributes by Gandhiji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CglIAAAAMAAJ|author=Mahatma Gandhi|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1969|page=47|quote=SIR T. MADHAVA Rao was born in 1828 in the city of Kumbakonam. His father, Shri R. Ranga Rao, had been the Dewan of Travancore, and his uncle, Rai R. Venkat Rao, had been the Dewan as well as Revenue Commissioner of Travancore.}}</ref>

Madhava Rao spent his early life in Madras city where he studied at the Government High School (later [[Presidency College, Madras]]). As a student, Madhava Rao was diligent and careful and strong in mathematics and science, and had as his tutor [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Piḷḷai |first=Govinda Paramēṣvara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGYoAAAAYAAJ |title=Representative Men of Southern India |date=1896 |publisher=Price Current Press |language=en}}</ref> In 1846, he received his Proficient's Degree with high honours. Soon afterwards, Powell appointed him tutor of Mathematics and Physics at the High School. However, Madhava Rao quit in a short while to take up a job in the office of the Accountant General. In 1848, he was appointed tutor to the princes of Travancore at the recommendation of the English Resident which he accepted. Madhava worked for four years as tutor to the Travancore princes. Impressed with his performance, he was offered a position in the Revenue Department of Travancore. In a short time, Madhava Rao rose to be Diwan Peishkar of the [[Southern Division (Travancore)|Southern division]]. One of his contributions as the Diwan Peishkar was the expansion of the rivulet which joins the Meenanthara and Koodo rivers. He also removed fraud from the transport of salt from Nanjinaud to Trivandrum and dacoits from the area.<ref>SIR T. MADAVA RAO, The Times of India (1861-current); Apr 6, 1891; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Times of India pg. 4
</ref>

During this time, Travancore was facing a severe financial crisis and the treasury was empty. A large amount of subsidy due to the Madras government remained unpaid. Not long after promulgating his infamous [[Doctrine of Lapse]], [[Lord Dalhousie]] was looking forward to annexe Travancore too under this pretext. At this juncture, the Raja of Travancore [[Uthram Thirunal]] chose Madhava Rao to negotiate a deal with the British government which he did successfully. As a result, Madhava Rao was appointed the next Diwan of Travancore in 1857.

==Dewan of Travancore==
[[File:Ayilyam Thirunal and Madhava Rao.JPG|thumb|Madhava Rao with ''(from left)'' the [[heir-apparent]] [[Visakham Thirunal]] and the [[Maharaja]] of Travancore, [[Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore|Ayilyam Thirunal]]]]

At that time the entire administration of the state was in a disorganised state, public treasuries were empty and large arrears of payments in way of salaries and otherwise were pending. The Maharajah had already taken a loan from the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] of [[Trivandrum]] and adding the subsidy to be paid to the British Government, the state of affairs was bad enough to deter anyone from taking up the post of Dewan. Soon after Madhava Rao's appointment, the Shanar agitations took place in Travancore which added to the problems of the state.

In 1860 however, the orthodox Maharajah died and Madhava Rao's own pupil, the late Maharajah's nephew, [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] succeeded. Under the new and relatively less orthodox Maharajah, Madhava Rao's administration started its progress. Monopolies, numerous petty taxes and cessations were abolished and land tax was reduced. By 1863 the debts of the Travancore Government were cleared and the Dewan proudly declared that "Travancore has no public debt now". Salaries of public servants were raised by more than 50 percent and its morale and efficiency was improved. Madhava Rao's progressive financial measures were testified by the fact that when he assumed the office of Dewan he had an indebted and empty treasury whereas when he left the state in 1872 the state had a reserve fund of forty lakhs of rupees, a great amount in those days.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJBAQAAMAAJ&q=sir+t.+madhava+rao+ Indian Magazine and Review, Issues 241-252 By National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India., 1891 - Education, Page 310]</ref>
[[File:T_Madhava_Rao.jpg|thumb|left|Statue in Thiruvananthapuram]]
While Madhava Rao is described essentially as a financier, he also brought a great deal of development in education, legislation, public works, medicine, vaccination and public health, agriculture etc. In education, he added a study of philosophy and international law and showed a taste for art and pictures. Despite his devotion to his own traditions, he
advocated female education and social reform.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Rao, Sir T. Madhava|volume=22|pages=897–898}}</ref> Year after year his work was commended by the Madras Government. He also drew up State papers on special subjects such as Boundary disputes, trade reports and so on and started maintaining records of every department. In recognition of his services, by public subscription, a bronze statue of Madhava Rao was erected in Travancore.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b1HPMi9ml4MC Educational Development in South India By K. G. Vijayalekshmy, Mittal Publications, 1993, Page-6]</ref>

The coffee cultivation in Travancore got a major boost under his administration. He started the policy of Pandarapatta Vilambaram. Under this policy, the land belonging to the government was leased to the farmers at a very low price for cultivation. This policy of leasing land had a huge impact on the people as lots of young people left farming and decided to get modern education. He also reduced the rate of export and import duties to relieve the trade.<ref>The Times of India (1861-current); Apr 6, 1891</ref>

However, due to misunderstandings which arose between the Dewan and the Maharajah, Madhava Rao retired in February 1872.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dEJBAQAAMAAJ Indian Magazine and Review, Issues 241-252 By National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress and Education in India., 1891 - Education, Page 310]</ref> The Maharajah, however, respected his work and granted him a pension of Rs. 1000, a princely amount in those days. His initial plan was to retire to [[Madras]] but instead there was great demand for his services among the Princes of India, because of his having secured for [[Travancore]] the appellation of "Model State of India" by the British Government. [[Henry Fawcett]] described, on hearing of his retirement in 1872, Madhava Rao as:

{{cquote|Sir Madhava Rao administered Travancore with so much skill as justly to entitle him to be considered the [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot|Turgot]] of India.. He found Travancore when he went there in 1858 in the lowest state of degradation. He has left it a Model State.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/speechesonsomec00fawcgoog Speeches on Some Current Political Questions By Henry Fawcett, Macmillan Publishers,1893, Page-102]</ref> }}
Madhava Rao was instrumental in recognising and employing [[Chattampi Swamikal]] at the Trivandrum secretariat.<ref>Raman Nair, R and Sulochana Devi, L (2010). Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography. Trivandrum,. Chattampi Swami Archive, Centre for South Indian Studies, Trivandrum</ref>

==Indore and Baroda==
[[File:Group portrait of Sir Madava Rao and ministers of Baroda (c. 1880).jpg|thumb|Group portrait of Madhava Rao and ministers of Baroda (circa 1880)]]
[[File:Madhava Rao.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Rao]]
In 1872, at the request of [[Tukojirao Holkar II]] of [[Indore]], the Government of India persuaded Madhava Rao out of his retirement to take charge as the Diwan of Indore. Madhava Rao served as Diwan from 1873 to 1875, during which he commenced the drafting of the [[Indian Penal Code]] and wrote minutes on the opium question and the extension of railways in Indore. Shortly afterwards, the Government of India requested Madhava Rao to take over as Diwan-Regent of Baroda whose ruler [[Malhar Rao Gaekwad]] had been deposed for mal-administration.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=898}}

Madhava Rao reformed the revenue administration of Baroda and curbed the power of revenue officials called ''Sirdars''. The land rights of the ''Sirdars'' were cancelled and their lands were annexed by the state. During his tenure as Diwan-Regent, Madhava Rao also effectively re-organized the army, schools, courts of law and libraries. He also introduced a lot of town-planning measures.

Madhava Rao resigned in September 1882 due to disagreements with the new Maharaja [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]. He retired to his home in Mylapore on pension.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GOBJ96iWAeUC&pg=PA163 Nationalism and Social Reform in [sic] Colonial Situation By Aravind Ganachari, pages 163-170]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY4AAwAAQBAJ Princely India and the British: Political Development and the Operation of Empire By Caroline Keen, page 242]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC The Indian Princes and their States By Barbara N.Ramusack, Cambridge University Press page 185]</ref>

==Struggle for first Constitution of an Indian Princely State==

Many British civil servants in India who held positions within Indian princely states were disgusted by the total arbitrary power and laws of the Maharajas and Nawabs. In 1872, the retired [[Mysore Commission|Chief Commissioner of Mysore]], [[Lewin Bentham Bowring]] had written in his memoir, Eastern Experience, that those {{blockquote|who sympathise most with Native States, and who have seen how they are administered, are conscious of the great risk to which their stability is subjected by idle or headstrong rulers seeking to set aside all law, and to act on the impulse of the moment.}} Rao included this in his writing to the Viceroy, [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|Francis Napier]] in March 1872, about the need for the implementation of a written constitution in princely states requesting “a system of fundamental principles, derived from the advanced political wisdom of Europe” while “carefully adapted to the conditions of the Native society” for the princely states.

Sir Madhav Rao drafted a model constitution for princely states of India in 1874 based on the principles of separation of power of the state and sent it to Lord Napier, Viceroy of India.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Some of the Key Provisions of the Charter or Constitution
|-
! !! Provisions !! Explanation
|-
| 1 || ''The Maharaja as Sovereign is the highest authority in his dominions'' || This requires no explanation.
|-
| 2 || ''The happiness of the people, as the foundation of the strength, durability, and happiness of the ruling Dynasty, shall be the paramount object of the Government of the country.'' || This may seem trite. Nevertheless, the full recognition of this important principle is of the highest use in Native States, where sovereigns are sometimes apt to forget if not controvert it. Hence, it is thus prominently laid down and, in a manner, to imply that the best interests of the Dynasty depend upon its faithful observance.
|-
| 3 || ''The Government of the country shall be carried on according to laws and customs, whether at present in force or established hereafter.'' || The object of this is obviously to do away with arbitrary Government altogether, and to induce the Government to conform its action to laws deliberately enacted and to customs established, in reference to public good alone.
|-
| 4 || ''A Darbar for making laws shall be organised, composed of men of wisdom, virtue, property, and patriotism, and such Darbar shall assist in the framing of useful laws from time to time and under rules to be hereafter laid down.'' || As the Government is to be carried on according to law, something like a properly constituted machinery for making laws becomes at once a necessity. I reserve the details as to the construction of this ''Darbar'', only remarking at present that, without much difficulty, a body may be constituted which, though far from perfect, may be practically competent to frame useful laws.

The Prime Minister will, of course, have to preside in this Darbar.

The ''Darbar'' will be only a consultative body, and nothing framed by it can pass into law unless assented to by the Sovereign on the recommendation of the ''Dewan'' or Prime Minister after consultation with British Resident. Thus, no bad law can issue unless the Sovereign, the Dewan, the British Resident, and the ''Darbar'' all fail in their duty, a combination not likely to happen.
|-
| 5 || ''The laws in force at any time shall not be altered, modified, suspended, abolished, or in any way interfered with, except by other regularly enacted laws duly promulgated.'' || The object aimed at is the most important one of putting it out of the power of the Sovereign or the executive Government to interfere summarily or arbitrarily with the laws, by means of special orders, proclamations, &c., merely to suit a temporary or sinister purpose at the dictation of caprice, passion, or interest.

This provision is absolutely necessary to ensure Government according to law.

The student of the Political History of even England knows how important this provision is. I have framed this provision in reference to the following clause in the Bill of Rights or Declaration, delivered by English Lords and Commons to the Prince and Princess of Orange, 13 February 1688, namely, “that the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal.”

If such provision is required in England itself it is á fortiori[*] required in Oriental States, where there is a perpetual impatience of restraint and constant tendency to arbitrary rule.

The effect of this provision will be that no laws will suffer alteration &c., unless by means of laws. In short, a character of fixity will be imparted to all existing laws, and a guarantee established that they shall not be altered, or in any manner interfered with, except for a really good and approved purpose.
|}

His proposal was then forwarded by Lord Francis Napier to his successor, Viceroy, [[Lord Northbrook]] who dismissed it completely. Lord Northbrook fearing rebellion by princely states decided not to support proposals which could cause deep anguish among Indian princely states as countries like Russia, Germany and France were already trying to ally themselves with the princely states of India.

The princely state of Vadodara had faced many tumultuous years under Maharajah Malhar Rao Gaekwad. There had been multiple instances of gross violations of public order and private rights under the Gaekwad. The Gaekwad was involved in abducting married women and making them his slave or laundis in his palace. His tax collectors or vahivatadars were also given free hand to extort as much money from the ryots or tenants. He also implemented an exploitive and arbitrary system of nazranas or tributes on people.

Eventually, the entire situation started to unravel as the new British resident, [[Robert Phayre (Indian Army officer)|Robert Phayre]], came to Vadodara in 1873 who started to report back to the Viceroy, Lord Northbrook, about the situation in Vadodara. Lord Northbrook who did not want to upset the loyal princely states of India after the harrowing experience of revolt of 1857 decided to ignore the plea by Robert Phayre to remove the Maharajah. The British had already promised under Queen's Declaration of 1858 that they will restrain from occupying the loyal princely states.

Instead, the British formed a commission under [[Richard John Meade]] to look into the matter. The commission then recommended to the anguish of British that the Bombay should take the control of Vadodara. But, Bombay Legislative Council again rejected it vehemently with two of its members dissenting with the decision of the council - Henry Tucker, a judge at Bombay High Court and Alexander Rogers, a noted civil servant. According to Henry Tucker, the Calcutta must force “the Maharaja to give his subjects a written Constitution”. While Alexander Rogers said that “he had been shown the draft of a Constitution drawn up by an eminent Native Statesman (Sir Madhav Rao) of great experience” which he believed will work in India if some changes are made according to the Indian context.

Seemingly under pressure from Calcutta, the Gaekwad then decided to appoint [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] as the Dewan of Vadodara in 1873. But Dadabhai Naoroji was never able to control the situation as he was constantly undercut by the fellow durbaris who did not want any change in situation. So, he decided to resign and even, the Gaekwad was disposed as there were rumors about a conspiracy hatched by the Gaekwad to poison the British resident, Robert Phayre.([[The Baroda Crisis]])

Lord Northbrook then unwillingly appointed Sir Madhav Rao as the next dewan of Vadodara. But, Lord Northbrook also gave strict instructions to Sir Madhav Rao to restrict himself to administrative and economic reforms only.

Sir Madhav Rao tried to implement the political reforms he always wanted to implement at the end of his tenure with Lord Northbrook's successor, [[Lord Ripon]]. But, Lord Rippon also backtracked from the reforms when he faced strong opposition from the new Maharaja of Vadodra, [[Sayajirao Gaekwad]]. Sayajirao Gaekwad made it clear to the British authorities that he will not compromise with his royal authorities.

There were also strong opposition from other quarters against the proposal of reducing the total authority given to the Maharajas in the princely states. For conservatives, the total authority of Maharaja was culturally and politically imperative for the Indian states. Amrita Bazaar Patrika wrote articles against the proposal of Madhav Rao of giving a constitution to the state of Vadodara by claiming that subjects of Indian states <ref>Sagar, R. (2020, January 19). How, and why, the first Constitution in modern India was written, 75 years before the one we follow. Retrieved from https://scroll.in/: https://scroll.in/article/950118/how-and-why-the-first-constitution-in-modern-india-was-written-75-years-before-the-one-we-follow
</ref>{{blockquote|would prefer the sympathetic rule, though it might be despotic rule of the Prince, to the methodical but unsympathetic rule of a Dewan.}}

==Indian National Congress==

Madhava Rao involved himself in politics in the later years of his life. He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1887, two years after its formation. He served as the President of the Reception Committee during the 1887 Madras session. In 1888, he was offered a seat in the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] by the then [[Viceroy of India]] [[Lord Dufferin]] but Madhava Rao declined the offer on ground of health.

While delivering the inaugural address during the 1887 session, Madhava Rao described the Indian National Congress as

{{blockquote|..the soundest triumph of British administration and a crown of glory to the great British nation.}}

However, at the same time, he warned that

{{blockquote|The great experience of Europe has shown that representative government contains mucnh good and much evil. In introducing it into India, therefore, responsible British statesmen have to exercise great care and caution, that the good is produced and evil is excluded. In these circumstances it might be wrong to introduce that system into India at once, mereley because the Congress asks for it. It is absolutely necessary to take measures gradually, and tentatively}}

On June 2, 1883, he wrote the article – “Native Political Development” in Times of India.
{{blockquote|Nothing really would be a more disastrous calamity to India than the English should abandon her before she become to take care of herself.}}

Madhava Rao resigned from the Standing Committee in 1889 due to differences with other members over the resolution passed on reformed legislative councils.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xozJ7y89bScC The Indian Nation Builders, Volume 2 By Mittal Publications, Pages 347-352]</ref>

In an article written after his death in Times of India on April 13, 1891, the article talks about his position regarding Congress.

{{blockquote|Like many others sincerely wishing for the country's good, he hailed at first the idea of Congress, as a mean of political enlightment for the people and, as a true and sober interpreter of the voice of the people, and like many others his sympathies alienated from it, when he perceived that it had a tendency to assume the character of a political crusade.}}

==Later life==

In his later years, Madhava Rao strove to reform the educational system. Even while serving as Diwan of Baroda, Rao was made a fellow of the [[Madras University]]. He campaigned in support of women's education and attacked child marriage. He also criticised the literal interpretation of Hindu ''shastras''. However, Madhava Rao was, till the end, a pacifist and was moderate and unreactionary in his views on social reforms.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2IPDQAAQBAJ Pathways to Nationalism: Social Transformation and Nationalist Consciousness in Colonial Tamil Nadu, 1858–1918 By S. Ganeshram, SOCIAL REFORMS - Movements Against Child Marriage]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HDfWCgAAQBAJ Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform By Charles Herman Heimsath, pages 112,163,193]</ref>

In 1885, at the request of the then [[Governor of Madras]], [[M. E. Grant Duff|Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant-Duff]], Madhava Rao presided over the Malabar Land Tenure Commission. In 1887, he presided over the convocation of the Madras University. In December 1887, Madhava Rao presided over the inaugural session of Indian National Social Conference.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d0gFAAAAMAAJ The growth of public opinion in the Madras Presidency, 1858-1909 By D. Sadasivan, University of Madras, page 37]</ref>

Madhava Rao took a liking for British sociologist and political theorist [[Herbert Spencer]] and spent the last days of his life studying his works. He contributed articles to newspapers on a variety of topics ranging from politics and religion to astronomy. Under the pseudonyms "Native Thinker" and "Native Observer", Madhava Rao wrote opinion pieces on the [[German colonial empire|German colonisation of Africa]] and on the dress code to be adopted by Hindu women in public. He forwarded his complimentary article on German colonialism in Africa to German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]], who replied with a letter of acknowledgement and appreciation. In 1889, he published a pamphlet titled "Hints on the training of native children by a native Thinker" which was translated into various Indian languages as Gujarati, Marathi and Malayalam. He also composed a few small poems in Tamil.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hQY3AAAAMAAJ A history of Indian English literature By M. K. Naik, Sahitya Akademi,1982, page 90]</ref>

Towards the end of his life, Madhava Rao was affected by health problems. On 22 December 1890, he suffered a stroke at his Mylapore home. Madhava Rao died three months later, on 4 April 1891 at the age of sixty-three.

==Family==
The [[Rao family]] proved successful in civil administration in general. T. Madhava Rao married Yamuna Bai. The couple had five children, three sons, [[T. Ananda Rao]], Ranga Rao, Ramchandra Rao; two daughters, Balubai and Ambabai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-bengalurus-choc-a-bloc-junction-is-linked-to-travancore-royalty/articleshow/60206712.cms|title=How Bengaluru's Choc-a-bloc Junction is linked to Travancore Royalty|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref> [[T. Ananda Rao]], the eldest son of Madhava Rao, served as the [[Diwan of Mysore]] from 1909 to 1912. Madhava Rao's cousin [[R. Raghunatha Rao]], served as the Diwan of Baroda and was also an early leader of the Indian National Congress.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUwAQAAMAAJ Raghoonath Rao: A Sketch of His Life and Career By G. A. Natesan, 1918 - 48 pages]</ref> Another cousin of his, [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]] was the Diwan of Travancore from 1887 to 1892. T. Ananda Rao was married to Rama Rao's daughter Soundara Bai.

==Titles and awards==
* Fellow of the Madras University - 1862
*[[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Star of India]] - 1866
* Title of [[Rajah]] - 1868

==Books==
Books written on T. Madhava Rao and his Administration:
*''Raja Sir T. Madhava Rao: A Brief Sketch and Review of His Eventful Life and Career as the Administrator of the Three Leading Native States in India, Travancore, Indore and Baroda'', G.S. Maniya & Company, 1915
*''Raja Sir T. Madhava Rao and the Modernization of Travancore Administration'', P. Abraham Koshy, University of Kerala, 1977
*''Diwan Sir Thanjavur Madhava Row: Life and Times of Statesman, Administrator Extraordinaire'', Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2015, Urmila Rau Lal {{ISBN|978-8172765262}}

Books written by T. Madhava Rao:
*''Minor Hints; Lectures Delivered to H. H. the Maharaja Gaekwar, Sayaji Rao III'', Hardpress Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1290532907}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|title=Diwan Sir Thanjavur Madhava Row:Life and Times of Statesman, Administrator Extraordinaire|first=Urmila Rau|last=Lal|year=2015|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=978-8172765262}}
*{{Citation|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC|first1=R. V.|last1=Solomon|first2=J. W.|last2=Bond|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2006|isbn=978-8120619654}}
*{{Citation|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AKI2nqPBQC|first=C. E.|last=Buckland|publisher=Ardent Media|year=1971}}
*{{Citation|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC|first=Sir Roper|last=Lethbridge|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=978-8187879541}}
*{{Citation|title=Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of5G0r6DQiEC|first=Srinivasa Ramanujan|last=Aiyangar|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=1995|bibcode = 1995rlc..book.....B|isbn=978-0821891254}}
*{{Citation|title=The Oppressive Present: Literature and Social Consciousness in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZHBAAAQBAJ|first=Sudhir|last=Chandra|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1317559931}}
*{{Citation|title=Tanjore Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZAeukhEeUC|first=F. R.|last=Hemingway|publisher=Genesis Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-8170209683}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*Travancore State Manual by [[V. Nagam Aiya]], Vol II, pages 559–568
* {{cite book|title=Social Development and Public Policy|pages=66–70|year=1999|author=D.Ghai|publisher=Springer}}
* {{cite book|title=Colonial Modernities: Building, Dwelling and Architecture in British India and Ceylon|publisher=Peter Scriver, Vikramaditya Prakash|place=British India|pages=143, 266}}
* {{cite book|title=Representative Indians|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170003/page/n143 101]–113|year=1897|author=Govinda Parameswaran Pillai|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book|title=The Indian Nation Builders, Part II|publisher=Ganesh & Co.|place=Madras|pages=332–358}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sir T.}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Diwans of Baroda]]

Kavitha Lankesh

2026-04-02T18:56:41Z

FranciscaFortney: creating info

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kavitha Lankesh
| image = Ms Kavita Lankesh, (Director) addressing a press conference at Black Box, Kala Academy during the 37th International Film Festival (IFFI-2006) in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2006.jpg
| caption = Lankesh at the [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[37th International Film Festival of India|2006]])
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|12|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = [[Film director]]
| education = [[Bangalore University]]
| children = 1
| notable_works = ''[[Deveeri]]'' (1999)
| parents = [[P. Lankesh]] Indira
| relatives = [[Gauri Lankesh]] (sister) [[Indrajit Lankesh]] (brother)
| website = {{Official website|kavithalankesh.com}}
}}

'''Kavitha Lankesh''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter and a lyricist known for her work in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema industry]]. She began as a [[documentary film]]-maker before directing her first feature film, ''[[Deveeri]]'' (1999), which went on to win international, national and state awards. She is considered to be one of the renowned film-makers of Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6006671&cid=2404 |title=Archived copy |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123054510/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6006671&cid=2404 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has directed and produced more than fifty documentaries and informational films, along with over forty corporate films.<ref name="thehindu2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/11/stories/2003081102010200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117223515/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/11/stories/2003081102010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-01-17 |title=Back after a break |date=2003-08-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-12-23}}</ref> Some of the films Kavitha directed have won awards and accolades from critics.

==Early life and background==
Kavitha was born in Bangalore to journalist [[P. Lankesh]] and Indira. Her mother runs a sari shop in Bangalore. Kavitha hails from a prominent family of journalists and media publishers. Her father [[P. Lankesh]] founded the highly successful weekly tabloid ''[[Lankesh Patrike]]''. She has two siblings, [[Indrajit Lankesh|Indrajit]] and [[Gauri Lankesh|Gauri]]. Her brother is also a film-maker and her sister, Gauri Lankesh, was the chief editor of the tabloid.<ref>[[Lankesh Patrike]]</ref> Kavitha holds a master's in English Literature from [[Bangalore University]] and a diploma in advertising. Before her film career, Kavitha owned an advertisement agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/31/stories/2004083101060100.htm |title=Encore! |date=2004-08-31 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-12-23}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Kavitha decided to remain single. Instead, Kavitha is a single mother by choice to her daughter, Esha Lankesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theweek.in/health/cover/single-parents.html |title=Solo riders |publisher=Theweek.in |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123095419/http://www.theweek.in/health/cover/single-parents.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She now lives in a suburb of Bangalore with her daughter and her two Labradors.<ref name="tribuneindia2000">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001104/windows/above.htm |title=The Tribune - Windows - This Above All |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105845/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001104/windows/above.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Kavitha started in films with a series of documentaries. She has made films about [[Bannerghatta National Park]] in Bangalore, the [[Siddi]] tribe, and [[Ninasam]], a cultural organization that promotes the development of theater and films.<ref name="thehindu2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/25/stories/2002032500770200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020817082554/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/25/stories/2002032500770200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-08-17 |title=Fighting the formula |date=2002-03-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-12-23}}</ref> Kavithas first documentary was on a children's nature camp. She went to more than 50 documentaries and corporate films. ''[[Deveeri]]'', a movie based on a short story by [[P. Lankesh]], ''Akka'', represented Kavitha's debut as a feature film director. The film stars [[Nandita Das]], [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]], Master Manja, Kashi, [[B. Jayashree]].<ref name="bharatmovies1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/kavitha-lankesh-movies.htm |title=Kavitha Lankesh movies list |publisher=Bharatmovies.com |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022308/http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/kavitha-lankesh-movies.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Deveeri'' won Kavitha Lankesh state, national and international awards, including the International Critics Award, National Debut Director Award, and the [[Aravindan Puraskaram]] for best debutante director in 2000.<ref name="thehindu2003"/> ''Deveeri'' participated in eighteen international film festivals and won nine awards. Kavitha's second film was ''Alemaari'' was never released. The film has Bhavana and [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead roles.<ref name="thehindu2002"/> Kavitha wrote the story and screenplay and directed ''Bimba''. The film has Raksha, Prakash Raj, [[Daisy Bopanna]] and Sampath Kumar in the lead roles. ''Bimba'' was selected to compete in the Bangkok film festival and received raving reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_bimba.asp |title=Kavitha Lankesh's Bimba to compete in Bangkok film festival |publisher=Viggy.com |date=2011-03-13 |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031420/http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_bimba.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Kavitha wrote and directed ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]'', a drama film, in 2003. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada and the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story and was a commercial hit running for 100 days in theaters across Karnataka. ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'' was a Hindi television series originally directed by [[Shankar Nag]], but was revived in 2006 with Kavitha as director. The reviews were positive. Kavitha also wrote and directed ''[[Tananam Tananam]]'', a romantic musical drama in 2006. The story was based on a Tamil story written by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]]. This film debuts Tamil actor, [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], with [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] and [[Rakshita]] in the lead roles. Although the film had average to negative responses from critics, it won at Filmfare Awards South for Best Actress and Best Lyricist. Kavitha directed ''[[Avva]]'', a Kannada drama film, in 2008. The film was based on a novel, ''Mussanjeya Katha Prasanga'', written by her father. The film has [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Duniya Vijay]] and [[Nivedhitha|Smitha]] in the lead roles. The film had many positive reviews from critics and won awards at the Karnataka State Film Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Story writer. Kavitha also directed ''[[Crazy Loka]]'' in 2012. The stars of the film were [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and Daisy Bopanna. Crazy loka was commercially successful but a film that Kavitha is not proud of because of many ' uncontrolled factors'. Kavitha directed and produced a socially relevant film, ''[[Kariya Kan Bitta]]''. The film stars Pradyumna a child artist who won the state award and also had Duniya Vijay, [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Srinagar Kitty]], and [[Anu Prabhakar]]. The film won rave reviews across the state.<ref name="filmibeat1">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kavitha-lankesh/filmography.html |title=Kavitha Lankesh Filmography, Kavitha Lankesh Movies, Kavitha Lankesh Films |publisher=Filmibeat |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014610/http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kavitha-lankesh/filmography.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Kavitha Lankesh also runs a resort exclusively for children called Grameen Camp which introduces school children to various traditional village games and life styles as well educate them about farming.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Deveeri]]'' || rowspan="3"|[[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]'' || National Award for Best Regional Film; Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Bimba (film)|Bimba]]'' || Karnataka State Award for Best Screenplay
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Malgudi Days (TV series)|Malgudi Days]]'' || [[Hindi]] || Television series; season 4
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Tananam Tananam]]'' || rowspan="4"|Kannada ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]'' || Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Crazy Loka]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Kariya Kan Bitta'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Summer Holidays]]'' || English Kannada || Children's film
|-
| 2023 || ''Gauri'' || English || Documentary
|}
<ref name="filmibeat1"/>
Kavitha Lankesh has also served as Jury for many festivals -International Film Festival of India, Kerala State Awards, Jagran Film Festival and the Oscar film selection.

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0486896}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{Kavitha Lankesh}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lankesh, Kavitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Zamindars of Bengal

2026-03-31T10:27:41Z

FranciscaFortney: entry

{{Short description|Hereditary landlords in Bengal}}
{{over-quotation|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}
The '''zamindars of Bengal''' were [[zamindar]]s (hereditary landlords) of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] (now divided between [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]). They governed an ancient system of land ownership.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLane |first=John R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&q=zamindari+system |title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52654-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The Bengali zamindars managed a [[plantation economy]] in the [[Bengal Presidency]] that produced cotton, [[jute]], [[indigo]], rice, wheat, tea, spices, and other commodities. Like the British [[landed gentry]], they were bestowed with titles; their plantation economy has been studied by many scholars and can be compared with historic [[plantation complexes in the Southern United States]]. The land was cultivated by tenant farmers who paid rent to the zamindars. A big portion of the rent was in turn paid to the imperial government as taxes. The zamindars were the principal revenue collectors for the imperial administration under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[British India|British rule]]. The system was abolished by 1951.<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book |author=Kumkum Chatterjee |title=Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733-1820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA31 |year=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10303-1 |pages=31–32}}</ref>

The British entrenched the precolonial zamindari system through the [[Permanent Settlement]]. The zamindars dominated most of the villages in Bengal by collecting rent from tenant cultivators.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA301 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |editor-last=Markovits |editor-first=Claude |location=London |page=301 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne''}}</ref>
The zamindari system mirrored the European system of [[serfdom]].<ref>{{cite book |author=U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA21 |publisher=BRILL |pages=21– |isbn=90-04-09497-0}}</ref> Bengali zamindars were often recognised with titles like [[Maharaja]], [[Nawab]], and [[Khan Bahadur]], but they never ruled over [[princely states]]. With Bengal being the most populous and politically influential province in British India, Bengali zamindars were the most politically influential landed gentry in British India.

==Etymology==
According to [[Encyclopedia Britannica]], "zamindar, in India, a holder or occupier (dār) of land (zamīn). The root words are Persian, and the resulting name was widely used wherever Persian influence was spread by the Mughals or other Indian Muslim dynasties. The meanings attached to it were various. In Bengal the word denoted a hereditary tax collector who could retain 10 percent of the revenue he collected. In the late 18th century, the British government made these zamindars landowners, thus creating a landed aristocracy in Bengal and Bihar that lasted until Indian independence (1947). In parts of north India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh), a zamindar denoted a large landowner with full proprietary rights. More generally in north India, zamindar denoted the cultivator of the soil or joint proprietors holding village lands in common as joint heirs. In Maratha territories, the name was generally applied to all local hereditary revenue officers".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Zamindar |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/zamindar}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Baro-Bhuyan}}
[[File:Isa Khan- Masnad-i-Ala Portrait.png|thumb|[[Isa Khan]], one of the 16th-century [[Baro-Bhuyan]] chieftains of Bengal]]
[[File:DJI 0760 ( Ahsan Manzil).jpg|thumb|[[Dhaka Nawab Estate]], the largest [[zamindar]]i of [[Bengal]]]]
[[File:Rani Rashmoni 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|[[Rani Rashmoni]], a leading [[zamindar]] of Bengal, on a postal stamp by the [[Government of India]]]]
[[File:Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] and his wife, [[Mrinalini Devi]], in 1883]]
During the 14th century, the Hindu zamindar [[Raja Ganesha]] overthrew the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] and placed his son on the throne. In Richard Eaton's ''The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier'', there is mention of [[Khan Jahan Ali]] as the zamindar of [[Mosque City of Bagerhat|Bagerhat]]. According to records collected in 1870, Khan Jahan Ali settled in the area "to reclaim and cultivate the lands in the Sundarbans, which were at that time waste and covered with forest. He obtained from the emperor, or from the king of Gaur, a jaghir [revenue assignment] of these lands, and in accordance with it established himself on them. The tradition of his cutcherry site [court] in both places corresponds with this view of his position, and the fact of his undertaking such large works—works which involve the necessity of supporting quite an army of laborers—also points to his position as receiver of the rents, or chief of the cultivation of the soil....After he had lived a long time as a great zamindar, he withdrew himself from worldly affairs and dwelt as a faqir".<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch08&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch08&brand=ucpress |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |page= |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9}}</ref>

Between the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a [[confederation]] of twelve zamindar families existed in the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region of eastern Bengal. They included twelve Muslim and Hindu zamindar families. They were led by [[Isa Khan]], a former prime minister of the Bengal Sultanate. When the sultanate disintegrated due to Mughal invasions, these twelve families retained control of eastern Bengal. They resisted Mughal expansion until the early 17th century. [[Ralph Fitch]], an English traveler to Bengal in 1580, wrote about the twelve zamindars. According to Fitch, "for here are so many Rivers and Lands, that they (Mughals) flee from one to another, whereby his ([[Akbar|Akbar the Great]]) horsemen cannot prevail against them. Great store of cotton cloth is made here. Sinnergan (Sonargaon) is a towne sixe leagues from Serrepore, where there is the best and finest cloth made of cotton that is in all India. The chief king of all these countries is called Isacan (Isa Khan), and he is chief of all the other kings, and is a great friend to all Christians". In Bengal, for the year(s) 1880/1881, there were 150,420 estates, of which 140,007 were permanently settled, 7,670 were temporarily settled, 2,720 were under the government, and 23 were ryotwari tracts. The land tax on all these was 37,541,188 rupees, with arrears being nearly 4 million pounds sterling. Of the above 150,420 estates, some 500 had an area of 20,000 acres (31.25 qq. miles or 80.93 km2), and upwards of 15,000 with from 500 to 20,000 acres. The rest, or about 89 per cent, were under 500 acres each.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.org/details/ralphfitchenglan00rylerich |title=Ralph Fitch, England's pioneer to India and Burma; his companions and contemporaries, with his remarkable narrative told in his own words |first=J. Horton (John Horton) |last=Ryley |date=29 December 1899 |publisher=London, T.F. Unwin |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In the words of a Jesuit mission in 1600, "Twelve princes, however, called Boyones [bhūyān] who governed twelve provinces in the late King's name, escaped from this massacre. These united against the Mongols [sic], and hitherto, thanks to their alliance, each maintains himself in his dominions. Very rich and disposing of strong forces, they bear themselves as Kings, chiefly he of Siripur [Sripur], also called Cadaray [Kedar Rai], and he of Chandecan [Raja [[Pratapaditya]] of Jessore], but most of all the Mansondolin ["Masnad-i 'ālī," title of [[Isa Khan]]]. The Patanes [Afghans], being scattered above, are subject to the Boyones".<ref>{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA146 |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |page=146 |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9}}</ref> The capital of the confederation was [[Sonargaon]].

[[Emperor Akbar]]'s Land Regulation System of 1582 could not be implemented in Bengal.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Zamindar |title=Zamindar |website=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>The extension of the Khalsa,
however, was effective in a limited area. Abul Fazl says that the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat were from foresight and appreciation, left as they were. {{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Vijender |date=March 2016 |title=Akbar's Land Revenue System |url=http://www.ijemhs.com/Published%20Paper/Volume%2019/Issue%2001/IJES%2003/IJEMHSMarch2016_8_15_VijenderS.pdf |journal=International Journal of Engineering, Management, Humanities and Social Sciences Paradigm |volume=19 |issue=1 }}</ref> Instead, the Mughals relied on zamindars to consolidate the expansion of farmland, religion, and administration. Zamindars were responsible for collecting taxes. The zamindars also had policing, judicial, and administrative functions. The zamindars were integral to Mughal government in Bengal. They were also known as [[jagirdar]]s. Under [[Company rule in India]], the [[Cornwallis Code]] introduced the [[Permanent Settlement]]. Zamindars were made responsible for collecting taxes on behalf of the colonial government. The zamindari system became further entrenched under British rule. In 1950, the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] enacted the [[East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950]], which abolished the zamindari system as part of [[land reforms]]. In [[West Bengal]], the zamindari system was abolished under federal laws enacted by the Indian government in 1951.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Duties==
[[File:Raja Ganesha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A sketch of the 15th-century zamindar [[Raja Ganesha]]]]
[[File:Isa Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|The 16th-century zamindar [[Isa Khan]]]]
According to [[Banglapedia]], "All categories of zamindars under the Mughals were required to perform certain police, judicial and military duties. With elements of both fiscal and political power at their disposal, zamindars exercised enormous local influence that made them the most undisputed potentates within the bounds of their territories. However, a full-fledged police system did not develop in rural Bengal during the period and hence some revenue staff were simultaneously entrusted with police duties. For instance, the gram-saranjami paiks who were employed primarily to assist zamindars in the collection of rents and guard the crops on the fields, were also made responsible for apprehension of thieves and robbers and preservation of peace, law and order in public places such as haats (fairs) and bazaars, and fairgrounds. The regular police forces of big zamindars were organised and controlled within a system of thanas which were the largest police units, and under these came the smaller posts known as chaukies or pharies. In the heyday of the Mughals, the faujdar retained supreme authority over the thanas, nominally placed under the zamindari control. In nawabi Bengal (under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]), the thanas gradually fell under the control of the monopolistic zamindari estates.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Territorial zamindars had judicial powers. The encyclopedia further states that "Since the Mughals did not maintain a large standing army, they had to depend heavily on the indirect recruits of soldiers drafted from the territorial chiefs, clan or caste leaders. Some zamindars were even enrolled personally into the imperial service as mansabdars (nobles, holding military titles or ranks) and were remunerated in grants of jagirs, proportionate to their status. Moreover, torrential monsoon rain in the flat and riverine Bengal rendered the cavalry and artillery almost useless except in the dry season. In such a situation, to fight against the rebellious chiefs, the Magh and Feringi pirates who had been intermittently raiding the southern and eastern frontiers of Bengal, the Mughals had to depend greatly on the military assistance of the zamindars who were obliged to provide the troops with victuals and other daily necessaries and to cut off supplies to the enemies of the government. The great territorial zamindars were empowered to keep armed establishments and construct forts with a view to defending their territories, protecting agriculture, trade and commerce, ensuring the safe despatch of the revenues and keeping the raiyats under control. But the erosion of the imperial authority and the subsequent unsettled condition of the subah considerably weakened the Nawab's hold on the landed gentry, who changed their loyalties as the tide of conflicts between the awab and the Marathas or the nawab and the English East India Company flowed and ebbed".<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Under British rule, members of zamindar families often served in the Bengal Civil Service, the Bengal Judicial Service, and the [[Bengal Army]].

==Politics==
[[File:AK Fazlul Huq Cabinet 1937.jpg|thumb|The first elected cabinet of Bengal in 1937 included many zamindars]]
[[File:Nathan Commitee.jpg|thumb|Zamindars were part of the [[Nathan Committee]], which founded the [[University of Dhaka]] in 1921]]
The zamindars of Bengal were involved in the creation and leadership of the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All India Muslim League]]. Many zamindar families produced leading politicians and members of the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]] and [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. Opposition to Bengali Hindu zamindars was a major factor in the rise of the [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] and the [[Krishak Praja Party|All Bengal Tenants Association]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Debt relief for tenants was pursued by the government of Prime Minister [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]. Huq's first cabinet in 1937 included several Bengali zamindars, including Maharaja [[Srish Chandra Nandy]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin]], Nawab [[Khwaja Habibullah]], and [[Musharraf Hussain (nawab)|Nawab Musharraf Hussain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Huq,_AK_Fazlul |title=Huq, AK Fazlul |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
[[Banglapedia]] further states that "Zamindars developed a system of zamindari management of their own through their privileged hereditary position and built up their courts and a style of private life, vying with each other in pomp and grandeur. The landed aristocracy of the pre-British period included few absentee zamindars. Those who retained their official position as qanungos or chowdhuris were zamindars of the same locality. Consequently, the social life and public activities of the landed class were usually confined within the bound of their 'little kingdoms'. Their luxurious lifestyle boosted local crafts and small-scale industries like fine quality cotton textiles, exquisite silks, jewellery, decorative swords and weapons. Again, the extravagance of the prime zamindars in socio-religious festivities helped in no less degree the circulation of wealth in the society. Their darbars (courts) were modelled after the nawabs', and the Mughal dress, food, art and architecture were emulated which paved the way for a synthesis between the [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] and the indigenous cultures".<ref name="Banglapedia" /> The chieftains of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] also engaged in elaborate ritual ceremonies.
[[File:Munshibari.jpg|thumb|Former Munshibari Zamindari in Northern Bangladesh, an example of [[Indo-Saracenic]] style]]
The zamindars of Bengal were great patrons of [[the arts]]. Many libraries were established by zamindars under British rule. The Great Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Library |title=Library |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Zamindars established museums like the [[Varendra Research Museum]] and the Dacca Museum (which later became the [[Bangladesh National Museum]]). They set up numerous educational institutions like the [[BUET|Ahansullah School of Engineering]]. The [[Tagore family]] and the [[Janbazar Raj]] became pioneers of the [[Bengali Renaissance]] among the Hindu population. Writers like [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]], [[Begum Rokeya]], [[Annada Munsi|Annada Munshi]], and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] were born and brought up on [[zamindar]] estates.
[[File:Bawali Rajbari building 2025-05-23 165444.png|thumb|Mansion of the [[Bawali Raj]], built in [[Indo-Saracenic]] style]]
The zamindars built their mansions in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style.

==Wealth==
Under the British, the zamindars grew very wealthy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amp/raj-darbhanga--home-of-indias-wealthiest-zamindars-column/1660682 |title=Raj Darbhanga - home of India's wealthiest Zamindars (Column) |magazine=Outlook India |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> In 1934, the Muslim [[Dhaka Nawab Family]] had an estate that covered almost 1200 km2 across different districts of Bengal and Assam and in the cities of [[Calcutta]] and [[Shillong]]. They earned £120,000 in rent annually (US$16.5 million in 2022). With its wealth, social status, and close relationship with the British Raj, the family of the Nawab of Dacca was the single most powerful Muslim family in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition |year=2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/bengaldividedhin00chat_422 |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/bengaldividedhin00chat_422/page/n98 80]}}</ref> The Dhaka Nawab Family also owned a major diamond, which is now preserved in a vault of [[Sonali Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Daria-i-Noor |title=Daria-i-Noor |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The largest 100 estates out of 1200 tier 1 estates covered 75% of the land in Bengal, and the remaining 25% was divided between the remainder, i.e., approximately 1100 estates. Some families, such as, the Hindu [[Rajshahi Raj]] estate, covered territories covering 13,000 km2, [[Burdwan (Zamindari)|Burdwan Raj family]] (or [[Bardhaman Raj|Burdhaman]]) ruled over territories in excess of 13,000 km2, Bhawal Raj estate covered 1500 km2. Muslim Chowdhury
Moyezuddin Bishwash estate covered nearly 4000 km2. Similarly, a group of estates in Southern and Western Bengal like [[Narajole]], [[Jhargram]], [[Mallick Bari (Midnapore)|Mallick Bari]], and [[Mahishadal]] covered several districts in what is today [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[Contai]], [[Jhargram]], and the industrial township of [[Kharagpur]]. Some of these families, notably Narajole and Mallick Bari - whose zamindars Raja Narendralal Khan and Chowdhuri Jamininath Mallick were convicted in 1911, were also significantly involved in financing the Indian nationalist movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasa |first=Narendranath |title=History of Midnapur: Part 2 |date=1984 |publisher=Midnapur Sanskriti Parishad |year=1984}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Princely state]]
* [[Zamindars of Bihar]]
* [[List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[s:Treaty of Allahabad|Wikisource: Text of Allahabad Treaty]]

==Further reading==
* [http://ier.sagepub.com/content/12/3/263.extract The Bengal Zamindars] at ''[[Indian Economic and Social History Review]]''

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bengali zamindars}}
* [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/misc/bengal-zamins.html Zamindari in Bengal] by Henry Soszynski

{{Bengal Zamindars}}

[[Category:Bengali zamindars| ]]
[[Category:British East India Company]]
[[Category:1765 in India]]
[[Category:Feudalism in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]

Ghaseti Begum

2026-03-26T16:53:24Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|Eldest daughter of Nawab Alivardi Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Ghaseti Begum
|image = ঘোসেটি বেগম.jpg
|caption = Portrait of Ghaseti Begum, from the book ''Banglar Begum''.
|full name = Nawabzadi Meher un-Nisa Begum
|father = [[Alivardi Khan]]
|spouse = [[Nawazish Muhammad Khan]]
|religion =
}}
'''Mehar un-Nisa Begum''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|مهر النساء بیگم}}}}), better known as '''Ghaseti Begum''' ({{langx|bn|ঘসেটি বেগম|Ghôśeṭi Begôm}}), was the eldest daughter of [[Alivardi Khan]], [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] during 1740–1756.<ref name=bpedia/>

==Early life==
Ghaseti Begum was the eldest daughter of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]], and Princess Sharfunnisa, the paternal aunt of [[Mir Jafar]]. Her paternal grandfather was Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either [[Arabs|Arab]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] descent, the son of a foster-brother of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="Sarkar1948">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|title=The History of Bengal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283729/page/n447/mode/2up|volume=II|year=1948|publisher=University of Dhaka|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-81-7646-239-6|page=436}}</ref><ref name="Sensarma1977">{{cite book|author=P. Sensarma|title=The Military History of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8ABAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Darbari Udjog|location=Kolkata|page=172}}</ref> Her paternal grandmother belonged to the Turkic [[Afshar (tribe)|Afshar]] tribe of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Through her, she was a relative of [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]], the two having shared a common ancestor in Nawab Aqil Khan.<ref name="Sarkar1948"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Subhan|first=Abdus|title=Early Career of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=js8VAQAAMAAJ|journal=Journal of Indian History|volume=XLVIII|issue=III|year=1970|publisher=University of Kerala|location=Trivandrum|page=536}}</ref>

Ghaseti Begum married her paternal cousin, [[Nawazish Muhammad Khan]], who was the [[Naib Nazim of Dhaka]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Iqbal, Shahriyar ZR|article=Ghaseti Begum}}</ref> Being childless, the couple adopted [[Ikram ud-Daulah]], the son of her younger sister [[Amina Begum]]. But Ikram ud-Daulah died of [[smallpox]] at a young age.<ref name=bpedia/> Soon after Nawazish Muhammad also died from grief.<ref name=bpedia/> Ghaseti Begum inherited vast wealth from her husband.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

==Conspiracy against Siraj ud-Daulah==

After the death of [[Alivardi Khan|Nawab Alivardi Khan]], Ghaseti Begum tried to enthrone Shaukat Jang, the son of her second sister Maimuna Begum.<ref name=bpedia/> But court officials did not agree with her as there was a rumour that Shaukat Jang was the illegitimate son of Maimuna and [[Rajballabh Sen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawford |first=James Philip |title=Britain's Army in India: From Its Origins to the Conquest of Bengal |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |year=1978 |isbn=9780049540200 |language=en}}</ref> Due to this, Siraj ud-Daulah managed to ascend to the power of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]. Eventually she secretly conspired against Siraj with the help of [[Mir Jafar]], the chief of Alivardi Khan's army, along with Rajballabh Sen, and the merchants [[Omichund]] and [[Jagat Seth]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=HT |first=Team |date=2018-01-12 |title=Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah: The Last Independent Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/nawab-siraj-ud-daulah |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:GhasetiBegum.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Ghaseti Begum at [[Khosbag]]]]
After the fall of Siraj ud-Daulah in the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, Ghaseti was imprisoned in the [[Jinjira Palace]] by Mir Jafar. But sensing danger, Miran, son of Mir Jafar, moved Ghaseti to [[Murshidabad]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-alivardi-khan.htm |title=Murshidabad History |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144640/http://www.murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-alivardi-khan.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was believed to have been drowned in the [[Buriganga River]] on the way by order of Miran.<ref name="Rabbani1997">{{cite book|last=Rabbani|first=Golam|title=Dhaka, from Mughal outpost to metropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YLjAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=5 November 2012|year=1997|publisher=University Press Ltd.|isbn=978-984-05-1374-1|page=94}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nawabs of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bangladesh]]
* [[History of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}

[[Category:Nawabs of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]

Durga Charan Nag

2026-03-21T07:28:01Z

FranciscaFortney: Made initial post first draft.

{{Short description|Disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahansa}}
{{Multiple issues|{{tone|date=April 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Religious text primary|date=September 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Durga Charan Nag (Nag Mahasay) {{native name|bn|italics=off|দুর্গাচরণ নাগ}}
| image = Nag-Mahashay t.jpg
| caption = Nag Mahasaya (Durga Charan Nag), a 19th-century saint from East Bengal and a householder disciple of [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 1846
| birth_place = Deobhog, Narayanganj district, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]], [[Bangladesh]]
| birth_name = Durga Charan Nag
| death_date = 1899
| death_place = Deobhog, [[Bangladesh]]
| guru = [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors =
| footnotes =
}}
{{quote box
| width = 22em
| title = Quotation
| quote = ''It is easier to earn fame than to renounce it. He who can renounce it is a really great man.''
}}
'''Durga Charan Nag''' ({{langx|bn|দুর্গাচরণ নাগ}}), better known as '''Nag Mahasaya''' (Mahasaya, {{Literal translation|great soul}}), was one of the householder disciples of Sri [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]], who referred to him as "a blazing fire" upon first meeting him. He shunned material wealth and regarded every human being as God on earth. He lived on a meager income, and spent most of it on serving the poor, his guests, and monks and ascetics.

[[Sarat Chandra Chakravarty]], a direct disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and the author of the book "[[Diary of a Disciple]]" (Swami-Sishya Sangbad, in Bengali) wrote a biography of Nag Mahasaya. Most of the informat ion currently available on Nag Mahasaya has been obtained through works regarding [[Sri Ramakrishna]], his teacher and master, and [[Swami Vivekananda]], the foremost disciple of Ramakrishna.

According to other fellow disciples of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], including [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], he was a shining example of renunciation and love for God. [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] was quoted as saying, during a conversation with Chakravarty, ‘All the characteristics of the highest type of devotion, spoken of in the scriptures, have manifested themselves in Nag Mahashaya. It is only in him that we actually see fulfilled the widely quoted text, "Trinadapi Sunichena". ("Lowlier than the lowly stalk of grass.") Blessed indeed is your East Bengal to have been hallowed by the touch of Nag Mahasaya's feet!’<ref>Diary of a disciple by Sarat Chandra Chakravarti, p 24</ref> There is a charitable organisation bearing his name run in his hometown of Deobhog.<ref>[http://www.nagmahashay.com Nag Mahashaya foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912022235/http://nagmahashay.com/ |date=12 September 2017 }}/</ref>

Nag Mahasaya died in 1899 in his home in his village.

==Biography==

===Early life===
Nag Mahasaya was born in Deobhog village ([[Narayanganj District|Narayanganj district]]) in [[East Bengal]] (present [[Bangladesh]]) in 1846 to Dindayal Nag and his wife Tripurasundari Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarti |first=Sarat Chandra |title=Life of Nag Mahasaya |url=https://estudantedavedanta.net/Life-of-Nag-Mahasay.pdf }}</ref> Nag Mahasaya lost his mother early in his life. Dindayal Nag did not remarry, so the task of bringing up Nag Mahasaya and his younger sister fell upon [[Bhagavati]], his aunt, the elder sister of Dindayal.

Little is known about Nag Mahasaya's childhood, except that he was sweet tongued, well-behaved and modest. He was serene in appearance. His aunt told him stories of [[Puranas]], Ramayana and [[Mahabharata]] which had a deep and lasting influence on his subsequent life. He was always truthful and was pious.<ref>"Life of Nag Mahashaya" by Sarat Chandra Chakrabarti, Chapter 1</ref>

Nag Mahasaya had a deep love for education, but there was no school in his village. He studied for sometimes in a vernacular school in Narayanganj district, but had to leave after third standard, the highest class in that school. His father wanted to send him to [[Calcutta]] to study, but could not bear the expense. Nag Mahasaya set off to search for a school in [[Dacca]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life of Nag Mahasaya |url=https://estudantedavedanta.net/Life-of-Nag-Mahasay.pdf |website=Life of Nag Mahasaya}}</ref> He travelled on foot a distance of 10 miles from Narayanganj to reach Dacca and after much effort enrolled himself to the Normal school where he studied for the next 15 months. Later he came to Calcutta to study medical science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life of Nag Mahasays |url=https://estudantedavedanta.net/Life-of-Nag-Mahasay.pdf }}</ref>

===Marriage and Life as a Medical Practitioner===
Nag Mahasaya married eleven-year-old [[Prasanna Kumari]] in accordance with the customs prevailing at that time in Bengal. 5 months after his marriage, he came to Calcutta to study in Campbell School of Medicine, but he could not study for long. After this, he studied Homeopathy under Dr. Behari Lal Bhaduri. At this point, his first wife died of dysentery, and he hardly could have had any interaction with her. He treated and distributed medicine to the poor free of cost, having success even while treating very difficult cases.

Nag Mahasaya's life took a new turn when he met Suresh Datta, who belonged to the [[Brahmo]] sect. Even though they had quite different beliefs, they were friendly with each other. Suresh took him to the [[Nababidhan Brahmo Samaj]] founded by [[Keshab Chandra Sen]], the then famous religious leader and orator of Bengal.
About this time he delved deeper into the spiritual practices.<ref>"Life of Nag Mahashaya" by Sarat Chandra Chakrabarti, Chapter 2</ref>

When the news of his spiritual practices reached Dindayal, the concerned father decided to marry his son off as per the prevailing customs in Bengal. According to his biographer Sarat Chandra Chakravarty, about his marriage Nagmahashaya used to say, "Marriage with the pure desire for progeny does not defile a man. But only saints and sages of yore were fit for such marriages. Having observed austere [[Brahmacharya]] (celibacy) for a long time, they took wives for the purpose of continuing their progeny; and having begot sons like [[Vyasa]], [[Sukadeva]], [[Sanaka]] and [[Sanatkumara]], they retired to the forest to lead the life of a recluse. But it cannot be so in this Iron Age. Nowadays, there is not that deep meditation and self-restraint, and so, the children born of lust become wicked and immoral." About his second marriage, he said, "What could I do? It was my father's command! I had to obey it, although it was venom itself to me."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/pplheknew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |title=Householder Disciple of Ramakrishna |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314205719/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |archive-date=2011-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After their marriage, Nag Mahasaya and his father returned to Calcutta, where Nag Mahasaya established his medical practice and began accepting fees for patient treatment. Around this period, he experienced the loss of his aunt, marking his first encounter with bereavement. This incident profoundly impacted him, leading to a sense of disillusionment with material possessions. His biography reflects this transformation, stating, "With death all relationships cease, so why should there be all these 'I' and 'mine'? The world is full of suffering and misery, how can one ever be free from bondage?" These questions deeply troubled him.

In his medical practice, Nag Mahasaya did not demand fees but accepted whatever patients offered out of love and gratitude. His practice flourished as a result. Known for his simplicity in both outlook and attire, he avoided all forms of luxury. His primary concern was the welfare of the poor, often spending his earnings to aid them. On one occasion, when his father, Dindayal, purchased an expensive shawl for him, Nag Mahasaya donated it to a poor individual suffering from the cold. He also brought impoverished patients into his home to provide them with better treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/pplheknew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |title=Householder Disciple of Ramakrishna |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314205719/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |archive-date=2011-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

When his father became old and infirm he was sent away to stay in his native village and Nag Mahasaya's wife also went with him. Nag Mahasaya stayed back in Calcutta in a small cottage. During this time Suresh, the Brahmo friend, told Nag Mahasaya of a certain saint of [[Dakshineswar]], who was none but [[Sri Ramakrishna]]. According to his biography, this was a major turning point in his life.

===Meeting with Sri Ramakrishna===
[[File:Statue of Durga Charan Nag (Nag Mahasay).jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of Durga Charan Nag (Nag Mahasay), Dakshineswar Kali Temple complex, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India]]
The initial encounter between Sri Ramakrishna and Nag Mahasaya is thoroughly documented in various sources, including Nag Mahasaya's biography and Swami Chetanananda's "They Lived with God." During this meeting, Suresh and Nag Mahasaya visited Sri Ramakrishna's residence. As detailed in the biography, Sri Ramakrishna inquired about Nag Mahasaya and, during their conversation, used the analogy of a pankal fish—a slippery freshwater fish in Bengal. He explained that, much like the pankal fish which resides in soil without being tainted by it, one should strive to live in the world without attachment to material possessions to avoid sorrow. Sri Ramakrishna also remarked to Suresh that Nag Mahasaya was "a blazing fire" and conveyed to Nag Mahasaya that he had achieved a very high spiritual state. According to the biography, this meeting had a profound and lasting impact on Nag Mahasaya.

Next time, Nag Mahasaya visited Dakshineswar alone and was treated very kindly by [[Sri Ramakrishna]]. According to the biography, Nag Mahasaya was overwhelmed by this visit and remarked about this incident later - "No one can realize Him unless blessed by Him. Even austere penances for a thousand years will be of no avail to realize Him, if He does not show mercy."

Nag Mahasaya also met [[Narendranath Dutta]] ([[Swami Vivekananda]]) in Dakshineswar and had a discussion with him. He had an extremely high regard for [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Sarat Chandra Chakravarty, who was a disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda]], testified that the Swami also had tremendous respect for Nag Mahasaya.

Nag Mahasaya also met the noted Bengali poet and playwright [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] in Dakshineswar, and they were lifelong friends.

====Influence of Sri Ramakrishna====
Nag Mahasaya got to hear a chance remark of [[Sri Ramakrishna]] that it was very difficult for a doctor or a lawyer to realize god. According to his biographer, because of this reason, he threw his box of medicine in the [[Ganges]] and gave up his practice. He was later employed by his father's employers, M/s Pals.

He asked [[Sri Ramakrishna]] for his permission to renounce worldly life. However, [[Sri Ramakrishna]] did not agree to this. According to the biography and other disciples of [[Ramakrishna]] who were also familiar with Nag Mahasaya, [[Sri Ramakrishna]] asked him to remain as a householder and lead a model life for all the householders.

====Conversation with Sri Ramakrishna====
A few excerpts are taken from a conversation between [[Sri Ramakrishna]] and Nag Mahasaya -

"Noticing Nagmahashaya's strong spirit of renunciation, and his desire to take to monastic life, Sri Ramakrishna told him once again, "Continue to be a householder and remain in your own home. Somehow or other the family will get its bare maintenance, you won't have to worry for it."

Nagmahashaya: How can one rem ain in the home? How can one remain unmoved even at the sight of others' sufferings and troubles?

Sri Ramakrishna: Well, I tell you, take my word. Nothing can taint you, even if you remain a householder. Men will wonder to see your life.

Nagmahashaya: How should I pass my days as a householder?

Sri Ramakrishna: You have not to do anything; only be always in the company of pious men.

Nagmahashaya: How am I to distinguish a pious man, unintelligent as I am?

Sri Ramakrishna: Oh no, you have not to search for them. You remain in your own house, and the truly pious men will of their own accord come to you."<ref>[http://www.vedantauk.com/magazine/2009/Jul-Aug2009.pdf Ramakrishna and Nag Mahasaya]</ref>

====Devotion towards Sri Ramakrishna====
There are many stories around the love and devotion of Nag Mahasaya for [[Sri Ramakrishna]]. A few days before the master's death in [[Cossipore garden house]], he by chance heard that [[Sri Ramakrishna]], then terminally ill from throat cancer, had asked for an [[amalakee]] (Indian Gooseberry) fruit. He at once set out to fetch it, knowing fully well that it was not the season for that fruit. After a great deal of trouble, he finally got one and brought it for his Master when all others had failed to procure it.

===Life as a householder ascetic===

====Practice of the Ascetic Life====
During this period, Nag Mahasaya was more inclined towards an ascetic lifestyle rather than engaging in regular employment. Consequently, his employers arranged for his associate to manage his responsibilities in the salt dispatch business, with the condition that half of the profits from the business be allocated to Nag Mahasaya.

Nag Mahasaya was known for his egalitarian approach, serving individuals regardless of caste, creed, or social class. He paid the prices requested by shopkeepers without dispute, and even when some shopkeepers later offered to reimburse him out of remorse, he declined the payments, concerned about their financial losses. He also refrained from repairing his own house, believing that the inconvenience it would cause others was not worth it. One notable incident highlights his compassion: when his wife employed a laborer to repair their roof, Nag Mahasaya personally fanned the laborer and treated him with the utmost respect, as though he were an esteemed guest in his home.

For the last twenty years of his life, Nag Mahasaya came back and settled in his native place to look after his old father. Even though he was genial and non-violent, Nag Mahasaya could never withstand anybody criticising [[Sri Ramakrishna]].

====Relationship with his devotees====
According to his biographer, Nag Mahasaya was deeply devoted to his followers, treating them with exceptional care and compassion. A notable example of his dedication to his guests is described in the biography: despite suffering from colic pain, he experienced a severe attack while hosting guests at his home. Even in this distressed state, he personally procured all necessary provisions to ensure his guests were well served. He consistently provided his guests with the best room available, and on one occasion, he and his wife spent a stormy night sitting and meditating under a porch.

Nag Mahasaya's income was modest, yet he dedicated a significant portion of it to welfare and service, leaving very little for himself or his family. His commitment to helping others led him to incur substantial debt.

====Relationship with his wife====
Among the devotees of Nag Mahasaya, his wife is notably prominent. According to Sarat Chandra Chakravarty, who was closely associated with the family, she was profoundly devoted to her husband's unconventional practices and revered him as a divine figure. She diligently attended to her household responsibilities while remaining attentive to both her husband and their guests. She rose early, well before others, and after completing her morning chores, she dedicated herself to worship and meditation. She consistently refrained from eating until her husband and the guests had finished their meals.

====Meeting with Holy Mother, Sri Sarada Devi====
He also met [[Sarada Devi]], affectionately called Sri Ma or the holy mother by her devotees, who was the wife and spiritual consort of [[Sri Ramakrishna]].<ref>[http://saradadevi.info/GHM_book/p-293.html Gospels of Holy Mother]</ref>
According to Sarat Chandra Chakravarty, he held tremendous respect for the holy mother. "Mother is more merciful than father", he once told his biographer, who had accompanied him on a journey to visit the holy mother.

===Testimonials===

[[Swami Vivekananda]] held extremely high regards for Nag Mahasaya. An excerpt is taken here from the book "Diary of a Disciple" by Sarat Chandra Chakravarty, which illustrates the Swami's views on Nag Mahasaya.
"Swamiji: Shri Ramakrishna used to compare him to King [[Janaka]]. A man with such control over all the senses one does not hear of even, much less come across. You must associate with him as much as you can. He is one of Shri Ramakrishna's nearest disciples.

{{Blockquote
|text= "Many in our part of the country call him mad. But I have known him to be a great soul since the very first day of my meeting him. He loves me much, and I have his fervent blessings." |author= Sarat Chandra Chakravarty
|title=''Diary of a Disciple''|source = <ref>Diary of a Disciple by Sarat Chandra Chakravarti, p 51</ref>
}}

According to the biography, the brother monks of [[Belur Math]] also loved him dearly. On one occasion when Nag Mahasaya went to the [[Alambazar Math]] at noon time when the shrine to the master was closed after the midday meal, one of his brother disciples [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] who was very strict in observing rules regarding service to the Master, himself broke the rules for Nag Mahasaya. The shrine was opened in that unusual hour to offer food to the Master before serving Nag Mahasaya as the latter would accept only Prasad or the holy food partaken by the Master. Nag Mahashaya also had the highest reverence for his [[Sannyasin]] brother disciples. He used to say of them, "They are not men but gods in human forms who came to play with the Lord. Who can know them? Who can understand them?"<ref>Life of Nag Mahasaya by Sarat Chandra Chakravarti, Chapter 7</ref>

[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], the noted playwright of Bengal and a friend of Nag Mahasaya said that by constantly beating his ego Nag Mahasaya crushed it completely, so that it could never raise its head. It is mentioned in his biography and several other sources of literature dealing with the disciples of [[Sri Ramakrishna]] that he was humility personified.<ref>M. the Apostle and the Evangelist, by Swami Nityatmananda, Volume 2</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Compassion and Kindness ===
There are many incidents in his biography narrating his kindness and compassion for others. During the plague epidemic in Calcutta which took place in 1898, Nag Mahasaya nursed his own cook who fell ill and then carried him to the [[Ganges]] alone as per the last wish of the man even at the risk of his own life. He had once been paid an amount for his return journey in a steamer when he went to see a patient. On his way back, he saw a beggar woman in a most pitiable condition and gave away the entire amount to her and walked barefoot all the way back to Calcutta. On another occasion after a hard day's work he earned some money which he instantly gave away to another man in misery when he heard his sad story, and himself he went without food. He would often say, "Abstinence from lust and greed brings a man near to God."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/pplheknew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |title=Life of Nag Mahshay |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314205719/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |archive-date=2011-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nag Mahasaya extended his compassion to animals and birds, often feeding them by hand. His biography recounts an incident where he confronted two Europeans who had come to hunt birds, compelling them to leave without pursuing their hunt. Additionally, there is a legend that he once implored a cobra with folded hands to leave his backyard and return to the jungle, as opposed to allowing it to be killed as others wished; reportedly, the cobra complied with his plea.

Nag Mahasaya often articulated his belief that "the outside world is the projection of your own mind," likening it to a mirror reflecting the faces one makes at it. He held the conviction that the one God resides within the heart of all creatures and that "all live, move, and have their being in Him." When asked about his habit of keeping his palms folded, he explained that he perceived his personal God everywhere and in every being, making it impossible for him to harm even a single leaf from a living plant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/pplheknew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |title=Life of Nag Mahashay |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314205719/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |archive-date=2011-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== His Quotes ===
About worship, he used to say - "Lord is verily the Kalpataru - the wish-fulfilling tree. He gives whatever is asked of Him. But man should not indulge in such desires which will drag him again into the rounds of births and deaths. He must pray to the Lord to grant him unflinching devotion to His hallowed feet and a true knowledge of His self. Then only can he break through the sordid bonds of the world and attain freedom through His grace. Hankering after worldly ends must bring in its attendant evils."

About supernatural powers he would say - "When a man becomes pure and truly spiritual, temptations of a subtler kind such as some occult or miraculous power or some sudden attainment of prosperity try to allure him continually. A pure soul has not got to reason out the truth of objects. He intuitively knows everything; for as the pure crystal catches the reflection of all objects about it, the pure mind comprehends the things of the world in their entirety. But should those powers attract his attention, there is every chance of his being led away from the ideal."

Nag Mahasaya who did not have any narrowness with respect to religions or caste, used to say, "In the kingdom of God there is no distinction of caste or creed. All are equal in His eyes. Those who surrender themselves at the feet of the Lord, by whatever name they may call Him, in whatever form they may meditate on Him -- if they can do that with a sincere and devoted heart, they will surely get the grace of the Almighty. The numerous paths or creeds are numerous ways to reach the same kingdom of God. They are all effective, provided one follows them with a sincere heart and a resolute mind."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_nag_mahashaya.htm |title=Life of Nag Mahasaya Life of Nag Mahasaya by Sarat Chandra Chakravarti |access-date=8 April 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503200310/http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_nag_mahashaya.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Death ==
Nag Mahasaya died in 1899 in a condition of abject poverty and indebtedness. Sarat Chandra Chakravarty who witnessed his death mentions that even on his deathbed it was his prime concern to serve his guests who came to see him and to talk about [[Sri Ramakrishna]]. [[Swami Saradananda]], a leading monk of the [[Ramakrishna Order]] and a brother disciple who at this time was in Dacca also came to see him. Apparently, Nag Mahasaya also selected the precise date and time of his departure.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

The last moments of his life are documented in the book "Life of Nag Mahasaya" by Sarat Chandra Chakravarty.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

His last words were, "Grace, grace, grace out of Thine own boundless mercy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/pplheknew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |title=Householder Disciples of Ramakrishna |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314205719/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html |archive-date=2011-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After his death, a photograph was taken of his body which is now reproduced in all writings related to him.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110314205719/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/HouseholderDisciplesofRK/life%20of%20NagMahashay.html Householder Disciples of Ramakrishna]
* Nag Mahashay - Portrait of A Great Man, by Tarapada Acharjee, July 1998, Tama Prokashan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


==External==
* [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Sayings and Utterances|Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda]]
* "The Integral Yoga, [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s teaching and method of practice" by Sri Aurobindo
* "They Lived with God :Life Stories of some devotees of Sri Ramakrishna" by Swami Chetanananda, chapter 15
* Gospels of Holy Mother, http://saradadevi.info/GHM_book/p-293.html
* [http://www.vedantauk.com/magazine/2009/Jul-Aug2009.pdf Nag Mahashay in vedantauk]
* M., the Apostle and the Evangelist, volume 2, by Swami Nityatmananda (Bengali - Sri Ma Darshan)
* [http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/gospel/introduction/nag_mahashay.htm ramkrishnavivekananda.info]
* "Diary of a Disciple" by Sarat Chandra Chakrabarti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005091655/http://www.rkmathnagpur.org/householder_disciples/hd_nag_mahashay_story.htm RKM Nagpur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155512/http://www.belurmath.org/Laydisciples.htm Lay Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Durga Charan}}
[[Category:Lay disciples of Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]

Pittala Dora

2026-03-19T22:10:48Z

FranciscaFortney: new stub!

'''Pittala Dora''' is a storyteller that visits cities during [[Navaratri|Dasara]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] to entertain people through their comedy.

== Background ==
The origin of Pittala Doras is unknown. Pittala Doras come from agricultural backgrounds and visit cities to make money. Pittala Doras dress in khakhi clad with a [[pith helmet|pith hat]] similar to the policeman during the British times. They also carry a wooden stick, defunct rifle or a toy, which has earned them the name '''Thupaki Ramudu'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/telangana/folk-art-form-of-pittala-dora-on-the-verge-of-extinct-in-ap-and-telangana|title=Folk art form of ‘Pittala Dora’ on the verge of extinct in AP and Telangana|work=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> To entertain the audience, they tell stories, lies, brag and make false promises. The tradition of Pittala Doras is passed on from generation to generation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/videos/viral/folk-art-form-of-pittala-dora-still-going-in-khammam-telugu-news-video-1208038.html|title=వీడో పిట్టల దొర.. వినేవారుంటే గంటలు తరబడి కథలు చెబుతూనే ఉంటాడు.|language=te|work=[[TV9 Telugu]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> They are known to be able to talk for long amounts of time without break.

With the advent of technology, the tradition of Pittala Doras is dying down; however, politicians are interested in reviving the tradition for campaigning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/telangana-folk-art-pitthala-dora-thuppaki-ramudu-jester-28222|title=Dressed to brag, tales taller than towers, and a life of lies: Welcome to the world of Pittala Doras|work=dailyo|last=Kotti|first=Rakesh|date=8 December 2018|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref> Pittala Doras have been subject to criticism nowadays, with some people dubbing them as beggars, and they are mainly present during the [[Navaratri|Dasara]] festival times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/pittala-doralus-fading-into-oblivion/article5232831.ece|title=‘Pittala Doralus’ fading into oblivion|first=G. V. R. Subba|last=Rao|location=Vijayawada|date=14 October 2013|access-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017214351/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/pittala-doralus-fading-into-oblivion/article5232831.ece|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The term ''pittala dora'' can also be used for someone who tells lies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Dec/07/jagan-promises-75-quota-to-locals-in-pvt-companies-in-ap-1908381.html|title=YS Jagan Mohan Reddy promises 75 per cent quota to locals in private companies in Andhra Pradesh|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2018|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] acted as a pittala dora in the namesake [[Pittala Dora (film)|1996 film]] directed by {{ill|Sana Yadireddy|te|సానా యాదిరెడ్డి}}, the editor of the ''Anveshana'' newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1995/Jul/14-jul-1995.pdf|title= పిట్టల దొర|page=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |language=te|trans-title=Pittala Dora|date=14 July 1995|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> He won the [[Nandi Special Jury Award]] for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=11 November 2024 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian traditions]]
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]

Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy

2026-03-17T23:40:45Z

FranciscaFortney: done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy''' (born 1962) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from Anaparthy Constituency in East Godavari District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/sathi-suryanarayana-reddy |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He hails from Anaparthy, East Godavari District. He was born to the late Gangireddy. He married Adilakshmi. He completed his M.B.B.S. from Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, [[Acharya Nagarjuna University|Nagarjuna University]] and did his M.S. from JJM Medical College at Davanagere, University of Mysore in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-29 |title=Dr.Sathi Suryanarayana Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Anaparthy {{!}} East Godavari |url=https://theleaderspage.com/dr-sathi-suryanarayana-reddy/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K. N. Murali |date=2018-07-08 |title=Healing touch of '₹10 doctor' in East Godavari |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/healing-touch-of-10-doctor-in-east-godavari/article24367804.ece |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikanth |first=S. Guru |date=2024-04-18 |title=Doctors in fray to gauge people’s pulse |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/18/doctors-in-fray-to-gauge-peoples-pulse |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He began his political journey with the [[Indian National Congress]] Party. Later in 2014, he joined [[YSR Congress Party]] but lost the Anaparthy Assembly seat in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on YSRCP ticket. Representing YSRCP, he won the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaparthy Constituency Election Results 2019: Anaparthy Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/anaparthy |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> from Anaparthy defeating [[Ramakrishna Reddy Nallamilli]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] with a margin of 55,207 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaparthy Assembly Election 2024: Anaparthy Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/anaparthy-constituency-result-1040 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

As a medical doctor, he charges a nominal fee of Rs.10 per patient which he has not raised for the last 27 years.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathi, Suryanarayana Reddy}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Goa Revolution Day

2026-03-16T18:54:31Z

FranciscaFortney: Made first info more to come

{{Short description|Annual observance, 18 June}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Goa Revolution Day''' is the day in June 1946, also referred to as '''Kranti Din''', which is celebrated on 18 June every year by the Government of Goa, in commemoration of the events of 18 June 1946 that triggered the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/goa-marks-revolution-day-chief-minister-remembers-freedom-fighters-804639 |title= Goa Marks Revolution Day, Chief Minister Remembers Freedom Fighters |language=en |access-date=2024-08-22 |via=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-18 |title=History of Goa Revolution Day will be included in class 11 curriculum: CM Sawant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/goa-chief-minister-pramod-sawant-goa-revolution-day-8671441/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=The Indian Express |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor, CM extend greetings on Goa Revolution Day |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Governor-CM-extend-greetings-on-Goa-Revolution-Day/190692 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=oHeraldo|date=18 June 2022 }}</ref> This campaign was led by Indian socialist leader [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and the Goan anti-colonial campaigner [[Julião Menezes]].

== History ==
===Background===
[[File:Statue of Ram Manohar Lohia at Lohia Maidan, Margao, Goa.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ram Manohar Lohia at Lohia Maidan, Margao, Goa]]
In the 1940s, the [[Goa liberation movement]] experienced increased progress, inspired by the [[Indian independence movement]] against the British government.<ref name="SpareToIAzavedo15">{{Cite web |last=Azavedo |first=Gary |date=18 June 2015 |title=Spare a thought for Assolna's Juliao Menezes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/spare-a-thought-for-assolnas-juliao-menezes/articleshow/47712374.cms |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Following a long imprisonment, freedom fighter [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] met his friend whom he had studied with in Germany [[Julião Menezes]] in Bombay for a [[Doctor's visit|medical consultation]] in April 1946. Menezes then invited Lohia to recuperate with him at his home in [[Assolna|Assolnã]], Goa.

===Arrival in Goa===

Lohia and Menezes reached Assolna on 10 June 1946. After [[Evágrio Jorge]] published the news of Lohia's arrival in the 12 June edition of ''[[O Heraldo]]'', it triggered the general public and other local freedom fighters, including [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], to visit Menezes's house in large numbers.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=17–21 |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=}}</ref>

Menezes and Lohia then began planning a [[civil disobedience]] movement. They addressed people in [[Pangim]] and [[Mormugão]] between 15 and 17 June, informing people that they would defy the ban on public meetings and address an audience of Goans on 18 June in [[Margão]]. They returned to Margao on 17 June and met other nationalists at Damodar Vidyalaya. They suspected that the police would be waiting for them in Assolna, so they stayed at the Hotel Republica in Margao.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

===Police action===

On 18 June 1946, the police had requested all taxis in the [[Salcete taluka]] (surrounding Margão) to present to Margao Police Station with their passengers. The police also surrounded the designated [[maidan]] in Margão where the gathering would take place; however, a few hopeful people stayed at the maidan in anticipation. However, Menezes and Lohia arrived by [[horse-drawn carriage]] at the venue. As the two arrived at the venue, they were greeted by a large crowd that was chanting slogans. Three people garlanded them. Capitão Fortunato Miranda (either the Portuguese police chief or the [[taluka]] administrator, depending on the different reports) threatened Lohia with a [[revolver]]. Lohia gently pushed him aside and proceeded to address the audience. This was followed by a sudden crowd emerging around to listen to the duo. An estimated 600–700 people had gathered.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

Miranda again threatened Lohia with his revolver, to which Lohia spoke to him firmly, informing Miranda that the gun did not scare him. Miranda then ordered the policemen present to physically lift the duo and escort them to the police station. The police resorted to a [[baton charge]] to disperse the crowd. However, everyone regrouped at the police station and demanded the release of the duo. Sensing that the situation was getting out of their control, the police permitted Lohia to address the people outside the police station. Lohia spoke to the audience:<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

{{Blockquote|text=Gomantak is part of Hindustan, and Portugal rules over it as the British do in the rest of the country. This is an accident, a bad dream, and it will pass. The state of Hindustan will come. Our people are creating it... I am not asking you today to overthrow Portuguese rule. That will come in its own time... People of Gomantak, think freely, speak freely, write freely...}}

The two were then moved to the Panjim police station. While Lohia was escorted by train to the border and let off at [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]], Menezes was released the next day. The location of the gathering in Margao is today known as Lohia Maidan, and the date, 18 June, is celebrated as Goa Revolution Day.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

===Aftermath===

The news of Lohia's arrest spread throughout India. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] then wrote to the Portuguese Governor-General, stating that "in free India Goa can not be allowed to exist as a separate entity in opposition to the laws of the free state."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singhal |first=D. P. |date=1962 |title=Goa—End of an Epoch |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20633766 |journal=The Australian Quarterly |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=85–86 |doi=10.2307/20633766 |jstor=20633766 |issn=0005-0091|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Menezes and Lohia continued their [[nationalistic]] efforts after this incident.<ref name="RecognisedHerald19">{{Cite web |date=19 Jun 2019 |title=Shouldn't Juliao Menezes too be recognised on June 18? |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Editorial/Shouldn%E2%80%99t-Juliao-Menezes-too-be-recognised-on-June-18/147672 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826073842/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/Editorial/Shouldn%E2%80%99t-Juliao-Menezes-too-be-recognised-on-June-18/147672 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> While this event was deemed unsuccessful, it led to over 1,500 arrests and inspired [[Goan]]s to keep protesting for their freedom, eventually leading to the [[liberation of Goa]] in 1961.<ref name="RevolutionFPJ22">{{Cite web |title=Goa Revolution Day 2022: History and significance |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/goa-revolution-day-2022-history-and-significance |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Freedom fighter and politician [[George Vaz]] described the events of this day, "18th June was like a big Light House that guided many ships traveling in the sea," referring to how Lohia inspired many Goan freedom fighters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salgaonkar |first=Seema P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkvaAAAAMAAJ |title=Women, Political Power, and the State |date=2006 |publisher=Abhijeet Publications |isbn=978-81-88683-95-6 |page=43}}</ref>

== Observance ==
With the intention of paying tribute to freedom fighters, the [[Government of Goa]] organises various cultural programmes to celebrate this day every year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Goa Revolution Day: Why Is June 18 Important For Goa? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/offbeat-news/article/goa-revolution-day-why-is-june-18-important-for-goa-23292874 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, the day was celebrated in North Goa at the [[Azad Maidan (monument)|Azad Maidan]], in South Goa at the Lohia Maidan and at the Kranti Maidan in [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-17 |title=Goa gets ready to celebrate Revolution Day tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-gets-ready-to-celebrate-revolution-day-tomorrow/articleshow/92263364.cms |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Tributes are also paid to the statue of Lohia at Lohia Maidan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Lohia's spark reignites Kranti Din fervour in Goa |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/06/19/goanews/lohias-spark-reignites-kranti-din-fervour-in-goa/ |access-date=2024-08-22}}</ref> Schools and educational institutions are also instructed to celebrate the day by the government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-16 |title=Schools told to hold pandemic-appropriate events to mark 75th Goa Revolution Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/schools-told-to-hold-pandemic-appropriate-events-to-mark-75th-goa-revolution-day/articleshow/83555965.cms |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Goa Liberation Day]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Goa Revolution Day {{!}} Message by the Governor of Goa |url=https://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/node/653 |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Raj Bhavan Goa}}

[[Category:Culture of Goa]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]

Madhyamaka

2026-03-12T16:40:12Z

FranciscaFortney: creating a info - done

{{Short description|Buddhist philosophy founded by Nagarjuna}}
{{for|the ancient city of Madhyamika|Nagari, Rajasthan}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = Classical Indian Madhyamika thinkers. '''Clockwise from upper left''': [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] (founder), [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvavivēka]] and [[Chandrakirti|Candrakīrti]] (commentators), [[Śāntarakṣita]] (synthesized the school with [[Yogacara|Yogācāra]]).
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{{MahayanaBuddhism}}

'''Madhyamaka''' ({{langx|sa|text=|माध्यमक|translit=Mādhyamika|translit-std=IAST|translation=middle way; centrism}}; {{lang-zh|t=中觀見|p=Zhōngguān jiàn}}; {{langx|vi|text=Trung quán tông|italic=no}}, [[chữ Nôm]]: {{lang|vi-Hani|中觀宗}}; {{bo|t=དབུ་མ་པ་|w=dbu ma pa}}) also known as '''Madhyamika''' ({{langx|sa|माध्यमिक|translit=Mādhyamika}}) refers to a tradition of [[Buddhist philosophy]] and practice founded by the [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] monk and philosopher [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] ({{Circa|150|250 CE}}).{{sfn|Williams|2000|p=140}}<ref name="Stanford 2022">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Thakchoe |first=Sonam |date=Summer 2022 |title=The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-tibet/ |url-status=live |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Center for the Study of Language and Information]], [[Stanford University]] |issn=1095-5054 |oclc=643092515 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528014845/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/twotruths-tibet/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Wynne, Alexander (2015) ''Early Buddhist Teaching as Proto-śūnyavāda.'' Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 6. pp. 213-241.</ref> The foundational text of the Mādhyamaka tradition is [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]]'s ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]]'' ("Root Verses on the Middle Way"). More broadly, Madhyamaka also refers to the ultimate nature of phenomena as well as the non-conceptual realization of ultimate reality that is experienced in [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]].{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=29-30}}

Since the 4th century CE onwards, Madhyamaka philosophy had a major influence on the subsequent development of the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna Buddhist]] tradition,<ref name="Donnelly 2017">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Donnelly |author-first=Paul B. |date=25 January 2017 |title=Madhyamaka |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-191 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.191 |url-access=subscription |isbn=9780199340378}}</ref> especially following the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|spread of Buddhism throughout Asia]].<ref name="Donnelly 2017"/><ref name="Acri 2018">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Acri |author-first=Andrea |date=20 December 2018 |title=Maritime Buddhism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is the dominant interpretation of Buddhist philosophy in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and has also been influential in [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Buddhist]] thought.<ref name="Donnelly 2017"/><ref name="Stanford 2020">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hugon |first=Pascale |date=Spring 2020 |title=Tibetan Epistemology and Philosophy of Language |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/epistemology-language-tibetan/ |url-status=live |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Center for the Study of Language and Information]], [[Stanford University]] |issn=1095-5054 |oclc=643092515 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620204854/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/epistemology-language-tibetan/ |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

According to the classical Indian Madhyamika thinkers, all [[Dharma#Dharmas in Buddhist phenomenology|phenomena]] (''dharmas'') are [[Śūnyatā|empty]] (''śūnya'') of "nature",{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=70}} of any "substance" or "essence" ([[Svabhava|''svabhāva'']]) which could give them "solid and independent existence", because they are [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependently co-arisen]].{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=590}} But this "emptiness" itself is also "empty": it does not have an existence on its own, nor does it refer to a transcendental reality beyond or above phenomenal reality.{{sfn|Cheng|1981}}{{sfn|Garfield|1994}}{{sfn|Garfield|2012}}

==Etymology==
{{further|Middle Way}}
''Madhya'' is a Sanskrit word meaning "middle". The ''-ma'' suffix is a superlative, giving ''madhyama'' the meaning of "mid-most" or "medium". The ''-ka'' suffix is used to form adjectives, thus ''madhyamaka'' means "middling". The ''-ika'' suffix is used to form possessives, with a collective sense, thus ''mādhyamika'' mean "belonging to the mid-most" (the ''-ika'' suffix regularly causes a lengthening of the first vowel and elision of the final ''-a'').

In a Buddhist context, these terms refer to the "middle path" (''madhyamā pratipad''), which refers to right view (''samyagdṛṣṭi'') which steers clear of the metaphysical extremes of annihilationism (''ucchedavāda'') and eternalism (''śāsvatavāda''). For example, the Sanskrit ''Kātyāyanasūtra'' states that though the world "relies on a duality of existence and non-existence", the Buddha teaches a correct view which understands that:<ref>[https://suttacentral.net/sf168/ Discourse to Katyāyana - Kātyāyana] SF 168. Tripathi 1962: 167–170 (19). Translated by Jayarava. suttacentral.net</ref><blockquote>Arising in the world, Kātyayana, seen and correctly understood just as it is, shows there is no non-existence in the world. Cessation in the world, Kātyāyana, seen and correctly understood just as it is, shows there is no permanent existence in the world. Thus avoiding both extremes the Tathāgata teaches a dharma by '''the middle path (''madhyamayā pratipadā'')'''. That is: this being, that becomes; with the arising of this, that arises. With ignorance as condition there is volition ... [to be expanded with the standard formula of the 12 links of dependent origination]<ref>[[Sanskrit]]: lokasamudayaṁ kātyāyana yathābhūtaṁ samyakprajñayā paśyato yā loke nāstitā sā na bhavati | lokanirodhaṁ yathābhūtaṁ samyakprajñayā paśyato yā loke ’stitā sā na bhavati | ity etāv ubhāv antāv anupagamya '''madhyamayā pratipadā''' tathāgato dharmaṁ deśayati | yad utāsmin satīdaṁ bhavaty asyotpādād idam utpadyate | yad utāvidyāpratyayāḥ saṁskārā iti pūrvavad yāvat samudayo nirodhaś ca bhavati |</ref></blockquote>Though all Buddhist schools saw themselves as defending a middle path in accord with the Buddhist teachings, the name ''Madhyamaka'' refers to a school of Mahayana philosophy associated with Nāgārjuna and his commentators. The term ''Mādhyamika'' refers to adherents of the Madhyamaka school. Note that in both words the stress is on the first syllable.

==Philosophical overview==
{{Buddhist Philosophy sidebar}}

=== Svabhāva, what Madhyamaka denies ===
{{main|Svabhava}}

Central to Madhyamaka philosophy is ''[[śūnyatā]]'', "emptiness", and this refers to the central idea that [[Dhamma theory|dharmas]] are empty of [[Svabhava|''svabhāva'']].{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=12, 25}} This term has been translated variously as essence, intrinsic nature, inherent existence, own being and substance.<ref>Siderits, Mark, Buddhism as philosophy, p. 180.</ref><ref name="svabhava">{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/nagarjuna/ |last=Westerhoff |first=Jan Christoph |title=Nāgārjuna |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition) |date=10 February 2010 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref>{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=12, 25}} Furthermore, according to Richard P. Hayes, ''svabhāva'' can be interpreted as either "identity" or as "causal independence".{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=4}} Likewise, Westerhoff notes that [[Svabhava|''svabhāva'']] is a complex concept that has ontological and cognitive aspects. The ontological aspects include ''svabhāva'' as [[essence]], as a property which makes an object what it is, as well as ''svabhāva'' as [[Substance theory|substance]], meaning, as the Madhyamaka thinker [[Chandrakirti|Candrakīrti]] defines it, something that does "not depend on anything else".{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=12, 25}}

It is substance-''svabhāva'', the objective and independent existence of any object or concept, which Madhyamaka arguments mostly focus on refuting.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=30}} A common structure which Madhyamaka uses to negate ''svabhāva'' is the ''[[catuṣkoṭi]]'' ("four corners" or [[tetralemma]]), which roughly consists of four alternatives: a proposition is true; a proposition is false; a proposition is both true and false; a proposition is neither true nor false. Some of the major topics discussed by classical Madhyamaka include [[causality]], change, and [[personal identity]].{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=200}}

Madhyamaka's denial of ''svabhāva'' does not mean a [[Nihilism|nihilistic]] denial of all things, for in a conventional everyday sense, Madhyamaka does accept that one can speak of "things", and yet ''ultimately'' these things are empty of inherent existence.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=361}} Furthermore, "emptiness" itself is also "empty": it does not have an existence on its own, nor does it refer to a transcendental reality beyond or above phenomenal reality.{{sfn|Cheng|1981}}{{sfn|Garfield|1994}}{{sfn|Garfield|2012}}

''Svabhāva'''s cognitive aspect is merely a superimposition (''samāropa'') that beings make when they perceive and conceive of things. In this sense then, emptiness does not exist as some kind of primordial reality, but it is simply a corrective to a mistaken conception of how things exist.<ref name="svabhava" /> This idea of ''svabhāva'' that Madhyamaka denies is then not just a conceptual philosophical theory, but it is a [[cognitive distortion]] that beings automatically impose on the world, such as when we regard the [[Skandha|five aggregates]] as constituting a single [[Ātman (Hinduism)|self]]. [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti]] compares it to someone who suffers from [[vitreous floaters]] that cause the illusion of hairs appearing in their visual field.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=45}} This cognitive dimension of ''svabhāva'' means that just understanding and assenting to Madhyamaka reasoning is not enough to end the suffering caused by our [[Reification (fallacy)|reification]] of the world, just like understanding how an [[optical illusion]] works does not make it stop functioning. What is required is a kind of [[cognitive shift]] (termed ''realization'') in the way the world appears and therefore some kind of practice to lead to this shift.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=13}} As Candrakirti says:

<blockquote>For one on the road of [[Samsara|cyclic existence]] who pursues an inverted view due to [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|ignorance]], a mistaken object such as the superimposition (''samāropa'') on the [[Skandha|aggregates]] appears as real, but it does not appear to one who is close to the view of the real nature of things.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=48}}</blockquote>

Much of Madhyamaka philosophy centers on showing how various [[Essentialism|essentialist]] ideas have absurd conclusions through ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]'' arguments (known as ''prasanga'' in Sanskrit). Chapter 15 of [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]]'s ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]]'' centers on the words [[svabhāva]]{{refn|group=note|'Own-beings',{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=360}} unique nature or substance,{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=162}} an identifying characteristic; an identity; an essence,{{sfn|Hayes|1994|p=317}}}}, parabhāva{{refn|group=note|A differentiating characteristic,{{sfn|Hayes|1994|p=317}} the fact of being dependent,{{sfn|Hayes|1994|p=317}}}}, [[bhāva]]{{refn|group=note|'Being',{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=361}} 'self-nature or substance'{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=165}}}} and [[abhāva]].{{refn|group=note|Not being present; absence:{{sfn|Hayes|1994|p=316}}}} According to Peter Harvey:

{{blockquote|Nagarjuna's critique of the notion of own-nature (''sva-bhāva'') (''Mk.'' ch. 15) argues that anything which arises according to conditions, as all phenomena do, can have no inherent nature, for what is depends on what conditions it. Moreover, if there is nothing with own-nature, there can be nothing with 'other-nature' (''para-bhāva''), i.e. something which is dependent for its existence and nature on something ''else'' which has own-nature. Furthermore, if there is neither own-nature nor other-nature, there cannot be anything with a true, substantial existent nature (''bhāva''). If there is no true existent, then there can be no non-existent (''abhāva'').{{sfn|Harvey|1995|p=97}}}}

An important element of Madhyamaka refutation is that the classical Buddhist doctrine of [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent arising]] (the idea that every phenomena is dependent on other phenomena) cannot be reconciled with "a conception of self-nature or substance" and that therefore essence theories are contrary not only to the Buddhist scriptures but to the very ideas of [[causality]] and change.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=165, 162}} Any enduring [[Svabhāva|essential nature]] would prevent any causal interaction, or any kind of origination. For things would simply always have been, and will always continue to be, without any change.{{sfn|Tsondru|2011|p=40–41, 322–333}}{{refn|group=note|Nāgārjuna equates svabhāva (essence) with bhava (existence) in Chapter 15 of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā}} As [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] writes in the MMK:

<blockquote>We state that conditioned origination is emptiness. It is mere designation depending on something, and it is the middle path. (24.18)

Since nothing has arisen without depending on something, there is nothing that is not empty. (24.19){{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=146}}</blockquote>

=== The two truths ===
{{main|Two truths doctrine}}
Beginning with [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]], Madhyamaka discerns [[Two truths doctrine|two levels of truth]], conventional truth (everyday [[Common sense|commonsense]] reality) and ultimate truth ([[Śūnyatā|emptiness]]).{{sfn|Cheng|1981}}<ref name=":5">Rje Tsong Khapa; Garfield, Jay; Geshe Ngawang Samten (translators), Ocean of Reasoning: A Great Commentary on Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. xx.</ref> Ultimately, Madhyamaka argues that all phenomena are empty of ''svabhava'' and only exist in dependence on other causes, conditions and concepts. Conventionally, Madhyamaka holds that beings do perceive concrete objects which they are aware of empirically.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=73}} In Madhyamaka this phenomenal world is the limited truth – ''[[Samvriti|saṃvṛti]] satya,'' which means "to cover", "to conceal", or "obscure". (and thus it is a kind of ignorance){{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=80, 83}}{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=11-13}} Saṃvṛti is also said to mean "conventional", as in a [[Convention (norm)|customary]], norm based, agreed upon truth (like linguistic conventions) and it is also glossed as ''vyavahāra-satya'' (transactional truth).{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=11-13}} Finally, Chandrakirti also has a third explanation of saṃvṛti, which is "mutual dependence" (''parasparasaṃbhavana'').{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=11-13}}

This seeming reality does not ''really'' exist as the highest truth realized by [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|wisdom]] which is ''[[Paramārtha-satya|paramartha]] satya'' (''parama'' is literally "supreme or ultimate", and ''[[artha]]'' means "object, purpose, or actuality"), and yet it has a kind of conventional reality which has its uses for reaching liberation.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=81}} This limited truth includes everything, including the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] himself, the teachings ([[dharma]]), liberation and even Nāgārjuna's own arguments.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=149}}{{better source needed|date=April 2021}} This [[Two truths doctrine|two truth schema]] which did not deny the importance of convention allowed Nāgārjuna to defend himself against charges of [[nihilism]]; understanding both correctly meant seeing the [[Middle Way|middle way]]:

<blockquote>"Without relying upon convention, the ultimate fruit is not taught. Without understanding the ultimate, nirvana is not attained."{{efn|group=note|Susan Kahn further explains: "The emptiness of emptiness refutes ultimate truth as yet another argument for essentialism under the guise of being beyond the conventional or as the foundation of it. To realize emptiness is not to find a transcendent place or truth to land in but to see the conventional as merely conventional. Here lies the key to liberation. For to see the deception is to be free of deception, like a magician who knows the magic trick. When one is no longer fooled by false appearances, phenomena are neither reified nor denied. They are understood interdependently, as ultimately empty and thus, as only conventionally real. This is the Middle Way."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://emptinessteachings.com/2014/09/11/the-two-truths-of-buddhism-and-the-emptiness-of-emptiness/ |title=The Two Truths of Buddhism and The Emptiness of Emptiness |work=Emptiness Teachings |last=Kahn |first=Susan |date=11 September 2014 |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref>}}</blockquote>

The limited, perceived reality is an experiential reality or a [[Nominalism|nominal]] reality which beings impute on the ultimate reality. It is not an ontological reality with substantial or independent existence.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=73}}<ref name=":5" /> Hence, the two truths are not two metaphysical realities; instead, according to Karl Brunnhölzl, "the two realities refer to just what is experienced by two different types of beings with different types and scopes of perception".<ref name=":14">Brunnhölzl, 2004, p. 74.</ref> As [[Chandrakirti]] says:

<blockquote>It is through the perfect and the false seeing of all entities

That the entities that are thus found bear two natures.

The object of perfect seeing is true reality,

And false seeing is seeming reality.</blockquote>

This means that the distinction between the two truths is primarily [[Epistemology|epistemological]] and dependent on the cognition of the observer, not [[Ontology|ontological]].<ref name=":14" /> As [[Shantideva]] writes, there are "two kinds of world", "the one of yogins and the one of common people".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=79}} The seeming reality is the world of [[Saṃsāra|samsara]] because conceiving of concrete and unchanging objects leads to clinging and suffering. As [[Buddhapalita]] states: "unskilled persons whose eye of intelligence is obscured by the darkness of delusion conceive of an essence of things and then generate attachment and hostility with regard to them".<ref>Tsongkhapa, Garfield, The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Volume 3), 2002, p. 210.</ref>

According to Hayes, the two truths may also refer to two different goals in life: the highest goal of nirvana, and the lower goal of "commercial good". The highest goal is the liberation from attachment, both material ''and'' intellectual.{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=8-9}}

=== The nature of ultimate reality ===
{{main|Śūnyatā}}
According to Paul Williams, Nāgārjuna associates emptiness with the [[Two truths doctrine|ultimate truth]] but his conception of emptiness is not some kind of [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]], but rather it is the very absence of true existence with regards to the conventional reality of things and events in the world.{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=147}} Because the ultimate is itself empty, it is also explained as a "transcendence of deception" and hence is a kind of [[Apophatic theology|apophatic]] truth which experiences the lack of substance.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Because the nature of ultimate reality is said to be empty, empty even of "emptiness" itself, both the concept of "emptiness" and the very framework of the two truths are also mere conventional realities, not part of the ultimate. This is often called "the emptiness of emptiness" and refers to the fact that even though madhyamikas speak of emptiness as the ultimate unconditioned nature of things, this emptiness is itself empty of any real existence.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=111}}

The two truths themselves are therefore just a practical tool used to teach others (''upāya'', a pedagogical means), but do not exist within the actual meditative equipoise that realizes the ultimate.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=75}} As Candrakirti says: "the noble ones who have accomplished what is to be accomplished do not see anything that is delusive or not delusive".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=76}} From within the experience of the enlightened ones there is only one reality which appears non-conceptually, as Nāgārjuna says in the Sixty stanzas on reasoning: "that nirvana is the sole reality, is what the Victors have declared."{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=76-77}} [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvaviveka's]] ''Madhyamakahrdayakārikā'' describes the ultimate truth through a negation of all four possibilities of the [[Catuṣkoṭi|''catuskoti'']]:{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=84}}

<blockquote>Its character is neither existent, nor nonexistent, / Nor both existent and nonexistent, nor neither. / Centrists should know true reality / That is free from these four possibilities.</blockquote>

[[Atiśa|Atisha]] describes the ultimate as "here, there is no seeing and no seer, no beginning and no end, just peace.... It is nonconceptual and nonreferential ... it is inexpressible, unobservable, unchanging, and unconditioned."{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=83-84}} Because of the non-conceptual nature of the ultimate, according to Brunnhölzl, the two truths are ultimately inexpressible as either "one" or "different".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=89}}

=== The Middle Way ===
{{main|Middle Way}}
As noted by Roger Jackson, some non-Buddhist writers, like some Buddhist writers both ancient and modern, have argued that the Madhyamaka philosophy is [[Nihilism|nihilistic]]. This claim has been challenged by others who argue that it is a [[Middle Way]] (''madhyamāpratipad'') between nihilism and eternalism.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyJjCx_tEiMC&pg=PA4|title=The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy|author=Junjirō Takakusu|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1998|isbn=978-81-208-1592-6|pages=4, 105–107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9gm9CzNd5EC|title=Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan|author=Hajime Nakamura|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1991|isbn=978-81-208-0764-8|pages=590–591 footnote 20}}, Quote: "Already in India, 'sunyata' was liable to be misunderstood as nothingness or nihil'. (...) The [[Sarvastivada|Sarvastivadins]] of Hinayana Buddhism viewed the madhyamika school as 'one that argues that everything is nothing. (...) It is only natural that most of the Western scholars call the ''prajnaparamita sutra'' or the doctrine of the madhyamika school nihilism since criticisms were already expressed in India. Against such criticisms, however, Nagarjuna, founder of the madhyamika school says, 'you are ignorant of the function of sunyata, the meaning of the sunyata and sunyata itself'."</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjkRAQAAIAAJ|title=Mādhyamika Śūnyatā, a Reappraisal: A Reappraisal of Mādhyamika Philosophical Enterprise with Special Reference to Nāgārjuna and Chandrakīrti|author=G. C. Nayak|date=2001|publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research|isbn=978-81-85636-47-4|pages=9–12}}</ref> Madhyamaka philosophers themselves explicitly rejected the nihilist interpretation from the outset: Nāgārjuna writes: "through explaining true reality as it is, the seeming ''[[samvrti]]'' does not become disrupted."{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=212}} [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti]] also responds to the charge of nihilism in his ''[[Prasannapada|Lucid Words]]'':

<blockquote>Therefore, emptiness is taught in order to completely pacify all discursiveness without exception. So if the purpose of emptiness is the complete peace of all discursiveness and you just increase the web of discursiveness by thinking that the meaning of emptiness is nonexistence, you do not realize the purpose of emptiness [at all].{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=239}}</blockquote>

This although some scholars (e.g., Murti) interpret emptiness as described by Nāgārjuna as a Buddhist transcendental [[Absolute (philosophy)|absolute]], other scholars (such as [[David Kalupahana]]) consider this claim a mistake, since then emptiness teachings could not be characterized as a middle way.<ref name="ferrer1022">Jorge Noguera Ferrer, ''Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality.'' SUNY Press, 2002, page 102-103.</ref><ref>[[David J. Kalupahana]], ''Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way.'' SUNY Press, 1986, pages 48-50.</ref>

Madhyamaka thinkers also argue that since things have the nature of lacking true existence or own being (''niḥsvabhāva''), all things are mere conceptual constructs (''prajñaptimatra'') because they are just impermanent collections of causes and conditions.{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=141}} This also applies to the principle of causality itself, since ''everything'' is dependently originated.{{sfn|Williams|2000|p=142}} Therefore, in Madhyamaka, phenomena appear to arise and cease, but in an ultimate sense they do not arise or remain as inherently existent phenomena.{{sfn|Tsondru|2011|p=56–58, 405–417}}{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=151–152}}{{refn|Chapter 21 of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā goes into the reasoning behind this.{{sfn|Tsondru|2011|p=56–58, 405–417}}|group=note}} This tenet is held to show that views of [[Absolute (philosophy)|absolute]] or eternalist existence (such as the Hindu ideas of [[Brahman]] or ''sat-dravya'') and [[nihilism]] are both equally untenable.{{sfn|Tsondru|2011|p=56–58, 405–417}}<ref>unclear</ref>{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=361}} These two views are considered to be the ''two extremes'' that Madhyamaka steers clear from. The first is ''essentialism''{{sfn|Garfield|1995|p=88 footnote}} or ''eternalism'' (sastavadava){{sfn|Warder|2000|p=361}} – a belief that things inherently or substantially exist and are therefore efficacious objects of [[Tṛṣṇā|craving]] and [[Upādāna|clinging]];{{sfn|Garfield|1995|p=88 footnote}} Nagarjuna argues that we naively and innately perceive things as substantial, and it is this predisposition which is the root delusion that lies at the basis of all suffering.{{sfn|Garfield|1995|p=88 footnote}} The second extreme is ''nihilism''{{sfn|Garfield|1995|p=88 footnote}} or ''annihilationism'' (ucchedavada){{sfn|Warder|2000|p=361}} – encompassing views that could lead one to believe that there is no need to be responsible for one's actions – such as the idea that one is annihilated at death or that nothing has causal effects – but also the view that absolutely nothing exists.

=== The usefulness of reason ===
In Madhyamaka, [[reason]] and [[debate]] are understood as a means to an end (liberation), and therefore they must be founded on the wish to help oneself and others end suffering.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=174-175}} Reason and logical arguments, however (such as those employed by classical [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosophers]], i.e., ''[[pramana]]''), are also seen as being empty of any true validity or reality. They serve only as conventional remedies for our delusions.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=199}} Nāgārjuna's ''Vigrahavyāvartanī'' famously attacked the notion that one could establish a valid cognition or epistemic proof (''[[pramana]]''):

<blockquote>If your objects are well established through valid cognitions, tell us how you establish these valid cognitions. If you think they are established through other valid cognitions, there is an [[infinite regress]]. Then, the first one is not established, nor are the middle ones, nor the last. If these [valid cognitions] are established even without valid cognition, what you say is ruined. In that case, there is an inconsistency, And you ought to provide an argument for this distinction.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=200}}</blockquote>

Chandrakirti comments on this statement by stating that Madhyamaka does not completely deny the use of pramanas conventionally, and yet ultimately they do not have a foundation:

<blockquote>Therefore we assert that mundane objects are known through the four kinds of authoritative cognition. They are mutually dependent: when there is authoritative cognition, there are objects of knowledge; when there are objects of knowledge, there is authoritative cognition. But neither authoritative cognition nor objects of knowledge exist inherently.<ref name="Garfield, Jay L 2008">Garfield, Jay L. Turning a Madhyamaka Trick: Reply to Huntington, J Indian Philos (2008) 36:507–527 {{doi|10.1007/s10781-008-9045-9}}</ref></blockquote>

To the charge that if Nāgārjuna's arguments and words are also empty they therefore lack the power to refute anything, Nāgārjuna responds that:

<blockquote>My words are without nature. Therefore, my thesis is not ruined. Since there is no inconsistency, I do not have to state an argument for a distinction.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=202}}</blockquote>Nāgārjuna goes on:<blockquote>

Just as one magical creation may be annihilated by another magical creation, and one illusory person by another person produced by an illusionist, this negation is the same.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=203}}</blockquote>[[Shantideva]] makes the same point: "thus, when one's son dies in a dream, the conception "he does not exist" removes the thought that he does exist, but it is also delusive".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=203-204}} In other words, Madhyamaka thinkers accept that their arguments, just like all things, are not ''ultimately'' valid in some [[Foundationalism|foundational]] sense. But one is still able to use the opponent's own reasoning apparatus in the conventional field to refute their theories and help them see their errors. This remedial deconstruction does not replace false theories of existence with other ones, but simply dissolves all views, including the very fictional system of epistemic warrants (''pramanas'') used to establish them.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=202-203}} The point of Madhyamaka reasoning is not to establish any abstract validity or universal truth, it is simply a pragmatic project aimed at ending delusion and suffering.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=217}}

Nāgārjuna also argues that Madhyamaka only negates things provisionally, since ultimately, there is nothing there to negate: "I do not negate anything and there is also nothing to be negated."{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=206}} Therefore, it is only from the perspective of those who cling to the existence of things that it seems as if something is being negated. In truth, Madhyamaka is not annihilating something, merely elucidating that this so-called existence never existed in the first place.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=206}}

Thus, Madhyamaka uses language to make clear the limits of our concepts. Ultimately, reality cannot be depicted by concepts.{{sfn|Cheng|1981}}{{sfn|Garfield|1995|p=102}} According to [[Jay L. Garfield|Jay Garfield]], this creates a sort of tension in Madhyamaka literature, since it has to use some concepts to convey its teachings.{{sfn|Garfield|1995|p=102}}

=== Soteriology ===

For Madhyamaka, the realization of emptiness is not just a satisfactory theory about the world, but a key understanding which allows one to reach liberation or [[nirvana]]. As Nāgārjuna's [[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]] ("Root Verses on the Middle Way") puts it:

<blockquote>With the cessation of ignorance, formations will not arise. Moreover, the cessation of ignorance occurs through right understanding. Through the cessation of this and that, this and that will not come about. The entire mass of suffering thereby completely ceases.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=47}}</blockquote>

The words "this" and "that" allude to the mind's profound addiction to dualism, but also and more specifically to the mind that has not yet grasped the reality of [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependent origination]]. The insight of dependent origination – that nothing arises or happens independently, that everything is rooted in or "made of" something else, and conditioned by other things, each of which are likewise made of and conditioned by other things in the same way, so that nothing at all "is" independently – is central to the fundamental Buddhist analysis of the arising of suffering and the liberation from it. Therefore, according to Nāgārjuna, the cognitive shift which sees the nonexistence of [[Svabhava|''svabhāva'']] leads to the cessation of the first link in this chain of suffering, which then leads to the ending of the entire chain of causes and thus, of all suffering.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=47}} Nāgārjuna adds:

कर्मक्लेशक्षयान्मोक्षः कर्मक्लेशा विकल्पतः ।

ते प्रपञ्चात्प्रपञ्चस्तु शून्यतायां निरुध्यते ॥

''karmakleśakṣayānmokṣaḥ karmakleśā vikalpataḥ |''

''te prapañcātprapañcastu śūnyatāyāṃ nirudhyate ||''<blockquote>Liberation (''moksa'') results from the cessation of actions (''karman'') and defilements (''klesa''). Actions and defilements result from representations (''vikalpa''). These [come] from false imagining (''prapañca''). False imagining stops in emptiness (''sunyata''). (18.5){{sfn|Bronkhorst|2009|p=148}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Nāgārjuna |author-link=Nagarjuna |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195093364.001.0001/acprof-9780195093360 |title=The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-509336-0 |editor-last=Garfield |editor-first=Jay L. |editor-link=Jay Garfield |page= |at=Chapter 18, Verse 5}}</ref></blockquote>

Therefore, the ultimate aim of understanding emptiness is not philosophical insight as such, but the actualization of a [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|liberated mind]] which does not cling to anything. To encourage this awakening, meditation on emptiness may proceed in stages, starting with the emptiness of [[Fetter (Buddhism)#Identity view (sakkāya-diṭṭhi)|self]], of objects and of mental states,{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=295-310}} culminating in a "natural state of nonreferential freedom".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=310}}{{refn|group=note|See also [[Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga]], for early, Madhyamaka-like texts from the Buddhist canon on freedom from views.}}

Moreover, the path to understanding ultimate truth is not one that negates or invalidates relative truths (especially truths about [[Buddhist paths to liberation|the path to awakening]]). Instead it is only through properly understanding and using relative truth that the ultimate can be attained, as [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvaviveka]] maintains:

<blockquote>In order to guide beginners a method is taught, comparable to the steps of a staircase that leads to perfect Buddhahood. Ultimate reality is only to be entered once we have understood seeming reality.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=108}}</blockquote>

=== Does Madhyamaka have a position? ===
Nāgārjuna is famous for arguing that his philosophy was not a view, and that he in fact did not take any position (''paksa'') or thesis (''pratijña'') whatsoever since this would just be another form of clinging to some form of existence.{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=146}}<ref name="Garfield, Jay L 2008"/> In his ''Vigrahavyāvartanī'', Nāgārjuna states:

<blockquote>If I had any position, I thereby would be at fault. Since I have no position, I am not at fault at all. If there were anything to be observed through direct perception and the other instances [of valid cognition], it would be something to be established or rejected. However, since no such thing exists, I cannot be criticized.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=218}}</blockquote>

Likewise in his ''Sixty Stanzas on Reasoning'', Nāgārjuna says: "By taking any standpoint whatsoever, you will be snatched by the cunning snakes of the afflictions. Those whose minds have no standpoint will not be caught."{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=34}}

Randall Collins argues that for Nāgārjuna, ultimate reality is simply the idea that "no concepts are intelligible", while Ferrer emphasizes that Nāgārjuna criticized those whose mind held any "positions and beliefs", ''including'' the [[View (Buddhism)|view]] of emptiness. As Nāgārjuna says: "The Victorious Ones have announced that emptiness is the relinquishing of all views. Those who are possessed of the view of emptiness are said to be incorrigible."<ref>Jorge Noguera Ferrer, ''Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality.'' SUNY Press, 2002, pages 102. The quote is from the [[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]].</ref><ref name="collins221">Randall Collins, ''The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change.'' Harvard University Press, 2000, pages 221-222.</ref> [[Aryadeva]] echoes this idea in his Four Hundred Verses:

<blockquote>"First, one puts an end to what is not meritorious. In the middle, one puts an end to identity. Later, one puts an end to all views. Those who understand this are skilled."{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=172}}</blockquote>

Other writers, however, do seem to affirm emptiness as a specific Madhyamaka thesis or view. [[Shantideva]] for example says "one cannot uphold any faultfinding in the thesis of emptiness" and [[Bhāviveka|Bhavaviveka's]] ''Blaze of Reasoning'' says: "as for our thesis, it is the emptiness of nature, because this is the nature of phenomena".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=219}} [[Jay L. Garfield|Jay Garfield]] notes that Nāgārjuna and Candrakirti both make positive arguments, and cites both the [[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]] ("Root Verses on the Middle Way") – "There does not exist anything that is not dependently arisen. Therefore there does not exist anything that is not empty" – and Candrakirti's commentary on it: "We assert the statement, 'Emptiness itself is a designation.{{'"}}<ref name="Garfield, Jay L 2008" />

These positions are not really in contradiction, however, since Madhyamaka can be said to have the "thesis of emptiness" only conventionally, in the context of debating or explaining it. According to Karl Brunnhölzl, even though Madhyamaka thinkers may express a thesis pedagogically, what they deny is that "they have any thesis that involves real existence or reference points, or any thesis that is to be defended from their own point of view".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=221}}

Brunnhölzl underlines that Madhyamaka analysis applies to all systems of thought, ideas and concepts, including Madhyamaka itself. This is because the nature of Madhyamaka is "the deconstruction of any system and conceptualization whatsoever, including itself".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=160}} In the Root verses on the Middle Way, Nāgārjuna illustrates this point:

<blockquote>By the flaw of having views about emptiness, those of little understanding are ruined, just as when incorrectly seizing a snake or mistakenly practicing an awareness-mantra.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=209}}</blockquote>

==Origins and sources==
The Madhyamaka school is usually considered to have been founded by [[Nāgārjuna]], though it may have existed earlier.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=358}} Various scholars have noted that some of themes in the work of [[Nāgārjuna]] can also be found in earlier Buddhist sources.

=== Early Buddhist Texts ===
It is well known that the only sutra that [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] explicitly cites in his ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]]'' (Chapter 15.7) is the "Advice to Kātyāyana". He writes, "according to the Instructions to [[Katyayana (Buddhist)|Kātyāyana]], both existence and nonexistence are criticized by the Blessed One who opposed being and non-being."{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=185}} This appears to have been a Sanskrit version of the ''[[Kaccānagotta Sutta]]'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|Saṃyutta Nikāya]] ii.16–17 / SN 12.15, with parallel in the [https://suttacentral.net/sa301/en/choong Chinese ''Saṃyuktāgama'' 301]).{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=185}} The ''[[Kaccānagotta Sutta]]'' itself says:

<blockquote>This world, Kaccāna, for the most part depends on a duality – upon the notion of existence and the notion of nonexistence. But for one who sees the origin of the world as it really is with correct wisdom, there is no notion of nonexistence in regard to the world. And for one who sees the cessation of the world as it really is with correct wisdom, there is no notion of existence in regard to the world.{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=185}}</blockquote>

Joseph Walser also points out that verse six of chapter 15 contains an allusion to the "''Mahahatthipadopama sutta''", another early sutra of the ''Nidanavagga'', the collection which also contains the ''[[Kaccānagotta Sutta|Kaccānagotta]],'' and which contains various sutras that focus on the avoidance of extreme views, which are all held to be associated with either the extreme of eternality (''sasvata'') or the extreme of disruption (''uccheda'').{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=185}} Another allusion to an [[Early Buddhist Texts|early Buddhist text]] noted by Walser occurs in [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]]'s ''Ratnavali'' chapter 1, where he makes reference to a statement in the ''Kevaddha sutta.''{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=186–187}}

Some scholars, like Tillman Vetter and Luis Gomez, have also seen some passages from the early [[Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga|''Aṭṭhakavagga'' (Pali, "Octet Chapter") and the ''Pārāyanavagga'' (Pali, "Way to the Far Shore Chapter")]], which focusing on letting go of all views, as teaching a kind of "Proto-Mādhyamika."{{refn|In the Pali canon, these chapters are the fourth and fifth chapters of the [[Khuddaka Nikaya]]'s [[Sutta Nipata]], respectively.|group=note}}{{sfn|Gomez|1976}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Other scholars such as Paul Fuller and Alexander Wynne have rejected the arguments of Gomez and Vetter.{{sfn|Fuller|2005}}{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=75}}{{refn|Wynne devotes a chapter to the Parayanavagga.|group=note}}

Finally, the ''[[Da zhidu lun|Dazhidulun]]'', a text attributed to Nāgārjuna in the Chinese tradition (though this attribution has been questioned), cites the Sanskrit ''Arthavargīya sūtra'' (which parallels the [[Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga|''Aṭṭhakavagga'')]] in its discussion of ultimate truth.<ref>Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron (trans from French); Lamotte, Etienne (trans). ''The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom, Volume V (Traite de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse de Nagarjuna (Mahaprajnaparamitasastra), Tome V),'' pp. 52-54.</ref>

=== Abhidharma and early Buddhist schools ===
The Madhyamaka school has been perhaps simplistically regarded as a reaction against the development of Buddhist [[abhidharma]], however according to Joseph Walser, this is problematic.{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=225}} In abhidharma, [[Dhamma theory|dharmas]] are characterized by defining traits (''lakṣaṇa'') or own-existence ([[Svabhava|''svabhāva'']]). The ''[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakośabhāṣya]]'' states for example: "''dharma'' means 'upholding,' [namely], upholding intrinsic nature (''svabhāva'')", while the ''[[Mahavibhasa|Mahāvibhāṣā]]'' states "intrinsic nature is able to uphold its own identity and not lose it".<ref name=Ronkin>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/abhidharma/ |last=Ronkin |first=Noa |title=Abhidharma |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition) |date=16 August 2010 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref> However this does not mean that all abhidharma systems hold that dharmas exist independently in an ontological sense, since all Buddhist schools hold that (most) dharmas are [[Pratītyasamutpāda|dependently originated]], this doctrine being a central core Buddhist view. Therefore, in abhidharma, [[Svabhava|''svabhāva'']] is typically something which arises dependent on other conditions and qualities.<ref name=Ronkin/>

[[Svabhava|''Svabhāva'']] in the early abhidharma systems then, is not a kind of ontological essentialism, but it is a way to categorize dharmas according to their distinctive characteristics. According to Noa Ronkin, the idea of ''svabhava'' evolved towards ontological dimension in the [[Sarvāstivādin]] [[Vaibhāṣika|Vaibhasika]] school's interpretation, which began to also use the term ''dravya'' which means "real existence".<ref name="Ronkin" /> This then, may have been the shift which Nagarjuna sought to attack when he targets certain Sarvastivada tenets.

However, the relationship between Madhyamaka and abhidharma is complex, as Joseph Walser notes, "Nagarjuna's position vis-à-vis abhidharma is neither a blanket denial nor a blanket acceptance. Nagarjuna's arguments entertain certain abhidharmic standpoints while refuting others."{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=225}} One example can be seen in Nagarjuna's ''Ratnavali'' which supports the study of a list of 57 moral faults which Nagarjuna takes from the ''Ksudravastuka'' (an abhidharma texts that is part of the Sarvastivada ''[[Dharmaskandha]]'')''.''{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=227}} Abhidharmic analysis figures prominently in Madhyamaka treatises, and authoritative commentators like Candrakīrti emphasize that abhidharmic categories function as a viable (and favored) system of conventional truths – they are more refined than ordinary categories, and they are not dependent on either the extreme of eternalism or on the extreme view of the discontinuity of karma, as the non-Buddhist categories of the time did.

Walser also notes that Nagarjuna's theories have much in common with the view of a sub-sect of the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamgikas]] called the [[Prajñaptivāda|Prajñaptivadins]], who held that suffering was ''prajñapti'' (designation by provisional naming) "based on conditioned entities that are themselves reciprocally designated" (''anyonya prajñapti'').{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=234}} David Burton argues that for Nagarjuna, "dependently arisen entities have merely conceptually constructed existence (''prajñaptisat'')".{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=234}} Commenting on this, Walser writes that "Nagarjuna is arguing for a thesis that the Prajñaptivádins already held, using a concept of prajñapti that they were already using."{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=239}}

=== Mahāyāna sūtras ===
According to [[David Seyfort Ruegg]], the main canonical [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sutra]] sources of the Madhyamaka school are the ''Prajñāpāramitā'', [[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra|''Ratnakūṭa'']] and [[Avatamsaka Sutra|''Avataṃsaka'']] literature.<ref name=":0">Ruegg, David Seyfort, ''<nowiki>''The Literature of the Madhyamaka School of Philosophy in India,''</nowiki>'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1981, p. 7.</ref> Other sutras which were widely cited by Madhamikas include the ''[[Vimalakirti Sutra|Vimalakīrtinirdeṣa]]'', the ''[[Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra|Śuraṃgamasamādhi]],'' the ''[[Lotus Sutra|Saddharmapuṇḍarīka]]'', the ''[[Ten Stages Sutra|Daśabhūmika]]'', the ''[[Akṣayamatinirdeśa Sūtra|Akṣayamatinirdeśa]]'', the ''[[Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra|Tathāgataguhyaka]]'', and the ''[[Kāśyapaparivarta]]''.<ref name=":0" />

Ruegg notes that in [[Chandrakirti|Candrakīrti's]] ''Prasannapadā'' and ''[[Madhyamakāvatāra]]'', in addition to the ''Prajñāpāramitā'', "we find the ''Akṣayamatinirdeśa, Anavataptahradāpasaṃkramaṇa, Upāliparipṛcchā, Kāśyapaparivarta, Gaganagañja, Tathāgataguhya, Daśabhūmika, Dṛḍhādhyāśaya, Dhāraṇīśvararāja, Pitāputrasamāgama, Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā, [[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra|Ratnakūṭa]], Ratnacūḍaparipṛcchā, Ratnamegha, Ratnākara, Laṅkāvatāra, Lalitavistara, Vimalakirtinirdesa, [[Salistamba Sutra|Śālistamba]], Satyadvayāvatāra'', ''[[Lotus Sutra|Saddharmapuṇḍarīka]]'', ''[[Samadhiraja Sutra|Samādhirāja]]'' (''Candrapradīpa''), and ''Hastikakṣya''."<ref name=":0" />

===Prajñāpāramitā===
Madhyamaka thought is also closely related to a number of Mahāyāna sources; traditionally, the [[Prajnaparamita|''Prajñāpāramitā'']] sūtras are the literature most closely associated with Madhyamaka – understood, at least in part, as an exegetical complement to those Sūtras. Traditional accounts also depict Nāgārjuna as retrieving some of the larger Prajñāpāramitā sūtras from the world of the [[Nāga]]s (explaining in part the etymology of his name). Prajñā or 'higher cognition' is a recurrent term in Buddhist texts, explained as a synonym of abhidharma, 'insight' (vipaśyanā) and 'analysis of the dharmas' (''dharmapravicaya''). Within a specifically Mahāyāna context, Prajñā figures as the most prominent in a list of Six Pāramitās ('perfections' or 'perfect masteries') that a Bodhisattva needs to cultivate in order to eventually achieve Buddhahood.

Madhyamaka offers conceptual tools to analyze all possible elements of existence, allowing the practitioner to elicit through reasoning and contemplation the type of view that the Sūtras express more authoritatively (being considered word of the Buddha) but less explicitly (not offering corroborative arguments). The vast Prajñāpāramitā literature emphasizes the development of higher cognition in the context of the [[Bodhisattva]] path; thematically, its focus on the emptiness of all dharmas is closely related to the Madhyamaka approach. Allusions to the prajñaparamita sutras can be found in Nagarjuna's work. One example is in the opening stanza of the MMK, which seem to allude to the following statement found in two prajñaparamita texts (''[[Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras|Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā]]'' and ''Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā''):<blockquote href="Bhavaviveka">And how does he wisely know conditioned co-production? He wisely knows it as neither production, nor stopping, neither cut off nor eternal, neither single nor manifold, neither coming nor going away, as the appeasement of all futile discoursings, and as bliss.{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=170}}</blockquote>The first stanza of Nagarjuna's MMK meanwhile, state:<blockquote href="Buddhapalita">I pay homage to the Fully Enlightened One whose true, venerable words teach dependent-origination to be the blissful pacification of all mental proliferation, neither production, nor stopping, neither cut off nor eternal, neither single nor manifold, neither coming, nor going away.{{sfn|Walser|2005|p=170}}</blockquote>

===Pyrrhonism===
{{main|Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism}}

Because of the high degree of similarity between Madhyamaka and [[Pyrrhonism]],<ref>Adrian Kuzminski, ''Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism'' 2008</ref> [[Thomas McEvilley]]<ref>Thomas McEvilley, ''The Shape of Ancient Thought'' 2002 pp499-505</ref> and Matthew Neale<ref>{{Cite web| title=Madhyamaka and Pyrrhonism | url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:347ed882-f7ac-4098-908f-5bb391462a6c/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=THESIS01&type_of_work=Thesis | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224074945/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:347ed882-f7ac-4098-908f-5bb391462a6c/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=THESIS01&type_of_work=Thesis | archive-date=2021-02-24}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/NMZwyPdY7eg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200307220101/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMZwyPdY7eg&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMZwyPdY7eg&t=52s| title = Sextus Empiricus and Madhyamaka at Oxford's Oriental Institute | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 10 May 2015 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> suspect that Nāgārjuna was influenced by Greek Pyrrhonist texts imported into India. [[Pyrrho]] of Elis ({{Circa|360|270 BCE}}), who is credited with founding this school of [[Philosophical skepticism|skeptical philosophy]], may have been influenced by Buddhist philosophy<ref>{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2015 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf |isbn=9781400866328}}</ref> during his stay in India with [[Alexander the Great]]'s army.

== Indian Madhyamaka ==
[[File:Nagarjuna_and_Aryadeva_as_Two_Great_Indian_Buddhist_Scholastics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|[[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]] (right) and [[Aryadeva|Āryadeva]] (middle).]]

=== Nāgārjuna ===
As Jan Westerhoff notes, while [[Nāgārjuna]] is "one of the greatest thinkers in the history of Asian philosophy...contemporary scholars agree on hardly any details concerning him". This includes exactly when he lived (it can be narrowed down some time in the first three centuries CE), where he lived (Joseph Walser suggests [[Amaravati|Amarāvatī]] in east [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]) and exactly what constitutes his written corpus.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=4}}

Numerous texts are attributed to him, but it is at least agreed by some scholars that what is called the "Yukti" (analytical) corpus is the core of his philosophical work. These texts are the "Root verses on the Middle way" (''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]],'' MMK), the "Sixty Stanzas on Reasoning" (''Yuktiṣāṣṭika''), the "Dispeller of Objections" (''Vigrahavyāvartanī''), the "Treatise on Pulverization" (''Vaidalyaprakaraṇa'') and the "Precious Garland" (''Ratnāvalī'').{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=5–6}} However, even the attribution of each one of these has been question by some modern scholars, except for the MMK which is by definition seen as his major work.{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=5–6}}

Nāgārjuna's main goal is often seen by scholars as refuting the [[essentialism]] of certain Buddhist [[abhidharma]] schools (mainly [[Vaibhāṣika|''Vaibhasika'']]) which posited theories of ''[[svabhava]]'' (essential nature) and also the Hindu [[Nyaya|Nyāya]] and [[Vaisheshika|Vaiśeṣika]] schools which posited a theory of ontological substances (''dravyatas'').<ref>Wasler, Joseph. ''Nagarjuna in Context.'' New York: Columibia University Press. 2005, pgs. 225-263.</ref> In the MMK he used ''[[Prasaṅgika|reductio ad absurdum]]'' arguments (''prasanga'') to show that any theory of substance or essence was unsustainable and therefore, phenomena (''dharmas'') such as change, causality, and sense perception were empty (''sunya'') of any essential existence. Nāgārjuna also famously equated the emptiness of [[Dhamma theory|''dharmas'']] with their [[dependent origination]].{{sfn|Kalupahana|1992|p=120}}{{sfn|Tsondru|2011|p=66–71, 447–477}}{{sfn|Williams|2002|p=142}}{{refn|[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]] 24:18|group=note}}

Because of his philosophical work, Nāgārjuna is seen by some modern interpreters as restoring the [[Middle Way]] of the Buddha, which had become challenged by absolutist metaphysical tendencies in certain philosophical quarters.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994}}{{sfn|Kalupahana|1992|p=120}}

=== Classical Madhyamaka figures ===

Rāhulabhadra was an early madhyamika, sometimes said to be either a teacher of Nagarjuna or his contemporary and follower. He is most famous for his verses in praise of the ''[[prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]]'' (Skt. ''Prajñāpāramitāstotra'') and Chinese sources maintain that he also composed a commentary on the MMK which was translated by Paramartha.{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=49, 54}}

Nāgārjuna's pupil [[Āryadeva]] (3rd century CE) wrote various works on Madhyamaka, the most well known of which is his "400 verses". His works are regarded as a supplement to Nāgārjuna's,{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=368}} on which he commented.{{sfn|Rizzi|1988|p=2}} Āryadeva also wrote refutations of the theories of non-Buddhist Indian philosophical schools.{{sfn|Rizzi|1988|p=2}}

There are also two commentaries on the MMK which may be by Āryadeva, the ''Akutobhaya'' (which has also been regarded as an auto-commentary by Nagarjuna) as well as a commentary which survives only in Chinese (as part of the ''Chung-Lun'', "Middle treatise", [[Taishō Tripiṭaka|Taisho]] 1564) attributed to a certain "Ch'ing-mu" (aka Pin-lo-chieh, which some scholars have also identified as possibly being Aryadeva).{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=47–48}} However, Brian C. Bocking, a translator of the ''Chung-Lung'', also states that it is likely the author of this commentary was a certain Vimalāksa, who was [[Kumārajīva|Kumarajiva's]] old Vinaya-master from [[Kucha]].<ref>Bocking B; (1995) ''Nagarjuna in China: A Translation of the Middle Treatise''. Lewiston & Lampeter. University of Bristol Centre for Buddhist Studies Series: The Edwin Mellen Press.</ref>

An influential commentator on Nāgārjuna was [[Buddhapālita]] (470–550) who has been interpreted as developing the [[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|prāsaṅgika]] approach to Nāgārjuna's works in his ''Madhyamakavṛtti'' (now only extant in Tibetan) which follows the orthodox Madhyamaka method by critiquing essentialism mainly through [[reductio ad absurdum]] arguments.<ref name=HayesPlato>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/madhyamaka/ |last=Hayes |first=Richard |title=Madhyamaka |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 Edition) |date=6 November 2010 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref> Like Nāgārjuna, [[Buddhapālita]]'s main philosophical method is to show how all philosophical positions are ultimately untenable and self-contradictory, a style of argumentation called ''prasanga''.<ref name=HayesPlato/>

Buddhapālita's method is often contrasted with that of [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvaviveka]] ({{Circa|500|578}}), who argued in his ''Prajñāpadīpa'' (Lamp of Wisdom) for the use of logical arguments using the ''[[pramana]]'' based epistemology of Indian logicians like [[Dignāga]]. In what would become a source of much future debate, Bhāvaviveka criticized Buddhapālita for not putting Madhyamaka arguments into proper "autonomous syllogisms" (''svatantra'').{{sfn|Newland|2009|p=78}} Bhāvaviveka argued that mādhyamika's should always put forth syllogistic arguments to prove the truth of the Madhyamaka thesis. Instead of just criticizing other's arguments, a tactic called ''vitaṇḍā'' (attacking) which was seen in bad form in Indian philosophical circles, Bhāvaviveka held that madhyamikas must positively prove their position using sources of knowledge (pramanas) agreeable to all parties.{{sfn|Newland|2009|p=79}} He argued that the position of a Madhyamaka was simply that phenomena are devoid of an inherent nature.<ref name=HayesPlato/> This approach has been labeled the [[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|''svātantrika'']] style of Madhyamaka by Tibetan philosophers and commentators.

Another influential commentator, [[Chandrakirti|Candrakīrti]] (<abbr href="Svātantrika">c.</abbr> 600–650), sought to defend Buddhapālita and critique Bhāvaviveka's position (and [[Dignāga]]) that one ''must'' construct independent (''svatantra'') arguments to positively prove the Madhyamaka thesis, on the grounds this contains a subtle essentialist commitment.<ref name=HayesPlato/> He argued that madhyamikas do not ''have'' to argue by ''svantantra'', but can merely show the untenable consequences (''prasaṅga'') of all philosophical positions put forth by their adversary.<ref name=":02">Garfield, Jay; Edelglass, William; The Oxford Handbook of World philosophy</ref> Furthermore, for [[Chandrakirti|Candrakīrti]], there is a problem with assuming that the madhyamika and the essentialist opponent can begin with the same shared premises that are required for this kind of syllogistic reasoning because the essentialist and the Madhyamaka do not share a basic understanding of what it means for things to exist in the first place.{{sfn|Newland|2009|p=80}}

[[Candrakīrti]] also criticized the Buddhist [[Yogachara|yogācāra]] school, which he saw as positing a form of subjective [[idealism]] due to their doctrine of "appearance only" (''vijñaptimatra''). Candrakīrti faults the Yogācāra school for not realizing that the nature of consciousness is also a conditioned phenomenon, and for privileging consciousness over its objects ontologically, instead of seeing that ''everything'' is empty.<ref name=":02" /> [[Candrakīrti]] wrote the ''Prasannapadā'' (Clear Words), a highly influential commentary on the ''Mūlamadhyamakakārikā'' as well as the ''Madhyamakāvatāra,'' an introduction to Madhyamaka. His works are central to the understanding of Madhyamaka in [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

A later ''svātantrika'' figure is Avalokitavrata (seventh century), who composed a ''tika'' (sub-commentary) on [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvaviveka]]'s ''Prajñāpadīpa'' and who mentions important figures of the era such as Dharmakirti and Candrakīrti.{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=67}}

Another commentator on Nagarjuna is Bhikshu Vaśitva (''Zizai'') who composed a commentary on Nagarjuna's ''Bodhisaṃbhāra'' that survives in a translation by Dharmagupta in the Chinese canon.<ref>Bhikshu Dharmamitra (trans.). ''The Bodhisambhara Treatise Commentary.'' An Early Indian Commentary on Nagarjuna's ''Bodhisambhara Shastra'' By the Early Indian monk, Bhikshu Vasitva (''ca'' 300-500 ce), Kalavinka press.</ref>

[[Shantideva|Śāntideva]] (end 7th century – first half 8th century) is well known for his philosophical poem discussing the [[bodhisattva]] path and the six [[Pāramitā|paramitas]], the ''[[Bodhicaryāvatāra]]''. He united "a deep religiousness and joy of exposure together with the unquestioned Madhyamaka orthodoxy".{{sfn|Rizzi|1988|p=5}} Later in the 10th century, there were commentators on the works of prasangika authors such as Prajñakaramati who wrote a commentary on the ''Bodhicaryāvatāra'' and Jayananda who commented on Candrakīrti's ''Madhyamakāvatāra.''{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=85}}

A lesser known treatise on the six paramitas associated with the Madhyamaka school is Ārya Śūra's ''Pāramitāsamāsa,'' unlikely to be the same author as that of the ''Garland of Jatakas.''{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=119}}

Other lesser known madhyamikas include Devasarman (fifth to sixth centuries) and Gunamati (the fifth to sixth centuries) both of whom wrote commentaries on the MMK that exist only in Tibetan fragments.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8873/2780 |last=Watanabe |first=Chikafumi |title=A Translation of the Madhyamakahrdayakarika with the Tarkajvala III. 137-146 |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=21 |number=1 |year=1998}}</ref>

=== Yogācāra-Madhyamaka ===

[[File:Kamalashila .jpg|thumb|right|[[Kamalashila]]]]

According to Ruegg, possibly the earliest figure to work with the two schools was Vimuktisena (early sixth century), a commentator on the [[Abhisamayalankara|''Abhisamayalamkara'']] and also is reported to have been a pupil of [[Bhāviveka|Bhāvaviveka]] as well as [[Vasubandhu]].{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=88}}

The seventh and eighth centuries saw a synthesis of the Buddhist [[Yogacara|yogācāra]] tradition with Madhyamaka, beginning with the work of Śrigupta, [[Jñānagarbha]] (Śrigupta's disciple) and his student [[Śāntarakṣita]] (8th-century) who, like Bhāvaviveka, also adopted some of the terminology of the Buddhist pramana tradition, in their time best represented by [[Dharmakirti|Dharmakīrti]].<ref name="HayesPlato" />{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=67}}

Like the classical Madhyamaka, Yogācāra-Madhyamaka approaches ultimate truth through the prasaṅga method of showing absurd consequences. However, when speaking of conventional reality they also make positive assertions and autonomous arguments like Bhāvaviveka and Dharmakīrti. Śāntarakṣita also subsumed the Yogācāra system into his presentation of the conventional, accepting their idealism on a conventional level as a preparation for the ultimate truth of Madhyamaka.<ref name="HayesPlato" />{{sfn|Shantarakshita|2005|p=117-122}}

In his ''Madhyamakālaṃkāra'' (verses 92–93), Śāntarakṣita says:

<blockquote>By relying on the Mind Only (''cittamatra''), know that external entities do not exist. And by relying on this [Madhyamaka] system, know that no self at all exists, even in that [mind]. Therefore, due to holding the reins of logic as one rides the chariots of the two systems, one attains [the path of] the actual Mahayanist.<ref>Blumenthal, James, The Ornament of the Middle Way A Study of the Madhyamaka Thought of Santaraksita, Snow Lion, 2004, p. 245.</ref></blockquote>

Śāntarakṣita and his student [[Kamalaśīla]] (known for his text on self development and meditation, the ''[[Bhāvanākrama|Bhavanakrama]]'') were influential in the initial spread of Madhyamaka Buddhism to Tibet.{{refn|Alex Trisoglio: "In the 8th century, Shantarakshita went to Tibet and founded the monastery at Samyé. He was not a direct disciple of Bhavaviveka, but the disciple of one of his disciples. He combined the madhyamika-svatantrika and cittamatra schools, and created a new school of madhyamika called svatantrika-yogachara-madhyamika. His disciple Kamalashila, who wrote The Stages of Meditation upon Madhyamika (uma'i sgom rim), developed his ideas further, and together they were very influential in Tibet."{{cite book|last=Khyentse Rinpoche|first=Dzongsar Jamyang|title=Introduction to the Middle Way: Chandrakirti's Madhyamakavatara with Commentary|year=2003|publisher=Khyentse Foundation|location=Dordogne, France|pages=8|url=http://www.siddharthasintent.org/|edition=1st|editor=Alex Trisoglio|access-date=7 January 2013|format=PDF|chapter=Introduction}}|group=note}} [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]], another important figure of this school, wrote an influential commentary on the ''Abhisamayalamkara.''

=== Vajrayana Madhyamaka ===

The Madhyamaka philosophy continued to be of major importance during the period of Indian Buddhism when the [[Tantra|tantric]] [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism rose to prominence. One of the central Vajrayana Madhyamaka philosophers was Arya Nagarjuna (also known as the "Tantric Nagarjuna", 7th–8th centuries) who may be the author of the ''Bodhicittavivarana'' as well as a notable commentator on the ''[[Guhyasamāja Tantra]]''.{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=104}} Other figures in his lineage include Nagabodhi, Vajrabodhi, Aryadeva-pada and Candrakirti-pada.

Later figures include Bodhibhadra ({{Circa|1000|}}), a [[Nalanda]] university master who wrote on philosophy and yoga and who was a teacher of [[Atiśa|Atiśa Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna]] (982 – 1054 CE) who was an influential figure in the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet and wrote the influential ''[[Bodhipathapradīpa]]'' (Lamp for the Path to Awakening).{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=109}}

==Tibetan Buddhism==
Madhyamaka philosophy obtained a central position in all the main [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] schools, all whom consider themselves to be madhyamikas. Madhyamaka thought has been categorized in various ways in India and Tibet.{{refn|In his Tattvaratnāvalī, the Indian scholar Advayavajra classified Madhyamaka into "those who uphold non-duality from the simile of illusion" (''māyopamādvayavādin'') and "those who uphold non-placement into any dharma" (''sarvadharmāpratiṣṭhānavādin''); furthermore, in the Madhyamakaṣaṭka he envisaged a specifically Vajrayāna type of Madhyamaka.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}|group=note}}

=== Early transmission ===
Influential early figures who are important in the transmission of Madhyamaka to Tibet include the Yogacara-Madhyamaka [[Śāntarakṣita]] (725–788), and his students [[Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)|Haribhadra]] and [[Kamalaśīla|Kamalashila]] (740–795) as well as the later [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadampa]] figures of [[Atiśa|Atisha]] (982–1054) and his pupil [[Dromtön]] (1005–1064) who taught Madhyamaka by using the works of Bhāviveka and Candrakīrti.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=51}}<ref>Apple, James B. (2019). ''Jewels of the Middle Way: The Madhyamaka Legacy of Atisa and His Early Tibetan Followers,'' Introduction, pp 1-62''.'' Simon and Schuster.</ref>

The early transmission of Buddhism to Tibet saw these two main strands of philosophical views in debate with each other. The first was the camp which defended the Yogacara-Madhyamaka interpretation (and thus, svatantrika) centered on the works of the scholars of the Sangphu monastery founded by [[Ngok Loden Sherab|Ngog Loden Sherab]] (1059–1109) and also includes Chapa Chokyi Senge (1109–1169).<ref name=":72">Dunne, John D. (2011). "Madhyamaka in India and Tibet." In Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy." Edited by J. Garfield and W. Edelglass. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 206-221.</ref>

The second camp was those who championed the work of [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti]] over the Yogacara-Madhyamaka interpretation, and included Sangphu monk [[Patsab Nyima Drakpa|Patsab Nyima Drag]] (b. 1055) and Jayananda (fl 12th century).<ref name=":72" /> According to John Dunne, it was the Madhyamaka interpretation and the works of Candrakirti which became dominant over time in Tibet.<ref name=":72" />

Another very influential figure from this early period is [[Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü]] (d. 1185), who wrote an important commentary on [[Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna's]] ''[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā]]''. Mabja was a student of both the Dharmakirtian Chapa and the Candrakirti scholar Patsab and his work shows an attempt to steer a middle course between their views. Mabja affirms the conventional usefulness of [[Buddhist logico-epistemology|Buddhist pramāṇa]], but also accepts Candrakirti's prasangika views.<ref name=":1">[https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-OTHERS/others568019.pdf ''Reason and Experience in Tibetan Buddhism: Mabja Jangchub Tsöndrü and the Traditions of the Middle Way'' Reviewed by Adam C. Krug]. Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005 https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics Volume 22, 2015</ref> Mabja's Madhyamaka scholarship was very influential on later Tibetan Madhyamikas such as [[Longchenpa]], [[Je Tsongkhapa|Tsongkhapa]], [[Gorampa]], and [[Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama|Mikyö Dorje]].<ref name=":1" />

==== Prāsaṅgika and Svātantrika interpretations ====
{{main|Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction}}

In [[Tibet]]an Buddhist scholarship, a distinction began to be made between the Autonomist (''[[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|Svātantrika]], rang rgyud pa'') and Consequentialist (''[[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|Prāsaṅgika]], Thal 'gyur pa'') approaches to Madhyamaka reasoning. The distinction was one invented by Tibetans, and not one made by classical Indian madhyamikas.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=333}} Tibetans mainly use the terms to refer to the logical procedures used by [[Bhavaviveka]] (who argued for the use of ''[[Svatantrika|svatantra-anumana]]'' or autonomous syllogisms) and [[Buddhapalita]] (who held that one should only use ''[[Prasaṅgika|prasanga]]'', or ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]'').{{sfn|Shantarakshita|2005|p=131-141}} Tibetan Buddhism further divides ''[[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|svātantrika]]'' into [[Sautrāntika|sautrantika]] Svātantrika Madhyamaka (applied to [[Bhāviveka]]), and [[Yogachara|Yogācāra]] Svātantrika Madhyamaka ([[śāntarakṣita]] and [[Kamalaśīla]]).{{sfn|Cornu|2001|p=138}}

The Svātantrika states that conventional phenomena are understood to have a conventional essential existence, but without an ultimately existing essence. In this way they believe they are able to make positive or "autonomous" assertions using syllogistic logic because they are able to share a subject that is established as appearing in common – the proponent and opponent use the same kind of valid cognition to establish it. The name comes from this quality of being able to use autonomous arguments in debate.{{sfn|Shantarakshita|2005|p=131-141}}

In contrast, the central technique avowed by the [[Prasaṅgika|{{IAST|prasaṅgika}}]] is to show by ''{{IAST|prasaṅga}}'' (or [[reductio ad absurdum]]) that any positive assertion (such as "asti" or "nāsti", "it is", or "it is not") or [[View (Buddhism)|view]] regarding phenomena must be regarded as merely conventional ({{IAST|saṃvṛti}} or ''lokavyavahāra''). The ''prāsaṅgika'' holds that it is not necessary for the proponent and opponent to use the same kind of valid cognition (''[[pramana]]'') to establish a common subject; indeed it is possible to change the view of an opponent through a [[Reductio ad absurdum|reductio]] argument.

Although presented as a divide in doctrine, the major difference between Svātantrika and Prasangika may be between two style of reasoning and arguing, while the division itself is exclusively Tibetan. Tibetan scholars were aware of alternative Madhyamaka sub-classifications, but later Tibetan doxography emphasizes the nomenclature of prāsaṅgika versus svātantrika. No conclusive evidence can show the existence of an Indian antecedent, and it is not certain to what degree individual writers in Indian and Tibetan discussion held each of these views and if they held a view generally or only in particular instances. Both Prāsaṅgikas and Svātantrikas cited material in the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|āgamas]] in support of their arguments.{{sfn|Gombrich|1996|p=27-28}}

[[Longchen Rabjam]] noted in the 14th century that Candrakirti favored the {{IAST|prasaṅga}} approach when specifically discussing the analysis for ultimacy, but otherwise he made positive assertions such as when describing the paths of Buddhist practice in his ''[[Madhyamakāvatāra|Madhyamakavatāra]]''. Therefore, even {{IAST|prāsaṅgikas}} make positive assertions when discussing conventional practice, they simply stick to using [[Reductio ad absurdum|reductios]] specifically when analyzing for ultimate truth.{{sfn|Shantarakshita|2005|p=131-141}}

=== Jonang and "Other Emptiness" ===

[[File:Dolpopa.jpg|thumb|240px|Thangkha with Jonang lama Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (1292–1361)]]
Further Tibetan philosophical developments began in response to the works of the scholar [[Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen|Dölpopa Shérap Gyeltsen]] (1292–1361) and led to two distinctly opposed Tibetan Madhyamaka views on the nature of ultimate reality.{{sfn|Cornu|2001|p=145, 150}}<ref>Stearns, Cyrus (2010). ''The Buddha from Dölpo: A Study of the Life and Thought of the Tibetan Master Dölpopa Sherab Gyaltsen''(Rev. and enl. ed.). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. {{ISBN|9781559393430}}. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</ref> An important Tibetan treatise on Emptiness and Buddha Nature is found in [[Dolpopa|Dolpopa's]] voluminous study, ''Mountain Doctrine''.<ref>Hopkins, 2006.</ref>

[[Dolpopa]], the founder of the [[Jonang]] school, viewed the Buddha and [[Buddha Nature]] as ''not'' intrinsically empty, but as truly real, unconditioned, and replete with eternal, changeless virtues.<ref>Hopkins, 2006, pp 8-15</ref> In the Jonang school, ultimate reality, i.e. Buddha Nature (''tathagatagarbha'') is only empty of what is impermanent and conditioned (conventional reality), not of its own self which is ultimate [[Buddhahood]] and the [[Luminous mind|luminous nature of mind]].{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2009|p=108}} In [[Jonang]], this ultimate reality is a "ground or substratum" which is "uncreated and indestructible, noncomposite and beyond the chain of dependent origination".<ref>Stearns, Cyrus (1999), The Buddha from Dolpo: A Study of the Life and Thought of the Tibetan Master Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, State University of New York Press, p. 82.</ref>

Basing himself on the Indian [[Tathāgatagarbha sūtras]] as his main sources, Dolpopa described the Buddha Nature as: <blockquote>[N]on-material emptiness, emptiness that is far from an annihilatory emptiness, great emptiness that is the ultimate pristine wisdom of superiors ...Buddha earlier than all Buddhas, ... causeless original Buddha.{{sfn|Hopkins|2006|p=14}}</blockquote>

This "great emptiness" i.e. the ''tathāgatagarbha'' is said to be filled with eternal powers and virtues:{{blockquote|[P]ermanent, stable, eternal, everlasting. Not compounded by causes and conditions, the matrix-of-one-gone-thus is intrinsically endowed with ultimate buddha qualities of body, speech, and mind such as the ten powers; it is not something that did not exist before and is newly produced; it is self-arisen.'{{sfn|Hopkins|2006|p=8}}}}

The Jonang position came to be known as [[Rangtong and shentong|"emptiness of other" (''{{Lang|bo|gzhan stong, shentong}})'']]'','' because it held that the ultimate truth was positive reality that was not empty of its own nature, only empty of what it was other than itself.{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=29}} Dolpopa considered his view a form of Madhyamaka, and called his system "Great Madhyamaka".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=502}} Dolpopa opposed what he called [[Rangtong-Shentong|''rangtong'']] (self-empty), the view that ultimate reality is that which is empty of self nature in a relative and absolute sense, that is to say that it is empty of everything, including itself. It is thus not a transcendental ground or metaphysical absolute which includes all the eternal Buddha qualities. This ''rangtong – shentong'' distinction became a central issue of contention among Tibetan Buddhist philosophers.

Alternative interpretations of the shentong view is also taught outside of Jonang. Some [[Kagyu]] figures, like [[Jamgon Kongtrul]] (1813–1899) as well as the unorthodox [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] philosopher [[Shakya Chokden]] (1428–1507), supported their own forms of shentong.

=== Tsongkhapa and Gelug ''Prāsaṅgika'' ===
[[File:Tsonkapa, 16th century, Collection of Rubin Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|240px|Tsongkhapa]]
{{See also|Prasaṅgika according to Tsongkhapa}}The [[Gelug|Gelug school]] was founded in the beginning of the 15th century by [[Je Tsongkhapa]] (1357–1419).{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=207}} Tsongkhapa's conception of emptiness draws mainly from the works of [[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|"prāsaṅgika"]] Indian thinkers like Buddhapalita, Candrakirti, and Shantideva and he argued that only their interpretation of Nagarjuna was ultimately correct. According to José I. Cabezón, Tsongkhapa also argued that the ultimate truth or emptiness was "an absolute negation (''med dgag'')—the negation of inherent existence—and that nothing was exempt from being empty, including emptiness itself."{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=29}}

Tsongkhapa also maintained that the ultimate truth could be understood conceptually, an understanding which could later be transformed into a non-conceptual one. This conceptual understanding could only be done through the use of madhyamika reasoning, which he also sought to unify with the logical theories of [[Dharmakirti]].{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=29}} Because of Tsongkhapa's view of emptiness as an absolute negation, he strongly attacked the other empty views of [[Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen|Dolpopa]] in his works. Tsongkhapa's major work on Madhyamaka is his commentary on the MMK called "Ocean of Reasoning".{{sfn|rJe Tsong Kha Pa|2006}}

According to [[Thupten Jinpa]], Tsongkhapa's "doctrine of the object of negation" is one of his most innovative but also controversial ideas. Tsongkhapa pointed out that if one wants to steer a middle course between the extremes of "over-negation" (straying into [[nihilism]]) and "under-negation" (and thus [[Reification (fallacy)|reification]]), it is important to have a clear concept of exactly what is being negated in Madhyamaka analysis (termed "the object of negation").<ref name=":172">Learman, Oliver (editor), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, 2001, p. 374.</ref><ref name=Sparham>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/tsongkhapa/ |last=Sparham |first=Gareth |title=Tsongkhapa |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition) |date=18 July 2011 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref>

According to Jay Garfield and Sonam Thakchoe, for Tsongkhapa, there are two aspects of the object of negation: "erroneous apprehension" ( ''phyin ci log gi ‘dzin pa'') and "the existence of intrinsic nature thereby apprehended" (''des bzung ba’i rang bzhin yod pa''). The second aspect is an erroneously reified fiction which does not exist even conventionally. This is the fundamental object of negation for Tsongkhapa "since the reified object must first be negated in order to eliminate the erroneous subjective state".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=76}}

Tsongkhapa's understanding of the object of negation (Tib. ''dgag bya'') is subtle, and he describes one aspect of it as an "innate apprehension of self-existence". Thupten Jinpa glosses this as a belief that we have that leads us to "perceive things and events as possessing some kind of intrinsic existence and identity". Tsongkhapa's Madhyamaka therefore, does not deny the conventional existence of things ''per se'', but merely rejects our way of experiencing things as existing in an [[Essentialism|essentialist]] way, which are false projections or imputations.<ref name=":172" /> This is the root of ignorance, which for Tsongkhapa is an "active defiling agency" (Sk. ''kleśāvaraṇa'') which projects a false sense of reality onto objects.<ref name=":172" />

As Garfield and Thakchoe note, Tsongkhapa's view allows him to "preserve a robust sense of the reality of the conventional world in the context of emptiness and to provide an analysis of the relation between emptiness and conventional reality that makes clear sense of the identity of the two truths".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=82}} Because conventional existence (or 'mere appearance') as an interdependent phenomenon devoid of inherent existence is not negated (khegs pa) or "rationally undermined" in his analysis, Tsongkhapa's approach was criticized by other Tibetan madhyamikas who preferred an anti-realist interpretation of Madhyamaka.{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=77}}

Following Candrakirti, Tsongkhapa also rejected the [[Yogachara|Yogacara]] view of mind only, and instead defended the conventional existence of external objects even though ultimately they are mere "thought constructions" (Tib. ''rtog pas btags tsam'') of a deluded mind.<ref name="Sparham" /> Tsongkhapa also followed Candrakirti in rejecting ''svātantra'' ("autonomous") reasoning, arguing that it was enough to show the unwelcome consequences (''prasaṅga'') of essentialist positions.<ref name="Sparham" />

Gelug scholarship has generally maintained and defended Tsongkhapa's positions up until the present day, even if there are lively debates considering issues of interpretation. [[Jamyang Zhepa|Jamyang Sheba]], [[Changkya Rölpé Dorjé]], [[Gendün Chöphel|Gendun Chopel]] and the [[14th Dalai Lama]] are some of the most influential modern figures in Gelug Madhyamaka.

=== Sakya Madhyamaka ===

[[File:Gorampa Sonam Sengge.jpg|thumb|240px|Gorampa Sonam Senge, the most important Madhyamaka philosopher in Sakya]]
The Sakya school has generally held a classic [[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|prāsaṅgika]] position following [[Chandrakirti|Candrakirti]] closely, though with significant differences from the Gelug. Sakya scholars of Madhyamaka, such as Rendawa Zhönnu Lodrö (1349–1412) and Rongtön Sheyja Künrig (1367–1450) were early critics of the "other empty" view (Shentong).{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=30}}

[[Gorampa|Gorampa Sonam Senge]] (1429–1489) was an important Sakya philosopher which defended the orthodox [[Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)|Sakya]] Madhyamaka position, critiquing both Dolpopa and Tsongkhapa's interpretations. He is widely studied, not only in Sakya, but also in Nyingma and Kagyü institutions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/gorampa/ |last=Kassor |first=Constance |title=Gorampa [go rams pa] |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition) |date=2 May 2011 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref>

According to Cabezón, Gorampa called his version of Madhyamaka "the middle way ''qua'' free from extremes" (''mtha' bral dbu ma'') or "middle way ''qua'' free from proliferations" (''spros bral kyi dbu ma''), and claimed that the ultimate truth was ineffable, beyond predication or concept.{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=46–48}} Cabezón states that Gorampa's interpretation of Madhyamaka is "committed to a more literal reading of the Indian sources than either Dolpopa's or Tsongkhapa's, which is to say that it tends to take the Indian texts at face value."{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=49}} For Gorampa, emptiness is not just the absence of inherent existence, but it is the absence of the four extremes in all phenomena, i.e. existence, nonexistence, both and neither (see: [[Catuṣkoṭi|''catuskoti'']]), ''without any further qualification''.{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=50}}

In other words, conventional truths are also an object of negation, because as Gorampa states "they are not found at all (to be ultimately existent) when subjected to ultimate rational analysis".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=84}} Hence, Gorampa's Madhyamaka negates ''existence'' ''itself'' or existence without qualifications, while for Tsongkhapa, the object of negation is "inherent existence", "intrinsic existence" or "intrinsic nature".{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=50}}

In his ''Elimination of Erroneous Views'' (''lta ba ngan bsal''), Gorampa argues that Madhyamaka ultimately negates "all false appearances", which means anything that appears to our mind (i.e. all conventional phenomena). Since all appearances are conceptually produced illusions, they must cease when conceptual reification is brought to an end by insight. This is the "ultimate freedom from conceptual fabrication" (''don dam spros bral''). To reach this, Madhyamikas must negate "the reality of appearances".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=82}} In other words, all conventional realities are fabrications and since awakening requires transcending all fabrication (''spros bral''), conventional reality must be negated.{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=86}} Thus, for Gorampa, all conventional knowledge is dualistic, being based on a false distinction between subject and object.{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=83}} Therefore, for Gorampa, Madhyamaka analyzes all supposedly real phenomena and concludes through that analysis "that those things do not exist and so that so-called conventional reality is entirely nonexistent".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=84}}

Regarding the Ultimate truth, Gorampa saw this as being divided into two parts:{{sfn|Cabezón|Dargyay|2013|p=50}}

* The emptiness that is reached by rational analysis (this is actually only an ''analogue'', and not the real thing).
* The emptiness that yogis fathom by means of their own individual gnosis (''prajña''). This is the real ultimate truth, which is reached by negating the previous rational understanding of emptiness.

Unlike most orthodox Sakyas, the philosopher [[Shakya Chokden]], a contemporary of Gorampa, also promoted a form of Shentong as being complementary to Rangtong. He saw Shentong as useful for meditative practice, while Rangtong as useful for cutting through views.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2009|p=107}}

=== Comparison of the views of Tsongkhapa and Gorampa ===
As Garfield and Thakchoe note, for Tsongkhapa, conventional truth is "a kind of truth", "a way of being real" and "a kind of existence" while for Gorampa, the conventional is "entirely false", "unreal", "a kind of nonexistence" and "truth only from the perspective of fools".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=74, 75, 87}}

[[Jay L. Garfield]] and Sonam Thakchoe outline the different competing models of Gorampa and Tsongkhapa as follows:{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=75-76}}

<blockquote>[Gorampa's]: The object of negation is the conventional phenomenon itself. Let us see how that plays out in an account of the status of conventional truth. Since ultimate truth—emptiness—is an external negation, and since an external negation eliminates its object while leaving nothing behind, when we say that a person is empty, we eliminate the ''person'', leaving nothing else behind. To be sure, we must, as mādhyamikas, in agreement with ordinary persons, admit that the person exists ''conventionally'' despite not existing ''ultimately''. But, if emptiness eliminates the person, that conventional existence is a complete illusion: The ultimate emptiness of the person shows that the person simply does not exist. It is no more actual than [[Santa Claus]], the protestations of ordinary people and small children to the contrary notwithstanding.</blockquote>

<blockquote>[Tsongkhapa's]: The object of negation is not the conventional phenomenon itself but instead the intrinsic nature or intrinsic existence of the conventional phenomenon. The consequences of taking the object of negation this way are very different. On this account, when we say that the person does not exist ultimately, what is eliminated by its ultimate emptiness is its intrinsic existence. No other intrinsic identity is projected in the place of that which was undermined by emptiness, even emptiness or conventional reality. But the person is not thereby eliminated. Its conventional existence is therefore, on this account, simply its existence devoid of intrinsic identity as an interdependent phenomenon. On this view, conventional reality is no illusion; it is the actual mode of existence of actual things.</blockquote>

According to Garfield and Thakchoe each of these "radically distinct views" on the nature of the two truths "has scriptural support, and indeed each view can be supported by citations from different passages of the same text or even slightly different contextual interpretations of the same passage".{{sfn|Cowherds|2010|p=87}}

=== Kagyu ===
[[File:8th Karmapa with disciples.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama]]]]
In the [[Kagyu]] tradition, there is a broad field of opinion on the nature of emptiness, with some holding the "other empty" (''shentong'') view while others holding different positions. One influential Kagyu thinker was [[Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama]]. His view synthesized Madhyamaka and Yogacara perspectives. According to Karl Brunnhölzl, regarding his position in the rangtong-shentong debate he "can be said to regard these two as not being mutually exclusive and to combine them in a creative synthesis".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2009|p=99}} However, Rangjung Dorje never uses these terms in any of his works and thus any claims to him being a promoter of shentong or otherwise is a later interpretation.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2009|p=114}}

Several Kagyu figures disagree with the view that shentong is a form of madhyamaka. According to Brunnhölzl, [[Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama]] (1507–1554) and [[Pawo Rinpoche|Second Pawo Rinpoche Tsugla Trengwa]] see the term "shentong madhyamaka" as a misnomer, for them the Yogacara of Asanga and Vasubandhu and the system of Nagarjuna are "two clearly distinguished systems". They also refute the idea that there is "a permanent, intrinsically existing Buddha nature".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=446}}

[[Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama|Mikyö Dorje]] also argues that the language of other emptiness does not appear in any of the sutras or the treatises of the Indian masters. He attacks the view of [[Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen|Dolpopa]] as being against the sutras of ultimate meaning which state that all phenomena are emptiness as well as being against the treatises of the Indian masters.{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=447}} Mikyö Dorje rejects both perspectives of rangtong and shentong as true descriptions of ultimate reality, which he sees as being "the utter peace of all discursiveness regarding being empty and not being empty".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=448}}

One of the most influential Kagyu philosophers in recent times was [[Jamgon Kongtrul|Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Taye]] (1813–1899) who advocated a system of shentong madhyamaka and held that primordial wisdom was "never empty of its own nature and it is there all the time".{{sfn|Brunnhölzl|2004|p=501}}<ref>Ringu Tulku, The Ri-me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet 2007, p 219.</ref>

The modern Kagyu teacher [[Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche|Khenpo Tsultrim]] (1934–), in his ''Progressive Stages of Meditation on Emptiness'', presents five stages of meditation, which he relates to five tenet systems.{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=19-26}} He holds the "Shentong Madhyamaka" as the highest view, above prasangika. He sees this as a meditation on ''Paramarthasatya'' ("Absolute Reality"),{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=21}}{{refn|According to Hookham, non-dual experience is Ultimate Reality.{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=37}}|name="Absolute"|group=note}} ''Buddhajnana'',{{refn|According to Hookham, "The Chinese Tathagarba schools describe Buddhajnana as the totality of all that is, which pervades every part of all that is in its totality."{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=37}} According to Hookham, for Shentong Buddhajnana is "the non-dual nature of Mind completely unobscured and endowed with its countless Buddha Qualities (''Buddhagunas'').{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=37}}|name="Buddhajnana"|group=note}} which is beyond concepts, and described by terms as "truly existing".{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=22}} This approach helps "to overcome certain residual subtle concepts",{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=22}} and "the habit – fostered on the earlier stages of the path – of negating whatever experience arises in his/her mind."{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=23}} It destroys false concepts, as does prasangika, but it also alerts the practitioner "to the presence of a dynamic, positive Reality that is to be experienced once the conceptual mind is defeated."{{sfn|Hookham|1991|p=23}}

=== Nyingma Madhyamaka ===

[[File:MiphamNew.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso]] (1846–1912), a key exponent of madhyamaka thought in the Nyingma school, known for harmonizing madhyamaka with the [[dzogchen]] view.]]
In the [[Nyingma]] school, like in Kagyu, there is a variety of views. Some Nyingma thinkers promoted ''shentong'', like [[Katok Tsewang Norbu]], but the most influential Nyingma thinkers like [[Longchenpa]] and [[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso|Ju Mipham]] held a more classical [[Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction|prāsaṅgika]] interpretation while at the same time seeking to harmonize it with the [[dzogchen]] view found in the [[Seventeen tantras|dzgochen tantras]] which are traditionally seen as the pinnacle of the Nyingma view.

According to [[Sonam Thakchoe]], the ultimate truth in the Nyingma tradition, following [[Longchenpa]], is that "reality which transcends any mode of thinking and speech, one that unmistakenly appears to the nonerroneous cognitive processes of the exalted and awakened beings" and this is said to be "inexpressible beyond words and thoughts" as well as the reality that is the "transcendence of all elaborations.<ref name=Thakchoe>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/twotruths-tibet/ |last=Thakchoe |first=Sonam |title=The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition) |date=17 February 2011 |editor=Edward N. Zalta |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref>

The most influential modern Nyingma scholar is [[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso]] (1846–1912). He developed a unique theory of madhyamaka, with two models of the two truths. While he adopts the traditional madhyamaka model of two truths, in which the ultimate truth is emptiness, he also developed a second model, in which the ultimate truth is "reality as it is" (''de bzhin nyid'') which is "established as ultimately real" (''bden par grub pa'').<ref name=Thakchoe/>

This ultimate truth is associated with the Dzogchen concept of [[Rigpa]]. While it might seem that this system conflicts with the traditional madhyamaka interpretation, for Mipham this is not so. For while the traditional model which sees emptiness and ultimate truth as a negation is referring to the analysis of experience, the second Dzogchen influenced model refers to the experience of unity in meditation.<ref>Duckworth; Jamgon Mipam, His life and teachings, Pg 81.</ref> Douglas Duckworth sees Mipham's work as an attempt to bring together the two main Mahayana philosophical systems of Yogacara and Madhyamaka, as well as shentong and rangtong into a coherent system in which both are seen as being of definitive meaning.<ref>Duckworth, Jamgon Mipam, His life and teachings, 82.</ref>

Regarding the ''svatantrika prasangika'' debate, [[Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso|Ju Mipham]] explained that using positive assertions in logical debate may serve a useful purpose, either while debating with non-Buddhist schools or to move a student from a coarser to a more subtle view. Similarly, discussing an approximate ultimate helps students who have difficulty using only ''{{IAST|prasaṅga}}'' methods move closer to the understanding of the true ultimate. Ju Mipham felt that the ultimate non-enumerated truth of the svatantrika was no different from the ultimate truth of the Prāsaṅgika. He felt the only difference between them was with respect to how they discussed conventional truth and their approach to presenting a path.{{sfn|Shantarakshita|2005|p=131-141}}

== East Asian madhyamaka ==
[[File:Wall_painting_and_incense_brazier.jpg|thumb|A painting of Kumārajīva at [[White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang|White Horse Pagoda]], [[Dunhuang]]]]

=== Sānlùn school ===
[[East Asian Madhyamaka|Chinese madhyamaka]] (known as ''sānlùn,'' or the three treatise school) began with the work of [[Kumārajīva]] (344–413 CE) who translated the works of Nāgārjuna (including the MMK, also known in China as the ''Chung lun'', "''Madhyamakaśāstra''"; [[Taishō Tripiṭaka|Taishō]] 1564) to Chinese. Another influential text in Chinese madhyamaka which was said to have been translated by Kumārajīva was the ''Ta-chih-tu lun'', or *''Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa Śāstra'' ("Treatise which is a Teaching on the Great Perfection of Wisdom [Sūtra]"). According to Dan Arnold, this text is only extant in Kumārajīva's translation and has material that differs from the work of Nāgārjuna. In spite of this, the ''Ta-chih-tu lun'' became a central text for Chinese interpretations of madhyamaka emptiness.<ref>Arnold, Dan, ''Madhyamaka Buddhist Philosophy'', Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy.</ref>

''Sānlùn'' figures like Kumārajīva's pupil [[Sengzhao]] (384–414), and the later [[Jizang]] (549–623) were influential in restoring a more orthodox and non-essentialist interpretation of emptiness to Chinese Buddhism. [[Yin Shun]] (1906–2005) is one modern figure aligned with ''Sānlùn.''

Sengzhao is often seen as the founder of ''Sānlùn.'' He was influenced not just by Indian madhyamaka and [[Mahayana sutras]] like the [[Vimalakirti Sutra|Vimalakirti]], but also by [[Taoism|Taoist]] works and he widely quotes the [[Tao Te Ching|Lao-tzu]] and the [[Zhuangzi (book)|Chuang-tzu]] and uses terminology of the Neo-Daoist "Mystery Learning" (''[[xuanxue]]'' 玄学) tradition while maintaining a uniquely Buddhist philosophical view.<ref>Liebenthal, Walter, Chao-Lun The Treatises of Seng Chao, 1968, p. 8.</ref>{{sfn|Ozkan|2013}} In his essay "The Emptiness of the Non-Absolute" (''buzhenkong'', 不眞空), Sengzhao points out that the nature of phenomena cannot be taken as being either existent or inexistent:

<blockquote>Hence, there are indeed reasons why myriad dharmas are inexistent and cannot be taken as existent; there are reasons why [myriad dharmas] are not inexistent and cannot be taken as inexistent. Why? If we would say that they exist, their existent is not real; if we would say that they don't exist, their phenomenal forms have taken shape. Having forms and shapes, they are not inexistent. Being not real, they are not truly existent. Hence the meaning of bu zhen kong [not really empty, 不眞空] is made manifest.{{sfn|Ozkan|2013|p=24}}</blockquote>

Sengzhao saw the central problem in understanding emptiness as the discriminatory activity of ''[[Conceptual proliferation|prapañca]].'' According to Sengzhao, delusion arises through a dependent relationship between phenomenal things, naming, thought and reification and correct understanding lies outside of words and concepts. Thus, while emptiness is the lack of intrinsic self in all things, this emptiness is not itself an absolute and cannot be grasped by the conceptual mind, it can be only be realized through non-conceptual wisdom (''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajña]]'').<ref>Dippmann, Jeffrey, Sengzhao (Seng-Chao c. 378—413 C.E.), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref>

[[Jizang]] (549–623) was another central figure in Chinese madhyamaka who wrote numerous commentaries on Nagarjuna and Aryadeva and is considered to be the leading representative of the school.<ref name=":102">Fox, Alan, Self-reflection in the Sanlun Tradition: Madhyamika as the "Deconstructive Conscience" of Buddhism, Journal of Chinese Philosophy V. 19 (1992) pp. 1-24.</ref> [[Jizang]] called his method "deconstructing what is misleading and revealing what is corrective". He insisted that one must never settle on any particular viewpoint or perspective but constantly reexamine one's formulations to avoid reifications of thought and behavior.<ref name=":102" /> In his commentary on the MMK, Jizang's method and understanding of emptiness can be seen:

<blockquote>The abhidharma thinkers regard the four holy truths as true. The Satyasiddhi regards merely the truth of cessation of suffering, i.e., the principle of emptiness and equality, as true. The southern Mahāyāna tradition regards the principle that refutes truths as true, and the northern [Mahāyāna tradition] regards thatness [suchness] and prajñā as true... Examining these all together, if there is a single [true] principle, it is an eternal view, which is false. If there is no principle at all, it is an evil view, which is also false. Being both existent and non-existent consists of the eternal and nihilistic views altogether. Being neither existent nor nonexistent is a foolish view. One replete with these four phrases has all [wrong] views. One without these four phrases has a severe nihilistic view. Now that [one] does not know how to name what a mind has nothing to rely upon and is free from conceptual construction, [he] foists "thatness" [suchness] upon it, one attains sainthood of the three vehicles... Being deluded in regard to thatness [suchness], one falls into the six realms of disturbed life and death.{{sfn|Ozkan|2013|p=25}}</blockquote>

In one of his early treatises called "The Meaning of the two Truths" (''Erdiyi''), Jizang, expounds the steps to realize the nature of the ultimate truth of emptiness as follows:

<blockquote>In the first step, one recognises reality of the phenomena on the conventional level, but assumes their non-reality on the ultimate level. In the second step, one becomes aware of Being or Non-Being on the conventional level and negates both at the ultimate level. In the third step, one either asserts or negates Being and Non-Being on the conventional level, neither confi rming nor rejecting them on the ultimate level. Hence, there is ultimately no assertion or negation anymore; therefore, on the conventional level, one becomes free to accept or reject anything.<ref>Scherer, Burkhard, Review of The Two Truths in Chinese Buddhism, Chang-Qing Shih (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2004) (Buddhist Tradition Series. 55). Buddhist studies review</ref></blockquote>

In the modern era, there has been a revival of [[East Asian Mādhyamaka|Madhyamaka]] in Chinese Buddhism. A major figure in this revival is the scholar monk [[Yin Shun]] (1906–2005).{{sfn|Travagnin|2009}} Yin Shun emphasized the study of Indian Buddhist sources as primary and his books on Madhyamaka had a profound influence on modern Chinese madhyamika scholarship.{{sfn|Travagnin|2009|p=155}} He argued that the works of [[Nagarjuna]] were "the inheritance of the conceptualisation of dependent arising as proposed in the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Agamas]]" and he thus based his madhyamaka interpretations on the Agamas rather than on Chinese scriptures and commentaries.{{sfn|Travagnin|2009|p=28, 65, 85}} He saw the writings of Nagarjuna as the correct Buddhadharma while considering the writings of the Sānlùn school as being corrupted due to their synthesizing of the Tathagata-garbha doctrine into madhyamaka.{{sfn|Travagnin|2009|p=174}}

Many modern Chinese Madhyamaka scholars such as Li Zhifu, Yang Huinan and Lan Jifu have been students of Yin Shun.{{sfn|Travagnin|2009|p=159}}

=== Chán ===
The [[Zen|Chán/Zen-tradition]] emulated madhyamaka-thought via the San-lun Buddhists, influencing its supposedly "illogical" way of communicating "absolute truth".{{sfn|Cheng|1981}} The madhyamika of Sengzhao for example, influenced the views of the Chan patriarch [[Shenhui|Shen Hui]] (670–762), a critical figure in the development of Chan, as can be seen by his "Illuminating the Essential Doctrine" (''Hsie Tsung Chi''). This text emphasizes that true emptiness or [[Tathātā|Suchness]] cannot be known through thought since it is free from thought (''wu-nien''):<ref name=":12">Zeuschner, Robert B., ''The Hsie Tsung Chi (An Early Ch'an (Zen) Buddhist Text)'' Journal of Chinese Philosophy V. 3 (1976) pp. 253-268.</ref>

<blockquote href="#CITEREFHayes2003">Thus we come to realize that both selves and things are, in their essence, empty, and existence and non-existence both disappear.</blockquote>

<blockquote href="#CITEREFHayes2003">Mind is fundamentally non-action; the way is truly no-thought (''wu-nien'').</blockquote>

<blockquote>There is no thought, no reflection, no seeking, no attainment, no this, no that, no coming, no going.</blockquote>

Shen Hui also states that true emptiness is not nothing, but it is a "Subtle Existence" (''miao-yu''), which is just "Great Prajña."<ref name=":12" />

==Western Buddhism==

===Thich Nhat Hanh===

[[Thich Nhat Hanh]] explains the madhyamaka concept of emptiness through the Chinese Buddhist concept of [[Buddhist philosophy#Huayan|interdependence]]. In this analogy, there is no first or ultimate cause for anything that occurs. Instead, all things are dependent on innumerable causes and conditions that are themselves dependent on innumerable causes and conditions. The interdependence of all phenomena, including the self, is a helpful way to undermine mistaken views about inherence, or that one's self is inherently existent. It is also a helpful way to discuss Mahayana teachings on motivation, compassion, and ethics. The comparison to interdependence has produced recent discussion comparing Mahayana ethics to environmental ethics.{{sfn|Thich Nhat Hanh|1988}}

===Modern Madhyamaka===

Madhyamaka forms an alternative to the [[Perennial philosophy|perennialist]] and [[Essentialism|essentialist]] understanding of [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]] and modern spiritual metaphysics (influenced by [[Idealism|idealistic]] [[monism]] views like [[Neo-Advaita]]).<ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emptiness.co/ |title=Emptiness. Buddhist and Beyond |access-date=2015-05-11 |archive-date=2016-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224095535/http://www.emptiness.co/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite web |url=http://thenonbuddhist.com/ |title=The Non-Buddhist |access-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201214604/https://thenonbuddhist.com/ |archive-date=2018-12-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref group=web>[http://emptinessteachings.com/ Emptiness teachings]</ref>

In some modern works, classical madhyamaka teachings are sometimes complemented with [[postmodern philosophy]],<ref group="web">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307235016/http://www.emptiness.co/5westernbooks2 ''Review of Richard Rorty's "Philosophy and Social Hope"'']</ref> [[critical sociology]],<ref group="web">[http://thenonbuddhist.com/2014/01/12/tsongkhapa-in-praise-of-relativity-the-essence-of-eloquence/ Patrick jennings (2014), ''Tsongkhapa: In Praise of Relativity; The Essence of Eloquence''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074106/http://thenonbuddhist.com/2014/01/12/tsongkhapa-in-praise-of-relativity-the-essence-of-eloquence/ |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> and [[social constructionism]].<ref group="web">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312114256/http://www.emptiness.co/5westernbooks1 emptiness.co, ''Review of Kenneth J. Gergen's "An Invitation to Social Construction"'']</ref> These approaches stress that there is no [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] reality beyond this phenomenal world,<ref group="web">[https://emptinessteachings.com/2014/09/11/the-two-truths-of-buddhism-and-the-emptiness-of-emptiness/ Susan Kahn, ''The Two Truths of Buddhism and The Emptiness of Emptiness.'']</ref> and in some cases even explicitly distinguish themselves from neo-Advaita approaches.<ref group="web">[http://www.emptiness.co/adv_to_empt emptiness.co, ''Coming from the Advaitic/Awareness Teachings? Special Pointers'']</ref>

== Influences and critiques ==

=== Yogacara ===
The [[Yogachara|Yogacara]] school was the other major Mahayana philosophical school (darsana) in India and its complex relationship with madhyamaka changed over time. The [[Sandhinirmocana Sutra|''Saṃdhinirmocana sūtra'']], perhaps the earliest Yogacara text, proclaims itself as being above the doctrine of emptiness taught in other sutras. According to Paul Williams, the ''Saṃdhinirmocana'' claims that other sutras that teach emptiness as well as madhyamika teachings on emptiness are merely skillful means and thus are not definitive (unlike the final teachings in the ''Saṃdhinirmocana'').{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=86}}

As Mark Siderits points out, Yogacara authors like [[Asanga]] were careful to point out that the doctrine of emptiness required interpretation in lieu of their three natures theory which posits an inexpressible ultimate that is the object of a Buddha's cognition.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=115}} Asanga also argued that one cannot say that all things are empty unless there ''are'' things to be seen as either empty or non-empty in the first place.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=116}}

In the ''[[Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra|Bodhisattvabhumi]]''<nowiki/>'s Tattvartha chapter, Asanga attacks the view which states "the truth is that all is just conceptual fictions" by stating:

<blockquote href="Analytic philosophy">As for their view, due to the absence of the thing itself which serves as basis of the concept, conceptual fictions must all likewise absolutely not exist. How then will it be true that all is just conceptual fictions? Through this conception on their part, reality, conceptual fiction, and the two together are all denied. Because they deny both conceptual fiction and reality, they should be considered the nihilist-in-chief.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=117}} </blockquote>

[[Asanga]] also critiqued madhyamaka because he held that it could lead to a laxity in the following of ethical precepts as well as for being "imaginatively constructed views that are arrived at only through reasoning".{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=117}} He further states:

<blockquote href="Jay L. Garfield">How, again, is emptiness wrongly conceptualized? Some ascetics and Brahmins do not acknowledge that [viz. intrinsic nature] of which something is empty. Nor do they acknowledge that which is empty [viz. things and dharmas]. It is in this way that emptiness is said to be wrongly conceived. For what reason? Because that of which it is empty is non-existent, but that which is empty is existent— it is thus that emptiness is possible. What will be empty of what, where, when everything is unreal? This thing's being devoid of that is not [then] possible. Thus emptiness is wrongly conceptualized in this case.</blockquote>

Asanga also wrote that:<blockquote>if nothing is real, there cannot be any ideas (''prajñapti''). Someone who holds this view is a nihilist, with whom one should not speak or share living quarters. This person falls into a bad rebirth and takes others with him.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=129}} </blockquote>[[Vasubandhu]] also states that emptiness does not mean that things have no intrinsic nature, but that this nature is "inexpressible and only to be apprehended by a kind of cognition that transcends the subject-object duality".{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=115}}

Thus early yogacarins were engaged in a project to reinterpret the radical madhyamaka view of emptiness. Later yogacarins like [[Sthiramati]] and [[Dharmapala of Nalanda|Dharmapala]] debated with their madhyamika contemporaries.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=88}} According to [[Xuanzang]], [[Bhāviveka|Bhavaviveka]], who critiques Yogacara views in his ''Madhyamakahṛdayakārikāḥ'', was disturbed by the views of yogacarins and their critiques of madhyamaka as nihilism, and himself traveled to [[Nalanda]] to debate Dharmapala face to face, but Dharmapala refused.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=127}} Bhavaviveka quotes the attacks from the yogacarins in his texts as claiming that while the Yogacara approach to prajñaparamita is the "means to attain omniscience", the madhyamaka approach which "concentrates on the negation of arising and cessation" is not.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=131}} Bhavaviveka responds to various Yogacara attacks and views in his ''Tarkajvālā'' (Blaze of reason) including the view that there are no external objects ([[idealism]]), the view that there is no use for logical argumentation (''tarka''), and the view that the dependent nature (''paratantra-svabhāva'') exists in an absolute sense.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=135}}

However, Yogacara authors also commented on madhyamaka texts. As noted by Garfield, "Asaṅga, Sthiramati, and Guṇamati composed commentaries on the foundational text of madhyamaka, Nāgārjuna's ''Mūlamadhyamakakārikā''."{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=6}} An MMK commentary by the Indian Yogacara philosopher [[Sthiramati]] also survives in Chinese translation, the ''Commentary on the Mahāyāna Madhyamaka'' (''Dasheng zhongguan shilun'' 大乘中觀釋論) which comments on the text from a Yogacara point of view.<ref>Edelglass, William; Harter, Pierre-Julien; McClintock, Sara (2022). ''The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy'' (Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy), p. 377.</ref><ref>Nguyen, Cuong Tu. "Sthiramati's Interpretation of Buddhology and Soteriology." PhD diss., pp. 33-39. Harvard University, 1990.</ref> Dharmapala also composed a commentary on the ''Four-Hundred Verses'' (''Catuḥśataka'') of [[Aryadeva|Āryadeva]], the ''Commentary on the Four-Hundred Verses'' (''Dasheng guang bailun shilun'' 大乘廣百論釋論; T1571, in 10 fascicles).<ref>Edelglass, William; Harter, Pierre-Julien; McClintock, Sara (2022). ''The Routledge Handbook of Indian Buddhist Philosophy'' (Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy), pp. 361-362.</ref> This shows that Yogacara authors did not necessarily see their project as a rejection of Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka, but as an expansion of its insights.{{sfn|Garfield|Westerhoff|2015|p=6}}

=== Advaita Vedanta ===
Several modern scholars have argued that the early [[Advaita Vedanta]] thinker [[Gaudapada]] ({{Circa|6th century CE|}}), was influenced by madhyamaka thought. They note that he borrowed the concept of "''ajāta''" (un-born) from madhyamaka philosophy,{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=35-36}} which also uses the term "''anutpāda''" (non-arising, un-originated, non-production).{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1943|p=49}}<ref group="web">{{Cite web |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=anutpAda+&trans=Translate&direction=AU |title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, ''Anutpāda'' |access-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530215231/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=anutpAda+&trans=Translate&direction=AU |archive-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Buddhist tradition usually uses the term "anutpāda" for the absence of an origin{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1943|p=49}} or [[sunyata|shunyata]].{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=160}}{{refn|The term is also used in the [[Lankavatara Sutra]].{{sfn|Suzuki|1999}} According to D.T Suzuki, "anutpada" is not the opposite of "utpada", but transcends opposites. It is the [[Kensho|seeing into the true nature of existence]],{{sfn|Suzuki|1999|p=123-124}} the seeing that "all objects are without self-substance".{{sfn|Suzuki|1999|p=168}}|group=note}} "Ajātivāda" is the fundamental philosophical doctrine of Gaudapada.{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} According to Gaudapada, the Absolute ([[Brahman]]) is not subject to birth, change and death. Echoing Nagarjuna's use of the [[Catuṣkoṭi|catuskoti]], Gaudapada writes that "nothing whatsoever is originated either from itself or from something else; nothing whatsoever existent, non-existent, or both existent and non-existent is originated".<ref name=":21">Ben-Ami Scharfstein, A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant, p 380.</ref>

However, it has been noted that Gaudapada's ultimate philosophical perspective is quite different from Nagarjuna's since Gaudapada posits a metaphysical [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]] (which is ''aja'', the unborn, and eternal) based on the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]'' and thus he remains primarily a [[Vedanta|Vedantin]].{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=36}}{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} The empirical [[world]] of [[Phenomenon|appearances]] is considered unreal, and not [[Existence|absolutely existent]].{{sfn|Sarma|1996|p=127}} In this sense, Gaudapada also shares a doctrine of [[Two truths doctrine|two truths]] or two levels of reality with madhyamaka. According to Gaudapada, this absolute, [[Brahman]], cannot undergo alteration, so the phenomenal world cannot arise from Brahman. If the world cannot arise, yet is an empirical fact, then the world has to be an unreal{{refn|C.q. "transitory"|group=note}} appearance of Brahman. From the level of ultimate truth (''paramārthatā'') the phenomenal world is ''[[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]'' (illusion).{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=36}}

Richard King notes that the fourth prakarana of the ''Gaudapadiyakarika'' promotes several Mahayana Buddhist ideas, such as a [[Middle Way|middle way]] free from extremes, not being attached to dharmas and it even references beings called "Buddhas". King notes that this could be an attempt to either reach a [[rapprochement]] with Buddhists or to woo Buddhists over to Vedanta.<ref name=":22">King, Richard, Early Advaita and madhyamaka Buddhism: The case of the ''Gaudapadiyakarika.''</ref> However, King adds that "from a Madhyamaka perspective, the ''Gaudapadiyakarika''<nowiki/>'s acceptance of an unchanging Absolute supporting the world of appearances is a mistaken form of eternalism, despite Gaudapadian protestations to the contrary."<ref name=":22" />

[[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] (early 8th century), a later Advaitin, directly dismissed madhyamaka as irrational and nihilistic, stating that it was a kind of nihilism that held that "absolutely nothing exists" and that this view:<ref name=":21" /><ref>Gregory Joseph Darling, An Evaluation of the Vedāntic Critique of Buddhism p 358.</ref><ref name=":9">Reynolds, Eric T. ''On the relationship of Advaita Vedanta and Madhyamika Buddhism'', 1969.</ref>

<blockquote> is contradicted by all means of right knowledge and requires no special refutation. For this apparent world, whose existence is guaranteed by all means of knowledge, cannot be denied, unless some one should find out some new truth (based on which he could impugn its existence) – for a general principle is proved by the absence of contrary instances.</blockquote>

This critique was upheld by most post Shankara Advaitins. However this did not prevent later [[Vedanta]] thinkers like [[Bhāskara (philosopher)|Bhaskara]] of accusing Shankara of being a [[crypto-buddhism|crypto-buddhist]] for his view that everyday reality is Maya (illusion) and that Brahman has no qualities and is undifferentiated. Another Vedantin philosopher, [[Ramanuja]] (1017–1137), directly compared Shankara's "''mayavada''" views to madhyamaka, arguing that if [[Maya (religion)|Maya]]/[[Avidya (Hinduism)|Avidya]] is unreal, "that would involve the acceptance of the Madhyamika doctrine, viz. of a general void".<ref name=":9" /> This critique by comparison is also echoed by the later philosophers like [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]] as well as [[Vijnanabhiksu|Vijñanabhiksu]] (15th or 16th century), who goes as far as to call Shankara a [[Āstika and nāstika|nastika]] (unorthodox). Later Advaitins also acknowledged the similarity of their doctrine with madhyamaka. Vimuktatma states that if by ''asat'' (nonbeing), the Madhyamaka means Maya and not mere negation, then he is close to Vedanta. Sadananda also states that if by [[Śūnyatā|Sunya]], what is meant is the reality beyond the intellect, then the madhyamaka accepts Vedanta. [[Shriharsha|Sri Harsha]] notes that the two schools are similar, but they differ in that Advaita holds consciousness to be pure, real and eternal, while madhyamaka denies this.<ref name=":9" />

=== Jain philosophy ===
Modern scholars such as Jeffery Long have also noted that the influential [[Jain philosophy|Jain]] philosopher [[Kundakunda]] (2nd CE century CE or later) also adopted a theory of [[Two truths doctrine|two truths]], possibly under the influence of Nagarjuna.<ref>Long, Jeffery; Jainism: An Introduction, page 66, 216.</ref> According to W. J. Johnson he also adopts other Buddhist terms like [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajña]] under the influence of Nagarjuna, though he applies the term to knowledge of the Self (jiva), which is also the ultimate perspective (''niścayanaya),'' which is distinguished from the worldly perspective (''vyavahāranaya'').<ref>W. J. Johnson, Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1995, p 285.</ref>

The Jain philosopher [[Haribhadra]] also mentions madhyamaka. In both the ''Yogabindu'' and the [[Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya|''Yogadrstisamuccaya'']], Haribhadra singles out Nagarjuna's claim that [[Saṃsāra|samsara]] and [[nirvana]] are not different for criticism, labeling the view a "fantasy".<ref>Chapple, Christopher Key, John Thomas Casey (Translator), Reconciling Yogas: Haribhadra's Collection of Views on Yoga With a New Translation of Haribhadra's Yogadrstisamuccaya, p. 60.</ref>

=== Taoism ===
It is well known that medieval Chinese [[Taoism]] was influenced by Mahayana Buddhism. One particular school, the [[Chongxuan School|Chongxuan]] (重玄, "Twofold Mystery") founded by [[Cheng Xuanying]] (fl.632–650), was particularly involved in borrowing and adapting madhyamaka concepts like emptiness, the two truths and the [[Catuṣkoṭi|catuskoti]] into their [[Taoist philosophy|Taoist philosophical]] system.{{sfn|Ozkan|2013}}

== Modern scholarship ==

As noted by Ruegg, Western scholarship has given a broad variety of interpretations of madhyamaka, including: "[[nihilism]], [[monism]], [[Irrationality|irrationalism]], [[misology]], [[agnosticism]], [[Skepticism|scepticism]], criticism, dialectic, [[mysticism]], [[acosmism]], [[Absolute (philosophy)|absolutism]], [[relativism]], [[nominalism]], and linguistic analysis with therapeutic value".{{sfn|Ruegg|1981|p=2}} [[Jay L. Garfield]] likewise notes:
{{blockquote|Modern interpreters differ among themselves about the correct way to read it as least as much as canonical interpreters. Nagarjuna has been read as an idealist (Murti 1960), a nihilist (Wood 1994), a skeptic (Garfield 1995), a pragmatist (Kalupahana 1986), and as a mystic (Streng 1967). He has been regarded as a critic of logic (Inada 1970), as a defender of classical logic (Hayes 1994), and as a pioneer of paraconsistent logic (Garfield and Priest 2003).{{sfn|rJe Tsong Kha Pa|2006|p=xx}}|sign=|source=}}

These interpretations "reflect almost as much about the viewpoints of the scholars involved as do they reflect the content of Nāgārjuna's concepts".{{sfn|Daye|1971|p=77}}

According to Andrew Tuck, the Western study of Nagarjuna's madhyamaka can be divided into three phases:{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=9–10}}

#The [[Kantianism|Kantian]] phase, exemplified by [[Fyodor Shcherbatskoy|Theodore Stcherbatsky]]'s "The Conception of Buddhist Nirvāna" (1927) who argued that Nagarjuna divides the world into appearance (samsara) and an absolute noumenal reality (nirvana). This is also seen in T. R. V. Murti's 1955 "The Central Philosophy of Buddhism".
#The analytic phase, exemplified by [[Richard Robinson (Buddhism scholar)|Richard Robinson]]'s 1957 article "Some Logical Aspects of Nāgārjuna's System", sought to explain madhyamaka using [[analytic philosophy]]'s [[logic]]al apparatus.
#The post-Wittgensteinian phase, exemplified by [[Frederick Streng]]'s "Emptiness" and Chris Gudmunsen's "Wittgenstein and Buddhism", "set out to stress similarities between Nāgārjuna and in particular the later [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]] and his criticism of analytic philosophy."

The Sri Lankan philosopher [[David Kalupahana]] meanwhile saw madhyamaka as a response to certain essentialist philosophical tendencies which had arisen after the time of the Buddha and sees it as a restoration of the early Buddhist middle way [[Pragmatism|pragmatist]] position.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1992}}{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994}} Among the critical voices, [[Richard Hayes (professor)|Richard P. Hayes]] (influenced by [[Richard Robinson (Buddhism scholar)|Richard Robinson]]'s view that Nagarjuna's logic fails modern tests for validity) interprets the works of Nagarjuna as "primitive" and guilty of "errors in reasoning" such as that of [[equivocation]]. Hayes states that Nagarjuna was relying on the different meanings of the word ''svabhava'' to make statements which were not logical and that his work relies on various "fallacies and tricks".{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=3-5}}<ref name=Huntington>{{cite journal| first=C. W. Jr. | last=Huntington |title=The nature of the Madhyamika trick |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |year=2007 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=103–131 |doi=10.1007/s10781-007-9018-4|s2cid=6043097 }}</ref> William Magee strongly disagrees with Hayes, referring to Tsonghkhapa's interpretation of Nagarjuna to argue that Hayes misidentifies Nagarjuna's understanding of the different meanings of the term ''svabhava.''<ref>Magee, 1999, p. 126, "Hayes is misidentifying Nagarjuna's intended meaning of ''svabhava''. In contradistinction to Hayes' belief that Nagarjuna speaks equivocably of an identity nature and a causally independent, non-existent nature, Dzong-ka-ba feels that in chapter XV.1-2 Nagarjuna uses the term ''svabhava'' to refer to an existent emptiness nature."</ref>

Many recent western scholars (such as Garfield,{{sfn|Garfield|1995}} Napper,{{sfn|Napper|1989}} Hopkins{{sfn|Hopkins|1996}}) have tended to adopt a [[Gelug]] Prāsaṅgika influenced interpretation of madhyamaka. However, American philosopher Mark Siderits is one exception, who has attempted to defend the Svātantrika position as a coherent and rational interpretation of madhyamaka.<ref>Siderits, Mark, Studies in Buddhist philosophy, p 38.</ref>

C.W. Huntington meanwhile has been particularly critical of the modern Western attempt to read Nagarjuna "through the lens of modern [[Modern logic|symbolic logic]]" and to see him as compatible with [[Analytic philosophy|analytical philosophy]]'s logical system.<ref name=Huntington/> He argues that in reading Nagarjuna, a thinker who he sees as "profoundly distrustful of logic", in an overly logical manner, we "prejudice our understanding of Nagarjuna's insistence that he has no proposition (''pratijña'')."<ref name=Huntington/> He puts forth a more literary interpretation that focuses on the ''effect'' Nagarjuna was attempting to "conjure" on his readers (i.e. an experience of having no [[View (Buddhism)|views]]) instead of asking how it works (or does not) in a logical manner.<ref name=Huntington/> In response to this, [[Jay L. Garfield|Jay Garfield]] defends the logical reading of Nagarjuna through the use of Anglo-American analytical philosophy as well as arguing that "Nagarjuna and Candrakirti deploy arguments, take themselves to do so, and even if they did not, we would be wise to do so in commenting on their texts".<ref name="Garfield, Jay L 2008"/>

On the other hand, Rafal Stepien critiques the approach of scholars such as Garfield who treat logic as a neutral and objective lens through which to understand Nāgārjuna. According to Stepien, for Nāgārjuna, logic is just as karmically driven and oriented as any other phenomenon. Thus, to treat logic as something universal and objective is to posit a metaphysical absolute, which is antithetical to Nāgārjuna's thought.<ref>Rafal Stepien, Buddhism Between Religion and Philosophy: Nāgārjuna and the Ethics of Emptiness, page 61, Oxford University Press 2024</ref>

Eviatar Shulman critiques a modern scholarly interpretation which he dubs "Madhyamaka Realism," according to which Nāgārjuna rejected only inherent existence while affirming relational existence. Shulman points out that nowhere in the Nāgārjuna corpus does he qualify the negandum, limiting it just to "inherent existence," but instead rejects all types of existence and nonexistence whatsoever. As such, emptiness does not merely refer to things' lack of existing independently, since there are no things to exist dependently either. According to Shulman, the Madhyamaka-Realist is concerned to blunt Nāgārjuna's comprehensive denial of existence by allowing a conceptual space for such things as causation, normative truth and valid knowledge. However, this is to avoid Nāgārjuna's central point that there is no reality. While Shulman understands the need to distance Madhyamaka from the charge of nihilism, he feels this impulse "has gone too far, since it has allowed reality to creep back in through the back door." According to Shulman, the most that a Mādhyamika can say positively about phenomena is that they resemble illusions.<ref>Shulman, Eviatar. Nāgārjuna the Yogācārin? Vasubandhu the Mādhyamika? On the Middle-way between Realism and AntiRealism, in ''Madhyamaka and Yogācāra: Allies or Rivals?'', edited by Jay Garfield and Jan Westerhoff. Oxford University Press, 2015.</ref>

Another recent interpreter, [[Jan Westerhoff]], argues that madhyamaka is a kind of [[anti-foundationalism]], "which does not just deny the objective, intrinsic, and mind-independent existence of some class of objects, but rejects such existence for any kinds of objects that we could regard as the most fundamental building-blocks of the world".{{sfn|Westerhoff|2009|p=208}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Buddha-nature]]
*[[Candrakīrti]]

*[[Materialism]]
*[[Mentalism (philosophy)|Mentalism]]
*[[Nagarjuna]]
**[[Mūlamadhyamakakārikā|Mulamadhyamakakarika]]
*[[Schools of Buddhism]]
**[[Prasangika]]
**[[Svatantrika]]
**[[Yogachara]]
**[[East Asian Madhyamaka]]

*[[Śūnyatā]]
*[[Tathagata]]
*[[Two Truths Doctrine]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

==References==

===Published references===
{{reflist}}

===Web references===
{{Reflist|group=web}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Arena| first =Leonardo Vittorio| year =2012| title = Nonsense as the Meaning| publisher=ebook}}
*Arnold, Dan (2010). Nāgārjuna's 'Middle Way': A Non-Eliminative Understanding of Selflessness. In:Revue Internationale de Philosophie vol. 64, no.253: 367-395
* {{Citation | last =Bhattacharya | first =Vidhushekhara | year =1943 | title =Gauḍapādakārikā | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Bronkhorst |year=2009 |title=Buddhist Teaching in India |publisher=Wisdom Publications}}
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* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Williams (British professor) |year=2000 |title=Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415207003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpdB7yCCILwC }}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Williams (British professor) |year=2002 |title=Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134623259 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY6EAgAAQBAJ }}
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* {{Citation | last =Wynne | first =Alexander | year =2007 | title =The Origin of Buddhist Meditation | publisher =Routledge}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last =Della Santina | first =Peter | year =1986 | title =Madhyamaka Schools in India | place =New Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Harris | first =Ian Charles | year =1991 | title =The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism | place =New York | publisher =E. J.Brill}}
* {{Citation | last =His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) | year =2009 | title =The Middle Way: Faith Grounded in Reason | place =Boston | publisher =Wisdom Publications}}
* Huntington, C. W., Jr. (1989). ''The Emptiness of Emptiness: An Introduction to Early Madhyamika''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
* {{Citation | last =Jones | first =Richard H. | year =2014 | title =Nagarjuna: Buddhism's Most Important Philosopher | place =New York | publisher =Jackson Square Books}}
* {{Citation | last =Jones | first =Richard H. | year =2012| title =Indian Madhyamaka Buddhist Philosophy After Nagarjuna, 2 vols.| place =New York | publisher =Jackson Square Books}}
* Narain, Harsh. The Mādhyamika mind. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1997.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-1/d/doc209753.html The Mādhyamika or the Śūnyavāda school], Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
* {{cite IEP |url-id=b-madhya |title=Madhyamaka Buddhism}}
* {{cite IEP |url-id=nagarjun |title=Nagarjuna}}
* [https://bahai-library.com/winters_nagarjuna Thinking in Buddhism: Nagarjuna's Middle Way]
* [http://www.thezensite.com/MainPages/nagarjuna.html thezensite: articles on Nagarjuna]
* [https://www.madhyamaka.com Introduction to the Middle Way] A contemporary commentary based on the teachings of Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/madhyamaka/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Madhyamaka]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nagarjuna]
{{Indian philosophy}}{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Madhyamaka| ]]
[[Category:Nonduality]]
[[Category:Rangtong]]
[[Category:2nd-century introductions]]
[[Category:Philosophical skepticism]]

Francis Tembo

2026-03-12T09:48:09Z

FranciscaFortney: Made initial details initial version

{{Short description|Indian stage actor and composer (1933–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francis Tembo
| image = Francis Tembo.jpg
| caption = Fernandes in his later years
| birth_name = Francisco Boavida Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Francis Thembe|Thembo}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|2|1|df=y}}
| death_place = Benaulim, Goa, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|5|1|1933|2|1|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|composer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Severina Fernandes|1961}}
| children = 6, including [[Comedienne Joana]]
}}

'''Francisco Boavida Fernandes''' (1 February 1933 – 1 May 2003), known professionally as '''Francis Tembo''', was an Indian stage actor and composer known for his work in ''zomnivoilo fell'' ([[folk drama]]) and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Francisco Boavida Fernandes was born on 1 February 1933 in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], which was under [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]] at the time during the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. His father, Mariano Piedade Fernandes, worked as a piano and violin repairman and carpenter, while his mother, Maria Acençaõ Serolina Rodrigues (later known as Serolina Rodrigues), was a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Melo |first=João |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==Career==
Tembo, a stage-name adopted by Fernandes, became well known for his prowess in the [[traditional game]] known as "''thembiamni''" or [[Cup-and-ball]]. ''Thembiamni'' involved the use of a wooden stick resembling a [[hockey stick]] and a wooden ball. Fernandes displayed skill in both crafting the ball and stick himself, reflecting his talent as a carpenter specializing in the creation of elaborate wooden artifacts and footwear. Fernandes garnered recognition and popularity within the ''zomnivoilo fell'' ([[folk drama]]) and ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatr]]'' communities. Known for his versatility, he assumed diverse roles ranging from a ''bhattkar'' (landlord) and a [[Hindu]] man to a drunkard and a comedic character. He collaborated regularly with [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''khell tiatr'' figures such as A. Moraes, a [[mistri|mestri]] (teacher), as well as Konkani playwright and theater director [[Patrick Dourado]], Xallibai, Menino Alfonso, and later playwright Menino de Bandar. Beyond his accomplishments as a stage actor, Fernandes took on the responsibility of instructing aspiring performers in the art of ''fells'' (term used for ''khells'' in [[Salcete]]) from villages and towns such as [[Curtorim]], [[Chandor]], [[Cuncolim]], and [[Chinchinim]]. Moreover, he showcased his musical talent by composing songs for his children to perform on stage and at various events.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=194, 203}}</ref> Fernandes earned distinction as a popular specialist in khell tiatr.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The young blood of tiatr |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-young-blood-of-tiatr/123158 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406063533/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-young-blood-of-tiatr/123158 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fernandes gained acclaim as a stage performer and songwriter, leaving an impact on the [[Tiatr|Konkani theatrical]] scene. His artistic prowess extended to composing several songs that were used by his son, Peter de Benaulim. Beyond his musical contributions, Fernandes played a pivotal role in guiding his son through the challenges of [[stage fright]], instilling confidence and dispelling fear.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2013 |title='My father, my hero' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/my-father-my-hero/articleshow/20387372.cms?_gl=1*1bqmdvd*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMjM4NDgwMi4xNzQuMS4xNzEyMzg0ODE0LjQ4LjAuMA..#_ga=2.233991518.1523430336.1712326518-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Acting as both mentor and teacher, Fernandes imparted his knowledge exclusively to his son, who made his debut at the age of four when a fellow child artist failed to appear. Known for his exacting standards and demanding nature, Fernandes granted his son the opportunity to debut in Xallibai's ''Modkeak Lagon'' (Because of ''[[Matka gambling|Matka]]''),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2013 |title=Four-midable troupe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/four-midable-troupe/articleshow/20387412.cms?_gl=1*qofc4t*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMjM4NDgwMi4xNzQuMS4xNzEyMzg0ODEyLjUwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.37381344.1523430336.1712326518-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407044527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/four-midable-troupe/articleshow/20387412.cms?_gl=1%2Aqofc4t%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcxMjM4NDgwMi4xNzQuMS4xNzEyMzg0ODEyLjUwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.37381344.1523430336.1712326518-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref> a play staged in [[Benaulim]]. The success of Peter's inaugural performance left both Fernandes and onlookers astonished.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2015 |title=Peter, the unassuming prodigy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/peter-the-unassuming-prodigy/articleshow/47606180.cms?_gl=1*pgftca*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMjM4NDgwMi4xNzQuMS4xNzEyMzg0ODE0LjQ4LjAuMA..#_ga=2.124923338.1523430336.1712326518-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407044525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/peter-the-unassuming-prodigy/articleshow/47606180.cms?_gl=1%2Apgftca%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcxMjM4NDgwMi4xNzQuMS4xNzEyMzg0ODE0LjQ4LjAuMA..#_ga=2.124923338.1523430336.1712326518-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Demonstrating his commitment to nurturing talent within his family, Fernandes also introduced his daughter, [[Comedienne Joana]], to the Konkani stage between the ages of five<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2013 |title=Comedian Joana Tiatr pollennarank hansoun dadhoxi korta |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/8_june_avaz_ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406063533/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/8_june_avaz_ |url-status=live }}</ref> and seven in his one his ''zomnivhele khell tiatr'' production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agxekar |first=P |date=18 July 2014 |title=DIGDORSPI ULOITA: Comedian Joana |url=https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/29 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406063532/https://issuu.com/ixtt/docs/29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes was as a member of the ''khellghodde'' (''khell'' actors) group, known for their substantial impact on ''fell'' and ''khell tiatrs''.<ref name=":0" /> He was noted for his regular participation in ''khells''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=97–98}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fernandes was a carpenter by profession, he was known for his craftsmanship in creating elaborate wooden artifacts and footwear. In addition to his professional pursuits, he possessed a passion for a [[traditional game]] known as ''thembiamni'', akin to [[Cup-and-ball]], in which he achieved a level of expertise. His gaming skills earned him the moniker "Thembo" or "Tembo," eventually incorporated into his stage name.<ref name=":0" /> Fernandes's residence served as a venue for ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell]]'' practices, during which his children received instruction in the chants and verses associated with the performances. Through these sessions, he actively contributed to the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage to the younger generation.<ref name=":1" />

On 24 July 1961, Fernandes married Severina Piedade Fernandes, a homemaker, in a ceremony held at the [[Benaulim]] church. Prior to the church wedding, the couple underwent a [[civil marriage]] registration in [[Margão]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Liquira Parro |first=Antonio José |date=1961 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Together they had six children: Peter de Benaulim, Maria, [[Comedienne Joana]], Maggie, Lonita, and Convy, all of whom pursued careers as ''[[tiatr]]'' and ''khell-tiatr'' artists. Fernandes and his five daughters performed together in Menino de Bandar's productions, including ''Laitanam Dhorlo'', ''Uban Dilem'', and ''Eka Disa''. This artistic legacy continued through the involvement of his grandchildren, Comedian Bryan and Benzer.<ref name=":0" />

On 1 May 2003, Fernandes died at the age of 70, within the confines of his residence in Mazilvaddo, Benaulim, Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2003 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In June 2023, Fernandes received a tribute from [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer Maythan in an [[Theme music|opening song]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=30 July 2023 |title=Goa tiatr review: Tiatr 'Mhoji Khori Maim' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goa-tiatr-review-tiatr-mhoji-khori-maim |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924005204/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goa-tiatr-review-tiatr-mhoji-khori-maim |url-status=live }}</ref> performed by Maythan and composed by Fernandes's son Peter de Benaulim during the ''[[tiatr]]'' production of Fernandes's grandson, Comedian Bryan's ''Mhoji Khori Maim'' (My Real Mother).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=27 June 2023 |title='Mhoji Khori Maim' – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/06/27/magazines/buzz/mhoji-khori-maim/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626223811/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/06/27/magazines/buzz/mhoji-khori-maim/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Francis}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Goa]]

Ambedkarism

2026-03-12T01:57:45Z

FranciscaFortney: Stub!

{{Short description|Philosophy or ideology of B. R. Ambedkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|right|thumb|B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956)]]
'''Ambedkarism''' is called as the teaching, ideology or philosophy of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], an Indian economist, barrister, social reformer, and the first of [[Minister of Law and Justice]] in the [[First Nehru ministry|first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru]].

Ambedkar completed his doctoral studies at the University of Columbia under the guidance of his professor [[John Dewey]]. Dewey's philosophy of [[Pragmatism]] heavily influenced Ambedkar's worldview.<ref>{{cite web | last=Anguyo | first=I | title=The Evolution of Pragmatism in India: Ambedkar, Dewey, and the Rhetoric of Reconstruction – review | website=LSE Review of Books - The latest social science books reviewed by academics and experts | date=9 November 2023 | url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2023/11/09/the-evolution-of-pragmatism-in-india-ambedkar-dewey-and-the-rhetoric-of-reconstruction-review/ | access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> Ambedkarism includes special focus on subjects such as fraternity, democracy, communal electorates, conversion out of [[Hinduism]], political power, rule of law, [[Navayana]], among others.

An '''Ambedkarite''' is one who follows the [[philosophy]] of Ambedkar. Icons of Ambedkarite ideology also include [[Periyar]], [[Jyotirao Phule]] and others.<ref name="OUP, India">{{cite book | author=Rukmini Bhaya Nair, Peter Ronald deSouza | title=Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-350-03925-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6XFDwAAQBAJ | pages=201–202}}</ref>

==Social philosophy==
According to B. R. Ambedkar "Society is always composed of Classes." Their foundations could be different. A person in a society is always a member of a class, whether it is economic, intellectual, or social. This is a universal truth, and early [[Hindu culture]] could not have been an exception to this rule, and we know it was not. So, which class was the first to transform into a caste, because class and caste are, in a sense, next-door neighbours, separated only by a chasm. "A caste is a closed social group."<ref>Moon, Vasant (Comp), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writing and Speeches, Vol. 1, p. 15, Bombay: The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, (1979).</ref>

Untouchables were forced to not wear good clothes but for Ambedkar, the suit was a strategy for political resistance, an assertion of power, a means to break the caste barrier in a society that is caste ridden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masoodi |first=Ashwaq |date=2017-04-21 |title=The changing fabric of Dalit life |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/avsrwntNuBHG3THdAb5aMP/The-changing-fabric-of-Dalit-life.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Ambedkar proposed a [[Communal Award|Separate Electorate]] for the untouchables to send their own representatives in assembly but it was opposed by Gandhi and resulted in his defeat after the [[Poona Pact]] but later he advocated for the establishment of Settlement Commission that would provide separate villages for the Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAS {{!}} B R Ambedkar on Caste and Land Relations in India |url=http://ras.org.in/b_r_ambedkar_on_caste_and_land_relations_in_india |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=ras.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Uday |date=2020-04-14 |title=Ambedkar and the Poona Pact |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/ambedkar-and-the-poona-pact/article31333684.ece |access-date=2022-09-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==

; Organizations
*[[Buddhist Society of India]]
*[[Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam]]
*[[The Casteless Collective]]
*[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
*[[Dalit Film and Cultural Festival]]
*[[Dalit Panthers|Dalit Panthers of India]]
*[[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]]
*[[Bhim Army]]
*[[Bhim Sena]]
*[[BAMCEF]]
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party|Bahujan Samaj Students' Forum]]
*[[Ambedkar Students' Association]]
*[[Birsa Ambedkar Phule Students' Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Omvedt |first1=Gail |title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste |date=18 August 2003 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-9664-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSF8b5hbyP0C |language=en}}

[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Eponymous political ideologies]]

Biwi Aur Makan

2026-03-04T03:54:10Z

FranciscaFortney: expand intro per standard format and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Biwi Aur Makan
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
|screenplay = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
}}
|story = Sailesh Dey
|cinematography = T. B. Seetharam
|editing = Das Dhaimade
|based_on = Sailesh Dey's Bengali play Joymakali Boarding
|producer = [[Hemant Kumar]]
|starring = [[Biswajit Chatterjee]] [[Kalpana Mohan]] [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|music = Hemant Kumar
|studio = United Producers
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|1966}}
|runtime =
|country = [[India]]
|language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|budget =
|gross =
}}
'''''Biwi Aur Makan''''' ({{translation|Wife and home}}) is a 1966 Hindi film written and directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. It is a remake of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''Joy Maa Kali Boarding'' (1964), which itself is an adaptation of Sailesh Dey's play of the same name.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&dq=joymakali+boarding&pg=PA1972 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135943257 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The film stars [[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]], [[Kalpana Mohan]], Kesto Mukherjee and [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] in lead roles with music composed by [[Hemant Kumar]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vrp20LBmKc Biwi Aur Makan (1966).] YouTube.</ref><ref>[https://madhulikaliddle.com/2016/02/07/biwi-aur-makaan-1966/ Biwi aur Makaan (1966).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701222840/https://madhulikaliddle.com/2016/02/07/biwi-aur-makaan-1966/ |date=1 July 2017 }} Dusted Off.</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Biswajit Chatterjee]] as Arun
* [[Kalpana Mohan]]
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Pandey
* [[Shabnam]] as Leela
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Kisan
* Badri Prasad
* [[Bipin Gupta]]
* Ashish Kumar as Shekhar
* Padma Khanna
* [[Brahm Bhardwaj]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by [[Hemanta Mukherjee|Hemant Kumar]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Gulzar]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

* "Khul Sim Sim Khullam Khulla" by [[Manna Dey]], [[Hemanta Mukherjee|Hemant Kumar]] and Bhela Gupta
* "Jane Kahan Dekha Hai" by [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* "Aa Tha Jab Janam Liya Tha" by Manna Dey
* "Aise Danton Mein Ungli Dabao Nahin" by [[Asha Bhosle]]
* "Dabe Labon Se Kabhi Jo Koi Salam Le" by Asha Bhosle and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Sawan Mein Barkha Sataye" by Hemant Kumar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0244430}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|Makan}}

{{Joymakali Boarding|state=collapsed}}{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:1960s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Joymakali Boarding by Sadan Sarkar]]
[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:Fiction about society]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]

{{1960s-romantic-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Spiritual Heritage of India (book)

2026-03-04T03:17:43Z

FranciscaFortney: stub!

{{Short description|1962 book by Swami Prabhavananda}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Spiritual Heritage of India
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Spiritual-Herit-of-India-front-cover.jpg
| caption = (cover of the 1979 edition)
| author = [[Swami Prabhavananda]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Philosophy]]; [[Spirituality]]
| publisher = [[Vedanta Press]]
| pub_date = 1962; 1979; others
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 374
| isbn = 0-87481-035-3
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Spiritual Heritage of India''''' is a book written by [[Swami Prabhavananda]] (1893–1976), founder and head of the [[Vedanta Society#Vedanta Society of Southern California|Vedanta Society of Southern California]] from 1930 until his death. Originally published in 1962 by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], the book has been republished with the same title in several later editions, including hardcover, paperback, and sound recording. It has been reviewed in magazines<ref name=ray63/> and professional journals.<ref name=gerber64>William Gerber (1964). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397324 Untitled - review of Prabhavananda's The Spiritual Heritage of India]. ''Philosophy East and West'', v13 n3, pp. 261-262.</ref><ref name=bradley64>David G. Bradley (1964).[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1460241 Untitled - review of Prabhavananda's The Spiritual Heritage of India]. ''[[Journal of Bible and Religion]] [predecessor of [[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]]]'', v32 n2, pp. 186-187.</ref><ref name=riepe63/><ref name=basu62/> A foreword by [[Huston Smith]] was first included in a 1979 edition.<ref name=smith78>Huston Smith (1979), Foreword (pp. 5-9) in Swami Prabhavananda (1979). ''Spiritual Heritage of India'', Vedanta Press. {{ISBN|0-87481-035-3}} (NB: The foreword is signed "Huston Smith, Syracuse University, July 1978")</ref>

==Overview==
Following an eight-page introduction, ''The Spiritual Heritage of India'' is divided into five major sections or "books":

:I. The [[Vedas]] and the [[Upanishads]]. This contains chapters on general aspects of the Vedas; On the [[Vedas|Samhitas]], [[Brahmanas]], and [[Aranyakas]]; and a lengthy chapter on the [[Upanishads]].

:II. The Auxiliary Scriptures. Chapters on the conceptual status of the auxiliary scriptures, including summaries of [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], and [[Yoga Vasistha]]; on the [[Bhagavad Gita]]; and on the [[Smritis]], [[Puranas]], and [[Tantra]]s.

:III. [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]. A chapter on each of these traditions.

:IV. The Six Systems of Thought. Chapters include general remarks on the six orthodox ([[astika]]) schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]; [[Nyaya]] and [[Vaisheshika]]; [[Samkhya]]; [[Patanjali|Yoga system of Patanjali]]; [[Purva Mimamsa]]; and the [[Brahma Sutras]] (also known as the [[Vedanta Sutras]])

:V. Vedanta and Its Great Exponents. Chapters are included on [[Gaudapada]]; [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]; [[Bhāskara (philosopher)|Bhaskara]]; [[Yamuna]]; [[Ramanuja]]; [[Nimbarka]]; [[Madhvacharya|Madhwa]]; [[Vallabha]]; [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Caitanya]]; and [[Sri Ramakrishna]].

The book concludes with a bibliography and index. In the foreword, Smith wrote that one of the book's
<blockquote>
many virtues is the way it integrates the variety in the Indian heritage which, left to itself, can be bewildering. Even Buddhism and Jainism, technically considered by Hindus to be unorthodox, are here shown to be authentic expressions of the basic Indian vision. Or the Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; often regarded as competitors, they are here shown to complement one another.... Indian thought as it emerges in the reading of this book is... pre-disciplinary in the rich and holistic way that Biblical, Chinese and early Greek thought are. (p. 9)<ref name=smith78/>
</blockquote>

==Influence==

===Reviews===
A reviewer in the magazine ''[[Books Abroad]]'' (later renamed as ''[[World Literature Today]]'') stated that "The Spiritual Heritage of India offers a clear Indian view of a subject that currently suffers from too much Western commentary," and that "Prabhavananda treats India's spiritual heritage in terms of 'immediate perception,' as opposed to abstract speculation.... his own translations, though limited in this volume, embody unusual poetic power".<ref name=ray63>Robert J. Ray (1963). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40117563 [Untitled - review of Prabhavananda's The Spiritual Heritage of India]]. ''[[Books Abroad]] [continued by [[World Literature Today]]]'', v37 n1, p. 101.</ref>

''[[Christian Century]]'' wrote that "As India seeks to define herself as a secular state it becomes ever more important for us to be informed about the kinds of theisms and nontheisms that go into her religious philosophy. <nowiki>[Prabhavananda's book]</nowiki> is a comprehensive survey; little previous familiarity is necessary on the reader's part."<ref
name=ccent63>{{cite journal
|author=Anonymous
|year=1963
|title=The spiritual heritage of India
|journal=Christian Century
|volume=80({19})
|issue= 19
|pages= 619
}}</ref>
''[[Publishers Weekly]]'',<ref name=pw64>Publishers Weekly (1964, Oct. 26). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jMsXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22prabhavananda The Spiritual Heritage of India]. ''Publishers Weekly'', v186 n17, p47.</ref> stated that in this book "Swami Prabhavananda, [who is] a recognized authority on the subject of Indian religion and philosophy [and] whose books are used as texts at Indian universities, explains in detail the various schools of religious thought that have developed in India."

A reviewer in the academic journal ''[[Philosophy (journal)|Philosophy]]'' stated that "Swami Prabhavananda has written a charming and authoritative book on the spiritual heritage of India, by which he means that heritage in consonance with the Vedic tradition and its culmination in Vedanta."<ref name=riepe63>Dale Riepe (1963). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3748609 [Untitled - review of Prabhavananda's The Spiritual Heritage of India]]. ''Philosophy'', v38 n146, pp376-377. {{ISSN|0031-8191}} DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031819100058411 S0031819100058411]</ref>
The reviewer stated that "throughout the book breathes an air of relaxed simplicity and conviction.... I was particularly refreshed by the absence of attacks on science, materialism, naturalism, and other such means to spiritual fulfilment."<ref name=riepe63/> A reviewer in the ''[[Hibbert Journal]]'' stated that "True to the spirit of Ramakrishna to whose Order of Monks he belongs, he is extremely catholic in his spiritual outlook, which makes his book imbued with wide sympathies and understanding. The non-specialist reader will find it a good and reliable introduction to the spiritual heritage of India. But it will be useful also to the more serious student of Indian philosophy and religion, since it covers almost the whole field of spiritual thought and practice in that ancient land".<ref name=basu62>{{cite journal
|author=A. Basu
|year=1962
|title=Untitled [review of Prabhavananda, the spiritual heritage of India]
|journal=[[The Hibbert Journal]]
|volume=60
|issue= 239
|pages=349–350
}}</ref>

===Other===
''The Spiritual Heritage of India'' was discussed in [[Antony Copley]]'s (2006) book about [[Prabhavananda]]'s disciple [[Christopher Isherwood]], a well-known literary figure.<ref name=copley2006>Antony R. H. Copley (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qo_a1mNUmbgC&q=spiritual+heritage&pg=PA228 A spiritual Bloomsbury: Hinduism and homosexuality in the lives and writings of Edward Carpenter, E.M. Forster, and Christopher Isherwood]''. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. {{ISBN|978-0-7391-1464-3}}</ref> Copley noted that Prabhavananda wrote two overviews of Indian philosophy, ''Vedic Religion and Philosophy'' (1937) and ''The Spiritual Heritage of India'' (1962). According to Copley, in the later book, "more space is given to the heterodox while trying to incorporate them within the orthodox. He saw the teachings of the [[Tantra]]s as compatible with those of the [[Upanishads]]. Here the role of the [[eternal feminine]] is introduced; the power of [[shakti]], of God the mother, inseparable from the Absolute.... He also sets out more fully an account of the psychology of yoga. Intriguingly, he tries to demonstrate that [[Freud]]'s two basic instincts, [[Eros]] and [[Thanatos]], translated here as the will to live and the will to death - and quite clearly in America with its cult of psychoanalysis Prabhavananda could not continue to ignore [[Freud]] - can be incorporated into yoga psychology."<ref name=copley2006/>

==Editions==
The original edition was published by in London by Allen and Unwin in 1962. Editions include:
*London: George Allen & Unwin (1962), hardcover, OCLC 67572212, OCLC 460779291, OCLC 1907182 (374 pages)
*Garden City, NY: Doubleday (1963), hardcover, OCLC 269556, ASIN B001OMOO2I, ASIN B000NW9XI0
*Garden City, NY: Anchor (1964), paperback, OCLC 7496498, OCLC 80147018, ASIN B001RQXVTS (374 pages)
*Hollywood, CA: Vedanta Press (1969), paperback, {{ISBN|978-0-87481-022-6}} (short {{ISBN|0-87481-022-1}}) (374 pages)
*Madras, India: Sri Ramakrishna Math (1977), paperback, OCLC 500503758, {{ISBN|978-81-7120-145-7}} (short {{ISBN|81-7120-145-8}}) (374 pages)
*Hollywood, CA: Vedanta Press (1979), paperback, {{ISBN|978-0-87481-035-6}} (book itself lists only 10-digit {{ISBN|0-87481-035-3}}) (374 pages)
*Enfield, NSW, Australia: Royal Blind Society Student and Special Transcriptions (1996), sound recording, OCLC 221972992

==References==
<references/>

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spiritual Heritage Of India}}
[[Category:1962 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Philosophy books]]
[[Category:Books about religion in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism studies books]]

Chahat

2026-03-03T23:40:20Z

FranciscaFortney: Made new entry more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chahat
| image = Chaahat (1971 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| story = Dhruv Chatterjee
| screenplay = Dhruv Chatterjee
| producer = G. M. Roshan
| director = Moni Bhattacharjee
| starring = [[Biswajeet]] [[Mala Sinha]] [[Jeetendra]] [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = A. Bhattacharya
| editing = Das Dhaimade
| studio = New Film Corporation
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|09|24}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Chahat''''' ({{translation}}''Desire'') is a 1971 [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]], produced by G. M. Roshan under the New Film Corporation banner and directed by [[Moni Bhattacharjee]]. It stars [[Biswajeet]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] in lead roles and the music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. This is the only [[Black-and-white|Black & White]] film of [[Jeetendra]] in his entire career.

==Plot==
Ashok's mother died soon after delivery, which is considered a bad omen. Ashok's father happens to be an addict of alcohol and more concerned with himself than the child, and in due course remarries. Ashok loves the stepmother so much, that his love and affection is reciprocated by the step-mother, unlike others. Ashok, in the course of time gets a stepbrother Arun. Both the children love each other, surprising all people around in spite of being stepbrothers. Geeta, a girl in the neighborhood, is a constant visitor giving company to both Ashok and Arun. Arun's mother has a brother, always teasing Ashok and trying to poison the mind of his sister, but Arun's mother invariably rebukes her brother and take sides with Ashok, whom she loves more than her own son. As usual, the father happens to come home late in the night completely drunk, tipsy and even rowdy, Very often he assaults his second wife, whenever she cautioned him about his behavior so that both the children may not get prejudiced against him. The children, of course, watched the fathers behavior, realize the miserable plight of their mother and many a time, Ashok gets upset and asks his mother why she does not protest, and the mother pacifies him to keep cool. One night, when the father returned drunk and belabors the mother Ashok comes out of his room and stands between them and protests against the father. Father gets furious against the impertinent son Ashok and in trying to hit the boy slips down the stairs and succumbs to his injuries, Both mother and son get stunned at the suddenness of the fatal accident. However, the mother gives a different report to the police to save Ashok, saying that her husband had an accidental fall being drunk and tipsy before anybody could help him. But Ashok starts developing a complex that he has really killed his own father. Both the children grow up and the girl Geeta too, and they are always seen together as three inseparable friends. Geeta loves Ashok and he becomes aware of it, but they do not recognize the fact that the younger brother Arun thinks that Geeta loves him only. Geeta's affection and tenderness towards Arun is misconstrued as love and he believes that Geeta also loves him and he has no idea that Geeta loves none else but Ashok. Both the families of Ashok and Geeta go for a change to a hill station and Geeta is accompanied by her cousin so that Arun could fall in love with her. Deepavali festival comes in between and the same is celebrated with all pomp and grandeur and as luck would have it, a cracker lit by Ashok explodes in Arun's face, and when taken to the hospital, he was declared to have lost his eyesight. This is the second incident in the family that makes Ashok feel responsible and he looks completely shattered and bewildered. Ashok, all the same, devoted more time towards his blind brother to keep him ever cheerful and gay, he employs an Ustad to teach him to play instruments and takes him for other functions to keep Arun busily occupied. Ashok discovers that Arun loves Geeta. Arun even asked Ashok to negotiate with Geeta's parents for the alliance. Ashok is in a dilemma as he and Geeta love each other. But being forced by circumstances, he decides to make a sacrifice. Ashok probes the subject to Geeta, who is equally shocked and expresses that she could never marry Arun, whom she considered as her brother. Ashok gets adamant and disappointed with Geeta and asks her never to visit his house again and consider him dead as far as she is concerned. Ashok tells Arun different stories about Geeta that she is seriously ill and could not propose, and a day comes when Ashok announces Geeta to be dead thinking that time alone will heal the temporary wound that is created by news of Geeta's death. Ashok accompanies Arun to parties and all functions throughout India to keep him away from Geeta. However, Geeta could not guess the reason for the absence of Ashok and Arun from the house. She confesses to the mother who is equally stunned at Ashok fostering the lie not to shock his brother Arun whom, Geeta never loved. She insists that Geeta meet Arun and make a clean breast of the entire situation and avoid further complications and Geeta manages to meet Arun. Arun gets surprised that his brother had told him Geeta was dead. He never knew why Ashaok lied to him. Arun charges Ashok and now even believes that Ashok deliberately killed his father and at the same time, made him blind. But, Ashok had no answer.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Arun
*[[Mala Sinha]] as Geeta
*[[Biswajit]] as Ashok
*[[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Sheela / Baby
*[[Roopesh Kumar]]
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]
*[[Achala Sachdev]]
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]
*[[Jayshree T.]]
*Madhumati

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aa Tu Na Ja Aesi Rut Mein"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Raat Dulhan Bani Chand Dulha Bana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 3
| "Ruby O Ruby"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 4
| "Humen Tumse Tumhen Humse Shikayat"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], Asha Bhosle
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0208855|title=Chaahat}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Moni Bhattacharjee]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

Devi (1999 film)

2026-03-03T18:21:21Z

FranciscaFortney: formatting fix

{{short description|1999 Telugu film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devi
| image = Devi_1999_Poster.jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| writer =
| story = Sumanth Arts Unit
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| producer = [[M. S. Raju]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]|[[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha]]|[[Shiju]]|[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]|[[Bhanuchander]]}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = Diwakar
| editing = Suresh Tata
| studio = [[Sumanth Art Productions]]
| language = Telugu
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|3|12}}
| country = India
}}

'''''Devi''''' ({{translation|[[Devi|Goddess]]}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and produced by [[M. S. Raju]]. The film stars [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as the title character alongside [[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha]], [[Shiju]], [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] and [[Bhanuchander]]. [[Sowkar Janaki]] and [[Babu Mohan]] play supporting roles. The plot follows Devi, a [[Nāga|Nagini]] who descends to Earth and faces an evil snake prince. Vanitha, Shiju, and Salim make their debuts in [[Telugu cinema]]. The music was composed by debutant [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The film was released on 12 March 1999 and became a success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gudipoodi Srihari |author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari |date=28 February 2003 |title=Research - "Telugu Cinema - Past and Present" |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-tc.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |quote=Some producers and directors are banking on computer graphics. Kodi Ramakrishna's AMMORU is trendsetter. This technical asset made it a resounding success. DEVI also by the same director and a 1999 release was a box office blockbuster hit .}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Devi, a [[Nāga|Nagini]] from the [[Patala|Nagaloka]] comes to [[Earth]] on the day of an eclipse with her friends to perform a special [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]. Naginis must return before the eclipse starts, otherwise, they lose their power until the eclipse completes. However, Devi is distracted by Dantra, an evil Naga who had been punished by [[Nagaraja|Nagadeva]], the righteous snake king, earlier and was sent to [[Naraka|hell]] as a punishment. Dantra imprisons Devi with fire during the eclipse while her other friends return to Nagaloka before the eclipse.

Devi is saved by Suseela's father who is killed by Dantra in the process. Devi decides to save Suseela from her relatives as an act of reciprocation. She plans to marry Suseela with her cousin Raghava but they are unaware of their relationship. Raghava and Suseela fall in love. Devi patches the broken relationship between their families and they get married.

Nagadeva appears before Devi and commands her to return to Nagaloka. Devi refuses as she intends to stay back to protect Suseela. She promises Nagadeva that she would return once Suseela gives birth to a child because the child would be a Godly blessed one which saves Sussela from Dantra. Nagadeva accepts and gives her power which can even bring back the lost life. Vijay, Raghava's younger brother loves Devi but she avoids him.

In the meantime, Suseela becomes pregnant and everyone is happy. Dantra, with the help of another evil, imprisons Devi for a while and attacks Suseela. Suseela falls from the stairs, injures herself and the baby dies after getting hit. Devi with the help of Nagadeva's power resurrects the baby. Suseela gives birth to a boy and on its naming ceremony, Dantra confronts Devi that the child was born at an inauspicious time therefore, Raghava's life is under threat. Devi postpones her departure to Nagaloka as a result.

In order to save Raghava, Devi makes Sussela perform pooja to [[Ashta Lakshmi|the eight manifestations of Goddess Lakshmi]]. They bless Sussela to have a long life with her husband. Devi appears before them and informs them about Dantra's curse. They offer Devi a solution. When someone performs a pooja for goddess [[Durga]] in [[Himalayas]], she will protect her from all the evils. As humans can't survive in the heights of the Himalayas for long, Devi decides to perform the pooja on behalf of Suseela. However, the Ashta Lakshmis tell her that she is not eligible for the task, as only a member of Suseela's family can perform the pooja.

Devi asks Suseela to perform pooja in her home for nine days continuously and leaves. Devi marries Vijay hurriedly and leaves for the Himalayas without his knowledge. Vijay shares his joy with his family but no one believes him. He goes in search of Devi, who is at a small [[Durga]] shrine in the mountains. Devi is about to complete her pooja but on the final day (which happens to be a day of the solar eclipse), before Durga appears in front of her, Dantra imprisons Vijay and compels Devi to come out of the temple. The eclipse starts and Devi loses her power. She reveals herself to Vijay who helps her to reach the temple.

Devi performs the final pooja. Dantra disguises himself as Raghava and arrives at Suseela's home. He asks her to come to bed but she resists. Vijay and Raghava (Dantra) confront each other. Devi, disappointed that Durga didn't appear, commits suicide by burning herself. Durga appears, resurrects Devi from her ashes, and helps Devi to kill Dantra, and Raghava is saved by his friend. Nagadeva arrives and Devi bids adieu and leaves. Vijay feels for Devi. Suddenly, Nagadeva appears again and gives back Devi to him as she is not an unmarried Nagini anymore.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Devi, The Snake Princess
*[[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha]] as Suseela, Vijay's sister-in-law and Raghava's wife
*[[Shiju]] as Vijay, Raghava's younger brother
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Dantra
**[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendra]] as Young Dantra
*[[Bhanuchander]] as Raghava, Vijay's elder brother
*[[Sowkar Janaki]] as Vijay's grandmother
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Servant
*Kota Shankar Rao
*Krishnaveni Veni
}}

==Production==
[[M. S. Raju]] who was reeling under the failure of ''Street Fighter'' decided to make a devotional film with a new star cast. He cast Kannada actress [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] and Malayalam actor [[Shiju]] in the main roles. [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]], a police officer from [[Mangalore]] was selected for the negative role, while Vanitha, daughter of actor [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] was selected to play an important character.<ref name="devi">{{cite web|last1=Jeevi|title=Interview with MS Raju|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_msraju.html|website=Idlebrain|access-date=6 September 2016|location=[[Hyderabad]]|date=6 December 2002|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925164807/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_msraju.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Devi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| released = 1999
| recorded = 1999
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 30:11 / 29:09
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] / [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Navvuthu Bathakalira]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The music is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] making his debut at the age of 19 and he is the youngest music composer as a debutant after [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] who made his first film at the age of 16.<ref name="dsp">{{cite web|title=Chitchat with Devi Sri Prasad|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-devisriprasad.html|website=Idlebrain|access-date=6 September 2016|date=24 July 2005|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507051654/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-devisriprasad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio was launched at Hotel Savera, Chennai on 25 November 1998.<ref>{{cite web|website=Express India|access-date=26 August 2025|title=Devi: 2000 feet of graphics alone!|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000502151613/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/index.htm|archive-date=2 May 2000|date=11 December 1998}}</ref>

{{tracklist|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| headline = Telugu Track-List<ref>{{cite web |title=Devi - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/devi/KQhIRTZE3R0_ |access-date=15 November 2018 |date=4 January 1999}}</ref>
| total_length = 30:11
| title1 = Anantha Divya
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 1:59
| title2 = Bangaru
| extra2 = Chorus
| length2 = 1:43
| title3 = Bhuvi Erugadi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 1:13
| title4 = Kumkuma Poola
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:32
| title5 = Nee Navve
| extra5 = Sumangali, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Paathala Lokhame
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 1:52
| title7 = Pralayaagni
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length7 = 1:34
| title8 = Rama Chilukala
| extra8 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length8 = 4:09
| title9 = Sarvani Rudhrani
| extra9 = K. S. Chithra
| length9 = 4:09
| title10 = Sthree Janmaku
| extra10 = Anuradha Sriram, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 = 1:25
| title11 = Veyyi Padagala
| extra11 = [[Swarnalatha]]
| length11 = 1:55
| all_writing =
}}

{{tracklist|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| headline = Tamil Track-List<ref>{{cite web |title=Devi (1999) |url=https://mio.to/album/Devi+%281999%29 |website=Music India Online |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002094854/http://mio.to/album/Devi+(1999) |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| total_length = 29:09
| title1 = Anantha Divya Shakthi Kai
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 1:59
| title2 = Adi Penn Padamadhe
| extra2 = Chorus
| length2 = 1:38
| title3 = Thalai Meedhu Nagame
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 1:09
| title4 = Kumkuma Poovin
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:26
| title5 = Then Poove
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sumangali
| length5 = 4:31
| title6 = Andha Divya Sakthi
| extra6 = S.P. Balu
| length6 = 1:54
| title7 = Om Sakthi Om Sakthi
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length7 = 1:29
| title8 = Devi Arul En
| note8 = Bit
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length8 = 1:20
| title9 = Nallodu Vedhamum
| extra9 = K. S. Chithra
| length9 = 1:49
| title10 = Devi Arul En
| extra10 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Sriram
| length10 = 4:00
| title11 = Seevani Rudhrani
| extra11 = K. S. Chithra
| length11 = 4:05
| all_writing =
}}

==Release==
The film was dubbed into [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. All the three versions became successful at the box office.<ref name="devi"/>

==Awards==
*1999: [[Nandi Award]] for [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]] - [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendra]] – won<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-13|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |website=|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|language=te}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0313965}}
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}{{M. S. Raju}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:1999 fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]

Okka Magaadu

2026-03-03T18:10:13Z

FranciscaFortney: minor update lead as per guidelines and added references

{{short description|2008 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Okka Magaadu
| image = Okka Magaadu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]
| producer = Y. V. S. Chowdary
| writer = Y. V. S. Chowdary [[Chintapalli Ramana]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] 
[[Nisha Kothari]] [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Madhu A. Naidu [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Bommarillu
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|1|11}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Okka Magaadu: One and Only''''' ({{translation|One man army}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film|action]] film co-written, produced and directed by [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]]. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Priyanka Kothari|Nisha Kothari]] and [[Ashutosh Rana]]. The film's music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The film was overwhelmingly criticized for plagiarism with the 1996 Tamil film ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''. The film was a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okka Magaadu Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/okka-magaadu/telugu/okka-magaadu-movie-reviews-2192-2.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=movies.fullhyderabad.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy, an arbiter of a terrain esteemed as a deity. In his reign, that area is eternal from four sides. He resides with his grandmother. Sarada looks hyperactive, but Satyanarayana treats her as an infant. Once, Satyanarayana defenses [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] Namboodriyar's son, when his father opposes his relation with his girlfriend. After saving him from chief minister's goons, Satyanarayana call chief minister, who proceeds and panics, sighting his tremendous vast acolytes of Satyanarayana. He gallantly espouses them in front of chief minister, which infuriates him. At that juncture, Bhavani, chief minister's daughter, lusts Satyanarayana. Parallelly, Aliveelu, a journalist, also crushes for him, and the two compete.

Meanwhile, the doctors, lawyers, and journalists terrifically vitiated society when a 101-year-old man, ''Okka Magadu,'' raises a [[missing in action]] against them. He allegedly kills the miscreants, but their bodies are missing, and that catastrophe creates mayhem in the country. Today, the government handed over the case to [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] under the charge of AK, who is in the thick of it. So, he makes a trap to clutch the secret killer. Plus, he views CCTV footage of the Okka Magadu abducting a judge. Upon which, AK affirms it is impossible the man is old by his body language & strength and uncovers his young shade, i.e., Satyanarayana. Since it is not feasible in his area, they silently operate at night and seize him.

Simultaneously, the chief minister ruses to eliminate his son and his girlfriend, and assaults them when they stab Sarada while hindering them. Here lands Okka Mogadu, Sarada's husband, a guerrilla & tall warrior whom she discerns and faints. Concurrently, CBI is under the interrogation of Satyanarayana while Okka Mogadu arrives and acquits him, stating he is a homicide. Next, he absconds from there, amid AK traces particular relevance between Satyanarayana & Okka Mogadu. So, he reaches their village and claims Okka Magadu is a traitor when enraged Sarada reveals him as a great patriot who dedicated his life to the country.

Now, the tale shifts to the pre-independence era. Okka Magadu is a benevolent doctor who treats everyone equally and believes that human life is precious. Plus, he impedes participation in the movement as he promised his parents to take care of his younger. During that period, an evil British controlling authority, Douglas, omits conformity and ruthlessly kills anybody. Once, he slaughters the siblings of Raghupati Raghava Rajaram when he turns into a rebel Okka Magadu as incensed. Later, Douglas attempts to molest Sarada, an insurgent, when Okka Magadu decapitates him and knits her. Following, he knocks down Britishers gigantically. Hence, they declared independence, providing that all the revolutionaries surrendered as [[Prisoner of war|POW]], including Okka Magadu. Before leaving, he promises pregnant Sarada to return. After 60 years, Okka Magadu escapes from their prison and reaches India. Whereat he experiences the contrast between virtual & reality. Satyanarayana is delighted to know such a ''man of the mark'' as his grandfather.

Further, Okka Magadu retrieves the ill-gotten gains of chief minister from the [[Swiss Bank Corporation|Swiss bank]] and endows them to human welfare organizations. Thus, the livid chief minister planned the killing and forged it as a protest to protect Okka Magadu. He announced blood money for victims, accelerating massive suicides out of poverty. It is inevitable for Okka Magadu's famous appearance before the open court at a stadium between giant applause. On the spot, Okka Magadu exposes the diabolic shade of chief minister and produces the outlaws who are supposed to be slain by him before the judiciary. At last, all the criminals, including chief minister, plan to cross the borders on a flight that crashed by Okka Magadu. After a while, a reporter moves to Sarada, and she proclaims that he will be back. Finally, the movie ends with showing Okka Magadu walking between the mountains by the side of the exploded aircraft.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in a [[dual role]] as Raghupati Raghava Rajaram and Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Bhavani, Swamy's love interest and Namboodriyar's daughter
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Sarada alias Baby, Swamy's grandmother
* [[Nisha Kothari]] as Alivelu, Swamy's love interest
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Chief Minister Namboodriyar
* [[Ravi Kale]] as CBI Officer
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Subbaraju]] as CBI Officer's assistant
* [[Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
* [[Sivaji Raja]]
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]]
* [[Rajya Lakshmi (actress)|Rajyalakshmi]]
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Namboodriyar's personal assistant
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Ravi
* [[Krishna Bhagawan]]
* [[Chinna (Telugu actor)|Chinna]]
* [[Lakshmipati]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]]
* [[Narsingh Yadav]]
* [[Devadas Kanakala]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
* [[Salim Baig]]
* [[Sameer Hasan]]
* Sravan
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]]
* Ping Pong Surya
* [[Prasad Babu]]
* Narayana Rao
* Hari Prasad
* Siva Prasad
* Siva Parvathi
* Alapathi Lakshmi
* Haritha
* Karishma
}}

==Production==
The project was announced on 9 August 2006. Director [[Y. V. S. Chowdary]] got the title ''Okka Magaadu'' from a song composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] for the film ''[[Seetayya]]'' (2003). After registering the title, Chowdary began developing a screenplay tailored for a "hero worshipping" film. He believed that [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] was "the only hero who could do justice" to the role and presented the screenplay to him during the post-production of ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]'' (2006). Chowdary said he would have scrapped the project if Balakrishna had turned it down. Chowdary described the film as a "[[South India]]n spicy meal".<ref name="interview1">{{Cite web |title=YVS Chowdary interview on Okka Magaadu - chitchat - Telugu film director |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-yvs-okkamagaadu.html}}</ref>

Filming began in December 2006, but only three songs were completed in the following four months. After a hiatus, shooting resumed in April 2007 and completed in December that year. The film was shot in various locations, including Australia, [[Malaysia]], [[Rayalaseema]], [[Rajahmundry]], and [[Hyderabad]]. The old aged looks of Balakrishna and Simran were designed by Eeswar, and the team went to the United States for 20 days to consult with make-up technicians. Applying the makeup took four hours, and removing it took one hour for Balakrishna.<ref name="interview1" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Okka Maggadu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 December 2007
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 35:57
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Godava]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

Music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Lyrics were written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. The music was released on 21 December 2007.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:57
| title1 = Okka Magaadu
| extra1 = [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]], [[Sravana Bhargavi|Bhargavi]]
| length1 = 5:41

| title2 = Devadi Deva
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length2 = 5:47

| title3 = Nanu Paalinchaga
| extra3 = [[Mallikarjun]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length3 = 5:04

| title4 = Aa Aaa Ee Eee
| extra4 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Janani Madhan (Jey)
| length4 = 4:58

| title5 = Ammatho
| extra5 = Naveen, [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length5 = 4:57

| title6 = Rey
| extra6 = [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length6 = 4:37

| title7 = Pattuko Pattuko
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length7 = 4:53
}}

==Release==
''Okka Magaadu'' was released in theatres on 11 January 2008.

===Critical reception===
Critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave an unfavourable review, stating it to have "silly graphics, non-serious getups of Balakrishna, confused first half, monotonous screenplay and mediocre direction". However, he said that the songs were a "good watch", except for the last song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okka Magadu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/okka-magadu--review-telugu-pclw2Aggjbbfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930064614/https://www.sify.com/movies/okka-magadu--review-telugu-pclw2Aggjbbfe.html |archive-date=30 September 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0928160|title=Okka Magaadu}}

{{YVS Chowdary}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. V. S. Chowdary]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]

Singur

2026-02-27T10:28:32Z

FranciscaFortney: slightly adjust references also

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline = File:Dakat Kali Temple at Singur 07.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dakat Kali Temple, Singur
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.81|N|88.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 21,382
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 712 409
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03326
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Singur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Singur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Singur (community development block)|Singur]] CD block in [[Chandannagore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

[[File:Jagatnagar kali bari.jpg|thumb|[[Jagatnagar Kalibari]], near Singur]]

==Etymology==
Documented research, particularly the analysis of the [[Pali]] chronicle [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]], suggests that Singur is the modern phonological evolution of Simhapura.

'''The Legend'''

It is believed to be the capital founded by '''King Sinhabahu''' (Lion-armed), the father of Prince Vijaya. According to the [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]], Prince Vijaya was exiled from this city in the '''[[Rarh region]]''' (ancient Bengal) around 543 BCE, from where he sailed to conquer '''Lanka''' ([[Sri Lanka]]).

While some claim Simhapura was in [[Gujarat]], Bengali historians (notably [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H.C. Raychaudhuri]]) argue that the geographical descriptions of the journey—passing through the realm of the [[Magadha|Magadhas]]—strongly place the capital in the Rarh region of [[West Bengal]], specifically identifying it with Singur.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=330| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|54|10|N|88|13|40|E}}|caption='''Cities and towns in the Chandannagore subdivision and Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD blocks of Chinsurah subdivision in Hooghly district''' M: municipal corporation/ municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|52|12|N|88|21|46|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Chandannagar | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Chandannagar]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|49|50|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bhadreswar| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|48|40|N|88|20|35|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Champdani| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Champdani]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|53|20|N|88|0|54|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Tarakeswar| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Tarakeswar]] (M)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|50|10|N|88|10|43|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bargachhia| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Bargachhia]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|17|N|88|13|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Balarambati| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Balarambati]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|49|10|N|88|14|9|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Singur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= Singur (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|48|10|N|88|15|30|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nasibpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nasibpur]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|20|N|88|13|26|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Jagatnagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Jagatnagar]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|46|5|N|88|14|30|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Baruipara| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Baruipara]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|46|30|N|88|15|25|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Borai| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Borai, Hooghly|Borai]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|58|26|N|88|6|30|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Dhaniakhali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Dhaniakhali]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|2|13|N|88|7|17|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Gurap| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gurap]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|57|41|N|88|18|23|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Polba| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Polba]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|56|13|N|88|11|42|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Dadpur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Dadpur, Hooghly|Dadpur]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|56|4|N|88|18|19|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Barun Napara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Barun Napara]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|40|N|88|6|16|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Haripal| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Haripal]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.0433|88.4298}}| label18=Hooghly |labela18=River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18=0| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|47|28|N|88|4|21|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwarhatta| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Dwarhatta]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222}}

===Location===
Singur is located at {{Coord|22.81|N|88.23|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 14 metres (45 ft), and is situated on the [[Ganges delta]].

The villages comprising Singur include Balarambati, Dewan Bheri, Dobandi, Baburberi, Khasherbheri, Joymolla, Ujjal Sangha, [[Beraberi]], Khagragachi East & West, [[Bajemelia]], [[Anandanagar]], Deb Design Gallery, Ratanpur, [[Gopalnagar]], Apurbapur, Jalaghata, Daluigacha East and West, Mirzapur, Bankipur, Boinchipota, Nabapally, Beleghata, Khosalpur, Pawnan, Gandarpukur, Dasani & Choyani, Ratanpur 1 & 2, Singherbheri, Nasibpur, Mollasimla, Rasulpur, Durgarampur, Dansi, Deshapara, Diara, Gobindapur, Hakimpur, Nanda, Habaspota, Naskarpur, Nabapally, Chhutipur, Subhipur, Notun Bazar, Benipur, Antisara, Burashanti, Ghanashyampur, Paltagorh, Telipukur, Khaserchak, Batriskhura, Alurbadh, Durgarampur, Biramnagar and Harishnagar.

Some Upscale neighborhood under Singur census town are Nabapally, Green Park, Vivekananda pally, Vidyut Pally, Shantipuram Sector 1 and 2, Beltala lane, Vivekananda sarani and Daluigacha East.

===Police station===
Singur police station has jurisdiction over [[Singur (community development block)|Singur]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Singur CD block are located at Singur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work = Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-date = 14 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161114095028/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
In Chandannagore subdivision 58.52% of the population is rural and the urban population is 41.48%. Chandannagore subdivision has one municipal corporation, three municipalities and seven [[census town]]s. The single municipal corporation is [[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]]. The municipalities are [[Tarakeswar Municipality]], [[Bhadreswar Municipality]] and [[Champdany Municipality]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 27 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Of the three CD blocks in Chandannagore subdivision, Tarakeswar CD block is wholly rural, Haripal CD block is predominantly rural with just one census town, and Singur CD block is slightly less rural with six census towns. Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD blocks of Chinsurah subdivision (included in the map below) are wholly rural.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work = 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 September 2018 | archive-date = 26 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150326034556/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The municipal areas are industrialised. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
Approximately 30000 people live in Singur Census town in 2024

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Singur census town had a total population of 21,382, of which 10,825 (51%) were males and 10,557 (49%) were females. The population below 6 years old was 1,646. The total number of literates in Singur was 17,458 (88.46% of the population over 6 years old).<ref name="census2011" />

As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Singur had a population of 19,539. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Singur had an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 81%, and female literacy was 71%. In Singur, 9% of the population were under 6 years of age.

Purusottampur is one of the oldest villages in Singur. Adi Biswalakhi Mandir, Dakat Kali Mandir, Anandamoyee Kali Mandir, Santosimar Mandir and Shib Mandir are situated in this village.

==Economy==
===Tata Motors at Singur===
[[File:Tata Nano .jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tata Nano]]]]
{{Main|Tata Nano Singur controversy}}

Singur gained international media attention since [[Tata Motors]] started constructing a factory to manufacture their $2,500 car, the [[Tata Nano]], at Singur. The small car was scheduled to roll out of the factory by 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/article1753082.ece |title = Tata Motors’ small car to roll out of Singur by 2008 |publisher= The Hindu Business Line, 26 November 2006 | access-date = 3 June 2016}}</ref> In October 2008 Tatas announced its withdrawal from the project.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://twocircles.net/2008oct04/tatas_singur_withdrawal_slap_west_bengal_biman_bose.html#.V1Feo5F97IU | title = Tata’s Singur Withdrawal ‘slap’ for West Bengal: Biman Bose | publisher = Two Circles.net, 4 October 2008 | access-date = 24 May 2016 | archive-date = 3 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171203165359/http://twocircles.net/2008oct04/tatas_singur_withdrawal_slap_west_bengal_biman_bose.html#.V1Feo5F97IU | url-status = live }}</ref> In 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the West Bengal government's acquisition of 997 acres of agricultural land for Tata Motors and ordered its return to 9,117 landowners.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Return-Singur-land-to-farmers-SC-orders-West-Bengal-govt./article14600055.ece | title = Return land to Farmers: SC orders West Bengal govt.| first= Krishnadas |last = Rajagopal| access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Hindu, 31 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bengal-to-return-singur-land-to-farmers-on-sept-14/article9100087.ece | title = Bengal to return Singur land to farmers on Sept 14 | access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 12 September 2016 | archive-date = 2 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210302052135/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bengal-to-return-singur-land-to-farmers-on-sept-14/article9100087.ece | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Himadri Speciality Chemical ===
Himadri Speciality Chemical Ltd operates one of its major plants in Singur opposite the abandoned Tata Motors factory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-14 |title=Himadri to invest ₹1,000 cr. in Singur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/himadri-to-invest-1000-cr-in-singur/article23246329.ece |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621191200/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/himadri-to-invest-1000-cr-in-singur/article23246329.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> HSCL is the third largest producer of carbon black in India, and has a 17% share of the market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanungo |first=Soumonty |date=2018-03-15 |title=Himadri Speciality to invest Rs1,000 crore for production facility expansion at Singur |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/JjTGkFmfe4bL0KFh2aSpcL/Himadri-Speciality-to-invest-Rs1000-crore-for-production-fa.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621190206/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/JjTGkFmfe4bL0KFh2aSpcL/Himadri-Speciality-to-invest-Rs1000-crore-for-production-fa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Singur Ratanpur is one of the Largest potato market in West bengal.

There are also a well established Cad Industry in Singur where almost 8000 people are directly employed

==Transport==
===Rail===
SIU/Singur is well connected with [[Howrah Junction railway station]]. Local trains runs between [[Singur railway station]] and [[Howrah Station]] via [[Sheoraphuli railway station]]. Around 32 [[lakh]] people from all around the city commute to Kolkata daily for work. In the Howrah-Tarakeswar section there are 48 trains that carry commuters from 21 railway stations.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf| title = The Suburban Railway Network of Kolkata: A Geographical Apprisal| first = Teesta| last = Dey| publisher = eTraverse, the Indian journal of spatial science, 2012| access-date = 8 October 2018| archive-date = 18 November 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171118122331/http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Roads===
Singur is well connected with Kolkata through [[Durgapur Expressway]] (NH 2), Baidyabati to Tarkeswar connected road as (SH 2).

And also available inter town auto and E. Rikswa service

==Education==
[[Singur Government College]], a general degree college, was established at Singur in 2013. It is affiliated with the [[University of Burdwan]] and offers honours courses in Bengali, English, physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Botany, Zoology, Computer Science, Geography, Sanskrit, Santhali, history, philosophy, political science, sociology and psychology.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://singurgovtcollege.org/about/ | title = Government General Degree College, Singur | publisher = Singur Government College | access-date = 30 June 2017 | archive-date = 7 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707124205/http://singurgovtcollege.org/about/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SingurGovtGeneralDegreeCollege/SingurGovtGeneralDegreeCollege.shtml | title = Singur Government General Degree College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 30 June 2017 | archive-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170701170839/http://www.collegeadmission.in/SingurGovtGeneralDegreeCollege/SingurGovtGeneralDegreeCollege.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref>

There are several schools in Singur, including Madhubati Surabala Vidyamandir, Jogamaya Memorial Institute, Mahamaya High School, Golap Mohini Mallick Girls' High School,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jminstitute.org/ | title = Jogmaya Memorial Institute | publisher = JMI | access-date = 6 October 2018 | archive-date = 8 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008071502/http://jminstitute.org/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://targetstudy.com/school/71796/jogamaya-memorial-institute/ | title = Jogamaya Memorial Institute | publisher = TargetStudy | access-date = 6 October 2018 | archive-date = 8 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061542/https://targetstudy.com/school/71796/jogamaya-memorial-institute/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Anandanagar A C Roy High School, D. D. Bharati Vidyalaya, D.D. Bharati Balika Vidyalaya Anandanagar Ramanath High School, Gopalnagar High School, Beraberi SNM High School, Star Land School, Explore International, Educare School, Nasibpur High School, Paltagarh High School, Swami Vivekananda School, Nandan and Abani Sishu Niketan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sanhati.com/singur_news/ Singur archives at Sanhati]
* [https://www.google.com/search?q=deb+design+gallery DEB DESIGN GALLERY]

{{Hooghly District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]

Shaibal Gupta

2026-02-18T16:09:18Z

FranciscaFortney: adding!

{{Short description|Indian social scientist (died 2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaibal Gupta
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|67|2021|01|28|noage=1}}
| death_date = {{Death date|2021|01|28|df=y}} (aged 67)
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| occupation = Social scientist and economist
| notable_works = Bihar, Stagnation Or Growth (1987)
}}

'''Shaibal Gupta''' ({{birth based on age as of date|67|2021|01|28|noage=1|slash=1}} – 28 January 2021) was an Indian [[social scientist]] and [[political economist]] whose work focused on the economy of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. He was the founder and member-secretary of the [[Asian Development Research Institute]] in [[Patna]], Bihar. His research was a contributor to the rollout for various state government led societal development programs and economic reforms in the state.

Gupta received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, posthumously in 2022.

== Education ==
Gupta's early schooling took place in [[Sainik School, Tilaiya|Sainik School Tilaiya]], he later received a [[Master of Arts]] in [[economics]] in 1977 from [[Patna University]]. He went on to complete his [[Doctorate of Philosophy|PhD]] in economics in 1981.<ref name=":02" /> Post his doctorate, he went on to be a member of the faculty at the A. N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies in Patna.<ref name=":02" />

== Career and research ==
Gupta was the founder and member-secretary of the [[Asian Development Research Institute]] in Patna, a non-profit organization focused on social science research established in 1991. He was also the director of the Centre for Economic Policy and Public Finance (CEPPF), which was set up by the government of Bihar as a public finance research institute.<ref name=toiobit>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Piyush|date=28 January 2021|title=Noted economist Shaibal Gupta passes away at 67|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/noted-economist-shaibal-gupta-passes-away-at-67-nitish-announces-cremation-with-state-honors/articleshow/80515007.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 January 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

Gupta's research focused on the structure of the [[Economy of Bihar|Bihar's economy]] as well as on various development issues in Bihar from a political economy perspective.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=DR. SHAIBAL GUPTA|url=https://www.adriindia.org/centre/people/adri-society/dr--shaibal-gupta|access-date=29 January 2021|website=www.adriindia.org}}</ref> An [[economist]] by profession,<ref name="saibal">{{cite news
| last = Goswami
| first = Urmi A
| title = 'Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste'(Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview)
| publisher = Rediff
| date = 16 February 2005
| url = http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm
| accessdate = 16 February 2005 }}</ref> he focused on industrial economics, studying the political economy and trying to derive linkages between the capitalist transformation of India and the implied implications on societal growth. He also studied Bihar's industrial sector and compared the political economies of Bihar and [[Madhya Pradesh]], adjacent states, to drive an understanding of the linkage between governance models and growth.<ref name=":02"/> His works at ADRI were used by the state of Bihar for the annual economic review as well as for the rollout of various state government led societal development programs.<ref name=hinduobit>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=28 January 2021|title=Social scientist, economist Shaibal Gupta passes away|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/social-scientist-economist-shaibal-gupta-passes-away/article33687807.ece|access-date=29 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 January 2021|title=Social scientist and founder of ADRI Shaibal Gupta dies at 67|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/social-scientist-and-founder-of-adri-shaibal-gupta-dies-at-67-7165829/|access-date=29 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In a statement on his death, [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Bihar's chief minister]] [[Nitish Kumar]] recounted the contributions made by Gupta for Bihar's economic reforms.<ref name=toiobit/>

Gupta was a member of the high level Committee for Evolving a Composite Development Index for the States, headed by [[Raghuram Rajan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहार के नीति निर्माण में भी शैबाल गुप्ता की रही बड़ी भूमिका, 1991 में की थी ADRI की स्थापना|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-economist-shaibal-gupta-played-a-big-role-in-bihar-policy-making-too-founder-of-asia-development-research-institute-adri-in-1991-3820456.html|access-date=29 January 2021|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref> Representing Bihar in the committee, Gupta gave his dissent note for the final recommendation report of the committee. Speaking about his dissent, he would later say that the dissent was a technical critique of variables that went into the Index developed by the committee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=29 September 2013|title=Dissent note does not dismiss Rajan report: Shaibal Gupta|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dissent-note-does-not-dismiss-rajan-report-shaibal-gupta/article5182446.ece|access-date=29 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Specifically, he had advocated for the inclusion of per capita income instead of monthly per capita income and the inclusion of variables like per capita electrical connectivity, infant mortality, and female literacy among other variables.<ref name=":3" /> Gupta worked on various research projects with the [[Institute of Development Studies|Institute of Development Studies, Sussex]]; [[International Labour Organization|International Labour Organisation]], [[World Bank]] and [[London School of Economics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaibal Gupta|url=https://www.theigc.org/person/shaibal-gupta-2/|access-date=29 January 2021|website=IGC|language=en-GB}}</ref> He held advisory positions in various governmental committees including membership of the Bihar state finance commission, the committee on land acquisition, committee on financial resources, and the Indian government expert group of the planning commission.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=hinduobit/>

Gupta was a director of the [[Andhra Bank]] until his term expired in 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Shaibal-Gupta-ceases-as-director-of-Andhra-Bank/3642023539|title=Shaibal Gupta ceases as director of Andhra Bank|publisher=India Infoline|date=11 March 2011|accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> and Member Executive Committee, of the Indian government's [[National literacy mission]] (NLM).<ref name=":02"/> As a socio-political commentator, he spoke about various development issues that plagued Bihar. Speaking about the movement of migrant laborers during the [[COVID-19]] induced lockdowns in 2020, he had noted that the crisis was not handled well by the state and had resulted in anger amongst the migrant population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Migration crisis wasn't handled well by Nitish government: Shaibal Gupta|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/governance/migration-crisis-wasn-t-handled-well-by-nitish-government-shaibal-gupta-74165|access-date=29 January 2021|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref>

Gupta received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, posthumously in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Two from Bihar get Padma Shri|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/two-from-bihar-get-padma-shri-101643129131348.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Piyush Tripathi|date=Jan 25, 2022|title=Bihar: Padma Shri awards to Shaibal Gupta & Rajgir's Veerayatan founder Acharya Chandanaji {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-padma-shri-awards-to-shaibal-gupta-rajgirs-veerayatan-founder-acharya-chandanaji/articleshow/89122726.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Gupta was the son of social worker, medical practitioner and art historian Piyushendu Gupta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bihar to launch campaign against dowry, child marriage|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bihar-to-launch-campaign-against-dowry-child-marriage/1059030|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 January 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amartya Sen denies report of threat to quit Nalanda University|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2014/Feb/newsbihar24Feb2.html|access-date=29 January 2021|website=www.bihartimes.in|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210014917/http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2014/Feb/newsbihar24Feb2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The family hailed from [[Begusarai]] in Bihar where his father had a medical practice before moving to Patna.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Sarjun|title=Archaeology and Art of Ganga, Gandak and Kosi Basin, Bihar: A Felicitation Volume in Honour of Dr. P. Gupta|journal=[[Social Scientist]]|volume=44|issue=9–10|pages=76–77|id={{ProQuest|1881062756}}|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>

Gupta was married and the couple had a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Patna-based intellectual Shaibal Gupta dies; CM announces last rites with state honours|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/patnabased-intellectual-shaibal-gupta-dies-cm-announces-last-rites-with-state-honours/2019212|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 January 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref name="toiobit" /> He died from [[multiple organ failure]] on 28 January 2021 in Patna.<ref name=hinduobit/> He was 67.<ref name="toiobit" /> He was cremated with full state honours at Gulbi Ghat in Patna on 29 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shaibal Gupta cremated with state honours in Patna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shaibal-gupta-cremated-with-state-honours/articleshow/80590186.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Published works ==

* {{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Alakh N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peDsAAAAMAAJ|title=Bihar, Stagnation Or Growth|last2=Gupta|first2=Shaibal|date=1987|publisher=Spectrum Publishing House|isbn=978-0-8364-2321-1|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Shaibal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpyyDwAAQBAJ&q=Shaibal+gupta|title=Karl Marx's Life, Ideas, and Influences: A Critical Examination on the Bicentenary|last2=Musto|first2=Marcello|last3=Amini|first3=Babak|date=2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-24815-4|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-24815-4|hdl=10315/38569}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Shaibal|date=1981|title=Non-Development of Bihar: A Case of Retarded Sub-Nationalism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4370220|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=16|issue=37|pages=1496–1502|jstor=4370220|issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Shaibal|date=2001|title=New Panchayats and Subaltern Resurgence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410879|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=29|pages=2742–2744|jstor=4410879|issn=0012-9976}}
* {{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shaibal|date=2002|title=Subaltern resurgence: a reconnaissance of Panchayat election in Bihar|url=http://www.crisisstates.com/Publications/publications.htm|access-date=29 January 2021|website=www.crisisstates.com|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111025413/http://www.crisisstates.com/Publications/publications.htm|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Shaibal|date=2005|title=Socio-Economic Base of Political Dynamics in Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417461|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=48|pages=5093–5100|jstor=4417461|issn=0012-9976}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.epw.in/author/shaibal-gupta Gupta's works] at the [[Economic and Political Weekly]]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Shaibal}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Patna]]
[[Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

2024 Indian Racing League

2026-02-18T12:11:39Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|Indian motor racing championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Motorsport season
|series = Indian Racing League
|year = 2024
|previous = 2023
|previouslink = 2023 Indian Racing League
|footer = {{small|Support series:}} [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]]
|subheader=Entrant Champion: No. 24 Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing [[Raoul Hyman]] & Sohil Shah Teams' Champion: Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing|next=2025–26}}

The '''2024 Indian Racing League''' was a [[single seater]] [[Auto racing|motor racing]] championship held across [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rpplind.com/irll.html|title=Indian Racing League|publisher=RPPL Motorsports|accessdate=12 October 2023}}</ref> 2024 was the third season of the championship. It started on August 24 at [[Madras International Circuit]] and ran over five race weekends.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: "Mark your calenders, the Indian Racing Festival returns in 2024 with Pre Season Testing in August"| url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/C3z45CiBoti/?hl=en |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2024 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: "Only 70 days left until the season kicks off in Chennai!"| url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/C8OpmPTyL4a/?hl=en |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>

[[Raoul Hyman]] and Sohil Shah, sharing the No. 24 Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing car, defended their Entrant Championship at the final race of the season, while also winning the Teams' Championship, with [[Gabriela Jílková]] and [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]] driving the team's other car.

==Teams and drivers==
All drivers competed with single-seater [[Wolf GB08|Wolf GB08 Thunder]] cars, fitted with a {{cvt|215|bhp|kW}} [[Aprilia]] engine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhadra |first=Akaash |title=Formula Regional Indian and Formula 4 are the first FIA-sanctioned championships in India to qualify for Formula 1 super license points |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/formula-regional-indian-and-formula-4-the-first-fia-sanctioned-championships-in-india |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
!Team
!{{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
!Driver
!Rounds
|-
|rowspan=5| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|rowspan=3| 2
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=Indian Racing League on X: "A formidable lineup for the newest team on the block - #RarhBengalTigers"| url=https://x.com/Irlofficial1/status/1826494690075595106 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=X}}</ref>
|nowrap| 1–2, 4–5
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaden Pariat<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Indian Racing League Official on Instagram: "We caught up with @iamsoumilarora for a zippy mid-season update! Who are you rooting for in Round 3 of the #IRF?" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_4wi0eMcBw/?hl=en}}</ref>
| 3
|-
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong<ref name=":6" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=2| 5
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva<ref name=":6" />
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]<ref name=":6" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=5| [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|rowspan=3| 6
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Gowda<ref name="Delhi">{{cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=It’s time to unleash fury with #SpeedDemonsDelhi |url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/C-44qxcgEtp/ |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Álvaro Parente]]<ref name="Delhi" />
| 1–2, 4–5
|-
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Adam Khalid<ref name=":8" />
| 3
|-
|rowspan=2| 33
|nowrap| {{flagicon|BEL}} Angélique Detavernier<ref name="Delhi" />
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]<ref name="Delhi" />
| All
|-
| rowspan="5"| [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|rowspan=2| 7
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Laura Camps Torras<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=An electrifying season begins with electrifying announcements! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C-vRaa1zPnI/?hl=en&img_index=1 |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anindith Reddy]]<ref name=":3" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=3| 9
| {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Neel Jani]]<ref name=":3" />
| 1, 4–5
|-
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Tom Canning<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=Tom Canning on Instagram: "It’s race week! I’ll be stepping in for @neeljani_official in the @hyderabadblackbirds car alongside @akhilrabindra for rounds 2 & 3 of the 2024 @indianracingleagueofficial"| url=https://www.instagram.com/tomcanningracing/p/C_JZ8v1tldP/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
| 2–3
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]<ref name=":3" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Indian Racing League Official on X: "Meet the dynamic lineup of drivers - Sohil, Shahan, Raoul, Gabi - representing the Goa Aces JA Racing team in the #IndianRacingLeague 2024!"| url=https://x.com/Irlofficial1/status/1824772809496711197/ |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=X}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| 11
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]<ref name=":4" />
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]<ref name=":4" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=2| 24
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Raoul Hyman]]<ref name=":4" />
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah<ref name=":4" />
| All
|-
|nowrap rowspan=5| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]<ref name="lineup">{{cite news |date=18 August 2024 |title=Indian Racing League 2024: Teams, drivers, line-up and all you need to know |url=https://www.thesportsnews.in/indian-racing-league-2024-teams-drivers-line-up-and-all-you-need-to-know/ |publisher=The Sports News India}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| 18
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Emily Duggan<ref name=":5" />
| 1–2
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mira Erda<ref name=":8" />
| 3–5
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar<ref name=":5" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=2| 23
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]<ref name=":5" />
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2024 |title=A powerhouse lineup of Chennai Turbo Riders for the 2024 Indian Racing League |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C-7PFILzzwB/?img_index=1 |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]}}</ref>
| All
|-
|rowspan=4| Bangalore Speedsters
|rowspan=2| 25
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishon Rajeev<ref name="Bangalore">{{cite news |date=19 August 2024 |title=Bangalore, brace yourselves for a thrilling season ahead! |url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/C-1-lEtgxNq/?img_index=1 |publisher=[[Indian Racing League]] on [[Instagram]]}}</ref>
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Wood]]<ref name="Bangalore" />
| All
|-
|rowspan=2| 95
| {{flagicon|DNK}} Julius Dinesen<ref name="Bangalore" />
| All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]<ref name="Bangalore" />
| All
|}

=== Team changes ===
A new team joined the grid to replace 2022 teams' champions Godspeed Kochi. First announced under the guise of ''Kolkata Royal Tigers'', it was later confirmed to be named ''[[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Indian Racing League Official on X: "Kolkata, start your engines! Catch a new powerhouse burning rubber in Season 3 of the Indian Racing Festival in 2024."| url=https://twitter.com/Irlofficial1/status/1810314065899868231 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=X}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Indian actor and producer [[John Abraham]] acquired ownership of the Goa Aces team, renaming it to ''Goa Aces JA Racing''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-02 |title=John Abraham becomes owner of Goa Aces in Indian Racing Festival 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/john-abraham-becomes-owner-of-goa-aces-in-indian-racing-festival-2024/articleshow/112218057.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Driver changes ===
The Bangalore Speedsters only retained a single driver in Kyle Kumaran as Ashwin Datta, Oliver Webb and Sarah Moore left the series. They were replaced by [[2022 F4 Danish Championship|2022 Danish F4]] champion Julius Dinesen, [[2024 Porsche Sprint Challenge Great Britain|Porsche Sprint Challenge GB]] driver Caitlin Wood and series returnee Rishon Rajeev, who had already competed for the team in 2022.<ref name="Bangalore" />

Amir Sayed left the Goa Aces team and was replaced by Shahan Ali Mohsin, who returned to the series after last competing in 2022 with the Speed Demons Delhi team.<ref name=":4" />

The Chennai Turbo Riders replaced the departing Nicole Havrda and Delhi-bound [[Sai Sanjay]] with ex-Delhi driver Sandeep Kumar and Emily Duggan, who last competed in 2019 in the Australian Toyota 86 Racing and [[2019 Super3 Series|Super3]] series.<ref name=":5" />

Speed Demons Delhi welcomed three new drivers to their team as Sandeep Kumar moved to the Chennai Turbo Riders and [[Mitchell Gilbert]] and [[Chloe Chong]] left the championship. They were replaced by [[Álvaro Parente]], who had entered the opening event in 2023 with the Hyderabad Blackbirds, Sai Sanjay, who swapped teams with Kumar, and Belgian GT4 driver Angélique Detavernier, who made her series debut.<ref name="Delhi" />

New entry Rarh Bengal Tigers took on all four drivers of Godspeed Kochi, the team it replaced.<ref name=":6" />

==== Mid-season ====
GT driver Tom Canning returned to the championship to sub for Neel Jani, who was absent from rounds 2 and 3 because of his clashing WEC commitments.<ref name=":7" />

Three more driver changes happened for round three: Jaden Pariat subbed for [[Nikhil Bohra]], who prioritized his [[FRECA]] campaign, Mira Erda replaced Emily Duggan at Chennai Turbo Riders and Adam Khalid replaced [[Álvaro Parente]] at Speed Demons Delhi.<ref name=":8" /> Parente and Bohra returned for the final two rounds at Kari Motor Speedway.

==Race calendar==
The provisional calendar was announced in late February of 2024, albeit without any confirmed venues.<ref name=":1" /> The venue of the first three rounds were later confirmed to be the [[Madras International Circuit]] in [[Irungattukottai]], the new [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]] in [[Chennai]] and [[Kari Motor Speedway]] in [[Coimbatore]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Jayantho |date=2024-07-20 |title=F4 night street race to see light of the day in Chennai on August 31 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/f4-night-street-race-to-see-light-of-the-day-in-chennai-on-august-31-795794 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=Indian Racing League Official on Instagram: "The kind of “save the dates” we like"| url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/C-U3uIVzmFv/?hl=de |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> The second round was then relocated to be also held at Madras, with Kari hosting rounds 4 and 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Racing League on X: "Updated Race Schedule!" |url=https://x.com/Irlofficial1/status/1833426575028609113}}</ref> All events were held in India and were run in tandem with the F4 Indian Championship. The event format remained unchanged from the 2023 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/C-kU-gnAnG6/?img_index=1|title=@indianracingleagueofficial on Instagram|publisher=@indianracingleagueofficial on [[Instagram]]|date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
!colspan=2| No.
! Circuit
! Date
! Map of circuit locations
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
! R1
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]], [[Irungattukottai]]}}
| 24 August
| rowspan="10"| {{Location map+|India|caption=|width=250|float=right|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0025 |long=79.985833 |label='''[[Madras International Circuit|Irungattukottai]]''' |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0728 |long=80.2807 |label='''[[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|Chennai]]''' |position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=10.901389 |long=77.050833 |label='''[[Kari Motor Speedway|Coimbatore]]''' |position=right}}
}}
|-
! R2
|25 August
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
! R1
|rowspan=2| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]], [[Chennai]]
|rowspan=2| 1 September
|-
! R2
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
! R1
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]], [[Irungattukottai]]}}
| 14 September
|-
! R2
|15 September
|-
!rowspan=2| 4
! R1
| rowspan="4" | [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Chettipalayam]]
| 19 October
|-
! R2
|20 October
|-
!rowspan=2| 5
! R1
| 16 November
|-
! R2
|17 November
|}

== Race results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
!colspan=2| No.
! Circuit
! Pole position
! Fastest lap
! Winning driver
! Winning team
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
! R1
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]]}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
|nowrap| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
! R2
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
! R1
|rowspan=2| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]]
|nowrap| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
! R2
| {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Álvaro Parente]]
| {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Álvaro Parente]]
| {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Álvaro Parente]]
| [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
! R1
|rowspan=2| {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]]}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
! R2
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
|nowrap| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
|nowrap| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 4
! R1
| rowspan="4" | [[Kari Motor Speedway]]
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Neel Jani]]
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Neel Jani]]
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|-
! R2
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
!rowspan=2| 5
! R1
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
! R2
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|}

== Season report ==
The 2024 Indian Racing League opened at [[Madras International Circuit]] with [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]] driver Ruhaan Alva on pole position for the first race. He dropped to fifth after going off at the start of the race, handing Chennai Turbo Riders driver [[Jon Lancaster]] the lead before he too ran wide and Hyderabad Blackbirds’ [[Neel Jani]] claimed first place. He looked set to win the race before retiring with a car issue on the final lap. That saw Lancaster claim the win ahead of Speed Demons Delhi’s [[Álvaro Parente]] and pole sitter Alva. Race two saw Rarh Bengal Tigers’ Alister Yoong lead Hyderabad Blackbirds’ Akhil Rabindra and Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing’s Gabriela Jílková to an unchallenged lights-to-flag win.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team Evo India |first= |date=26 August 2024 |title=Jon Lancaster and Jaden Pariat bag top honours at Round 1 of the 2024 Indian Racing Festival |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/jon-lancaster-and-jaden-pariat-bag-top-honours-at-round-1-of-the-2024-indian-racing-league |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=27 August 2024 |title=Indian Racing Festival Round 1: Hugh Barter scores double wins |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-racing-festival-round-1-hugh-barter-scores-double-wins-432657 |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

Round two saw the debut of the [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit]]. After significant delays due to circuit modifications mandated by the [[FIA]], Jílková qualified on pole position for the first race. Goa Aces JA Racing’s [[Raoul Hyman]] took the lead, before the race was interrupted by a dog entering the track. Hyman held his lead at the restart to win the race, while Yoong took third. Parente took pole position for the second race and led every lap despite continuous pressure from Goa Aces JA Racing’s Sohil Shah. Parente took the win by 0.9 seconds as Alva claimed third. That result saw the Rarh Bengal Tigers, who had finished on the podium at every race up to that point, cement their championship lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |title=New Chennai street circuit: Hits and misses |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/new-chennai-street-circuit-hits-and-misses-432724 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savant |first=Mandar |date=2024-09-02 |title=2024 Indian Racing Festival Round 2 race report |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/2024-indian-racing-festival-round-2-race-report |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref>

The series returned to Madras International Circuit for its third round, and Alva once again claimed pole position in his group. Yoong started second but dropped to fourth at the start, behind Lancaster and Jílková. Alva looked set to win until he suffered a technical issue on the final lap and dropped to third, handing Lancaster the win and Jílková second place. Chennai Turbo Riders driver Mohamed Ryan took pole position for the second race. He led Shah all race and took a comfortable lights-to-flag victory. Bangalore Speedsters driver Rishon Rajeev held off Jaden Pariat, who subbed for [[Nikhil Bohra]] at the Rarh Bengal Tigers, for third place. Still, the Tigers continued to lead the championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-19 |title=IRL: Third consecutive podium for Gabriela Jílková |url=https://www.racers-behindthehelmet.com/post/irl-third-consecutive-podium-for-gabriela-j%C3%ADlkov%C3%A1 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Racers |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian Racing League debuted at [[Kari Motor Speedway]] for round four. Jani claimed pole position for the first race and built a gap of five seconds, before he was hit by gearbox issues. Lancaster closed up and passed him, before Jani got on top of his issues and attacked back. Lancaster was able to hold on to the lead and claim the victory, with Shah finishing in third. The second day of competition was dominated by Hyman, who took pole position, led every lap, claimed the fastest lap and won the race. Alva claimed second, while Parente was handed third when Jílková struggled with a car issue. Round four saw the Goa Aces close up to the Rarh Bengal Tigers in the championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=22 October 2024 |title=Indian Racing Festival Round 4: Aqil Alibhai takes clean sweep |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-racing-festival-round-4-aqil-alibhai-takes-clean-sweep-433292 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vashisth |first=Mohit |date=2024-10-21 |title=Chennai Turbo Riders and Goa Aces dominate Round 4 of the Indian Racing Festival |url=https://www.evoindia.com/news/chennai-turbo-riders-goa-aces-dominate-round-4-of-irl |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref>

The final round, also held at Kari Motor Speedway, began with a pole position for Shah. He followed that up with a lights-to-flag victory ahead of Jani and Parente. Shah also took the fastest lap for the maximum points, allowing his Goa Aces team to claim the lead of the Teams’ Championship by two points heading into the final race. That race was started by Hyman on pole position before Alva collided with Speed Demons Delhi driver Akash Gowda. The Goa Aces pair of Hyman and Jílková flew in formation afterwards to secure a 1-2 finish ahead of Bangalore Speedsters' Julius Dinesen. With that, they claimed both the Teams’ Championship and the Entrant Championship for Hyman's and Shah's No. 24.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=18 November 2024 |title=Goa Aces JA Racing wins 2024 Indian Racing League |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/goa-aces-ja-racing-wins-2024-indian-racing-league-433579 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

== Championship standings ==
=== Scoring system ===

Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
! Race Position
|style="background:#ffffbf;"|  '''1st''' 
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"|  '''2nd''' 
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"|  '''3rd''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''4th''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''5th''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''6th''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''7th''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''8th''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''9th''' 
|style="background:#dfffdf;"|  '''10th''' 
| '''Pole'''
| '''{{tooltip|FL|Fastest lap}}'''
|-
! Points
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 25
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 18
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 15
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 1
| 1
| 1
|}
Drivers sharing a car added the points they earned in their respective races to a shared total.

=== Entrant championship ===
{|
| valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2| Pos
!rowspan=2| Entrant
!rowspan=2| Drivers
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]1
!colspan=2| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]2
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
!rowspan=2| Pts
|-
! R1
! R2
! R1{{ref|3|1}}
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 24 [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''1''
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
!rowspan=2| 167
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''8''
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 23 [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
!rowspan=2| 147
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 5 [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
!rowspan=2| 123
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 4
| rowspan="3" align="left" | No. 2 [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Bohra]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|
! rowspan="3" | 97
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaden Pariat
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|-
!rowspan=2| 5
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 11 [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2'''
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
!rowspan=2| 94
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 6
| rowspan="3" align="left" | No. 6 [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Gowda
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
! rowspan="3" | 82
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|PRT}} [[Álvaro Parente]]
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|
|
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|MYS}} Adam Khalid
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| 7
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 25 Bangalore Speedsters
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Rishon Rajeev
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
!rowspan=2| 79
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Wood]]
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|-
!rowspan=3| 8
|rowspan=3 align=left| No. 9 [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|GBR}} Tom Canning
|
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|
|
|
|
|
!rowspan=3| 73
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Neel Jani]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''''2'''''
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
!rowspan=2| 9
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 95 Bangalore Speedsters
|align=left| {{flagicon|DNK}} Julius Dinesen
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
!rowspan=2| 46
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|-
!rowspan=2| 10
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 7 [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|ESP}} Laura Camps Torras
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|
!rowspan=2| 45
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anindith Reddy]]
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|-
!rowspan=2| 11
|rowspan=2 align=left| No. 33 [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|BEL}} Angélique Detavernier
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#000000; color:#ffffff"| DSQ
|
|style="background:#cfcfff;"| 11
|
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
!rowspan=2| 36
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 12
| rowspan="3" align="left" | No. 18 [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|AUS}} Emily Duggan
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|
|
|
|
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 19
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Mira Erda
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Pos
!rowspan=2| Entrant
!rowspan=2| Drivers
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
!rowspan=2| Pts
|-
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]1
!colspan=2| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]2
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
|}

*{{note|3|1}} – Full race results were not made publicly available.

|valign="top"| {{Motorsport driver results legend}}
'''Bold''' – Pole

''Italics'' – Fastest Lap
|}

=== Teams' championship ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2| Pos
!rowspan=2| Team
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]1
!colspan=2| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]2
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
!rowspan=2| Pts
|-
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
! R1
! R2
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
|rowspan=2 align=left| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
!rowspan=2| 261
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''8''
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| '''2'''
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
|rowspan=2 align=left| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| '''''3'''''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
!rowspan=2| 220
|-
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#ffffff;"| DNS
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
|rowspan=2 align=left| [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#efcfff;"| ''Ret''
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
!rowspan=2| 166
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 10
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 8
|-
!rowspan=2| 4
|rowspan=2 align=left| Bangalore Speedsters
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 9
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
!rowspan=2| 125
|-
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
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!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]1
!colspan=2| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
!colspan=2| [[Madras International Circuit|MIC]]2
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
!colspan=2| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rpplind.com/ Promoters website]

[[Category:Indian Racing League]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian motorsport|Indian Racing League]]

Gayatri Arun

2026-02-18T04:15:28Z

FranciscaFortney: Made basic post more to come.

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gayathri Arun
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Cherthala]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], Kerala, India
| othername = Gayathri S.
| years_active = 2006, 2013- present
| occupation = Actress TV host Author
| parents =
}}

'''Gayathri Arun''' is an Indian actress known for her work in Malayalam films and television serials. She is well known for portraying the character Deepthi IPS in Malayalam soap opera, ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=UR |first=Arya |title=Whether films or serials, I wish to be known as a good performer: Gayathri Arun |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/whether-films-or-serials-i-wish-to-be-known-as-a-good-performer-gayathri-arun/articleshow/72402127.cms |access-date=2023-02-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also acted in movies such as ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'', ''Ormma'', ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'', ''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]'' and ''[[Kalamkaval]]''. She hosted various television shows. Her first book named ''Achappam Kadhakal'' was published on 5 September 2021.

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sarvopari Palakkaran]]'' || [[Superintendent (police)|ACP]] Chandra Sivakumar || Debut ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Gayathri Arun all set to make her debut on the silver screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-arun-all-set-to-make-her-debut-on-the-silver-screen/articleshow/53209307.cms |work=The Times of India|date=14 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''Ormma'' || Rajashree || Lead role ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-arun-is-all-smiles-for-orma/articleshow/68334445.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Gayathri Arun is all smiles for Orma|date=9 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Thrissur Pooram (film)|Thrissur Pooram]]'' || Giri's mother || Cameo ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gayathri-arun-joins-jayasuryas-thrissur-pooram/articleshow/70227545.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Gayathri Arun joins Jayasurya's Thrissur Pooram |last1=George |first1=Anjana }}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Seena || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/whether-films-or-serials-i-wish-to-be-known-as-a-good-performer-gayathri-arun/articleshow/72402127.cms |title=Whether films or serials I wish to be known as a good performer |work=The Times of India |last1=Ur |first1=Arya }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Ennalum Ente Aliya]]'' || Lakshmi || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-to-play-balu-in-love-jihad/articleshow/89745846.cms |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu to play Balu in Love Jihad |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Idiyan Chandhu]]'' || Sneha Teacher || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Idiyan Chandhu Review: A Poor Script Saved By Its Action Sequences |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/idiyan-chandhu-review-a-poor-script-saved-by-its-action-sequences-review-111866978 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kalamkaval]]'' || Shiny || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=21 heroines in Mammootty's upcoming film; 'Kurup' writer's directorial debut |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/mobile/news.php?id=1516950|access-date=May 25, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
*''All TV series and shows are in [[Malayalam]] language''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006|| ''Kalalayavarnangal'' || rowspan="4" | Host || rowspan="3" | [[Kairali TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Gandharva Sangeetham'' || ||
|-
|''Circus'' || ||
|-
|''India@60''||[[Manorama News]]||||
|-
| 2013 || ''Indira'' || Indira || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Replaced [[Sujitha]] ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/gayathri-arun-who-plays-the-role-of-an-ips-office-in-parasparam-which-is-the-remake-of-a-hindi-serial-diya-aur-baati-hum-a-talks-about-her-role-onscreen-and-that-of-a-wife-and-mother-offscreen/article6981800.ece/ |work=The Hindu |title=A remarkable journey|date=12 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2013–2018|| ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' || Deepthi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || rowspan="3" | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || Lead role ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Gayathri Arun turns nostalgic about Parasparam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-arun-turns-nostalgic-about-parasparam-days/articleshow/76002648.cms |work=The Times of India|date=26 May 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017|| ''The People's Choice'' || rowspan="3" | Host || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2017/07/gayathri-arun-anchor-of-peoples-choice.html |work=vinodadarshan |title=Gayathri Arun to anchor The people's choice- A new game show on Asianet}}</ref>
|-
|''Interview with Sugathakumari''|| ||
|-
|2017–2019|| ''[[Laughing Villa]]'' || [[Surya TV]] ||Season 2, 3 ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-arun-gives-a-denim-twist-to-the-sari-look/articleshow/80390575.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Gayathri Arun gives a denim twist to the sari|date=21 January 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2020||''[[Aksharathettu (TV series)|Aksharathettu]]''|| rowspan="2" |Herself||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Cameo Appearance in Promo ||
|-
|2022||''[[Palunku (TV series)|Palunku]]''||Asianet||Cameo Appearance ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gayathri Arun sings Manju Warrier's popular song 'Kim Kim' for Palunku; watch the recording video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-arun-sings-manju-warriers-popular-song-kim-kim-for-palunku-watch-the-recording-video/articleshow/89831634.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023||''Ente Amma Superaa''|| rowspan="3" |Host|| rowspan="2" |Mazhavil Manorama|||||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2023/04/17/mazhavil-manorama-reality-show-ente-amma-supera.html | title='എന്‍റെ അമ്മ സൂപ്പറാ '; ഇത് അമ്മമാരുടെയും കുട്ടികളുടെയും വെറൈറ്റി റിയാലിറ്റി ഷോ }}</ref>
|-
| ''Mazhavil entertainment awards 2023'' || |||
|-
|2024||''Actors Round Table season 2''||[[Manorama Max]]||||
|-
|2025—present|| ''Amme Mookambike''|| Vidyamma || [[Surya TV]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/serial-amme-mookambike/ |work=Kerala TV |title=“അമ്മേ മൂകാംബികേ” – സൂര്യ ടിവി പുതിയ പരമ്പര വരുന്നു: മൂകാംബിക ദേവിയുടെ ആശ്രിതയായ സൗപർണ്ണികയുടെ കഥ.|access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

====Special appearances====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan=3| 2014|| ''[[Badai Bungalow]]'' || Guest || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Aswamedham (TV series)|Aswamedham]]'' || rowspan="3" | Participant || [[Kairali TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Don't Do Don't Do'' || Asianet Plus|| ||
|-
|2015 || ''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]]'' || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]'' || rowspan="2" | Guest ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||
|-

|2018 || ''Day with a Star'' ||[[Kaumudy TV]] || ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2019||''Swapnakoodile Thashakkar''|| Host ||Surya TV|| ||
|-
| ''Annie's Kitchen'' || rowspan="4" | Guest ||[[Amrita TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Comedy Utsavam'' ||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Ennishtam'' ||ACV || ||
|-
|2021 || ''Top Singer Season 2 '' || rowspan="2" | [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]|| ||
|-
|2022 || ''Flowers Oru Kodi'' || Participant || ||
|-
|}

== Published works ==
* {{cite book |author=Gayathri Arun |title=Achappam Kathakal |isbn=9780000135506 |date=2021 |publisher=Niyatham Books |location=Kerala, India}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/actress-gayathri-arun-book-achappam-kathakal-released-by-mohanlal-1.5977274 |title=ഗായത്രി അരുണിന്റെ പുസ്തകം അച്ഛപ്പം കഥകള്‍ മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ പ്രകാശനംചെയ്തു |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arun, Gayatri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

M. L. Vasanthakumari

2026-02-08T02:37:07Z

FranciscaFortney: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description |Indian singer (1928–1990)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Madras Lalithangi Vasanthakumari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = tam
| image = MLVasanthakumari.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = MLV in late 1940s
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|7|3}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|10|31|1928|7|3}}
| death_place = [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1942–1990
| genre = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic music – Indian Classical Music]] and [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]], EMI, RPG, AVM Audio, Inreco, Vani, Amutham Inc, Doordarshan, Super Audio, Geethanjali, Kosmic Music, Charsur Digital Workshop etc.
}}

'''Madras Lalithangi Vasanthakumari''' (3 July 1928{{snd}}31 October 1990), known as '''M. L. Vasanthakumari''' and commonly referred to as '''MLV''', was an Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nayak |first=Sharada |date=2000 |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=Indira |title=Women musicians of the Karnatak tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005501 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=171–174 |jstor=23005501 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> and a [[playback singer]] in films across several [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]].

Vasanthakumari and her contemporaries, [[D. K. Pattammal]] and [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], are often referred to as the female trinity of Carnatic music.<ref name="Hindu0308042">{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20031021055000/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/04/stories/2003080401540300.htm Chords and Notes]}}. ''The Hindu'' (4 August 2003)</ref> A disciple of [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], she was the youngest of the established musicians of that era and the youngest female to receive the [[Sangita Kalanidhi]] award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangeeta Kalanidhis |url=http://www.karnatik.com/sk.shtml |access-date=28 July 2013 |publisher=karnatik.com}}</ref> In 1967, the government of India honoured her with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the country's third-highest civilian award.

Vasanthakumari's notable career as a playback singer for films popularized lesser-known [[raga|''ragas'']], and her [[Ragam Thanam Pallavi|Ragam Thanam Pallavis]] were regarded as cerebral.<ref name="Hindu0307045">{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20031208134840/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401040500.htm Blend of melody, rhythm and intellect]}}. ''The Hindu'' (4 July 2003)</ref> Additionally, she popularized the compositions of the [[Haridasa]]s. Her disciples include her daughter [[Srividya]], [[Sudha Ragunathan|Sudha Raghunathan]], [[Charumathi Ramachandran]], and [[A. Kanyakumari]].<ref name="sruti3">Calutta K.S. Krishnamurthi, 'Sruti' Issue 75–76 December 1990 – January 1991</ref>

==Early life==
Vasanthakumari was born into a musical family. Her father, Kuthanur Ayya Swamy Iyer, and her mother, Lalithangi, were both musicians.<ref>Guy, Randor (21 December 2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20171221083730/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/211217/ml-vasanthakumari-turned-down-offer-to-act-with-thyagaraja-bhagavathar.html ML Vasanthakumari turned down offer to act with Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]. ''Deccan Chronicle''</ref> When [[Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]] died in 1925, Lalithangi composed a song as a tribute to his [[patriotism]].

Vasanthakumari was educated in a [[convent]] school in [[Chennai|Madras]] where she initially planned to pursue a career in [[Medical education|medicine]]. However, her path took a turn when Carnatic musician [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], popularly known as GNB, became her [[guru]]. In Vasanthakumari's own words:

''"My parents had rendered yeoman service to Carnatic music. They were instrumental in popularizing the compositions of Purandara Dasa in South India. Although they were not keen on my pursuing a career in music and instead provided me with a general education, the musical atmosphere at home gave me ample opportunity to practice vocal music. When G. N. Balasubramaniam heard me sing, he convinced my parents to allow him to tutor me. It is he who is responsible for the position I hold in the music world today."''{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Performing and recording career==
At the age of 12, M. L. Vasanthakumari debuted in 1940, accompanying her mother, Lalithangi in a recital. In 1942, she gave her first solo performance in [[Bengaluru]] and recorded her first 78-rpm disc. By 1950, she was regularly performing on stage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Sruti Foundation |url=https://sruti.com/artist/whos-who-in-indian-classical-music-ml-vasanthakumari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606023307/https://sruti.com/artist/whos-who-in-indian-classical-music-ml-vasanthakumari |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2025-06-07 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=StreeShakti - The Parallel Force |url=https://www.streeshakti.com/bookV.aspx?author=1 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.streeshakti.com}}</ref>

===Musical style===
Vasanthakumari's style was influenced by her mentor G. N. Balasubramaniam.<ref name="sruti22">Calutta K.S. Krishnamurthi, 'Sruti' Issue 98 Nov 1992</ref> Musicologist Indira Menon noted that Vasanthakumari adopted Balasubramaniam’s approach of introducing a ''raga'' with a quick sketch across two octaves, followed by a more detailed elaboration. Menon also observed that she used vocal ornamentation (brigas) selectively and exercised restraint in her performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gopal |first1=Rupa |date=December 2009 |title=A Nightingale called MLV |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-nightingale-called-mlv/article57363.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Purandaradasa tradition ===
Vasanthakumari's mother Lalithangi performed a repertoire of [[Purandaradasa]] [[Kriti (music)|kritis]], many of which she taught to her daughter. Vasanthakumari later included these compositions in her performances, contributing to the wider dissemination of Purandara Dasa's Devaranamas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sruti Foundation |url=https://sruti.com/artist/whos-who-in-indian-classical-music-ml-vasanthakumari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607164735/https://sruti.com/artist/whos-who-in-indian-classical-music-ml-vasanthakumari |archive-date=7 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.sruti.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Her role has been compared to [[T. Brinda]]'s role in popularizing [[Kshetrayya]] Padams and [[M. S. Subbalakshmi]]’s efforts with [[Annamacharya]] kritis.

=== Sindhu Bhairavi ===
Vasanthakumari helped popularize [[Narayana Teertha|Narayana Teertha's]] Kalyana Gopalam and [[Purandaradasa|Purandaradasa's]] Venkatachala Nilayam in [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhubhairavi]] ''raga''. [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] maestro [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] praised her for her music. [[Sudha Ragunathan|Sudha Raghunathan]], also a prominent [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer, once said, "MLV Amma told me that it was [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan|Bade Ghulam Ali Khan Saab]] who taught her the nuances of Sindhu Bhairavi in the Hindustani style."<ref name="Hindu0307045"/>

===Playback singing===
By 1946, Vasanthakumari also became a playback singer.<ref name="Hindu0307045"/> Her first successful performance was in the 1951 film ''[[Manamagal]]'', where she sang ''Ellam Inbamayam'' in [[ragamalika]] and [[Subramania Bharathiyar]]'s composition ''Chinnanchiru Kiliyae Kannamma''. In the 1960 film ''[[Raja Desingu]]'', she sang another ragamalika, ''Paarkadal Alaimele'', which was well-received and later became popular in [[Bharatha Natyam|Bharatanatyam]] recitals. She would later sing these songs towards the end of her Carnatic music concerts, and several musicians include them in their [[repertoire]] today.<ref name="Hindu0211082">{{Cite web |title=The Hindu: Voice with an enchanting lilt |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801120400.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905033308/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801120400.htm |archive-date=5 September 2009 |access-date=3 December 2008}}</ref>

Vasanthakumari also sang ''Ayya Saami'' in the 1951 film, ''[[Or Iravu]]''. This song was based on the song ''Gore Gore O Banke Chhore'' from the film 1950 ''[[Samadhi (1950 film)|Samaadhi]]'', which was in turn based on the [[Latin American]] song ''Chico Chico from Puerto Rico,'' featured in the film [[Cuban Pete (film)|Cuban Pete]]. In the 1952 film [[Thai Ullam]], she sang ''Konjum Purave,'' which was based on the [[Hindi]] song ''Thandi Havayen.''<ref name="Hindu0211082"/> Other songs included ''Adisayam Vanathu Arivumayam'', ''Senthamarai Kannanae'', ''Vanna Tamizh,'' and ''Adum Arul Jothi'' in the films ''[[Vikramaadhithan]]'', ''[[Vaira Maalai]],'' and ''Sornakili''. Each of these songs contained the [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] ''raga'' and were well-received.<ref name="Hindu0211082" />

Vasanthakumari sang the [[Dashavatara|Dashaavataara]] songs for ''[[Bhookailas (1958 film)|Bhookailas]]'' like ''Munneeta Pavalinchu'', while [[Kumari Kamala]] danced in a classical style.<ref>{{YouTube|7rACUJ1BdXs|Munneeta Pavalinchu song}}</ref> Vasanthakumari would continue to sing in films until 1970.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-17 |title=The end of the trinity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/the-end-of-the-trinity/articleshow/4787079.cms |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Accompanists===
[[Mridangam]] maestro [[Palghat Mani Iyer]] made an exception to his decision to not accompany a female performer and later accompanied Vasanthakumari for concerts. Other accompanists include [[Mannargudi Easwaran]], [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao]], Seerkazhi J. Skandaprasad, [[Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam]], R. Ramesh, Karaikudi Krishnamurthy, [[G. Harishankar]] (Kanjira), Dwaram Mangathayaru (Violin), [[A. Kanyakumari|Kanyakumari]] (Violin).

==Family==
Vasanthakumari married Kalaimamani Vikatam R. Krishnamurthy in 1951. They had a son, Krishnamurthy Sankararaman, and a daughter, [[Srividya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srividya - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0820286/bio/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> Her daughter, [[Srividya]], would later be an actress in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films.

==Disciples==
Saraswathi Srinivasan (b. 1936) was the first disciple of Vasanthakumari. After her marriage, the duo performed in concerts together.<ref>{{cite web |title=M.L.Vasanthakumari - Page 2 - rasikas.org |url=https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=509&start=50}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Awarded by
|-
|1967
|[[Padma Bhushan]]
| Third-highest civilian award granted by the government of India
|-
|1970
|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India
|-
|1976
|Doctoral degree for her work about Purandaradasa's contributions to music
|[[Mysore University]]
|-
|1977
|[[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] (Highest accolade in the field of [[Carnatic music]])
|Music Academy, Madras
|-
|1977
|[[Isai Perarignar]]
|[[Tamil Isai Sangam]], Madras
|-
|1987
|[[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]]
|Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai
|}

== Death ==
In 1990 Vasanthakumari died of cancer at the age of 62. [[File:ML Vasanthakumari 2018 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Vasanthakumari on a 2018 stamp of India]]
=== Collaborations with music composers ===
Vasanthakumari worked with [[C. R. Subburaman|C. R. Subbaraman]], [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]], [[G. Ramanathan]], [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[Pendyala Nageshwara Rao]], [[T. Chalapathi Rao]], [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[R. Sudarsanam]], [[R. Govardhanam]], [[T. R. Pappa]], [[S. V. Venkatraman]], [[Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer|Kunnakudi Venkatrama Iyer]], G. Aswathama, T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani, [[C. N. Pandurangan]], [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]], [[T. G. Lingappa]], K. G. Moorthy, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Master Venu]], [[:te:అశ్వత్థామ_(సంగీత_దర్శకుడు)|G. Aswathama]], [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[G. Devarajan]], [[K. Raghavan]] and [[Shankar–Jaikishan]].

===Collaborations with playback singers===
Vasanthakumari sang duets mostly with [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] and [[A. M. Rajah]]. Others are [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], T. A. Mothi, [[C. R. Subburaman]], [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], K. S. George, V. Dakshinamoorthy, and [[K. J. Yesudas]].

She also sang duets with female singers, most notably with [[P. Leela]] and [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]. Others are [[A. P. Komala]], T. S. Bagavathi, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[Jikki]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[Radha Jayalakshmi]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] and [[A. G. Rathnamala]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan=2|1948 || rowspan=2|[[Krishna Bakthi]] || rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Raadhaa Samedhaa Krishnaa || rowspan=2|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] and Kunnakudi Venkatrama Iyer ||
|-
| Endha Vedugo O Raagavaa ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1948 || rowspan=5|[[Raja Mukthi]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Kulakkodi Thazhaikka || rowspan=5|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| Aaraaro Nee Aaraaro ||
|-
| Ingum Angum Engum Inbame || [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
| Enna Aanandham || [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
| Sandhoshamaai Anbar Varuvaaradi || [[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1949 || rowspan=3|[[Kanniyin Kaadhali]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Puvi Raajaa || rowspan=3|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and [[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Kalaivaaniye Nee ||
|-
| Kaaranam Theriyammal ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1949 || rowspan=6|[[Mayavathi]] || rowspan=6|Tamil || Maane En Prema Raani || rowspan=6|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
|-
| Vaaraai En Inba Vaazhve ||
|-
| Aahaa Thanimai Tharum Inbam ||
|-
| Alli Malaraayirundhen ||
|-
| Varuvano Madhivadhanan ||
|-
| Jeyame En Vaazhvile ||
|-
| 1949 || [[Nallathambi (1949 film)|Nallathambi]] || Tamil || Gaanalolan Madhanagopaalan || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1949 || rowspan=5|[[Apna Desh (1949 film)|Nam Naadu]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Mosam Pogadhe Nee || rowspan=5|[[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] and Purushotham ||
|-
| Enthan Mana Ullaasam ||
|-
| Enadhu Ennam Veene ||
|-
| Vedhanai Ilaa Logam ||
|-
| Maname Enna Pedhamai ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1949 || rowspan=4|[[Pavalakodi (1949 film)|Pavalakodi]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kandeepan Maithunaa || rowspan=4|[[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| Naane Vendinen ||
|-
| Ini Nammodellaam ||
|-
| Unathu Pugazh Paaduven ||
|-
| 1949 || [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vazhkai]] || Tamil || Gopaalanodu Naan Aaduvene || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1950 || rowspan="2" |Beedala Patlu || rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Yauvaname Aahaa Yauvaname || rowspan="2" |[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Sarasaku Raade Aane ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1950 || rowspan=3|[[Ezhai Padum Padu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Yauvaname Aahaa Yauvaname || rowspan=3|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Kannan Mana Nilaiye ||
|-
| Vaanamudhe Ondraai || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] and [[P. A. Periyanayaki]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1950 || rowspan=5|[[Manthiri Kumari]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Isai Kalaiye Inidhaana || rowspan=5|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Kaadhal Baliyaagi ||
|-
| Manam Pola Vaazhvu Peruvome || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Aahaahaahaa Vaazhvile ||
|-
| Ennum Pozhuthil Inbam ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1950 || rowspan=5|[[Parijatham (1950 film)|Parijatham]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Niyaayam Alladi Bhaamaa || rowspan=5|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] and [[C. R. Subburaman]] ||
|-
| Piraana Naathanae ||
|-
| Anbinil Yaavume.... Thulasi Jegan Maathaa ||
|-
| Pugazhnthu Pugazhnthu Uraikka ||
|-
| Vantharul Endruraippai ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1950 || rowspan=4|[[Prasanna (1950 film)|Prasanna]] || rowspan=4|[[Malayalam]] || Kalaanikethe Keralamaathe || rowspan=4|[[M. S. Gnanamani]]||
|-
| Gaanamohana Hare ||
|-
| Jaathivairam Neethirahitham ||
|-
| Thakarukayo Sakalamen ||
|-
| 1950 || [[Vijayakumari (film)|Vijayakumari]] || Tamil || Geethaanandham Perinbam || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1951 || rowspan=5|[[Manamagal]] || rowspan=5|Tamil || Chinnanciru Kiliye Kannammaa || rowspan=5|[[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| Ellaam Inbamayam || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Aayirathu Tholaayirathu || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Paaviyinum Padu Paavi || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| Iru Kaadhalar Magizhndhe || [[C. R. Subburaman]]
|-
| 1951 || [[Mayamalai]] || Tamil || || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1951 || rowspan=5|Navvithe Navaratnalu || rowspan=5|Telugu || Marubal Kavadhe Meera || rowspan=5|G. Aswathama ||
|-
| Uyyaala Loogena O Manasam ||
|-
| Telirekhalu Virise Thurupudisa ||
|-
| Saanthiye Ledhaa Naaku ||
|-
| Sri Rajarajesvari Sritajanavandita ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1951 || rowspan=2|[[Or Iravu]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ayyaa Saami Avoji Saami || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Boologam Thanai Kaana Varuveer || T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| rowspan=5|1951 || rowspan=5|Pelli Kooturu || rowspan=5|Telugu || Veera Jaajula Valape || rowspan=5|[[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[C. R. Subburaman]]
|-
| Anta Premamayam || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1950 Ki 60 Ki Ento Teda || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Paapula Loka Dupaapi || [[C. R. Subburaman]]
|-
| || [[C. R. Subburaman]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1951 || rowspan=3|[[Rajambal (1951 film)|Rajambal]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Vaazhvu Uyara Vendum || rowspan=3|M. S. Gnanamani ||
|-
| Ahaa Haa Manaiviyaaven ||
|-
| Theeraadha Thunbam Thaanaa ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1951 || rowspan=2|[[Saudamini]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Anbe En Sivame Aandarulvaaye || rowspan=2|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| Maara Sundara Maadhu Ivale ||
|-
| 1951 || [[Soudamini]] || Telugu || Elukkona Ra || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| 1951 || [[Tilottama (1951 film)|Tilottama]] || Telugu || || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Andhaman Kaidhi]] || Tamil || Kaani Nilam Vendum Paraasakthi || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
|-
| 1952 || [[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]] || Tamil || Dheena Dhayaabari Thaaye || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Maye Thvam Yaahi || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Shivakameshwari Chintaye ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Maye Thvam Yaahi || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Shivakameshwari Chintaye ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanjana]] || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Maye Thvam Yaahi || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| Shivakameshwari Chintaye ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Moondru Pillaigal]] || Tamil || Antha Raama Sowndharyam || P. S. Anantharaman and [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| 1952 || [[Mr. Sampat]] || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Manchi Dinamu Nede || [[B. S. Kalla]] and [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Moondru Pillaigal|Mugguru Kodukkulu]] || Telugu || Aaraaghu Ra Muni || K. G. Moorthy || [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Panam (1952 film)|Panam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ezhai Nin Kovilai || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
| Kudumbatthin Vilakku ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]] || Tamil || Vaazhga Vaazhgave Vaazhgave || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1952 || rowspan=3|[[Penn Manam]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kanavilum Maraven || rowspan=3|[[Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]] ||
|-
| Vazhvile Vaazhvile || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Sugamedhu Vaazhvile || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| 1952 || Puratchi Veeran || Tamil || Kaaranam Theriyaamal || [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Shyamala (1952 film)|Shyamala]] || Tamil || Ambaa Aadhi Sakthi Jegadhaambaa || [[G. Ramanathan]], [[T. V. Raju]] and S. B. Dinakar Rao ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1952 || rowspan=4|[[Thai Ullam]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Konjum Puraave || rowspan=4|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Vellai Thamarai Poovil ||
|-
| Kovil Muzhuthum Kanden ||
|-
| Kathayai Kelada ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1952 || rowspan=3|[[Daasi (1952 film)|Velaikari Magal]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Anbe Endhan Aaruyire Azhaadhe || rowspan=3|[[C. R. Subburaman]] and [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| Mudinthathe En Vazhvu ||
|-
| Pagalellam Velai Seithe || K. Devanarayanan
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Aashadeepam|Aasai Magan]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kalaigal Migundha Engal || rowspan=2|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Neeye Arul Velavane ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Aashadeepam]] || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Janani Jayikka Neenal || rowspan=2|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Sharanam Mayilvaahanaa ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Ammalakkalu]] || Telugu || Nee Kosam || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Adavare Naattile || rowspan=2|[[T. R. Pappa]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Isaippaadi ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Naa Illu|En Veedu]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Konjum Mozhi Maindharkale || rowspan=2|[[V. Nagayya]] and A. Rama Rao || T. A. Mothi
|-
| ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Gumastha (1953 film)|Gumastha]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aiyavin Penndattikku || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]], [[V. Nagayya]], and [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || K. R. Chellamuthu
|-
| Dance Baby Dance ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[Inspector (1953 film)|Inspector]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Varuvaai Mana Mohanaa || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| Madhana Singaara Neelaa ||
|-
| Moodiyirundha En Vizhiyinul ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[Inspector (1953 film)|Inspector]] || rowspan=3|Telugu || Marupayena Mohana || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Mara Sukumara ||
|-
| Moodapa Dhinana Muddulaveena ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Jatagam]] || Tamil || Velan Varuvaanodi || [[R. Govardhanam]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|[[Kangal (1953 film)|Kangal]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Inba Veenaiyai Meettudhu || rowspan=4|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| Kann Kanda Deivame ||
|-
| Annai Karamena Nammai ||
|-
| Varungkaala Thalaivan Neeye ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|Kodarikam || rowspan=2|Telugu || Illalu Illalu || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| Mahaa Ganapathi Gajaananaa ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Mamiyar]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Penn Ivale Miga || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| Mahaa Ganapathi Gajaananaa ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Manam Pola Mangalyam]] || Tamil || Solai Naduve Odi || A. Rama Rao ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Manidhanum Mirugamum]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Inbakuyil Kuralinimai || rowspan=2|[[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Imayamalai Chaaralile ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Manithan (1953 film)|Manithan]] || Tamil || Kuyile Unakku || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]] || Tamil || Nianikkira Maaadhiri Ellaam || [[C. R. Subburaman]] || [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Naa Illu]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Adigadigo Gagana Seema || rowspan=2|[[V. Nagayya]] and A. Rama Rao || T. A. Mothi
|-
| Raara Maa Intidaka ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[Naalvar]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Irul Soozhum Vaanil || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Inbam Kolludhe ||
|-
| Vaana Veedhiyil Parandhiduvom || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| 1953 || [[Naam (1953 film)|Naam]] || Tamil || || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Ulagam|Prapancham]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || || rowspan=2|M. S. Gnanamani and T. Poornananda || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| Kalaye Navakalaye ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|[[Ulagam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Un Kaadhalaal En Anbellaam || rowspan=2|M. S. Gnanamani || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| En Jeevanile ||
|-
| 1953 || [[Vazha Pirandhaval]] || Tamil || Indhiya Naadu Nam Indhiya Naadu || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1954 || rowspan=6|[[Ammaiyappan (film)|Ammaiyappan]] || rowspan=6|Tamil || Kaadhal Thuraiye Pudhumai Kanave || rowspan=6|[[T. R. Pappa]] ||
|-
| Chinna Pudhu Malare ||
|-
| Sidhaindhadhe.... Manamogana Jeevan || [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| Poojaikku.... Pillaiyaare Thulli ||
|-
| Neelakadal Paaru Paappaa ||
|-
| Kaadhal Thuraiye Pudhumai Kanave ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Bedara Kannappa]] || [[Kannada]] || Daari Kaadu Naa Balu Nonde || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1954 || rowspan=3|[[Kanavu (1954 film)|Kanavu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kannaana Thaai Naadae || rowspan=3| [[G. Ramanathan]] and [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Eliyorku Suga Vaazhvu Edhu ||
|-
| Engume Thai Pongal ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Kudumbam (1954 film)|Kudumbam]] || Tamil || Pandigai Dhinamithadah || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1954 || Menarikam || Telugu || || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]] || Tamil || Kalaiye Puviyaarai Kavarum || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Ratha Kanneer]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kadhavai Saathadi || rowspan=2|[[C. S. Jayaraman]] ||
|-
| Aalaiyin Sangge Nee Oothaayo ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Paasam]] || Tamil || Nilaiyaana Inbam Manavaalan Anbe || M. K. Athmanathan and A. V. Natarajan ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Kalahasti Mahatyam]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Choochi Choochi || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Chaalu Chaalu Naa Mohana ||
|-
| 1954 || [[Thookku Thookki]] || Tamil || Vaaranam Aayiram Soozha Valam Seidhu || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1954 || [[Thuli Visham]] || Tamil || Nandraaga Vaazha Vendum || [[K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1954 || rowspan=4|[[Vaira Malai]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Vanjamidho Vaanchaiyidho || rowspan=4|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Koovaamal Koovum Kogilam || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| Unnai Ennum Podhe ||
|-
| Senthamarai Kannane ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Adarsha Sathi]]|| Telugu || Parameshane Shiraverida || R. Sudarsanam and R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Kalvanin Kadhali (1955 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]] || Tamil || Tamil Thirunaadu Thannai Petra || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| 1955 || [[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]] || Tamil || Manjal Veyyil Maalaiyile || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
|-
| 1955 || [[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]] || Tamil || Manadhinile Naan Konda || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Koteeswaran]] || Tamil || Ennudalum Ullak Kaadhalum Unakke || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Maheswari (film)|Maheswari]] || Tamil || Andha NaaLum Endha Naalo || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1955 || [[Ulagam Palavitham]] || Tamil || Adimaiyendre Ennathe Penne || N. S. Balakrishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Valliyin Selvan]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kannin Maniye Vaa || rowspan=2|Parur S. Anantharaman ||
|-
| Vilaiyaadum Dheivamadi || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| 1955 || [[Vijaya Gauri]] || Telugu || Andala Sandadilo || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1954 || [[Bedara Kannappa|Vedan Kannappa]] || Tamil || Thedi Thedi Naan Manam Nondhen || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]] || Tamil || Enge Maraindhanayo || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] and [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]] || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Theem Theem || [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1956 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]] || Tamil || Ennamadhellaam Neeye Niraindhu || [[Master Venu]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1956 || rowspan=4|[[Kannin Manigal]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Nalla Veenai Idhe Mannile || rowspan=4|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| Velli Nilavinile ||
|-
| Aaraaro Aasai Kanmaniye ||
|-
| Anbin Dheepamidhe ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|[[Koodappirappu]] || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Alarsharaparithaapam || rowspan=2|[[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| Manivarnane Innu Njan ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Kula Deivam (1956 film)|Kula Dheivam]] || Tamil || Thaaye Yasodha Undhan || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Madurai Veeran]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aadal Kaaneero || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Senthamizhaa Ezhundhu ||
|-
| 1956 || Naga Devathai || Tamil || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1956 || Nagula Chavithi || Telugu || Marubal Kavadhe Meera || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|[[Ondre Kulam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Anda Pagiranda Akilandeswari || rowspan=2|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] and M. V. Ranga Rao ||
|-
| Thiruvarul Purivaai Jaganmaathaa ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|[[Madurai Veeran (1956 film)|Sahasra Veerudu]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Aatal Kanalero Maa Aatal Kanalero || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Andhamula Rashi Neevoyi ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Snehaseema|Punniyavathi]] || Tamil || Kani Voorum Amudhaana Idhayam || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1956 || rowspan=3|[[Raja Rani (1956 film)|Raja Rani]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Vaanga Vaanga ... Indriravu Miga Nandriravu || rowspan=3|[[T. R. Pappa]] || S. V. Ponnusamy
|-
| Manippuraa Pudhu Manippuraa ||
|-
| Inba Nan Naalidhe ||
|-
| 1956 || [[Thaaikkuppin Thaaram]] || Tamil || Naadu Sezhithida NaaLum Uzhaithida || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|[[Bhale Ammayilu]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Gopaala Jaagela Raa || rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Theem Thaam Thirana (Thillana) || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| 1957 || [[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]] || Tamil || Enthan Ullam Kollai Kolla || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|[[Iru Sagodharigal]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Thaaye Un Seyalallavo || rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Theem Thaam Thirana (Thillana) || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|[[Karpukkarasi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaniyo Paago Karkando || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| Vizhiyodu Vilaiyaadum || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1957 || [[Manamagan Thevai]] || Tamil || Vanthaal Varattum Podi || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Mayabazar|Maya Bajaar]] || Tamil || Chellamudan Devarkalum Nallaasi || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Mayabazar]] || Kannada || Srisuraru Thamadhalu || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Mayabazar]] || Telugu || Srikarulu Devathalu || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || Nala Damayanthi || Telugu || Jaali Chpppavadelara || [[B. Gopalam]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Chakravarthi Thirumagal|Rajaputhri Rahasyamu]] || Telugu || Sreeramu Meedhane Perasha || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Rani Lalithangi]] || Tamil || Kannaale Mannaadhi Mannarum || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Sati Anasuya]] || Telugu || Maa Roopa Nava Shobana || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Soubhagyavathi]] || Tamil || Matha Maragadha Shyaamaa || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Soubhagyavathi]] || Telugu || Matha Maragadha Shyaamaa || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Vanangamudi|Thalavanchani Veerudu]] || Telugu || Raa Raa Raa || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Vanangamudi]] || Tamil || Siramathil.... Vaa Vaa Vaa || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1957 || [[Manamagan Thevai|Varudu Kavali]] || Telugu || Nandasuthudu Andam Chandam || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Baktha Ravana]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Dheva Mahadheva || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] and R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Dheva Mahadheva || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] and R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| Munneeta Pavalinchu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|[[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailas]] || rowspan=2|Kannada || Dheva Mahadheva || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] and R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| Ksheeraabdhi Varadhaama Naga Sayana ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|[[Kanniyin Sabatham]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Attatthil Sirandhadhu Pitthalaattam || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| Solla Theriyaamal ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|[[Mangalya Bhagyam]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Nenjathile Achcham Illaadhavar || rowspan=3| [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Anusooya Kadhaakaalatchebam || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] and [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Annaiye Paraasakthi ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Sati Anasuya]] || Tamil || Maa Roopa Nava Shobana || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Karpukkarasi|Uthama Illalu]] || Telugu || Veyinola Koniyaru Rasakalpame || [[G. Ramanathan]] and M. S. Raju || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|[[Chathurangam (1959 film)|Chathurangamm]] || rowspan=3|Malayalam || Kaatte Va Kadale || rowspan=3| [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| Odakkuzhalum ||
|-
| Kaatte Va Kadale Va || [[K. S. George]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Jayabheri]] || Telugu || Neeventa Nerajaa Navauraa || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Kalaivaanan]] || Tamil || Kaadhal Silai Aadudhe || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Kalyanikku Kalyanam]] || Tamil || Aanandham Indru Aarambam || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Kaveriyin Kanavan]] || Tamil || Vannatamizh Sornakili || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Krishna Leelalu]]|| Telugu || Thaalalenuraa Thaginadaanaraa || [[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1959 || rowspan=6|[[Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal]] || rowspan=6|Tamil || Pathu Viral Modhiram || rowspan=6|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Ranga Ranga Ranga || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Maithunare Maithunare || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Kanna Vaa Vaa ||
|-
| Inge Irupadhaa ||
|-
| Ilavu Kaaththa Kili Pol ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Manimekalai (1959 film)|Manimekalai]] || Tamil || PazhangkAla Thamizharin Vaazhkai Murai || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Minnal Veeran]] || Tamil || Manamirunthaal || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Orey Vazhi]] || Tamil || Kalvi Kalvi Endru Paadu || [[R. Govardhanam]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Pennkulathin Ponvilakku]] || Tamil || Kadavul Padaikkavillai || [[Master Venu]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1959 || [[President Panchatcharam]] || Tamil || Oli Padaitha Kanninaayi || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| 1959 || [[Thanga Padhumai]] || Tamil || Varugiraal Unnai Thedi || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|[[Vachina Kodalu Nachindi]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Pahimam Jayajaya || rowspan=2|[[S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| Pahimam Saranantimamma || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Mannathi Mannan]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kalaiyodu Kalandhadhu Unmai || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Aadadha Manamum Undo || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| 1960 || [[Meenda Sorgam]] || Tamil || Aadum Arul Jothi || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|[[Parthiban Kanavu (1960 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Andhi Mayanguthadi || rowspan=3|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||
|-
| Vadiveru Thirisoolam Thondrum ||
|-
| Munnam Avanudaya Naamam Kettaal ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Petra Manam]] || Tamil || Sindhanai Seiyadaa || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (dialogues)
|-
| 1960 || [[Raja Bakthi]] || Tamil || Karka Kasadara Katraapin || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Raja Desingu]] || Tamil || Paakkadal Alai Mele || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1960 || Seetha || Malayalam || Kanne Nukaru Swargasukham || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1960 || rowspan=3|[[Thilakam (1960 film)|Thilakam]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Kaathirundha Kannukku || rowspan=3|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Manasukkulle Maraichu Vaikka || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Ezhaikkum Vaazhvukkum || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] and T. S. Bagavathi
|-
| 1961 || [[Raja Desingu|Desinguraju Katha]] || Telugu || Pala Kadali Meedha || Pamarthi ||
|-
| 1961 || [[Thanga Padhumai|Sri Kanyaka Parameswari Mahatmyam]] || Telugu || Virahini Ninu Kore || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| 1961 || [[Kongunattu Thangam]] || Tamil || Irundhum Illaadhavare || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1961 || Krishna Kuchela || Malayalam || Varnippathengine || [[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1961 || [[Malliyam Mangalam]] || Tamil || Avarindri Naanillai Kanne || T. A. Kalyanam ||
|-
| 1961 || [[Meenda Sorgam|Sthree Hrudayam]] || Telugu || Neeve Jagajyothi || Nityanand || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1961 || Ummini Thanka || Malayalam || Geethopadesham || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|[[Mannadhi Mannan|Ekaika Veerudu]] || rowspan=2|Telugu || Nanukora Thagadidi Vinumaa || rowspan=2|[[S. P. Kodandapani]] ||
|-
| Hrdayamulu Pulakinnchavo || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1962 || [[Vikramaadhithan]] || Tamil || Adhisayam Ivanadhu || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1963 || [[Susheela (1963 film)|Susheela]] || Malayalam || Thaalolam Thankam Thaalolam || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1964 || [[Veeranganai]]|| Tamil || Angamellam Sornthu Vaada || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[P. Leela]] and [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 1965 || [[Maganey Kel]] || Tamil || Kalai Manggai Uruvam Kandu || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1965 || [[Pinchuhridhayam]] || Malayalam || Gaanavum Layavum Neeyalle || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1965 || rowspan=3|[[Shakuntala (1965 film)|Shakunthala]] || rowspan=3|Malayalam || Kaamavardhiniyaam || rowspan=3|[[K. Raghavan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Kaalil Chilanka || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| Guru Brahma ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]] || Telugu || Chepa Rupamuna || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[B. Gopalam]] || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| 1967 || [[Sri Purandara Dasaru]] || Kannada || Aadidano Ranga || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|M. L. Vasanthakumari}}

* {{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-rise-of-a-prodigy/article24279063.ece|title=Tracing the rise of the prodigy, M.L. Vasanthakumari|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 June 2018|accessdate=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109035430/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-rise-of-a-prodigy/article24279063.ece|archive-date=9 November 2022}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasanthakumari, M L}}
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Mahaban

2026-02-06T05:45:41Z

FranciscaFortney: reworked content based on references and added references for accuracy

{{for|the village in Iran|Mahaban, Iran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahaban
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.43|N|77.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 176
| population_total = 8608
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|demographics1_title3=Native
|demographics1_info3=[[Braj Bhasha|Braj Bhasha dialect]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mahaban''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Mathura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==

Mahaban was sacked by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1017 CE.<ref name="Chakrabarty2010">{{cite book|author=Dilip K. Chakrabarty|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT170|accessdate=26 May 2018|date=18 October 2010|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-908832-4|pages=170–}}</ref> During this invasion, the prince of Mahaban Kulchand killed himself and his family not to killed himself by the hand of Mahmud Ghaznavi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Meenakshi Jain |date=2019 |title=Flight of Deities and Rebirth of Temples: Episodes from Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAQNxQEACAAJ |publisher=Aryan Books International |page=65 |isbn=978-8173056192}}</ref> After that their sons goes to east and capture land from kirars, till today their descendants are lived in kursanda or baltikari and unchagaao or in 110 villages of hatharas and Mathura , till today they are also known as haga chaudhary/ agha chaudhary from there the invading forces moved to Mathura. Later it was also invaded by [[Iltutmish]], [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]]. Mahaban remained a pargana of [[Agra Subah]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. It became the hotspot of rebellions during reign of Emperor [[Shahjahan]] and [[Aurangzeb]]. During the later half of 17th century Mahaban along with [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]], [[Nauhjheel|Nauh]], [[Jalesar]] and Khandoli parganas was occupied by the [[Jats]] under rebel chief Nandram Thenua of Jawar. Mahaban later became part of [[Kingdom of Mursan]] under Raja Bahadur Puhup Singh. During 18th century it formed part of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur Kingdom]]. After the fall of Bharatpur it was occupied by Raja Dayaram of [[Hathras]]. After the Siege of Hathras(1818 ), British forces took possession of Mahaban and made it part of Mathura district. During the revolt of 1857, the [[Jat people|Jats]] of Mahaban revolted against the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH0MAQAAMAAJ&q=mahaban+rebellion |title=The 1857 Rebellion |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569076-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Mahaban is located at {{coord|27.43|N|77.75|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Mahaban.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mahaban]</ref> It has an average elevation of 176 [[metre]]s (577 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mahaban has a population of 8,608. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Mahaban has an average literacy rate of 39%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 51%, and female literacy is 25%. In Mahaban, 20% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mathura district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mathura district]]

{{Mathura-geo-stub}}

Srinivasa Chakravarthy

2026-02-05T17:07:24Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Academics|date=November 2024}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinivasa Chakravarthy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Professor, IITM-Chennai
| yearsactive = 1990 to present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
|employer =
| alma_mater =[[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech]])
* [[University of Texas at Austin]] ([[Master of Science|MS]]) and ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]])
* [[Baylor College of Medicine]] (PDF)
}}

'''Srinivasa Chakravarthy''' is an [[List of Indian scientists|Indian scientist]] doing research in the field of [[biotechnology]]. He is working as a professor at the [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology]], [[Chennai]]. He established theories of communication that bridge [[mathematics]] and [[neuroscience]]. He is actively doing research in the field of [[Computational neuroscience|Computational Neuroscience]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/expertsdatabase/dr-v-srinivasa-chakravarthy |title=Dr. V Srinivasa Chakravarthy |website=www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref>

==Education and research==
In 1989, Chakravarthy was graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Following that in 1991, he received a master's degree in biomedical engineering from the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] at [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. He received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in 1996 from the same university where he did doctoral research in the field of [[Electronics and computer industry|Electronics and Computers]] from 1991 to 1996.
In the year 1997, Chakravarthy completed his postdoctoral research in Neurology at [[Baylor College of Medicine]] in [[Houston]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://biotech.iitm.ac.in/faculty/web/faculty/srini.php |title=Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras |website=biotech.iitm.ac.in |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOo7vQEACAAJ | title=Demystifying the Brain: A Computational Approach | isbn=978-981-13-3319-4 | last1=Srinivasa Chakravarthy | first1=V. | date=18 December 2018 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>

He has developed a web-based system that understands handwritten text in Indian languages such as [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil script|Tamil]]. He is doing research in Computational Neuroscience and Computational Cardiovascular Pathology.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bookday.in/series-1-contemporary-indian-scientists-100-science-article-by-ayesha-era-natarasan/ |title=தொடர் : 1 - இன்றைய இந்திய விஞ்ஞானிகள் -100 |last=BookDay |date=2024-08-01 |website=Book Day |language=en-US |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/category/videos/bharati-script-tackles-language-barrier-iit-prof-srinivasa-chakravarthy-133172 |title='Bharati script' tackles language barrier: IIT Prof Srinivasa Chakravarthy |last=Federal |first=The |date=2024-07-14 |website=thefederal.com |language=en |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref>

Sparsh Bharati, a font developed by Chakravarthy and his colleagues, is known as a guide for the visually impaired.
He is leading a project to develop a computational programming model that could lead to a cure for [[Parkinson's disease]], which is caused by the loss of [[Cell (biology)|cells]] in the [[basal ganglia]], a part of the [[brain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sparsh-bharati-a-new-guide-for-visually-impaired-persons/article67594838.ece |title='Sparsh Bharati' - a new guide for visually impaired persons |last=Sujatha |first=R. |date=2023-12-01 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref> Students from the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai in 1972 contributed funds to build a Parkinson's Disease Diagnostic Laboratory to assist with this project in the Computational Neuroscience Laboratory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jan/24/iit-madras-alumni-to-sponsor-parkinsons-therapeutics-lab-2540767.html |title=IIT-Madras alumni to sponsor Parkinson's therapeutics lab |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-01-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref>

==Publications==
===Books===
* Demystifying the Brain: A Computational Approach, Springer, 2018<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-3320-0 |title=Demystifying the Brain |date=2019 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-3320-0 |access-date=2024-08-03 |last1=Chakravarthy |first1=V. Srinivasa |isbn=978-981-13-3319-4 }}</ref>
* Autobiography Of Charles Darwin - Darwin Atmakatha
* Computational Neuroscience Models of the Basal Ganglia - Cognitive Science and Technology, Springer Verlag, Singapore, 2018<ref>{{cite web | url=https://biotech.iitm.ac.in/Faculty/CNS_LAB/bgmodel_book.html | title=Computational Neuroscience Models of the Basal Ganglia }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-8494-2 |title=Computational Neuroscience Models of the Basal Ganglia |series=Cognitive Science and Technology |date=2018 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-8494-2 |isbn=978-981-10-8493-5 |access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarthy, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Scientific computing researchers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nisha Rawal

2026-01-25T00:51:25Z

FranciscaFortney: new data

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{For|the Nepalese taekwondo practitioner|Nisha Rawal (taekwondo)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nisha Rawal
| image = Nisha Rawal.jpg
| caption = Rawal in 2017
| image_size = 260px
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|11|18}}
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2000-present
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Karan Mehra]]|2012|2021|reason=divorce}}
| children = 1
| website =
| known_for =
}}

'''Nisha Rawal''' (born 18 November 1980) is an Indian actress, known for her role in television show ''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (2011-2012).

==Career==
Before getting into acting, Rawal appeared in advertisements for Sunsilk, Coca-Cola and Fem Bleech. She also appeared in music videos. She made her debut in [[Bollywood]] with ''Raffo Chakkar'' and ''[[Hastey Hastey]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vanlalfaki |first1=Jessica |title=Who Is Nisha Rawal? Actor Who Filed A Complaint Against Husband Karan Mehra |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-nisha-rawal-police-complaint-husband-karan-mehra-arrest/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=[[SheThePeople]] |date=1 June 2021}}</ref> She made her television debut with ''[[Aane Wala Pal]]'' on [[Doordarshan]]. She also worked in theatre where she featured in two different plays – ''Poore Chand Ki Raat'' and ''Ichha''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karan, Nisha set for theatre debut |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/art-and-theatre/karan-nisha-set-for-theatre-debut_70995.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=Zee News |date=16 September 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Karan Mehra, Nisha Rawal set for theatre debut |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karan-mehra-nisha-rawal-set-for-theatre-debut-596877 |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=NDTV |date=16 September 2010}}</ref> She also participated in the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye 5]]'' with [[Karan Mehra]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} She released her cover of "Ae Dil Hain Mushkil" as a surprise for her husband on occasion of their 5th wedding anniversary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pawsebourne |first1=Figgy |title=Nisha Rawal fans left speechless by her new song |url=https://beebulletin.com/nisha-rawal-fans-left-speechless-by-her-new-song/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=Bee Bulletin |date=22 February 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517101624/https://beebulletin.com/nisha-rawal-fans-left-speechless-by-her-new-song/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=My role in 'Main Lakshmi...' not negative: Nisha Rawal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/my-role-in-main-lakshmi-not-negative-nisha-rawal_113737.html |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=Zee News |date=19 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Karan Mehra and Nisha Rawal at launch of Nisha Rawal’s sinlge ‘Aye Dil Hai Mushkil’.jpg|thumbnail|Nisha with her ex-husband [[Karan Mehra]]]]
Rawal was born on 18 November 1980.<ref name="Birthday">{{cite news |title=Nisha Rawal explains why she got four tattoos on her arm during Covid crisis; thanks hubby Karan Mehra for his support |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nisha-rawal-explains-why-she-got-four-tattoos-on-her-arm-during-covid-crisis-thanks-hubby-karan-mehra-for-his-support/articleshow/79279991.cms |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 November 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120073017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nisha-rawal-explains-why-she-got-four-tattoos-on-her-arm-during-covid-crisis-thanks-hubby-karan-mehra-for-his-support/articleshow/79279991.cms |archive-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> On 24 November 2012 she married TV actor [[Karan Mehra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy birthday Karan Mehra: Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's Naitik is a doting father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-karan-mehra-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-naitik-is-a-doting-father/articleshow/71054955.cms |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=10 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Nisha gave birth to a boy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nisha Rawal has an important tip for new moms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nisha-rawal-has-an-important-tip-for-new-moms/articleshow/59807726.cms |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Domestic dispute ===
A complaint of domestic violence was filed against Mehra by Rawal on 31 May 2021 in [[Mumbai]]'s Goregaon police station after the latter arrived with a bleeding forehead. Mehra was subsequently arrested and released on bail. Later, Rawal claimed that Mehra had admitted to an extramarital affair with a [[Delhi]] girl while he was away on a shooting in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Divyesh |date=26 June 2021 |title=Case filed against Karan Mehra on Nisha Rawal's complaint |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/case-filed-against-karan-mehra-on-nisha-rawal-s-complaint-1819658-2021-06-26 |access-date=4 March 2022 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Divorce has been filed following the event,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nisha Rawal on Divorce with Karan Mehra: Want My Son's Sole Custody |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/nisha-rawal-on-divorce-with-karan-mehra-want-my-sons-sole-custody-4110374.html |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=News18 |date=23 August 2021}}</ref> and the couple is separated as of March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lock Upp: Nisha Rawal opens up on Karan Mehra's extra-marital affair, says 'he'd meet her and come to Mumbai' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/lock-upp-nisha-rawal-opens-up-on-karan-mehra-extra-marital-affair-domestic-abuse-divorce-2022-03-03-762417 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=India TV News |date=3 March 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aane Wala Pal]]'' || Unnamed
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kesar]]'' || Binita
|
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' || Soumya Diwan
|
|-
| 2012-2013 || ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 5|Nach Baliye 5]]''|| Contestant
|5th place
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Nach Baliye Shriman v/s Shrimati]]'' || Contestant
|
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]'' || Chanda Rathore
|
|-
| 2021–2022; 2023
|''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
| Masoom Ahlawat
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Lock Upp (Season 1)|Lock Upp]]'' || Contestant
|13th place
|-
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''Rafoo Chakkar'' || Milli ||
|-
| ''[[Hastey Hastey]]'' || Maya Fernandez || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Abhinav |title=Chanda Ki Doli girl makes film debut - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chanda-ki-doli-girl-makes-film-debut/308492/ |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=Indian Express |date=12 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry: Rock Again...]]'' ||Soniaa || Unreleased
|-
| 2010 || ''Jack N Jhol'' || Simran ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nisha Rawal Mehra}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawal, Nisha}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Shvetha Jaishankar

2026-01-21T02:47:14Z

FranciscaFortney: slightly added intro for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Indian model and entrepreneur (born 1978)}}
{{Indian name|Shvetha|Jaishankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Shvetha Jaishankar
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Shvetha Jaishankar - Gorgeous.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|Author}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Ethiraj College for Women|Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai]]|[[Indian School of Business|Indian School of Business, Hyderabad]]}}
| notableworks = {{URL|http://shvethajaishankar.com/gorgeous.html|''Gorgeous: Eat Well, Look Great''}}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|[[Mahesh Bhupathi]]|2002|2010|end=divorced}}|{{Marriage|Raghu Kailas|2011}}}}
| awards = [[Femina Miss India|Miss India International]] 1998 [[Miss International 1998]] (Second runner up)
| years_active = 1995{{endash}}present
| website = {{URL|http://shvethajaishankar.com}}
}}

'''Shvetha Jaishankar''' (born 11 December 1978) is an Indian model, author, entrepreneur, writer, dancer and beauty pageant titleholder. She won the title at the [[Femina Miss India]] International 1998 and later was crowned as the second runner up at [[Miss International 1998]] held in [[Tokyo]].

She is the author of ''Gorgeous: Eat Well, Look Great'' published by [[HarperCollins]] in 2016, which won the 'Best in the World in Food Culture' prize at The Gourmand Awards in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shvetha Jaishankar's 'Gorgeous' wins major food culture award - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/shvetha-jaishankars-gorgeous-wins-major-food-culture-award/articleshow/64659947.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The Times of India |date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Shvetha is also a founding trustee of ''Leap in India'', a movement mentored by [[A. R. Rahman]] and founded by musician Srinivas Krishnan, that develops and conducts immersive music and arts programs in schools.

==Personal life==

Shvetha was born in [[Chennai]] to [[Tamil Brahmin]] parents. She is the only child of her mother, a retired physician and pharmaceutical entrepreneur, and her father, a businessman in the [[clinical trial]]s industry. She completed her schooling at the [[Sacred Heart Matriculation School]] in Church Park, Chennai, and DAV School. She graduated from [[Ethiraj College for Women]] with a B.A. Corporate{{clarify|date=August 2024}} in 1999 and pursued her MBA in 2004 from [[Indian School of Business]], Hyderabad,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/This-model-means-business/articleshow/174741.cms | newspaper=The Times of India | title=This Model Means Business | date=10 September 2003 | first=Revathy | last=Menon | accessdate=18 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2011/may/23/beauty-queen-was-caught-sleeping-in-class-255818.html| title= Beauty queen in class|date=2011-05-23|work=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> after which she co-founded sports and talent management company ''Globosport''.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Shvetha is short for Shvethambari; she takes her name from the [[Thanjavur painting|Tanjore painting]] of [[Goddess Saraswati]], which is in her mother's personal collection. Music dance and tennis were integral to her formative years.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/14/stories/13140667.htm | title=Portrait of a beauty | date=14 February 2000 | first=Anjali | last=Sircar | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=18 October 2018 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2002, Shvetha married tennis player [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]; they divorced in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sinhl|first1=Gauri|title=Shvetha & Mahesh? Why knot!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Shvetha-Mahesh-Why-knot/articleshow/20992167.cms|accessdate=21 August 2017|agency=TNN|publisher=Times Of India|date=2 September 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deshpande|first1=Swati|title=Court grants divorce to Bhupathi, wife |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/court-grants-divorce-to-bhupathi-wife/articleshow/6173784.cms |access-date=15 July 2010|work=The Times of India|date= 15 July 2010}}</ref>

In 2011, Shvetha married Chennai-based businessman Raghu Kailas. The couple have two daughters and live in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.weddingsutra.com/blog/index.php/2011/02/28/shvetha-jaishankars-big-fat-tam-bram-wedding/ | work = Wedding Sutra | title = Shvetha Jaishankar's Big Fat Tam Bram Wedding | date = 28 February 2011 | publisher = WeddingSutra.com (India) Pvt. Ltd. | access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>

==Career==

===Modelling===
At age 17, Shvetha was discovered by fashion guru [[Prasad Bidapa]] and went on to walk the ramp for India's top designers such as [[Ritu Kumar]], [[Rohit Bal]] and [[Manish Malhotra]]. She won the [[Femina Miss India]] International 1998 title and later was crowned as the second runner up at the Miss International 1998 held in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{Citation|last=er2006|title=1998 Miss International Crowning| work = YouTube |date=3 February 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsoG3jNCwcs|accessdate=21 April 2017 }}</ref>

She has appeared on shows for [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic]], [[MTV]] and [[Star TV (Asian TV networks)|Star TV.]] She was guest presenter at the Nat Geo Spell Bee 2009.<ref>{{cite AV media | date = 7 December 2010 | title = Infotainment - Spell Bee Promo Shvetha Jaishankar | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6QuTkJApCg | work = YouTube | publisher = HDFC Standard Life Spell Bee - India Spells 2009}}</ref> She has appeared in TV commercials for Dabur Vatika shampoo, [[Nestle]] Munch,<ref>{{cite AV media | date = 15 February 2013 | title = Munch TV Ad 1999 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaRtolW49Ys | work = YouTube | publisher = Nestlé MUNCH India}}</ref> [[Cadbury]]’s Dairy Milk, Asian Paints and Denim Soap.<ref>{{cite AV media | date = 21 March 2010 | title = DENIM SOAP DIRECTOR JOHN MATHEW MATTHAN | work = YouTube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YG3LxHYD88I | publisher = George Mathew}}</ref>

She has also appeared on a famous talk show ''Rendezvous with Simi Garewal''.<ref>{{cite AV media | date = 2004 | series = Rendezvous with Simi Garewal (2004) | title = Rendezvous with Simi Garewal - Mahesh Bhupathi & Shvetha | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMvMZC5_i4k | work = YouTube | publisher = SimiGarewalOfficial}}</ref> She appeared on the cover of Femina (December 1999 issue)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.shvetha.com/about-2/ | title = Femina Cover Shoot | work = Shvetha.com }}</ref> and has also featured in ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'', ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' and ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] India''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vogue.in/content/coming-age-beauty-age-gallery/ | title = Coming of Age: Beauty Age Gallery | first = Geeta | last = Rao | date = 27 August 2010 | work = Vogue India | publisher = Condé Nast | access-date = 22 February 2020 }}</ref> magazines.

===Author and writer===

Shvetha's debut book, ''Gorgeous'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gorgeous: Eat Well, Look Great|last=Jaishankar|first=Shvetha|date=8 December 2016|publisher=Harper Collins India|isbn=9789352641086|edition=Latest|language=English}}</ref> was published by HarperCollins India in 2016.<ref>{{cite AV media | date = 7 October 2016 | title = Shvetha Jaishankar in conversation with Amrita Tripathi | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMBsOAs4QEs | work = YouTube | publisher = Harper Broadcast}}</ref> The book won the 'Best in the World in Food Culture' prize at The Gourmand Awards in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shvetha Jaishankar's 'Gorgeous' wins major food culture award - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/shvetha-jaishankars-gorgeous-wins-major-food-culture-award/articleshow/64659947.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The Times of India |date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is a collection of recipes and conversations with India's top models and actors like [[Malaika Arora]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Milind Soman]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha Krishnan]], [[Gul Panag]], [[Ujjwala Raut]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/eat-well-look-great-a-beauty-queens-fitness-gyaan/20170111.htm|title='Eat well, look great': A beauty queen's fitness gyaan|work=Rediff|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> and several others. The book chronicles Shvetha's battle with weight and food related issues caused by anxiety in her life and addresses the importance of taking care of yourself by prioritizing fitness and well-being.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/model-serve/section/61763 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033432/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/model-serve/section/61763 | archive-date = 22 April 2017 | title = Model Serve | date = 4 November 2016 | work = Indulge | publisher = The New Indian Express}}</ref> It also celebrates the importance of delicious food in everyday living in order to stay the course on eating right. There are over 100 recipes in the book that also features Shvetha's own recipes and anecdotes from her life.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/recipes-off-the-ramp/article9288290.ece | title = Recipes off the ramp: Former model Shvetha Jaishankar speaks to PRIYADARSHINI PAITANDY about her debut book Gorgeous, garnished with tips from 25 top models | first = Priyadarshini | last = Paitandy | location = Chennai | date = 2 December 2016 | work = The Hindu | publisher = THG Publishing Pvt Ltd. | access-date =23 February 2020}}</ref>

She was a popular columnist for [[The Hindu]], a leading national newspaper. She wrote several features for 'The Girls Guide' and 'The Yin Thing' columns.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/shvetha-jaishankar/ | title = shvetha jaishankar | work = The Hindu | publisher = THG Publishing Pvt Ltd. | access-date =23 February 2020}}</ref>

=== Sports management ===

In 2004, Shvetha co-founded and managed Globosport, a sports and talent management company along with Mahesh Bhupathi. In 2012, she joined [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Industries Limited]] as vice president, where she was part of the core team that handled the strategic and operational aspirations of the group's sports ventures including the cricket team [[Mumbai Indians]]. Shvetha is the founding editor of the IPL magazine ([[Indian Premier League]]), the world's biggest and most popular 20-20 cricket league. The magazine contained exclusive photographs, interviews of top IPL players and a sneak peek into the events that are organized around the IPL extravaganza.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://m.mydigitalfc.com/news/tatas-pull-out-deal-ipl-2020-magazine-485 | title = Tatas pull out of deal – IPL 20/20 | magazine = IPL Magazine }}</ref>

=== Other ===

Shvetha has spoken at several workshops and clubs on her beliefs on healthy living and the need to follow dreams. Addresses include the students at [[Pearl Academy of Fashion]] during their Induction,<ref>{{cite AV media | date = 3 August 2011 | title = Shvetha Jaishankar induction pgm | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0KsFnZrQE0 | work = YouTube | publisher = shankarveera}}</ref> the Rotary Club of Madras, the Duchess Club, and a workshop for college students from Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://morungexpress.com/aspiration-to-achievement/|title=Aspiration to Achievement |date=19 March 2017|work=The Morung Express|access-date=21 April 2017|language=en-US | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170322120841/http://morungexpress.com/aspiration-to-achievement/ | archive-date = 22 March 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Miss International 1998 delegates}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shvetha Jaishankar}}
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Chennai]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Miss International 1998 delegates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ethiraj College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Arrambam (soundtrack)

2026-01-16T23:34:07Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Arrambam
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Arrambam
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = Arrambam CD cover.jpg
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 19 September 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:44
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
'''''Arrambam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]], composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], to the 2013 film [[Arrambam|of the same name]], directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] starring [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Nayantara]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]]. The album consists of six tracks. [[Pa. Vijay]] penned all lyrics for the songs. It was released on 19 September 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-09-19 |title=Ajith's 'Arrambam' audio at top |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42217157_1_vishnuvardhan-audio-sony-music |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42217157_1_vishnuvardhan-audio-sony-music |archive-date=21 September 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The album opened at number one on [[iTunes Store|iTunes India]] within a few minutes after its release at midnight, which, according to ''[[Sify]]'', "no Tamil album has done before".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |date=Sep 19, 2013 |title=Ajith's 'Arrambam' audio opens at number one! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ajiths-arrambam-audio-opens-at-number-one-news-tamil-njtleBcgbgc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920031937/http://www.sify.com/movies/ajiths-arrambam-audio-opens-at-number-one-news-tamil-njtleBcgbgc.html |archive-date=20 September 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Production==
Yuvan Shankar Raja was signed on to compose the film's soundtrack and score, becoming his sixth project starring [[Ajith Kumar]]. In November 2012, Yuvan Shankar Raja composed a new song for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-composes-a-new-song-for-ajith-news-tamil-mlvk9Wgfjja.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121101400/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-composes-a-new-song-for-ajith-news-tamil-mlvk9Wgfjja.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2012 |title=Yuvan composes a new song for Ajith |website=[[Sify]] |date=21 November 2012 |accessdate=21 November 2012}}</ref> On 23 April 2013 the composer tweeted that he had completed three songs,{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} and that one of which was a "grand intro song" rendered by [[Shankar Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2013 |title=Ajith gets a grand introduction |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/news-interviews/38761865_1_ajith-billa-shankar-mahadevan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428035055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-23/news-interviews/38761865_1_ajith-billa-shankar-mahadevan |archive-date=28 April 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Vijay Yesudas]] stated that he had sung a "celebration song" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=Naig |first=Udhav |date=25 April 2013 |title=Dad's the spirit! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dads-the-spirit/article4653613.ece |accessdate=20 September 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In August 2013 it was reported that [[Vairamuthu]]'s younger son [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]] was enlisted to pen lyrics for a song in the film, his first time working with Yuvan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/news-interviews/33136357_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-madhan-karky-eldest-son |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/news-interviews/33136357_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-madhan-karky-eldest-son |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=Yuvan works with Kabilan Vairamuthu |date=10 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2012}}</ref> His lyrics were scrapped later and all five songs were written by [[Pa. Vijay]] only.

The music rights were sold to [[Sony Music India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=14 September 2013 |title='?Arrambam' audio on Sep 19! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-14/news-interviews/42061424_1_sep-19-ajith-music-rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-14/news-interviews/42061424_1_sep-19-ajith-music-rights |archive-date=21 September 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Release==
Yuvan Shankar Raja had handed over the master copy of the audio to the film's producer on 21 August and it was reported that the soundtrack would release on 9 September for [[Vinayagar Chaturthi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2013 |title=Arrambam gears up for audio launch |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/news-interviews/41436593_1_audio-launch-arrambam-theme-songs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825042701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/news-interviews/41436593_1_audio-launch-arrambam-theme-songs |archive-date=25 August 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 14 September 2013, Sony Music India announced that the album would be released directly to stores on 19 September, while also revealing the track list.<ref name=":0" />

==Reception==
The album was a commercial success. Upon its release on 19 September, at midnight, the album immediately reached number one spot on the [[iTunes Store|iTunes India store]]. [[Sify]] wrote that no Tamil album had achieved this feat before.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Ashok Parwani, General Manager at Sony Music, stated that it had done "very well from a sales perspective".{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} The CDs were sold out within two days and the second batch of hit the stores on 23 September.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Track listing==
All tracks are written by [[Pa. Vijay]] except where noted.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:44
| title1 = Adadada Arrambame
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 3:47
| title2 = En Fuse Pochu
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Hare Rama (Not featured in the film)
| extra3 = [[Tanvi Shah]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = Melala Vedikudhu
| extra4 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 4:32
| title5 = Stylish Thamizhachi
| extra5 = [[M. M. Manasi]], Rubba.Bend (Psycho Unit)
| lyrics5 = Rubba.Bend
| length5 = 4:24
}}

==Personnel==

===Instruments===
* Live Drums & Percussion: V. Kumar
* Additional keyboards: Sivaranjan
* String instruments: R. A. Amalraj
* Flute: Napoleon
* Shenoy: Baalesh

===Production===
* Program Manager: V. Karthik
* Program Co-ordination: A. S. Subbiah
* Recorded at: [[Prasad Studios]] & Unique Studios, Chennai
* Recorded by: M. Kumaraguruparan, Bharani & Prabhakar
* Mixed at Pinkstone Studios, Chennai
* Mixed and mastered by M. Kumaraguruparan

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]
[[Category:2013 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Subhadra Parinayam

2026-01-10T00:45:45Z

FranciscaFortney: post!

{{about|the film|the TV series|Subhadra Parinayam (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Subhadra Parinayam
| image = Subhadra_Parinayam_1935.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Profulla Ghosh
| producer = Samikannu Vincent
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|a sub story in [[Mahabharata]]}}
| starring = [[S. V. Subbaiah Bhagavathar]] T. S. Velammal ''Buffoon'' Shanmugam Karaikudi Ganesha Iyer
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography = Paul Brix Bilmeyer Berkle
| editing =
| studio = Pioneer Studios, Calcutta
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1935|4|27|India}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails10.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20181020004611/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1935-cinedetails10.asp|archivedate=20 October 2018}}</ref>
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Subhadra Parinayam''''' is a [[List of Tamil films of the 1930s|1935]] Indian [[Tamil language]] film produced by [[Samikannu Vincent]] and directed by Profulla Ghosh. The film featured S. V. Subbaiah Bhagavathar and T. S. Velammal in the lead roles while the comedy track featured ''Buffoon'' Shanmugam, Karaikudi Ganesha Iyer and others.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/subhadhra-parinayam-1935/article5128721.ece|title=Subhadhra Parinayam (1935)|last=Guy|first=Randor|authorlink=Randor Guy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 September 2013|accessdate=20 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204210100/http://www.thehindu.com:80/features/cinema/cinema-columns/subhadhra-parinayam-1935/article5128721.ece| archivedate=4 February 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lord [[Krishna]] wants his sister [[Subhadra]] to be married to [[Arjuna]]. But his elder brother [[Balarama]] who is an ally of [[Kaurava]]s, wants to marry her to [[Duryodhana]]. However, Krishna succeeds in marrying Subhadra to Arjuna. He sends both of them away in a chariot. On hearing this, Balarama and Duryodhana send soldiers to capture and imprison them. After many twists and turns in the story, Balarama accepts the marriage and blesses the couple.<ref name=hindu />

== Cast ==
The following list was compiled from a review article by [[Randor Guy]] that was published in [[The Hindu]] on 14 September 2013<ref name=hindu /> and from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].

* [[S. V. Subbaiah Bhagavathar]] {{small|as}} ''Arjuna''
* T.S. Velammal {{small|as}} ''Subhadra''
* T. K. Rukmini Ammal
* Karaikudi Ganesha Iyer
* ''Buffoon'' Shanmugham
* Kasi Viswanatha Iyer
* Ramasami Pillai

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[Samikannu Vincent]], a pioneer in the production of Tamil films who owned the cinema hall, ''Variety Hall Talkies'' in [[Coimbatore]]. The film was shot at the Pioneer Studios in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and was directed by Prafulla Ghosh who successfully directed some Bengali and Tamil films.<ref name=hindu /> Cinematography was handled by Paul Brix and Bilmeyer Berkle.<ref name=anandan />

Later, in 1941, the same story was filmed again Tamil with the title '''Subhadra Arjuna''' with [[Serukalathur Sama]] as Krishna and V. S. Mani as Arjuna.<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
There was no music composers during that period. The actors and actresses themselves sang the song according to set tunes. Sometimes songs were taken directly from devotional literature. The studio orchestra provided the background music.

== Reception ==
Writing in 2013 Randor Guy said, according to contemporary critical accounts, the film fared well in the box office. He further said in his review article that the film is "Remembered For The impressive performances of Subbaiah Bhagavathar and Velammal, the comical interludes of ‘Buffoon’ Shanmugham and others such as Ganesha Iyer, Kasi Viswanath and Ramasami Pillai."

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1935 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of Odia films of 1949

2025-12-07T15:54:51Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1949:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1949 in film|1949]]'''
|-
|''[[Lalita (1949 film)|Lalita]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} || Kalyan Gupta || [[Lokanath]], [[Uma Banerjee|Uma]]||Romance ||It was the first Oriya post-Independence film, and the second Oriya film.
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1949 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1949]]
[[Category:Lists of 1949 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1949 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1940s in Orissa]]

List of Bodo-language films

2025-11-24T09:49:01Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

This is a '''list of films in the [[Bodo language]]''' organized by year of release.

==Early Cinema (1984–1999)==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="0"
|-
!Year!!Film!!Director!!Artist(s)
!Producer!!Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1984||''[[Daina (1984 film)|Daina]]''||Amar Hazarika||Ghana Kt. Basumatary
| ||Bodo Film Society
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1985
|''Jariminni Khongkor''
|Garlabata Basumatary
|Harkeswar Daimary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1986||''[[Alayaron]]''||Jwngdao Bodosa||Amar Narzary, Rohila Brahma
| ||Bodosa Film Production Society
|-
|1987||''Jiuni Simang''||Amar Hazarika||Tikendrajit Narzary, Anjali Brahma
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991||''Annaini Radai''||Parameswar Boro
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1991||''Khwmsi Lama''||Jwngdao Bodosa
|Fuleswari Brahma
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1992||''Swrmwn Nwng''||Janosh Mahiliya & Kanak Basumatary||Madhu Mahan Lahary, Anjali Daimary
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Asha''
|Khanindra Bodosa
|Rajorshi, Deeptimaye, Tarat Narzary, Raja Brahma
|Indira Musahary
|
|-
|1992
|Julee
|Gopinath Brahma
|Phungkha Brahma, Kokila Brahma Choudhury
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1993||''Gwrbwni Mijing''||
|
|Mala Daimary
|
|-
|
|''Basiram Jwhwlao''
|
|
|
|Swdwmsri Harimu Afad
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1994
|''Khiterni Or''
|Premananda Muchahary
|Raja, Runu, Uttar, Santiram Basumatary
|Mala Daimary
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1995||''Habila''||Modaram
|Gobardhan, Raja, Jamuna
|Mala Daimary
|Daimary Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1995||''[[Hagramayao Jinahari]]''||Jwngdao Bodosa||Tijendrajit Narzary, Anjali Bodosa
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1995||''[[Enaini Panjari]]''||Khanindra Bodosa||Jayanta Narzary, Ashok Basumatary, Reshma Mushahary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1996||''Hangma''||Mala Daimary
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1997||''Duphangni Solo''||Pinky Brahma Chaudhury
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1997
|''Gumur''
|Rahen Brahma
|Ashok Basumatary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1997
|''Mohor''
|Modaram
|Arobindo, Jyotsna, Archana
|Mala Daimary
|MD Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1997||Nwjwr||S M Daimari
|Milan, Kanchan
|Mala Daimari
|MD Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1998||''Nwngni Thakai Angni Jwnwm''||Premananda Muchahary||Dhan, Runu
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1999||''Annai Arw Mwjang Mwnnai''||Mala Daimary
|
|
|
|}

== 2000-04 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="0"
|-
!Year!!Film!!Director!!Artist(s)
!Producer!!Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2000
|''Hastainai Gwsw''
|
|
|Mala Daimary
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2000||''Habilasha Mwnse Mijing''||Gautam Boro
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2001||''Thungenai Dara''||Mala Daimary
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2001||''Swrangni Lama''||Kamal Bhusan Boro
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2001||''Gwdan Muga''||Jwngdao Bodosa
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2001||''Udkari''||Kargeswar Musahary
|Alen, Phulsree, Ponin
|
|Alongbar Bodo Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |
|''Sondromali''
|Sanraja Basumatary
|
|
|Rongjali Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2002||''Benwtho Songsar''||Mala Daimary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2002||''Songali''||Khanindra Bodosa||Umesh Basumatary, Ringkumoni Basumatary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2003
|''Jwnwmni Unao''
|Chabin, Uttam
|Baidimwia, Sanjita Boro,
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2003
|''Laoga arw Gobda''
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2004||''Gwrwnthini Unao''||Kandaram Basumatary
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2004||''Kapalni Lirnai''||Rojen Narzary, Modaram||Amar Narzary, Adam, Gitanjali Brahma, Simpul
|
|Nijwra Film Society
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |
|''Gwrbw Nwjwr''
|Khanindra Bodosa
|Raju K.B, Rinkumoni, Joba
|
|
|}

== 2005-09 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="0"
|-
!Year!!Film!!Director!!Artist(s)
!Producer!!Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''3 Girls and the Golden Cocoon''||Jwngdao Bodosa||Anjali Bodosa, Natalie Roth, Brandee Steger
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''Barse Bibar''||Mosko Brahma
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''Bhoohut''||Laha Brahma
|Dhanu, Simanta Basumatary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''Jowse Jwkhwndw Gwrwnthi''||Amar Narzary||Amar Narzary, Simpul
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''Lwrgi''
|Manjil
|Manjil, Fulsree
|
|Baokhungri Film Centre
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005
|''Mwkhthangkhor Hajwni Khwnaywi Solo''
|Manjil
|Manjil, Mosco
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''Sakondra''
|Manjil
|Rajorshi
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2005||''Simangna Mwktang''||Rojen Narzary||Rajib Brahma, Sangina Brahma
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |
|''Bikhunjw No 1''
|Prasenjit Brahma
|Ujala, Sanjib, Geetanjali
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2006||''Onnaini Dowleng''||Tulu Boro
|Dilip Basumatary, Geetanjali Brahma
|Tulu Boro
|Tulus Creation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2006
|''Bilwmani Daha''
|Probin Goyary
|Jumu, Kishor, Nomi, Prabin
|Raju Swargiary
|RS Production
|-
|2006
|Jowse Jowkhwndw Gwrwnthi
|Rojen Narzary
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |
|''Gwjwn Songsar Nagirnanwi''
|
|Rajib, Masoom
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007||''Bihamjw Rani''||Rojen Narzary||Noni Rani Narzary, Rajib Brahma, Sangina Brahma
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007||''Hangma Hangsa''||Probin Goyary
|Omprakash Kherkatary, Ranen Basumatary, Sobita
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007||''Maojini Adob''||Chabin Wary||Ranen Basumatary, Silbia Basumatary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007||''Bijaojali''||
|Ranen Basumatary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2008||''Ayim Gwywi Laodumni Simang''||Probin Goyary||Dilip Basumatary, Masoom Brahma
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2008||''Gwswao Khamkhangw''||David Ray||Sukhbir, Pampuli Goyary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2008||''Kamglinai Gwsw''||Rojen Narzary||Rajib Brahma, Pampuli Goyary
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2008||''Mugani Banda''||Rajorshi Basumatary
|Rajorshi Basumatary, Phiteng
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2008
|''Phathwilay Bisinay''
|Khanindra Bodosa
|Dwimalu, Sangina
|
|Mwshakhaori Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2008||''Wanted''||Rabi Narzary||Rabi Narzary, Esha Basumatary
|
|RN Films
|-
|2008
|Tenson
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009||''Bikhaya Gaow Khugaya Geoa''||Prabin Goyary||Dilip Basumatary, Masoom Brahma
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
|''Daini Saja''
|Khanindra Bodosa
|Rajorshi, Sukhbir, Sangina, Jeuti, Rimjhim
|
|PBS Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009||''Gaglobnai''||Bidhan Basumatary
|Sumit Daimary, Parboti Wary
|
|Bijni Film Production & Film Studio (Co-op) Society
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009||''Hainamuli''||Phaylaw Basumatary||Dwimasa Brahma, Jwngsrang Brahma, Jagat Boro, Riju Swargiary
|
|Bangbula Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
|''Hajw Khoroni Sikhla''
|Prabin Goyary
|Dilip Basumatary, Sobita
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009||''Hor Badi Khwmshi''||Bhaben
|Sanjib, Bhanu, Amar Narzary
|
|Maijli Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
|''Jethw''
|Khanindra Bodosa
|Dwimalu, Geetanjali, Nikunjay, Swapan Narzary
|
|Mwshakhaori Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
|''Nwgwrao Dafwi Sona''
|Phaylaw Basumatary
|Kamal Lahary
|
|Wave Music Assam
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009||''Somni Guthal''||Bhaben
|Sanjib, Sanjita, Amar Narzary
|
|Maijli Film Production
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2009
|''Texi Driver''
|Khanindra Bodosa
|Umesh, Ambika Giri
|
|Gaurang Film Production
|-
|2009
|Gobla Sikhao
|Phaylaw Basumatary
|Nagen, Phaylaw, Prabin, Mahini, Ansumwi, Dinesh, Rajashri
|Nagen Brahma Daimari
|NBD Film Production
|-
|2009
|Gudung Gudung Gorom Gorom
|Purna Basumatary
|Purna, Mosco, Pitheng, Bwhwithi
|
|Kham Siphung Film Production
|-
|2009
|Khamglinay Gwsw
|Rojen Narzary
|Rajib, Pampuli Goyary
|
|Dufaolu Film Production
|}

==2010==
{| class="wikitable sortable" ="0" border"
|-style= "background:#3366bb; text-align: center:"
!Film
!Release date
!Director
!Artists
!Producer
!Production
|-
|''Delhi To Bodoland''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Swapan Kumar Brahma
|Sukhbir Karzee, Masoom Brahma||Swapan Kumar Brahma
|
|-
|''Sikhla Mwjang''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Anjay Daimary
|Anjay Daimary, Sansumwi Basumatary, Ratan Swrgiary
|[[Anjay Daimary]]
|AD Film Creations
|-
|''Simang - A tale of life''
|2010
|Dipak Kr Ramchiary
|Dilip Basumatary, Masoom Brahma
|
|Mithinga Film Industrial Society
|-
|''Annaini Jinjri''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||
|''Rajib Brahma, Ronjona Basumatary''
|
|
|-
|''Daoha''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Rojen Narzary
|Rajib Brahma, Nijwm Mushahary, Amar Narzary||
|
|-
|''Gwrbwni Mwdwi''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Phylaw Basumatary
|Dilip Basumatary, Sangina Brahma||
|
|-
|''Fwthai Khebso''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Kamaleswar Basumatary
|Jagat Boro
|
|
|-
|''Hainamuli 2''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Jagat Boro
|Dwimasa, Jwngsrang, Jagat, Riju Swargiary||
|
|-
|''Hongla Sikhao''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Phaylaw Basumatary
|Probin Goyary, Phaylaw Basumatary||
|
|-
|''Tension''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||Amar Narzary
|Rajib Brahma, Moni Goyary||
|
|-
|''Khalao Khasao''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010||
|Rajib Brahma, Sangina Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Somayna Bibarni Gesao Dentha''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2010
|
|Monojit, Jeuti
|
|
|-
|Kungfu King
|2010
|Thaklai
|
|
|
|}

==2011==
{|class= "wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Release date!!Director!!Cast!!Producer
!Production
|-
|''Angnw Finnai Nangow''
|2011||Rojen Narzary
|Sukhbir Karjee, Pirpila, Dethsung, Sonai
|
|
|-
|''Ansula Mwdai''
|2011||Probin Goyary||Omprakash Khertary, Jonali Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Dwrfw Dwrfw''
|2011||
|Rajib Brahma, Masoom Brahma, Riju Swargiary
|
|
|-
|''Dasw Bujibay''
|2011
|Prabin Boro
|Junali Daimary, Prabin
|
|
|-
|''Gwrbwni Denkhw''
|2011
|Jogot Boro
|Rajib Brahma, Jwngsrang Brahma, Jogot Boro, Dwimasa Brahma
|
|Bangbula Film Productions
|-
|''Hainamuli 3''
|2011
|Jogot Boro
|Dwimasa Brahma, Jwngsrang Brahma, Jogot Boro, Mwkthang Basumatary, Riju Swargiary
|
|Bangbula Film Productions
|-
|''Lajibla Kaji Gwmayw''
|23 September 2011
|Swapan Kumar Brahma
|Swapan Kumar, Rajib Brahma, Pampuli Goyary, Jagat Boro
|Swapan Kumar and Pradip Kumar Basumatary
|Bodoland Swrjilu Film Production
|-
|''Nwngni Onnayao''
|2011||Baiju Singh
|Sukhbir Karjee, Masoom Brahma
|
|Himala Arts
|-
|''Thaklai''
|2011
|Thaklai Narzary
|Jwngsar Basumatary, Thaklai Narzary
|
|
|-
|''Wrong Number 2''
|2011||Rabi Narzary||Rabi Narzary, Jwngsrang Brahma, Esha Basumatary
|
|
|}

== 2012 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Release date!!Director
!Artists
!Producer
!Production
|-
|''Asokanda''
|2012|| Amar Narzary |
|Jwngsrang Brahma, Dwimasa Brahma, Amar Narzary, Junu Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Baarhoonkhani Thwi''
|2012||Chiraj Baglary
|Sukhbir Karjee, Rajib Brahma, Nijwm Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Bantha''
|2012||Dipak Kr Ramchiary
|Kapil Basumatary, Sangina Brahma
|
|''Mithinga Film Industrial Society''
|-
|''Benw Be''
|2012||Sanjib Kr Brahma
|Abinash, Pampuli Goyary
|Sanjib Kr Brahma
|Lwrgi Theatre Group
|-
|Bikhani Or
|2012
|Prabin Boro
|Prabin Boro, Birmal Mushahary
|
|
|-
|''Boroni Greesti''
|2012
|Bidesh Suba
|Bidesh Suba
|
|
|-
|Bonzar
|2012
|Thaklai Narzary
|Thaklai Narzary
|
|
|-
|''Gaba Swlayw''
|2012||
|Rajib Brahma, Pampuli Goyary, Jonali Basumatary, Geolang
|
|
|-
|Gwmwrnai Alari
|2012
|Mizing Narzary (1st)
|Mizing Narzary, Punam Basumatary
|
|Lion Film Production
|-
|''Jugni Baar''
|2012||
|Ranen Basumatary, Jwngshrang, Purna
|
|
|-
|''Julini Unao''
|2012||Jesus Kherkatary
|Dinesh Ramchiary, Jonali Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Khwinasanti''
|2012||Chiraj Baglary
|Ranen Basumatary, Pampuli Goyary
|
|
|-
|''Mr. Bodoland''
|2013||Probin Goyary||Omprakash Kherkatary, Pampuli Goyary, Jonali Basumatary
|Hemani Goyary||
|-
|''Mwjang Mwnnaia Bidinw''
|2012||Kamaleswar
Basumatary
|Dinesh Ramchiary, Eyerish, Jwngsrang Brahma
|Pranita Kachari Goyary
|Rwisumwi Film Production
|}

== 2013 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Release date!!Director!!Artists
! Producer!!Production
|-
|''Hainamuli 4''
|2013||Jagat Boro ||Jwngsrang Brahma, Dimasha Boro, Jagat Boro, Riju Swargiary
| ||Bangbula Film Production Presents
|-
|''Gwswm Jwmwi''
|2013
|Gajen Raj & Dipak Instri
|Nayan, Maidangsri
|
|
|-
|''Hwmbla''
|2013||Phylaw Basumatary ||Mosko Brahma, Jonali Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Maoria''
|2013
|Raja Narzary
|Kwrwm Mushahary, Kamla, Samson Basumatary, Dhanika Mushahary
|Raja, Rupali, Sanjay
|Rupali Films Production
|-
|''Ang Nwngkhow Baonw Haya''
|2013
|UC Brahma
|Fwilao, Rama, Dwimalu, Maya, Abinash
|
|JD Film Production
|-
|''Mr. Ranger Babu''
|2013||Probin Goyary||Dilip Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Rojeni Radai''
|2013||
|Omprakash Kherkatary, Eyerish
|
|
|-
|''Nokhor Songsar''
|2013
|Rabi Narzary
|Rabi Narzary, Riju
|Rabi Narzary
|RN Films
|-
|''Simang Fara''
|2013||Raju
|Jwngsrang Brahma, Dimasha Boro
|Dahit & Indra
|BHA
|-
|''Thwd Phagli Phagli''
|2013||Chiraj Baglary||Geolang Brahma, Jirina Brahma
|
|
|-
|Thwinai Baidi Jiu
|2013
|Mizing Narzary
|Mizing Narzary, Jumu Rani Brahma
|
|
|}

==2014==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Film
!Release date!!Director!!Cast
!Producer !!Production
|-
|''Ambasi Horni Unao''
|2014||Mizuram Swargiary||Anjay Daimary, Urmila Basumatary
|Anjay Daimary||AD Film Creations
|-
|''Angni Bikha''
|2014||Prabin Goyary||Alongbar Goyary, Juhi Narzary, Panja
|
|Ganda Khungur Film Production
|-
|''Annaini Andwao''
|2014||Swmdwn Boro||Dinesh Ramchiary
|
|
|-
|''Bima Badi Bajwi''
|2014||Rabi Narzary||Rabi Narzary, Riju Brahma, Esha Basumatary, Jwngsrang Brahma
|Rabi Narzary
|RN Films
|-
|''Daoga''
|2014
|Narzary Raja
|Wingckel Narzary, Bruce Boro, Bidhan Narzary, Samaina Basumatary, Jowyen
|Bhaskar Jyoti Das
|White Feather Movie Pictures
|-
|''Gwja Sindoorni Ali''
|2014||Chiraj Baglary||Geolang Brahma, Pooja Mushahary
| ||Sindoor Film Production Presents
|-
|''Fanjari''
|2014
|Swmdwn Boro
|Swmaosar, Swmdwn, Pranita
|Swmdwn Boro
|JBNS Film Production
|-
|''Fanjarini Dao Mwina''
|2014
|Jitu Mani Roy
|Masoom, Samaina Basumatary, Sanuma Basumatary, Arup Rava, Mohini Ramchiary, Daohang Mushahary
|Khandab, Sangita, Geetashree, Gokul Basumatary
|Friendship Cine Production
|-
|''Jaiklongao Bema Je''
|2014||Kamleswar Basumatary||Uday, Sangina Brahma, Kamleswar Basumatary, Jwngsrang Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Hainamuli 5''
|2014||Jagat Boro||Dimasha Boro, Jwngsrang, Jagat Boro
| ||Bangbula Film Production Presents
|-
|''Jwhwlao''
|2014||Thaklai Narzary||Lingsar Basumatary, Pooja Mushahary, Thaklai Narzary
|
|
|-
|''Jwkhwm''
|2014||Pangkaj Lahary||James Mushahary, Sangina Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Khitter''
|2014
|Naisrang
|Bhupen Rb, Jesus Kherkatary, Rubul
|
|Naisrang Motion Pictures
|-
|''Megon Gwsa''
|2014||Siboraj Basumatary
|Siboraj, Tarendra Nath Basumatary
|
|Dao Kwowo Film Production
|-
|Mwdwini Bana
|2014
|Prabin Boro
|Lipika Brahma, Junali Daimary
|
|
|-
|''Nerswn''
|2014
|Prabin Goyary
|Alongbar Goyary, Juhi Narzary
|
|Ganda Khungur Film Production
|-
|''Nijwm''
|15 September||Ganesh Boro
|Arup Rava, Maidangsri
|
|Gwrlwi House Presents
|-
|''Or''
|2014||Rabi Narzary||Rabi Narzary, Esha Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Khwisar''
|2014||R. Rwnao||Rimal, Masoom Brahma, Mulug Boro
| ||Maibong Nwgwr Film Productions
|-
|''Thwiyao Barnai Bibar''
|2014||Mwktang Basumatary||Swmkhwr, Jumu Rani Brahma
|
|
|}

==2015==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Film
!Release date!!Director!!Artists!!Producer
!Production
|-
|''Ada Khoro Geder''
|2015||Probin Goyary||Alongbar Goyary, Juhi Narzary, Panja, Lipika Brahma, Jesus Kherkatary
|
|
|-
|''Ani Thani''
|2015||Siboraj Basumatary
|Siboraj Basumatary
|
|
|-
|''Annaiya Mabadi''
|2015||Mwktang Basumatary
|Prianka, Jumu Rani Brahma,
|
|
|-
|''Annai Gwywi Anthai Bikha''
|2015||Jesus Kherkatary
|
|
|
|-
|''Bathul Raja''
|2015||Guru Pabitra
|Uday, Monalisha Boro
|
|
|-
|''Bibaan''
|2015||Thaklai Narzary||Jwngsar Basumatary, Swrang Narzary, Dengkhw Borgayary, Swmkhwr Brahma, Asha Brahma
|
|Srang Film Production
|-
|Bwrai Bathouni Mahima
|2015||Pabindra Daimari
|Nex Z Su, Karabi Basumatary, Mwnswm Boro
|Lokeswar Basumatary
|Madhurima Creations Production
|-
|Dainaya Swr?
|2015||Prabin Basumatary
|Rimal, Jonali Basumatary
|
|Prabha Rani Film Production
|-
|''[[Dau Huduni Methai]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=NE shines with 3 entries|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ne-shines-with-3-entries/cid/1527313|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata |language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
|2015||[[Manju Borah]]||Reshma Mushahary, Ahalya Daimary
|
|
|-
|''Fandaisula''
|2015
|Abinash
|Lingshar Basumatary, Khwmta, Shima, Neha, Taklai
|
|Bibar Film Production
|-
|''Firainai''
|2015||Chiraj Baglary||Geolang Brahma, Masoom Brahma, Pooja Mushahary
|
|
|-
|''Fwislini Andwao''
|2015||Mwkthang
|Boken Boro, Mijing Narzary, Jumu Rani Brahma
|
|Lion Film Production
|-
|''Fwimal Mijink''
|2015
|Gwjwn Boro
|Mira Goyary, Jugami Basumatary
|
|Jakhangfu Film Production
|-
|''Hadan''
|2015||Dinesh Kaman||Prabin Boro, Lipika Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Gwsw Hwnaya Fwimal''
|2015
|Bimal Narzary
|Didul, Songina Basumatary, Urzum, Mijing
|
|
|-
|''Hero''
|2015||Rabi Narzary||Rabi Narzary, Pampuli Goyary
|
|''R.N Films''
|-
|''Jathai''
|2015
|Suruj Bhoda
|Lipika Brahma, Purna Swargiary
|
|
|-
|''Jinir''
|2015||Pankaj Lahary||James Mushahary, Sangina Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Jiuni Lamayao''
|4 August||Naisrang Goyary
|Mwnabili, Juli, Sanjana
|Jitu Basumatary
|Sindoor Film Production Presents
|-
|''Jwng Gejen Nonga''
|2015
|Probin Goyary
|Prabin Goyary, Maidangsree
|
|''SSC Film Production''
|-
|''Jwnwmao Nwngkhowlo Hastaidwngmwn''
|2015||Swapan Kr. Brahma||Pradip Basumatary, Pooja Mushahary
|
|
|-
|''Lamani Jengshi''
|2015
|Rajarshi
|Fungka, Swrangsing, Kobita
|Rakes, Binoy, Mijink
|Sanjarang Film Production
|-
|''Maya (Bodo film)''
|2015||Bangchial||Uday Basumatary, Jonali Basumatary, Dwimasa Brahma
|
|Hira Films
|-
|''Roje Nwng''
|2015||Ganesh Boro||Simang Chainary, Sangina Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Sikhao''
|2015||V Ang Haa
|Bhupen Rb, Eyerish
|
|
|-
|''Simang Badi''
|2015||Purnao Basumatary
|Lingshar Basumatary, Somaina
|Dhanukar Basumatary
|Okhaphwr Film Production
|}

== 2016 ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Release date!!Director!!Artists!!Producer
!Production
|-
|''[[Ansula Afa]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | 25 June||Rabi Narzary||Rabi Narzary, Esha Basumatary, Saya Basumatary||Rabi Narzary
|RN Films
|-
|''Ansuli Bima''
|2016
|Bikram Basumatary
|Hathorki, Divya, Bikram Basumatary, Padma, Jonali
|MDK Mushahary
|Harimu Film Production & Allied Co-Operative Society
|-
|''Bathou Thandwi''
|2016||Pabindra Daimari||Nex Z Su, Ansumwi Boro||Lokeswar Basumatary
|Jwogakhang Film Productions
|-
|''Bimani Onnai''
|2016||Pradip Basumatary||Pradip Basumatary, Depa Wary
|
|
|-
|''Bisgwnang Onnai''
|2016
|Swmdwn Boro
|Dinesh Ramchiary, Manjurani Boro
|
|JNBS Film Production
|-
|''Burkai Haya''
|2016
|Nerswn Mochahary
|Uttam Basumatary, Jeni, Gitanjali
|Uttam & Kachan
|UK Films
|-
|''Bodnam''
| style="text-align: center;" | 16 November||Siboraj Narzary
|Siboraj, Tarendra, Tunlai
|Mosai, Dwithun, Danswrang
|Dao Mwina Film Production
|-
|''Daya Angni Nonga''
|2016||Mahesh Basumatary||Omprakash Kherkatary, Jirina Brahma, Jesus Kherkatary, Riju Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Gwswni Mijingk''
|2016
|
|Peterson Brahma
|
|
|-
|Gaonai Bikha
|
|Prabin Goyary
|Alongbar Goyary
|
|
|-
|''Haba: Bawswmnai''
| style="text-align: center;" | 18 September|| Rubul |Rubul Boro||Dinesh Ramchiary, Leena
|Ajay
|
|-
|''Hainamuli 6''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2016||Jagat Boro||Jwngsrang Brahma, Dimasha Boro, Jagat Boro, Lipika Brahma, Helina Daimary, Taklai Narzary || Tarzan Basumatary
|Bangbula Film Productions
|-
|''Hathorki Pagla''
|17 November||Chiraj Baglary||Geolang Brahma, Somaina Basumatary, Riya Brahma||
|Raj Film Production Presents
|-
|''Khwina''
|2016||Phaylaw Basumatary||Omprakash Kherkatary, Jirina Brahma, Jesus Kherkatary, Helina Daimary
|
|
|-
|''Khwisar 2''
|2016
|R. Rwnao
|R Rwnao, Indu Prabha
|
|Qeerat Cine Production
|-
|''Khwifwd''
|11 August||Mwktang Basumatary||Lingshar Basumatary, Jumu Rani Brahma||Pulish Wary
|
|-
|''Ma Daini Saja''
| 2016 |
|Bigrai Brahma
|Bigrai Brahma, Dolima Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Mwdwi''
|7 September||Michael Mushahary||Jwngsar Basumatary, Rinki Brahma
|Arya
|
|-
|''Nepal To Bodoland''
|4 October||Swapan Kr. Brahma||Lingshar Basumatary, Ranjila Boro, Swapan Kumar Brahma, Jwngsrang Brahma, Taklai Narzary, Simanta Basumatary
|Swapan Kumar Brahma
|SKB Film Production
|-
|''Nokhor Daoha''
|2016
|Dinesh Kaman
Prabin Basumatary
|''Birmal Mushahary, Junali Daimary, Rimal Basunatary, Pooja Mushahary''
|
|Prabha Rani Film Production
|-
|''Once Upon a Time In Bodoland''
|2016||Arup Rava
|Sansuma, Priyanka, Nagen
|
|
|-
|''Rega 1986''
| style="text-align: center;" | 2016||Pankaj Lahary ||Lingshar Basumatary, Lipika Brahma, Dwiringsha||
|Five Stars Films
|-
|Swithw Arw Fwthay
|2016
|Prabin Boro
|Junali Daimary, Lipika Brahma
|
|
|-
|''Swmkhwr Simang''
|2016||Kamal KK||Omprakash Kherkatary, Jonali Basumatary, Karabi Basumatary ||Leeladhar Narzary
|
|}

==2017==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Released date!!Director!!Artists!!Producer
!Production
|-R.N.Film Production
|Mr. Dugga Boro
| align="center" |2017
|Michael Mushahary
|Lingshar Basumatary, Juhi Narzary, Mosko Brahma, Taklai Narzary
|Birphung Mohilary
|BM Film Production
|-
|Simangni Howa Gwdan
| align="center" |10 May||Rabi Narzary
|Rabi Narzary, Samaina, Pitheng Brahma
|Rabi Narzary
|RN Films
|-
|Aang Boro
| align="center" |23 Sept.2017||Swapan Kumar Brahma||Lingshar Basumatary, Swapan Kumar Brahma, Lipika Brahma, Sanjita Brahma
|Swapan Kumar Brahma
|SKB Film Production
|-
|Thangkhi Gwiywi Somaj
|2017
|Rabi Narzary
|Rabi Narzary, Pampuli Goyary
|Rabi Narzary
|RN Films
|-
|Mr. Sanjary
|2017
|Probin Boro
|Birmal ''Mushahary'', Probin Boro, Junali Daimary
|
|
|-
|Lwrgi Dinga
|2017
|Pangkaj Lahary
|Lingshar Basumatary, Leena, Kamleswar, Rubul Boro
|
|Five Stars Films
|-
|Jwhwlao: The Great
|2017
|R.R. Daimary
|Raj Kochari, Mundina Brahma, Rubul
|Raj Kochary
|
|-
|Fwrmaiso Haywi Gwsw
|2017
|Ganesh Boro
|Simang Chainary, Helina Daimary, Riya Brahma, Wingckel Brahma
|Riya Brahma
|RB Film Production
|-
|Gwrwnthiya Swrni?
|2017
|Peterson Brahma
|Peterson Brahma, Jirina Brahma, Jonali Basumatary
|Roje & Peterson
|Aronai Film Society
|-
|Thaklai 2
|2017
|Thaklai Narzary
|Swrang Narzary, Taklai, Jwngsrang, Dimasha
|
|
|-
|Bodoland Fighter
|2017
|Guru Pabitra Boro
|James Mushahary, Jwngsrang Brahma, Laxmi
|
|Five Stars Films
|-
|Dagw
|22-O9-2017
|Pabindra Daimary
|Nex Z Siu, Rinki Brahma
|
|Jwogakhang Film Production Co-Operative Society
|-
|Lantha Police
|2017
|Phaylaw Basumatary
|Dinesh Ramchiary, Alongbar Goyary, Jirina Brahma, Jesus Kherkatary
|
|
|-
|Saya Maya Simang
|2017
|Gwjwn Boro
|Bikram Basumatary
|
|
|-
|Sirinai Bibarni Mwdwmnai
|01-09-2017
|Mwktang Basumatary
|Mosko Brahma, Birsing Narzary, Nex Z Su, Ansumwi Boro
|
|Jewari Film Production Pvt Ltd.
|-
|Alai arw Aron
|2017
|Probin Boro
|Jonali Basumatary, Rimal Basunatary, Jennifer, Probin Boro
|
|Prabha Rani Film Production
|-
|Ang Gonaya
|2017
|Tarendra Basumatary
|Dhanukar, Siboraj, Tarendra, Sanjana, Ranjila, Mwnabili
|
|Sindoor Film Production
|-
|Mitislabwi Annai Mwnna
|2017
|Janak Basumatary
|John, Shanti, Raja, Manalisha
|
|JBS Production
|-
|Bibayary
|2017
|Kamal KK
|Mithinga Goyary, Riju
|
|
|-
|Gamini Roje
|2017
|Kamal KK
|Ringki Brahma
|
|RM Films
|-
|Suthur
|2017
|Aman Boro
|D Karna Basumatary, Pompi Daimari
|
|Jwhwlao Film Production
|-
|Gun Gwnang Gunda
|2017
|Subarna Basumatary
|Subarna, Rinki, Kusum, Manju Rani
|Dwitun & Subungsar
|Dwimu Nijira Film Production
|-
|Somni Fakhonao Thwini Bana
|2017
|Jihul Basumatary
|Mrigoraj, Jumu Rani Brahma
|
|SUNRISE Film Production
|-
|No 1 Fwthaikebso
|2017
|Subarna Basumatary
|Subarna, Kusum
|
|
|-
|Mwjang Mwnnaia Khana
|2017
|Swmdwn Boro
|Omprakash Kherkatary, Swmaosar, Gemshree, Jil Mil
|Karan Ramchiary
|JBNS Film Production
|-
|Gwswa Maniya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kokrajhar- Mahurat of new Bodo film 'Gwswa Maniya' {{!}} Arunachal24|url=https://arunachal24.in/kokrajhar-mahurat-of-new-bodo-film-gwswa-maniya-takes-place/|date=2017-06-22|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
|2017
|Chiraj Baglary
|Geolang Brahma, Bobita, Gunboti
|
|R.A.S Film Productions
|-
|Inai Udkhar
|2017
|Raj Kochary
|Raj Kochary, Jonali Basumatary
|
|B. Daogasar Film Production
|-
|Gwswni Rao
|2017
|Nerswn Mushahary
|Uttam Basumatary, Ringki Brahma
|
|
|}

==2018==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Films
Name
!Releasing Date
!Director(s)
!Cast
!Producer
!Production
|-
|Digital Wanted
|
|Raj Kochary
|Raj Kochary, Tarendra, Rubul
|
|B. Daogasar Film Production
|-
|Dai
|15 September 2018
|Phungkha Basumatary
|Phungkha, Sansuli
|Phungkha Basumatary
|PL2 Film Production
|-
|Gambari - The Untold Story
|
|Prabin Boro
|Birmal ''Mushahary'', Mwkthang, Probin, Joyshree
|Prabin Boro
|PKMB Production
|-
|Hangma
|10 September 2018
|Prabin Boro
|Mwkhthang, Joyshree, Prabin Boro,
|Bhadra Basumatary
|Jougafu Film Production
|-
|Udangsree
|
|Guru Pabitra
|James Mushahary, Uday, Leena, Gemsri Daimariy
|
|NE Motion Picture Pvt. Ltd., Guru Audio visual Studio
|-
|Onnai
|
|Raja Narzary
|Lingshar Basumatary, Fuji Basumatary
|Riya Brahma
|RB FILM PRODUCTION
|-
|Bidai
|
|Mwkthang Basumatary
|Nerswn, Ansumwi, Taklai
|
|Bibar Film Production
|-
|Paglee
|
|Ganesh Boro
|Sidharth Boro, Gemshree, Jennifer
|
|R. Sona Production, GB Creations
|-
|Mwnfinnai Boraad
|
|Pabindra Daimary
|Karabi Basumatary, Nerswn Basumatary, Rupsing Machahary
|Siba Ram Swargiary
|JowgakhangFilm Production
|-
|Rebgon
|
|Dhan Brahma
|Swmdwn, Jennifer, Helina Daimary
|Halbree Boro
|DB Films
|-
|Silingkhar
|
|Bhoda Kherkatary
|Uttam Basumatary, Jumu Rani Brahma
|
|Laimwn Pixels
|-
|Aijwni Ma Dai
|12 September 2018
|Siboraj Narzary
|Siboraj Narzary, Mosco, Taklai,
|Arabinda Narzary
|Dao Mwina Film Production
|-
|Bithwn
|
|Sachin Lahari
|Biju (Mr. Dwijing), Rajorshi, Lipika Brahma
|
|Swrang Multimedia Studio
|-
|Angkhow Langfwi Aywi
|1 September 2018
|Phaylaw Basumatary
|Rajib, Rwisumwi, Phaylaw, Prabin Goyary
|Sansree Basumatary
|Dwimu Film Society
|-
|Lwgwri<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bodo Cine Artistes' Association holds 10th convention at Holtugaon- Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bodo-cine-artistes-association-holds-10th-convention-at-holtugaon/|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2019-12-10|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>
|
|R. Rwnao
|Apon Daimary, Herock Ravio, Gemshree
|Bapan Basumatary
|Qeerat Cine Production
|-
|SWITHWNI FINNAI
|
|Bijay Boro
|Tularam, Derhasar, Pompi
|Rinku Boro
|Jaiklong Film Production
|-
|I Love You
|
|Swapan Kr Brahma
|Rajib, Nerswn, Jumu Rani Brahma, Lipika Brahma
|Swapan Kr Brahma
|SKB Film Production
|-
|Abir 2
|
|Kamal KK
|Mwkthang, Maidangsri, Rubul
|Ranjit Goyary, Mithinga Dwimary
|RM Film Production
|-
|Beer
|15 September 2018
|Pankaj Lahary
|Swrang Narzary, Leena, Riju, Rubul
|Pankaj Lahary
|Five Stars Films & Two Brothers
|-
|Bima Bathul
|9 September 2018
|Subarna Basumatary
|Abinash, Karishma, Rajorshi
|Abinash
|Bibar Film Society
|-
|Lady Tarzan
|14 September 2018
|Prabin Goyary
|Alongbar Goyari, Priyanka, Manisha Goyary
|
|Ganda Khungur Film Production
|-
|Nikhaori
|September 2018
|Prabin Basumatary
|Rimal Basunatary, Mwkthang, Jwngsrang, Riju
|Prabha Rani
|Prabha Rani Film Production
|-
|Half Brain
|
|Prabin Basumatary
|Rimal, Mwkthang, Mithinga Narzary, Juhi, Jwngsrang, Dimasha, Bipul Rava
|
|RM Film
|-
|Mwdwini Nijwra
|October 2018
|Kamleswar Basumatary
|Uday, Leena, Rubul, Kamleswar
|Babrubahan Boro
|Hiramoni Rimjhim Production
|-
|Hayenni Boro
|
|Tarendra Nath Basumatary
|Sanjita, Tarendra, Dwimasa
|Tarendra Nath Basumatary
|Sindoor Film Production
|-
|Sonani Nokhor
|10 September 2018
|Rabi Narzary
|Rabi Narzary, Esha Basumatary, Samaina Narzary
|Rabi Narzary
|
|-
|Maojini Adob 2
|
|Michael Mushahary
|Birphung Mohilary, Laisumwi, Swapan Kr, Dimasha, Taklai
|Birphung Mohilary, Suraj Basumatary
|BM Film Production
|-
|Nwngni Thakainw
|
|Rojen Narzary
|Bigrai, Somaina
|
|BCPA
|-
|Songsharni Dahar
|28 October
|Bikram Basumatary
|Hathorkhi Basumatary, Padmini Basumatary
|
|Harimu Film Production & Allied Co-Operative Society
|}

==2019==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Films Name
!Releasing Date
!Director(s)
!Cast
!Producer
!Production
|-
|Gwthar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/shooting-for-bodo-film-gwthar-begins-at-serfanguri/|title=Shooting for Bodo film Gwthar begins at Serfanguri|last=Group|first=Sentinel|date=2019-02-25|website=The Sentinel|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref>
|8 November
|Raja Narzary
|Lingshar Basumatary, Pooja Mushahary,
Leena, Rajarshi
|Riya Brahma
|RB Film Production
|-
|Ganja Fagla
|
|Pankaj Lahary
|Swrang Nazary, Helina Daimary, Hirok Rabha
|Pankaj Lahary
|Two Brothers Entertainment, Dhiraj Production
|-
|Gamiyari Sikhwla
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Godai
|
|Probin Goyary
|Alongbar Goyary, Junali Daimary
|
|
|-
|Gwrbwni Mwdwi
|
|Kamaleswar Basumatary
|Uday, Leena, Rubul, Bishal, Manjurani
|Babrubahan Boro Iswary
|Hiramani Rimjim Film Production
|-
|Gwthwi Soho - An amazing love story
|
|Santosh Basumatary
|Mwkthang, Ansumwi Boro
|Sangita Basumatary
|Sonani Gorai Film Production
|-
|Hainamuli 7
|
|Jogot Boro
|Dwimasa Boro, Jwngsrang Brahma, Jagat Boro, Leena Basumatary, Karishma Boro
|
|Bangbula Film Productions
|-
|Jengshi
|12 September
|Dipak Kr Ramchiary
|Alongbar Goyary, Laisumwi Brahma
|
|Simang Film Production
|-
|''[[Jwlwi: The Seed]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Jwlwi - The Seed (2019) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10247160/|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>
|15 November
|[[Rajni Basumatary]]
|[[Rajni Basumatary]], Shimang Chainary, Jayanta Narzary, Queen Hazarika, Pansy Brahma
|[[Rajni Basumatary]], Jani Viswanath
| Manna Films
|-
|Lwkhisara Jaoyaisw
|
|Siboraj Narzary
|Siboraj, Shilka, Mosko
|Siboraj Narzary
|Dao Mwina Film Production
|-
|Orkhi
|
|Raju Boro
|Biju, Manisha
|Rakesh Narzary, Raju Boro
|Red Card Pictures
|-
|Randini Mwdwi
|
|Mwkthang Basumatary
|Rajib, Pampuli, Ansumwi Boro
|Mwkthang Basumatary
|Geremsa Studios
|-
|Sinaithi
|15 September
|Phungbili
|Ron, Fuji Basumatary
|Ansuma Basumatary, Daniel Swargiary
|Dark House Media Production
|-
|Fwrman
|
|Prabin Boro
|Mwkthang Basumatary, Juhi Narzary
|Swmdwn Narzary
|NF Studio
|-
|Jiudaori
|
|Razeef Rwnao
|Mithinga Narzary, Jechonia Daimary
|Razeef Rwnao
|Qeerat Cine Production
|-
|Swlw - The Real Game
|
|Dhiraj Boro
|Mrigoraj Brahma, Priya Boro, Rupsing Machahary, Priyanka Boro
|Bhabani boro, Dhiraj Boro
|D Viewfinder Film Production
|-
|Gwsw
|6 Sept.
|Mzjing Narzary
|Kusum, Sansuli, Tarendra, Sanasri
|Tarendra Nath Brahma
|SINDUR FILM PRODUCTION
|-
|Thainwi Megon
|
|Anjan
|Uttam Basumatary, Karishma, Rubul
|Gendra
|ABIR Family Cine Production
|-
|Sanso Haywi
|
|Gani Vai Kachary
|Gani Vai Kachary, Mithinga Narzary
|Bhupan Boro
|Red Film Production
|}

==2020==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Films
!Release date
!Director(s)
!Casts
!Producer(s)
!Production
|-
|Bekar Romeo
|28 January
|M Okhrang Boro
|M Okhrang Boro, Rubul Boro
|Kabita Ramchiary
|M Okhrang Production
|-
|Nongkhai Radai
|
|BIjay, Micheal
|Mithinga Narzary, Nilosa, Ansumwi
|
|SCS Film Production
|-
|Riminla Songsar
|
|Prabin Basumatary
|Danswrang, Binu, Rakesh
|Rakesh Narzary
|RS Films Production
|-
|Hangar
|
|Raj Kochary
|Raj Kochary, Rubul
|
|B. Daogasar Film Production
|-
|Feleng Nwjwr
|
|Subarna Basumatary
|Mithuram, Subarna, Rajarshi, Abinash, Anil Kr Narzary
|
|Bibar Film Production
|-
|Mijing
|December
|Prabin Basumatary
|Krishna, Juli
|
|Prabha Rani Film Production
|-
|Aalashi
|
|Santosh Basumatary
|Nijwm, Anamika
|
|Sonani Gorai Film Production
|}

==2021==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Films
!Release date
!Director(s)
!Casts
!Producer(s)
!Production
|-
|Bishombi
|1 October 2021
|Pankaj Lahary
|Alari Swargiary, Swrang Narzary, Swrang Basumatary, Leena Basumatary
|Pankaj Lahary
|Dhiraj Production
|-
|Okhrang Ni Hathorkhi
|9 October 2021
|Prabin Boro
|Nerswn Basumatary, Leena Basumatary
|Birphung Boro
|Jambi Film Production
|-
|Khamglinai Gwswni Mwdwi
|
|Subarna Basumatary
|Mithuram, Leena, Subarna, Junali
|Mithuram Brahma
|MB Film Production
|-
|Aronai
|
|Prabin Boro
|Mwkthang, Birmal Mushahary, Junali Daimary, Prabin Boro
|
|
|-
|Angnw Nangow
|
|
|Alongbar Goyary, Rinki Brahma
|
|
|}

== 2022 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Films
!Director (s)
!Casts
!Producer(s)
!Production
|-
|Gwdan Radai
|Swapan Kr Brahma
|ATG, Jennifer, Ansumwi
|ATG
|Sona Films Production
|-
|Dakha Jwmwi
|Pankaj Lahary
|Lingshar, Monalisa, Bigrai
|
|2 Brothers, MN Production
|-
|Thulunga
|Ganesh Boro
|Shimang Chainary, Priangka
|
|NB Production
|-
|Twiblabw Jena
|Birphung Mohilary
|Rajib, Birphung
|Birphung Mohilary
|BM Film Production
|-
|Agor Gwiywi Aronai
|Prabin Boro
|Swrang, Mwkhthang, Birmal ''Mushahary''
|Anjalu Basumatary
|AR Film Production
|-
|Duplicate Police
|Subarna Basumatary
|Subarna Basumatary, Alari Swargiary, Mosco, Rajorshi
|Nijwm Basumatary
|NB Film Production
|-
|Raha
|Dasarath Boro
|Uttam Basumatary, Mithinga Narzary
|
|Hira Production
|-
|Saikong
|Jesus Kherkatary
|Omprakash, Helina
|
|Jambi Film Production
|-
|Aronbarini Jwhwlaojw
|Bipul Basumatary
|
|
|AG Comedy Kings
|-
|Jwnwm Jwnwm
|Santosh Basumatary
|Rajib, Kamaleswar
|
|
|-
|Twiso Thangso
|Prabin Goyary
|Alongbar Goyary, Nerswn, Puja
|
|Alongbar Production
|-
|Jaolia
|Nerswn Mushahary
|Uttam Basumatary, Swapna
|Ratul Goyary
|
|-
|Onthai Bikha
|Dilip Swargiary
|Mithisar, Dwimu, Redhikha, Dilip, Krishno
|
|DS Film Production
|-
|Jowmwn
|Swmdwn Boro
|Swmdwn, Ansumwi
|Swmdwn
|
|-
|Lapa Duga
|Mizing Narzary
|Mizing Narzary, Jowyen
|
|
|-
|Jiuao Hangma
|Ganesh Baro
|Shimang Chainary, Priangka
|
|Hangma Film Production
|-
|Sikhwla Bilathi
|Subarna Basumatary
|Emanuel, Subarna, Oollee
|
|Jaiklong Film Production
|}

== 2023 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Film
!Director(s)
!Casts
!Producer(s)
!Production
|-
|the BORO
(Documentary Series)
|Anamika Basumatary
Nishant Balgovind
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]],
[[Ranjan Daimary]],
[[Pramod Boro]]

[[Pramila Rani Brahma]],

[[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]],

[[Subramanian Swamy]]

[[Mangal Singh Hazowary]]

Hebebala Basumatary(Bhumka)

[[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]]
|Binay Basumatary
Jayanti Basumatary

Anamika Basumatary

Amit Kumar

Ritesh Kumar
|BG Productions
Mumbai
|}

==See also==
* [[Bodo culture]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}

[[Category:Lists of films by language|Bodo]]
[[Category:Cinema of Assam|*]]
[[Category:Bodo-language films| ]]

Temjenmemba

2025-10-21T11:26:38Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''Temjenmemba''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Temjenmenba(NDPP):Constituency- JANGPETKONG (ST)(MOKOKCHUNG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6796 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jangpetkong Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party, which is now merged with NPF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Nagaland election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-election-winner-list-2023-ndpp-bjp-winner-candidate-list-for-nagaland-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677731585125.html |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Temjenmemba is from [[Jangpetkong Assembly constituency|Jangpetkong]], Mokokchung, Nagaland. He is the son of late Tekachang. He completed his M.A. in good governance, in 2011, at Global Open University, [[Dimapur]], Nagaland.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Temjenmemba won from Jangpetkong Assembly constituency representing [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 6,238 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Imjongwati Longkumer of the [[Naga People's Front]], by a margin of 2,001 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temjenmenba in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/temjenmenba-jangpetkong-candidate-s17a029c001/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temjenmemba}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line

2025-10-19T09:54:22Z

FranciscaFortney: new new pg!

{{short description|Railway route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia main line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Bokaro City Railway Station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Bokaro Steel City is an important Railway Station on Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line
| type =
| system = Double Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]]
| start = [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|NSC Bose Gomoh]]
| end = {{stnlnk|Hatia}}
| stations =
| routes =
| open = 1961
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]], [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock = [[WAP-7]] of [[Tatanagar railway station|Tatanagar shed]] and [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah shed]], [[WAP-4]] of Howrah shed, [[WAM-4]] of Tatanagar Shed and [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro Shed]] and [[WDM-3A]] of Bokaro shed
| linelength = {{convert|152|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h}} km/h
| elevation = 628 metres above the sea level
| website =
| map = {{Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line''' is a railway line connecting [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|NSC Bose Gomoh]] and {{stnlnk|Hatia}} in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It is under the jurisdiction of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]] and [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]].

==History==
The {{track gauge|2ft6in}}-wide [[narrow-gauge]] Purulia–Ranchi line was opened by [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] in 1907.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title = IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947) | publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=ianmanning>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/articles/manning/ranchi.html |title =From Bengal towards Nagpur: Ranchi|last= Manning|first=Ian | publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref>

In 1907 {{stnlnk|Adra}} was connected to the [[Grand Chord]] at [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Gomoh]] with a {{track gauge|1676 mm}} wide [[{{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]|broad-gauge]] line.<ref>R. P. Saxena, Indian Railway Time Table.</ref> The construction of the {{convert|143|km|mi}} long broad gauge Chandrapura–Muri–Ranchi–Hatia line was started in 1957 and was completed in 1961. The construction of this line included the conversion of the narrow-gauge Kotshila–Ranchi line to broad gauge.<ref name=ianmanning/><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title = Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy| work= page 60|last= Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|year = 1986|publisher= Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059| isbn = 81-7022-089-0|access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref>

The narrow-gauge Purulia–Kotshila sector was converted to broad gauge in 1992.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/south-eastern-railway.pdf |title = Indian Railways Line History: 1. South Eastern Railway| publisher= Indian Railway Notes| access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Gomoh–Chandrapura–Phusro sector was electrified in 1957–58, Rajabera-Bokaro Steel City in 1986–87, Bokaro Steel City yard in 1988–89, Radhagaon–Muri–Kita in 1998–99, Kita–Namkom in 2000–2001, Namkum–Ranchi–Hatia in 2001–2002, Purulia–Kotshila in 1998–99.<ref name=electric>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title= History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 15 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Netaji SC Bose Gomoh]] has an electric loco shed with capacity to hold 125+ locos. Locos housed at the shed include WAG-7, WAG-9, WAG-9I, WAP-7. WAP-7 locos serve the prestigious [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]].<ref name=shed>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref>

{{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}} has a diesel loco shed with WDM-2 and WDM-3A locos. It has a large yard for [[Bokaro Steel Plant]].<ref name=shed/>

==Railway reorganisation==
In 1952, Eastern Railway was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], east of Mughalsarai and [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]].<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947 - 1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref> East Central Railway was created in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title = East Central Railway| publisher= ECR| access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref>

Some major trains on this route:-
*[[Purushottam Express]]
*[[Ranchi Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Bokaro Steel City–Bhubaneswar Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Howrah–Ranchi Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Odisha Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Jharkhand Sampark Kranti Express]]
*[[Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express]]
*[[Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express]]
*[[Tatanagar–Amritsar Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]
*[[Ahmedabad–Kolkata Express]]
*[[Shaktipunj Express]]
*[[Howrah–Bhopal Weekly Express]]
*[[Ranchi–New Delhi Garib Rath Express]]
*[[Sambalpur–Varanasi Express]]
*[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]]

Rail sections of this route:-
* Hatia–Ranchi section
* Ranchi–Johna section and Ranchi–Gautamdhara section (tracks split due to hilly terrain)
* Johna-Muri section and Gautamdhara–Muri section (tracks meet in Muri)
* Muri–Kotshila section
* Kotshila–Bokaro Steel City section
* Bokaro Steel City–Chandrapura section
* Chandrapura-Gomoh section

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/netaji-sc-bose-gomoh-junction-gmo/1426 Trains at NSC Bose Gomoh]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bokaro-steel-city-bksc/380 Trains at Bokaro Steel City]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/muri-junction-muri/383 Trains at Muri]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ranchi-junction-rnc/384 Trains at Ranchi]

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh-Hatia line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division|*]]
[[Category:Ranchi railway division|*]]
[[Category:Adra railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]

Korean language education in India

2025-09-04T15:38:24Z

FranciscaFortney: creating a entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2024}}

'''Korean language education in India''' includes learning at [[List of universities in India|Indian colleges and universities]], [[List of schools in India|schools]], and [[List of institutions of higher education in India|institutions]].

In 2022, a total of 2,342 Indian students learned the [[Korean language]]. During this period, more of 20 schools conducted regular Korean language classes and 25 schools conducted Korean hobby classes. Since the revised National Education Policy of India introduced Korean as one of the elective subjects for a second language, the acceptance of Korean language classes in schools in India has been steadily increasing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Korean Fastest Growing Foreign Language in India: 50 percent hike in language learners in 2022 |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/korean-fastest-growing-foreign-language-in-india-50-percent-hike-in-language-learners-in-2022/ |work=Asian Community News}}</ref>

==Current status==
As of April 2023, about 2,500 students enrolled in [[Korean language]] learning, including 21 regular classes and 17 hobby classes.

In general schools, Korean language classes are usually available for grades 6–8. However, students who have completed grade 8 cannot continue their Korean classes due to the local foreign language education policy.<ref name=":0" />

For Indians aged 17 to 25, Korean ranked fifth on [[Duolingo]]'s Most Popular Languages chart.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Korean was the most popular language to learn for Indians in 2021: Duolingo report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/korean-was-the-most-popular-language-to-learn-for-indians-in-2021-duolingo-report-314994-2021-12-09 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Language learning]]
* [[King Sejong Institute]]
* [[Korean as a foreign language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Language education in India]]
[[Category:Korean-language education by country|India]]
[[Category:India–Korea relations]]

Danavulapadu Jain temple

2025-07-31T06:10:20Z

FranciscaFortney: Made new place w/ refs

{{short description|Jain temple in the state of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| image = File:Jain Shrine at Danavulapadu (cropped).jpg
| alt = Danavulapadu Jain temple
| caption = Danavulapadu Jain temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|14|47|29.3|N|78|26|16.6|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}

| location = Danavulapadu village, [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| established = 8th century
| creator =
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity =
| architecture_style = [[Rashtrakuta dynasty#architecture|Rashtrakuta architecture]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Danavulapadu Jain temple''' is an ancient [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|center]] located in Danavulapadu village, within the [[Jammalamadugu|Jammalamadugu mandal]] of [[Kadapa district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== History ==
Danavulapadu Jain temple, discovered in 1903,{{sfn|Konow|1910|p=147}}{{sfn|Ramamurty|1979|pp=54-55}} was once an important Jain center and received royal patronage from [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].{{sfn|Stephens|1904|p=24}}{{sfn|Ramamurty|1979|p=54}} According to inscriptions on [[Nishidhi stone]], the site was popular among [[Acharya (Jainism)|Jain acharyas]] to perform [[Sallekhana]].{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=113}} A 13th century inscription found in neighbouring village mentions present of this temple.<ref name="asi" />

A ''chaumukha'' (four-faced) idol was installed in 8th century during reign of [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].{{refn|group=note|Chaumukh idol faces all four cardinal directions.{{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=33}}}}{{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=33}}{{sfn|Leeuw|1956}} There is a one-line [[sanskrit]] inscription at the base of the statue with characters from the early [[Eastern Chalukyas]] period.{{sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1903|p=26}} In 968 CE, [[Khottiga]], Rashtrakuta empire, installed a ''panavatta'' for the [[Mahamastakabhisheka]] of [[Shantinatha]].{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=156}}{{sfn|Nandi|1973|p=35}}

== About temple ==

The temple plan features a [[mandapa]], [[antarala]], and [[garbhagriha]]. The [[Jagati (temple)|adhishthana]] of the temple is decorated with fine carvings. There are carvings of [[Nāga]], [[Nāginī]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Ganesha]] on temple wall.<ref name="asi" >{{cite web |title=Buried Jaina Temple and Remains at Danavulapadu |url=http://asiconservationportal.nic.in/public-dashboard/view-work-estimation/2440 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915184216/http://asiconservationportal.nic.in/public-dashboard/view-work-estimation/2440 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The temple enshrines a 10th-century {{convert|12|ft}} idol of a five-hooded serpent [[Parshvanatha]] seated on a lotus shaped pedestal with carvings scroll ornaments and sculptures of elephants and crocodiles as vahanas. The hands and portion below the knee are broken.{{sfn|Kannan|Lakshminarayanan|2001|p=63}}{{sfn|Pereira|1977|p=7}} There is an image of [[yakshi]] in [[lotus position]] seated on a lion. The second shrine is heavily ornate structure ensuring an idol of [[Tirthankara]].{{sfn|Ramamurty|1979|p=55}} Several serpent deities idols have been placed besides the well near the temple complex.<ref name="APTDC" >{{cite web | url=https://aptourism.gov.in/destinations/73/danavulapadu | title=Danavulapadu | publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation]] | access-date=15 September 2022 | archive-date=15 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915182226/https://aptourism.gov.in/destinations/73/danavulapadu | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeology |url=https://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/01/arch.htm |publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai]] |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> The temple also houses an idol of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]].{{sfn|Singh|1971|p=165}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Jain Tirthankara at Danavulapadu (cropped).jpg|Parshvanatha idol
File:Ganapati Statue at Danavulapadu (cropped).jpg|Image of Ganesha
File:Excavated Statues at Danavulapadu (cropped).jpg|Idols of serpent near the temple
</gallery>

== Conservation ==
The temple complex is protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="asi" /> Various artefacts, inscriptions and sculptures discovered at the site are now placed inside [[Government Museum, Chennai]].{{sfn|Ramamurty|1979|p=54}}<ref name="APTDC" />

== See also ==
* [[Ramateertham]]
* [[Ambapuram cave temple]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | author=Archaeological Survey of India | author-link=Archaeological Survey of India | title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department, Southern Circle, Madras | location=[[Coorg]] | url={{Google books|umc_AAAAIAAJ|pg=RA1-PA26|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Government Press | year=1903 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Kannan | first1=R. | last2=Lakshminarayanan | first2=K. | title=Iconography of the Jain images in the government museum | url=https://www.tamilvu.org/tdb/arts_tamildb/pdf/rkannan/14.inconography_jain_images_in_government_museum.pdf | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=2001 | publisher=[[Government Museum, Chennai]] }}
* {{cite book | last=Konow | first=Sten | author-link=Sten Konow | title=Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archaeological Survey of India | volume=10 | series=[[Epigraphia Indica]] | url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/29303.pdf | issue=1 | year=1910 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | location=[[Bombay]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Nandi |first=Ramendra Nath |title=Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, C. A.D. 600-A.D. 1000 |url={{Google books|7HRgstuWe6EC|page=33|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1973 |isbn=978-08-426-0564-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pereira |first=Jose | author-link=José Pereira (scholar) | title=Monolithic Jinas | url={{Google books|LMTgiygj4-oC|page=7|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | year=1977 | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-2397-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Ramamurty | first=N. | title=Social and religious life as depicted in the Chalukyan sculptures | url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144517431.pdf | publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] | year=1979 | location=[[Aligarh]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=Pedarapu Chenna |author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies |url={{Google books|kfNgEAAAQBAJ|page=231 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |year=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-93-56114-46-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand |author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography | volume=1 |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=156|plainurl=yes}} |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stephens |first=H. Morse |author-link=H. Morse Stephens |title=Madras State Administration Report |url={{Google books|mYw-AQAAMAAJ|pg=PR24|plainurl=yes}} |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web | last=Leeuw | first=Lohuizen-de | author-link=Johanna van Lohuizen-de Leeuw | title=Danavulapadu | url=https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/78770 | work=[[Leiden University Library]] | year=1956 | location=[[Netherland]] }}
* {{cite journal | last=Singh | first=Ram Bhushan | title=Jaina Goddesses In Karnataka And Their Association With Tantricism During Early Medieval Times | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=33 | year=1971 | pages=165–71 | jstor=44145329 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145329 | access-date=15 September 2022 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Danavulapadu Jain temple}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]

2024 Men's International Festival of Hockey

2025-07-09T20:11:48Z

FranciscaFortney: Details!

{{Short description|International field hockey tournament}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox field hockey
| tournament = 2024 Men's International Festival of Hockey
| country = Australia
| city = [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]
| venues = [[Perth Hockey Stadium]]
| dates = 6–13 April
| teams = 2
| confederations = 2
| champions = {{fh|AUS}}
| count = 3
| second = {{fh|IND}}
| matches = 5
| goals = 24
| top_scorer = {{fhicon|AUS}} [[Jeremy Hayward]]
| top_scorer_goals = 7
| best_player =
| previous_year = 2017
| previous_tournament = 2017 Men's International Festival of Hockey
| next_year = 2025
| next_tournament = 2025 Men's International Festival of Hockey
}}

The '''2024 Men's [[International Festival of Hockey]]''' was the third edition of the [[International Festival of Hockey]], a [[field hockey]] tournament held in Australia. The tournament took place in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] from 6–13 April 2024.<ref name="PIFOH">{{cite web |title=Perth International Festival of Hockey |url=https://www.hockey.org.au/pifoh |publisher=[[Hockey Australia]] |website=hockey.org.au |accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref>

The national teams of [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]] and [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] will compete in a five-match test series.<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 FIH Hockey Perth International Festival of Hockey - Perth |url=https://olympics.com/en/sport-events/2024-fih-hockey-perth-international-festival-of-hockey-perth |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |website=olympics.com |accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Festival of Hockey to descend on Perth |url=https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/department/news/news-article/2024/03/21/international-festival-of-hockey-to-descend-on-perth |publisher=[[Government of Western Australia]] |website=dlgsc.wa.gov.au |accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref>

Australia won the tournament, defeating India in all five matches for a 5–0 sweep of the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hayward proves he’s among world’s best as Kookaburras complete series sweep of India |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/hockey/kookaburras/perth-international-hockey-festival-kookaburras-come-from-behind-to-defeat-india-21/news-story/11498c0273224e6e8a39b07d4a992c13 |publisher=[[Herald Sun]] |website=heraldsun.com.au |date=13 April 2024 |accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref>

==Background==
This was the fifth test series between Australia and India in 27 years.<ref name="india.com">{{cite web |title=IND Vs AUS Hockey Test Series: Men In Blue Aim To End 10-Year Drought On Australian Soil |url=https://www.india.com/sports/ind-vs-aus-hockey-test-series-men-in-blue-aim-to-end-10-year-drought-on-australian-soil-6828102 |website=india.com |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en |date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The last series was held in [[Adelaide, Australia]] in 2022, which ended in their 4–1 victory to Australia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nalwala |first1=Ali Asgar |title=Hockey Test: India lose series 4-1 to Australia |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-vs-australia-hockey-test-series-2022-match-5-result-score |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=olympics.com |date=4 December 2022}}</ref> India's last series win against Australia came in 2014, also in Perth.<ref name="india.com"/> As per an initial memorandum of understanding between the two nations, the series was scheduled to be held in India, but was shifted to Australia, considering most [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]] tournaments, including the following [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|Hockey World Cup]] and the [[Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] were to be held outside India.<ref name="tnie1">{{cite web |last1=Swaminathan |first1=Swaroop |title=Series in Australia & taking Paddy to Olympics: India's Paris prep |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2024/Feb/21/series-in-australia-taking-paddy-to-olympics-indias-paris-prep |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref>

The series was seen as preparation to India and Australia's Olympic Games campaign [[2024 Summer Olympics|to be held later that year]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Desk |first1=The Bridge |title=Indian men's team leaves for Australia for five-match Test series |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/indian-men-team-australia-tour-five-match-test-series-46727 |website=thebridge.in |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en |date=2 April 2024}}</ref> where the two teams were [[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men%27s tournament#Group B|drawn in the same group]]. India went to Australia on the back of five wins in a total of eight games earlier that year. The two teams faced off twice, both in the [[2023–24 Men's FIH Pro League|FIH Pro League]], with Australia winning both matches; the first by a 6–4 margin, and the second by 3–0 on [[Penalty stroke|penalties]] after a 2–2 draw in regulation time.<ref name="india.com"/> Australia entered the series in good form, winning seven out of their eight matches in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Australia |first1=Hockey |title=Star-studded Hockeyroos and Kookaburras to headline Perth International Festival of Hockey |url=https://www.hockey.org.au/news/star-studded-hockeyroos-and-kookaburras-to-headline-perth |website=hockey.org.au |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The FIH Pro League was the last international tournament that the two teams featured in; the India-leg concluded in February that year.<ref name="tnie1"/> Australia also had a superior head-to-head record over India in the decade prior to the series. Since 2013, they had won 28 times, lost 8 and drawn 7 in the 43 games played against India. However, in the [[FIH Men's World Ranking|FIH World Ranking]], they were ranked fifth, one below India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preview: Indian Men’s Hockey Team gears up for epic showdown against Australia in five-match Test series |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/preview-indian-mens-hockey-team-gears-up-for-epic-showdown-against-australia-in-five-match-test-series |website=Hockey India |access-date=6 April 2024 |language=en |date=5 April 2024}}</ref>

Before flying to Australia, India's squad held a three-week preparatory camp in [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="india.com"/> India's head coach [[Craig Fulton]] stated that the tour was "crucial" in the team's preparation for the Olympics and added that "Australia is the form team at the moment so it's always nice to test yourself against them."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganesan |first1=Uthra |title=Hockey: Australia tour crucial in final stretch of Paris preparation, says Fulton |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/indian-hockey-team-craig-fulton-australia-tour-paris-2024-olympics-news/article68012933.ece |website=Sportstar |access-date=2 April 2024 |language=en |date=31 March 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==
The national squads were announced prior to the tournament:<ref name="PIFOH"/>

{{hidden begin|title={{fh|AUS}}|bodystyle=font-size:110%}}
Head Coach: {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Colin Batch]]
{{div col begin|colwidth=18em}}
#[[Lachlan Sharp]]
#<li value=3>[[Corey Weyer]]
#[[Jake Harvie]]
#[[Tom Wickham|Thomas Wickham]]
#[[Matthew Dawson (field hockey)|Matthew Dawson]]
#[[Nathan Ephraums]]
#[[Johan Durst]] ([[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|GK]])
#[[Jacob Anderson (field hockey)|Jacob Anderson]]
#[[Joshua Beltz]]
#[[Edward Ockenden]] ([[Captain (sports)|C]])
#[[Jacob Whetton]]
#[[Blake Govers]]
#<li value=15>[[Jayden Atkinson]]
#<li value=17>[[Aran Zalewski]] ([[Captain (sports)|C]])
#<li value=19>[[Craig Marais (field hockey)|Craig Marais]]
#[[Ky Willott]]
#[[Jack Welch (field hockey)|Jack Welch]]
#[[Flynn Ogilvie]]
#[[Daniel Beale (field hockey)|Daniel Beale]] ([[Captain (sports)|C]])
#<li value=26>[[James Collins (field hockey)|James Collins]]
#[[Joel Rintala]]
#[[Ashleigh Thomas]] ([[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|GK]])
#[[Tim Brand|Timothy Brand]]
#[[Andrew Charter]] ([[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|GK]])
#<li value=32>[[Jeremy Hayward]] ([[Captain (sports)|C]])
{{div col end}}
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin|title={{fh|IND}}|bodystyle=font-size:110%}}
Head Coach: {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Craig Fulton]]
{{div col begin|colwidth=18em}}
#<li value=2>[[Dilpreet Singh]]
#<li value=4>[[Jarmanpreet Singh]]
#[[Abhishek (field hockey)|Abhishek]]
#<li value=7>[[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]]
#[[Hardik Singh]]
#[[Gurjant Singh]]
#<li value=11>[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
#[[Krishan Pathak]] ([[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|GK]])
#[[Harmanpreet Singh]] ([[Captain (sports)|C]])
#[[Lalit Upadhyay]]
#<li value=16>[[P. R. Sreejesh]] ([[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|GK]])
#[[Sumit Walmiki]]
#[[Nilakanta Sharma]]
#<li value=21>[[Shamsher Singh (field hockey)|Shamsher Singh]]
#[[Boby Singh Dhami]]
#[[Amir Ali (field hockey)|Amir Ali]]
#<li value=25>[[Raj Kumar Pal]]
#<li value=27>[[Akashdeep Singh]]
#<li value=30>[[Amit Rohidas]]
#[[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj Singh]]
#[[Vivek Sagar Prasad]]
#<li value=34>[[Sukhjeet Singh]]
#[[Mohammed Raheel Mouseen|Mohammed Raheel]]
#<li value=40>[[Vishnukant Singh]]
#<li value=70>[[Sanjay (field hockey)|Sanjay]]
#<li value=77>[[Suraj Karkera]] ([[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|GK]])
#<li value=90>[[Araijeet Singh Hundal]]
{{div col end}}
{{hidden end}}

==Officials==
The following umpires were appointed by [[Hockey Australia]] and the [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]] to officiate the tournament:<ref>{{cite web |title=2024 Test Matches AUS v IND (M) – Officials |url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1657/officials |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |website=tms.fih.ch |accessdate=1 April 2024}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Benjamin de Young (AUS)
*Daniel Johnston (AUS)
*Jordan Moore (AUS)
*Raghu Prasad (IND)
*Timothy Sheahan (AUS)
{{div col end}}

==Results==
''All times are local ([[UTC+08:00|AWST]]).''

===Standings===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/1657/reports/poolstandings FIH]
|update=complete

|team1=AUS |team2=IND
|result1=TC

|name_AUS={{fh|AUS}} |win_AUS=5 |draw_AUS=0 |loss_AUS=0 |gf_AUS=17|ga_AUS=7 |status_AUS=H
|name_IND={{fh|IND}} |win_IND=0 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=5 |gf_IND=7 |ga_IND=17

|class_rules = 1) points; 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for; 5) head-to-head result; 6) field goals scored.<ref name="Regulations">{{cite web |title=FIH Top Tier Tournament Regulations |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/12234031/fih-top-tier-tournament-regulations-21-october-2021.pdf |website=fih.ch |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |date=21 October 2021}}</ref>

|res_col_header=Result
|col_TC=green1 |text_TC=Tournament Champion
}}

===Fixtures===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 6 April 2024
| time = 16:40
| team1 = {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
| score = 5–1
| team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/19685/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Tim Brand|Brand]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}} [[Tom Wickham|Wickham]] {{fhgoal|FG|20|FG|38}} [[Joel Rintala|Rintala]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Flynn Ogilvie|Ogilvie]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}}
| goals2 = [[Gurjant Singh|G. Singh]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}
| umpires = Benjamin de Young (AUS) Timothy Sheahan (AUS)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 April 2024
| time = 16:40
| team1 = {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
| score = 4–2
| team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/19686/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|6|PC|34}} [[Jacob Anderson (field hockey)|Anderson]] {{fhgoal|FG|42}} [[Nathan Ephraums|Ephraums]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}}
| goals2 = [[Jugraj Singh|Ju. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harm. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|30}}
| umpires = Timothy Sheahan (AUS) Benjamin de Young (AUS)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 10 April 2024
| time = 17:40
| team1 = {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
| score = 2–1
| team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/19687/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PS|44|PC|49}}
| goals2 = [[Jugraj Singh|Ju. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|41}}
| umpires = Benjamin de Young (AUS) Timothy Sheahan (AUS)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 12 April 2024
| time = 17:40
| team1 = {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
| score = 3–1
| team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/19688/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|19|PC|47}} [[Jack Welch (field hockey)|Welch]] {{fhgoal|PC|54}}
| goals2 = [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harm. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|12}}
| umpires = Daniel Johnston (AUS) Jordan Moore (AUS)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 13 April 2024
| time = 16:40
| team1 = {{fhw-rt|AUS}}
| score = 3–2
| team2 = {{fhw|IND}}
| report = [https://tms.fih.ch/matches/19689/reports/matchreport Report]
| goals1 = [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|20}} [[Ky Willott|Willott]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}} [[Tim Brand|Brand]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
| goals2 = [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harm. Singh]] {{fhgoal|PC|4}} [[Boby Singh Dhami|Dhami]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
| umpires = Timothy Sheahan (AUS) Daniel Johnston (AUS)
}}

==Goalscorers==
{{Goalscorers
|matches=5 |goals=24 |update=complete
|source=[https://fih.altiusrt.com/competitions/1657/reports/scorers FIH]

|7 goals=
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Jeremy Hayward]]

|3 goals=
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh]]

|2 goals=
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Tim Brand|Timothy Brand]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Tom Wickham|Thomas Wickham]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Jugraj Singh]]

|1 goal=
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Jacob Anderson (field hockey)|Jacob Anderson]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Nathan Ephraums]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Flynn Ogilvie]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Joel Rintala]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Jack Welch (field hockey)|Jack Welch]]
*{{fhicon|AUS}} [[Ky Willott]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Gurjant Singh]]
*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Boby Singh Dhami]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://hockey.org.au/ Hockey Australia]

{{International Festival of Hockey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:field hockey}}
[[Category:International Festival of Hockey|men's]]
[[Category:2024 in men's field hockey|International Festival of Hockey]]

List of awards and nominations received by Shefali Shah

2025-06-07T12:59:24Z

FranciscaFortney: started

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Shefali2022_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Shah in 2022]]

[[Shefali Shah]] has won multiple national and international awards for her work in film and television.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!Award
!Year
!Category
!Work
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
|Alberto Sordi Family Award
|2022
|International cultural figure
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah bags Italy's Alberto Sordi Family Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/sep/20/shefali-shah-bags-italys-alberto-sordi-family-award-2499889.html |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|2019
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|''Delhi Crime'' (S1)
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|2023
|Most Stylish Ott Entertainer
|{{N/A}}
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php | title=Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
|-
|Critics’ Choice Film Awards, India
|2023
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Outlookawards"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[44th Filmfare Awards|1999]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Satya (1998 film)|''Satya'']]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| [[51st Filmfare Awards|2006]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[61st Filmfare Awards|2016]]
| ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]]
| Best Actress in a Short Film
| ''[[Juice (2017 film)|Juice]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[68th Filmfare Awards|2023]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Doctor G]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|FOI Online Awards
|2019
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|''[[Once Again (2018 film)|Once Again]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|FOI Online Awards
|2016
|Special Mention
|''Dil Dhadakne Do''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Indo German Filmweek Awards
|2023
|Best Actress
|''Three of Us''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Outlookawards">{{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |title=7 Times When 'Three Of Us' Actress Shefali Shah Made India Proud At The Global Level |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/7-times-when-three-of-us-actress-shefali-shah-made-india-proud-at-the-global-level-news-328367 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=Outlook |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|2022
|Best Actress
|''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-iffm-awards-2022-11062251.html |title=Here's the complete list of winners for IFFM Awards 2022|date= 16 August 2022|access-date= 16 August 2022|work=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[International Emmy Awards]]
|[[51st International Emmy Awards|2023]]
|[[International Emmy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''Delhi Crime'' (S2)
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Billie Piper, 'The Great British Bake Off' Land International Emmy Nominations|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/global/billie-piper-great-british-bake-off-international-emmy-nominations-1235735660/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Variety |date=26 September 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[23rd IIFA Awards|2023]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''Darlings''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|International Police Award Arts Festival Premio Apoxiomeno
|2022
|Best Actress
|''[[Delhi Crime]]'' (Season 1)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah on winning the best actress Apoxiomeno Award: Second International award in two days |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-on-winning-the-best-actress-apoxiomeno-award-second-international-award-in-two-days-11290111.html |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=20 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[iReel Awards]]
|2019
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|''[[Delhi Crime]]'' (S1)
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
| [[55th National Film Awards|2009]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[The Last Lear]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
|2023
|Best Actress
|''[[Three of Us (film)|Three of Us]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shefali Shah, Jaideep Ahlawat bag top honours at New York Indian Film Festival |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shefali-shah-jaideep-ahlawat-bag-top-honours-at-new-york-indian-film-festival/articleshow/100263292.cms |access-date=16 May 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|2008
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|Gandhi, My Father
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Awards
| 1999
| [[Star Screen Award Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Screen Awards
| 2006
|Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Awards
| 2008
|Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Awards
| 2016
| Best Ensemble Cast
| ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|Stardust Awards
|2006
|[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Stardust Awards
|2008
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Stardust Awards
|2016
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Times of India Film Awards]]
|2016
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Tokyo Film Festival]]
|2008
|Best Actress
|''Gandhi, My Father''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 1999
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
| ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 2006
|Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Waqt: The Race Against Time]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 2008
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm0156858|section=award|name=Shefali Shah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Shefali}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Gorochana

2025-06-05T06:43:34Z

FranciscaFortney: Made a post basic info

{{Short description|Gallstones found in cattle}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2018}}

'''Gorochana''' (transliterated from {{langx|sa|गोरोचन}} "cattle-light"; also {{langx|bo|(gi-wang)}} ''gi-wang'') are [[Gallstone|gallstones]] found in [[cattle]] ({{langx|sa|गो}} ''go''), such as the bulls, cows, buffaloes, and yaks. Its presence in the animals is indicated by the snoring and other nocturnal sounds made by the animals in their sleep.<ref>The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, Serindia Publications, Inc., 2003, Page 20</ref> Its equivalent in [[Sinosphere|Sinitic]] culture is [[calculus bovis]]. The [[vernacular]] [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] names are the same as the [[Sanskrit]].

== Hindu dharma ==
In [[Hindu dharma]], [[Indra]] once cast the five precious minerals: [[gold]], [[silver]], [[coral]], [[pearl]], and [[turquoise]], into an [[ocean]]. These were eventually consumed by various animals, which then formed gallstones in their bodies. They have different colours and potencies based on the animals they originate from.

==Medicinal properties ==
Reputedly, Gorochana acts as an antidote to [[Poison|poisons]], promotes clear thoughts, and alleviates [[Fever|fevers]] and [[Infection|contagious diseases]]. The superior, mediocre, and inferior forms of these stones are reputed to respectively cure seven, five, three patients who have been poisoned. In [[Medieval medicine of Western Europe|medieval European medical traditions]], [[Gallstone|gallstones]] were highly esteemed as an [[antidote]] to [[poisoning]]. 'Oriental gallstones' obtained from the East were particularly prized ones. In the Indian subcontinent, a drop of Gorochana will be given along with mother's milk, every particular day of the baby's birth. It will help to tremendously increase voice clarity for babies.

== Sources and other properties ==
Gorochanas of the finest qualities is obtained from the [[brain]] of an [[elephant]] and from the [[stomach]] of a [[cattle]] and other animals. Resembling the yellow [[yolk]] of a [[boiled egg]], the yellow pigments obtained from a Gorochana is used as a [[Medication|tonic]], [[sedative]] or [[tilaka]] to the [[forehead]].

==References==
{{wiktionary|गो|रोचन}}
{{Reflist}}

{{morecat|date=September 2023}}
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhism]]

Mahindra Lifespaces

2025-05-22T20:56:36Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{Short description|Indian real estate and infrastructure development company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahindra Lifespace Developers Limited
| logo = Mahindra Lifespaces.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532313}}, {{NSE|MAHLIFE}}
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/ifc-to-invest-50-mn-in-mahindra-lifespace-projects|title=IFC to invest $50 mn in Mahindra Lifespace projects|date=19 September 2017|website=Vccircle.com|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl| Amit Kumar Sinha ([[Chief Executive Officer|MD & CEO]])|Arun Nanda ([[Chairman]])}}
| industry =
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|659|c}} (2023)
| operating_income = {{down}} {{INRConvert|-110|c}}(2023)
| net_income = {{down}} {{INRConvert|101|c}} (2023)
| assets = {{up}} {{INRConvert|3610|c}} (2023)
| equity = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1805|c}} (2023)
| owner =
| num_employees = 300+ (2021)
| parent = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|mahindralifespaces.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd.''' is an Indian real estate and infrastructure development company headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. The company was founded in 1994 and is part of the [[Mahindra Group]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mahindra Lifespace plans to acquire land parcels with sales potential of Rs 2,000 crore|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/mahindra-lifespace-plans-to-acquire-land-parcels-with-sales-potential-of-rs-2000-crore/article31826492.ece|access-date=2020-09-25|website=[[Business Line]]|date=14 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The company focuses on residential developments<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sapam|first=Bidya|date=2019-07-01|title=Mahindra Lifespace looks to scale up its affordable housing biz|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/mahindra-lifespace-looks-to-scale-up-its-affordable-housing-biz-1561922716055.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en}}</ref> and integrated cities and industrial clusters<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sapam|first=Bidya|date=2019-03-04|title=Mahindra Lifespace looks to add strategic investment partners|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahindra-lifespace-looks-to-add-strategic-investment-partners-1551723501555.html|access-date=2020-09-25|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en}}</ref> across various locations in India including [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-07|title=Sangeeta Prasad resigns as MD, CEO of Mahindra Lifespaces|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sangeeta-prasad-resigns-as-md-ceo-of-mahindra-lifespaces/1859865/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
GESCO Corporation Limited was incorporated as a Private Limited Company on 16 March 1999 which was converted to a Public Limited Company on 18 August 1999. GESCO was originally the real estate division of Great Eastern Shipping and was spun off into an independent company in April 1999. In 2001, GESCO Corporation and Mahindra Realty & Infrastructure Developers Ltd (MRIDL) demerged the realty and infrastructure divisions of MRIDL and merged it into GESCO.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/gesco-eyes-foray-into-retail-entertainment/35422/|title=Gesco eyes foray into retail, entertainment|date=21 January 2002|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> In 2007, the Company name was changed from Mahindra GESCO Developers Limited to Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd. (MLDL)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahindra-lifespace-developers-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-3527.cms|title=Mahindra Lifespace Developers History - Mahindra Lifespace Developers Information |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
2016: Porter Prize For Excellence In Governance by India's National Competitiveness Forum (NCF)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners 2016 – Porter Prize|url=https://porterprize.in/winners-2016/|access-date=2020-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==

=== The Mahindra Teri Centre of Excellence ===
The Mahindra Teri Centre of Excellence was developed to reduce the footprint of the real estate industry and to influence the real estate industry and its value chain to move towards innovative and sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-20|title=Mahindra-TERI Center of Excellence|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mahindra-teri-center-of-excellence-116052001416_1.html|access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahindra-TERI centre of excellence to develop energy-efficient technology for real estate sector|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mahindra-teri-centre-of-excellence-to-develop-energy-efficient-technology-for-real-estate-sector/article24146466.ece|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Business Line|date=12 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sustainable Leadership Housing Coalition ===
MLDL is one of the founding members of the Sustainable Housing Leadership Consortium (SHLC), a private sector-led consortium founded in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2015-10-01|title=Mahindra Lifespaces launches its 'Green Army' initiative|url=http://architectureupdate.in/mahindra-lifespaces-launches-its-green-army-initiative/|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Architecture Update|language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Mahindra World City Jaipur ===
MWC Jaipur is a joint venture between Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd (MLDL) and Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO). In 2015, MWCJ became the first project in Asia to receive Stage 2 Climate Positive Development certification from the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahindra World City Jaipur provides 16 acres to 4 firms for setting up facilities|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/mahindra-world-city-jaipur-provides-16-acres-to-4-firms-for-setting-up-facilities-5458691.html|access-date=2020-11-02|website=Moneycontrol|date=25 June 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mahindra-lifespace-developers-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-3527.cms|title=Mahindra Lifespace Developers History - Mahindra Lifespace Developers Information - The Economic Times|website=Economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=9 April 2019}}
*{{cite web|url=http://mahindra-aqualily.com/|title=Mahindra Aqualily Book a Ready to Move Apartment in GST road, Chennai Mahindra Lifespace|website=Mahindra-aqualily.com|access-date=9 April 2019}}
*{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mahindra-lifespaces-appoints-arvind-subramanian-as-managing-director-ceo/articleshow/75755411.cms|title=Mahindra lifespaces appoints arvind subramanian as managing director ceo |newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date= 15 May 2020 }}

{{Mahindra Group}}

[[Category:Real estate companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]

Rajkumar Mev

2025-02-28T16:26:52Z

FranciscaFortney: new new bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Rajkumar Mev''' (born 1969)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar Mev(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAHESHWAR (SC)(KHARGONE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=10 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Maheshwar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Khargone district]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Maheshwar Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Rajkumar Mev Wins From Maheshwar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/maheshwar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-mp-assembly-election-results-news-1646962 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Maheshwar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Maheshwar में BJP ने INC कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/maheshwar-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830328-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maheshwar Election Result 2023 Updates: BJPs Rajkumar Mev Won From Maheshwar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/maheshwar-election-result-2023-live-updates-bjps-rajkumar-mev-vs-congress-vijayalakshmi-sadho-2694524.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mev is from [[Maheshwar]], Khargone district, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Manohardas Mev. He passed Class 12 in 1993.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mev won from Maheshwar Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 94,383 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Vijayalaxmi Sadho]], by a margin of 5,919 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. In 2013, he polled 74,320 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sunil Khande of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 4,727 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Maheshwar constituency Madhya Pradesh election results 2023: Congress' Vijayalaxmi Sadho trails against BJP's Rajkumar Mev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/maheshwar-constituency-madhya-pradesh-election-results-2023-congress-vijayalaxmi-sadho-trails-against-bjps-rajkumar-mev/articleshow/105699181.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maheshwar Constituency Election Results 2023: Maheshwar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/maheshwar |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mew, Rajkumar}}

[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Khargone district]]

Kanaja

2025-02-03T12:53:43Z

FranciscaFortney: creating new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Kanaja ಕಣಜ
| logo = Kanaja-Logo.png
| logocaption =
| screenshot =
| collapsible =
| caption =
| commercial = No
| type = Online encyclopedia
| registration =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| num_users =
| content_license = Yes
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| launch_date = 5 December 2009
| current_status = Active
| alexa =
| url = {{URL|kanaja.karnataka.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Kanaja''' is an online encyclopedia developed by the Karnataka Knowledge Commission and owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. The portal offers readers participation in updating the information, serves as a source of information in the [[Kannada]] language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kanaja' launched|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/39746/kanaja-launched.html|accessdate=27 September 2017|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Overview==
Kanaja was launched on 5 December 2009 and was managed by the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore|International Institute of Information and Technology-Bangalore (IIIT-B)]]. In 2015 responsibility for organising the project was given to the Department of Kannada and Culture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reviving Kanaja under Kannada Culture Department|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/reviving-kanaja-under-kannada-culture-department/article7740785.ece|accessdate=27 September 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Sections==
*Art
*Literature
*Science,
*Environment
*Media
*History
*Technology
*Business.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kannada portal launched|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Kannada-portal-launched/article16821331.ece|accessdate=27 September 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Article creation==
*In existing article adding additional information, errors identification and corrections from reader displayed after committee review
*New article accepted and reviewed by committee and displayed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ancient Kannada lives online|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/apr/27/ancient-kannada-lives-online-1598053--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927160225/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/apr/27/ancient-kannada-lives-online-1598053--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2017|accessdate=27 September 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government-owned websites of India]]
[[Category:Indian online encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2009]]

Baazi

2024-11-27T08:23:42Z

FranciscaFortney:

{{wikt|بازی}}
'''''Baazi''''' may refer to these Indian films:
* [[Baazi (1951 film)|''Baazi'' (1951 film)]], directed by Guru Dutt and starring Dev Anand
* [[Baazi (1968 film)|''Baazi'' (1968 film)]], directed by Moni Bhattacharjee and starring Dharmendra and Waheeda Rehman
* [[Baazi (1984 film)|''Baazi'' (1984 film)]], directed by Raj N. Sippy and starring Dharmendra
* [[Baazi (1995 film)|''Baazi'' (1995 film)]], directed by Ashutosh Gowarikar and starring Aamir Khan
* [[Baazi (2021 film)|''Baazi'' (2021 film)]], an Indian Bengali film

==See also==
*[[Bazi (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}

MTV Splitsvilla season 10

2024-09-08T20:06:10Z

FranciscaFortney: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 10]]