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Sidli–Chirang Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:35:51Z

FrancescaToscano: New initial details added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sidli–Chirang
| constituency_no = 19
| type = SLA
| map_image = Sidli–Chirang Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| district = [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}

'''Sidli–Chirang Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 Assembly constituencies in [[Chirang district]] in the [[Northeast India|North-East Indian]] state of [[Assam]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sidli-Chirang}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paniram Brahma|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=101275|percentage=53.58|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranjit Basumatary
|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=62674|percentage=33.16|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Matilal Narzary|party=Indian National Congress|votes=18975|percentage=10.04|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=3402|percentage=1.8|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 38601|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=189023|percentage=|change=}}
}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Chirang district]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Gonville Bromhead

2026-05-04T02:11:53Z

FrancescaToscano: creating

{{Short description|British Army major and recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{For|Sir Gonville Bromhead, Baronet|Bromhead baronets}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Gonville Bromhead
| honorific_suffix = [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
| image = VCGonvilleBromhead.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Gonville Bromhead {{circa}}1872
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1845|08|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], [[Second French Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1891|02|09|1845|08|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[British Raj|India]], [[British Empire]]
| burial_place =
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}} / [[British Empire]]
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| service_years = 1867–1891
| rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| unit = [[24th Regiment of Foot]]
| commands =
| battles = [[Ninth Cape Frontier War]] [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
* [[Battle of Rorke's Drift]]
[[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]]
| relations =
| other_work =
}}
[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''Gonville Bromhead'''{{refn|group=note|name=first|The surname is pronounced "Brumhead".<ref name="end notes">{{cite web |url=http://www.panmacmillan.com/devpanmacmillan/media/panmacmillan/Zulu%20Rising/zulu_rising_endnotes.pdf |first=Ian |last=Knight |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |title=Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift |type=End notes |page=28 |year=2010 |access-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203200630/http://www.panmacmillan.com/devpanmacmillan/media/panmacmillan/Zulu%20Rising/zulu_rising_endnotes.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2014 |ref=none}}</ref>}} [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (29 August 1845 – 9 February 1891) was a [[British Army]] officer who received the [[Victoria Cross]] (the highest award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces) for his part in the [[Battle of Rorke's Drift|defence of Rorke's Drift]] in January 1879, in which a small British garrison of 139 soldiers successfully repulsed an assault by some 4,000 [[Zulu Kingdom|Zulu]] warriors.

Born into a notable military family, Bromhead was brought up in [[Thurlby, North Kesteven|Thurlby]], [[Lincolnshire]]. He entered the [[24th Regiment of Foot]] as an ensign in 1867 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1871. Bromhead's battalion was deployed to southern Africa in 1878 and subsequently served in the [[Ninth Cape Frontier War]] and the [[Anglo-Zulu War]]. He spent most of the remainder of his career in [[south Asia]], where he was promoted to major in 1883 and saw service in the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]]. He died in 1891 in [[Allahabad]], India, aged 45.

==Early life==
Gonville Bromhead was born on 29 August 1845 in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=234}} He was the youngest child born to Maj. Sir Edmund de Gonville Bromhead, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Judith.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=234}} He came from a notable military family: his great-grandfather, Boardman Bromhead, fought under Major General [[James Wolfe]] at [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|Quebec]]; his grandfather, [[Sir Gonville Bromhead, 1st Baronet|Sir Gonville Bromhead]], was a lieutenant general who fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]]; his father was a veteran of the [[Battle of Waterloo]]; and his three older brothers were officers in the British Army.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magnuscofe.notts.sch.uk/bromhead.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321193706/http://www.magnuscofe.notts.sch.uk/bromhead.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2013 |title=Bromhead House |publisher=[[Magnus Church of England School]] |year=2010 |access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=553}}{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=234}}

His family resided at Thurlby Hall in [[Thurlby, North Kesteven|Thurlby]], [[Lincolnshire]], and he was educated at [[Magnus Church of England School|Magnus Grammar School]] in [[Newark-on-Trent]].{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=234}} After purchasing an ensign's commission he entered the 2nd Battalion [[24th Regiment of Foot]] on 20 April 1867, and was promoted to lieutenant on 28 October 1871.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=234}}{{refn|group=note|name=second|The 24th Regiment of Foot were renamed the [[South Wales Borderers]] in July 1881.{{sfn|Paton|Glennie|Symons|1892|p=276}}}} Nicknamed "Gunny" by his colleagues,{{refn|group=note|name=third|Sometimes spelled "Gonny".<ref name="end notes"/>}} Bromhead was an accomplished boxer and cricketer for the regimental team, and was popular with the men under his command.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=234}} During his career he developed hearing problems which became progressively worse. However, according to historian Ian Knight, contrary to popular belief, Bromhead's deafness did not affect his ability to command his men.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=553}} Nevertheless, Bromhead was not highly regarded by his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Henry James Degacher, who privately described him as "hopeless".{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=180}}

On 1 February 1878, Bromhead's battalion was dispatched to the [[British Cape Colony]] in response to a request for reinforcements to assist in the [[Xhosa Wars#Ninth war (1877–1879)|Ninth Cape Frontier War]]. Arriving at [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] on 9 March, Bromhead's B Company took part in several offensive operations at the conclusion of the war.{{sfn|Paton|Glennie|Symons|1892|p=209}} During an assault on a [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] position in May, the company's commanding officer, Captain A.G. Godwin-Austen, was wounded by a shot accidentally fired by one of his own men.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=552}} He was consequently sent back to England to recover, and command of the company temporarily passed to Bromhead. In August the battalion was sent to [[Pietermaritzburg]], [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], to prepare for the invasion of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].{{sfn|Paton|Glennie|Symons|1892|p=223}}

==Rorke's Drift==
[[File:Elizabeth Southerden Butler, Lady Butler (1846-1933) - The Defence of Rorke's Drift - RCIN 405897 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|320px|right|''[[The Defence of Rorke's Drift]]'' by [[Elizabeth Thompson]] (1880). Gonville is shown in the centre directing the defence with [[John Chard]] (in the pale trousers)]]
At the outbreak of the [[Anglo-Zulu War]], Bromhead's battalion was assigned to [[Frederic Augustus Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]]'s main invasion column which entered Zulu territory on 11 January 1879. The column crossed the border on the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] near an isolated mission station named Rorke's Drift, which was used as a staging post, and advanced {{convert|10|mi}} to the east where it set up camp at [[Isandlwana]]. However, along with a large contingent of [[Natal Native Contingent]] (NNC) troops, Bromhead's company was ordered to stay behind and guard the mission station until they were replaced by a detachment from the 2nd Battalion [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|4th Regiment]] which was en route from the rear.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=80}}

At noon on 22 January the garrison's senior officer, Major Henry Spalding (Chelmsford's [[quartermaster general]]), received news of a Zulu presence in the area, and departed from Rorke's Drift in order to ascertain the whereabouts of reinforcements due from Helpmekaar. Consequently, Lieutenant [[John Chard]], a [[Royal Engineer]] who had been given the task of maintaining the cable ferry across the river, was left as the senior officer.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=493}} At around 15:00 a small number of dishevelled horsemen appeared with news that the camp at Isandlwana had been overwhelmed by a Zulu army that was probably on its way to attack Rorke's Drift. Acting Assistant Commissary [[James Langley Dalton|James Dalton]], an experienced former sergeant in the [[85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)|85th Regiment]], persuaded Bromhead and Chard that the best option was to remain at the station rather than make a fighting retreat.{{sfn|Knight|2010|pp=563–564}} Rorke's Drift comprised two single-storey buildings approximately {{convert|30|m}} apart: the western building was being used as a makeshift hospital and the eastern building had been converted into a storehouse.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=565}} Moving swiftly, the garrison erected a defensive perimeter between the two buildings using {{convert|200|lb|adj=on}} [[mealie]] bags from the storehouse while the hospital walls were loopholed.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=107}}

[[File:Alphonse de Neuville - The defence of Rorke's Drift 1879 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|320px|''The Defence of Rorke's Drift'' by [[Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville]] (1879). Bromhead is in the centre of the painting, pointing to his left.]]
The appearance of some 4,000 Zulu warriors approaching the station just after 16:00 caused the contingent of NNC troops to panic and flee, reducing the number of defenders to approximately 139 men.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|pp=109–110}} Armed primarily with [[assegai]]s the Zulus charged at the garrison but were cut down by the British volley fire. Nevertheless, the Zulus pressed on with repeated charges, particularly along a weak point to the north of the hospital where Bromhead and his men became embroiled in fierce hand-to-hand combat with their opponents.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|pp=115–117}} At around 18:00, with the thinly manned perimeter becoming increasingly difficult to defend, Chard ordered the defenders to abandon the perimeter around the hospital and withdraw to a smaller second line of defence by the storehouse.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|pp=118–120}}

Bromhead took up a position alongside Private [[Frederick Hitch]] at the corner of the barricade most exposed to Zulu sniper fire, and used "his rifle and revolver with deadly aim" while encouraging his men "not to waste one round".{{sfn|Arthur|2005|p=124}} At this point Bromhead had a near miss when, unbeknownst to him, a Zulu warrior jumped the barrier intending to spear him. However, his attacker threw himself back over the wall when Hitch presented his unloaded rifle.{{sfn|Arthur|2005|p=124}} Hitch was later shot through the shoulder and after he was bandaged up Bromhead gave him his revolver which enabled Hitch to continue shooting with one arm.{{sfn|Knight|2010|p=590}} Waves of Zulu attacks continued during the night but, by the early hours of the morning, their enthusiasm for battle waned and they departed from the area. British reinforcements arrived later that morning.{{sfn|Knight|2010|pp=608–609}}

===Aftermath===
Bromhead and the other uninjured survivors remained at Rorke's Drift for several weeks after the battle. Wary of another Zulu attack, the garrison constructed crude stone walls around the perimeter and named the fortification "Fort Bromhead".{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=153}} During this time Bromhead became withdrawn and lethargic, possibly experiencing [[Posttraumatic stress disorder#Military settings|psychological trauma]] from the battle.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=179}} Major [[Francis Clery]], who was garrisoned at Rorke's Drift with Bromhead after the battle wrote, "the height of [Bromhead's] enjoyment seemed to be to sit all day on a stone on the ground smoking a most uninviting looking pipe. The only thing that seemed equal to moving him in any way was an allusion to the defence of Rorke's Drift. This used to have a sort of electrical effect upon him, for he would jump up and off he would go, not a word could be got out of him. When I told him he should send me an official report on the affair it seemed to have a most distressing effect on him."{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=180}}

After news of the disastrous defeat at Isandlwana, the successful defence of Rorke's Drift was celebrated by the British press and public.{{sfn|Knight|2010|pp=650–652}} As the officers in command, Chard and Bromhead were singled out for particular praise. However, some of their fellow officers resented the plaudits bestowed on the pair, believing that they merely performed their duty by defending the outpost.{{sfn|Knight|2010|pp=650–652}} Chelmsford's successor, [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Sir Garnet Wolseley]], described the praise as "monstrous".{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=185}} A bemused Clery remarked that "Reputations are being made and lost here in an almost comical fashion... [Bromhead is a] capital fellow at everything except soldiering"{{sfn|Greaves|2002|pp=179–180}} while Lieutenant [[Henry Curling]], who was also at Rorke's Drift with Bromhead after the battle, wrote "It is very amusing to read the accounts of Chard and Bromhead... Bromhead is a stupid old fellow, as deaf as a post. Is it not curious how some men are forced into notoriety?"{{sfn|Greaves|2002|pp=178–179}} Nevertheless, on 2 May it was announced that as a result of the action Bromhead had been promoted to captain and [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] major, and he had been awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest decoration for gallantry that could be awarded to British troops. The citation for the award was published in the ''[[London Gazette]]'':<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24717|page=3177|date=2 May 1879}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=THE Queen has been graciously pleased to signify Her intention to confer the decoration of the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned Officers and Soldiers of Her Majesty's Army, whose claims have been submitted for Her Majesty's approval, for their gallant conduct in the defence of Rorke's Drift, on the occasion of the attack by the Zulus, as recorded against their names, viz.:—

For their gallant conduct at the defence of Rorke's Drift, on the occasion of the attack by the Zulus on the 22nd and 23rd  January, 1879.

Royal Engineers Lieutenant (now Captain and Brevet Major) J. R. M. Chard

2nd Battalion 24th Regiment Lieutenant (now Captain and Brevet Major) G. Bromhead

The Lieutenant-General commanding the troops reports that, had it not been for the fine example and excellent behaviour of these two Officers under the most trying circumstances, the defence of Rorke's Drift post would not have been conducted with that intelligence and tenacity which so essentially characterised it.

The Lieutenant-General adds, that its success must, in a great degree, be attributable to the two young Officers who exercised the Chief Command on the occasion in question.}}

==Later career and death==
On Bromhead's return to England, the villagers of Thurlby presented him with an illuminated address and a revolver, and the citizens of [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] awarded him a sword in recognition of his services in the Zulu campaign.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=235}} He and Chard were invited to dine with Queen Victoria at [[Balmoral Castle|Balmoral]], but Bromhead was fishing in [[Ireland]] and did not receive the invitation until the date had passed.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|pp=189–190}} The Queen did not invite him again, but instead sent him a photograph of herself.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=235}} Bromhead was posted to [[Gibraltar]] in 1880, and in August was dispatched to India, where he remained until March 1881. He then returned to England, where he attended the [[School of Musketry]], [[Hythe, Kent|Hythe]], between October and December 1882, and gained a First Class Extra Certificate.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=235}} He returned to India in 1883 with his battalion, which was based at [[Secunderabad]], and was promoted to full major on 4 April that year.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=235}} From 27 October 1886 to 24 May 1888, he served in [[Burma]], where the battalion took part in the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]], being used to pacify the north of the region.{{sfn|Paton|Glennie|Symons|1892|p=281}} The battalion was subsequently posted to [[Allahabad]], India, where Bromhead died of [[typhoid fever]] on 9 February 1891 at the age of 45.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=235}} Bromhead was buried in the New Cantonment Cemetery in Allahabad.<ref>[https://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/stories/m_everett.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20regimental%20archives%20of,the%20Zulu%20and%20Burma%20campaigns. An Indian Pilgrimage by Martin Everett] Retrieved 22 February 2026.</ref>

==Legacy==
Bromhead's Victoria Cross medal is owned by his family, and is displayed at the [[Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh]] in [[Brecon]] in Wales.{{sfn|Greaves|2002|p=190}}

===In Media===
Bromhead was portrayed by [[Michael Caine]], in his first major film role, in the 1964 film ''[[Zulu (1964 film)|Zulu]]'', which depicted the defence of Rorke's Drift; Caine's Bromhead is a [[Fop|foppish]] aristocrat who fought well when the battle began.{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=34}} Bromhead is a main character in [[Peter Ho Davies]]'s story "Relief", which appeared first in ''[[The Paris Review]]'' and was later published in Davies's 1997 collection ''The Ugliest House in the World''.{{sfn|Davies|1998|p=29}} Bromhead was played by Edwin Field in a 1994 documentary on the battle of Rorke's Drift.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPmfQRYImYA YouTube]. Retrieved 20 January 2026.</ref>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |first=Max |last=Arthur |author-link=Max Arthur |title=Symbol of Courage: The Men Behind the Medal |year=2005|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0330491334}}
*{{cite book |first=Peter Ho |last=Davies |author-link=Peter Ho Davies |title=The Ugliest House in the World |year=1998 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0547346809}}
*{{cite book |first=Adrian |last=Greaves |title=Rorke's Drift |year=2002 |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell Military Paperbacks]] |isbn=978-0-3043-6641-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Knight |title=Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift |year=2010 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-330-44593-1}}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Niemi |title=History in the Media: Film And Television |year=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781576079522}}
*{{cite book |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Paton |editor2-first=Farquhar |editor2-last=Glennie |editor3-first=William Penn |editor3-last=Symons |editor3-link=Penn Symons |title=Historical Records of the 24th Regiment, from its Formation, in 1689 |year=1892 |publisher=Simkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co |isbn=9780665056949 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_05694 |oclc=47879959}}
===Further reading===
* {{Cite book |last=Brazier |first=Kevin |title=Victoria Crosses of the Zulu and Boer Wars |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-39-909913-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/vc/bromhead.htm Lt. Gonville Bromhead] ''(biography, photos, memorial details)''

{{Royal Welsh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bromhead, Gonville}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Versailles]]
[[Category:People from North Kesteven District]]
[[Category:Deaths from typhoid fever in India]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:South Wales Borderers officers]]
[[Category:Deaf military personnel]]
[[Category:Anglo-Zulu War recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War]]
[[Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:English deaf people]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]

Konidela, Nandyal district

2026-05-03T14:53:02Z

FrancescaToscano: Started place

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{other uses|Konidela (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konidela
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Konidyala
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Minor Village
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nandikotkur mandal|Nandikotkur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_demonym =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 518411
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08513
| registration_plate = AP 21
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kurnool
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Nandyala
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Nandikotkur
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|@!]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
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| mapframe = yes
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}}

'''Konidela''' is a village in the [[Nandikotkur mandal]], [[Nandyal district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Population is approximately 8000 to 8500. Services include Andhra bank, telephone office, Post office, primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Census India|title=Konidela Population - Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/593927-konidela-andhra-pradesh.html|accessdate=28 September 2017|work=Census 2011|date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Nandyal district]]

{{Nandyal-geo-stub}}

Thari people

2026-04-30T06:28:44Z

FrancescaToscano: New some article v1 - done

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan people native to Sindh and Rajasthan}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Thari {{small|Dhatki}}
| native_name = {{lang|mki|ٿري}}
| alt_name =
| image = File:Pakistan - Sindh - Mirpur Khas (division).svg
| image_caption = Map of [[Mirpur Khas Division]] (locally known as Thar Region) where Thari people live
| pop =
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flag|Pakistan}} ([[Tharparkar]] and [[Umerkot district|Umerkot]])
| pop1 = 2.6 million
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://citynews.com.pk/2020/07/20/basic-survival-issue-of-thari-people/ | title=Basic Survival issue of Thari People }}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|India}} ([[Rajasthan]]<ref name="WorldAtlas"/><ref name="Frawley"/>)
| pop2 = Unknown
| ref2 =
| langs = [[Dhatki language|Dhatki/Thari]]
| rels = [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568702-majestic-tharparkar|title=Thar: where Muslims and Hindus live in complete religious harmony | Footloose | thenews.com.pk|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref>
| related = [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]], [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]], [[Jadgal people|Jadgal]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]]
}}
The '''Thari''' also known as the '''Dhatti''' ({{lang|mki|ٿري}}, {{lang|mki|ڍاٽي}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethno-linguistic group]] who reside in the [[Thar Desert]], which is divided between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. They speak Thari, also known as [[Dhatki language]]. Thari is also a geographical term, it refers to anything which belongs to or come from the Thar desert. The Thari people live primarily in [[Tharparkar]] district of [[Sindh]] in Pakistan.<ref name="WorldAtlas"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.travel-culture.com/pakistan/thar_desert.shtml | title=Thar Desert Information }}</ref> In India, Thari speakers are found in western parts of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="WorldAtlas">{{cite book |last1=Gambier |first1=Yves |last2=Stecconi |first2=Ubaldo |title=A World Atlas of Translation |date=15 February 2019 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-6296-7 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5meEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Thari+language+in+rajasthan&pg=PA137 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Frawley">{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William J. |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |date=1 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977178-3 |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ftQEAAAQBAJ&dq=Dhatki+language+in+India&pg=PA291 |language=en}}</ref>

== Lifestyle and culture ==

[[File:Thari Woman.jpg|thumb|Thari woman]]

The Thar live in the harsh environment of the Thar Desert, therefore they spend a considerable amount of time fetching water for themselves or their animals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammad Aslam Uqaili |first1=Mohammad Aslam |last2=Khanji |first2=Harijan |title=Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development |date=2011 |page=145 |isbn=9783709101094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rndnOvfTDW4C&dq=thari+people&pg=PA145}}</ref> The Thari marry early, often during teenage years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/8/5/tharparkar-pakistans-ongoing-catastrophe | title=Tharparkar: Pakistan's ongoing catastrophe }}</ref> They wake up early and herd the animals with the females waking up earlier than the men.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nasim |first1=S |title=Thar|journal=Developing teachers' skills in Thar desert area, Sindh, Pakistan |date=2007 |url=https://ecommons.aku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=book_chapters }}</ref> The Thari are known for their carpet industry, and earlier in history they used to make [[shawl]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1393111 | title=Culture: Shawl Weavers of Thar | date=4 March 2018 }}</ref> The Thari also celebrate Lok Mela, along with the [[Sindhis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/694879/lok-mela-day-two-showcases-colours-of-sindh | title=Lok Mela: Day two showcases colours of Sindh | date=12 April 2014 }}</ref>

The Thari have suffered throughout history due to the environment they live in, but as the world progresses into a new era, the Tharis have been suffering even more with no cars or phones.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parwani |first1=Lalchand |title=Life Style of Thar Problems and opportunities in 21st century |journal=University of Sindh, Jamshoro |url=https://www.academia.edu/30945006}}</ref> The music of the Thari is regarded as Rajsthani music with a "little spice" to it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thepakistandaily.com/tharparkar-the-history-and-culture-amid-catastrophe/ | title=Tharparkar: The history and culture amid catastrophe | date=8 August 2022 }}</ref> The [[ethnobotany]] of plants used by the Thari people has been considered effective by scientists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qureshi |first1=Rahmatullah |last2=Bhatti |first2=G. Raza |title=Ethnobotany of plants used by the Thari people of Nara Desert, Pakistan |journal=Fitoterapia |date=2008 |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=468–473 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2008.03.010 |pmid=18538950 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X08000944|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Thari, whether [[Muslim]] or [[Hindu]], have always been peaceful to each other.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1696453 | title=A friendly desert | date=24 June 2022}}</ref> Some Thari women work in [[coal]] minings across Sindh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsnreleases.com/how-coal-changed-the-life-of-thari-women/ | title=How coal changed the life of Thari women }}</ref>

== Clothing ==
The clothing of the Thar is a mix of [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] and Sindhi clothing, as well as a small influence of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]. The Thari women wear [[Ghagra choli]], with the Thari men wearing a [[turban]] and sometimes wearing a [[Shalwar Qameez]]. During funerals, Thari women wear [[bangle]]s and Thari men wear black dresses.<ref name="auto"/>

== Language ==
{{main|Dhatki language}}
The Thari people speak the [[Dhatki language]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]]. The Thari also speak [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laghari |first1=Inayat Hussain |title=Dhataki (Thari) language is sub dialect of Sindhi language سندهی زبان کا ایک لہجہ ڈاٹکی (تهری |date=2005 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282661124 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
Notable Thari people include:
# [[Mai Bhaghi]], A Thari woman who sang in Sindhi and Urdu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1106484|title=12 songs from Pakistan's mountains, deserts, shrines and streets|first=Nadeem F.|last=Paracha|date=May 15, 2014|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Fozia Soomro]], A Thari Singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1708376|title=TRIBUTE: THE SONG OF THE PEACOCK|first=Gobind|last=Menghwar|date=September 4, 2022|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Sohail Sangi]], A Thari journalist and activist working at ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/authors/903/sohail-sangi|title=News stories for Sohail Sangi - DAWN.COM|website=www.dawn.com}}</ref>
# [[Ram Singh Sodho]], A member of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1607444|title=Ex-Thar MPA dies in India|date=February 15, 2021|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Mahesh Kumar Malani]], A member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/mahesh-malani-becomes-1st-hindu-to-win-na-seat-from-tharparkar-in-sindh-118072601238_1.html|title=Mahesh Malani becomes 1st Hindu to win NA seat from Tharparkar in Sindh|agency=Press Trust of India|date=July 26, 2018|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
# [[Muhammad Usman Diplai]], A Thari poet who wrote in Sindhi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1318591|title=I was handcuffed and tied but it was worth my fight against One Unit|first=Hidayat|last=Hussain|date=March 6, 2017|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Jam Saqi]], General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/211052/renowned-sindhi-politician-leftist-leader-jam-saqi-passes-away/|title=Renowned Sindhi politician and leftist leader Jam Saqi passes away|date=March 5, 2018}}</ref>
# [[Arbab Ghulam Rahim]], Chief Minister of Sindh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1637429|title=PM Imran appoints ex-CM Arbab Ghulam Rahim as SAPM on Sindh Affairs|first=Sanaullah|last=Khan|date=July 28, 2021|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Lal Kumar]], a Thari cricketer who played for the [[Hyderabad Cricket Team (Pakistan)|Hyderabad Cricket Team]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/player-detail.php?action=view_profile&player_id=22056|title=Lal Kumar | Pakistan Cricket Team | Official Cricket Profiles | PCB|website=www.pcb.com.pk}}</ref>
# [[Chettan Mal Arwani]], A member of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urdupoint.com/politics/politician/chetan-mal-arwani-11603.html|title=Chetan Mal Arwani - Profile, Political Career & Election History|website=UrduPoint}}</ref>
# [[Bherulal Balani]], A member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1190948/obituary-voice-voiceless-no|title=Obituary: Voice of the voiceless no more|date=September 29, 2016|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>
# [[Agha Syed Hamid Ali Shah Moosavi]], A Thari [[Shia]] cleric who is the president of [[Tehrik-e-Nafaz-e-Fiqah-e-Jafaria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenamal.com/national/agha-syed-hamid-ali-shah-moosavi-passes-away/|title=Agha Syed Hamid Ali Shah Moosavi passes away|first=Web Desk|last=Staff|date=July 25, 2022}}</ref>
# [[Vasand Thari]], A Thari singer, poet, and journalist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thepakistandaily.com/thari-lawyers-warn-police-officials-to-mend-their-ways-stop-humiliating-lawyers-litigants/|title=Thari lawyers warn police officials to mend their ways & stop humiliating lawyers, litigants|first=Hanif|last=Samoon|date=June 30, 2021|website=The Pakistan Daily}}</ref>
# [[Mai Dhai]], A Thari singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wow360.pk/mai-dhai-pakistani-legendary-folk-singers-classic-tale/|title=Mai Dhai: Pakistani Legendary Folk Singer's Classic Tale!|date=July 30, 2020}}</ref>
# [[Gian Chand]], A member of the [[Senate of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/31/440|title=Welcome to the Website of Provincial Assembly of Sindh|website=www.pas.gov.pk|access-date=2022-09-08|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706101204/http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/31/440|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Ghulam Mohammad Lot]], A member of [[Pakistan People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1512889|title=Ex-lawmaker Ghulam M. Lot passes away|date=October 26, 2019|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Abdul Qadir Junejo]], A playwright and columnist who wrote in Sindhi and Urdu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abdulqadirjunejo.com/|title=Abdul Qadir Junejo (1945 – 2020) – Novelist / Drama Writer / Avid Reader}}</ref>
# [[Sharjeel Memon]], A former member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/323|title=Welcome to the Website of Provincial Assembly of Sindh|website=www.pas.gov.pk|access-date=2022-09-08|archive-date=2017-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721095151/http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/323|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Khatu Mal Jeewan]], A member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and the [[Senate of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minutemirror.com.pk/faryal-urges-ppp-leaders-to-shun-differences-44570/|title=Faryal urges PPP leaders to shun differences|date=May 22, 2022}}</ref>
# [[Krishna Kohli]], A member of the [[Senate of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/2022/08/12/ppp-chief-says-all-citizens-equal/|title=PPP chief says all citizens equal|website=Latest News - The Nation}}</ref>
# [[Rana Parshad Sodha]], 18th King of [[Umerkot]]
# [[Rana Ratan Singh]], Thari activist during British rule<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Modhumita |title=An Army Wife on a Trapeze: Travel, Tales and more |date=2022 |isbn=9789392929526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONh9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Rana+Ratan+Singh+thar&pg=PA78}}</ref>
# [[Rana Chandra Singh]], One of the Founding members of the [[Pakistan People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1173592|title=Footprints: The ties that bind|first=Shazia|last=Hasan|date=April 3, 2015|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
# [[Rana Hamir Singh]], Current ''Rana'' of Umerkot and member of [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/799050/sindh-govt-forms-a-committee-for-survey-settlement-of-desert-lands-in-three-districts-says-rana-hamir-singh/|title=Sindh govt forms a committee for survey, settlement of desert lands in three districts, says Rana Hamir Singh|date=July 30, 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Rajasthani peoples]]
[[Category:Thari people| ]]

Tikri Kalan

2026-04-26T17:57:05Z

FrancescaToscano: New a article added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tikri Kalan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Village/Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location within Delhi
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.683|76.965|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North West Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Nearest City
| subdivision_name3 = [[New Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Teka Drall
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
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| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110041
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
}}

'''Tikri Kalan''', a [[Village]] & [[Census town|Census Town]] in [[North West Delhi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian union territory]] of [[Delhi]], is located on the Delhi-[[Rohtak]]-[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] Road ([[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]]). Since it is the border between Delhi and [[Haryana]], it is also called the '''Tikri Border'''.

==Etymology==

"Tikri" word means a small mound, hillock, or elevated spot in [[Languages of India|North Indian dialects]]. [[Khurd and Kalan]] are [[Persian language|Persian]] words meaning small and large, respectively. They are used to distinguish ''[[Khurd and Kalan|Kalan]]'' (large) villages from ''[[Khurd and Kalan|Khurd]]'' (small) villages when the two are paired with the same name.

==History==

[[File:DADA GULAB.JPG|thumb|right|Gulab Pehalwan, the wrester from Tikri Kalan.]]

In 1990s, ''Gulab Pehalwan'' from Tikri Kalan was a well-known wrestler.

==Demographics==

Some 3,455 houses abide there. As per [[Census of India|Census India]] 2011, the town has a population of 16,313, of which 9,247 are males and 7,066 are females. The population of children aged 0–6 is 2,530, 15.51% of the total. Female [[Sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] is at 764, lower than the state average of 868. Child [[Sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] is around 831 compared to [[Delhi]] state average of 871. [[Literacy|Literacy rate]] of Tikri Kalan city is 81.47%, lower than the state average of 86.21%. Male literacy is around 89.19% while the female literacy rate is at 71.21%.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Tikri Kalan|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/64003-tikri-kalan-delhi.html|website=Census 2011}}</ref>

[[Haryanvi language | Haryanvi ( Deshwali Dialect)]] is the local language.

==Economy==
5,728 people engage in work and business activity. Of the working population, 95.90% were engaged in main work while 4.10% were engaged in marginal work.<ref name="auto"/>

==Education==

Tikri is known as Delhi's best coaching centre called the Fourth Lord. It is located on the Delhi-[[Rohtak]] Road (National Highway 10). This place is dominated by the "Drall" [[Gotra]] of the [[Jat]] Community,"Bhardwaj" Gotra of Brahman community and many other caste as well. This village gets its name from the Tika Drall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tikri Kalan Pincode|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/delhi/west-delhi/tikri-kalan.html|website=Maps of India}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tikri Khurd]], a village in Outer North Delhi
* [[Singhu]] or Singhu Border on NH44, a village in Outer North Delhi at the border between Delhi and Haryana states

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Delhi district]]

Datla Subbaraju

2026-04-24T23:44:52Z

FrancescaToscano: stub

{{Short description|Indian politicians from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Datla Subbaraju
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
| constituency = [[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency|Mummidivaram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}

'''Datla Subbaraju''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly from [[Mummidivaram Assembly constituency]] in 2014, [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Mummidivaram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mummidivaram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917186.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Mummidivaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Datla Subbaraju (Buchibabu) wins Mummidivaram with 118687 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mummidivaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548232-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and appointed whip in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] on 12 November 2024.<ref name="AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbaraju, Datla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

2026-04-23T03:10:49Z

FrancescaToscano: Made Initial Details More To Come - done

{{Short description|President of the Maldives from 1978 to 2008}}
{{Redirect2|Maumoon|Gayoom|other uses|Maumoon (disambiguation)|and|Gayoom (disambiguation)}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1250594367|This 2024 rewrite]] and likely other edits by user; note extensive [[WP:AISIGNS]] in superficial analyses, vocab distro typical of specifically 2024 LLM output, etc}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=MDV|NGIV|GCMG|GOM|size=100%}}
| image = Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Presidential Portrait 2000s (cropped).jpeg
| caption = Formal portrait, 2008
| order = 3rd
| office = President of the Maldives
| vice_president = ''None''
| term_start = 11 November 1978
| term_end = 11 November 2008
| predecessor = [[Ibrahim Nasir]]
| successor = [[Mohamed Nasheed]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (Maldives)|Minister of Finance and Treasury]]
| term_start2 = 5 January 1989
| term_end2 = 1 September 2004{{efn|The ministry was previously known as the Ministry of Finance from 5 January 1989 to 11 November 1993.}}
| president2 = Himself
| predecessor2 = Mohamed Nooraddin
| successor2 = Ismail Fathhy
| office3 = [[Maldives Monetary Authority|Governor of the Maldives Monetary Authority]]
| term_start3 = 1 July 1981
| term_end3 = 31 August 2004
| president3 = Himself
| predecessor3 = ''office established''
| successor3 = Mohamed Jaleel
| office4 = [[Ministry of Defence (Maldives)|Minister of Defence and National Security]]
| term_start4 = 11 November 1978
| term_end4 = 11 November 1993{{efn|The ministry was previously known as the Ministry of Public Safety from 11 November 1978 to 11 November 1982. As Gayoom assumed the role of Minister of Defence since 1978, [[Ilyas Ibrahim]] played a significant role in overseeing the [[Ministry of Defence (Maldives)|Ministry of Defence]], serving as Deputy Minister of Defence and Deputy Chief of Defence Force from 22 February to 30 May 1990.}}
| deputy4 = [[Ilyas Ibrahim]]
| president4 = Himself
| predecessor4 = Abdul Hannan Haleem
| successor4 = Abdul Sattar Adam
| office5 = [[Minister of Transport (Maldives)|Minister of Transport]]
| term_start5 = 29 March 1977
| term_end5 = 11 November 1978
| president5 = Ibrahim Nasir
| predecessor5 = [[Hassan Zareer]]
| successor5 = Hassan Zareer
| office6 = [[Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations]]
| term_start6 = 24 September 1976
| term_end6 = 28 March 1977
| president6 = Ibrahim Nasir
| predecessor6 = [[Abdul Sattar Moosa Didi]]
| successor6 = [[Fathulla Jameel]]
| birth_name = Abdulla Maumoon Khairi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1937|12|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Malé]], [[Sultanate of the Maldive Islands]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1978–2005, 2017–2019, 2025–present)
| other_party = {{plainlist|
* [[Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party|Rayyithunge]] (2005–2011)
* [[Progressive Party of Maldives|Progressive]] (2011–2017)
* [[Maldives Reform Movement|Reform]] (2019–2025)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nasreena Ibrahim]]|20 July 1969}}
| children = {{flatlist|
*[[Dunya Maumoon|Dunya]]
*[[Yumna Maumoon|Yumna]]
*[[Ahmed Faris Maumoon|Faris]]
*[[Mohamed Ghassan Maumoon|Ghassan]]
}}
| father = [[Abdul Gayoom Ibrahim]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list
|[[Al-Azhar University]]
| [[American University in Cairo|American University]]
}}
| signature = Maumoon Abdul Gayoom signature.svg
| signature_alt = Gayoom's English signature in black ink
| module = {{Listen |embed=yes
| title = Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's voice
| filename = Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's speech at the 58th World Health Assembly.ogg
| type = speech
| description = {{br entries|Gayoom speaks on the 58th [[World Health Assembly]]|Recorded 16 May 2005}}
}}
}}
{{Maumoon Abdul Gayoom sidebar}}


'''Maumoon Abdul Gayoom''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|j|uː|m}} {{respell|gah|YOOM}}; born '''Abdulla Maumoon Khairi'''; 29 December 1937) is a Maldivian politician, statesman and diplomat who served as the 3rd [[president of the Maldives]] from 1978 to 2008, a total of 30 years. He previously served as the [[Minister of Transport (Maldives)|Minister of Transport]] from 1977 to 1978, and as the [[Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations]] from 1976 to 1977. Gayoom is the longest-serving president in Maldivian history.

Gayoom was born and raised in [[Malé]]. After serving as a lecturer at the [[Ahmadu Bello University]] in Nigeria, he returned to the Maldives in 1971 and worked as a teacher at [[Aminiya School]]. He was later appointed the manager of shipping department at the government. Gayoom was placed under house arrest in 1973 for criticising the policies of the then-president [[Ibrahim Nasir|Nasir]]. He was later banished to [[Makunudhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Makunudhoo]] for four years but was released five months later as part of an amnesty following President Nasir's [[1973 Maldivian presidential election|re-election]] for a second term. In 1974, he was arrested again for his continued criticism of Nasir's policies, but after 50 days in jail, he was freed and, in 1975, appointed as Special Undersecretary in the [[prime Minister of the Maldives|Prime Minister's Office]]. Gayoom later served as the deputy ambassador of the Maldives to Sri Lanka and was appointed deputy minister of transport under minister [[Hassan Zareer]]. After serving as deputy minister, he was appointed [[Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations]] in 1976. Following the vacancy of minister of transport, Gayoom was appointed to the position. As president [[Ibrahim Nasir|Nasir]] chose not to seek re-election, a vote in the [[Citizen's Majlis]] which selected Gayoom as the candidate. In July 1978, Gayoom won the [[1978 Maldivian presidential election|presidential referendum]] with 92.96% of the vote.

During his administration, economic policies prioritised infrastructure development and [[tourism in the Maldives|tourism]], which significantly boosted the nation's [[economy of the Maldives|economic growth]]. He introduced [[education in the Maldives|educational reforms]] that expanded access to primary and secondary education and improved healthcare by establishing new [[healthcare in Maldives|health facilities]]. In response to political unrest and calls for greater democracy, Gayoom initiated [[Constitution of the Maldives|constitutional reforms]] transitioning from a presidential to a [[Multi-party system|semi]]-[[presidential system]], intending to increase political participation and transparency. However, his presidency faced criticism for restricting political freedoms and suppressing opposition. The [[1988 Maldives coup attempt|1988 coup attempt]] prompted a focus on strengthening the armed forces. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami#Maldives|2004 tsunami]] had a profound impact on his administration, leading to the loss of 62% of [[economy of the Maldives|the GDP]] and nearly two decades of development, which reshaped his policies and necessitated extensive reconstruction efforts. Despite challenges, Gayoom's long tenure, strict policies, and human rights violations, earned him a reputation as a dictator.

Following his defeat in the [[2008 Maldivian presidential election|2008 presidential election]] to [[Mohamed Nasheed]], which marked the Maldives's first multi-party elections, Gayoom adopted a low public profile. In 2018, Gayoom [[#Arrest and imprisonment|was arrested]] on charges of conspiring to overthrow the government as a part of the [[2018 Maldives political crisis|2018 political crisis]], and was sentenced to 19 months in prison for obstructing justice after refusing to cooperate with the police and judiciary. He was placed under [[house arrest]] in September 2018 due to [[#Health|health concerns]] and was released on bail later that month. He was acquitted of all charges in October 2018.
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== Early life ==
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Maumoon Abdul Gayoom was born Abdulla Maumoon Khairi on 29 December 1937, at his father's home in [[Machangoalhi]], [[Malé]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The President – Family |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=4&Table=Head2&PTID=1 |website=[[The President's Office]] |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010054918/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=4&Table=Head2&PTID=1 |archive-date=10 October 2004 |date=10 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the first child of [[Abdul Gayoom Ibrahim]] and Khadheeja Moosa and the tenth child of Abdul Gayoom.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=11}} His father was a lawyer and the 7th [[Attorney General of the Maldives]] from 1950 to 1951. Gayoom is a descendant of the Hilaalee and [[Dhiyamigili dynasty|Dhiyamigili]] dynasties, with Arab and African ancestry.{{sfn|Adam|2020}}{{sfn|Riyaz|2018}}

Gayoom spent his early years under the care of his parents at Kaamineege, their family residence. His birth name was Abdulla Maumoon Khairi, and he was familiarly known as Lhaseedi at home, while in school, he was called Abdulla Maumoon.<ref>{{cite book |title=The President's third five years of colorful services |date=1993 |edition=1}}</ref> His name was changed to Maumoon Abdul Gayoom due to a clerical mistake during the issuance of his [[Maldivian passport|passport]] for overseas education in 1947.{{sfn|Adam|2020}} When completing the passport form, an assistant mistakenly combined his commonly used name, "Maumoon", with his father's name, resulting in the name Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.{{sfn|Adam|2020}}

=== Education ===
Gayoom received his early education through [[homeschooling]], taught by his father, a teacher and scholar. He later attended the then-[[Majeediyya School|Saniyya School]], studying religion, the [[Dhivehi language]], mathematics, and [[Maldivian history]]. In 1947, he received a government scholarship to study abroad. He traveled to [[Ceylon]] intending to continue to Egypt but was kept there due to the outbreak of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli war]].{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=61}} While in [[Colombo]], he continued homeschooling with a private tutor who taught him English.{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=61}}

Gayoom then attended Al Bahjathul Ibraheemiyyah Arabic College in Galle but later transferred to [[Royal College, Colombo]]. After two years in Ceylon, he traveled in March 1950 to [[Cairo, Egypt]], where he studied at [[Al-Azhar University]]. He spent six months learning [[Arabic]] in the university and later earned bachelor's and master's degrees in Islamic [[Sharia]] and Law.{{sfn|Abdul Gayoom|2000}} He also obtained a Master's of Arts in Shariah and Law<ref name="hoba">{{cite journal |date=2024 |title=Al-Usthaz Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's Collection |url=https://hoba.ium.edu.mv/communities/2e3e4ebf-55ce-44ed-9c97-943f90a06180 |publisher=Islamic University of Maldives |website=Repository of the Islamic University of Maldives}}</ref> and later began preparing a thesis for a [[PhD|PhD in Sharia and Law]]. However, his plans were interrupted when the Egyptian government ceased financial aid to Maldivian students after the [[Israel–Maldives relations|Maldives established diplomatic relations with Israel]].{{sfn|Abdul Gayoom|2000}} Gayoom protested by sending a letter to prime minister [[Ibrahim Nasir]]—an act that led to his [[blacklist]]ing and a ban from entering to the Maldives. The ban was later lifted.{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|pp=64–66}} During the [[1956 Suez Crisis]], Gayoom was volunteered to defend [[Palestine]] during the Israeli attack on Egypt.<ref name="plstine" /> He graduated from the [[Al-Azhar University]] in 1966.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=Former President denies being invited to scholars symposium |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/news-in-brief/former-president-denies-being-invited-to-scholars-symposium-30215 |work=[[Minivan News]] |quote=Gayoom is a graduate of Egypt's al-Azhar University where he finished top of his class in 1966.}}</ref>{{sfn|Abdul Gayoom|2000}}

Gayoom also attended the [[American University in Cairo]], where he furthered his studies in Islamic Sharia and Law and later obtained a secondary-level certificate in English.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Personal Details |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=1&Table=Head3&PTID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040423151343/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=1&Table=Head3&PTID=1 |archive-date=23 April 2004 |website=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref>

=== Marriage and children ===

In 1965, the 27-year old Gayoom met 15-year old [[Nasreena Ibrahim]] in Cairo while she was there to study.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=12}} Four years later, on 20 July 1969, the couple married in Cairo, [[Egypt]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Rehan |first=Mohamed |date=20 July 2022 |title=ރައީސް މައުމޫނުގެ ދެކަނަބަލުންގެ ކައިވެނިފުޅަށް 53 އަހަރު |trans-title=53 years of marriage between President Maumoon and Nasreena Ibrahim |url=https://cnm.mv/news/51960 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=Channel News Maldives |language=dv}}</ref> before moving to Nigeria for Gayoom to work at [[Ahmadu Bello University]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2024 |title=ރައީސް މައުމޫން އާއި ނަސްރީނާގެ ކައިވެނިފުޅަށް 55 އަހަރު ފުރުމުގެ އުފާ އާއިލާއާ އެކު |trans-title=President Maumoon and Nasreena celebrate their 55th wedding anniversary with their family |url=https://hurihaa.mv/31360 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=Hurihaa |language=dv}}</ref>

A year after their marriage, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and Nasreena welcomed their first children, twins [[Dunya Maumoon|Dunya]] and [[Yumna Maumoon|Yumna]], on 20 March 1970.<ref name="drfrd">{{cite news |last1=Aiham |first1=Mohamed |date=7 October 2018 |title=My beloved wife, my dearest friend: President Gayoom |url=https://edition.mv/news/7431 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[The Edition]]}}</ref> Their first son, [[Ahmed Faris Maumoon|Ahmed Faris]], was born in Malé on 31 March 1971, followed by their second son, [[Mohamed Ghassan Maumoon|Mohamed Ghassan]], who was born on 12 June 1980 during Gayoom's presidential administration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naseem |first1=Sihana |date=28 July 2021 |title=ރައީސް މައުމޫނާއި ނަސްރީނާގެ ކައިވެނީގެ ސިއްރު! |trans-title=President Maumoon and Nasreena's marriage secret! |url=https://raajje.mv/103923 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=[[Raajje TV]] |language=dv}}</ref>

== Early career ==
=== Career ===

From 1969 to 1971, Gayoom was a lecturer in Islamic studies at [[Bayero University Kano|Abdullahi Bayero College]], then part of [[Ahmadu Bello University]] in [[Kano State]], Nigeria.<ref name=":2" /> After serving at the [[Ahmadu Bello University]], Gayoom returned to the [[Maldives]] in early 1971. From 1971 to 1972, he taught English, [[arithmetic]], and Islam at [[Aminiya School]] in Malé, where he gained popularity among parents.<ref name="ast" /> In 1972, he was transferred to the government [[Cabinet of the Maldives|shipping department]], where he served as manager.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=17}}

In 1974, Gayoom was appointed undersecretary and later became director of the government telecommunications department.<ref name="career" >{{Cite web |title=Career |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=2&Table=Head3&PTID=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030821033400/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=2&Table=Head3&PTID=1 |archive-date=21 August 2003 |website=[[The President's Office]] |access-date=14 June 2024 }}</ref> Later that year, he was appointed special undersecretary in the [[Prime Minister of the Maldives|office of prime minister]] [[Ahmed Zaki (politician)|Ahmed Zaki]].{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=18}} The position ended in March 1975 when Zaki was removed from office, and the prime minister's role was abolished. Gayoom then spent time in [[Colombo]] before returning to the Maldives, where he was appointed deputy ambassador to [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="career" />{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=22}} In 1975, he became undersecretary at the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Maldives)|Department of External Affairs]].<ref name="career" />

In 1976, Gayoom was appointed deputy minister of transport and, on 24 September,<ref>{{cite web |title=New Permanent Representative of Maldives Presents Credentials |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3809698 |website=[[United Nations]] |access-date=4 April 2025 |date=1976-09-24}}</ref> became the [[Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations]].<ref name="career" /> He returned to the Maldives in March 1977 and served as minister of transport until November 1978.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=21}}

==== Minister of Transport (1977–1978) ====
Soon after returning from the [[United States]] after serving at the [[United Nations]], Gayoom accepted President Nasir's request to serve as Minister of transport.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |title=Maumoon, light to a country from darkness of modern world |date=2001 |page=16 |edition=1}}</ref> At the time, the position was vacant; Nasir appointed Gayoom as the minister of transport in March 1977. During his tenure, Gayoom focused on improving the country's [[transport in the Maldives|transportation infrastructure]].<ref>The President's first 100 days, 1978</ref>

During his tenure as minister, Gayoom oversaw developments in transportation and aviation in the Maldives. He encouraged the use of engine-powered boats, which were not widely popular among the population at the time. He also contributed to the improvement of [[Hulhulé Airport]] by upgrading its systems.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Transport services in the Maldives – an unmet need for health service delivery |url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Bulletin%2084_Article2.pdf |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=[[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] |page=23}}</ref> Gayoom worked on expanding the aviation sector by increasing flights between the [[Maldives]] and international destinations, supporting the growth of the [[tourism in the Maldives|tourism industry]] and improving travel options for Maldivians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohamed |first1=Ahmed |title=Aviation in the Maldives - A Historical Perspective |date=2024 |publisher=Maldives National Library |page=98}}</ref> His tenure ended upon his inauguration as [[president of the Maldives]] in November 1978.<ref name=":4" />

=== Imprisonments ===
During the early 1970s, efforts were underway to expand the tourism industry in the Maldives, led by president [[Ibrahim Nasir]]. Tensions between Gayoom and the authorities—arising from earlier disputes during his time in [[Egypt]]—continued to grow.<ref name="ast" /> His remarks on alcohol and drugs drew widespread attention and sparked discussions across [[Malé]].<ref name="ast" /> The government investigated the matter, placing him under [[house arrest]] on 12 March 1973.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=18}} After a trial, Gayoom was sentenced to four years of banishment on 14 May 1973 and transferred to [[Makunudhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Makunudhoo Island]] in [[Haa Dhaalu Atoll]] on 21 May.<ref name="ast" /> He was released on 13 October 1973 under an amnesty following Nasir's re-election, having served five months.<ref name="ast" />

On 28 July 1974, Gayoom was arrested again for continuing to criticise government policies and held in solitary confinement in a Malé prison.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=18}}<ref name="ast" /> After 50 days, he was released in September 1974 and ceased further public criticism.<ref name="ast" />{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=18}}

== Presidential elections ==
=== 1978 presidential election ===
{{main|1978 Maldivian presidential election}}
[[File:MAG portrait 1985.png|thumb|Portrait, 1985]]

Gayoom was nominated for the presidential election in 1978 by his two brothers-in-law, who proposed his name to parliament.{{sfn|A. Mihdha|2008|p=24}} Both then-president [[Ibrahim Nasir]] and Gayoom were put forward as candidates to be selected as the sole presidential candidate, with Nasir receiving 41 votes and Gayoom securing 5 votes.<ref name="moon1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nohlen |first1=Dieter |last2=Grotz |first2=Florian |last3=Hartmann |first3=Christof |title=Elections in Asia and the Pacific, Vol. I, Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVFBXa69tWMC | page=592 |publisher=OUP Oxford | isbn=9780191530418 }}</ref> However, Nasir decided not to seek a third term due to health concerns.<ref name="moon1" >{{cite news |title=Nasir Declines Nomination for New Term |publisher=Moonlight News |date=16 June 1978 |volume=2}}</ref> The [[Citizen's Majlis]] nominated three candidates for the presidency: the Minister of Education and former Vice President [[Abdul Sattar Moosa Didi]], the Minister of Health [[Moomina Haleem]], and the Minister of Transport, Gayoom.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=2}} In July 1978, the Majlis selected Gayoom as the sole candidate for the election—as required by the constitution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Majlis chooses Gayoom as the presidential candidate |publisher=Moonlight News |date=1 July 1978 |volume=5}}</ref>

During his campaign, Gayoom pledged to visit every inhabited island in the Maldives within his first five years in office, if elected.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=105}} He also promised to develop the tourism sector and improve education across the country.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=105}}

On 28 July 1978, a public referendum was held, in which Gayoom received 92.96% of the vote, making him president-elect. Following his election, Gayoom faced criticism from the public opposition, who argued he was unfit for the presidency.{{sfn|Ellis|1998|p=103}}

=== 1983–1998 presidential elections ===

In the [[1983 Maldivian presidential election|1983 presidential election]], Gayoom was chosen as the sole candidate and was re-elected president on 30 September 1983, receiving 57,913 votes, or 95.62%.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=3}}

In the [[1988 Maldivian presidential election]], Gayoom received 69,373 votes and 96.47%. There were 2,537 votes against him.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=4}}

In the [[1993 Maldivian presidential election|1993 election]], Gayoom and his brother-in-law [[Ilyas Ibrahim]] ran for presidency; Gayoom was chosen by the [[People's Majlis]] as the sole candidate.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Lansford |first1=Tom |title=Political Handbook of the World 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d33MfEFXvW8C&q=maumoon+abdul+gayoom+ilyas+Ibrahim+1993 |date=April 2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn= 9781608719952 |issn=0193-175X |page=899 }}</ref> He received 92.8% of the votes and was elected for a fourth term on 1 October 1993. Gayoom was elected for a fifth term of office on 16 October 1998, receiving 86,504 votes, or 90.90%.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=5}}

=== 2003 presidential election ===
[[File:President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom speaks at his 2003 election campaign.jpg|thumb|Gayoom speaking during his campaign, in [[Malé]], October 2003]]

Gayoom was selected as the candidate for the presidential referendum with the votes of all 50 members of the [[People's Majlis]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2003 |title=Maldives leader set for new term |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3138468.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926034553/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3138468.stm |archive-date=26 September 2003 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work= |agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He secured a sixth term with 90.28% of the vote, amounting to 102,909 ballots in the election.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2003 |title=Maldives leader wins sixth term |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/21/3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827162350/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/21/3 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2003 |title=Maldives leader wins sixth term |url=https://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3206256.stm |access-date=29 March 2025 |agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Sambandan |first=V.S. |date=21 November 2003 |title=A sixth term for Gayoom |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30219826.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125051558/https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30219826.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=29 March 2025 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] }}</ref> Even with high protests against Gayoom, his victory was widely expected, with the government presenting the outcome as evidence of strong public backing.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=6}} However, concerns were raised regarding the fairness of the process, as only a single candidate was allowed to seek a popular mandate, and political parties had been banned.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=6}}

Following the election, it was anticipated by the media, that Gayoom's sixth term would be difficult, as there was growing public pressure for a more open and democratic political system.{{sfn|Pence|2020|p=6}}

=== 2008 presidential election ===
{{main|2008 Maldivian presidential election}}

In August 2007, Gayoom, during a trip to [[Laamu Atoll]], announced his candidacy for the [[2008 Maldivian presidential election|2008 presidential election]] from the [[Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Buerk |first=Roland |date=7 August 2008 |title=Maldives adopt new constitution |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7547725.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419054059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7547725.stm |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=9 October 2008 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Although according to DRP's regulations, he was already the official candidate, as the party's leader was automatically nominated for presidential elections.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |date=5 July 2008 |title=DRP Congress Next Week Will Not Select Running Mate |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801035105/http://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4675 |archive-date=1 August 2008 |work=Minivan News}}</ref> His candidacy was challenged in the [[Supreme Court of the Maldives|Maldivian Supreme Court]], as the new constitution stated that a president could serve only two terms, while Gayoom was seeking a seventh term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Judith |title=Gayoom's Candidacy Challenged in Supreme Court |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=5030 |work=Minivan News |date=24 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925135633/https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=5030 |archive-date=25 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aminath |first1=Shauna |title=Adhaalath to take Gayoom to Supreme Court |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4916 |work=Minivan News |date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909182402/http://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4916 |archive-date=9 September 2008}}</ref> He contended that his previous terms should not be counted, as they were served under the old constitution.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |title=Opposition Groups To Challenge Gayoom Re-Election Bid In Courts |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4852 |work=Minivan News |date=17 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827145816/http://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4852 |archive-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of the Maldives|Supreme Court]] agreed, stating that the term limits applied only to terms served "under the new constitution," thus allowing Gayoom to contest the election.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2008 |title=Supreme Court declares Gayoom can contest in the Election |url=http://miadhu.com.mv/news.php?id=7994 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003153300/http://www.miadhu.com.mv/news.php?id=7994 |archive-date=3 October 2008 |access-date=28 October 2008 |website=Miadhu Daily}}</ref>

On 5 August 2008, Gayoom chose atoll minister [[Ahmed Thasmeen Ali]] as his [[running mate]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Judith |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |title=Thasmeen is Gayoom's Running Mate |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4800 |work=Minivan News |date=5 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808170244/http://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4800 |archive-date=8 August 2008}}</ref> Three days afterwards, the presidential campaign began.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miadhu.com/2008/08/local-news/gayoom-campaign-kicks-off-7370/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910142228/http://www.miadhu.com/2008/08/local-news/gayoom-campaign-kicks-off-7370/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |title=Gayoom campaign kicks off |work=Miadhu Daily |date=10 August 2008 |access-date=24 February 2012 |author=Miadhu Daily }}</ref> During the campaign, Gayoom focused on his presidency's reforms in education and [[healthcare]], portraying them as key pillars of national progress under his leadership.<ref>Rodrigo, p.26</ref> He pledged to drive further developments in economic and social development to elevate the [[Maldives]]. In his criticism of [[Mohamed Nasheed]], his main opposition, Gayoom questioned Nasheed's capacity to govern, warning that his policies could undermine the Islamic values that form the foundation of Maldivian society and governance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jinan |first1=Nishdha |date=18 July 2021 |title=From the Past: Pres. Maumoon on Nasheed |url=https://themaldivesjournal.com/27146 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=The Maldives Journal}}</ref>

Gayoom's age concerns also arose during the campaign. During the campaign, the [[Maldivian Democratic Party]] accused him of attempting to rig the election and achieve a first-round victory.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2008 |title=Maldives president may face runoff |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/10/9/maldives-president-may-face-runoff |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> Several news outlets reported that Gayoom and Nasheed would face each other in a run-off.<ref>Rodrigo, p.27</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |date=8 October 2008 |title=Maldives president could face defeat in country's first democratic elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/08/4 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The election was the first time Gayoom was facing opposition candidates, and the first multi-party elections.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2008 |title=Maldives Holds Its First Democratic Presidential Election |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-10-08-voa22/401311.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> Gayoom won the first round of the [[2008 Maldivian presidential election]] with 40.63% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lang |first1=Olivia |title=Anni And Gayoom In Second Round |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5123 |date=9 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010125814/http://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5123 |archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref> However, in the second round, he lost to his opponent, [[Mohamed Nasheed]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Challenger wins Maldives presidential vote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/world/asia/29iht-maldives.1.17341269.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Page |first1=Jeremy |title=Maldives: Mohamed Nasheed defeats President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/maldives-mohamed-nasheed-defeats-president-maumoon-abdul-gayoom-z7hds2588gr |work=[[The Times]] |date=30 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives: Longtime Leader Is Voted Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/30/world/asia/30briefs-LONGTIMELEAD_BRF.html |work=The Associated Press |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Judith |date=29 October 2008 |title=Maldives ruler falls to opposition |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economy/maldives-ruler-falls-to-opposition-idUSCOL392374/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=Reuters}}</ref> Gayoom conceded the election the following day in a speech, expressing acceptance of the results and pledging a peaceful transfer of power.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives' leader vows smooth democratic transition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/world/asia/29iht-maldive29.17359512.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2008 |title=Maldives human rights activist wins presidential election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/29/maldives-presidential-elections |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903093622/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/29/maldives-presidential-elections |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=8 October 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reed |first1=Emily |last2=Aminath |first2=Shauna |title=President Concedes |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5304 |date=29 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101012451/http://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5304 |archive-date=1 November 2008}}</ref>

== Presidency (1978–2008) ==
[[File:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portrait, {{circa}} 1980s]]

Gayoom was inaugurated as the 3rd [[president of the Maldives|president of the Republic of Maldives]] on 11 November 1978 at 12:00 AM.<ref name="Fairooz">{{cite news |last1=Fairooz |first1=Ahmed |date=17 November 2018 |title=ރައީސުންގެ ހުވާކުރެއްވުމުގެ ރަސްމިއްޔާތަށް ނަޒަރެއް |trans-title=A brief look at the presidential inauguration ceremonies |url=https://raajje.mv/44634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128130121/https://raajje.mv/44634 |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[Raajje TV]] |language=dv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=ރައީސުންގެ ހުވާ ކުރެއްވުމަށް ކަޅިއެއް |trans-title=A look at the swearing-in of presidents |url=https://gaumee.com/1322 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002083856/https://gaumee.com/1322 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Gaumee.com |language=dv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdulla |first1=Shaina |date=1 November 2018 |title=Remember, remember, the 11th of November |url=https://edition.mv/presidential_election_2018/7705 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001175653/https://edition.mv/presidential_election_2018/7705 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=[[The Edition]] |language=en}}</ref> His oath was administered by judge Moosa Fathhy.<ref name="Fairooz" /> One of the first things Gayoom did at the beginning of his administration was upgrading the education and healthcare system in the Maldives.

=== First and second terms (1978–1988) ===
==== 1980 assassination attempt ====
In February 1980, Former president [[Ibrahim Nasir]], along with his brother-in-law [[Ahmed Naseem]], Health Minister Mohamed Musthafa Hussain, and businessman Mohamed Yusuf, hired nine former members of the [[British Special Air Service]] (SAS) to carry out an [[assassination]] and [[coup attempt]] against Gayoom.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demo in Male |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19800430-1.1.1 |work=The Straits Times |publisher=National Library Board of Singapore |date=30 April 1980}}</ref> The mercenaries reportedly operated from a base in [[Sri Lanka]], conducting several reconnaissance trips in preparation for the mission.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives Coup Attempt Failed Mercenary Plot |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110594276 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=30 April 1980}}</ref> They were provided with arms and promised a payment of US$60,000 each for their services. However, the assassination attempt was ultimately called off by the SAS operatives due to emerging doubts about the operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Athas |first=Iqbal |date=8 February 1981 |title=Reveal details of mercenary coup plot in Maldives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/02/08/Reveal-details-of-mercenary-coup-plot-in-Maldives/6835350456400/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[United Press International]]}}</ref>

==== 1987 Great wave ====
On 11 April 1987, a devastating tidal wave, often referred to as the "Great Wave", struck [[Malé]], leaving 16 islands across 13 atolls severely affected and causing damages estimated at [[Maldivian rufiyaa|MVR]] 90 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives - Tidal Waves Apr 1987 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-3 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/maldives/maldives-tidal-waves-apr-1987-undro-situation-reports-1-3 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] |access-date=27 November 2024 |date=13 April 1987}}</ref> The disaster is considered one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in [[Maldivian history]].

In an interview during the early 2000s, Gayoom said:
{{Blockquote|I was driving around Malé, looking around various sites where damage had been done, and all of a sudden there was a very high wave which came into Malé, and it dragged the vehicle I was driving. And the people there, they held onto the vehicle, and in fact, they saved me. Otherwise, I would have been dragged into the sea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Ali |title=The Great Wave of 1987, the wave that destroyed Malé Island |date=2006 |language=dv |page=16}}</ref>}}

The wave caused remarkable damage to both the outer and inner [[seawall]]s of [[Malé]]. In response, the [[Maldivian government]] sought assistance from [[Japan]], which sent a team of scientists to assess the situation.<ref name="Adhadhu">{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Hassan |date=22 September 2024 |title=The Great Wave, Maumoon's foresight and Japan's seawall |url=https://english.adhadhu.com/article/59417 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Adhadhu]]}}</ref> The [[Japanese government]] later supported the reconstruction of the damaged seawalls, helping the country recover from the disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=Box II-4 About the Receipt of the "Green Leaf" National Environmental Award from the Maldives |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/white/2006/ODA2006/html/box/bx02004.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126022945/https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/white/2006/ODA2006/html/box/bx02004.htm |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Male' Seawall Project (Maldives) |url=https://www.jsce.or.jp/e/archive/pdf/pj14.pdf |website=[[Japan Society of Civil Engineers]] |date=2022}}</ref>

The event drew international attention to the vulnerabilities of small island nations. Gayoom addressed this issue at the [[1987 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]], proposing the formation of a group of experts to study the impacts of [[climate change]] on [[small island states]] and low-lying nations.<ref name="Adhadhu" /> His proposal was adopted at the meeting. He also brought the issue to the [[United Nations General Assembly]], becoming the first world leader to speak about climate change on a global stage.<ref name="Adhadhu" />

==== 1988 coup attempt ====
{{main|1988 Maldives coup attempt}}

On 3 November 1988, an [[1988 Maldives coup attempt|attempted coup d'état]] was launched against Gayoom by a group of Maldivians, along with armed mercenaries from the [[Sri Lanka]]n Tamil militant organisation, the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Auerbach |first1=Stuart |title=Coup d'etat Attempted in Maldives |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/11/04/coup-detat-attempted-in-maldives/ec8ab147-2317-4213-b942-40585e95fc0e/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=3 November 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321211153/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/11/04/coup-detat-attempted-in-maldives/ec8ab147-2317-4213-b942-40585e95fc0e/ |archive-date=21 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coup Is Reported in the Maldives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/03/world/coup-is-reported-in-the-maldives.html |work=The New York Times |date=3 November 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525081921/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/03/world/coup-is-reported-in-the-maldives.html |archive-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> The coup was arranged by Abdullah Luthufi, a Maldivian businessman, who sought to overthrow Gayoom's government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sushant |date=7 February 2018 |title=Beyond the news: 30 years ago, another Maldives crisis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/beyond-the-news-30-years-ago-another-maldives-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207205451/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/beyond-the-news-30-years-ago-another-maldives-crisis/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Gayoom's presidency faced weighty opposition, with key figures like Luthufi determined to remove him from power due to dissatisfaction with the political landscape and the perceived lack of opportunities for dissent.<ref name="Robinson, 2011" /> Luthufi believed that an outside force was necessary to facilitate this change, as local electoral processes were deemed ineffective.<ref name="Robinson, 2011">{{cite news |author1=Robinson |first=JJ |date=7 November 2011 |title="I wanted to get rid of Gayoom at any cost": Abdulla Luthufee's Sri Lankan interview |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/%E2%80%9Ci-wanted-to-get-rid-of-gayoom-at-any-cost%E2%80%9D-abdulla-luthufee%E2%80%99s-sri-lankan-interview-27904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104181248/https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/%E2%80%9Ci-wanted-to-get-rid-of-gayoom-at-any-cost%E2%80%9D-abdulla-luthufee%E2%80%99s-sri-lankan-interview-27904 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Minivan News}}</ref> His close association with the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE) allowed him to negotiate for military support in the form of an 80-member raiding party.<ref name="Robinson, 2011" /> Strategic discussions regarding a sea-borne raid began in 1987, influenced by the deployment of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd November 1988 coup d'état – a disorderly preparation |url=https://coralglass.market/news/213 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Coralglass Market}}</ref> Additionally, Luthufi secured support from sympathetic members of the Maldivian military, highlighting the complexities of the political situation during Gayoom's rule.<ref name="Robinson, 2011" />

Gayoom reached out to neighbouring and other countries for assistance, contacting India, [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]] and [[Singapore]] for military aid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banka |first1=Neha |date=3 November 2022 |title=Operation Cactus: How India helped Maldives thwart coup bid backed by Lankan militants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/operation-cactus-how-india-helped-maldives-end-a-coup-backed-by-lankan-militants-7605322/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] responded promptly, and within hours, India launched Operation Cactus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation Cactus: How Indian troops went to Maldives and helped quell a coup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/operation-cactus-how-indian-troops-went-to-maldives-and-helped-quell-a-coup/articleshow/62816787.cms |work=Times of India |date=7 February 2018}}</ref> Indian paratroopers were airlifted to the Maldives and landed in [[Malé]] on the same day, securing key locations and restoring order.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 1988 |title=Indian troops crush Male coup |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-nov-5-1988-indian-troops-crush-male-coup-101636026949838.html |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The Indian intervention was decisive, with the coup leaders unable to mount resistance once [[Indian troops|foreign troops]] arrived.<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign Mercenaries Fail in Coup Effort in Maldives, Flee as Indian Troops Arrive |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-04-mn-1214-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=4 November 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |date=4 November 1988 |title=Indian Troops Arrive to Put Down Coup Attempt in Island Republic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/04/world/indian-troops-arrive-to-put-down-coup-attempt-in-island-republic.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205182342/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/04/world/indian-troops-arrive-to-put-down-coup-attempt-in-island-republic.html |archive-date=5 December 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Many of the PLOTE mercenaries were captured, while others fled the country, but were later caught.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 1988 |title=India Sends Troops to Maldives to Crush Coup Attempt by Invading Mercenaries |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-04-mn-961-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103041723/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-04-mn-961-story.html |archive-date=3 November 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

The coup attempt was effectively quashed within hours of the [[Indian military]]'s arrival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rishabh |date=12 January 2024 |title=Operation Cactus: When India deployed all three forces to protect Maldives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/operation-cactus-when-india-deployed-all-three-forces-to-protect-maldives-2487627-2024-01-12 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |date=5 November 1988 |title=Indian Troops end coup in Maldives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/05/world/indian-troops-end-coup-in-maldives.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827080709/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/05/world/indian-troops-end-coup-in-maldives.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The quick resolution of the coup attempt strengthened Gayoom's position, and he publicly expressed gratitude towards the [[Government of India|Indian government]] for its timely intervention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Divyam |date=10 January 2024 |title=SOS From Male To Delhi: When India Thwarted A Coup In Maldives In 1988 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sos-from-male-to-delhi-when-india-thwarted-a-coup-in-maldives-in-1988-4835401 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110100922/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sos-from-male-to-delhi-when-india-thwarted-a-coup-in-maldives-in-1988-4835401 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Following the coup attempt, planner Abdulla Lutfi and his assistant Sagar Nasir were sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mohamed |first=Shahudha |date=3 October 2019 |title=State forwards Luthfee's case to PG Office |url=https://edition.mv/sinamale_bridge/12738 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[The Edition]]}}</ref> However, according to Gayoom, the sentences were reduced to a life sentence of 25 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2016 |title=Gayoom refused to execute coup traitors in fear of reprisal |url=https://avas.mv/en/25170 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2023 |title=Abdulla Luthfee to be Released from Prison Today |url=https://www.plus.mv/english/abdulla-luthfee-to-be-released-from-prison-today/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=MV+}}</ref> Following the coup attempt, a small number of Indian soldiers remained in [[Malé]] for a year to protect Gayoom from further threats.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Anand |title=India-Maldives Relations: Is the Rough Patch Over? |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |date=2016 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=155 |jstor=45341094 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341094}}</ref>

=== Other terms (1988–2008) ===

==== 2004 tsunami ====
{{main|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami#Maldives|l1=2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}

{{listen
| pos = right
| filename = President Maumoon addressing the nation following the 2004 Tsunami.ogg
| title = Address to the nation
| description = Gayoom addressing the nation following the tsunami, 26 December 2004
| format = [[ogg]]
}}

The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami#Maldives|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]] was a major turning point in Gayoom's presidential administration.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Humaam |date=26 December 2018 |title=Maldivians showed unwavering solidarity during tsunami: Maumoon |url=https://raajje.mv/47282 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref> In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, President Gayoom addressed the nation on the evening of the disaster, stating that citizens should work together with the government to recover from the losses.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2004 |title=The President addressing the nation following the National Disaster |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/videoindex04.phtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050123205813/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/videoindex04.phtml |archive-date=23 January 2005 |access-date=26 December 2004 |website=The President's Office}}</ref>

The tsunami caused extensive devastation, resulting in the loss of more than three decades of development and an estimated 62% of the country's GDP and a damage cost of approximately [[US Dollar|US$]]460 million.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Rajib |last2=Pardasani |first2=Manoj |title=Tsunami reconstruction and redevelopment in the Maldives |journal=Disaster Prevention and Management |date=January 2006 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=79–91 |doi=10.1108/09653560610654257|bibcode=2006DisPM..15...79P }}</ref> According to [[World Bank]] estimates, the [[Maldives]] experienced a GDP growth rate of 13.75% in 2003; however, this plummeted to -11.223% in 2004 as a direct consequence of the tsunami.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP growth (annual %) - Maldives |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=MV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908140750/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=MV |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=World Bank |language=En}}</ref> Regardless of various recovery efforts, many damages remained unresolved by the end of Gayoom's presidency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Assistance Program Evaluation for the Maldives |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/35019/files/cap-mld-2011-21.pdf |website=Asian Development Bank}}</ref>

Gayoom declared a state of emergency following the national disaster on the same day, and a special task force was established to deliver aid and supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maldives: Tsunami: 2004/12/26 |url=https://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?Lang=en&Key=792 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Asian Disaster Reduction Center}}</ref> Rescue efforts were hindered by the loss of communication with the nation's over 1,000 islands, as well as the lack of sufficient [[disaster planning]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 December 2004|title=The President proclaims State of Emergency following National Disaster|url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/News.php3?NewsID=2702|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312054050/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/News.php3?NewsID=2702|archive-date=12 March 2005}}</ref>

==== Malé bombing ====
{{main|2007 Malé bombing}}

Following the first [[2007 Malé bombing|bomb explosion]] in [[Malé]] on 29 September 2007, which targeted [[tourism in the Maldives|foreign tourists]], the government, under the presidency of Gayoom, expressed serious concern over the rising threat of [[Islamic extremism]].<ref name="BRT" >{{cite book |author1=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |title=Britannica Book of the Year 2008 |date=2008 |isbn=9781593394943 |page=433 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbCbAAAAQBAJ&dq=maumoon+abdul+gayoom+europe+relations&pg=PA433}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roul |first1=Animesh |title=The Threat from Rising Extremism in the Maldives |date=2013 |volume=6 |issue=3 |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-threat-from-rising-extremism-in-the-maldives/ |journal=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] }}</ref> In response, the government initiated measures to address [[religious fundamentalism]] and militancy;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Growing Islamic Militancy in the Maldives |publisher=Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad |jstor=45242458 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45242458 |last1=Hafeez |first1=Mahwish |last2=Hafeez |first2=Mehwish |journal=Strategic Studies |date=2008 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=251–267 }}</ref><ref name="BRT" /> the authorities declared that clerics or [[mullah]]s with beards would be prohibited from entering the country unless specifically invited by the government.<ref name="BRT" />

==== 2008 assassination attempt ====
{{main|Maldivian presidential assassination attempts#Maumoon Abdul Gayoom}}

On 8 January 2008, Gayoom was visiting [[Hoarafushi (Haa Alif Atoll)|Hoarafushi]] in [[Haa Alif Atoll]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Orr |date=8 January 2008 |title=Boy foils attack on Maldives president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/08/4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901105500/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/08/4 |archive-date=1 September 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2008 |title=Boy Scout Thwarts Assassination Attempt |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/boy-scout-thwarts-assassination-attempt/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[CBS News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Mohamed Murshid attempted to stab Gayoom in the stomach with a kitchen knife;<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2008 |title=Maldives leader in knife attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/1/8/maldives-leader-in-knife-attack |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> however, the attack was thwarted by Mohamed Jaisham Ibrahim, a 16-year-old boy scout from [[Kudahuvadhoo]], who intervened and blocked the attack with his own hands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2008 |title=Scout saves Maldives President from assassination |url=https://www.scout.org/node/1781 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111045530/https://www.scout.org/node/1781 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=[[World Organization of the Scout Movement]]}}</ref> Jaisham sustained injuries during this act and required medical treatment, later being treated at [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2008 |title=Boy scout saves Maldives president from assassination |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iSwQqgfQjMkNXA8Bt7Ybo8guFfNg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711111143/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iSwQqgfQjMkNXA8Bt7Ybo8guFfNg |archive-date=11 July 2011 |access-date=22 January 2010 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> Following the incident, Gayoom stated, "By the grace of Almighty Allah, I am well and safe, but severe injuries have been inflicted on this brave young man from this island, Mohamed Jaisham. He is a true hero. I sincerely thank him and his family, and I pray to Almighty Allah for his speedy recovery."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2008 |title=The President thanks the Close Protection Team of Maldives National Defence Force for their aid in saving him from yesterday's attack at Hoarafushi |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/pages/eng_news.php?news%3A4522%3A1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209024513/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/pages/eng_news.php?news%3A4522%3A1 |archive-date=9 February 2008 |website=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
==== Palestine and Israel ====
{{further|Maldives–Palestine relations|Israel–Maldives relations}}

During his presidency, Gayoom took a firm stance on the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], which was a defining feature of his foreign policy.<ref name="plstine">{{cite news |last1=Raushan |first1=Fathimath |date=19 May 2021 |title=އޭރުވެސް ފަހުންވެސް މިހާރުވެސް މައުމޫނު ހުންނެވީ ފަލަސްތީނާއެކު |trans-title=Maumoon with Palestine, Before, then and Now |url=https://thepress.mv/126450 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=ThePress |language=dv}}</ref> Within a week of taking office in 1978, Gayoom severed the diplomatic relations with Israel that had been established under the previous administration of [[Ibrahim Nasir]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2022 |title=Govt. denies reports Maldives in talks to establish diplomatic ties with Israel |url=https://en.sun.mv/71595 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2022 |title=Gov't denies attempt to re-establish ties with Israel |url=https://avas.mv/en/112433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108120133/https://avas.mv/en/112433 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=Avas}}</ref> Gayoom supported for an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. He argued that this move was necessary to align with the Maldives' broader support for Palestinian self-determination.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2021 |title=Independence Day: a look back at the beginning of establishment of diplomatic relations |url=https://raajje.mv/103850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726120637/https://raajje.mv/103850 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=Raajje TV}}</ref><ref name="UNGA31">{{cite web |date=1976 |title=Address by His Excellency Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, Permanent Representative, to the Thirty-First Session of the United Nations General Assembly |url=http://maldivesmission.com/statements/unga_31_statement_by_he_maumoon_abdul_gayoom_1976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123224818/http://maldivesmission.com/statements/unga_31_statement_by_he_maumoon_abdul_gayoom_1976 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations}}</ref> In 1984, Gayoom invited Palestinian leader [[Yasser Arafat]] to the Maldives, and he undertook a state visit in July the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Palestinian President to visit the Maldives |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/media-center/news/palestinian-president-to-visit-the-maldives |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Maldives)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2004 |title=President Yasir Arafat's status unstable, started to take care at ICU |url=http://www.haveeru.com.mv/?page=details&id=21019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109122237/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/?page=details&id=21019 |archive-date=9 November 2004 |work=[[Haveeru Daily]] |language=dv}}</ref>

Gayoom also attempted economic partnerships to strengthen ties with Palestine.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maldives and the State of Palestine |date=2002 |page=62 |language=dv}}</ref> His administration launched "[[Maldives Airways]]" in collaboration with the [[Palestinian government]], with a fleet of four airplanes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maldives Airways |url=https://www.aviatorsmaldives.com/maldives-airways |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Aviators Maldives}}</ref> However, the airline faced financial challenges, attributed to international sanctions and economic pressure, which led to its bankruptcy by 1984.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the airline's failure, Gayoom's administration continued efforts to support Palestine through other means, such as organising nationwide fundraising campaigns, with donation boxes set up throughout the Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title=Did you know Maldives Airways was jointly owned by government and Palestine Liberation Organization |url=https://www.aviatorsmaldives.com/post/did-you-know-maldives-airways-was-jointly-owned-by-government-and-palestine-liberation-organization |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Aviators Maldives}}</ref>

==== South and East Asia ====
{{multiple image| image1=Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and Junichiro Koizumi, October 2001.jpg| caption1= Gayoom with Japanese prime minister [[Junichiro Koizumi]], 2001 in Japan| image2=The President of Maldives, Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom meeting with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, in New Delhi on February 11, 2008.jpg| caption2=Gayoom with the Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2008| align=left|total_width=400
}}

During Gayoom's presidency, his foreign policy towards [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]] was centered on strengthening ties with key regional players, particularly India, [[China]], and [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Athaulla |date=5 April 2022 |title=What growing resentment in Maldives means for the Indo-Pacific |url=https://www.policyforum.net/what-growing-resentment-in-maldives-means-for-the-indo-pacific/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Asia & The Pacific Policy Society}}</ref>

Gayoom maintained a [[Maldives–India relations|close relationship]] with [[India]], which was pivotal during the [[1988 Maldives coup attempt|1988 coup attempt]] when India responded with "[[Operation Cactus]]" to retain his government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rishabh |title=Operation Cactus: When India deployed all three forces to protect Maldives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/operation-cactus-when-india-deployed-all-three-forces-to-protect-maldives-2487627-2024-01-12 |access-date=4 October 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Tanya |title=A New Discourse on Indo-Maldives Relations: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/A-New-Discourse-on-Indo-Maldives-Relations-Challenges-and-Opportunities.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228115355/https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/A-New-Discourse-on-Indo-Maldives-Relations-Challenges-and-Opportunities.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[United Service Institution]]}}</ref> Gayoom sought to balance the Maldives' foreign policy by establishing ties with China, especially as China's influence in the [[Indian Ocean]] grew through infrastructure investments and the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] (BRI).<ref name="cold war">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Rangoli |title=The China-India Cold War in the Maldives |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/01/the-china-india-cold-war-in-maldives/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=19 January 2022}}</ref> Relationships demonstrated Gayoom's pragmatic approach to foreign policy, ensuring the [[Maldives]] benefitted from both regional powers without becoming overly dependent on one.<ref name="cold war" /> China's growing presence was evident in infrastructure projects such as airports and bridges, but the administration was careful to avoid granting military footholds to [[Beijing]], which would have alarmed India.<ref name="cold war" />

In October 1984, Gayoom made the first visit to [[China]] by a Maldivian head of state since the establishment of [[China–Maldives relations|diplomatic relations between the two countries]] in 1972. The visit was made at the invitation of Chinese president. Upon touching down, Gayoom was greeted by Chinese president [[Li Xiannian]]. During the trip, an agreement on economic and technical cooperation was signed between the governments of China and the Maldives.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=President Gayoom's first visit to China |url=https://mv.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zmgx/hfjl/202209/t20220901_10759107.htm |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[Embassy of China, Malé]]}}</ref>

==== Africa and the Middle East ====
Gayoom's tenure as president saw the Maldives strengthening ties with African nations, particularly through multilateral organisations such as the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[United Nations]], where he sought cooperation on shared challenges, such as [[climate change]] and development initiatives.{{sfn|Murithi|2013|p=357}} He established relations with more than 25 countries in the [[Africa|African continent]], during his presidential administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Digital |first1=Adam Matthew |title=Foreign Relations of Maldives |date=2012 |publisher=Adam Matthew Digital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYiaswEACAAJ}}</ref> He strongly advocated for the complete and rapid eradication of [[apartheid]] and supported the [[South Africa]]n people's right to [[self-determination]].<ref name="UNGA31" /> His vocal opposition to [[apartheid]] strengthened the Maldives' standing in international forums, where he consistently called for the end of racial oppression and supported [[liberation movements]] in Africa.<ref name="UNGA31" />

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=The situation in southern Africa continues to constitute a threat to the peace and security of the region. We in the Maldives strongly object to the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination since it violates all fundamental human values. We emphasise the need for the total and speedy eradication of apartheid and for the exercise, by the South African people, of their legitimate right to self-determination.|salign=right |source=— Statement by Gayoom to the UNGA<ref name="UNGA31" />}}

In the Middle East, Gayoom prioritised relations with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghafoor |first1=Mimrah Abdul |date=15 November 2023 |title=The Gulf's Growing Influence Over the Maldives |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/the-gulfs-growing-influence-over-the-maldives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117011549/https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/the-gulfs-growing-influence-over-the-maldives/ |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] was a crucial ally, providing [[Bailout|financial aid]], religious [[scholarships]], and investments that supported the Maldives's development.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2014 |title=Saudi Arabia's growing role in the Maldives |url=https://bbc.com/news/business-26668107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325122529/https://bbc.com/news/business-26668107 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=30 March 2025 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> Diplomatic exchanges between the two nations were frequent, and the relationship was anchored in Islamic solidarity. Gayoom's government also sought to deepen ties with other Gulf countries like [[Kuwait]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. These partnerships focused on economic cooperation, with the Gulf states contributing to various infrastructure projects in the Maldives. In 1981, Gayoom established [[Maldives–Saudi Arabia relations|diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and the Maldives]] in history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maldives-Saudi Relations |url=https://www.maldivesembassy.sa/index.php/bilateral/maldives-saudi-relations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117135453/https://www.maldivesembassy.sa/index.php/bilateral/maldives-saudi-relations |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Embassy of the Maldives, Riyadh]]}}</ref>

==== United States and Europe ====

In the realm of security, the Maldives sought to strengthen ties with the [[United States]] to enhance its own national security and regional stability.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Digital |first1=Adam Matthew |title=Maldives: Political Relations with United States of America |date=2011}}</ref> Given its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, the Maldives was seen as an important partner in U.S. efforts to combat piracy and terrorism in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raju |first1=Adluri Subramanyam |last2=Srinivasan |first2=R. |title=The Routledge Handbook of South Asia Region, Security and Connectivity |date=31 August 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000926293 |pages=412 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsnOEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Gayoom's government actively cooperated with the U.S. on maritime security initiatives and participated in international discussions concerning security challenges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: U.S.-Maldives Cooperation |url=https://mv.usmission.gov/fact-sheet-u-s-maldives-cooperation/ |website=United States mission to Maldives |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009182930/https://mv.usmission.gov/fact-sheet-u-s-maldives-cooperation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This cooperation was mutually beneficial, as it provided the Maldives with increased visibility on the global stage while aligning with U.S. interests in ensuring a secure maritime environment. During the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]], as part of their tour to affected countries due to the tsunami in 2005, former U.S. presidents [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George H. W. Bush]] travelled to the Maldives and met Gayoom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwab |first1=Nikki |title=Bill Clinton on the moment he and Bush finally 'broke the ice' |url=https://nypost.com/2018/12/02/bill-clinton-on-the-moment-he-and-bush-finally-broke-the-ice/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |agency=[[The New York Post]] |date=2 December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom welcomes Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.jpg|thumb|left|Gayoom receives Turkish prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] at [[Velana International Airport]] in 2005]]

During the presidency of Gayoom, relations between the Maldives and the [[United States]] were marked by cooperation and economic support. The U.S. contributed to the Maldives's economic development mainly through international organisation programmes. Following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami#Maldives|December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]], the two countries signed a bilateral assistance agreement, providing $8.6 million for reconstruction efforts.<ref name="DOS">{{Cite web |title=Maldives (09/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/maldives/110837.htm |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=United States, Maldives Sign Landmark Assistance Agreement |url=https://mv.usmission.gov/united-states-maldives-sign-landmark-assistance-agreement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803150027/https://mv.usmission.gov/united-states-maldives-sign-landmark-assistance-agreement/ |archive-date=3 August 2020 |website=United States Mission to the Maldives}}</ref> This aid was directed towards rebuilding [[harbours]], [[sewage systems]], and electrical generation facilities, while also helping the [[Ministry of Finance (Maldives)|Ministry of Finance]] improve its capacity to manage and absorb international assistance.<ref name="DOS" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives (03/29/12) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/maldives/198056.htm |website=United States Department of State |access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

During his presidency, the Maldives established and nurtured strong relations with various European countries, particularly in the areas of trade, [[tourism]], and development cooperation. The [[Maldives]] became an attractive destination for [[Europe#Culture|European tourists]], which boosted [[economy of Maldives|its economy]] and helped the nation diversify its income sources.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives Common Country Analysis |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-07/3.%20Maldives%20CCA%20Final.pdf |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> [[European nations]], particularly the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], and Italy, played a crucial role in promoting Maldivian tourism,<ref>{{cite book |title=Tourism Promotion in Countries in an Early Stage of Tourism Development: Proceedings of a Seminar Organizd by ESCAP, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, 18-21 November 1996 |date=1997 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOEHt7p3JuoC}}</ref> contributing to the growth of the hospitality industry and infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism In the Maldives |url=https://www.comcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/12-TUR-PRE-MAL.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[COMCEC]]}}</ref>

==== International trips ====
[[File:List of international presidential trips made by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Countries visited by Gayoom during his presidency in dark blue; Maldives in Red]]

Gayoom made a number of visits to more than 35 countries during his 30 years of presidency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilateral Engagement |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/bilateral |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref> His first visit following first inauguration, was to [[Libya]] to attend [[1969 Libyan revolution|1 September revolution]] celebrations in the country. He became the first Maldivian president to visit Libya, [[Senegal]] and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa - Bilateral Engagement |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/bilateral/countries/south-africa |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> At the end of his presidency, Gayoom had visited India over sixteen times in various capacities, making him the Maldivian president with the most visits to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Level Visits |url=https://maldiveshighcom.in/visits/ |website=High Commission of the Republic of Maldives in India |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000502/https://maldiveshighcom.in/visits/ |archive-date=28 February 2021 |quote=Former President His Excellency Maumoon Abdul Gayoom has visited India more than sixteen times in different capacities while just about every Prime Minister of India, starting from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in January 1975, has undertaken Official/State Visits to the Maldives |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Domestic policy ===
==== Health and education policy ====
Education and healthcare policies were one of the most important–focused subjects during the presidential administration of Gayoom.

When Gayoom became president in 1978, the Maldives lacked a formal [[education system]] beyond the capital [[Malé]], although two [[secondary school]]s and basic educational infrastructure existed there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Virusha |first1=Aminath |date=16 November 2023 |title=ދެވަނަ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާގެ ދެވަނަ ރައީސް: މައުމޫން އަބްދުލް ގައްޔޫމް |trans-title=Second president of the Second Republic of the Maldives |url=https://sangu.mv/117984/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Sangu TV |language=dv |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203231103/https://sangu.mv/117984/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In early 1979, his government conducted a study that revealed 24.77% of the population was illiterate. In response, the government launched the "Basic Education Project" in January 1980, aimed at eradicating illiteracy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Furadhaana |date=October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Saeed |first1=Mahfooz |date=9 September 2022 |title=ރާއްޖޭގެ އަސާސީ ތައުލީމުގެ މަޝްރޫއުގެ ފެށުމާއި ސަބަބުތައް |trans-title=The Beginning and Reasons for the Basic Education Project in the Maldives |url=https://adhadhu.com/article/28764 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Adhadhu]]}}</ref> The project began the following month, with the start of teaching basic education classes.<ref name="MNL" /> Over time, the initiative reduced the illiteracy rate, bringing it down to 1.06% by 1999.<ref name="MNL" >{{cite book |title=Dhivehi Raajje |date=January 2012 |publisher=National Library of Maldives |page=82 }}</ref> Gayoom made education a key priority, aiming to expand access across the country. His government began by establishing primary schools in the atolls, with Gayoom personally inaugurating the first in [[Baa Atoll|South Miladhunmadulu Atoll]] in March 1979, months after assuming office.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Far East and Australasia |date=1982 |isbn=0905118766 |page=785 |publisher=Europa Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n3kSAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Edpo" >{{cite web |title=Special Concerns – Education |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=3&Table=Head4&PTID=4 |website=[[The President's Office]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021130051507/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=3&Table=Head4&PTID=4 |date=2002 |archive-date=30 November 2002}}</ref>

[[File:MV Government National Award for Special Achievement - 1989 - Waheed.jpg|thumb|Gayoom awarding the future president [[Mohamed Waheed Hassan]] in 1989]]

A [[national curriculum]] was introduced, and efforts were made to provide seven years of [[primary education]] to Maldivian children.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cook |first1=John |title=Study on Educational Quality, Relevance, and Equity |url=https://www.hassanhameed.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Study-on-Education-Quality-Relevance-and-Equity-by-J-Cook-2004.pdf |website=hassanhameed.com |page=9 |date=March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 2011 |title=Maldives; World data on education, 2010/11; 2011 |url=https://itacec.org/itadc/document/learning_resources/project_cd/ELDS%20South%20Asia/Maldives.pdf |website=itacec.org}}</ref> Additionally, two secondary schools were established in the atolls, reducing the need for students to move to [[Malé]] for [[higher education]].<ref name="Edpo" /> The number of students sitting for the [[GCE Ordinary Level|GCE ordinary Level examinations]] grew from 102 in 1978 to 6,495 in 2002.<ref name="Edpo" /> Total student enrolment increased from around 15,000 in 1978 to 97,323 in 1998, and the literacy rate improved from 70% to 98.82% by the same year.<ref name="Edpo" /> By 1999, 254 schools with 2,646 teachers were providing education up to Grade 10.<ref name="Edpo" />

Gayoom's administration introduced many healthcare reforms in the late 1970s, when the [[Maldives]] had limited medical facilities, including just one small hospital and basic [[health services]]. His government prioritised improving maternal and [[child health]], contributing to an increase in [[life expectancy]] from 48 years in 1978 to 71 years by 1998.<ref name="HETH" >{{cite web |title=Special Concerns – Health |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=4&Table=Head3&PTID=1 |website=The President's Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105152253/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=4&Table=Head3&PTID=1 |archive-date=5 November 2002 |date=2002}}</ref> Universal immunisation was achieved by 1990, and the government implemented measures to combat communicable diseases.<ref name="HETH" /> Gayoom's administration also launched public health campaigns promoting healthy living, balanced diets, and the risks of [[tobacco|tobacco consumption]].<ref name="HETH" />

By 1998, the physician to [[Employment-to-population ratio|population ratio]] had improved from one per 20,700 people in 1978 to one per 1,300, and hospital bed capacity increased nearly tenfold.<ref name="HETH" />

==== Human rights policy ====
Gayoom's presidency was marked by controversy, particularly regarding [[human rights]] issues.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2012 |title=From Sunrise to Sunset: Maldives backtracking on democracy |url=https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/maldivesen.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[International Federation for Human Rights]] |page=16}}</ref> International human rights organisations and foreign governments have accused his administration of employing tactics against dissidents, including [[arbitrary arrest and detention]], [[torture]], [[forced confessions]], and politically motivated killings.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2005 |title=Maldives dissident denies crimes |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4560421.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111045756/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4560421.stm |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=22 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2005 |title=Take Action! Maldives: Human Rights Defender Imprisoned |url=http://ifex.org/maldives/2005/11/23/take_action_maldives_human_rights/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815184528/http://ifex.org/maldives/2005/11/23/take_action_maldives_human_rights/ |archive-date=15 August 2011 |access-date=22 January 2010 |website=[[IFEX (organization)|IFEX]]}}</ref> Reports indicated that security forces were sometimes used to intimidate opposition figures.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2004 |title=Amnesty International Report 2004 – Maldives |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=publisher&publisher=AMNESTY&type=&coi=MDV&docid=40b5a1fbc&skip=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808180428/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=publisher&publisher=AMNESTY&type=&coi=MDV&docid=40b5a1fbc&skip=0 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=Refworld |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |agency=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref>

Criticism of Gayoom's governance came from various quarters, including foreign nations such as those within the [[European Union]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], which expressed concerns over his long-term rule and described it as autocratic.<ref name="hmr">{{cite web |last=Mulberry |first=Matt |title=The Maldives – From Dictatorship to Democracy, and Back? |url=https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/maldives-dictatorship-democracy-back/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[International Center on Nonviolent Conflict]]}}</ref> Critics highlighted issues related to the [[abuse of power]], and some characterised his leadership style as [[dictatorship|dictatorial]], pointing to limitations on political freedoms.<ref name="hmr" /> The complex nature of his legacy continues to be a topic of discussion, with supporters citing developmental achievements while critics emphasise [[human rights violations]].<ref name="hmr" />

Towards the end of his presidency, Gayoom apologised for his actions, saying:
{{blockquote|If any Maldivian citizen has had to endure undeserved hardship or distress due to a policy I implemented, a decision I made, or due to my failure to give proper attention where it was needed, I sincerely regret it. And if any citizen has experienced such a situation, I humbly ask for generous forgiveness from that citizen.{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=43}}}}

==== Economic policy ====
{{main|Economy of the Maldives}}
[[File:Maldives GDP percentage from tourism and fisheries (1980–2002).jpg|thumb|The contribution of the tourism and fisheries industries to the GDP of the Maldives between 1980 and 2002]]

During the Gayoom's administration, [[tourism in the Maldives|tourism]] became the largest industry in the [[Maldives]], a status it continues to hold.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Investment Climate Statements: Maldives |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/maldives/ |website=US Department of State |date=2023}}</ref> By the 1980s, tourism accounted for 28% of the nation's GDP and more than 60% of its foreign exchange receipts.<ref name="IMF" /> This sector played a critical role in driving economic growth, with GDP per capita expanding by 265% during the 1980s and a further 115% in the 1990s.<ref name="IMF" /> The tourism industry's rapid development underpinned the Maldives' economic success, and this expansion provided a steady source of income and foreign currency, which helped to stabilise [[economy of Maldives|the economy]] during Gayoom's rule.{{sfn|A. Mihdha|2008|p=9}}

Under Gayoom's leadership, the tourism industry was restructured in 1979 with the introduction of the Tourism Act, which established regulations to manage entry into the sector through capacity control.{{sfn|A. Mihdha|2008|p=9}} These measures improved standards in existing resorts and increased profitability.{{sfn|A. Mihdha|2008|p=9}} By the end of the 20th century, tourism became a vital part of the [[Maldivian economy]], contributing to GDP and providing a crucial source of foreign currency.{{sfn|A. Mihdha|2008|p=9}}

Gayoom's government initiated economic reforms in 1989, aimed at liberalising the economy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilmy |first1=Ali |title=The Maldives, State of Mahl Dibiyyat and its resources |date=1999 |pages=45–47}}</ref><ref name="wdb">{{cite web |date=16 October 1997 |title=Maldives Country Economic Memorandum |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/707941468052739314/pdf/multi0page.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> These reforms included lifting [[import quota]]s and opening certain sectors for export to private enterprises.<ref name="wdb" /> The liberalisation also extended to [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]] regulations, encouraging more international involvement in the [[Economy of Maldives|Maldivian economy]]. The nation's GDP grew rapidly, with the [[gross domestic product]] rising from [[Maldivian rufiyaa|MVR]] 440 million in 1980 to MVR 10,458 million by 2005, according to [[International Monetary Fund]] estimates.<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=Maldives Data |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220023151/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm%3FG%3D2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Throughout the 1980s, the Maldivian economy experienced relatively low [[inflation]], with [[Real gross domestic product|real GDP growth]] averaging around 10%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Anis |last2=Mahmud |first2=Wahiduddin |title=Handbook on the South Asian Economies |date=2008 |isbn=9781848441293 |pages=230–232 |publisher=Edward Elgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBl8XLiRo3IC}}</ref> The year 1990 saw an exceptional GDP growth rate of 16.2%, although this figure declined to 4% by 1993.<ref name="DOS" /> Due to slowdown, the economy continued to perform strongly, with an average [[Real gross domestic product|real GDP growth]] of over 7.5% per year from 1995 to 2004.<ref name="DOS" /> The sustained growth during this period was largely driven by a combination of tourism, fishing, and increased foreign investment, which helped the country weather regional economic challenges.<ref name="DOS" />

The [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami|Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004]], however, caused a sharp contraction in the economy, with the GDP loss of approximately 62%;{{sfn|Töpfer|2005|p=8}} the Maldivian economy demonstrated resilience, rebounding strongly with a 13% growth rate in 2006. The recovery was driven by a revival in tourism and infrastructure development efforts, supported by international [[aid]] and [[investments]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Maldives two years after the tsunami |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/files/2015/03/Maldives-Two-Years-After-the-Tsunami.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321173504/https://maldivesindependent.com/files/2015/03/Maldives-Two-Years-After-the-Tsunami.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2017 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Maldives Independent}}</ref> Under Gayoom's administration, the [[Maldives]] managed to maintain steady economic growth, regardless of external shocks, while fostering a more open and diversified economy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Maldives |url=https://investmaldives.gov.mv/why-maldives/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Invest Maldives}}</ref>

==== Environmental policies ====
[[File:Ibrahim Shihab award 1979.jpg|thumb|Gayoom awards [[Ibrahim Shihab]] in 1979]]

During his presidency, Gayoom was a strong advocate for environmental protection and climate diplomacy, both nationally and internationally. His administration became one of the first to bring international attention to the potential consequences of [[climate change]] for low-lying nations.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=President Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom's message for the opening day of the 21st session of Conference of the Parties (COP) |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/16136 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[The President's Office]] |quote=It was then that the former President of the Maldives, His Excellency Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, brought this issue to the attention of the international community at the Commonwealth Summit for Heads of State and Governments in Vancouver and the United Nations in 1987.}}</ref> In 1987, following severe flooding that inundated much of the capital, [[Malé]], Gayoom recognised the looming threat posed by rising sea levels and [[environmental degradation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by His Excellency Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Republic of Maldives, on "Climate Change and Sea-level Rise: The Maldives' Experience" at the Opening Session of EU Development Days 2007 |url=https://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/Press/Article/32305 |website=The President's Office |date=7 November 2007 |quote=Exactly twenty years ago, I brought the testimony of ordinary people threatened by climate change before world leaders for the very first time. In my address to the UN General Assembly in 1987, I spoke of how global warming, if left unchecked, would lead to the death of the Maldives and many countries like us.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 1987 |title=Address by His Excellency Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Republic of Maldives, before the Forty-Second Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the Special Debate on Environment and Development, 19 October 1987 |url=http://maldivesmission.com/statements/address_by_his_excellency_mr_maumoon_abdul_gayoom_president_of_the_republic_of_maldives_before_the_forty_second_session_of_the_united_nations_general_assembly_on_the_special_debate_on_environment_and_development_19_october_1987 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations}}</ref> He became the first-ever world leader to address the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on the dangers of climate change, urging urgent global action on what was, at the time, still a relatively unknown issue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay |first1=Jean-Christophe |title=Global warming and the exploitation of small island states |journal=L'Espace géographique |date=2014 |volume=43 |issue=[[JSTOR]] |page=82 |jstor=26213711 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26213711}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shahid |first1=Abdulla |last2=Ginnetti |first2=Justin |title=The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy |date=2008 |volume=32 |page=15 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45289441 |journal=The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs |jstor=45289441 |author1-link=Abdulla Shahid}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs |url=https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/haskolafund/Speech_by_Ms._Dunya_Maumoon,_Maldives.doc |date=16 June 2008 |quote=Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Republic of Maldives, became the first world leader to address the United Nations General Assembly on the issue of climate change. |format=doc}}</ref>

Gayoom's landmark "Death of a Nation" speech at the UNGA is often credited as one of the earliest and most influential calls for global cooperation in combating [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pachauri |first=R. K. |author-link=Rajendra K. Pachauri |date=June 2019 |title=Small Island Developing States and Climate Change Towards Addressing Loss and Damage |url=https://worldsdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Analytical_Brief_June_2.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=World Sustainable Development Forum}}</ref> His warnings about the vulnerability of [[Small Island Developing States|small island nations]] like the Maldives highlighted the risks posed by [[global warming]] and [[sea level rise]], issues that were not widely recognised at the time. This intervention marked the beginning of the Maldives' active participation in global climate diplomacy, reinforcing the nation's commitment to advocating for the protection of environmentally fragile states on the international stage.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2022 |title=Advancing the National Adaptation Plan of the Maldives |url=https://open.unep.org/docs/gcf/Maldives%20UNEP_full%20proposal.pdf |access-date=9 October 2024 |work=UN Environment Programme}}</ref>

In addition to his efforts within the Maldives, Gayoom also spearheaded regional environmental cooperation.<ref name="env" >{{cite web |title=Special Concerns - Environment |url=http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=4&Table=Head4&PTID=4 |website=The President's Office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040925231120/http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/v3/pages/body.phtml?ID=4&Table=Head4&PTID=4 |archive-date=25 September 2004 |date=2004}}</ref> Under his leadership, the Maldives played an important role in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) Study on causes and consequences of [[natural disasters]] and the Protection and Preservation of the Environment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Anand |title=Multi-party Democracy in the Maldives |url=https://idsa.in/system/files/book/book_democracy-maldives-ior.pdf |access-date=18 February 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-895-8}}</ref><ref name="env" /> It helped build regional awareness of environmental risks, particularly in relation to [[natural disasters]] and the long-term impacts of [[environmental degradation]].<ref name="env" /> Gayoom's focus on regional cooperation helped to enhance the Maldives' preparedness for climate-related challenges.<ref name="env" /> In 1989, the Maldives hosted the first Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lilian |first1=Yamamoto |last2=Esteban |first2=Miguel |title=Atoll Island States and International Law: Climate Change Displacement and Sovereignty |date=2013 |isbn=978-3642381867 |page=111 |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ui4AQAAQBAJ}}</ref> signing the "Malé Declaration on Global Warming and Sea Level Rise",<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[United Nations]] |title=Yearbook of the United Nations, Volume 43 (1989) |date=2023 |isbn=978-9004636750 |page=441|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers }}</ref> a treaty urging nations to recognise [[sea level rise]] as a global security threat and take urgent action to mitigate its impacts. In 2007, representatives of [[Small Island Developing States]] signed the "[[Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change]]", a treaty signed by representatives of Small Island Developing States to highlight the critical links between [[climate change]] and [[human rights]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change |url=https://www.ciel.org/Publications/Male_Declaration_Nov07.pdf |website=[[Center for International Environmental Law]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526050621/http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Male_Declaration_Nov07.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref>

Furthermore, Gayoom's government initiated the [[SAARC]] Study on the [[Greenhouse effect]] and its impact on the region.<ref name="env" /> In 1989, Gayoom initiated the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Study on [[Climate Change]], which focused on the effects of [[global warming]] on [[Commonwealth nations]], particularly small island states.<ref name="env" /> The study, reviewed in 1991, highlighted the pressing need for international cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by rising sea levels and other environmental threats.<ref name="env" /> Gayoom's proactive approach in commissioning and participating of climate-change and environmental topics helped establish the Maldives as a global leader in climate diplomacy and advocacy for small island states.<ref>{{cite news |title=From a small nation to a respected global voice |url=https://www.psmnews.mv/en/144369 |access-date=21 September 2023 |work=PSM News |date=21 September 2023}}</ref>

==== Political reforms ====
[[File:The President of Maldives, Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom inspecting the Guard of Honour at the ceremonial reception, in New Delhi on February 11, 2008.jpg|thumb|State visit to India, 2008]]

A month after Gayoom assumed presidency, the Citizen's Majlis passed the bill to amend the constitution. By 1980, Gayoom declared to form a special constitutional assembly, consisting of cabinet members and parliamentarians, to amend the constitution.<ref>{{cite news |title=A short constitutional history of the Maldives |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/a-short-constitutional-history-of-the-maldives-73902 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=Minivan News |date=22 December 2013}}</ref> After an 18-year process, the amended constitution was finalised, and by November 1997, Gayoom ratified the constitution. In 1998, the new constitution came info effect—declaring the Maldives a [[democratic republic]] (though it did not fully follow democratic principles).<ref>{{cite web |title=ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާގެ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ 1998 |trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 1998 |url=https://mvlaw.gov.mv/dv/legislations/241/consolidations/741 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=mvlaw.gov.mv}}</ref> In June 2004, Gayoom launched the "democratic reform agenda" in response to growing calls for [[Democratization|political liberalisation]] and greater civil liberties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Didi |first1=Aminath |title=The Maldives in Transition: Human Rights and Voices of Dissent |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/195631263.pdf |publisher=Centre for Human Rights Education Faculty of Humanities |date=February 2012}}</ref> Over the following years, notable progress was made — a National Human Rights Commission adhering to international standards was established, [[List of political parties in the Maldives|political parties]] were introduced for the first time in 2005, [[media freedom]] was granted, and the criminal justice system was modernised.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2006 - Maldives |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/freehou/2005/en/51785 |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=19 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jordan |first1=Will |title=Maldives: A timeline to corruption |url=https://aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/7/maldives-a-timeline-to-corruption |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2007, after several rounds of negotiations with opposition parties, particularly the [[Maldivian Democratic Party]] (MDP), an agreement was reached. The MDP pledged not to engage in violence, while the government committed to releasing political detainees and accelerating the reform process. Concerns over the pace of reforms remained, with some doubting the government's full commitment to change.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Directorate B – Policy Department |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/fd/200/200605/2006052_maldivesen.pdf |website=European Parliament |date=24 May 2006}}</ref>

By 2008, Gayoom emphasised the progress achieved through his reform agenda.<ref name="speech">{{cite web |date=7 February 2008 |title=Statement by His Excellency Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Republic of Maldives, at the Reception to meet with Ambassadors/High Commissioners resident in New Delhi who are accredited to the Maldives, former High Commissioners of India to the Maldives, Honorary Consuls/Consul Generals of the Maldives in India and the Maldives Consul in Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/21442 |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref> The drafting of a [[constitution of Maldives|new constitution]] was nearing completion, aimed at facilitating the transition to a fully [[liberal democracy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Judith |last2=Lang |first2=Olivia |title=Maldives' New Constitution Ratified |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4806 |work=Minivan News |date=7 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808103758/http://www.minivannews.com/news/news.php?id=4806 |archive-date=8 August 2008}}</ref> The new constitution introduced a clearer separation of powers, stronger [[human rights]] protections, and established independent institutions, including an autonomous [[Elections Commission (Maldives)|Elections Commission]] and a [[Supreme Court of the Maldives|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldives Rule of Law assessment |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WRSJ.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228110805/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WRSJ.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2024 |website=U.S. Agency for International Development |access-date=25 June 2019 |date=25 June 2019}}</ref>

This constitution, finalised later 2008, marked a turning point in Maldivian [[Politics of Maldives|political history]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond the promise of democracy: Reviewing the Maldives' 2008 Constitution |url=https://www.idea.int/news/beyond-promise-democracy-reviewing-maldives-2008-constitution |website=International Idea |access-date=8 August 2024 |date=8 August 2024}}</ref> It introduced a [[multi-party system]], limited the presidency to two five-year terms, and created the framework for greater transparency and accountability.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2020 |title=Review of the electoral legal framework of the Maldives |url=https://transparency.mv/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Review-of-Electoral-Legal-Framework_Final-29.12.20-1-1.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Transparency Maldives}}</ref> Gayoom's administration also prepared for the country's [[2008 Maldivian presidential election|first multi-party presidential election]], proposing legislative reforms to guarantee the elections met international standards.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sirilal |first1=Ranga |last2=Pearce |first2=Tim |title=Maldives to hold multi-party polls before October |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/economy/maldives-to-hold-multi-party-polls-before-october-idUSCOL147891/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=20 April 2008}}</ref>

== Post-presidency (2008–present) ==
[[File:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom portrait 2013.jpg|thumb|200px|Gayoom's Award winner portrait, 2013]]

Following the inauguration of [[Mohamed Nasheed]] on 11 November 2008, Gayoom moved to his private residence in [[Malé]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lubna |first1=Hawwa |date=20 October 2011 |title=އެންދެރިމާގެއަށް ގެއްލުންދިނީ އެމްޑީޕީ ނަމުގައި އޮވެ، ސަރުކާރުން: މައުމޫން |trans-title=Endherimaage was damaged in the name of MDP, by the government: Maumoon |url=https://sun.mv/11892 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=Sun |language=dv}}</ref> Gayoom made regular appearances at various events throughout the Malé city, until his imprisonment in 2018, and remained low public profile ever since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Rushdha |date=31 January 2017 |title=Can Maumoon afford to remain silent? |url=https://raajje.mv/4060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005131726/https://raajje.mv/4060 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=[[Raajje TV]]}}</ref>

In 2010, Gayoom established his non-profit organisation, "[[the Maumoon Foundation]]", to support initiatives aimed at improving the livelihoods of the [[Maldivian people]], utilising his resources, contacts, and experience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdulla |first1=Shaina |date=10 May 2017 |title=Gayoom's foundation opens 80 scholarships |url=https://avas.mv/en/33435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005133117/https://avas.mv/en/33435 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=10 May 2017 |work=Avas |quote=The Maumoon Foundation (TMF) is a non-profit charitable institution set up on 26 January 2010 by the former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, to fulfil his desire to utilise his resources, contacts and experience in improving the livelihoods of the Maldivian people.}}</ref>

In January 2010, Gayoom announced he would be retiring from Maldivian politics.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Robinson |first=JJ |date=17 February 2010 |title=Thasmeen endorsed as DRP leader and presidential candidate |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/thasmeen-endorsed-as-drp-leader-and-presidential-candidate-3504 |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=Minivan News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2011 |title=Gayoom seeking a comeback in Maldives? |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/gayoom-seeking-a-comeback-in-maldives |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Robinson |first=JJ |date=25 January 2010 |title=Gayoom bows out of politics ahead of DRP congress |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/gayoom-bows-out-of-politics-ahead-of-drp-congress-2782 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Minivan News}}</ref> Gayoom returned to politics in 2011 after resigning from the [[Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party]], which he had established.<ref name="drp">{{cite news |last1=Lubna |first1=Hawwa |date=4 September 2011 |title=ސިޔާސީ ގޮތުން ޑީއާރުޕީއަކު ދަތެއް ނެތް: މައުމޫން |trans-title=Politically, DRP has no teeth: Maumoon |url=https://sun.mv/10540 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Sun |language=dv}}</ref> He cited corruption within the party's leadership as his primary reason for leaving, following disputes with the then party leader, [[Ahmed Thasmeen Ali]].<ref name="drp" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nazeer |first1=Ahmed |last2=Naish |first2=Ahmed |title=Gayoom, Z-faction MPs quit DRP to form new party |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/gayoom-z-faction-mps-quit-drp-to-form-new-party-25020 |work=Minivan News |date=4 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="PPM" /> In early 2011, Gayoom formed a [[political faction]] within the DRP known as the Z-DRP, reflecting growing dissent over the party's direction. On 4 September 2011, Gayoom officially announced his resignation from the DRP,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lubna |first1=Hawwa |date=4 September 2011 |title=މައުމޫން ޒައީމުކަމުން އިސްތިއުފާދެއްވައި ޑީއާރުޕީން ވަކިވެވަޑައިގެންފި |trans-title=Maumoon resigns as leader and leaves DRP |url=https://sun.mv/10527 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Sun}}</ref> declaring that the Z-DRP would evolve into a new party that prioritised integrity and was independent of the DRP's influences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nazeer |first1=Ahmed |date=28 April 2011 |title=Z-DRP faction officially commences work, denies backing presidential candidate |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/z-drp-faction-officially-commences-work-and-denies-backing-presidential-candidate-19505 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Minivan News}}</ref> In September 2011, plans were revealed by Gayoom, for the [[Progressive Party of Maldives]] (PPM).<ref name="PPM">{{cite news |last1=Naish |first1=Ahmed |date=5 September 2011 |title=Gayoom's new party to be called Progressive Party of Maldives |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/gayooms-new-party-to-be-called-progressive-party-of-maldives-25076 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=Minivan News}}</ref> The PPM received formal approval from the [[Elections Commission (Maldives)|Elections Commission]] in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Jamshath |date=27 October 2011 |title=ސިޔާސީ ޕާޓީ، ޕީޕީއެމް ރަޖިސްޓްރީކޮށްދީފި |trans-title=Political party, PPM registered |url=https://sun.mv/12116 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Sun |language=dv}}</ref>

In 2016, a leadership dispute emerged between [[Abdulla Yameen]] and Gayoom, leading to rapid changes within the [[Progressive Party of Maldives]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2016 |title=High court to hear appeal over PPM leadership dispute |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/high-court-to-hear-appeal-over-ppm-leadership-dispute-127310 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Maldives Independent}}</ref> Tensions escalated when Gayoom faced challenges to his authority within the party.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 February 2019 |title=Formation of Reform party would not affect PPM, claims ex-pres |url=https://avas.mv/en/59785 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref> In 2017, PPM members voted to remove Gayoom as the party leader.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shahunaaz |first1=Fathimath |date=27 March 2017 |title=PPM council unanimously votes to oust Maumoon, with "no legal standing" |url=https://edition.mv/ppm_council/2749 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=The Edition}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2017 |title=Maldives ruling party votes to ax Gayoom |url=https://avas.mv/en/31343 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaany |first1=Aishath |date=25 March 2017 |title=PPM to remove ex-President Maumoon from party leadership |url=https://raajje.mv/7139 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref> Legal actions were initiated by two Members of Parliament, [[Ahmed Shiyam (minister)|Ahmed Shiyam]] and Mohamed Shahid, who filed a case in the Civil Court to formally oust Gayoom from his leadership position.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2016 |title=Case filed to remove Maumoon as PPM President |url=https://avas.mv/en/24104 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref>

In 2019, Gayoom announced his intention to establish a new political party, the [[Maldives Reform Movement]].<ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2019 |title=Maumoon to form new political party |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/45104 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[PSM News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zalif |first1=Zunana |date=10 February 2019 |title=Gayoom seeks to make Maldives Reform Movement official |url=https://raajje.mv/50104 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaahunaz |first1=Fathimath |title=Ex-pres Gayoom looks to establish MRM as a political party |url=https://edition.mv/maldives_reform_movement_mrm/9019 |work=[[The Edition]] |date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Following its establishment, he was appointed the interim president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maumoon appointed as MRM Interim President |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/59707 |work=[[PSM News]] |date=8 November 2019}}</ref> Gayoom's son, [[Ahmed Faris Maumoon]] was later elected as the president and leader of the Maldives Reform Movement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2021 |title=Ex-President Maumoon and Ex-MP Faris secure top two leadership positions of MRM |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/92505 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=[[PSM News]]}}</ref> During the 2021 MRM primaries, Gayoom ran for the party's leader position.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-President Maumoon submits candidature for position of MRM Leader |url=https://www.psmnews.mv/en/92103 |work=PSM News |date=15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nazim |first1=Mohamed Muzayyim |date=15 September 2021 |title=އަމިއްލަފުޅު ޕާޓީގެ ޒައީމުކަމަށް މައުމޫން ކުރިމަތިލައްވައިފި |trans-title=Maumoon runs for own party's leader |url=https://dhauru.com/post/news/358 |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=Dhauru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shiura |first1=Aishath |date=18 September 2021 |title=އެމްއާރުއެމްގެ ޒައީމުގެ މަގާމަށް މައުމޫން ކުރިމަތިލައްވައިފި |trans-title=Maumoon runs for MRM leader |url=https://raajje.mv/index.php/106635 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref> He was elected by [[acclamation]] as the leader of the party.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naseem |first1=Simaha |date=24 September 2021 |title=Maumoon for MRM leader, Faris for president without a vote |url=https://raajje.mv/106964 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ameen |first1=Hussain |title=Maumoon as Zaeem of MRM, Faris as president |url=https://psmnews.mv/92475 |work=PSM News |date=24 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2022 |title=Maumoon: I'm a member of MRM alone, I don't support any other party |url=https://en.sun.mv/74699 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Sun}}</ref>

=== Views on later presidents and diplomacy ===

Gayoom made a number of visits to countries as a special envoy of the [[president of the Maldives]]. After his half-brother [[Abdulla Yameen]] won the 2013 election, they had a good relationship at the time, where Yameen sent Gayoom to represent him in different meetings and conferences. One month after Yameen assumed presidency, Gayoom presented a letter from Yameen to the then-former [[Malaysian prime minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2013 |title=Former President Maumoon Presents letter from President Yameen to Former Malaysian Prime Minister |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/13759 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=The President's Office}}</ref> In 2014, Gayoom undertook an official visit to [[Samoa]] as a special envoy of the president at the [[Small Island Developing States|Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Former President Maumoon departs to Samoa, to attend the 3rd International Conference on Small Island Developing States |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/14737 |website=The President's Office |date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader and Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]]'s state visit to the Maldives in 2014, Gayoom held a meeting with him.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=Former President Maumoon meets with the Chinese President |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/14811 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=The President's Office}}</ref> Gayoom also sent condolences to former Singaporean prime minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]], representing Yameen in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2015 |title=Special Envoy of the President pays last respect to the first Prime Minister of Singapore |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/15419 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=The President's Office}}</ref> In July that year, he undertook an official visit to [[Oman]] as special envoy of the president and met with officials to discuss on improving bilateral relations between Oman and the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Former President Maumoon departs to Oman, as special envoy of the President |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/15634 |website=The President's Office |date=13 July 2015}}</ref>

==== Views on presidents ====
[[File:Mohamed Muizzu meets Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (4).jpg|thumb|Gayoom meets president [[Mohamed Muizzu]] in December 2023]]

Gayoom was a vocal critic of the [[Mohamed Nasheed]] administration, often opposing its policies and governance style. He and his supporters accused Nasheed's government of economic mismanagement.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2011 |title=Fresh protest rocks troubled Maldives |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/5/4/fresh-protest-rocks-troubled-maldives |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Gayoom also raised concerns about Nasheed's approach to [[religion in the Maldives|religion]] and democracy, arguing that it risked undermining traditional values. During 2011–12, Gayoom and supporters protested,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sangwon |first1=Yoon |date=1 May 2011 |title=Maldives police break up opposition protest |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/5/1/maldives-police-break-up-opposition-protest |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Achin |first1=Kurt |date=5 May 2011 |title=Maldives Braces for More Anti-Government Protests |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/maldives-braces-for-more-anti-government-protests-121321604/167416.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=R. K. |date=4 May 2011 |title=Protests continue in Maldives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/protests-continue-in-maldives/article1990932.ece |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> which president Nasheed and the government described as "violent" and a "coup".<ref>{{cite web |title=Government Condemns Violent Protest Led by Supporters of Former President Gayoom |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/4892 |website=The President's Office |date=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives president quits after 'coup' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/2/8/maldives-president-quits-after-coup |agency=Al Jazeera |date=7 February 2012}}</ref> Later the [[2011–2013 Maldives political crisis|protests became an unrest]], leading to the resignation of president [[Mohamed Nasheed]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yardley |first1=Jim |title=Clashes Continue in Maldives as the Former President Takes Part in a March |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/world/asia/violent-clashes-continue-in-maldives.html |date=8 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives ex-president Mohamed Nasheed was 'forced out' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16945764 |agency=BBC News |date=8 February 2012}}</ref>

Though he praised President Yameen in the early part of his tenure, after 2015, relations between Gayoom and his half-brother [[Abdulla Yameen]] began to deteriorate, with the two ceasing communication following political disagreements and a leadership dispute within Gayoom's [[Progressive Party of Maldives]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khandekar |first1=Omkar |date=11 February 2011 |title=Why has Abdulla Yameen turned against the half-brother who helped him become Maldives president? |url=https://scroll.in/article/868161/why-has-abdulla-yameen-turned-against-the-half-brother-who-helped-him-become-maldives-president |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> In 2017, Gayoom apologised for supporting Abdulla Yameen in the [[2013 Maldivian presidential election|2013 presidential election]], expressing regret for his role in Yameen's rise to power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Rushdha |date=24 July 2017 |title=Pres. Maumoon apologizes for his role in electing half-brother to power |url=https://raajje.mv/14479 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 July 2017 |title=Gayoom apologizes for supporting pres Yameen |url=https://avas.mv/en/36430 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref>

During the [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]] [[Presidency of Ibrahim Mohamed Solih|administration]], Gayoom did not majorly critique the administration but commented on specific issues, expressing dissatisfaction with certain aspects.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2019 |title=Gayyoom criticizes pres as promise to return PPM remains unfulfilled |url=https://avas.mv/en/62763 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref>

=== Presidential politics ===

After Gayoom lost the [[2008 Maldivian presidential election|2008 presidential election]] and the inauguration of [[Mohamed Nasheed]], Gayoom did not majorly react to Nasheed administration in the first years. In the [[2013 Maldivian presidential election|2013 presidential election]], many Maldivian citizens gave the opinion for Gayoom to run in the elections,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naish |first1=Ahmed |title=Gayoom may contest 2013 presidential election |url=https://minivannewsarchive.com/politics/gayoom-may-contest-2013-presidential-election-48735 |work=Minivan News |date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Radhakrishnan |first=R.K. |date=11 December 2012 |title=Gayoom could run for President |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gayoom-could-run-for-president/article4186377.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214000314/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/gayoom-could-run-for-president/article4186377.ece |archive-date=14 December 2012 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> however he declared in February 2013 that he would not run any further presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Powell |first=Luke |date=25 February 2013 |title=Gayoom opts out of PPM presidential primary |url=http://minivannews.com/politics/gayoom-opts-out-of-ppm-presidential-primary-53639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109124644/http://minivannews.com/politics/gayoom-opts-out-of-ppm-presidential-primary-53639 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |work=Minivan News}}</ref> Later then [[Progressive Party of Maldives]] held its primary elections and was won by Gayoom's half-brother [[Abdulla Yameen]], in which he endorsed Yameen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives election: Abdulla Yameen wins run-off vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24974019 |publisher=BBC News |date=16 November 2013}}</ref>

In the 2018 presidential elections, Gayoom endorsed [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]], while Yameen was running; the decision was made following the imprisonment of Gayoom by Yameen in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaany |first1=Aishath |date=2 October 2018 |title=No deals to make with Yameen: Solih |url=https://raajje.mv/41723 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rehan |first1=Mohamed |date=24 July 2018 |title=Who is winning at presidential election campaign? |url=https://avas.mv/en/51913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405040902/https://avas.mv/en/51913 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref>

During the 2023 presidential election, Gayoom's elder son [[Ahmed Faris Maumoon]] was running as an independent candidate after [[Elections Commission (Maldives)|Elections Commission]] rejected his candidacy as a [[Maldives Reform Movement]] candidate due to lack of members in the party.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malika |first=Shahid |date=24 May 2023 |title=MRM to be dissolved after party membership falls short |url=https://edition.mv/news/27964 |access-date=7 August 2024 |work=[[The Edition]]}}</ref> Gayoom endorsed Faris and his [[running mate]] Abdul Sattar Yoosuf in the elections.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Shihab |first=Ibrahim H. |date=2023 |title=Gayoom Endorses Son Faris, Dissuades Nepotism Claims |url=https://mvrepublic.com/news/gayoom-endorses-son-faris-dissuades-nepotism-claims/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Maldives Republic}}</ref>

=== Arrest and imprisonment ===

{{main|2018 Maldives political crisis}}
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the other leaders, during the swearing-in ceremony of President-elect, Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, in Maldives on November 17, 2018.JPG|thumb|210x210px|Gayoom with Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] in November 2018]]

On 5 February 2018, Gayoom [[2018 Maldives political crisis|was arrested]] for planning to overthrow his half-brother [[Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom]]'s government, along with his son-in-law, Mohamed Nadheem.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives police arrest former president Gayoom: spokesman |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/maldives-police-arrest-former-president-gayoom-spokesman-idUSKBN1FP2IZ/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=6 February 2018}}</ref> His arrest occurred amid an emergency [[martial law]] declared by then-President Abdulla Yameen, who justified the actions by alleging a conspiracy and [[coup attempt]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2018 |title=President declares State of Emergency |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/18752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614105426/https://www.presidency.mv/Press/Article/18752 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=The President's Office}}</ref> International and nationwide reactions came quickly; Maldivians started protesting the following day as the government declared [[state emergency]].<ref name="tg2">{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |date=5 February 2018 |title=Maldives crisis deepens as government declares state of emergency |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/05/maldives-in-chaos-as-government-accuses-supreme-court-of-trying-to-impeach-president |access-date=5 February 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Shortly before his arrest, Gayoom posted a video message on [[Twitter]], stating, "I have not done anything to be arrested. I urge you to remain steadfast in your resolve too. We will not give up on the reform work we are doing".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |title=Maldives president declares emergency, arrests judges |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/2/6/maldives-president-declares-emergency-arrests-judges |agency=Al Jazeera |date=6 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="tg2" /> Media reported that Gayoom and his son [[Ahmed Faris Maumoon|Faris]] were being tortured by not being allowed [[medical treatment]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Rasheed |first=Rushdha |date=9 February 2018 |title=Pres. Maumoon transferred to Maafushi jail |url=https://raajje.mv/26691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111042855/https://raajje.mv/26691 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=[[Raajje TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ali |first=Humaam |date=14 February 2018 |title=Ex-President Gayoom and sons being tortured: MDN |url=https://raajje.mv/26968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111043114/https://raajje.mv/26968 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=[[Raajje TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Shaany |first=Aishath |date=27 January 2018 |title=MP Faris Maumoon arrested, this time for 'conspiring to overthrow government' |url=https://raajje.mv/25879 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111043321/https://raajje.mv/25879 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |work=[[Raajje TV]]}}</ref>

On 13 June 2018, Gayoom was sentenced to 19 months in prison for "obstructing justice" after refusing to cooperate with the [[Maldives Police Service|Maldives police]] and the judiciary following his arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2018 |title=Former Maldives President Sentenced For Obstruction Of Justice |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/former-maldives-president-sentenced-for-obstruction-of-justice-1867231 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In September 2018, he was placed under [[house arrest]] due to health concerns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malsa |first=Mariyam |date=27 September 2018 |title=Complaint against MCS commissioner over barring ex-pres shift to house arrest |url=https://edition.mv/nasreena_ibrahim/7336 |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Edition]]}}</ref> Gayoom was released on bail on 30 September 2018 and was acquitted on 18 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=Maumoon Abdul Gayoom: Former Maldives president released on bail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45700948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111043452/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45700948 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=Maldives high court frees Gayoom on bail |url=https://avas.mv/en/54824 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2018 |title=Maldives High Court frees Gayoom, Faris on bail |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/crime-2/maldives-high-court-frees-gayoom-faris-on-bail-141626 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Maldives Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Maldives High Court overturns conviction to free Gayoom |url=https://avas.mv/en/55544 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Avas}}</ref>

==== Reactions ====

International organisations, including the [[United Nations]], expressed concern over the [[2018 Maldives political crisis|political situation]], condemning the arrest as part of a broader "attack on democracy" in the [[Maldives]].<ref name="ohchr">{{cite web |date=7 February 2018 |title=Maldives state of emergency "all-out assault on democracy" – Zeid |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/02/maldives-state-emergency-all-out-assault-democracy-zeid |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> The UN urged the [[Maldivian government]] to respect judicial independence and fundamental freedoms, criticising the suppression of dissent and the crackdown on political opponents.<ref name=
"ohchr" /> [[Human rights]] groups also voiced their opposition to Gayoom's detention, calling for his immediate release and for the government to uphold democratic norms.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 February 2018 |title=The Latest: Opposition leader Gayoom arrested in the Maldives |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-f663182e4a514aebb2a60f38896bac95 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref>

Domestically, Gayoom's arrest deepened the political divide in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaany |first1=Aishath |date=6 August 2018 |title=Will do everything to free 'unjustly' jailed former leader, says successor |url=https://raajje.mv/38194 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref> Opposition leaders, including former President [[Mohamed Nasheed]], condemned the arrest and called for international intervention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |date=6 February 2018 |title=Nasheed urges India to intervene to end Maldives crisis |url=https://aljazeera.com/news/2018/2/6/nasheed-urges-india-to-intervene-to-end-maldives-crisis |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Nasheed appealed to [[India]] and the [[United States]] to step in, asserting that Yameen's actions threatened the [[rule of law]] and [[democratic governance]] in the [[Maldives]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives ex-President Nasheed seeks help from India and US |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42958179 |access-date=5 October 2024 |agency=BBC News |date=6 February 2018}}</ref> It is widely believed that the crisis resulted to Yameen's defeat in the [[2018 Maldivian presidential election|2018 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Zaheena |date=24 September 2018 |title=Abdulla Yameen concedes defeat in Maldives presidential election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/9/24/abdulla-yameen-concedes-defeat-in-maldives-presidential-election |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124061917/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/9/24/abdulla-yameen-concedes-defeat-in-maldives-presidential-election |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2018 |title=President 'cannot win election' with Gayoom behind bars |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/president-cannot-win-election-with-gayoom-behind-bars-138703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612134200/https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/president-cannot-win-election-with-gayoom-behind-bars-138703 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Maldives Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagchi |first1=Indrani |title=Yameen's loss puts India back in the strategic game in Maldives |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-welcomes-maldives-presidential-election-result/articleshow/65937820.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2018}}</ref>

== Public image ==
[[File:President Maumoon at the function held in memory of brother Hameed (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gayoom speaking in a podium in 2015]]

Gayoom is regarded as one of the most influential figures in [[Maldivian history]].{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=35}} At {{age|1937|12|29}} years old, he is the [[List of presidents of the Maldives by age|oldest living former president]] and is the earliest-serving living former president since the death of [[Ibrahim Nasir]] in 2008. Gayoom's leadership has left an important mark on the [[politics of the Maldives|country's political landscape]].<ref name="Srimal">{{cite news |last1=Fernando |first1=Srimal |date=15 November 2018 |title=The Making of Modern Maldives: A Look at Maumoon Gayoom |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/11/15/the-making-of-modern-maldives-a-look-at-maumoon-gayoom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115220348/https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/11/15/the-making-of-modern-maldives-a-look-at-maumoon-gayoom/ |archive-date=15 November 2018 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Modern Diplomacy}}</ref>

Gayoom was seen as a moderniser and a stabilising force in the Maldives.<ref name="Srimal" /> His leadership brought remarkable advancements in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, earning him substantial support among Maldivians.<ref name="Srimal" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shifleen |first1=Aishath |date=8 September 2019 |title="ވަޑައިގަންނަވާށޭ ކިލާހަށް އަސާސީ" އަކީ ބޮޑު ހިއްސާއެއް: މައުމޫން |trans-title="Come to the Basic Class" is a big contribution: Maumoon |url=https://mihaaru.com/news/60968 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Mihaaru]] |language=dv}}</ref> Many viewed him as a visionary leader who played a crucial role in bringing the Maldives into the modern era and fostering economic growth.<ref name="Seena" /> His tenure is often credited with elevating the country's global standing and improving the quality of life for its citizens.<ref name="Seena">{{cite news |last1=Zahir |first1=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Zahir |date=11 November 2018 |title=ރައީސް މައުމޫންގެ 30 އަހަރު |trans-title=President Maumoon's 30 Years |url=https://mihaaru.com/report/44996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921122342/https://mihaaru.com/report/44996 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Mihaaru]] |language=dv}}</ref> His presidency is also often referred to as "Golden 30 years".<ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2017 |title=މަންޒަރުން މައުމޫން ގެެއްލުވާލެވޭނެ ބާ؟ |trans-title=Can Maumoon be removed from the scene? |url=https://raajje.mv/7619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124115509/https://raajje.mv/7619 |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Raajje TV]] |language=dv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Hussain |date=22 April 2010 |title=ތިރީސް އަހަރު ރާއްޖެއަށް ގެނައި ތަރައްޤީގެ ރަން މެޑަލް ޖަހާކަށް ބޭނުމެއް ނުވޭ: ރައީސް މައުމޫން |trans-title=Don't want a gold medal related to 30 years of development brought to the Maldives: President Maumoon |url=https://sun.mv/659 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Sun |language=dv}}</ref>

However, Gayoom's long rule also attracted considerable criticism, particularly regarding his administration's handling of political dissent and [[human rights]].<ref>{{cite web |title="An All-Out Assault on Democracy" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/08/16/all-out-assault-democracy/crushing-dissent-maldives |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Critics accused his government of authoritarian practices, including suppressing opposition voices and restricting [[freedom of speech|freedoms of expression]].{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=51}} Allegations contributed to a divided view of his leadership, with some seeing him as a benevolent ruler who maintained stability, while others viewed him as an [[autocratic]] leader resistant to democratic reforms.{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=53}}

Although facing accusations of authoritarianism, Gayoom hinted that he was not an authoritarian, stating:
{{blockquote|I am not someone who wants to remain in power in the Maldives through force, nor am I someone who wants to hold any position through force. Therefore, I am here as someone who did not come to the position of president through force, and I am also not someone who wants to remain in this position using brute force. I am always ready to do things as the people wish. Even today, if the people say they want me to give up this position, I will give it up immediately. However, I will fight against anyone who tries to remove me from this position illegally, using weapons, or by force. |author=Gayoom's address to the nation following coup attempt, 5 November 1988 |source={{sfn|Shiraz|2014|p=14}} }}

A 2024 poll by the organisation Maahdhaa4 ranks him as a top-performing president.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2024 |title=What kind of a president is President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom? |url=https://maahdhaa4.com/polls/cm3ss3lxb02263l73tzwbgd9m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129121335/https://maahdhaa4.com/polls/cm3ss3lxb02263l73tzwbgd9m |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Maahdhaa4}}</ref> In the years following his presidency, Gayoom's role in politics has continued to shape his public perception. He is often regarded as a senior [[Politician|statesman]], maintaining remarkable influence in the political sphere.{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=100}} While his supporters continue to view him as the "father of the modern Maldives",{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=99}} Gayoom has been described by journalists, politicians, and organisations as a [[dictator]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jordan |first1=Will |date=7 September 2016 |title=Maldives: 'The system has failed' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/7/maldives-the-system-has-failed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012100/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/7/maldives-the-system-has-failed |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2008 |title=Maldives gears up for first democratic election |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27073594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201080946/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27073594 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zahir |first1=Azim |date=23 September 2018 |title=The Maldives: The rise and fall of a Muslim democracy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/9/23/the-maldives-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-muslim-democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083816/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/9/23/the-maldives-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-muslim-democracy |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[autocrat]],<ref name="crisis">{{cite news |last1=Roychowdhury |first1=Adrija |title=From 'near autocracy' to democracy: A brief history of crisis in Maldives |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/abdulla-yameen-maldives-crisis-president-supreme-court-impeachment-5052533/ |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 February 2018}}</ref> an [[authoritarian]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nasheed |first1=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Nasheed |date=8 February 2012 |title=The Dregs of Dictatorship |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/opinion/in-the-maldives-strangled-democracy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209000208/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/opinion/in-the-maldives-strangled-democracy.html |archive-date=9 February 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and a [[political strongman|strongman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives' First Democratic Leader, Ex-Strongman Sign Pact |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/maldives-opposition-coalition/3781573.html |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=25 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives' ex-strongman withdraws support for govt |url=https://avas.mv/en/24829 |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=Avas |date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 June 2018 |title=Maldives ex-strongman sentenced to 19 months in jail |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/Jun/13/maldives-ex-strongman-sentenced-to-19-months-in-jail-1827697.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maldives Elects Ex-Strongman's Brother as President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/maldives-elects-exstrongmans-brother-as-president/1791684.html |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=[[Voice of America]] |date=16 November 2013}}</ref> During his presidency, the opposition referred to him as "Golhaaboa"<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2018 |title=An unjustly jailed dictator |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/an-unjustly-jailed-dictator-136613 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321065318/https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/an-unjustly-jailed-dictator-136613 |archive-date=21 March 2018 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Maldives Independent}}</ref>{{sfn|Shiraz|2014|p=18}} to criticise his leadership, while his supporters called him "Zaeem", meaning "leader".{{sfn|Shiraz|2014|p=18}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Is this the formation of a Z-PPM? |url=https://avas.mv/en/19455 |work=Avas |date=2 July 2016}}</ref>

=== Health ===
[[File:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom 2019.jpg|thumb|200px|Gayoom in 2019]]

Gayoom's health has been a concern in recent years, particularly during his time in jail.<ref name="ENT">{{cite news |date=3 May 2018 |title=Fears grow over Gayoom's health |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/fears-grow-over-gayooms-health-137898 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503215004/https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/fears-grow-over-gayooms-health-137898 |archive-date=3 May 2018 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Maldives Independent}}</ref> He had been diagnosed with [[Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo|Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]] (BPPV).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Humaam |date=7 May 2018 |title=Police have not given Maumoon's medical report: Nadira |url=https://raajje.mv/31998 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref> On 13 September 2018, his health deteriorated while he was incarcerated, leading to a visit to the doctor at [[Maafushi Jail]] for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Fazeena |date=13 September 2018 |title=މައުމޫން، އައިޖީއެމްއެޗަށް ގެނެސްފި |trans-title=Maumoon brought to IGMH |url=https://mihaaru.com/news/42236 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Mihaaru]] |language=dv}}</ref> The attending physician recommended that Gayoom be placed under house arrest due to difficulties in performing essential activities.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2018 |title=Gayoom's family appeals for Ramadan release |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/gayooms-family-appeals-for-ramadan-release-138183 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Maldives Independent}}</ref> An [[ENT doctor]] advised him to avoid moving his head to prevent further complications due to [[Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo|BPPV]].<ref name="ENT" /> Medical professionals indicated that his health could worsen at any moment, underscoring the seriousness of his condition during his imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Humaam |date=5 May 2018 |title=Maumoon's condition could worsen at any minute, says family |url=https://raajje.mv/31866 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref> In August 2020, Gayoom tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Junayd |first1=Mohamed |title=Maldives former president Gayoom tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/maldives-former-president-gayoom-tests-positive-for-covid-19-idUSKBN25M0LA/ |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=Reuters |date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaany |first1=Aishath |date=25 August 2020 |title=Maldives ex-president tests positive for Covid-19 |url=https://raajje.mv/84887 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Raajje TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiham |first1=Ahmed |title=Former president Maumoon tests positive for COVID-19 |url=https://edition.mv/local_council_election_2020/18716 |work=The Edition |date=26 August 2020}}</ref> He has remained in good health thereafter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maumoon released from hospital |url=https://edition.mv/history/26816 |work=The Edition |date=14 January 2023}}</ref>

=== Other activities ===
An avid reader, Gayoom is known for his deep engagement with literature, particularly in the areas of religion, science, and history during his post-presidency.<ref name="ast">{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Ahmed Saail |date=9 May 2023 |title=ރައީސް މައުމޫން: ހަނދު ސާބިތު ކުރުން ނޫން ހުރިހާ ބާރެއް ގެއްލި ނިމެނީ؟! |trans-title=President Maumoon: Losing all power except astronomic career?! |url=https://sun.mv/177182 |access-date=11 October 2024 |work=Sun Online}}</ref> His fascination with [[astronomy]] has been a notable aspect of his personal interests, and he has spent remarkable time studying the moon and celestial bodies.<ref name="ast" /> His passion for photography and calligraphy also stands out, with Gayoom being a skilled [[calligrapher]] known for his work in [[Arabic script]].<ref name="Int">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=His Excellency Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Former President of the Republic of Maldives |url=https://wsds.teriin.org/2015/pdf/speaker/HIS_EXCELLENCY_MAUMOON_ABDUL_GAYOOM.pdf |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=[[World Sustainable Development Summit]]}}</ref> His calligraphic works has been displayed at the [[Islamic Centre (Maldives)|Islamic Centre]] since 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic Center: 40 Years as the symbol of Maldivian Islamic civilisation |url=https://psmnews.mv/147183 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[PSM News]] |date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Latheef |first=Moosa |date=11 November 2024 |title=އިސްލާމީ މަރުކަޒަށް 40 އަހަރު: ތާރީހީ ފޮޓޯތަކުން މާޒީގެ މަންޒަރެއް |trans-title=40 Years of the Islamic Center: A View of the Past from Historical Photographs |url=https://dhauru.com/post/photo-story/32433 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Dhauru |language=dv}}</ref> Gayoom is also a poet<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gayoom |first1=Maumoon Abdul |url=https://saruna.mnu.edu.mv/server/api/core/bitstreams/5ccceb25-be04-4f53-8ce1-b7f1fb8f2e35/content |title=ޢިއްޒަތްތެރި ރައީސުލްޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ އަލްއުސްތާޛު މައުމޫނު ޢަބްދުލްޤައްޔޫމުގެ ޅެންވެރިކަން |last2=Manik |first2=Abdul Hakeem Hussain |date=1 October 2001 |publisher=National Centre for Linguistic and Historical Research |pages=1–3 |language=dv |trans-title=The poetry of honorable president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom |via=Saruna}}</ref> and writer.<ref name="hoba" />

Gayoom is an enthusiastic sportsman, with a particular interest in [[badminton]] and [[cricket]].<ref name="ast" /><ref name="Int" /> He actively played both sports during his presidency and beyond, maintaining a strong connection to physical activity. His role as an [[Islamic scholar]] further complements his diverse range of interests, as he often engages in discussions and lectures on religious matters during his free time.<ref name="Int" />

Gayoom's interest in astronomy began during his time teaching in Nigeria in 1969.{{sfn|Shafeeu|2021|p=86}} The clear night skies allowed him to notice that the moon's setting direction shifted over the course of the month, contrary to his assumption that it followed a constant path.{{sfn|Shareef|2025}} This observation led him to consult small astronomy books, which provided a basic understanding but left him aware of the limitations of the information available.{{sfn|Shareef|2025}}

=== Religion ===
{{Quote box|align=left| width=25em| I speak today as a Muslim, and as the leader of a Muslim country, I am deeply concerned, as I am sure all of you are, over the state of world affairs and the increasing polarisation between Islam and the West. A growing number of people in the West believe, quite wrongly, that Islam is inherently a religion of violence, misogyny and tyranny, and that Muslims are out to subvert their way of life. Equally, a rising number of Muslims believe, also quite wrongly, that Islam justifies violence, misogyny and tyranny, and that the West is out to destroy the very religion of Islam. Both groups view each other with deep suspicion and fear, and with contempt and hatred as well. But, one thing is common to all caught up in this vicious cycle: ignorance of each other. And that, I think, is the biggest tragedy.|salign=right |source=—  Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, 2007<ref>{{cite web |title=Lecture by His Excellency Mr. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Republic of Maldives, on "ISLAM: A Religion of Peace and Tolerance" at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/21934?term=5 |website=[[The President's Office]] |access-date=10 January 2025 |date=16 July 2007}}</ref>}}

Gayoom is a [[Sunni Muslim|Sunni]] [[Muslim]]. The [[constitution of the Maldives]] states all [[Religion in the Maldives|Maldivian citizens shall be Sunni Muslim]]. Many people accuse Gayoom of not being a Sunni Muslim, but rather a [[Shia Muslim]], or of not being a Muslim by faith.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Inaah |first1=Ahmed |date=7 September 2023 |title=ސިޔާސީ ޝައިޚުންނާއި ދީނީ ކާޑު؛ ނުރައްކާތެރި މަޅިއެއް |trans-title=Political sheikhs and the religious card; A dangerous trap |url=https://www.sun.mv/181742 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Sun |language=dv}}</ref>

During the [[2008 Maldivian presidential election]], the [[Adhaalath Party]] challenged Gayoom in the [[Supreme Court of the Maldives|Supreme Court]] as a constitutional matter,<ref name="infidel">{{cite news |last=Azeer |first=Guftag |date=19 June 2021 |title=ދިވެއްސަކަށް ކާފެރެކޭ ގޮވިދާނެތަ؟ |trans-title=Can a Maldivian be called an infidel? |url=https://cnm.mv/news/35331 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Channel News Maldives |language=dv}}</ref> citing his past statements that could suggest he was not a [[Sunni Muslim]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Judith |last2=Shauna |first2=Aminath |title=President's Religion On Trial In Supreme Court |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5043 |work=Minivan News |date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007144212/http://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5043 |archive-date=7 October 2008}}</ref> which would disqualify him from running for president under the constitutional requirement that the president must be a Sunni Muslim.<ref name="infidel" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Judith |title=Religious Scholars Mount Bid Against Gayoom Candidacy |url=https://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5037 |access-date=10 January 2025 |work=Minivan News |date=25 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194333/http://www.minivannews.com/news_detail.php?id=5037 |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> The Supreme Court, upon dismissing the case, stated that the Adhaalath Party had failed to provide sufficient evidence to determine that Gayoom was not a Sunni Muslim.<ref name="infidel" />

== Awards and honours ==
{{further|List of awards and honours received by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom}}
[[File:Order of the Rule of Ghazi on President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, 2013.jpg|thumb|Gayoom receiving the [[Order of the Distinguished Rule of Ghazi|Order of the Rule of Ghazi]] from [[Mohamed Waheed Hassan]], 2013]]

Gayoom received several notable awards and honours throughout his career. In 1988, he was included in the [[Global 500 Roll of Honour]] by the [[United Nations Environment Programme]].<ref name="wsds">{{cite web |date=2009 |title=HE Mr Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, Former President of the Republic of Maldives |url=https://wsds.teriin.org/2009/bio/M_Gayoom.pdf |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=World Sustainable Development Forum}}</ref> He was presented with the Man of the Sea Award for 1990 by the Lega Navale Italiana in 1991 and the International Environment Award by [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] in 1998.<ref name="wsds" /> Gayoom also received The Energy and Resources Institute's Sustainable Development Leadership Award in 2008.<ref name="wsds" />

In recognition of his contributions to international relations, Gayoom was awarded the [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]] by South Korean president [[Chun Doo-hwan]] in 1984,<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Order of Mugunghwa |url=https://koreanmedals.com/grand-order-of-mugunghwa/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=KoreanMedals.com}}</ref> and in 1997, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] conferred upon him the title of [[Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Honorary Knighthoods Awarded 1997-2006 |url=http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2009-2154/DEP2009-2154.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095010/http://data.parliament.uk/DepositedPapers/Files/DEP2009-2154/DEP2009-2154.doc |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=8 June 2021 |website=[[parliament.uk]]}}</ref> His efforts in public health were acknowledged with the WHO Health-for-All Gold Medal in 1998.

Other notable accolades include the Shield of [[Al-Azhar University]] in 2002, the [[Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |author1=Azad |date=14 February 2008 |title=Gayoom's Shopping Tour & "Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana" Award |url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2008/02/gayooms-shopping-tour-sri-lanka-mitra.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222080945/http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2008/02/gayooms-shopping-tour-sri-lanka-mitra.html |archive-date=22 December 2009 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=Srilankaguardian.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rehan |first1=Mohamed |date=29 January 2023 |title=Former President Maumoon meets Sri Lankan President |url=https://edition.mv/mmprc/26970 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006104803/https://edition.mv/mmprc/26970 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=The Edition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Two Palestinian Heads of State awarded Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana National Honour |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/news/42772.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103065936/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/news/42772.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014 |work=[[Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]}}</ref> and the [[Order of the Distinguished Rule of Ghazi]], the highest state honour awarded by the Maldives, awarded to him in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 July 2013 |title=Order of 'Nishan Ghaazee' conferred on former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom |url=https://english.sun.mv/14610 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=The Most Honourable National Award conferred to President Gayoom |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/13069 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Order of 'Nishan Ghaazee', the highest honour given by the Maldivian State, conferred on Maumoon Abdul Gayoom; US reiterates its support to the Maldives on the issue of economic development and climate change |url=https://idsa.in/TWIR/7_4_2013_Maldives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129141510/https://idsa.in/TWIR/7_4_2013_Maldives |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=27 July 2013 |website=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]}}</ref> In 2015, Gayoom was awarded the Golden Jubilee Shield of Honour by the State for his exceptional national service in safeguarding, defending, and strengthening the full independence of the Maldives over the preceding 50 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2015 |title=Golden Jubilee Shield of Honour conferred to Late Former President Nasir and Former President Maumoon |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/15683 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former presidents, Nasir and Gayoom, to be honored on Independence Day |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/former-presidents-nasir-and-gayoom-to-be-honored-on-independence-day-101017 |access-date=16 July 2015 |work=Maldives Independent |date=16 July 2015}}</ref> In 2022, Gayoom was awarded the President's Tourism Gold Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=President's Tourism Gold Award conferred to 77 recipients |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/109820 |work=PSM News |date=4 October 2022}}</ref> He received lifetime achievement the same year.<ref>{{cite web |title=The President confers the most prestigious awards of the Maldives Sports Awards 2022 |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/26400 |website=The President's Office |date=17 March 2022}}</ref> In 2025, Gayoom received a special commemorative shield in recognition of his "commendable work" to prevent the [[1988 Maldives coup attempt|1988 attack to overthrow his government]], which was acknowledged at the national level.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2025 |title=President to present special commemorative shield to Former President Uz Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and commemorative shields to families of Victory Day martyrs |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/35554 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=The President's Office}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Mohamed Amin Didi]]
*[[Fathulla Jameel]]
*[[List of presidents of the Maldives]]
*[[Vice President of the Maldives]]
*[[Cabinet of the Maldives]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Works cited ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=Royston |title=A Man for All Islands – President Gayoom of the Maldives |date=1998 |publisher=Times Editions |isbn=9812048529 |pages=256}}
* {{cite web |last1=Riyaz |first1=Ibrahim |title=Ancestor Report – Maumoon Abdul Qayyoom |url=https://feydhooroots.com/report_ancestor.php?database=humo1_&id=I6390 |url-status=dead |website=Feydhoo Roots |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126194800/https://feydhooroots.com/report_ancestor.php?database=humo1_&id=I6390 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |date=2018}}
*{{cite book |last1=Murithi |first1=Tim |title=Handbook of Africa's International Relations |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136636967 |pages=512 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WVtAAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Pence |first1=Romney |date=2020 |title=Presidential Electoral history of President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom |url=https://archive.org/details/presidential-electoral-history-of-Maumoon-abdul-gayoom-2020-12-12 |journal=Maldives Archives}}
*{{cite book |last1=Shafeeu |first1=Ali |title=The Rise and Fall of Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, the most famous person in history of the Maldives |date=2021 |pages=101}}
*{{cite web |author1=A. Mihdha |title=The political economy of development: The case of the tourism industry in the Maldives |url=https://maldivesresearch.org/Papers/A-Midha-2008.pdf |website=maldivesresearch.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223133029/https://maldivesresearch.org/Papers/A-Midha-2008.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2015 |date=2008 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Shiraz |first=Ahmed |date=May 2014 |title=Protests, crises & coups against Maumoon A. Gayoom |url=https://archive.org/details/gayoom-crises-coups-protests201405 |magazine=Maldives Archives}}
*{{cite book |last1=Töpfer |first1=Klaus |title=Maldives Post-Tsunami Environmental Assessment |date=2005 |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |isbn=9280725793 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxk700hfePwC}}
*{{cite web |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Shihad |date=2014 |title=Invaluable Servant of the Century: Maumoon Abdul Gayoom |url=https://www.shihadibrahim.com/2014/07/blog-post.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422161202/https://www.shihadibrahim.com/2014/07/blog-post.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=shihadibrahim.com |language=dv}}
*{{cite news |last1=Adam |first1=Ibrahim |date=30 March 2020 |title=Do you know President Maumoon's real name? |url=https://dhiyares.com/4901 |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=Dhiyares |language=dv}}
*{{cite news |last1=Shareef |first1=Shaniha |title=Maumoon explains why the planets lined up after hundreds of years |url=https://sun.mv/201769 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=Sun.mv |date=24 January 2025}}
*{{cite interview |last=Abdul Gayoom |first=Maumoon |date=16 November 2000 |title=Interview with the president|url= |work=Adduvas Magazine}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://presidency.gov.mv/PO/FormerPresident/5 Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom] at [[The President's Office|the president's office]] website
*[https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Articles/12?term=5 Speeches by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom] at the president's office website
*[https://entities.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBXVPx7BVRhmgmQXHwG3.html Maumoon Abdul Gayoom] in libraries ([[WorldCat]] catalog)
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7658672.stm Maumoon Abdul Gayoom] at [[BBC News]] website
*{{Twitter|id=maumoonagayoom|name=Maumoon Abdul Gayoom}}
*[https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/maumoon-abdul-gayoom Maumoon Abdul Gayoom] on [[the Independent]]
{{Clear}}
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{{S-end}}
{{Hidden end}}

{{Maumoon Abdul Gayoom}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gayoom, Maumoon Abdul}}
[[Category:Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents of the Maldives]]
[[Category:21st-century presidents of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Maldivian people of Arab descent|Maumoon]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malé]]
[[Category:Maldivian Muslims]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of the Maldives to the United Nations]]
[[Category:High commissioners of the Maldives to Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Transport ministers of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Governors of the Maldives Monetary Authority]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Defence ministers of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Royal College, Colombo]]
[[Category:The American University in Cairo alumni]]
[[Category:Ahmadu Bello University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ahmadu Bello University]]
[[Category:Maldivian expatriates in Nigeria]]
[[Category:People acquitted of treason]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Heads of state and government who were later imprisoned]]
[[Category:Maldivian cricketers]]
[[Category:Maldivian badminton players]]
[[Category:Astronomers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ghazi]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa]]
[[Category:Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party politicians]]
[[Category:Progressive Party of Maldives politicians]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Progressive Party of Maldives]]
[[Category:Gayoom family]]
[[Category:Maldives Reform Movement politicians]]

Sujit Chakraborty

2026-04-22T14:42:14Z

FrancescaToscano: New basic info more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sujit Chakraborty
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_date = 1968
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = Asutosh Mukherjee
| successor = Alok Mukherjee
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Politician
| website = 
}}
'''Sujit Chakraborty''' (born 1968)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Sujit Chakraborty (Communist Party of India (Marxist)): Constituency- Barjora (Bankura) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=292 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Barjora Assembly constituency]] in [[Bankura district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Barjora Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Barjora assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/barjora-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-barjora-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9139991.htm |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chakraborty is from [[Barjora]], Bankura district, West Bengal. He is the son of Susanta Kumar Chakraborty. He completed his graduation in commerce at [[Sonamukhi College]] which is affiliated with the [[Burdwan University]] in the year 1988.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Chakraborty was elected in the Barjora Paschim Assembly constituency representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 86,873 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Soham Chakraborty]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 616 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Barjora profile: CPM’s Sujit Chakraborty won seat in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-barjora-profile-cpms-sujit-chakraborty-won-seat-in-2016-9370721.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He contested again on the Communist Party ticket in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] but lost the seat. He polled 25,235 votes and could finish only third behind winner, [[Alok Mukherjee (politician)|Alok Mukherjee]] of the All India Trinamool Congress, who got 93,290 votes, and runner up, Supriti Chatterjee of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who polled 90,021 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barjora Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Barjora Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-barjora-constituency-253.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en|date=April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barjora Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/barjora-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charaborty. Sujit}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Sheela (1987 film)

2026-04-22T02:03:02Z

FrancescaToscano: New basic details v1

{{Infobox film
| name = Sheela
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Deepak Balraj Vij]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Anwar Khan
| story = [[Dwarakish]]
| based_on = 
| producer = Dwarakish
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Sahila Chaddha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = R. Deviprasad
| editing = Gautham Raju
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Bappi Lahiri]] '''Score:''' [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
| studio = Dwarakish Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1987|||df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sheela''''' is a 1987 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[adventure film]] directed by [[Deepak Balraj Vij]] and starring [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Sahila Chaddha]] in the titular role. The film is a remake of the 1986 Kannada film ''[[Africadalli Sheela]]'',<ref name="Court Case"/> which itself is based off of [[Sheena, Queen of the Jungle]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]
*[[Nana Patekar]]
*[[Ranjeeta]] as Sheela's mother
*[[Charan Raj]]
*[[Sahila Chaddha]] as Sheela
*Amrit Pal
*Anand Balraj
*[[Disco Shanti]]
*[[Sudhir (Indian actor)|Sudhir]]
*[[Manik Irani]]
*[[Kanwarjit Paintal|Paintal]]
*[[Jack Gaud]]
*Vimal Chadda
*[[Chandrashekhar Dubey|C. S. Dubey]]
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
*Prabha Mishra
*Baby Reena
}}

== Soundtrack ==

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://staging.myswar.co/album/sheela-1987|title=Sheela - Hindi Film Album|work=MySwar|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>
| all_music = [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sheela-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1151318102|title=Sheela (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Bappi Lahiri on Apple Music|date=1 January 1987|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>

| title1 = Takta Muni Mana
| extra1 = Bappi Lahiri, [[Nazia Hassan]]
| length1 = 6:03

| title2 = Bahon Mein Narmi
| extra2 = Bappi Lahiri, [[Alisha Chinai]]
| length2 = 6:41

| title3 = Sheela Oh My Sheela
| extra3 = Nazia Hassan, [[Zoheb Hassan]]
| length3 = 6:31

| title4 = Jungle Queen
| extra4 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| length4 = 5:24

| title5 = Us Mein Kya Hai Jo
| extra5 = Alisha Chinai
| length5 = 5:58

| total_length = 30:37
}}

== Home media ==
In 2021, the film became the point of contention between [[Goldmines Telefilms]] and Achla Sabharwal of Media International.<ref name="Court Case">{{Cite web|url=https://iprmentlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ordjud-2021-04-22T075459.007.pdf|title=IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION IN ITS COMMERCIAL DIVISION INTERIM APPLICATION (L) NO 4402 OF 2021 IN COMM (I.P.) SUIT NO. 4398 OF 2021|work=[[Bombay High Court|High Court of Judicature at Bombay]]|date=21 April 2021|access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Dwarakish}}
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1980s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:1987 adventure films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Deepak Balraj Vij]]
[[Category:Films set in Africa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwarakish]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Jungle girls]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Puran Singh Fartyal

2026-04-20T08:49:16Z

FrancescaToscano: Adding

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2022
| birth_date = 1 March 1966
| predecessor1 = [[Mahendra Singh Mahra]]
| successor1 = [[Khushal Singh Adhikari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| website =
}}
'''Puran Singh Fartyal''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Fartyal was a two term member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Lohaghat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lohaghat constituency]] in [[Champawat district]].<ref>[http://www.sify.com/news/u-khand-bjp-mlas-detained-during-dharna-outside-cm-residence-news-national-pkfsaUjbcfeig.html BJP MLAs detained during dharna outside CM residence]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ukhand-bjp-mlas-detained-during-dharna-outside-cm-residence-477784-2015-10-05 BJP MLAs detained during dharna outside CM residence]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/lohaghat.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Lohaghat Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||[[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||42.18%||[[Khushal Singh Adhikari]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51.65%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]||[[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||47.37%||[[Khushal Singh Adhikari]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45.94%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]||[[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||59.02%||[[Mahendra Singh Mahra]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36.65%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Lohaghat Assembly constituency|Lohaghat]]||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||{{Lost}}||10.03%||[[Mahendra Singh Mahra]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36.20%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phartyal, Puran Singh}}
[[Category:People from Champawat district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Dhanaula Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:11Z

FrancescaToscano: stub

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dhanaula
|district =
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|electors = {{formatnum:130352}} (2007)<ref name=election2007/>
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| latest_election_year = [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|reservation = None
|established = 1972
|abolished = 2012
|map4 =
|map_size =
|type = SLA
}}
'''Dhanaula Assembly constituency''' was one of the 117 assembly constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], an Indian state, until it was abolished in 2012 delimitation.<ref name="ECI 2012">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_PB_2012.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|date=6 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Tribune" />

==Member of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Kuldip Singh Bhathal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
===2007===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Assembly election, 2007]]: Dhanaula<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=Mann to contest from Dhanaula |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070113/punjab1.htm#5 |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab}}</ref><ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3454-punjab-2007/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kuldip Singh Bhathal
|votes = 42105
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Gobind Singh Longowal
|votes = 38581
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes = 16303
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rajwinder Kaur Rozzy Bhathal
|votes = 5869
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Karnail Singh Dulet
|votes = 3411
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Labh Singh Aklia
|votes = 1569
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 107838
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.28|75.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Art film

2026-04-15T12:35:49Z

FrancescaToscano: quick update

{{short description|Film genre}}
{{Redirect|Art house}}
{{About|the contemporary use of the term|the 1910s French movement|Film d'art}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{use British English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Carl Theodor Dreyer (1965) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|[[Carl Theodor Dreyer]], pictured here in 1965, directed the 1928 film ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]''.]]

An '''art film''', '''arthouse film''', or '''specialty film''' is an [[independent film]] aimed at a [[niche market]] rather than a [[mass market]] [[audience]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Art film definition |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685559/art_film.html |encyclopedia=MSN Encarta |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110525051405/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861685559/art_film.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2007 }}</ref> It is "intended to be a serious, artistic work, often experimental and not designed for mass appeal",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Publishers |first=HarperCollins |title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: art film |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=art+film |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=ahdictionary.com}}</ref> "made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit",<ref>Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House: 2010.</ref> and containing "unconventional or highly symbolic content".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/art+film |title=Art film |work=Dictionary.com |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

Film critics and [[film studies]] scholars typically define an art film as possessing "formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films".<ref name= Wilinsky>{{cite journal |first=Barbara |last=Wilinsky |title=[[Sure Seaters|Sure Seaters: The Emergence of Art House Cinema]] |journal=[[Journal of Popular Film & Television]] |publisher= University of Minnesota |year=2001 |volume=32 |page=171}}</ref> These qualities can include (among other elements) a sense of [[social realism]]; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director; and a focus on the thoughts, dreams, or motivations of characters, as opposed to the unfolding of a clear, goal-driven story. Film scholars [[David Bordwell]] and [[Barry Keith Grant]] describe art cinema as "a [[film genre]], with its own distinct conventions".<ref name="Indeterminate" /><ref name= "Barry 2007, p. 1">{{cite book |first=Barry |last=Grant |title=Film Genres: From Iconography to Ideology |publisher=Wallflower Press |year=2007 |page=1}}</ref>

Art film producers usually present their films at special theaters ([[repertory cinema]]s or, in the U.S., art-house cinemas) and at [[film festivals]]. The term ''art film'' is much more widely used in North America, the United Kingdom, and Australia, compared to [[mainland Europe]], where the terms [[auteur theory|auteur films]] and [[national cinema]] (e.g. German national cinema) are used instead. Since they are aimed at small, niche-market audiences, art films rarely acquire the financial backing that would permit the large production budgets associated with [[widely released]] blockbuster films. Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film, one that typically uses lesser-known film actors or even amateur actors, and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas, exploring new narrative techniques, and attempting new film-making conventions.

Such films contrast sharply with mainstream [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] films, which are usually geared more towards linear storytelling and mainstream entertainment. Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] called ''[[Chungking Express]]'', a critically acclaimed 1994 art film, "largely a cerebral experience" that one enjoys "because of what you know about film".<ref>{{cite news |first=Roger |last=Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/chungking-express-1996 |title=Chungking Express Movie Review (1996) |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=15 March 1996 |access-date=22 February 2018 |via=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> That said, some art films may widen their appeal by offering certain elements of more familiar genres such as [[documentary]] or [[biography]]. For promotion, art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics' reviews; discussion of the film by arts columnists, commentators, and bloggers; and word-of-mouth promotion by audience members. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a small portion of mainstream audiences to become financially viable.

==History==
===Antecedents: 1910–1920s===
{{Multiple image|total_width=350
|image1=L'Inferno 1911 film.jpg
|image2=Intolerance (film).jpg|
|footer= Theatrical posters for ''[[L'Inferno]]'' and ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'', often credited by cinema historians as the first art films.}}

The forerunners of art films include Italian silent film ''[[L'Inferno]]'' (1911), [[D. W. Griffith]]'s ''[[Intolerance (film)|Intolerance]]'' (1916) and the works of Russian filmmaker [[Sergei Eisenstein]], who influenced the development of European cinema movements for decades.<ref name=Siska>{{cite book |first=William C. |last=Siska |title=Modernism in the narrative cinema: the art film as a genre |publisher=Arno Press |year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Film study: an analytical bibliography |last=Manchel |first=Frank |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1990 |page=118 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Italian Cinema |author=Peter Bondanella |year=2009 |publisher=A&C Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgOl4LWswLQC&q=Divine+comedy%2C+first+art+film&pg=PA6|isbn=9781441160690 }}</ref> Eisenstein's film ''[[The Battleship Potemkin|Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925) was a revolutionary propaganda film he used to test his theories of using film editing to produce the greatest emotional response from an audience. The international critical renown that Eisenstein garnered from this film enabled him to direct ''[[October: Ten Days That Shook the World|October]]'' as part of a grand 10th anniversary celebration of the [[October Revolution]] of 1917. He later directed ''[[The General Line]]'' in 1929.
The film by [[Alexander Dovzhenko]] ''[[Earth (1930 film)|Earth]]'' (1930), filmed under the influence of Eisenstein, is defined by some critics as the pinnacle of art cinema.<ref>Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 1. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1987. P. 262.</ref>

Art films were also influenced by films by Spanish [[avant-garde]] creators, such as [[Luis Buñuel]] and [[Salvador Dalí]] (who made ''[[L'Age d'Or]]'' in 1930), and by the French playwright and filmmaker [[Jean Cocteau]], whose 1932 avant-garde film ''[[The Blood of a Poet]]'' uses [[Oneirology|oneiric]] images throughout, including spinning wire models of a human head and rotating double-sided masks. In the 1920s, film societies began advocating the notion that films could be divided into "entertainment cinema directed towards a mass audience and a serious art cinema aimed at an intellectual audience". In England, [[Alfred Hitchcock]] and [[Ivor Montagu]] formed a film society and imported films they thought were "artistic achievements", such as "Soviet films of dialectical montage, and the expressionist films of the Universum Film A.G. (UFA) studios in Germany".<ref name=Siska/>

''[[Cinéma pur]]'', a French avant-garde film movement in the 1920s and 1930s, also influenced the development of the idea of art film. The ''cinema pur'' film movement included several notable [[Dada]] artists. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative storytelling conventions, bourgeois traditions, and conventional Aristotelian notions of time and space by creating a flexible montage of time and space.

[[File:Man Ray 1934.jpg|thumb|upright|American photographer and filmmaker [[Man Ray]] (pictured here in 1934) was part of the [[Dada]]ist ''"cinéma pur"'' film movement, which influenced the development of the art film.]]
The ''cinema pur'' movement was influenced by German "absolute" filmmakers such as [[Hans Richter (artist)|Hans Richter]], [[Walter Ruttmann]] and [[Viking Eggeling]]. Richter falsely claimed that his 1921 film ''Rhythmus 21'' was the first [[abstract film]] ever created. In fact, he was preceded by the Italian [[Futurism (art)|Futurists]] [[Bruno Corra]] and [[Arnaldo Ginna]] between 1911 and 1912<ref name="Manifesto">{{cite web |first1=F. T. |last1=Marinetti |first2=Bruno |last2=Corra |first3=Emilio |last3=Settimelli |first4=Arnaldo |last4=Ginna |first5=Giacomo |last5=Balla |first6=Remo |last6=Chiti |url=http://391.org/manifestos/1916-futurist-cinema-marinetti-corra-settimelli-ginna-balla-chiti.html |title=The Futurist Cinema Manifesto |date=15 November 1916}}</ref> (as reported in the ''Futurist Manifesto of Cinema''<ref name="Manifesto"/>), as well as by fellow German artist Walter Ruttmann, who produced ''Lichtspiel Opus 1'' in 1920. Nevertheless, Richter's film ''Rhythmus 21'' is considered an important early abstract film.

The first British "art cinema" was temporarily opened at the Palais de Luxe in London in 1929 by [[Elsie Cohen]]. She went on to establish a permanent location at the Academy Cinema in Oxford Street in 1931.<ref name=firstartfilm>{{Cite ODNB|title=Cohen [married name Kellner], Elsie (1895–1972), cinema owner|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-56535|access-date=2020-10-23|year = 2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56535}}</ref>

Arthouse cinemas that specialized in the presentation of art films emerged on the east coast of the United States towards the end of the 1920s. Such cinemas were widespread in both the USA and Europe.<ref>[http://filmlexikon.uni-kiel.de/index.php?action=lexikon&tag=det&id=493 Art house]. Article by James zu Hüningen, Vinzenz Hediger, Patrick Vonderau in ''Lexikon der Filmbegriffe'', [[Kiel University]]. (German).</ref><ref>[https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-an-arthouse-film-definition/#:~:text=Early%20European%20Influence,Caligari%20(1920). ''The history of art house cinema.''] Article by Kyle DeGuzman, 12 November 2023.</ref>

===1930s–1950s===
In the 1930s and 1940s, Hollywood films could be divided into the artistic aspirations of literary adaptations like [[John Ford]]'s ''[[The Informer (1935 film)|The Informer]]'' (1935) and [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s ''[[The Long Voyage Home]]'' (1940), and the money-making "popular-genre films" such as gangster thrillers. William Siska argues that Italian [[Neorealism (art)|neorealist]] films from the mid-to-late 1940s, such as ''[[Rome, Open City|Open City]]'' (1945), ''[[Paisà|Paisa]]'' (1946), and ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) can be deemed as another "conscious art film movement".<ref name=Siska/>

In the late 1940s, the American public's perception that Italian neorealist films and other serious European fare were different from mainstream Hollywood films was reinforced by the development of "arthouse cinemas" in major U.S. cities and college towns. After the Second World War, "...a growing segment of the American film going public was wearying of mainstream Hollywood films", and they went to the newly created art-film theaters to see "alternatives to the films playing in main-street movie palaces".<ref name=Wilinsky/> Films shown in these art cinemas included "British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries and revivals of Hollywood classics". Films such as Rossellini's ''Open City'' and Mackendrick's ''[[Whisky Galore! (1949 film)|Tight Little Island]]'' (''Whisky Galore!''), ''Bicycle Thieves'' and ''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]'' were shown to substantial American audiences.<ref name=Wilinsky/>

In the late 1950s, [[Cinema of France|French filmmakers]] began to produce films that were influenced by [[Italian Neorealism]]<ref name="Marie, Michel 2002">{{cite book|first=Marie|last=Michel|title=''The French New Wave : An Artistic School''|translator=Richard Neupert|location=New York|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated|year=2002}}</ref> and [[classical Hollywood cinema]],<ref name="Marie, Michel 2002"/> a style that critics called the [[French New Wave]]. Although never a formally organized movement, New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self-conscious rejection of classical cinematic form and their spirit of youthful [[iconoclasm]], and their films are an example of [[European art cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawrfilm.org/08_French_Cinema_NEW.html |title=French Cinema: Making Waves |work=archive.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511201931/http://www.brynmawrfilm.org/08_French_Cinema_NEW.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> Many also engaged in their work with the social and political upheavals of the era, making their radical experiments with editing, visual style and narrative part of a general break with the conservative paradigm. Some of the most prominent pioneers among the group, including [[François Truffaut]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Éric Rohmer]], [[Claude Chabrol]], and [[Jacques Rivette]], began as critics for the film magazine ''[[Cahiers du cinéma]]''. Auteur theory holds that the director is the "author" of his films, with a personal signature visible from film to film.

===1960s–1970s===
[[File:Vilgotkultur 196220a.jpg|thumb|right|Actress [[Lena Nyman]] from the Swedish film ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]'']]
The French New Wave movement continued into the 1960s. During the 1960s, the term "art film" began to be much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the U.S., the term is often defined very broadly to include foreign-language (non-English) ''"auteur"'' films, [[independent film]]s, [[experimental film]]s, documentaries and short films. In the 1960s, "art film" became a [[euphemism]] in the U.S. for racy Italian and French [[B-movies]]. By the 1970s, the term was used to describe [[pornography|sexually explicit]] European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]''. In the U.S., the term "art film" may refer to films by modern American artists, including [[Andy Warhol]] with his 1969 film ''[[Blue Movie]]'',<ref name="NYT-19690722">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Movie Review – Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE |date=22 July 1969 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-19690810">{{cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/10/archives/warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie-warhols-red-hot-and-blue-movie.html |date=10 August 1969 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="WS-2002-2005">{{cite web |last=Comenas |first=Gary |title=Blue Movie (1968) |url=http://www.warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html |year=2005 |work=WarholStars.org |access-date=29 December 2015 }}</ref> but is sometimes used very loosely to refer to the broad range of films shown in repertory theaters or "art house cinemas". With this approach, a broad range of films, such as a 1960s [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcock]] film, a 1970s experimental underground film, a European auteur film, a U.S. "independent" film, and even a mainstream foreign-language film (with subtitles) might all fall under the rubric of "art house films".

===1980s–2000s===
By the 1980s and 1990s, the term "art film" became conflated with "independent film" in the U.S., which shares many of the same stylistic traits. Companies such as [[Miramax Films]] distributed [[independent films]] that were deemed commercially viable. When major motion-picture studios noted the niche appeal of independent films, they created special divisions dedicated to non-mainstream fare, such as the [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]] division of [[Twentieth Century Fox]], the [[Focus Features]] division of [[Universal Pictures|Universal]], the [[Sony Pictures Classics]] division of [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]], and the [[Paramount Vantage]] division of [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]. Film critics have debated whether films from these divisions can be considered "independent films", given they have financial backing from major studios.

In 2007, Professor [[Camille Paglia]] argued in her article "Art movies: R.I.P." that "[a]side from [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s ''[[The Godfather|Godfather]]'' series, with its deft flashbacks and gritty social realism, ...[there is not]... a single film produced over the past 35 years that is arguably of equal philosophical weight or virtuosity of execution to [[Ingmar Bergman|Bergman]]'s ''[[The Seventh Seal]]'' or ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]''". Paglia states that young people from the 2000s do not "have patience for the long, slow take that deep-think European directors once specialized in", an approach which gave "luxurious scrutiny of the tiniest facial expressions or the chilly sweep of a sterile room or bleak landscape".<ref>{{cite news|first=Camille|last=Paglia|url=https://www.salon.com/2007/08/08/clarkson|title=Art movies: R.I.P. |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=8 August 2007|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

According to director, producer, and distributor [[Roger Corman]], the "1950s and 1960s was the time of the art film's greatest influence. After that, the influence waned. Hollywood absorbed the lessons of the European films and incorporated those lessons into their films." Corman states that "viewers could see something of the essence of the European art cinema in the Hollywood movies of the seventies... [and so], art film, which was never just a matter of European cinema, increasingly became an actual world cinema—albeit one that struggled to gain wide recognition". Corman notes that, "Hollywood itself has expanded, radically, its aesthetic range... because the range of subjects at hand has expanded to include the very conditions of image-making, of movie production, of the new and prismatic media-mediated experience of modernity. There's a new audience that has learned about art films at the video store." Corman states that "there is currently the possibility of a rebirth" of American art film.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Richard|last=Brody|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/movies/2013/01/the-state-of-the-art-film.html|title=The State of the 'Art Film'|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=17 January 2013|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

==Deviations from mainstream film norms==
Film scholar David Bordwell outlined the academic definition of "art film" in a 1979 article entitled "The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice", which contrasts art films with the mainstream films of classical Hollywood cinema. Mainstream Hollywood-style films use a clear narrative form to organize the film into a series of "causally related events taking place in space and time", with every scene driving towards a goal. The plot of mainstream films is driven by a well-defined protagonist, fleshed out with clear characters, and strengthened with "question-and-answer logic, problem-solving routines, [and] deadline plot structures". The film is then tied together with fast pacing, a musical soundtrack to cue the appropriate audience emotions, and tight, seamless editing.<ref name="Indeterminate">{{cite web|first=David|last=Bordwell|url=http://www.film.ubc.ca/ubcinephile/cinephile/steenberg-framingwar.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113113059/http://www.film.ubc.ca/ubcinephile/cinephile/steenberg-framingwar.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2008|title=The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice|publisher=Film Criticism|volume=4|number=1|date=Fall 1979|access-date=13 November 2008|via=The Wayback Machine}}</ref>

In contrast, Bordwell states that "the art cinema motivates its narrative by two principles: [[social realism|realism]] and authorial expressiveness". Art films deviate from the mainstream "classical" norms of film making in that they typically deal with more episodic narrative structures with a "loosening of the chain of cause and effect".<ref name="Indeterminate" />

Mainstream films also deal with moral dilemmas or identity crises, but these issues are usually resolved by the end of the film. In art films, the dilemmas are probed and investigated in a pensive fashion, but usually without a clear resolution at the end of the film.<ref>{{cite web|first=Thomas|last=Elsaesser|url=http://www.bergmanorama.com/sightsound94_elsaesser.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729074406/http://www.bergmanorama.com/sightsound94_elsaesser.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 July 2007|title=Putting on a Show: The European Art Movie|publisher=Bergmanorama: The Magic Works of Ingmar Bergman|date=29 July 2007|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

The story in an art film often has a secondary role to character development and exploration of ideas through lengthy sequences of dialogue. If an art film has a story, it is usually a drifting sequence of vaguely defined or ambiguous episodes. There may be unexplained gaps in the film, deliberately unclear sequences, or extraneous sequences that are not related to previous scenes, which force the viewer to subjectively make their own interpretation of the film's message. Art films often "bear the marks of a distinctive visual style" and the [[auteur theory|authorial]] approach of the director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bu-london.co.uk/FT316reading6-SocialCinema.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705151224/http://www.bu-london.co.uk/FT316reading6-SocialCinema.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2007|title=The Social Art Cinema: A Moment of History in the History of British Film and Television Culture|last=Williams|first=Christopher|date=5 July 2007|publisher=Cinema: The Beginnings and the Future|access-date=22 February 2017|via=The Wayback Machine}}</ref> An art cinema film often refuses to provide a "readily answered conclusion", instead putting to the cinema viewer the task of thinking about "how is the story being told? Why tell the story in this way?"<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Allison|last=Arnold Helminski|url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/2/memories.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010721095233/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/2/memories.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2001|title=Memories of a Revolutionary Cinema|magazine=Senses of Cinema|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

Bordwell claims that "art cinema itself is a [film] genre, with its own distinct conventions".<ref name="Barry 2007, p. 1" /> Film theorist [[Robert Stam]] also argues that "art film" is a film genre. He claims that a film is considered to be an art film based on artistic status in the same way film genres can be based on aspects of films such as their budgets ([[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] films or [[B-movies]]) or their star performers ([[Adam Sandler]] films).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Stam|first2=Toby|last2=Miller|title=''Film and Theory: An Introduction''|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|year=2000}}</ref>

==Art film and film criticism==
There are scholars who point out that mass market films such as those produced in Hollywood appeal to a less discerning audience.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Exhibition, the Film Reader|last=Hark|first=Ina Rae|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-23517-0|location=London|pages=71}}</ref> This group then turns to film critics as a cultural elite that can help steer them towards films that are more thoughtful and of a higher quality. To bridge the disconnect between popular taste and high culture, these film critics are expected to explain unfamiliar concepts and make them appealing to cultivate a more discerning movie-going public. For example, a film critic can help the audience—through their reviews—think seriously about films by providing the terms of analysis of these art films.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sure Seaters: The Emergence of Art House Cinema|last=Wilinsky|first=Barbara|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8166-3562-5|location=Minneapolis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sureseatersemerg0000wili/page/92 92]|url=https://archive.org/details/sureseatersemerg0000wili/page/92}}</ref> Adopting an artistic framework of film analysis and review, these film critics provide viewers with a different way to appreciate what they are watching. So when controversial themes are explored, the public will not immediately dismiss or attack the movie where they are informed by critics of the film's value such as how it depicts realism. Here, art theaters or art houses that exhibit art films are seen as "sites of cultural enlightenment" that draw critics and intellectual audiences alike. It serves as a place where these critics can experience culture and an artistic atmosphere where they can draw insights and material.

==Timeline of notable films==
The following list is a small, partial sample of films with "art film" qualities, compiled to give a general sense of what directors and films are considered to have "art film" characteristics. The films in this list demonstrate one or more of the characteristics of art films: a serious, non-commercial, or independently made film that is not aimed at a mass audience. Some of the films on this list are also considered to be "auteur" films, independent films, or [[experimental film]]s. In some cases, critics disagree over whether a film is mainstream or not. For example, while some critics called [[Gus Van Sant]]'s ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' (1991) an "exercise in film experimentation" of "high artistic quality",<ref name="Allmovie.com">Allmovie.com</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it an ambitious mainstream film.<ref>{{cite news |first=Desson|last=Howe|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/myownprivateidahorhowe_a0b352.htm |title=My Own Private Idaho |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=18 October 1991|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> Some films on this list have most of these characteristics; other films are commercially made films, produced by mainstream studios, that nevertheless bear the hallmarks of a director's "auteur" style, or which have an experimental character. The films on this list are notable either because they won major awards or critical praise from influential film critics, or because they introduced an innovative narrative or film-making technique.

===1920s–1940s===
[[File:The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) English Poster.png|thumb|upright|The poster for Dreyer's ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]'']]
In the 1920s and 1930s, filmmakers did not set out to make "art films", and film critics did not use the term "art film". However, there were films that had sophisticated aesthetic objectives, such as [[Carl Theodor Dreyer]]'s ''[[The Passion of Joan of Arc]]'' (1928) and ''[[Vampyr]]'' (1932), surrealist films such as Luis Buñuel's ''[[Un chien andalou]]'' (1929) and ''[[L'Âge d'Or]]'' (1930), or even films dealing with political and current-event relevance such as [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s famed and influential masterpiece ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]''. The American film ''[[Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans]]'' (1927) by [[German expressionist cinema|German Expressionist]] director [[F. W. Murnau]] uses distorted [[art design]] and groundbreaking cinematography to create an exaggerated, fairy-tale-like world rich with symbolism and imagery. [[Jean Renoir]]'s film ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939) is a [[comedy of manners]] that transcends the conventions of its genre by creating a biting and tragic satire of French upper-class society in the years before WWII; a poll of critics from ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' ranked it as the fourth greatest film ever, placing it behind ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'', ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' and ''[[Tokyo Story]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics.html |title=Sight & Sound | Top Ten Poll 2002 – Critics Top Ten 2002 |publisher=British Film Institute |date=5 September 2006 |access-date=6 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216054527/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/critics.html |archive-date=16 December 2006 }}</ref>

Some of these early, artistically oriented films were financed by wealthy individuals rather than film companies, particularly in cases where the content of the film was controversial or unlikely to attract an audience. In the late 1940s, UK director [[Michael Powell]] and [[Emeric Pressburger]] made ''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]'' (1948), a film about ballet, which stood out from mainstream-genre films of the era. In 1945, [[David Lean]] directed ''[[Brief Encounter]]'', an adaptation of [[Noël Coward]]'s play ''[[Still Life (play)|Still Life]]'', which observes a passionate love affair between an upper-class man and a middle-class woman amidst the social and economic issues that Britain faced at the time.

===1950s===
In the 1950s, some of the well-known films with artistic sensibilities include ''[[La Strada]]'' (1954), a film about a young woman who is forced to go to work for a cruel and inhumane circus performer to support her family, and eventually comes to terms with her situation; Carl Theodor Dreyer's ''[[Ordet]]'' (1955), centering on a family with a lack of faith, but with a son who believes that he is [[Jesus Christ]] and convinced that he is capable of performing miracles; [[Federico Fellini]]'s ''[[Nights of Cabiria]]'' (1957), which deals with a prostitute's failed attempts to find love, her suffering and rejection; ''[[Wild Strawberries (film)|Wild Strawberries]]'' (1957), by Ingmar Bergman, whose narrative concerns an elderly medical doctor, who is also a professor, whose nightmares lead him to re-evaluate his life; and ''[[The 400 Blows]]'' (1959) by François Truffaut, whose main character is a young man trying to come of age despite abuse from his parents, schoolteachers, and society, this film is the first big step in the [[French New Wave]] and for cinema, it showed that films can be made with little money, amateur actors, and a small crew. In Poland, the [[Khrushchev Thaw]] permitted some relaxation of the regime's cultural policies, and productions such as ''[[A Generation]]'', ''[[Kanał|Kanal]]'', ''[[Ashes and Diamonds (film)|Ashes and Diamonds]]'', ''[[Lotna]]'' (1954–1959), all directed by [[Andrzej Wajda]], showed the [[Polish Film School]] style.

====Asia====
In [[India]], there was an art-film movement in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] known as "[[Parallel Cinema]]" or "Indian New Wave". This was an alternative to the mainstream commercial cinema. It was known for its serious content, [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and naturalism, with a keen eye on the social-political climate of the times. This movement is distinct from mainstream commercial cinema and began around the same time as [[French New Wave|French]] and [[Japanese New Wave]]. The most influential filmmakers involved in this movement were [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Mrinal Sen]] and [[Ritwik Ghatak]]. Some of the most internationally acclaimed films made in the period were ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959), a trio of films that tell the story of a poor country boy's growth to adulthood, and [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Ashani Sanket|Distant Thunder]]'' (1973), which tells the story of a farmer during a [[Bengal famine of 1943|famine in Bengal]].<ref>[https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9800EFD81639E73ABC4A52DFB6678388669EDE Movie Review – Ashani Sanket] By [[Vincent Canby]], ''The New York Times'', 12 October 1973.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090302222454/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/14025/Ashani-Sanket/overview Overview] ''The New York Times''.</ref> Other acclaimed [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] filmmakers involved in this movement include [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Aparna Sen]] and [[Goutam Ghose]].

[[Cinema of Japan|Japanese filmmakers]] produced a number of films that broke with convention. [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Rashomon (film)|Rashomon]]'' (1950), the first Japanese film to be widely screened in the West, depicts four witnesses' contradictory accounts of a rape and murder. In 1952, Kurosawa directed ''[[Ikiru]]'', a film about a Tokyo bureaucrat struggling to find a meaning for his life. ''[[Tokyo Story]]'' (1953), by [[Yasujirō Ozu]], explores social changes of the era by telling the story of an aging couple who travel to Tokyo to visit their grown children, but find the children are too self-absorbed to spend much time with them. ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' (1954), by Kurosawa, tells the story of a farming village that hires seven master-less samurais to combat bandits. ''[[Fires on the Plain (1959 film)|Fires on the Plain]]'' (1959), by [[Kon Ichikawa]], explores the Japanese experience in World War II by depicting a sick Japanese soldier struggling to stay alive. ''[[Ugetsu]]'' (1953), by [[Kenji Mizoguchi]], is a ghost story set in the late 16th century, which tells the story of peasants whose village is in the path of an advancing army. A year later, Mizoguchi directed ''[[Sansho the Bailiff]]'' (1954), which tells the story of two aristocratic children sold into slavery; in addition to dealing with serious themes such as the loss of freedom, the film features beautiful images and long, complicated shots.

===1960s===
The 1960s was an important period in art film, with the release of a number of groundbreaking films giving rise to the European art cinema. Jean-Luc Godard's ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|À bout de souffle]]'' (''Breathless'') (1960) used innovative visual and editing techniques such as [[jump cut]]s and [[hand-held camera]] work. Godard, a leading figure of the French New Wave, would continue to make innovative films throughout the decade, proposing a whole new style of film-making. Following the success of ''Breathless'', Godard made two more very influential films, ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]'' in 1963, which it shown his view on studio filmmaking system, beautiful long take, and film within film, and ''[[Pierrot le fou]]'' in 1965, which it is a mash of mash of crime and romance films with and his anti Hollywood style. ''[[Jules et Jim]]'', by François Truffaut, deconstructed a complex relationship of three individuals through innovative screenwriting, editing, and camera techniques. Italian director [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] helped revolutionize filmmaking with such films as ''[[L'Avventura]]'' (1960), influential for its landscape photography and framing techniques, follows the disappearance of a young upper-class woman during a boating trip, and the subsequent search by her lover and her best friend; ''[[La Notte]]'' (1961), a complex examination of a failed marriage that dealt with issues such as [[anomie]] and sterility; ''[[Eclipse (1962 film)|Eclipse]]'' (1962), about a young woman who is unable to form a solid relationship with her boyfriend because of his materialistic nature; ''[[Red Desert (film)|Red Desert]]'' (1964), his first colour film, which deals with the need to adapt to the modern world; and ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), his first English-language film, which examines issues of perception and reality as it follows a young photographer's attempt to discover whether he had photographed a murder.

[[Swedish cinema|Swedish director]] Ingmar Bergman began the 1960s with chamber pieces such as ''[[Winter Light]]'' (1963) and ''[[The Silence (1963 film)|The Silence]]'' (1963), which deal with such themes as emotional isolation and a lack of communication. His films from the second half of the decade, such as ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]'' (1966), ''[[Shame (1968 film)|Shame]]'' (1968), and ''[[The Passion of Anna|A Passion]]'' (1969), deal with the idea of film as an artifice. The intellectual and visually expressive films of [[Tadeusz Konwicki]], such as ''[[All Souls' Day (film)|All Souls' Day]]'' (''Zaduszki'', 1961) and ''[[Salto (film)|Salto]]'' (1962), inspired discussions about war and raised existential questions on behalf of their everyman protagonists.

[[File:Federico Fellini.jpg|thumb|upright|Italian director [[Federico Fellini]]]]
Federico Fellini's ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' (1960) depicts a succession of nights and dawns in Rome as witnessed by a cynical journalist, this film is a bridge between his previous [[Italian neorealism|Italian neorealist]] style and his later [[Surrealist cinema|surrealist]] style. In 1963, Fellini made ''[[8½]]'', an exploration of creative, marital and spiritual difficulties, filmed in black-and-white by cinematographer [[Gianni di Venanzo]]. The 1961 film ''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]'' by director [[Alain Resnais]] examines perception and reality, using grand tracking shots that became widely influential. [[Robert Bresson]]'s ''[[Au hasard Balthazar]]'' (1966) and ''[[Mouchette]]'' (1967) are notable for their naturalistic, elliptical style. Spanish director Luis Buñuel also contributed heavily to the art of film with shocking, surrealist satires such as ''[[Viridiana]]'' (1961) and ''[[The Exterminating Angel (film)|The Exterminating Angel]]'' (1962).

[[Russian film|Russian director]] [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]'s film ''[[Andrei Rublev (film)|Andrei Rublev]]'' (1966) is a portrait of the medieval Russian [[iconography|icon painter]] of the same name. The film is also about artistic freedom and the possibility and necessity of making art for, and in the face of, a repressive authority. A cut version of the film was shown at the [[1969 Cannes Film Festival]], where it won the [[FIPRESCI]] prize.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2659/year/1969.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Andrei Rublev |access-date=10 April 2009 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118070623/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2659/year/1969.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> At the end of the decade, [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' (1968) wowed audiences with its scientific realism, pioneering use of special effects, and unusual visual imagery. In 1969, Andy Warhol released ''Blue Movie'', the first adult art film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.<ref name="NYT-19690722"/><ref name="NYT-19690810"/><ref name="WS-2002-2005"/> According to Warhol, ''Blue Movie'' was a major influence in the making of ''Last Tango in Paris'', an internationally controversial erotic art film, directed by [[Bernardo Bertolucci]] and released a few years after ''Blue Movie'' was made.<ref name="WS-2002-2005"/> In Soviet [[Armenia (country)|Armenia]], [[Sergei Parajanov]]'s ''[[The Color of Pomegranates]]'', in which [[Georgian people|Georgian]] actress [[Sofiko Chiaureli]] plays five different characters, was banned by Soviet authorities, unavailable in the West for a long period, and praised by critic [[Mikhail Vartanov]] as "revolutionary";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parajanov.com/main.html |title=The Color of Pomegranates at Paradjanov.com |publisher=Parajanov.com |date=9 January 2001 |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914232615/http://www.parajanov.com/main.html |archive-date=14 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in the early 1980s, ''[[Les Cahiers du Cinéma]]'' placed the film in its top 10 list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parajanov.com/top100films.html |title=The Color of Pomegranates in Cahiers du Cinéma Top 10 |publisher=Parajanov.com |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> In 1967, in [[Georgia (country)|Soviet Georgia]], influential Georgian film director [[Tengiz Abuladze]] directed ''[[The Plea (film)|Vedreba]]'' (Entreaty), which was based on the motifs of [[Vazha-Pshavela]]'s literary works, where story is told in a poetic narrative style, full of symbolic scenes with philosophical meanings. In Iran, [[Dariush Mehrjui]]'s ''[[Gaav|The Cow]]'' (1969), about a man who becomes insane after the death of his beloved cow, sparked the new wave of [[Iranian cinema]].

Puppeteer [[Jim Henson]] had an arthouse success with his 1965 Oscar-nominated non-[[Muppet]] short ''[[Time Piece]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mubi.com/en/us/collections/jim-henson|title=BEING GREEN: JIM HENSON'S EARLY SHORTS|website=MUBI}}</ref>

===1970s===
In the early 1970s, directors shocked audiences with violent films such as ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), Stanley Kubrick's brutal exploration of futuristic youth gangs, and ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1972), [[Bernardo Bertolucci]]'s taboo-breaking, sexually-explicit and controversial film. At the same time, other directors made more introspective films, such as [[Andrei Tarkovsky]]'s meditative science fiction film ''[[Solaris (1972 film)|Solaris]]'' (1972), supposedly intended as a Soviet riposte to ''2001''. In 1975 and 1979 respectively, Tarkovsky directed two other films, which garnered critical acclaim overseas: ''[[Mirror (1975 film)|Mirror]]'' and ''[[Stalker (1979 film)|Stalker]]''. [[Terrence Malick]], who directed ''[[Badlands (film)|Badlands]]'' (1973) and ''[[Days of Heaven]]'' (1978), shared many traits with Tarkovsky, such as his long, lingering shots of natural beauty, evocative imagery, and poetic narrative style.

Another feature of 1970s art films was the return to prominence of bizarre characters and imagery; which abound in the tormented, obsessed title character in [[German New Wave]] director [[Werner Herzog]]'s ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]'' (1973), and in [[cult film]]s such as [[Alejandro Jodorowsky]]'s psychedelic ''[[The Holy Mountain (1973 film)|The Holy Mountain]]'' (1973) about a thief and an alchemist seeking the mythical [[Lotus Island]].<ref>This was Jodorowsky's second film from the 1970s. He also made ''[[El Topo]]'' (1970), a surrealistic western film.</ref> The film ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976), by [[Martin Scorsese]], continues the themes that ''A Clockwork Orange'' explored: an alienated population living in a violent, decaying society. The gritty violence and seething rage of Scorsese's film contrasts other films released in the same period, such as [[David Lynch]]'s dreamlike, surreal and industrial black and white classic ''[[Eraserhead]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/140567/13-greatest-art-house-horror-films/|title=13 Greatest Art-House Horror Films – Dread Central|date=19 February 2016|via=dreadcentral.com}}</ref> In 1974, [[John Cassavetes]] offered a sharp commentary on American blue-collar life in ''[[A Woman Under the Influence]]'', which features an eccentric housewife slowly descending into madness.<ref>http://filmswithacause.org/a-woman-under-the-influence-the-power-of-female-leads/ 'A Woman Under the Influence' – The Power of Female Leads – Films With A Cause</ref>

Also in the 1970s, [[Radley Metzger]] directed several adult art films, such as ''[[Barbara Broadcast]]'' (1977), which presented a [[Surrealism|surrealistic]] "Buñellian" atmosphere,<ref name="MD-20130827">{{cite web |author= |title=Barbara Broadcast – BluRay DVD Review |url=http://www.mondo-digital.com/barbarabroadcast.html |date=27 August 2013 |work=Mondo-digital.com |access-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref> and ''[[The Opening of Misty Beethoven]]'' (1976), based on the play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]] (and its derivative, ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''), which was considered, according to award-winning author [[Toni Bentley]], to be the "crown jewel" of the [[Golden Age of Porn]],<ref name="PB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |date=June 2014 |work=[[Playboy]] |access-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204030128/http://www.playboy.com/articles/the-legend-of-henry-paris |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="TB-201406">{{cite web |last=Bentley |first=Toni |author-link=Toni Bentley |title=The Legend of Henry Paris |url=http://www.tonibentley.com/pdfarticles/playboy/RadleyMetzger_AuteuroftheErotic_ToniBentley.pdf |date=June 2014 |work=ToniBentley.com |access-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref> an era in modern American culture that was inaugurated by the release of Andy Warhol's ''Blue Movie'' (1969) and featured the phenomenon of "[[porno chic]]"<ref name="NYT-19730121">{{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Ralph |title=Porno chic; 'Hard-core' grows fashionable-and very profitable |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/21/archives/pornochic-hardcore-grows-fashionableand-very-profitable.html |date=21 January 1973 |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |access-date=20 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jahsonic.com/PornoChic.html|title=Porno Chic|website=jahsonic.com}}</ref> in which [[Pornography|adult erotic]] films began to obtain wide release, were publicly discussed by celebrities (such as [[Johnny Carson]] and [[Bob Hope]])<ref name="TM-20050329">{{cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |title=That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html |date=29 March 2005 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=27 January 2016 }}</ref> and taken seriously by film critics (such as [[Roger Ebert]]).<ref name="RE-19730613">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=The Devil in Miss Jones – Film Review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-devil-in-miss-jones-1973 |date=13 June 1973 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=7 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="RE-19761124">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Alice in Wonderland:An X-Rated Musical Fantasy |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/alice-in-wonderland-1976 |date=24 November 1976 |work=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=26 February 2016 }}</ref>

===1980s===
In 1980, director [[Martin Scorsese]] gave audiences, who had become used to the escapist blockbuster adventures of [[Steven Spielberg]] and [[George Lucas]], the gritty, harsh realism of his film ''[[Raging Bull]]''. In this film, actor [[Robert De Niro]] took [[method acting]] to an extreme to portray a boxer's decline from a prizewinning young fighter to an overweight, "has-been" nightclub owner. [[Ridley Scott]]'s ''[[Blade Runner]]'' (1982) could also be seen as a science fiction art film, along with ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (1968). ''Blade Runner'' explores themes of [[existentialism]], or what it means to be human. A box-office failure, the film became popular on the arthouse circuit as a [[cult film|cult oddity]] after the release of a "director's cut" became successful via [[VHS]] home video. In the middle of the decade, Japanese director Akira Kurosawa used realism to portray the brutal, bloody violence of Japanese samurai warfare of the 16th century in ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]'' (1985). ''Ran'' followed the plot of ''[[King Lear]]'', in which an elderly king is betrayed by his children. [[Sergio Leone]] also contrasted brutal violence with emotional substance in his epic tale of mobster life in ''[[Once Upon a Time in America]]''.
[[File:Ashigara no seki.jpg|thumb|250px|While extensive sets are associated more with mainstream than with art films, Japanese director Akira Kurosawa had many sets built for his 1985 film ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]'', including this recreation of a medieval gate.]]

Other directors in the 1980s chose a more intellectual path, exploring philosophical and ethical issues like [[Andrzej Wajda]]'s ''[[Man of Iron]]'' (1981), a critique of the Polish communist government, which won the 1981 [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. Another Polish director, [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], made ''[[The Decalogue (film)|The Decalogue]]'' for television in 1988, a film series that explores ethical issues and moral puzzles. Two of these films were released theatrically as ''[[A Short Film About Love]]'' and ''[[A Short Film About Killing]]''. In 1989, [[Woody Allen]] made, in the words of ''New York Times'' critic [[Vincent Canby]], his most "securely serious and funny film to date", ''[[Crimes and Misdemeanors]]'', which involves multiple stories of people who are trying to find moral and spiritual simplicity while facing dire issues and thoughts surrounding the choices they make. French director [[Louis Malle]] chose another moral path to explore with the dramatization of his real-life childhood experiences in ''[[Au revoir les enfants]]'', which depicts the occupying Nazi government's deportation of French Jews to concentration camps during World War II.

Another critically praised art film from this era,<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2014|url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2014/cteq/paris-texas/|work=Senses of Cinema|title=Paris, Texas |last=Hill|first=Lee}}</ref> [[Wim Wenders]]'s road movie ''[[Paris, Texas (film)|Paris, Texas]]'' (1984), also won the Palme d'Or.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.filminquiry.com/paris-texas-1984-review/ |title=PARIS, TEXAS: European Art House Meets The Great American Road Movie in Stunning Fashion|first=Tynan|last=Yanaga|date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1359-paris-texas-on-the-road-again|title=Paris, Texas: On the Road Again|first=Nick|last=Roddick |website= The Criterion Collection}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinephiliabeyond.org/paris-texas-wim-wenders-film-extraordinary-beauty-irresistibility/|title='Paris, Texas': Wim Wenders' Film of Extraordinary Beauty and Irresistibility • Cinephilia & Beyond|date=22 January 2025}}</ref>

Kieślowski was not the only director to transcend the distinction between the cinema and television. [[Ingmar Bergman]] made ''[[Fanny and Alexander]]'' (1982), which was shown on television in an extended five-hour version. In the United Kingdom, [[Channel 4]], a new television channel, financed, in whole or in part, many films released theatrically through its [[Film4 Productions|Film 4]] subsidiary. [[Wim Wenders]] offered another approach to life from a spiritual standpoint in his 1987 film ''[[Wings of Desire]]'', a depiction of a "fallen angel" who lives among men, which won the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director Award]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].

In 1982, experimental director [[Godfrey Reggio]] released the surprise arthouse hit ''[[Koyaanisqatsi]]''; a film without dialogue, which emphasizes cinematography (consisting primarily of [[slow motion]] and [[time-lapse]] cinematography of cities and natural landscapes, which results in a visual [[Symphonic poem|tone poem]]) and philosophical ideology about technology and the environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiritofbaraka.com/koyaanisqatsi |title=Koyaanisqatsi |work=Spirit of Baraka |date=21 May 2007 |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130062225/http://www.spiritofbaraka.com/koyaanisqatsi |archive-date=30 January 2010| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/godfrey-reggio|title=Godfrey Reggio, Cinematic Seer|date=21 September 2019|website=Harvard Film Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/synaesthetic-cinema-minimalist-music-and-film|title=Synaesthetic Cinema: Minimalist Music and Film|date=11 September 2017|website=Harvard Film Archive}}</ref>

Another approach used by directors in the 1980s was to create bizarre, surreal alternative worlds. [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]'' (1985) is a comedy-thriller that depicts a man's baffling adventures in a surreal nighttime world of chance encounters with mysterious characters. [[David Lynch]]'s ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'' (1986), a [[film noir]]-style thriller-mystery filled with symbolism and metaphors about polarized worlds and inhabited by distorted characters who are hidden in the seamy underworld of a small town, became surprisingly successful considering its highly disturbing subject matter. [[Peter Greenaway]]'s ''[[The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover]]'' (1989) is a fantasy/[[black comedy]] about [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and extreme violence with an intellectual theme: a critique of "elite culture" in [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcherian]] Britain.

According to [[Raphaël Bassan]], in his article "''[[The Angel (1982 film)|The Angel]]'': Un météore dans le ciel de l'animation",<ref>''La Revue du cinéma'', n° 393, avril 1984.</ref> [[Patrick Bokanowski]]'s ''[[The Angel (1982 film)|The Angel]]'', shown at the [[1982 Cannes Film Festival]], can be considered the beginning of contemporary animation. The characters' masks erase all human personality and give the impression of total control over the "matter" of the image and its optical composition, using distorted areas, obscure visions, metamorphoses, and synthetic objects.

In 1989, [[Hou Hsiao-hsien]]'s ''[[A City of Sadness]]'' became the first [[Taiwan]]ese film awarded the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[Venice Film Festival]]. The film shows the history of Taiwan through one family, and marks another step of the Taiwanese New Wave, which tends to depict realistic, down-to-earth life in both urban and rural Taiwan.

===1990s===
In the 1990s, directors took inspiration from the success of [[David Lynch]]'s ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]'' (1986) and [[Peter Greenaway]]'s ''[[The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover]]'' (1989) and created films with bizarre alternative worlds and elements of surrealism. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa's ''[[Dreams (1990 film)|Dreams]]'' (1990) depicted his imaginative reveries in a series of vignettes that range from idyllic pastoral country landscapes to horrific visions of tormented demons and a blighted post-nuclear war landscape. The [[Coen Brothers]]' ''[[Barton Fink]]'' (1991), which won the [[Palme d'Or]] at the [[Cannes Film Festival]], features various literary allusions in an enigmatic story about a writer who encounters a range of bizarre characters, including an alcoholic, abusive novelist and a serial killer. ''[[Lost Highway (film)|Lost Highway]]'' (1997), from the same director as ''Blue Velvet'', is a psychological [[Thriller film|thriller]] that explores fantasy worlds, bizarre time-space transformations, and mental breakdowns using surreal imagery.

Other directors in the 1990s explored philosophical issues and themes such as identity, chance, death, and existentialism. [[Gus Van Sant]]'s ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' (1991) and [[Wong Kar-wai]]'s ''[[Chungking Express]]'' (1994) explored the theme of identity. The former is an independent road movie/buddy film about two young street hustlers, which explores the theme of the search for home and identity. It was called a "high-water mark in '90s independent film",<ref>Filmcritic.com critic Jake Euler.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> a "stark, poetic rumination",<ref>Reviewer Nick Schager.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> and an "exercise in film experimentation"<ref>Critic Matt Brunson.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> of "high artistic quality".<ref name="Allmovie.com" /> ''Chungking Express''<ref>Prior to Chungking Express, he directed ''[[Days of Being Wild]]''. Later in the 1990s, Kar-wai directed ''[[Happy Together (1997 film)|Happy Together (film)]]'' (1997).</ref> explores themes of identity, disconnection, loneliness, and isolation in the "metaphoric concrete jungle" of modern Hong Kong. [[Todd Haynes]] explored the life of a suburban housewife and her eventual death from toxic materials in the 1995 critical success, ''[[Safe (1995 film)|Safe]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2017/pulling-focus-safe-1995/ |title = Pulling Focus: Safe (1995) |work = Taste of Cinema|date = January 17, 2017|first= Shane|last = Scott-Travis}}</ref>

In 1991, another important film of [[Edward Yang]], a Taiwanese New Wave director, ''[[A Brighter Summer Day]]'' is portrayal of one normal teenager life that evacuated from China to Taiwan which affacted by political situation, school situation, and family situation that make a main protagonist murders a girl in the end. In 1992, ''[[Rebels of the Neon God]]'', first feature film of [[Tsai Ming-liang]], second generation of Taiwanese New Wave, it has his unique style of filmmaking like alienation, slow movement of actor (his recurring cast, [[Lee Kang-sheng]]), slow-paced, and a few dialogues.

Daryush Shokof's film ''[[Seven Servants]]'' (1996) is an original high art cinema piece about a man who strives to "unite" the world's races until his last breath. One year after ''[[Seven Servants]]'', [[Abbas Kiarostami]]'s film ''[[Taste of Cherry]]'' (1997),<ref name="ReferenceB">In 1990, Kiarostami directed ''[[Close-Up (1990 film)|Close-up]]''.</ref> which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, tells a similar tale with a different twist; both films are about a man trying to hire a person to bury him after he commits suicide. ''[[Seven Servants]]'' was shot in a minimalist style, with long takes, a leisurely pace, and long periods of silence. The film is also notable for its use of long shots and overhead shots to create a sense of distance between the audience and the characters. [[Zhang Yimou]]'s early 1990s works such as ''[[Ju Dou]]'' (1990), ''[[Raise the Red Lantern]]'' (1991), ''[[The Story of Qiu Ju]]'' (1992) and ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' (1994) explore human emotions through poignant narratives. ''[[To Live (1994 film)|To Live]]'' won the Grand Jury Prize.

Several 1990s films explored existentialist-oriented themes related to life, chance, and death. [[Robert Altman]]'s ''[[Short Cuts]]'' (1993) explores themes of chance, death, and infidelity by tracing 10 parallel and interwoven stories. The film, which won the [[Golden Lion]] and the Volpi Cup at the [[Venice Film Festival]], was called a "many-sided, many mooded, dazzlingly structured eclectic jazz mural" by ''Chicago Tribune'' critic Michael Wilmington. [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s ''[[The Double Life of Véronique]]'' (1991) is a drama about the theme of identity and a political allegory about the East/West split in Europe; the film features stylised cinematography, an ethereal atmosphere, and unexplained supernatural elements.


[[Darren Aronofsky]]'s film ''[[π (film)|Pi]]'' (1998) is an "incredibly complex and ambiguous film filled with both incredible style and substance" about a paranoid mathematician's "search for peace".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/ddb5490109a79f598625623d0015f1e4/a29bee8a645baf0b882567c0005e8d55?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230151045/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/ddb5490109a79f598625623d0015f1e4/a29bee8a645baf0b882567c0005e8d55?OpenDocument |archive-date=30 December 2005 |title=Pi Movie Review, DVD Release – |publisher=Filmcritic.com |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> The film creates a [[David Lynch]]-inspired "eerie ''[[Eraserhead]]''-like world"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=reviews&Id=997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623211405/http://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=reviews&Id=997|archive-date=23 June 2008 |title=Current Movie Reviews, Independent Movies – Film Threat |publisher=Filmthreat.com |date=15 June 1998 |access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> shot in "black-and-white, which lends a dream-like atmosphere to all of the proceedings" and explores issues such as "metaphysics and spirituality".<ref>Critic James Berardinelli.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> [[Matthew Barney]]'s ''[[The Cremaster Cycle]]'' (1994–2002) is a cycle of five symbolic, allegorical films that creates a self-enclosed aesthetic system, aimed to explore the process of creation. The films are filled with allusions to reproductive organs and sexual development, and use narrative models drawn from biography, mythology, and geology.

In 1997, [[Terrence Malick]] returned from a 20-year absence with ''[[The Thin Red Line (1998 film)|The Thin Red Line]]'', a war film that uses poetry and nature to stand apart from typical war movies. It was nominated for seven [[71st Academy Awards|Academy Awards]], including Best Picture and Best Director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1999|title=The 71st Academy Awards | 1999|date=18 November 2016|website=www.oscars.org}}</ref>

Some 1990s films mix an ethereal or surreal visual atmosphere with the exploration of philosophical issues. ''[[Satantango|Sátántangó]]'' (1994), by the [[Hungarian cinema|Hungarian director]] [[Béla Tarr]], is a {{frac|7|1|2}}-hour-long film, shot in black and white, that deals with Tarr's favorite theme, inadequacy, as [[confidence trick|con man]] Irimias comes back to a village at an unspecified location in Hungary, presenting himself as a leader and [[false Messiah|Messiah figure]] to the gullible villagers. Kieslowski's ''[[Three Colors]]'' trilogy (1993–94), particularly ''[[Three Colors: Blue|Blue]]'' (1993) and ''[[Three Colors: Red|Red]]'' (1994), deal with human relationships and how people cope with them in their day-to-day lives. The trilogy of films was called "explorations of spirituality and existentialism"<ref>Emanuel Levy, [http://www.emanuellevy.com/review/three-colors-blue/ review of ''Three Colors: Blue'']. Retrieved 9 January 2012.</ref> that created a "truly transcendent experience".<ref>Matt Brunson.</ref> ''The Guardian'' listed ''[[Breaking the Waves]]'' (1996) as one of its top 25 arthouse films. The reviewer stated that "[a]ll the ingredients that have come to define [[Lars von Trier]]'s career (and in turn, much of modern European cinema) are present here: high-wire acting, innovative visual techniques, a suffering heroine, issue-grappling drama, and a galvanising shot of controversy to make the whole thing unmissable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/breaking-waves-trier-arthouse|title=Breaking the Waves: No 24 best arthouse film of all time|author=Steve Rose|work=The Guardian|date=20 October 2010 |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>

===2000s===
Lewis Beale of ''[[Film Journal International]]'' stated that Australian director [[Andrew Dominik]]'s western film ''[[The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford]]'' (2007) is "a fascinating, literary-based work that succeeds as both art and genre film".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003639817 |title=The assassination of Jesse James by the coward Robert Ford |access-date=27 September 2007 |author=Lewis Beale |publisher=[[Film Journal International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011214428/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003639817 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Unlike the action-oriented [[Jesse James]] films of the past, Dominik's unconventional epic perhaps more accurately details the outlaw's relinquishing psyche during the final months of his life as he succumbs to the paranoia of being captured and develops a precarious friendship with his eventual assassin, [[Robert Ford (outlaw)|Robert Ford]].

In 2009, director [[Paul Thomas Anderson]] claimed that his 2002 film ''[[Punch-Drunk Love]]'' about a shy, repressed rage-aholic was "an art house [[Adam Sandler]] film", a reference to the unlikely inclusion of "frat boy" comic Sandler in the film; critic Roger Ebert claims that ''Punch Drunk Love'' "may be the key to all of the Adam Sandler films, and may liberate Sandler for a new direction in his work. He can't go on making those moronic comedies forever, can he? Who would have guessed he had such uncharted depths?"<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/punch-drunk-love-2002 | work=RogerEbert.com | title=Punch-Drunk Love|date = 18 October 2002}}</ref>

===2010s===
[[Apichatpong Weerasethakul]]'s ''[[Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives]]'', which won the 2010 Cannes Palme d'Or, "ties together what might just be a series of beautifully shot scenes with moving and funny musings on the nature of death and reincarnation, love, loss, and karma".<ref>Satraroj, Nick. Movie review: [http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/play/uncle-boonmee-who-can-recall-his-past-lives-art-film-everyone-487790 "Uncle Boonmee", an art film for everyone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040713/http://www.cnngo.com/bangkok/play/uncle-boonmee-who-can-recall-his-past-lives-art-film-everyone-487790 |date=23 August 2010 }}. CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</ref> Weerasethakul is an independent film director, screenwriter, and film producer, who works outside the strict confines of the Thai film studio system. His films deal with dreams, nature, sexuality, including his own homosexuality,<ref>"Creating His Own Language: An Interview With Apichatpong Weerasethakul", Romers, H. ''Cineaste'', page 34, vol. 30, no. 4, Fall 2005, New York.</ref> and Western perceptions of [[Thailand]] and Asia. Weerasethakul's films display a preference for unconventional narrative structures (such as placing titles/credits at the middle of a film) and for working with non-actors.

[[Terrence Malick]]'s ''[[The Tree of Life (film)|The Tree of Life]]'' (2011) was released after decades of development and won the Palme d'Or at the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]]; it was highly praised by critics. At the Avon Theater in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], a message was posted about the theater's no-refund policy due to "some customer feedback and a polarized audience response" to the film. The theater stated that it "stands behind this ambitious work of art and other challenging films".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/avon_theatre_director_talks_about_his_tree_of_life_disclaimer/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626031334/http://www.indiewire.com/article/avon_theatre_director_talks_about_his_tree_of_life_disclaimer/|archive-date=26 June 2011|title=INTERVIEW: Here's the Story Behind That Theater's No Refund Policy for "Tree of Life"|publisher=indieWIRE|date=24 June 2011|author=Austin Dale|access-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> ''[[Drive (2011 film)|Drive]]'' (2011), directed by [[Nicolas Winding Refn]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/36668/1/the-best-and-worst-arthouse-film-remakes|title= The best and worst arthouse film remakes|work=Dazed|first = Nick|last = Chen|date = 7 July 2017}}</ref> is commonly called an [[arthouse action film]].<ref name= "RottenTomatoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/drive_2011 |title=Drive (2011) |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Flixster]] |access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> Also in 2011, director [[Lars von Trier]] released ''[[Melancholia (2011 film)|Melancholia]]'', a movie dealing with [[Depressive episode|depression]] and other mental disorders while also showing a family's reaction to an approaching planet that could collide with the Earth. The movie was well received, some claiming it to be Von Trier's masterpiece with others highlighting [[Kirsten Dunst]]'s performance, the visuals, and realism depicted in the movie.

[[Jonathan Glazer]]'s [[Under the Skin (2013 film)|''Under the Skin'']] (an example of "[[arthouse science fiction film|arthouse sci-fi]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/best-genre-blending-sci-fi-horror-movies/|title=20 Best Sci-Fi Horror Movies (That Blend The Genres Perfectly)|first=Ben|last=Sherlock|date=23 May 2020|website=ScreenRant}}</ref>) was screened at the [[2013 Venice Film Festival]] and received a theatrical release through indie studio [[A24]] the following year. The film, starring [[Scarlett Johansson]], follows an [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] in human form as she travels around [[Glasgow]], picking up unwary men for sex, harvesting their flesh and stripping them of their humanity. Dealing with themes such as sexuality, humanity, and objectification, the film received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/under_the_skin_2013/|title=Under the Skin|date=4 April 2014|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> and was hailed by some as a masterpiece;<ref>{{cite news|first=Robbie|last=Collin|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/under-the-skin/review/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/under-the-skin/review/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Under the Skin: 'simply a masterpiece'|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=13 March 2014|access-date=22 February 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> critic [[Richard Roeper]] described the film as "what we talk about when we talk about film as art".<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Roeper|url=http://blog.richardroeper.com/?p=6233|title='Under the Skin': Brilliant mood piece about a fascinating femme fatale|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=13 April 2014|access-date=21 April 2015|via=Richard Roeper Blog}}</ref>

This decade also saw a re-emergence of "[[art horror]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/sci-fi-movies-every-decade-change-define-how/|title=How Sci-Fi Movies Have Changed In Each Decade (& Why)|first=Chrishaun|last=Baker|date=9 August 2020|website=ScreenRant}}</ref> with the success of films like ''[[Beyond the Black Rainbow]]'' (2010), ''[[Black Swan (film)|Black Swan]]'' (2010), ''[[Stoker (film)|Stoker]]'' (2013), ''[[Enemy (2013 film)|Enemy]]'' (2013), ''[[The Babadook]]'' (2014), ''[[Only Lovers Left Alive]]'' (2014), ''[[A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night]]'' (2014), ''[[Goodnight Mommy]]'' (2014), ''[[Nightcrawler (film)|Nightcrawler]]'' (2014), ''[[It Follows]]'' (2015), ''[[The Witch (2015 film)|The Witch]]'' (2015), ''[[The Wailing (2016 film)|The Wailing]]'' (2016), ''[[Split (2016 American film)|Split]]'' (2016), the [[social thriller]] ''[[Get Out]]'' (2017), ''[[Mother!]]'' (2017), ''[[Annihilation (film)|Annihilation]]'' (2018), ''[[A Quiet Place (film)|A Quiet Place]]'' (2018), ''[[Hereditary (film)|Hereditary]]'' (2018), ''[[Suspiria (2018 film)|Suspiria]]'' (2018; [[Suspiria|a remake of the 1977 film of the same name]]), ''[[Mandy (2018 film)|Mandy]]'' (2018), ''[[The Nightingale (2018 film)|The Nightingale]]'' (2018), ''[[The House That Jack Built (2018 film)|The House That Jack Built]]'' (2018), ''[[Us (2019 film)|Us]]'' (2019), ''[[Midsommar (film)|Midsommar]]'' (2019), ''[[The Lighthouse (2019 film)|The Lighthouse]]'' (2019), ''[[Color Out of Space (film)|Color Out of Space]]'' (2019) and the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] winner ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joblo.com/trippy-horrorfantasy-beyond-the-black-rainbow-gets-new-synopsis-dvdblu-ray-release-date/|title=Trippy horror/fantasy Beyond the Black Rainbow gets DVD/Blu-ray release date|first=Jake|last=Dee|date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Donald|last=Clarke|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/black-swan-1.1278785|title=Black Swan|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=21 January 2011|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Bilge|last=Ebiri|url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/04/under-the-skin-and-a-history-of-art-horror-film.html|title=Under the Skin and a History of Art-Horror Film|work=[[Vulture (blog)|Vulture]]|date=17 April 2014|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|url=https://deadline.com/2015/10/goodnight-mommy-oscars-austria-foreign-film-entry-radius-1201597760/|title=Radius Horror Film 'Goodnight Mommy' Set To Wake Up Oscar Voters As Austria's Entry|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=29 October 2015|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Benjamin|last=Lee|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/feb/23/did-arthouse-horror-hit-the-witch-trick-us-multiplex-audiences|title=Did arthouse horror hit The Witch trick mainstream US audiences?
|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=22 February 2016|access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Roma (2018 film)|''Roma'']] (2018), is a film by [[Alfonso Cuarón]] inspired by his childhood living in 1970s Mexico. Shot in black-and-white, it deals with themes shared with Cuarón's past films, such as mortality and class. The film was distributed through [[Netflix]], earning the streaming giant their first [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/roma-netflix-first-best-picture-oscar-nomination-1203113407/|title='Roma' Becomes Netflix's First Best Picture Oscar Nominee|first1=Kristopher|last1=Tapley|date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

[[Arthouse animation]] (with Oscar-nominated titles like ''[[Song of the Sea (2014 film)|Song of the Sea]]'' and ''[[Loving Vincent]]'') was also gaining momentum during this era as an alternative to mainstream animated features alongside the works of acclaimed animators [[Makoto Shinkai]], [[Satoshi Kon]], [[Don Hertzfeldt]] and [[Ari Folman]] from the previous decade.<ref name="amctheatres.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amctheatres.com/amc-scene/5-unique-animated-movies-to-look-out-for-from-now-until-christmas|title=Animated Movies To Look Forward To|website=amctheatres.com}}</ref><ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/euro-animated-films-offer-darker-arthouse-alternative-hollywood-exec-says-1066701|title=Euro Animated Films Offer "Darker" Art House Alternative to Hollywood, Exec Says|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=15 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefilmstage.com/the-criterion-channels-july-2021-lineup-includes-wong-kar-wai-neo-noir-art-house-animation-more/|title=The Criterion Channel's July 2021 Lineup Includes Wong Kar Wai, Neo-Noir, Art-House Animation & More|first=Leonard|last=Pearce|date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

[[Tom Shone]] said of the work of [[Christopher Nolan]]: "He has completed eleven features, [...] all ticking the boxes of studio entertainment, yet indelibly marked with the kind of personal themes and obsessions that are more traditionally the preserve of the art house: the passage of time, the failures of memory, our quirks of denial and deflection, the intimate clockwork of our interior lives, set against landscapes in which the fault lines of late [[Industrialisation|industrialism]] meet the fissure points and paradoxes of the [[information age]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shone |first=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ITjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT433 |title=The Nolan Variations: The Movies, Mysteries, and Marvels of Christopher Nolan |date=2020-11-03 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-34800-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
During the 2020s, [[art film|art-house cinema]] expanded globally through online platforms. The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] accelerated this shift: major [[film festival|festivals]] went virtual, enabling global audiences (critics and cinephiles alike) to see independent and experimental films without travel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Festivals Go Virtual |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/global/film-festivals-virtual-1234646021/ |website=Variety |date=2020-06-15}}</ref> Many art-house cinemas also launched virtual programs and [[streaming media|streaming services]] to reach broader audiences.

New storytelling forms emerged. "[[Screenlife|Desktop cinema]]" films―narratives unfolding entirely on computer or mobile screens―treat the screen as both camera and canvas, reflecting contemporary online culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grønstad |first=Asbjørn |title=The Poetics of the Desktop: Essay Film in the Age of Screenlife |journal=NECSUS: European Journal of Media Studies |year=2022 |url=https://necsus-ejms.org/desktop-documentary-from-artefact-to-artistic-emotions/}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Criticisms of art films include being too pretentious and self-indulgent for mainstream audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-blog/10283912/The-Top-10-Most-Pretentious-Films.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-blog/10283912/The-Top-10-Most-Pretentious-Films.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The Top 10 Most Pretentious Films|first=Anne|last=Billson|date=5 September 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2019/10-famous-arthouse-movies-that-are-too-self-indulgent/|title= 10 Famous Arthouse Movies That Are Too Self-Indulgent|first=Mert|last=Dekin|date=1 October 2019|publisher=Taste of Cinema}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2019/08/geeks-guide-pretentious-sci-fi/ |title=Are Sci-Fi Movies Getting Too Pretentious?|magazine=WIRED|date = 10 August 2019}}</ref>

''[[LA Weekly]]'' film critic Michael Nordine cited the films ''[[Gummo]]'' (1997) as being an "art-house [[exploitation film|exploitation flick]]" and ''[[Amores Perros]]'' (2000) exemplifying "the art-house stereotype of featuring more dead dogs than ''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' and every other book you had to read in middle school".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/20-worst-hipster-movies-of-all-time/ |title=20 Worst Hipster Movies of All Time |work= LA Weekly|first = Michael|last = Nordine|date = 17 July 2014}}</ref>

==Related concepts==
===Arthouse television===
{{see also|Quality television}}
[[Quality artistic television]],<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Thornton Caldwell|title=''Televisuality: Style, Crisis, and Authority in American Television''|url=https://archive.org/details/televisualitysty00cald|url-access=registration|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/televisualitysty00cald/page/67 67]|isbn=9780585241135 }}</ref> a [[television genre]] or style which shares some of the same traits as art films, has been identified. Television shows, such as David Lynch and Mark Frost's ''[[Twin Peaks]]'' and Dennis Potter's ''[[The Singing Detective]]'', also have "a loosening of causality, a greater emphasis on psychological or anecdotal realism, violations of classical clarity of space and time, explicit authorial comment, and ambiguity".<ref>{{cite book|first=Kristin|last=Thompson|title=''Storytelling in Film and Television''|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2003}}</ref>

As with much of Lynch's other work (notably the film ''[[Blue Velvet (film)|Blue Velvet]]''), ''Twin Peaks'' explores the gulf between the veneer of small-town respectability and the seedier layers of life lurking beneath its surface. The show is difficult to place in a defined television genre; stylistically, it borrows the unsettling tone and supernatural premises of horror films and simultaneously offers a bizarrely comical parody of American soap operas with a [[Camp (style)|campy]], melodramatic presentation of the morally dubious activities of its quirky characters. The show represents an earnest moral inquiry distinguished by both [[Surreal humor|weird humor]] and a deep vein of [[surrealism]], incorporating highly stylised vignettes, surrealist and often inaccessible artistic images alongside the otherwise comprehensible narrative of events.

[[HBO]]'s ''[[The Wire]]'' might also qualify as "artistic television", as it has garnered a greater amount of critical attention from academics than most television shows receive. For example, the [[film theory]] journal ''[[Film Quarterly]]'' has featured the show on its cover.<ref>{{cite web|first=D.|last=Driscoll|url=http://machines.pomona.edu/152-2009/2009/11/02/the-wire-being-taught-at-harvard/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720033154/http://machines.pomona.edu/152-2009/2009/11/02/the-wire-being-taught-at-harvard/|archive-date=20 July 2011 |title=''The Wire'' Being Taught at Harvard |publisher=Machines.pomona.edu |date=2 November 2009|access-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>

==In popular media==
Art films have been part of popular culture from animated sitcoms like ''[[The Simpsons]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1225549/|title=Any Given Sundance|publisher= IMDb}}</ref> and ''[[Clone High]]'' spoofing and satirizing them<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0542907/|title=Film Fest: Tears of a Clone|publisher= IMDb}}</ref> to even the comedic film review webseries ''Brows Held High'' (hosted by Kyle Kallgren).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geek.com/movies/real-good-you-guys-kyle-kallgren-and-brows-held-high-1721593/ |title=Real Good You Guys: Kyle Kallgren and Brows Held High|date=7 November 2017|access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815041155/https://www.geek.com/movies/real-good-you-guys-kyle-kallgren-and-brows-held-high-1721593/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://the-avocado.org/2018/06/03/brows-held-high-night-thread/ |title=Brows Held High Night Thread |work= The Avocado|first = Sam|last = Aronow|date = 3 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="top15essayistsonyoutube">{{Cite web|url=https://raindance.org/top-15-video-essayists-youtube/|title=Top 15 Video Essayists on Youtube|first=Bruno Savill De|last=Jong|date=27 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="essaysof2017">{{Cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Kevin B. |last2=Verdeure |first2=David |date=2010-01-10 |title=The best video essays of 2017 |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/annual-round-ups/best-video-essays-2017 |access-date=2020-12-24 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=no}}
* [[American Eccentric Cinema]]
* [[Anime]]
* [[Auteur theory]]
* [[Art horror]]
* [[Art rock]]
* [[Arthouse animation]]
* [[Arthouse science fiction film]]
* [[Arthouse musical]]
* [[Cannes Film Festival]]
* [[Cinema of Transgression]]
* [[Classical Hollywood cinema]]
* [[Criterion Collection]]
* [[Czechoslovak New Wave]]
* [[European art cinema]]
* [[Experimental film]]
* [[Extreme cinema]]
* [[Film criticism]]
* [[Film genre]]
* [[FilmStruck]]
* [[Golden Age of Television (2000s–present)]]
* [[Indiewood]]
* [[Independent animation]]
* [[Independent film]]
* [[Independent Film Channel]]
* [[Independent Spirit Award]]
* [[International Tournee of Animation]]
* [[L.A. Rebellion]]
* [[List of directors associated with art film]]
* [[Literary fiction]] (semi-analogous concept in the world of literature)
* [[Minimalist film|Minimalist and]] [[Maximalist film|Maximalist cinema]]
* [[Mubi (streaming service)]]
* [[Music video]]
* [[New Hollywood]]
* [[No wave cinema]]
* [[Parallel Cinema]]
* [[Postmodernist film]]
* [[Slow cinema]]
* [[Souvenirs from Earth]]—art TV station
* [[Sundance Film Festival]]
* [[Surrealist cinema]]
* [[Swansea Bay Film Festival]]
* [[Television studies]]
* [[Toronto International Film Festival]]
* [[Turner Classic Movies]]
* [[Underground film]]
* [[Video essay]]
* [[Vulgar auteurism]]
* [[Yugoslav Black Wave]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*''[https://www.youtube.com/user/oancitizen Brows Held High]'' on YouTube
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130823063808/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/?category=4 Top 100 Art House and International Movies – Rotten Tomatoes] at [[Wayback Machine]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/20/drama-arthouse-25 The 25 best arthouse films of all time|''The Guardian'']
*[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2018/10-great-movies-that-are-perfect-introductions-to-arthouse-cinema/ 10 Great Movies That Are Perfect Introductions To Arthouse Cinema – Taste of Cinema]
*[https://www.starkinsider.com/2016/04/top-10-arthouse-films-last-10-years.html Top 10 arthouse films of the last 10 years|Stark Insider]

{{Film genres|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Art Film}}
[[Category:Aesthetics]]
[[Category:Experimental film]]
[[Category:Avant-garde art]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Film styles]]
[[Category:Postmodernism]]
[[Category:Postmodern art]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:Theories of aesthetics]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]
[[Category:Modern art]]

Nayakan

2026-04-11T21:37:21Z

FrancescaToscano: Made A Stub Needs Work - done

{{Short description|1987 Indian film directed by Mani Ratnam}}
{{About|the 1987 Tamil film|other uses|Nayakan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nayakan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| writer = Mani Ratnam{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 = [[Balakumaran]]}}
| producer = [[Muktha Srinivasan]] Muktha V. Ramaswamy [[G. Venkateswaran]]
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Muktha Films
| distributor = [[GV Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|10|21}}
| runtime = 155 minutes{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=480}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹1 crore<ref name="GLORY" />
}}

'''''Nayakan''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɑː|j|ə|ɡ|ən}} {{translation|Hero}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[epic film|epic]] [[crime drama film]] written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. Produced by [[Muktha Srinivasan]], the film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] (in her feature debut) in the lead, with [[Janagaraj]], [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]], [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]], [[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] in supporting roles. It revolves around the evolution of Velu Naicker (Haasan) from an ordinary slum dweller to a highly respected crime lord in the [[Bombay underworld]].

''Nayakan'' is loosely based on the life of the Bombay underworld don [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]] and the American film ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972). Ratnam was initially approached to remake the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]'' (1970) for Srinivasan and Haasan, but refused. He instead suggested two other stories, one of which impressed Haasan and became ''Nayakan''. Cinematography was handled by [[P. C. Sreeram]], and editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]]. Filming began in late 1986, taking place primarily in [[Chennai|Madras]] and to a lesser extent, Bombay.

''Nayakan'' was released on 21 October 1987, [[Diwali]] day. The film became a critical and commercial success, running for over 175 days in theatres. It won the [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] (Haasan), [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] (Sreeram) and [[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]] ([[Thota Tharani]]). The film was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official submission]] for [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[60th Academy Awards]]. It was also screened as "Kamal Haasan Focus" at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. ''Nayakan'' was selected as one of the 100 greatest films of all time by the American magazine [[Time (magazine)|TIME]] and as one of the 100 best Bollywood movies by the British magazine [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=The 100 best Bollywood movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list |website=TimeOut}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Dayavan]]'' (1988).

== Plot ==
An anti-government union leader's son Sakthivel "Velu" is arrested by the police to find his father's whereabouts. They trick Velu into believing them as his well-wishers and release him. When Velu meets his father, the police kill the latter. After attending his father’s funeral, Velu stabs the police inspector and escapes to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where he is raised by Hussain, a kind-hearted smuggler living in the [[Dharavi]] slums. One day, when Hussain is ill, a young Velu decides to carry out the smuggling activity on behalf of Hussain. His demand for a bigger commission from the smugglers enrages them, and they involve a corrupt inspector Kelkar to arrest Hussain and kill him in jail. When they close the case as suicide, Velu is enraged knowing the truth and murders Kelkar. He later takes care of Kelkar's family which consists of his wife and a mentally challenged son Ajit. Kelkar's wife knew that her husband's immorality resulted in his death.

Velu meets Neela, a schoolgirl forced into prostitution, who has interests to pursue her education. Her innocence and courage impress Velu, and he eventually marries her. They have two children: Surya and Charumathi. Velu's power and command gradually increases in Dharavi as he voices out in support of local people which gains him huge popularity among the masses. His rival smugglers, the Reddy brothers lose a bet to Velu in smuggling some goods from the ship due to which Velu becomes the king of the harbour. Ashamed, they are instructed to murder Velu and his family in an attack, but Neela is killed instead. After avenging Neela's death, Velu sends his children to [[Chennai|Madras]] to safeguard them.

Years pass by, Velu's power further increases in Bombay and is fondly called ''Velu Naicker'' by everyone. Surya and Charumathi return to Bombay as adults after education. Surya follows Velu's footsteps, a fact that he is initially hesitant of, but later learns to accept. Surya, when escaping from the police after a botched mission, dies in a petrol bunk explosion. A devastated Charumati blames Velu, disowns and leaves him.

A few years pass by and a new [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]], Patil is deputed in Bombay to eliminate gangsters; his first target is Velu. He collects all the evidence needed for the arrest of Velu. When Velu comes to meet Patil, he learns that Charumathi is married to him and they have a son. Patil too learns that his wife is Velu's daughter and suspects that she might help her father to flee from the police.

Velu absconds and his allies are arrested. He decides to surrender to the police to save them from undergoing torture in the police station. Through Charumathi, Velu sets up his surrender. Patil is shocked due to the lack of proper evidence against Velu as none comes forward from the public as a witness against the crimes committed by him. Patil meets Kelkar's widow and the now grown-up Ajit and requests to disclose the truth behind her husband's death in the court. She refuses and defends Velu's acts. But Ajit is shocked after learning the truth. Velu is produced in the court and is exonerated due to lack of valid and strong evidence. He is overcome with emotion when he meets his young grandson (Charumathi's son) Shaktivel. Velu steps out of the court amid a big cheer from his supporters, until Ajit shoots him to avenge his father's death; Velu dies on the spot while Ajit is arrested.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Rangaraja Sakthivel "Velu" Naicker
**Manikandan G. as Young Sakthivel "Velu" Naicker
*[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Neela{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Janagaraj]] as Selvam{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Iyer{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]] as Charumati{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
**[[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] as young Charu (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title='நாயகன்’ கமல் மகள்.. நடிகை நீனாவை நினைவிருக்கா? இப்போ ஆளே மாறிட்டாங்க..! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-actress-neena-recent-photo-with-family-goes-viral-on-internet-1304713.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111093449/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-actress-neena-recent-photo-with-family-goes-viral-on-internet-1304713.html |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Surya{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]] Patil{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Ajit Kelkar{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Durai<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2020 |title=மக்கள் மனங்களை வென்ற குணச்சித்திரங்கள் : விஜயன் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/03/13155017/Character-artists-that-win-peoples-minds-Vijayan.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317110347/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/03/13155017/Character-artists-that-win-peoples-minds-Vijayan.vpf |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]] as Hussain Bhai{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Shakila{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] (special appearance in "Nila Adhu Vanathumele")<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 April 2010 |title=Grill Mill – Kuyili |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-kuyili/article415906.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019062933/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-kuyili/article415906.ece |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]], [[R. N. K. Prasad]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]] as the Reddy brothers{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Inspector Kelkar<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2018 |title='Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' and the history of violence in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-and-history-violence-tamil-cinema-89156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129052414/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-and-history-violence-tamil-cinema-89156 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
*[[A. R. Srinivasan|A.R.S]] as Commissioner Raghavan{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*[[Kitty (actor)|Raja Krishnamurthy]] as Rathnavel Naicker, Velu's father{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
*Aditya V. Modi as Sakthivel<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2020 |title=Roads Less Travelled – 3: Sound Engineering |url=https://alumni.davchennai.org/newsroom/news/Roads-Less-Travelled---3-Sound-Engineering.dz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523111323/https://alumni.davchennai.org/newsroom/news/Roads-Less-Travelled---3-Sound-Engineering.dz |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[D.A.V. Boys Senior Secondary School|DAV Group of Schools]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Quote box
|quote = The two years I studied in Bombay (1975–77), he <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Varadarajan Mudaliar]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> was at his peak. People in the [[Matunga]] belt thought he was God. I used to wonder how anyone could treat a fellow human as God. I never understood why they would do this. It fascinated me. It was such a dramatic story, this man going from [[Tamil Nadu]] to Bombay and ruling the city. I outlined this thought to Kamal Haasan and he said fine. That's it. It was done. Decided.
|source = [[Mani Ratnam]] on his inspiration to make the film{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=44}}
|align = right
|width = 30%
}}

In the mid-1980s, [[Muktha Srinivasan]] narrated a story inspired by the American film ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972) to [[Sivaji Ganesan]] who agreed to act in the film. [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] were also confirmed to act. However [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]], then an associate of Haasan, felt that it would be a Ganesan-focused film and not a Haasan film. The project was dropped.<ref name="GLORY" /> Haasan later told Srinivasan about the-then upcoming director [[Mani Ratnam]]. Ratnam had previously wanted to cast Haasan as the protagonist in his directorial debut, ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983), but the collaboration could not materialise then as Haasan was committed to ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' (1981) at that time.<ref name="MAGAZINE" />

Srinivasan came to Ratnam's house and gave him an envelope, which contained a cassette of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]'' (1970). Ratnam, after watching the film, met Haasan and rejected the offer to remake the film. After Haasan asked him the kind of film he preferred to make, Ratnam suggested two stories: one was in the action genre similar to ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' (1971) and ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' (1984), while the other was based on the life of the [[Organised crime in India|Bombay underworld]] don [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]]; the latter was finalised.{{Sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=44}} Ratnam had earlier narrated this story, when it was only an idea, to producer R. C. Prakash, but it was not picked up then.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=42}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giovanna |first=Maria |date=30 April 2008 |title=Making movies with Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/30mani.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818002648/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/30mani.htm |archive-date=18 August 2017 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Cinematography for ''Nayakan'' was handled by [[P. C. Sreeram]], and editing by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}

=== Casting ===
In September 1986, Haasan gave his schedule dates for the film to Srinivasan,{{Sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=44}} and was paid {{INR}}17.5 lakh (US$145,583 in 1987){{efn|name=exchange|The exchange rate in 1987 was 12.9658 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exchange Rate of the Indian Rupee Vis-a-Vis the SDR, US Dollar, Pound Sterling, D. M./Euro and Japanese Yen (Financial year – Annual average and end-year rates) |url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/72784.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417152231/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/72784.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=20 October 2014 |page=264}}</ref>}} for playing Velu.<ref name="GLORY" /> Ratnam wanted Haasan to have as realistic a look as possible. He preferred Haasan in traditional [[Hinduism|Hindu]] attire. Haasan was initially hesitant regarding his look and wanted to sport a beard similar to that of his old-aged look in ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983), as he felt it would not give away his jaw line, which would reveal that the character was portrayed by a younger person. Ratnam, in turn, did not want Haasan to sport a look similar to ''Sagara Sangamam'' or any of his other previous films.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |pages=46–47}} Haasan ultimately sported [[dentures]] to provide some weight around his jaw for Velu's old-age look.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=47}}

Neela, the wife of Velu, was played by [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], who made her debut in the film. The character was created by Srinivasan to reduce the violent content and help the film cater to family audiences.<ref name="GLORY" /> Ratnam wanted a "new face" to portray Neela as he felt only then the character would have the required zest and gusto.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=51}} Saranya sent her photograph to Ratnam to audition for the role. She was later cast after a successful screen test.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=52}} Saranya's father was against her being cast, but she and her mother managed to convince him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaishnavi |title=I am craving to work with Mani Ratnam sir once again |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/saranya-ponvannan/saranya-ponvannan-interview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152246/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/saranya-ponvannan/saranya-ponvannan-interview.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=9 May 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Though Ratnam has stated that Saranya was "the first and only person we saw for the role",{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=52}} [[Debashree Roy]] claimed that she was approached, but refused as she considered that speaking in Tamil would be difficult for her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2008 |title=If only... |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081001/jsp/entertainment/story_9910738.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021547/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081001/jsp/entertainment/story_9910738.jsp |archive-date=9 April 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The dubbing voice for Saranya was provided by actress [[Uma Bharani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=26 January 2004 |title=Voicing emotions |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/26/stories/2004012601740300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227234732/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/26/stories/2004012601740300.htm |archive-date=27 February 2004 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], Ratnam considered her for the role of Velu's daughter Charumati;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=14 July 2006 |title=Getting to know Suhasini Mani Ratnam |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/14smr.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321071955/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/14smr.htm |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> however, the role ultimately went to [[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2010 |title=Tragedy brings back memories of Nayagan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/oct/07/tragedy-brings-back-memories-of-nayagan-193076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321071954/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/oct/07/tragedy-brings-back-memories-of-nayagan-193076.html |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=24 November 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Ratnam believes that [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] was suggested to him by Haasan, when [[Raghuvaran]] was being considered for the role of the assistant commissioner Patil.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=64}} Raghuvaran declined as the script required him to cut his hair short.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=ரகுவரன் – கமல் ஹாசன் ஏன் ஒன்றாக நடிக்கவில்லை: நாயகன் ரகுவரனுக்கான படமா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/why-raghuvaran-did-not-act-with-kamal-haasan-do-you-know-the-reason-rsk-sp8y2a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212141234/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/why-raghuvaran-did-not-act-with-kamal-haasan-do-you-know-the-reason-rsk-sp8y2a |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> Nassar shot for six days and initially believed there was nothing special in his role. He later admitted his surprise of the reach of his character post-release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Actor Naser |url=http://tmcafe.com/interview/naser/nasser_interview.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010702185543/http://tmcafe.com/interview/naser/nasser_interview.htm |archive-date=2 July 2001 |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=Tamil Movie Cafe}}</ref> Although [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] was then known mainly for playing leading roles, she accepted the supporting role of Velu's sister Shakila. She later recalled, "I didn't know what to accept and what to reject. I just grabbed whatever was offered irrespective of the character. That was a mistake."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=22 July 2005 |title=This star is all sparkle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/this-star-is-all-sparkle/article28584799.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201017151215/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/this-star-is-all-sparkle/article28584799.ece |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Raja Krishnamoorthy (later known as [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]]), then the General Manager at [[Royal Enfield]], quit to portray Velu's father, with ''Nayakan'' being his debut film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Kavitha |date=31 May 1990 |title=Glamour and quick money draw professionals from other fields to Tamil cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19900531-glamour-of-arc-lights-and-lure-of-quick-money-draw-professionals-into-cinema-812644-1990-05-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321104123/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19900531-glamour-of-arc-lights-and-lure-of-quick-money-draw-professionals-into-cinema-812644-1990-05-31 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Haasan wanted [[Tinnu Anand]] for the role of Ajit, the son of Inspector Kelkar ([[Pradeep Shakthi]]). Anand was reluctant since he wanted to focus on his career as a director, but after Haasan insisted, Anand accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title='I was given the dirty job of offering Amitabh Rs 5,000 for the entire film' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-tinnu-anand/20130611.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203030447/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-tinnu-anand/20130611.htm |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Ratnam initially planned to complete the shooting in 60 days and 70 rolls of film. The initial budget was {{INR}}60 lakh (US$500,000 in 1987), but time and [[cost overrun]]s increased the budget to beyond {{INR}}1 crore (US$830,000 in 1987).{{efn|name=exchange}} According to Srinivasan, principal photography commenced in November 1986 and the first [[shooting schedule|schedule]] lasted for 10 days, but the scenes shot during this period were scrapped because Haasan disliked them, prompting script rewrites and causing shooting to be delayed; the rewritten script had more violence, and scenes taken from ''The Godfather'' and ''[[Once Upon a Time in America]]'' (1984).<ref name="GLORY" /> According to Ratnam, a three-day test shoot involving Haasan, unknown to Srinivasan, was done in December 1986 as the script was not yet complete. While the shots taken did not make the final cut, they helped to get the technical aspects of the film on the right track.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=45}}

Ratnam said the first "real schedule" of ''Nayakan'' began in January 1987. 15 days of shooting took place in the slum areas of [[Dharavi]].{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=45}} Using photographs taken there, the art director [[Thota Tharani]] created a set at Venus Studios in Madras. Thousands of junior artists were hired to recreate the atmosphere of the slum areas.<ref name="GLORY" /><ref name="MAGAZINE" /> Additionally, [[Columbidae|pigeons]] were brought for the same.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=59}} Haasan helped in the make-up for the other actors in the film and asked [[Janagaraj]] and [[Delhi Ganesh]] to cut their hair so as to make their characters Selvam and Iyer in their old age scenes look convincing.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=46}} One scene involved Velu telling Iyer, "Udamba paathukonga" ({{translation|Please take care of your health}}) and Ganesh spontaneously said "Naa poraen. Naa irundhu enna panna poraen. Nee nalla irukkanum, Naickerae" ({{translation|I'll take leave. What can I do by staying here? You should be well, Naicker}}); an impressed Haasan told Ratnam to retain the improvised dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=30 August 2021 |title='Kamal Haasan films brought me the most recognition': Delhi Ganesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/30/kamal-haasan-films-brought-me-the-most-recognition-delhi-ganesh-2351537.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615094453/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/30/kamal-haasan-films-brought-me-the-most-recognition-delhi-ganesh-2351537.html |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Haasan used [[attar]] perfume for the female cast.<ref name="MAGAZINE" />

Ratnam had marked around {{INR}}12 lakh (US$100,000 in 1987){{efn|name=exchange}} for the film's action sequences. To make the sequences slick and entertaining, cinematographer and stunt sequence director Jim Allen, who was known for his work stunt sequences in ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) was chosen. But after three days, he was removed from the film as he charged {{INR}}200,000 per day (US$16,000 in 1987){{efn|name=exchange}} and Srinivasan could not afford the money.<ref name="GLORY" /><ref name="MAGAZINE" /> Haasan brought his own gun, sparing Ratnam the usage of a prop. In the scene where Haasan chases Kelkar, he uses his own bottle of sugar glass, which he had brought from the United States.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=46}} The remaining portions were shot at Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), including the portions involving Velu's childhood life in the city.<ref name="GLORY" /><ref name="MAGAZINE" />{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=60}} The scene featuring Neela studying for her mathematics examination was suggested by Srinivasan.<ref name="MAGAZINE" /> Velu's childhood portions before he moves to Bombay were canned in [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|Old Mahabalipuram Road]] for one and a half days. This was also the last part of the principal photography.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=60}}

The song "Naan Sirithal Deepavali" was shot at the spot where the [[Taj Club House Chennai|Taj Club House]] is located today. The old building previously located at that spot was called the "Indian Express Building" by film industrialists as it was adjacent to the Old office of ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]''. Thota Tharani converted the building's exterior into a brothel and used the opposite end of the building for Velu's house location.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=54}} ''Nayakan'' was notable for using [[Film frame|frame-within-the-frame]] technique of filmmaking.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |page=58}} Ratnam and Haasan met Mudaliar in person, when Ratnam asked Mudaliar how he would foresee his own death; Mudaliar replied that it would be in a public riot amidst much panic and tension, this inspired the film's climax.<ref name="MAGAZINE" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Somaya |first=Bhawna |date=6 October 1995 |title=Making of a don |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951007/03/0625a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222054539/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951007/03/0625a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=25}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
When the film was completed and the first print was ready, it was three hours long. Although Ratnam and Haasan wanted Srinivasan to release the film uncut, he felt audiences would never see the entire film due to its length, so he requested Lenin to remove the scenes which he felt were unnecessary. The result, according to Srinivasan, "gave life to the movie, along with the theme music ''Thenpandi seemayilae''."<ref name="GLORY" />

== Themes ==
Haasan, Ratnam and Srinivasan have acknowledged to ''Nayakan'' being inspired by ''The Godfather'' in various scenes. These include Velu's killing of the Reddy brothers,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=26 October 2012 |title=Balance that has spelt success |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balance-that-has-spelt-success/article4032613.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228052841/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/balance-that-has-spelt-success/article4032613.ece |archive-date=28 February 2016 |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> the murder of Velu's son Surya,<ref name="MAGAZINE" /> and Velu crying at Surya's corpse.<ref name="GLORY" /> One scene in the film involves Velu and Selvam tying their illicit cargo to large bags of salt attached to rubber inner tubes which they then dump into the sea; the cargo sinks from the weight of the salt, but when the salt dissolves the cargo bobs to the surface, by which time they have passed the customs officers. This was described by Lalitha Gopalan in her 2002 book ''Cinema of Interruptions'' as an homage to ''Once Upon a Time in America'',{{sfn |Gopalan |2002 |pp=117–118}} a view that was shared by S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=5 October 2018 |title=Mani is the matter: on Chekka Chivantha Vaanam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200310041826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

According to historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]], the film "tends to glorify violence and portrays the anti-social, smuggler-king in an approving and sympathetic way, modelling him on [[Robin Hood]]."{{sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=163}} Lalitha Gopalan notes that the film "attempts faithfully to re-create a historical period by carefully managing different aspects of the ''[[Mise-en-scène|mise en scène]]''. More than any other detail in the ''mise en scène'', automobiles – different models of cars, jeeps, and vans – indicate the passage of time within the diegesis."{{sfn |Gopalan |2002 |p=116}} According to a ''[[New Straits Times]]'' article, the film does not extol crime or violence; rather it narrates the story of a tragic character who rises from slums to untold riches and unbridled power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2000 |title=Crime cuts through race |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SVNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6871%2C783742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430120014/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SVNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6871%2C783742 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Ratnam has stated that the question asked by Velu's grandson, whether he is good or bad, "puts across the moral dilemma of the man in a nutshell".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayachandran |first=Sushila |date=24 December 1988 |title=My commitment is to quality: Mani Ratnam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZIhlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1391%2C1941669 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430115936/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZIhlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1391%2C1941669 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=36 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Nayakan (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayagan (1987) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Nayagan-T0000113 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020142942/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Nayagan-T0000113 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> this being his 400th film soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gnani |date=9 January 2011 |title=திருப்புமுனை திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Pathbreaking films |url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/kadhir/article749941.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101517/http://www.dinamani.com/weekly_supplements/kadhir/article749941.ece |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Pulamaipithan]] wrote the lyrics for all the songs except "Nila Adhu Vanathumele", which Ilaiyaraaja himself wrote.<ref name="tracklist">{{Cite web |title=Nayagan Tamil Film LP VInyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/nayagan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080353/https://mossymart.com/product/nayagan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja composed the film score using ancient instruments, for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=9 February 2023 |title=Once Upon A Time In Kollywood: Ilaiyaraaja And The Electro-Synth Pop Revolution In Tamil Film Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321004032/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The song "Andhi Mazhai Megam" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Natabhairavi]].{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=124}} "Nee Oru Kaadhal Sangeetham", set in the [[Hindustani raga]] [[Desh (raga)|Desh]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=147}} is featured on both sides of the original LP record as the second track.<ref name="tracklist" /> The theme song "Thenpandi Cheemayile" plays for most of the film.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=53}} "Nila Adhu Vanathumele" is set in the Carnatic [[Keeravani]] raga.{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=148}}

== Release ==

''Nayakan'' was released on 21 October 1987, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2012 |title=The classic Nayakan is 25 years old |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-classic-nayakan-is-25-years-old-news-tamil-mkvnoUfcfaisi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622120822/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-classic-nayakan-is-25-years-old-news-tamil-mkvnoUfcfaisi.html |archive-date=22 June 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] at Madras initially refused to permit the release of the film, as it was based on a living person. When Srinivasan appealed to the revising committee at Bombay, they said that they would permit the release of the film he produced a letter stating that it was not based on Mudaliar's life. Through writer Mathioli Shanmugam, Srinivasan met Mudaliar, who gave him a letter, after which the censor appellate board at Bombay permitted the release of the film.<ref name="GLORY" /> [[G. Venkateswaran]] of [[GV Films]] bought the rights of the film after Srinivasan distributed the film; Venkateswaran also received a producer's credit.<ref name="GLORY" /><ref name="MAGAZINE" /> It was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Nayakudu'' and into Hindi as ''Velu Nayakan''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2014 |title=Kamal Haasan@60: His 10 Best Films |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasan-60-his-10-best-films-690017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321071955/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-60-his-10-best-films-690017 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Despite the Hindi dub, it was later remade in Hindi as ''[[Dayavan]]'' (1988).{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=118}} In 2015, ''Nayakan'' was screened at the Habitat Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10th Habitat Film Festival 2015 |url=http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322032250/http://www.habitatfilmclub.com/pdf/HFC_Brouchre_2015.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |publisher=Habitat Film Club}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Nayakan'' became a major success in many states. The film completed 214 days run in Tamil Nadu and completed 100 days in both Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The film ran for 25 weeks at Madras' Anand Theatre, 105 days at Grelan, 105 days at Udhayam, 175 days at Madurai Minipriya, 100 days at Salem, 85 days at Trichy's Kalaiyarangam, 100 days at Jupiter, 105 days at Coimbatore's Archana, 100 days at Bombay's Dinora and 224 at Bangalore's Pallavi. The Telugu dubbed version ''Nayakadu'' also completed 100 days of theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2022 |title=35 Years of Nayagan: This Oscar Entry From India Ran For Over 100 Days in 3 States |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/35-years-of-nayagan-this-oscar-entry-from-india-ran-for-over-100-days-in-3-states-6221875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108015354/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/35-years-of-nayagan-this-oscar-entry-from-india-ran-for-over-100-days-in-3-states-6221875.html |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=27 October 2022 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Nayakan'' received critical acclaim.<ref name="popmatters">{{Cite news |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=3 November 2017 |title=Slumgod Millionaire: On 'Nayakan', the Godfather of Indian Gangster Films |url=https://www.popmatters.com/slumgod-millionaire-the-godfather-of-indian-gangster-films-2495376261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516145437/https://www.popmatters.com/slumgod-millionaire-the-godfather-of-indian-gangster-films-2495376261.html |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=28 November 2017 |work=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref> Varadarajan Mudaliar, who saw the film during a preview in Madras, expressed appreciation for it and said it "wasn't at all what I had expected". He added that it "made me realise that I could have been a better man".<ref name=":0" /> On 23 October 1987, N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "[''Nayakan''] is a rare Tamil film. Sensitivity is its hallmark. Authenticity is its lifebreath. It has the stamp of nativity. It has class. Yet, it is not an Art film. It could be a watershed in Tamil cinema; an artistically made film that could make money as well."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=23 October 1987 |title=Authentic |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871023&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 1 November, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' stated that Haasan underplayed his role well and demonstrated his histrionics as a godfather in the film well, adding that the film stood out for its sets, taking, colour, richness and international quality camera work. The magazine gave the film one of its highest marks of 60.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 1987 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: நாயகன் |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Nayakan'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38872--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200509063906/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/38872--2 |archive-date=9 May 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded the film, saying it could be watched more than once.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=8 November 1987 |title=நாயகன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/nov/08-11-1987/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730040857/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/nov/08-11-1987/p17.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=20 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref> A 1988 review published in ''Bombay: The City Magazine'' described Haasan as having given a "powerhouse performance".<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1988 |title=Bombay's Own Godfather |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwXxucyAHpEC&q=tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321072525/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwXxucyAHpEC&q=tamil |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=19 October 2020 |magazine=Bombay: The City Magazine |publisher=[[Living Media]] |location=India |page=76 |volume=9 |issue=17–22}}</ref> Writing for ''[[India Today]]'' in 1989, Madhu Jain believed ''Nayakan'' deserved "a permanent place in the Indian cinema pantheon" after watching it at the 12th International Film Festival in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Madhu |date=15 January 1989 |title=12th International Film Festival: Commercial films dominate Indian Panorama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19890115-12th-international-film-festival-commercial-films-dominate-indian-panorama-815635-1989-01-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171217174048/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/12th-international-film-festival-commercial-films-dominate-indian-panorama/1/322969.html |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting of Haasan and Janagaraj, Ilayaraja's background score and noted that the actors and technicians who participated in this film are completely united in the film and work with a combined activity that can be called a team spirit which can be seen in every frame of the film.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=2 November 1987 |title=நாயகன் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-12-16 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Anna |page=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[35th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=35th National Film Festival, 1988 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=35NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170111/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=35NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=30 April 2024 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Cinematography]]
|[[P. C. Sreeram]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]
|[[Thota Tharani]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[8th Cinema Express Awards]]
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Nayakan''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="popmatters" /> <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 April 1988 |title='Cinema Express' awards |url=https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EEUFac9UUAAq7Lo?format=jpg&name=4096x4096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190921100257/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EEUFac9UUAAq7Lo?format=jpg&name=4096x4096 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |page=32}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|{{won}}
|}
The film was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official submission]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] in 1987 at the [[60th Academy Awards]]; however, it was not shortlisted among the final nominees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film |url=http://www.filmfed.org/indian-submission2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206030830/http://www.filmfed.org/indian-submission2.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=23 October 2014 |website=[[Film Federation of India]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2014 |title=12 Indian films that would make great books |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/12-indian-films-that-would-make-great-books/451552-79.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019070815/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/12-indian-films-that-would-make-great-books/451552-79.html |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Nayakan'' became a "landmark" of popular Indian cinema.<ref name="popmatters" /> As a part of its legacy, the film has been acclaimed for being a box-office success whilst being a critical success.{{sfn |Joshi |2006 |p=72}} English journalist [[Phil Hardy (journalist)|Phil Hardy]] stated in his 1997 book ''The BFI Companion to Crime'', "From the films that followed in the wake of ''The Godfather'', the most interesting is Mani Rathnam's ''Nayakan'' (1987) starring [Kamal Haasan] in a fictional version of the Bombay gangster Varadarajan Mudaliar's life."{{sfn |Hardy |1997 |p=180}} In 2005, the magazine ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' included ''Nayakan'' in its list of [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|"All-Time 100 Best Films"]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |date=14 January 2010 |title=Nayakan |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/nayakan-1987/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020114704/http://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/nayakan-1987/ |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |date=25 May 2005 |title="All-Time 100 Best Films" – Nayakan |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525030815/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html |archive-date=25 May 2005 |access-date=20 October 2014 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]}}</ref> After the film was selected by ''TIME'' as one of the best, insiders of the magazine spoke about Ratnam's work in the film, saying "Ratnam has no such difficulty blending melodrama and music, violence and comedy, realism and delirium, into a two-and-a-half-hour demonstration that, when a gangster's miseries are mounting, the most natural solution is to sing in the rain."<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2005 |title=Apu Trilogy, Pyasa, Nayakan in Time list of 100 great films |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=299855 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724023653/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/apu-trilogy--pyasa--nayakan-in-time-list-of-100-great-films/299855 |archive-date=24 July 2015 |access-date=18 April 2012 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The tagline given to the film by ''TIME'' was "A terrific gangster epic in the ''Godfather'' style."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2005 |title=Mani Ratnam honoured! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-honoured-news-tamil-kkfv4igdefh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014062601/http://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-honoured-news-tamil-kkfv4igdefh.html |archive-date=14 October 2015 |access-date=18 April 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Best of Bollywood |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2022076,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224044526/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2022076,00.html |archive-date=24 December 2019 |access-date=8 April 2020 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]}}</ref>

The film was also ranked 82nd in [[The Moving Arts Film Journal]] list of greatest films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2010 |title=TMA's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time |url=http://www.themovingarts.com/100-greatest-movies-of-all-time/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920192100/http://www.themovingarts.com/100-greatest-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=5 April 2013 |website=[[The Moving Arts Film Journal]]}}</ref> ''Nayakan'' was also included in [[NDTV]]'s list "India's 20 greatest films" at no 13.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 20 greatest films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=13&ID=1124#talk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226003641/http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=13&ID=1124#talk |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2013 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In April 2013, on the centenary of Indian cinema, [[News18]] included the film in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-87.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235220/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-87.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> When questioned by Baradwaj Rangan if he would make a sequel to ''Nayakan'', Ratnam said, "Never. When you finish a film, you're glad to be rid of it. You're happy you don't have to go back to that script again. Been there, done that."{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=66}}

== In popular culture ==
The scenes and dialogues from the film have been parodied in various films, including ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Dumm Dumm Dumm |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Madras Talkies]] |year=2001 |time=1:45:29}}</ref> and ''[[Chellamae]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNa2DBYzG2o |title=Chellamae Tamil Movie Scenes – Vivek Interrogates Mumtaz – Vishal – Reema Sen – Bharath |date=10 July 2012 |publisher=AP International |access-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606072611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNa2DBYzG2o |archive-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> When stand-up comedian and television anchor [[Bosskey]] launched a quirky play titled ''Dada'' in October 2005, he named the cast after famous characters in Tamil films. Accordingly, ''[[Anniyan]]'' (one of [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s character in the film), Badshah ([[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Baashha]]'') and Velu Naicker (Haasan's role in ''Nayakan'') play the central characters of a family of brothers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2005 |title=Bosskey all set to launch new play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101416550200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319112134/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101416550200.htm |archive-date=19 March 2007 |access-date=2 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Similarly, in the 2013 comedy film ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]'', in which the characters were named after popular protagonists of Tamil cinema, a member of the supporting cast was christened Velu Naicker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=8 March 2013 |title=Review: Onbadhula Guru is a collection of comic scenes |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-onbadhula-guru/20130308.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311065051/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-south-onbadhula-guru/20130308.htm |archive-date=11 March 2013 |access-date=2 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> According to the Telugu newspaper ''[[Eenadu]]'', Rajinikanth, after being impressed with ''Nayakan'', requested Ratnam to write a similar script, but the project never materialised; its similarities with [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s script for ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016) made him accept to star in the latter film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2016 |title=రజినీ మేనియా... ఇంతింత కాదయా! |trans-title=Rajini's mania... is unrestrained! |url=http://epaper.eenadu.net/pdf/2016/07/21/20160721a_010135003.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721071017/http://epaper.eenadu.net/pdf/2016/07/21/20160721a_010135003.jpg |archive-date=21 July 2016 |access-date=21 July 2016 |work=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> The famous line in the film, "Neenga nallavara kettavara?" (Are you good or bad?) was used in "The Punch Song", a song from the film, ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=18 January 2014 |title=After punch dialogues, it's punch song in Kollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-punch-dialogues-its-punch-song-in-Kollywood/movie-review/28954703.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019073611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/After-punch-dialogues-its-punch-song-in-Kollywood/movie-review/28954703.cms |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The dialogue "Naalu peruku nalladhuna edhuvum thappilla" (Nothing is wrong if some people benefit from it) inspired [[Naalu Peruku Nalladhuna Edhuvum Thappilla|a film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Ramakrishnan |date=2017-04-03 |title=A veteran’s indie start |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-veterans-indie-start/article17776372.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811235857/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-veterans-indie-start/article17776372.ece |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Delhi Ganesh reprises his role as Iyer in the 2022 film ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=வெந்து தணிந்தது காடு படத்தில் கமல்.. யாரும் எதிர்பார்க்காத ட்விஸ்ட்..! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/nayagan-kamal-reference-in-simbu-vtk-movie/articleshow/94234488.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731125623/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/nayagan-kamal-reference-in-simbu-vtk-movie/articleshow/94234488.cms |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In October 2012, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of ''Nayakan'', Haasan published an article in ''[[The Hindu]]'', titled "Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance", in which he recounted the [[Behind-the-scenes|making of]] the film. In the article, he described Srinivasan as stingy and being unhappy about shooting the film in Bombay, adding that films "were a business" for him and he "wasn't interested in films as art". In response, Srinivasan accused Haasan of defaming him,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=23 October 2012 |title=Muktha Srinivasan sends legal notice to Kamal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Muktha-Srinivasan-sends-legal-notice-to-Kamal/articleshow/16915002.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103130222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/muktha-srinivasan-sends-legal-notice-to-kamal/articleshow/16915002.cms |archive-date=3 January 2016 |access-date=5 February 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and wrote an article titled "Living in past glory" as a rejoinder, in which he accused Haasan of "distorting the facts" and undermining the contributions of others to the film. He also accused Haasan of interfering with the original screenplay by Ratnam to include sequences copied from ''The Godfather'' and ''Once Upon a Time in America''. Srinivasan, however, concluded by writing that he was not against Haasan taking credit for the film's success, as long as it was not at his expense.<ref name="GLORY" />

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 60th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
*[[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="MAGAZINE">{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=20 October 2012 |title='Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215024831/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |archive-date=15 February 2013 |access-date=20 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GLORY">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Muktha V. |author-link=Muktha Srinivasan |date=28 October 2012 |title=Living in past glory |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/living-in-past-glory/article4034360.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507035609/https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/living-in-past-glory/article4034360.ece |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=5 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=645890539}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofinterrup00lali |title=Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genres in Contemporary Indian Cinema |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |year=2002 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Phil |author-link=Phil Hardy (journalist) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agfHUakbj5kC |title=The BFI Companion to Crime |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-304-33215-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Rajmohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aoH81IN8SsC&q=Environmental+Biotechnology,+Nayagan&pg=PA72 |title=Environmental Biotechnology |publisher=Isha Books |year=2006 |isbn=81-8205-366-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1980s gangster films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about smuggling]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films produced by G. Venkateswaran]]
[[Category:Films produced by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pathardi Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:26:04Z

FrancescaToscano: Adding

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pathardi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 204,822
| mla = [[Rajeev Rajale]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Pathardi Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Nirhali Madhav Maruti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Avhad Narayan Ganapat || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Narayan Ganpat Avhad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. S. Bharade || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mhaske Ganapat Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="3" | [[Babanrao Dhakne]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="2" | [[Rajeev Rajale]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Bade Dagadu Paraji || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Rajeev Rajale]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajeev Rajale]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,846 |percentage = 44.27% |change = {{increase}}17.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhakane Partap Babanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,845 |percentage = 40.30% |change = {{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashinath Radhakisan Lawande |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,996 |percentage = 5.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramkrishna Vishwanath Bade |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,579 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Narayan Shankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,589 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayyad Yunus Ahamad |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,124 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Jagannath Chormale |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 1,757 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raosaheb Mohan Pakhare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,324 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,001 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,041 |percentage = 73.74% |change = {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,990}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,822 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bade Dagadu Paraji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,483 |percentage = 27.96% |change = {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajeev Rajale]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,639 |percentage = 27.21% |change = {{decrease}}11.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babanrao Dadaba Dhakane |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 27,218 |percentage = 24.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mhaske Chandrakant Ganpatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,692 |percentage = 18.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Garje Dnyandeo Kisan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,296 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra Bajirao Kamble |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 703 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 844 |percentage = 0.75% |change = {{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,424 |percentage = 71.07% |change = {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,611}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,659 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajeev Rajale]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,846 |percentage = 38.33% |change = {{decrease}}10.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andhale Vikramrao Govindrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,576 |percentage = 34.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakade Vijayrao Jagannathrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,115 |percentage = 11.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajale Bhausaheb Babasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,610 |percentage = 6.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhapse Pramod Baburao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,892 |percentage = 2.71% |change = {{decrease}}41.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barfe Suresh Ananda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,818 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tupe Ashok Bhivshen |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,650 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Ashok Genuji |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,386 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,270 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,384 |percentage = 63.12% |change = {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,555}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,876 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajeev Rajale]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,178 |percentage = 49.25% |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhapse Baburao Yeshwantrao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 41,864 |percentage = 44.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Golhar Ramnath Gahininath |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 3,546 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bivade Dilip Raghunath |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 687 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kate Sudhakar Petras |party = Independent politician |votes = 666 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,314 |percentage = 4.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,175 |percentage = 60.29% |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,758}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,513 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Dhakne]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,977 |percentage = 52.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appasaheb Dadaba Rajale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,223 |percentage = 43.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharat Motiram Pardeshi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,661 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Babulal Bapuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,435 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,754 |percentage = 9.27% |change = {{decrease}}27.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,867 |percentage = 63.87% |change = {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,432 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Dhakne]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,712 |percentage = 59.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Bhapse |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,041 |percentage = 22.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Sonrao Khedkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,701 |percentage = 11.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Trimbak Anna Chede |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,757 |percentage = 2.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babulal Bapuji Pathan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,368 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamlakar Pandurang Baravkar |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 1,201 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,671 |percentage = 36.94% |change = {{increase}}21.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,090 |percentage = 56.82% |change = {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,780}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,587 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babanrao Dhakne]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,134 |percentage = 54.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khedkar Yadavrao Sonarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,735 |percentage = 39.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kate Bhagwanrao Ramrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 3,562 |percentage = 5.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathan Babulal Papuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 639 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,399 |percentage = 15.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,443 |percentage = 63.84% |change = {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,070}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,340 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mhaske Ganapat Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,937 |percentage = 55.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikbai Garje |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,126 |percentage = 40.15% |change = {{decrease}}10.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohitevishwasrao Baburao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,534 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,811 |percentage = 15.30% |change = {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,621 |percentage = 55.11% |change = {{decrease}}8.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,597}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,184 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Bharade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,316 |percentage = 50.57% |change = {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Kakade |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 26,520 |percentage = 47.36% |change = {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. B. Mohite |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,158 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,796 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{decrease}}5.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,625 |percentage = 63.30% |change = {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,994}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,620 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Ganpat Avhad |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 19,723 |percentage = 54.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Trimbak Lahanu Garje |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,606 |percentage = 45.71% |change = {{increase}}15.95 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,117 |percentage = 8.58% |change = {{decrease}}23.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,592 |percentage = 56.53% |change = {{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,329}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,271 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}7.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Avhad Narayan Ganapat |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,635 |percentage = 62.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gandhi Chandanmal Navalmal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,422 |percentage = 29.76% |change = {{decrease}}27.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bajirao Gangaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,601 |percentage = 8.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,213 |percentage = 32.26% |change = {{increase}}18.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,658 |percentage = 50.44% |change = {{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,658}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,763 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathardi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nirhali Madhav Maruti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,771 |percentage = 56.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Avad Narayan Ganpat |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,458 |percentage = 43.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,313 |percentage = 13.67% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,229 |percentage = 44.69% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,229}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,219 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

2022 Rajya Sabha elections

2026-04-05T22:05:32Z

FrancescaToscano: creating the stub v1

{{Short description|Elections for the upper house of Indian Parliament}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}

{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2021 Rajya Sabha elections
| previous_year = 2021
| next_election = 2023 Rajya Sabha elections
| next_year = 2023
| election_date = April - September 2022
| seats_for_election = 74{{efn|Including 4 [[Casual vacancy|casual vacancies]]}} of the 233{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]]}} elected seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| majority_seats = 122{{efn|out of 243 (excluding 2 vacancies and including 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated seats]])}} total

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Piyush_Goyal_crop.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 = 14 July 2021
| leaders_seat1 =
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats_before1 = 88{{efn|excluding 9 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| seats_after1 = 88{{efn|excluding 7 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| seat_change1 = {{steady}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mallikarjun_Kharge_briefing_the_media_after_presenting_the_Interim_Railway_Budget_2014-15_in_New_Delhi_(cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=04}}
| leader2 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 16 February 2021
| leaders_seat2 =
| alliance2 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| seats_before2 = 34
| seats_after2 = 31
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 3
| 1blank = Alliance seats before
| 1data1 = 103{{efn|excluding 12 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated member]]s}}
| 1data2 = 55
| 2blank = Alliance seats after
| 2data1 = 101{{efn|excluding 10 [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated members]]}}
| 2data2 = 54
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 = {{decrease}} 2
| 3data2 = {{decrease}} 1
| title = Majority
| posttitle = Majority after election
| before_election = ''None''
| before_party =
| after_election = ''None''
| after_party =
}}

'''Rajya Sabha elections''' were held throughout 2022, to elect new members to replace those retiring from the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament's]] [[upper house]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx|title=Statewise Retirement|website=164.100.47.5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nda-likely-to-get-majority-in-rajya-sabha-by-2021/articleshow/69527636.cms?from=mdr|title=NDA likely to get majority in Rajya Sabha by 2021|date=May 27, 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="BJP’s Rajya Sabha tally will marginally drop after March, but real worry will be after 2022">{{cite news |title=BJP's Rajya Sabha tally will marginally drop after March, but real worry will be after 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bjps-rajya-sabha-tally-will-marginally-drop-after-march-but-real-worry-will-be-after-2022/372061/ |accessdate=31 May 2022 |date=2 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531080115/https://theprint.in/politics/bjps-rajya-sabha-tally-will-marginally-drop-after-march-but-real-worry-will-be-after-2022/372061/ |archivedate=31 May 2022}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
! Seats
! +/–
|-
|rowspan=8 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=8 style="text-align:center;"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|27
|0
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
| {{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|United People's Party Liberal}}
|[[United People's Party Liberal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Kartikeya Sharma]])
|style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Naga People's Front}}
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|style="text-align:center;"|0
| {{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|0
| {{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Subhash Chandra]])
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#FEE4CB"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#FEE4CB;text-align:center;"|31
|style="color:inherit;background:#FEE4CB"|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center;"|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|{{color|red|-3}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| 0
|-
| {{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| {{color|green|+1}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#D8F5FF"|Total
|style="color:inherit;background:#D8F5FF;text-align:center;"|19
|style="color:inherit;background:#D8F5FF"|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|rowspan=13 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=13 style="text-align:center;"|Others
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|7
|{{color|green|+7}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|0
|-
|{{party color cell|YSR Congress Party}}
|[[Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|{{color|green|+3}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|0
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|0
|-
|{{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Kapil Sibal]])
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|{{color|green|+1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Loktantrik Janata Dal}}
|[[Loktantrik Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|{{color|red|-1}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|0
|{{color|red|-2}}
|-
|}

==Members retiring and elected==
Note:
* Listed according to date of retirement

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Ripun Bora]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[Rwngwra Narzary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Team BJP wins both Rajya Sabha seats in Assam as Opposition unity crumbles |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/team-bjp-wins-both-rajya-sabha-seats-in-assam-as-opposition-unity-crumbles-101648753434178.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Ranee Narah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[Pabitra Margherita]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Anand Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 02-Apr-2022
|[[Sikander Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Dr. Sikandar Kumar becomes Rajya Sabha MP from Himachal - HIMACHAL HEADLINES |url=https://www.himachalheadlines.com/news/dr-sikandar-kumar-becomes-rajya-sabha-mp-from-himachal/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[A. K. Antony]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[Jebi Mather]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=A A Rahim, Jebi Mather and P Santhosh Kumar elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/a-a-rahim-jebi-mather-and-p-santhosh-kumar-elected-to-rajya-sabha-8ac2bfe2 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[K. Somaprasad]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 3
| [[M. V. Shreyams Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Loktantrik Janata Dal}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[P. Santhosh Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India }}
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland|Nagaland]]====
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[K. G. Kenye]]
| {{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[Phangnon Konyak]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phangnon Konyak elected unopposed as Nagaland's first woman RS MP |url=https://morungexpress.com/phangnon-konyak-elected-unopposed-as-nagalands-first-woman-rs-mp |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|Tripura]]====
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Jharna Das]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 02-Apr-2022
| [[Manik Saha]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Tripura BJP gets first Rajya Sabha member as state president wins lone seat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-bjp-rajya-sabha-member-manik-saha-7846807/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
! Ref.
|-
! 1
| [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)}}
| rowspan="5" | 9 April 2022
| [[Harbhajan Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=7}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=AAP nominees Seechewal, Sahney elected unopposed to RS from Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/aap-nominees-seechewal-sahney-elected-unopposed-to-rs-from-punjab-101654261159697.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
| [[Naresh Gujral]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Raghav Chadha]]
|-
! 3
| [[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| [[Sandeep Pathak]]
|-
! 4
| [[Shamsher Singh Dullo]]
| [[Ashok Mittal]]
|-
! 5
| [[Shwait Malik]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|-
! 6
| [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
| rowspan="2" |4 July 2022
|[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]]
|-
! 7
| [[Ambika Soni]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vikramjit Singh Sahney]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1
| [[V. Vijayasai Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 21 June 2022
| [[V. Vijayasai Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonathan |first=P. Samuel |date=2022-06-03 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Four YSRCP nominees elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-four-ysrcp-nominees-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unanimously/article65491174.ece |access-date=2023-01-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| 21 June 2022
| [[R. Krishnaiah]]
|-
| 3
| [[Sujana Chowdary]]
| 21 June 2022
| [[S. Niranjan Reddy]]
|-
| 4
| [[T. G. Venkatesh]]
| 21 June 2022
| [[Beeda Masthan Rao]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Previous MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Term end
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
| 21 June 2022
| [[B. Parthasaradhi Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRS candidates Damodar Rao, B Parthasaradhi Reddy elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=TRS-candidates-Damodar-Rao,-B-Parthasaradhi-Reddy-elected-unopposed-to-Rajya-Sabha&id=442087 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[D. Srinivas (politician)|D. Srinivas]]
| 21 June 2022
| [[D. Damodar Rao]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
!colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Ramvichar Netam]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 29-Jun-2022
|[[Rajeev Shukla]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Cong candidates Rajeev Shukla, Ranjeet Ranjan elected unopposed to RS from Chhattisgarh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cong-candidates-rajeev-shukla-ranjeet-ranjan-elected-unopposed-rs-chhattisgarh-7951138/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Chhaya Verma]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[M. J. Akbar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[Kavita Patidar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |first=Suchanda |last=Gupta |date=June 4, 2022 |title=All three from Madhya Pradesh elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/all-three-from-madhya-pradesh-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/91996006.cms |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Sampatiya Uikey]]
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[Sumitra Valmiki]]
|-
|3
|[[Vivek Tankha]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|29-Jun-2022
|[[Vivek Tankha]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[R. S. Bharathi]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[R. Girirajan]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Six Rajya Sabha candidates from Tamil Nadu elected unopposed |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Six-Rajya-Sabha-candidates-from-Tamil-Nadu-elected-unopposed&id=442099 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[T. K. S. Elangovan]]
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[S. Kalyanasundaram]]
|-
| 3
| [[K. R. N. Rajeshkumar]]
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[K. R. N. Rajeshkumar]]
|-
| 4
| [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[P. Chidambaram]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5
| [[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[C. V. Shanmugam]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6
| [[A. Vijayakumar]]
| 29-Jun-2022
| [[R. Dharmar]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka|Karnataka]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
!colspan="2"| Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 30-Jun-2022
| [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Rajya Sabha: 3 Seats For BJP, 1 For Congress, None For Deve Gowda's JDS |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/karnataka-rajya-sabha-3-seats-for-bjp-1-for-congress-none-for-deve-gowdas-jds-3056765 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[K. C. Ramamurthy]]
| 30-Jun-2022
| [[Jaggesh]]
|-
| 3
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant ([[Oscar Fernandes]])'''
| [[Lehar Singh Siroya]]
|-
| 4
| [[Jairam Ramesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 30-Jun-2022
| [[Jairam Ramesh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
!colspan="2"| Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Sasmit Patra]]
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" | 1 July 2022
| [[Sasmit Patra]]
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Three BJD candidates elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://pragativadi.com/three-bjd-candidates-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Prasanna Acharya]]
| [[Manas Ranjan Mangaraj]]
|-
| 3
| [[N. Bhaskar Rao]]
| [[Sulata Deo]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
!colspan="2"| Party
! Ref.
|-
| '''1'''
| [[Piyush Goyal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Piyush Goyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=Jun 11, 2022 |title=Maharashtra: BJP wins 3 of 6 Rajya Sabha seats in major setback to ruling Sena-NCP-Congress alliance {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-bjp-wins-3-of-6-rajya-sabha-seats-in-major-setback-to-ruling-sena-ncp-congress-alliance/articleshow/92138140.cms |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''2'''
| [[Vinay Sahasrabuddhe]]
| 04-Jul-2022
|[[Anil Sukhdevrao Bonde]]
|-
| '''3'''
| [[Vikas Mahatme]]
| 04-Jul-2022
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
|-
| '''4'''
| [[Praful Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Praful Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| '''5'''
| [[P. Chidambaram]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Imran Pratapgarhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| '''6'''
| [[Sanjay Raut]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Sanjay Raut]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Om Prakash Mathur]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Randeep Surjewala]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress bags 3 Rajya Sabha seats in Rajasthan, BJP manages 1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajya-sabha-election-rajasthan-congress-bjp-win-1960958-2022-06-10 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Ram Kumar Verma]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Mukul Wasnik]]
|-
| 3
| [[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Pramod Tiwari]]
|-
| 4
| [[Alphons Kannanthanam]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
!colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-04 |title=11 Rajya Sabha candidates in UP, including 8 from BJP elected unopposed |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/11-rajya-sabha-candidates-in-up-including-8-from-bjp-elected-unopposed-122060400093_1.html |access-date=2023-01-20}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Shiv Pratap Shukla]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
|-
| 3
| [[Sanjay Seth (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Seth]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Radha Mohan Das Agarwal]]
|-
| 4
| [[Jai Prakash Nishad (Gorakhpur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Baburam Nishad]]
|-
| 5
| [[Syed Zafar Islam]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Sangeeta Yadav]]
|-
| 6
| [[Rewati Raman Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Darshana Singh]]
|-
| 7
| [[Sukhram Singh Yadav]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Mithlesh Kumar]]
|-
| 8
| [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[K. Laxman]]
|-
| 9
| [[Satish Chandra Mishra]]
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 10
| [[Ashok Siddharth]]
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Javed Ali Khan]]
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 11
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|-
|}

===[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Pradeep Tamta]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 04-Jul-2022
| [[Kalpana Saini]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |author=Kautilya Singh|date=Jun 4, 2022 |title=Bjp's Kalpana Saini Elected To Rajya Sabha {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjps-kalpana-saini-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/91994667.cms |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
!colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Gopal Narayan Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 07-Jul-2022
| [[Shambhu Sharan Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-03 |title=All Rajya Sabha nominees from Bihar elected unopposed |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/all-rajya-sabha-nominees-from-bihar-elected-unopposed-116060300907_1.html |access-date=2023-01-20}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
| 07-Jul-2022
| [[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
|-
| 3
| [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 07-Jul-2022
| [[Khiru Mahto]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| 4
| colspan="4" |'''Vacant ([[Sharad Yadav]])'''
| [[Faiyaz Ahmad]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 5
| [[Misa Bharti]]
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| 07-Jul-2022
| [[Misa Bharti]]
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 07-Jul-2022
| [[Aditya Sahu]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahu, Majhi gets elected to RS unopposed |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/sahu--majhi-gets-elected-to-rs-unopposed.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Mahesh Poddar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 07-Jul-2022
| [[Mahua Maji]]
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

====[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Haryana|Haryana]]====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 01-Aug-2022
| [[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha polls: BJP's Krishan Lal Panwar, Independent candidate Kartikeya Sharma elected from Haryana; Cong's Ajay Makan loses |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rajya-sabha-elections-counting-on-hold-in-haryana-as-bjp-seeks-cancellation-of-2-congress-votes-402771 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Subhash Chandra]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 01-Aug-2022
|[[Kartikeya Sharma]]
| width="1px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" rowspan=1|
| [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|}

==By-elections==
Aside from automatic elections, [[Casual vacancy|unforeseen vacancies]] caused by members' resignation, death or disqualification, are unless a few months before the expected natural expiry of the term of tenure, filled via [[by-election]]s, which for the Rajya Sabha often take some months to organise.

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]] ===

* On 26 December 2021, Mahendra Prasad died

{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
!'''Date of appointment'''
! Date of retirement
! Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1
|[[Mahendra Prasad]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 26 December 2021
|[[Anil Hegde]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| 30 May 2022
| 2 April 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=JD(U) Leader Anil Hegde Elected Unopposed To Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jd-u-leader-anil-hegde-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-3002355 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]] ===

* On 4 December 2021, Banda Prakash resigned

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Former MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Date of vacancy
! scope="col" | Elected MP
! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party
! scope="col" | Date of appointment
! scope="col" | Date of retirement
! Ref.
|-
!1
|[[Banda Prakash]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| 4 December 2021
|[[Vaddiraju Ravichandra]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| 25 May 2022
| 2 April 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=TRS nominee elected uncontested to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/national/trs-nominee-elected-uncontested-to-rajya-sabha-34200.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=www.newsdrum.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]] ===

* On 27 April 2022, Subhash Chandra Singh was elected the Mayor of Cuttack.

{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
!'''Date of appointment'''
! Date of retirement
! Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
!1
| [[Subhash Chandra Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| 27 April 2022
| [[Niranjan Bishi]]
| {{Party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| 13 June 2022
| 2 April 2026
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=BJD candidate Niranjan Bishi elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha - Dinalipi |url=https://www.dinalipi.com/bjd-candidate-niranjan-bishi-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|Tripura]] ===

* On 26 June 2022 Manik Saha was elected to the Tripura Legislative Assembly.

{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Former MP
! colspan="2" | Party
! Date of vacancy
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" | Party
!'''Date of appointment'''
! Date of retirement
! Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
!1
| [[Manik Saha]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 26 June 2022
| [[Biplab Deb]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 22 September 2022
| 2 April 2028
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Former Tripura chief minister Biplab Kumar Deb elected as Rajya Sabha MP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-tripura-chief-minister-biplab-kumar-deb-elected-as-rajya-sabha-mp-101663852817073.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Nominations==
===[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] members===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Previous MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term end
!Nominated MP
! colspan="2" |Party
!Date of appointment
! Ref.
|-
! 1
| [[Narendra Jadhav]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| 24-Apr-2022
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Ilaiyaraaja, P T Usha, Veerendra Heggade and Vijayendra Prasad nominated as RS members |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ilaiyaraaja-p-t-usha-veerendra-heggade-and-vijayendra-prasad-rs-members-8013450/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| [[Mary Kom]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| 24-Apr-2022
| [[P. T. Usha]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| 06-Jul-2022
|-
! 3
| [[Roopa Ganguly]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (BJP)
| 24-Apr-2022
| [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| 06-Jul-2022
|-
! 4
| [[Swapan Dasgupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (BJP)
| 24-Apr-2022
| [[Veerendra Heggade]]
| bgcolor="000000"|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| 06-Jul-2022
|-
! 5
| [[Suresh Gopi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (BJP)
| 24-Apr-2022
| [[Ghulam Ali Khatana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] (BJP)
| 10-Sep-2022
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=Gulam Ali, a Gurjar Muslim from J&K, nominated to RS |url=https://kashmirconvener.com/2022/09/11/gulam-ali-a-gurjar-muslim-from-jk-nominated-to-rs/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Kashmir Convener |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[2022 elections in India]]
* [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:2022 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha elections in India|2022]]

Isharani Baruah

2026-04-03T14:00:19Z

FrancescaToscano:

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2004)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Isharani Baruah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|1|4}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| handedness = Right
| years_active =
| event = Women's singles
| highest_ranking = 39
| date_of_highest_ranking = 31 March 2026
| current_ranking = 39
| date_of_current_ranking = 31 March 2026
| bwfbadminton_id = 76851
| bwf_id = 212a3b04-d351-4a8e-8ff8-ece7c17e2038
}}

'''Isharani Baruah''' (born 4 January 2004) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players: Isharani Baruah |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/76851/isharani-baruah/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref>

== Achievements ==
===World Tour (1 runner-up)===
The World Tour was announced in 2017 and implemented in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> It is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]]. The tour is divided into levels of Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Odisha Masters#Finals 2|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

=== BWF International (5 titles, 2 runners-up) ===
''Women's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023 (I)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 21–19, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Srilanka International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshitha Ramraj]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Dutch International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Devika Sihag]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 23–21, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Kazakhstan International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (I)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Rakshitha Ramraj
| align="left" | 21–15, 9–21, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Réunion Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shriyanshi Valishetty]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Malaysia International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Devika Sihag
| align="left" | 7–15, 12–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== BWF Junior International (1 runner-up) ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Navya Kanderi]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruah, Isharani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Assam]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

12th Andhra Pradesh Assembly

2026-03-30T16:14:50Z

FrancescaToscano:

{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=June 2022}}{{more footnotes|date=June 2022}}}}

{{Short description|12th lower house of the andhra Pradesh Legislature (2004–2009)}}

{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 12th Andhra Pradesh Assembly
| before = [[11th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|11th]]
| after = [[13th Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|13th]]
| image = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Assembly Building [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| body = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| meeting_place = [[Hyderabad]]
| election = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry]]
| opposition =
| term_start = 31 May 2004
| term_end = 19 May 2009
| website = 
| chamber2 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| chamber2_image = Andhra 12th Assembly Seats.svg
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 294
| control2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| chamber2_leader1_type = Speaker
| chamber2_leader1 = [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
| chamber2_leader2_type = Leader of the House
| chamber2_leader2 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| chamber2_leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| chamber2_leader4 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| chamber1 = [[Governor (India)|Nominal Executive]]
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
}}

{{Politics of India}}
The '''twelfth Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh''' was formed by the members elected in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP elections result 2014: All you need know about Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha and Assembly polls |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/ap-elections-result-2014-all-you-need-know-about-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-and-assembly-polls/397280 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> Election to [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] took place in single phase on 7 May 2004 by the [[Election Commission of India]]. Counting started officially on the morning of 2004 and the results were declared on the same day.

==Members==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Designation !! Name
|-
| [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]|| [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|-
| Speaker ||[[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
|-
| Deputy Speaker || Gummadi Kuthuhalamma 
|-
| Leader of the House (Chief Minister of State)|| [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|-
| Leader of the Opposition || [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|-
| Secretary - AP Legislature ||
|}

=== Party-wise distribution of seats ===
<ref>{{cite web |title=Will the NDA lose Andhra Pradesh? |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/12espec.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 May 2004}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Party wise distribution as of 2004
! colspan=2| Party !! Abbr. !! Seats !! Leader in Assembly
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | || align=left|[[Indian National Congress]] || align=left|INC || 185 || [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" | || align=left|[[Telugu Desam Party]] || align=left|TDP || 47 || [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" | || align=left|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] || align=left|TRS || 26 ||
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | || align=left|[[Independent politician]] || align=left|IND || 11 ||
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | || align=left|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || align=left|CPM || 9 ||
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | || align=left|Others || align=left|Oth || 7 ||
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" | || align=left|[[Communist Party of India]] || align=left|CPI || 6 ||
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | || align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || align=left|BJP || 2 ||
|-
| colspan="3" | '''TOTAL''' || 294 ||{{dash}}
|-
|}

== See also==

* [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
{{portal|India}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/ Official website] of the [[Election Commission of India]]

{{Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}
{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Terms of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009| ]]

Baramunda

2026-03-30T02:10:56Z

FrancescaToscano: creating new pg w/ sources

{{short description|Neighbourhood in Bhubaneswar, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Baramunda''' is a locality in [[Bhubaneswar]] city in [[Odisha]], India. Its postal head office is at Suryanagar (Khorda).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clash at Baramunda bus stand in Bhubaneswar, 2 injured |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/clash-at-baramunda-bus-stand-in-bhubaneswar-2-injured-179154 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Odisha TV |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Baramunda is a locality situated in the west of the New Capital, Bhubaneswar. It is surrounded by famous localities Surya Nagar, Irc Village, Jagamara, Nayapalli, and Gopabandhu Nagar.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Adibasi |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74302/1/SCST_1963_journal_0236.pdf |journal=Repository.tribal.gov}}</ref>

===Transport===
[[Lingaraj Temple Road railway station|Lingaraj Temple Road Rail Way Station]] is one of the nearest railway stations in Baramunda situated at a distance of {{convert|7.5|km}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lingaraj Temple Road |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/lingaraj-temple-road-lgtr/5797 |publisher= |accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref>

==ISBT project==
A [[high tech|hi-tech]] bus stand is being developed in Baramunda by The [[Bhubaneswar Development Authority]] (BDA) on {{convert|15.5|acre|adj=on}} piece of land.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhubaneswar's Baramunda ISBT project nears completion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2022/jul/18/bhubaneswars-baramunda-isbt-project-nears-completion-2477780.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The bus depot at Khandagiri is also part of the project, with a capability of 300 parking spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bisoyi |first=Sujit kumar |title=Odisha CM reviews Baramunda ISBT work {{!}} Bhubaneswar News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-cm-reviews-baramunda-isbt-work/articleshow/79677634.cms |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ISBT at Baramunda to be ready by June 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2021/jul/26/isbt-at-baramunda-to-be-ready-by-june-2022-2335441.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:neighbourhoods in Bhubaneswar]]

1993 elections in India

2026-03-19T10:31:23Z

FrancescaToscano: started new info!

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1992 elections in India
| previous_year = 1992
| election_date = 1993
| next_election = 1994 elections in India
| next_year = 1994
}}
{{Politics of India}}

'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1993'' included elections to nine state legislative assemblies and to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

==Overall result==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Polling Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" | 15 February 1993
|[[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Dasarath Deb]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[S. C. Jamir]]
|[[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;
|19 February 1993
|[[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[D. D. Lapang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[S. C. Marak]]
|[[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11 September 1993
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Virbhadra Singh]]
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6 November 1993
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center"|''Elections were not conducted to the assembly of Delhi''
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
| [[File:IN-DL.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 11 November 1993
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| [[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| October-November 1993
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| [[File:IN-UP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 24 November 1993
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Digvijaya Singh]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|30 November 1993
| [[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===Delhi===
{{Main|1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Delhi Legislative Assembly 1993.svg]]
|-
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
|-
|align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| ||47.82||49
|-
|align=left|[[Indian National Congress]]|| ||34.48||14
|-
|align=left|[[Janata Dal]]|| ||12.65||4
|-
|align=left|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| ||1.88||0
|-
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party (Marxist)]]|| ||0.38||0
|-
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party]]|| ||0.21||0
|-
|align=left|[[Janata Party]]|| ||0.20||0
|-
|align=left|[[Shiv Sena]]|| ||0.14||0
|-
|align=left|[[All India Forward Bloc]]|| ||0.03||0
|-
|align=left|Unrecognised parties|| ||1.29||0
|-
|align=left|Independents|| ||5.92||3
|-
|align=left|Invalid/blank votes||60,902||–||–
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''3,612,713'''||'''100'''||'''70'''
|-
|align=left|Registered voters/turnout||5,850,545||61.75||–
|-
|align=left colspan=4|Source: [http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/U05/DL-LA93.htm ECI]
|}

===Himachal Pradesh===
{{Main|1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1993.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1135203|seats1=52|sc1=+43
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=840233|seats2=8|sc2=–38
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=17347|seats3=1|sc3=+1
|party20=Others|votes20=105475|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=227050|seats21=7|sc21=+6
|total_sc=0
|invalid=18305
|electorate=3277625
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3808-himachal-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Madhya Pradesh===
{{Main|1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Stat_rep_93_MP.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- "
! SN
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|- style="background: cyan;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 318
| 174
| 118
| 40.67%
|-
| 2
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 320
| 117
| -103
| 38.82%
|-
| 3
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 286
| 11
| +9
| 7.05%
|-
| 4
| [[Janata Dal]]
| 257
| 4
| -24
| 1.87
|-
| 5
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 63
| 2
| -1
| 0.98%
|-
| 6
| [[Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha]]
| 23
| 1
| + 1
| 0.40%
|-
| 7
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 16
| 1
| 0
| 0.32%
|-
| 8
| Krantikari Samajwadi Manch
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 0.21%
|-

|-
| 9
| [[Republican Party of India (Kamble)]]
| 10
| 1
| + 1
| 0.10%
|-
| 10
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 320
| 8
| -2
| 5.88%
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''320'''
|
|
|}

===Meghalaya===
{{Main|1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 19 February 1993 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] election results [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|→]]
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="485"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="45"| %
! width="50"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! width="30"| Won
! width="30"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| align="left"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 282,139 || 34.62 ||1.97 {{Increase}}
| 24 || 2 {{Increase}}
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="green"|
|align="left" |[[Hill People's Union]] (HPU)
|175,487
|21.53
|5.31 {{decrease}}
|11
|8 {{decrease}}
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HDP)
|79,824
|9.8
|2.88 {{decrease}}
|8
|2 {{Increase}}
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}" |
|align="left" |All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group)
|64,603
|7.93
|3.25 {{Increase}}
|3
|1 {{Increase}}
|-
|width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}" |
|align="left" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|29,948
|3.68
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|0
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|width="1" bgcolor="indigo"|
|align="left" |[[Meghalaya Progressive People's Party]] (MPPP)
|20,117
|2.47
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|2
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="purple"|
|align="left" |[[Public Demands Implementation Convention|Public Demands Implementation Convention (PDIC)]]
|17,423
|2.14
|1.06 {{Decrease}}
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|width="1" bgcolor="white"|
|align="left" |Janata Dal (B)
|2,586
|0.32
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|0
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|1,138
|0.14
|0.22 {{Decrease}}
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|width="1" bgcolor="green"|
|align="left" |[[Janata Party]]
|841
|0.1
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|0
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9"|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 140,793 || 17.28 ||2.31 {{Decrease}}
| 10 ||1 {{Increase}}
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 814,899 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 60 || ±0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="7" |Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3684-meghalaya-1993/|title=Meghalaya 1993|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Mizoram===
{{Main|1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 1993.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=106320|seats1=16|sc1={{decrease}}7
|party2=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes2=129813|seats2=14|sc2=0
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=10004|seats3=0|sc3=New
|party4=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes4=75097|seats4=10|sc4={{increase}}8
|total_sc=0
|invalid=3089
|electorate=401669
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3662-mizoram-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Mizoram |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 16 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Nagaland===
{{Main|1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1993.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=335834|seats1=35|sc1=–1
|party2=[[Nagaland Peoples Council]]|votes2=239505|seats2=17|sc2=New
|party3=[[Democratic Labour Party (India)|Democratic Labour Party]]|votes3=3755|seats3=1|sc3=New
|party4=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes4=3755|seats4=0|sc4=New
|party5=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes5=148074|seats5=7|sc5=+7
|total_sc=0
|invalid=5206
|electorate=802911
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3639-nagaland-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

===Rajasthan===
{{Main|1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1993|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref>
{{Election results
|party1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats1=95|
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=76
|party3=[[Janata Dal]]|seats3=6
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|seats4=1
|party5=Independents|seats5=21
}}

===Tripura===
{{Main|1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of the political parties in this election
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1988 Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 38
| 0
| 27,078
| 2.02%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2
| 0
| 18,058
| 1.35%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 51
| 44
| 599,943
| 44.78%
| 26
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 46
| 10
| 438,561
| 32.73%
| 25
|-
| [[Janata Dal(B)]]
| 2
| 1
| 20,981
| 1.57%
| -
|-
| [[All India Forward Block]]
| 1
| 1
| 10,658
| 0.80%
| 0
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 2
| 21,235
| 1.58%
| 2
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 14
| 1
| 100,742
| 7.52%
| -
|-
| [[Amra Bangali]]
| 42
| 0
| 19,592
| 1.46%
| -
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 207
| 1
| 82,541
| 6.16%
| 0
|-
! Total
! 407
! 60
! 1,339,838
!
!
|}Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1993/|title=1993 Tripura Election result}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Main|1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3258-uttar-pradesh-1993/ |title=Uttar Pradesh 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:right
!colspan=2 align=center|[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1993.svg]]
|-
!Party name
!Seats
|-
|align=left|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
|177
|-
|align=left|Samajwadi Party (SP)
|109
|-
|align=left|Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
|67
|-
|align=left|Communist Party of India (CPI)
|3
|-
|align=left|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM)
|1
|-
|align=left|Indian National Congress (INC)
|28
|-
|align=left|Janata Dal (JD)
|27
|-
|align=left|Janata Party (JP)
|1
|-
|align=left|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (UKD)
|1
|-
|align=left|Independents
|8
|- class=sortbottom
|align=left|'''Total'''
|'''422'''
|-
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|1993 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1993 elections in India]]
[[Category:1993 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1993 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Daddy Cool (2009 Malayalam film)

2026-03-12T14:47:33Z

FrancescaToscano: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daddy Cool
| image = Daddy Cool Malayalam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aashiq Abu]]
| producer = Bose Kurian Alwyn Antony
| writer = [[Aashiq Abu]] (dialogues) [[Bipin Chandran]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]||Dhananjay|[[Richa Pallod]]|[[Daniel Balaji]]|[[Biju Menon]]|[[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]]|[[Govind Padmasoorya]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sameer Thahir]]
| editing = V. Sajan
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|8|7|}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| studio = Ananya Films Marikar Films
| distributor = Marikar Release
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| music = [[Bijibal]]
}}
'''''Daddy Cool''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] starring [[Mammootty]], Dhananjay, [[Richa Pallod]], [[Daniel Balaji]] and [[Biju Menon]] in the lead roles. The film was the directorial debut of [[Aashiq Abu]]. The film commenced its shooting in December 2008. The locations were [[Cochin]] and [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/17slid1-mammootty-in-daddy-cool.htm|title=Mammootty is Daddy Cool!|work=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

The movie was released worldwide on August 7, 2009 and received mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
The story line of the film is the escapades of a cricket crazy kid, all of eight years and his father, a cop. Antony Simon is a crime branch CI, but prefers to spend his time fooling around with his son Aadi. And being a Crime Branch police officer, his rather laid-back attitude is not appreciated by his peers and superiors. Annie his wife finds this irritating.

The father-son duo becomes friends with the famous national cricketer Sreekanth when they save him from some [[Street fighting|street fight]]. Once while the father-son duo was out for shopping, Aadi saw a man with the gun and screams at his father. Simon turns back and shoots him, but he kills the wrong person. Antony now faces murder charges and is suspended from duty.

Later that day, Aadhi is found missing. Antony being a cop, the entire police force in the district is in search. They find that Shakthi, the one who was killed by Simon was the younger brother of Shiva the leader of a gang who were trying to get Sreekanth into a match-fixing deal and from whom Antony saved Sreekanth once. They are trying to get revenge on Simon for killing Shakthi and that is why they abducted Aadi. The rest of the film is about how Simon fights Shiva and his gang and gets Aadhi back from them with the help of Sreekanth and Roy Alex in the brave ways.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Antony Simon
*[[Master Dhananjay]] as Adi Antony
*[[Biju Menon]] as Roy Isaac
*[[Richa Pallod]] as Annie Antony
*[[Daniel Balaji]] as Shiva
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Bheem Bhai
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Varghese
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Shiva Prasad
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Soman
*[[Vinayakan]] as Selva, Shiva's [[henchman]]
*[[Govind Padmasoorya]] as Sreekanth, a [[Cricket player|cricketer]]
*[[Anoop Chandran]] as Kappal Basheer
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Isaac Zachariah, Roy's father
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as Annie's father
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Annie's mother
*[[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as Milly, Annie's sister
*Babu Swamy
*Gopakumar
*[[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Ainkutty/Selvan (cameo appearance)
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena Kumar]] as Adi's class teacher (cameo appearance)
*[[Bipin Chandran]] as The News Reader (cameo appearance)
*[[Nikita Thukral]] as [[item number]] in the song "Saamba Salsa".
* Archived footage of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] is also used
{{colend}}

==Production==
The original script of the film was written by Bipin Chandran but he presented it to Aashiq Abu who didn't gave him any credit (later credited as dialogue writer) The role of a cricketer was first offered to [[S. Sreesanth]] before it was given to Govind Padmasoorya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreesanth-was-offered-a-tainted-cricketers-role-in-daddy-cool/articleshow/20275626.cms|title=Sreesanth was offered a tainted cricketer's role in Daddy cool?|last=Prakash|first=Asha|date=26 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film features a soundtrack, consisting of 6 songs, composed by [[Bijibal]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Daddy Cool
| extra1 = Gayatri Suresh
| lyrics1 =R. Venugopal
| title2 = Daddy My Daddy
| extra2 = [[Swetha Mohan]], Sanand Unnithan, Aditya Krishna, Amrutha Krishna, Anju Bhaskaran
| lyrics2 = [[Santhosh Varma]]
| title3 = Kadha
| extra3 = [[Bijibal]]
| lyrics3 = [[Anil Panachooran]]
| title4 = Kadhayoru
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Anil Panachooran]]
| title5 = Samba
| extra5 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| lyrics5 = Santhosh Varma
| title6 = Samba Salsa
| extra6 = [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Jassie Gift]]
| lyrics6 = Santhosh Varma
}}

==Reception==
''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3/5 and noted that "In all fairness, ''Daddy Cool'' is meant to be a visual spectacle not to be taken with much seriousness. In the current form, it leaves you just cold or to a great extent, let down!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/daddy-cool-review-malayalam-pclxlyjhgdhji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426173139/http://www.sify.com/movies/daddy-cool-review-malayalam-pclxlyjhgdhji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2017|title=Daddy Cool|date=10 August 2009|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Paresh C. Palicha of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 and opined that "Malayalam film Daddy Cool directed by newcomer Aashiq Abu is one more substandard film of Mammootty to hit the theatres in the recent times after ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/malayalam-movie-review-daddy-cool/20090810.htm|title=This Daddy ain't cool|last=C. Palicha|first=Paresh|work=[[Rediff]]|date=10 August 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20090708220326/http://www.daddycoolcinema.com:80/}}
* {{IMDb title|1388394|Daddy Cool}}
{{Aashiq Abu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daddy Cool}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aashiq Abu]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]

Fernando da Costa Leal

2026-03-12T02:20:19Z

FrancescaToscano: new

{{short description|Portuguese army officer, writer, poet and botanist}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Fernando da Costa Leal
|image = Fernando da Costa Leal.png
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 15 October 1846
|birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Portuguese India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1910|04|04|1846|10|15}}
|death_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
|occupation = Army officer, writer, poet and botanist
|known_for =
|signature =
}}
'''Fernando da Costa Leal''' (15 October 1846 – 4 April 1910) was a Portuguese army officer, writer, poet and botanist.

==Biography==
Costa Leal was born in [[Margão]], [[Portuguese India]].

He joined the Artillery Regiment of Goa on 27 April 1862 and then registered for an artillery course at the Escola Militar (Military School) of Nova Goa. In 1868 he volunteered to join an expedition against the Bonga of [[Zambésia]] in [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]] and was promoted to second lieutenant. After which he was transferred to the garrison in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and there appointed as aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Mozambique. His uncle, Fernando da Costa Leal (1825–1869), was appointed shortly after as Governor-General of Mozambique so that the two Fernandos travelled together to [[Island of Mozambique]].

On 26 June 1869 the young Fernando da Costa Leal was appointed by his uncle to secretary of the Diplomatic Commission under the chairmanship of Carlos Pedro Barahona e Costa (1833–1876), to go to the [[South African Republic|ZAR]] to determine borders and negotiate trade agreements.
The Commission sailed to [[Durban]], travelled through the [[Orange Free State]] and arrived in [[Potchefstroom]] on 7 December 1869.
From here they visited places such as [[Pretoria]] and [[Rustenburg]]. On 17 May 1870 da Costa Leal resigned this post and accompanied German naturalist and explorer, [[Carl Mauch]] (1837–1875), on a journey from Potchefstroom to Lourenço Marques to explore potential routes between the ZAR and [[Delagoa Bay]]. It was on this trip that Leal compiled a report of his impressions of his stay in the ZAR and the journey from Potchefstroom via Pretoria, Botšhabelo, New Scotland, the southern part of [[Swaziland]], the [[Lebombo Mountains]] and [[Catembe]] to Lourenço Marques (lasting from 18 May to 8 August 1870). In 1871 da Costa Leal was placed in charge of construction of the planned route between Mozambique and the ZAR up to the Lebombo Mountains. Towards the end of April 1871 the Portuguese reported that the surveys had been completed and that construction of the road had begun.

Shortly after Costa Leal left Mozambique for [[Lisbon]], where in 1874 he was transferred to the Royal army. Since the Portuguese authorities would not accede to what were regarded as excessive demands, a rebellion broke out amongst the soldiers in Goa.
Reinforcements were hurriedly dispatched from Portugal to quell the uprising, Costa Leal being amongst the forces. Here he was rapidly promoted - on 20 April 1881 to lieutenant, on 17 March 1886 to captain and on 13 August 1891 to major. On 20 April 1892 he was appointed Administrator of State Property at Assolna, the same office that his father, Sebastião Augusto da Costa Leal, had held from 1855 to 1883.
Fernando da Costa Leal was married to the daughter of Dom José de Noronha, Count of Maem.

He died at Goa.

==Literary work==

As administrator he displayed great sympathy to Indian culture. He was liberal in his attitude and a proponent of reform. Costa Leal spent the final years of his life in [[Panjim]] and died there on 4 April 1910 and was buried there. Costa Leal was a well-known poet, author and translator. His literary works include amongst others:
* {{lang|pt|Elephantes e monstros, episódio da insurreição indiana de 1857, por Méry versão e notas por um Índio}} (''Elephants and monsters - an episode from the [[Indian Mutiny]] of 1857'') – Lisbon, 1876
* {{lang|fr|Lettre á mademoiselle Marie Denis sur l’immortalité parisienne}} (''A letter to mademoiselle Marie Denis regarding Parisian immortality'') – Lisbon, 1877; published in French under the pseudonym Rouget de la Presqu’ile
* ''En Reflexos e penumbras'' (''On Reflections and Penumbrae'') – Lisbon, 1879; a volume of verse including original poems as well as excellent translations of Victor Hugo (1802–1885).

Costa Leal also wrote works with historic and cultural backgrounds. Besides his report on the trip from ZAR to Lourenço Marques in 1870, he also wrote about his life in Goa, namely ''Relatório ácèrca da Administração Geral dos Campos Nacionaes de Assolnã, Velim, [[Ambelim, Goa|Ambelim]], Talvordá, Nuém e Ragibaga Relativo a 1897'' (Nova Goa, 1898), one of very few sources providing details of the Portuguese administration and life in Goa from that period.

==Poetic works==
*''Reflexos e Penumbras'' (1879)
*''Relâmpagos'' (1888)

==Other works==
*''Palmadas na Pança de John Bull'' (1884)
*''"Relatorio acerca da Administracao Geral dos Campos Nacionaes de Assolna, Velim, Ambelim, Talvorda, Nuem e Ragibaga relativo a 1897"''
*''Relatorio da viagem feita do interior da Republica do Transvaal para o porto de Lourenco Marques'' by "Fernando da Costa Leal, Alferes e secretario da Comissao Diplomatica ao Transvaal, em 1870"

==Legacy==
Several places or species were named after Costa Leal, including the Bottle tree species ''[[Pachypodium lealii]]'' [[Welw.]] (Hogan. 2010)

==Sources==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024203/http://osdir.com/ml/culture.region.india.goa.research/2005-08/msg00000.html Anthropologist R. Newman]
*C.Michael Hogan ed. 2010. [http://www.eol.org/pages/6853139 ''Pachypodium lealii''. Encyclopedia of Life]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091116220554/http://www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/2755/1/Ferreira_Portugese%282006%29.pdf 19th Century Portuguese Travellers in the Transvaal - O.J.O. Ferreira]
* O.J.O. Ferreira,''Da Costa Leal in die Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek''. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2008.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leal, Fernando da Costa}}
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Portuguese army personnel]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese military personnel]]

Jinder Mahal

2026-03-09T17:34:35Z

FrancescaToscano: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Canadian professional wrestler (born 1986)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Jinder Mahal
| image = Jinder Mahal, September 2024 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mahal in 2024
| birth_name = Yuvraj Singh Dhesi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[Calgary]], Alberta, Canada
| relatives = [[Gama Singh]] (uncle) [[Raj Singh (wrestler)|Raj Singh]] (cousin)
| ring_names = Jinder Mahal<ref name="WWEbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/jindermahal|title=Jinder Mahal|access-date=August 5, 2016|publisher=[[WWE]]|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133755/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/jindermahal/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Raj Dhesi'''<ref name=slam/> Raj Singh<ref name=IGF/> Tiger Raj Singh<ref name=slam/>
| height = 6 ft 5 in<ref name=IGF/><ref name="WWEbio"/>
| weight = 238 lb<ref name="WWEbio"/>
| billed = [[Punjab, India]]<ref name="WWEbio"/><ref name="FCW">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcwwrestling.info/jindermahal1.html|title=Jinder Mahal|access-date=December 31, 2010|publisher=[[Florida Championship Wrestling]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108075638/http://www.fcwwrestling.info/jindermahal1.html|archive-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref>
| trainer = [[Allen Coage]]<ref name=slam/> [[Gama Singh]]<ref name=slam/> [[Gerry Morrow]]<ref name=slam/> [[Rick Bognar]]<ref name=slam/>
| debut = December 27, 2004
| retired =
}}
'''Yuvraj Singh Dhesi''' (born July 19, 1986) is a Canadian [[professional wrestler]]. He currently performs on the [[independent circuit]] under his real name, stylized as '''Raj Dhesi'''. He is best known for his tenures in [[WWE]], where he performed under the [[ring name]] '''Jinder Mahal''' and is a former one-time [[WWE Championship|WWE Champion]], [[WWE United States Championship|WWE United States Champion]], and two-time [[WWE 24/7 Championship|WWE 24/7 Champion]].

Having started his career on the [[independent circuit]], Dhesi joined WWE in 2010 and made his debut as Jinder Mahal on the company's main roster the following year. After a short-lived alliance with his [[kayfabe]] brother-in-law [[The Great Khali]], he formed the [[Stable (professional wrestling)|stable]] 3MB with fellow wrestlers [[Heath Slater]] and [[Drew McIntyre]], before he and McIntyre were released from the company in 2014. He returned to WWE in 2016 with a drastically improved physique and received a [[Push (professional wrestling)|push]] in 2017, culminating in him becoming the 50th [[WWE Championship|WWE Champion]] and the first of Indian descent.

== Early life ==
Yuvraj Singh Dhesi<ref>{{cite news|last=Deb|first=Sopan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/arts/television/jinder-mahal-wwe-summerslam-india.html|title=How Jinder Mahal, an Indian WWE Star, Is Turning Up the Heat|date=August 18, 2017|access-date=May 28, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=May 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529131848/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/arts/television/jinder-mahal-wwe-summerslam-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was born in [[Calgary]] on July 19, 1986.<ref name=IGF>{{cite web|url=http://www.igf.jp/fighter/raj-singh/|script-title=ja:ラジャ・シン|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185938/http://www.igf.jp/fighter/raj-singh/|archive-date=June 21, 2015|access-date=May 28, 2018|publisher=[[Inoki Genome Federation]]|language=ja}}</ref> He is of Indian ([[Punjabi Canadians|Punjabi]]) [[Sikh Canadians|Sikh]] descent.<ref name="slam" /> He holds a business degree in communications and culture from the [[University of Calgary]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/25/jinder-mahal-wwe-alberta-legislature_n_16811178.html|title=Jinder Mahal's WWE Win Officially Recognized In The Alberta Legislature|date=May 25, 2017|work=HuffPost Canada|access-date=April 10, 2018|language=en-CA|archive-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201614/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/05/25/jinder-mahal-wwe-alberta-legislature_n_16811178.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His uncle, [[Gama Singh]], was considered a legendary wrestling [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villain]] in the original [[Stampede Wrestling]] and wrestled around the world (and briefly for the WWF, now WWE) in the 1980s.<ref name="Calgary Sun"/>

== Professional wrestling career ==
=== Early career (2002–2010) ===
Growing up in a wrestling family, Dhesi began his professional wrestling career at the Martial Arts Fitness Center in Calgary, training with [[Rick Bognar]].<ref name="Calgary Sun">{{cite news|url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2017/05/22/jinder-mahal-first-calgarian-professional-wrestler-to-win-wwe-championship-since-bret-hart-20-years-ago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729094646/http://www.calgarysun.com/2017/05/22/jinder-mahal-first-calgarian-professional-wrestler-to-win-wwe-championship-since-bret-hart-20-years-ago|title=Jinder Mahal first Calgarian professional wrestler to win WWE Championship since Bret Hart 20 years ago|newspaper=[[Calgary Sun]]|first=Anna|last=Brooks|archive-date=July 29, 2017|access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> He debuted in Premier Martial Arts Wrestling (PMW) as "Raj Dhesi" and then went on to train with [[Allen Coage]] and [[Gerry Morrow]], wrestling in a revived Stampede Wrestling alongside fellow future WWE wrestlers [[Natalya Neidhart|Natalya]], [[Tyson Kidd]], and [[Viktor (wrestler)|Viktor]].<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=https://cdn.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/19497591/wwe-jinder-mahal-embraces-new-success-sticking-got-there|title=Jinder Mahal embraces new success by sticking to what got him there|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=June 6, 2017|date=May 30, 2017|archive-date=June 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624121229/http://cdn.espn.go.com/wwe/story/_/id/19497591/wwe-jinder-mahal-embraces-new-success-sticking-got-there|url-status=live}}</ref> As "Tiger Raj Singh", he won various [[tag team championship]]s in Stampede and [[Prairie Wrestling Alliance]] (PWA), spending much of his early career teaming with his cousin Gama Singh Jr. They were known as The New Karachi Vice and also as Sikh & Destroy, winning the PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2007/05/20/4195268.html|title=Gama Singh made Great choices outside the ring|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canoe.com|Canadian Online Explorer]]|date=May 20, 2007|access-date=June 6, 2017|archive-date=July 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724053347/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2007/05/20/4195268.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In PWA, he was the PWA Heavyweight Champion from 2008 until January 2010<ref name="PWA">{{cite web|url=http://pwawrestling.ca/site2/?page_id=253|title=PWA Heavyweight Championship|publisher=Prairie Wrestling Alliance|access-date=February 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306054917/http://pwawrestling.ca/site2/?page_id=253|archive-date=March 6, 2010}}</ref> and also spent time in Great North Wrestling (GNW), where he [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feuded]] with wrestlers such as [[Devon Nicholson|Hannibal]] and [[Samoa Joe]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-rare-video-of-jinder-mahal-samoa-joe-match-surfaces|title=WWE News: Rare video of Jinder Mahal - Samoa Joe match surfaces|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=April 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412150132/https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-rare-video-of-jinder-mahal-samoa-joe-match-surfaces|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE (2010–2014) ===
==== Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011) ====
[[File:JinderMahal.jpg|thumb|170px|Mahal in February 2011]]
Dhesi tried out for [[WWE]]'s [[Farm team#Professional wrestling|developmental promotion]] [[Florida Championship Wrestling]] (FCW).<ref name=slam>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2010/02/21/12969671.html|title=Tiger Raj Singh ready for WWE experience|author=Oliver, Greg|publisher=Slam! Wrestling|access-date=August 9, 2017|date=February 23, 2010|archive-date=July 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717031914/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2010/02/21/12969671.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the tryout, he believed that his Punjabi [[Gimmick (professional wrestling)|gimmick]] and [[Promo (professional wrestling)|promos]] made him stand out, stating that he "came out wearing a turban and had [his] full outfit on" and that "they like guys who speak different languages and have different looks".<ref name=slam/> In February 2010, he signed to a developmental contract with FCW under the ring name '''Jinder Mahal''' and wrestled there for a year.<ref name=slam/>

==== Early feuds (2011–2012) ====
[[File:Jinder-Mahal-2012.jpg|thumb|left|As part of his first [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villain]] character, Mahal began wearing his signature pre-match attire]]
Mahal made his televised WWE debut on the April 29, 2011, episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]'', greeting backstage fellow Indian wrestler The Great Khali and his [[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]] [[Ranjin Singh]] by speaking in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] that he was really happy and excited to see Khali and Ranjin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23150-smackdown-results-4-29-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 4/29/11|work=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=April 30, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214357/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23150-smackdown-results-4-29-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next week on ''SmackDown'', Mahal, unimpressed by how Khali and Singh have been partaking in childish activities instead of winning matches, confronted Singh about his mismanagement of Khali, establishing himself as a [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23316-smackdown-results-5-6-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 5/6/11|work=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=May 6, 2011|archive-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731162640/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23316-smackdown-results-5-6-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal interrupted a Khali Kiss Cam segment the following week on ''SmackDown'', slapping Khali twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23476-smackdown-results-5-13-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 5/13/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=May 13, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211443/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23476-smackdown-results-5-13-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the May 20 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal interrupted Khali's match against [[Jey Uso]], leading to Khali confronting Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23650-smackdown-results-5-20-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 5/20/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=May 21, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214248/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/23650-smackdown-results-5-20-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On his first televised match on the June 17 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal defeated [[Vladimir Kozlov]]<ref name="The Great Khali">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/24311-smackdown-results-6-17-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 6/17/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=June 17, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214242/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/24311-smackdown-results-6-17-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> and on the July 1 episode of ''SmackDown'' it was revealed that Mahal was married to Khali's sister, making them (kayfabe) brothers-in-law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/24694-smackdown-results-7-1-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 7/1/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=July 2, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212414/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/24694-smackdown-results-7-1-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the September 5 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', he suffered his first loss when he and Khali lost to [[WWE Raw Tag Team Championship|WWE Tag Team Champions]] [[Matt Sydal|Evan Bourne]] and [[Kofi Kingston]] in a non-title match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_52971.shtml|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 9/5: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw Supershow on USA Network|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=July 27, 2017|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212054/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_52971.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In a rematch on ''SmackDown'', they lost again to Bourne and Kingston, leading Khali to walk away from Mahal after the match, thus ending their alliance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26576-smackdown-results-9-9-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 9/9/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=September 10, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214226/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26576-smackdown-results-9-9-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the September 16 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal attacked Khali during his match with [[Heath Slater]] which Khali won by [[Professional wrestling#Disqualification|disqualification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26756-smackdown-results-9-16-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 9/16/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=September 17, 2011|archive-date=October 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026022200/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26756-smackdown-results-9-16-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the September 23 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal suffered his first loss in a singles match to Khali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26934-smackdown-results-9-23-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 9/23/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=September 23, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214314/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/26934-smackdown-results-9-23-11/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the October 14 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal competed in a 41-man [[Battle royal (professional wrestling)|battle royal]] and Mahal made it to the final three before being eliminated by Randy Orton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/27469-smackdown-results-10-14-11/|title=Smackdown Results – 10/14/11|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=October 14, 2011|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214320/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/27469-smackdown-results-10-14-11/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November, Mahal targeted wrestlers whom he deemed as beneath him or embarrassing and in November began a feud with [[Ted DiBiase Jr.|Ted DiBiase]].<ref name="Tedesco">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1322303404|title=Smackdown Results – 11/25/11|date=November 25, 2011|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|access-date=January 26, 2012|publisher=WrestleView|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203200818/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1322303404|archive-date=December 3, 2011}}</ref> On the December 30 episode of ''Smackdown'', Mahal broke DiBiase's winning streak via [[Submission (professional wrestling)|submission]] to end their feud.<ref name="Caldwell">{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_56444.shtml|title=Caldwell's WWE SmackDown Results 12/30: Complete "virtual time" coverage of Smackdown on Syfy – Orton vs. Barrett 2011 finale|date=December 30, 2011|last=Caldwell|first=James|access-date=January 26, 2012|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|archive-date=January 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108123139/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_56444.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pro Wrestling Torch">{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwestatistics/article_56459.shtml|title=12/30 WWE SmackDown Box Score: Snapshot of Friday's show – match times, Win/Loss Records, Streaks (tons of W/L Streaks to close 2011)|date=December 31, 2012|access-date=June 3, 2012|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|quote=DiBiase – snapped 8 match winning streak|archive-date=March 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301181125/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwestatistics/article_56459.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In December, Mahal tried to make a name for himself and went after [[Sheamus]], constantly disrespecting him, but was defeated and for several months they were involved in multiple matches, with Sheamus always getting the best of Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net//?id=2&nr=6171&view=&page=4&gimmick=&year=&promotion=&region=&location=&arena=&showtype=TV-Show%7CPay+Per+View&constellationType=Singles&worker=Sheamus|title=Jinder Mahal vs. Sheamus|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=July 27, 2017|archive-date=September 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210326/https://www.cagematch.net//?id=2&nr=6171&view=&page=4&gimmick=&year=&promotion=&region=&location=&arena=&showtype=TV-Show%7CPay+Per+View&constellationType=Singles&worker=Sheamus|url-status=live}}</ref> At Mahal's first [[Royal Rumble (2012)|Royal Rumble]] on January 29, 2012, he was eliminated by The Great Khali,<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=Caldwell's WWE Royal Rumble report 1/29: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Rumble match, Punk-Ziggler, Cena-Kane, steel cage|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_57526.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=January 30, 2012|archive-date=December 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211044443/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_57526.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> rekindling their feud and leading to a match on the February 3 episode of ''SmackDown'', which Mahal lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/30144-smackdown-results-2-3-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 2/3/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=February 4, 2012|archive-date=August 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821090549/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/30144-smackdown-results-2-3-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Over the Limit (2012)|Over the Limit]] on May 20, Mahal participated in and lost a battle royal match where the winner was to receive a shot at the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] or the [[WWE United States Championship|United States Championship]] when he was again eliminated by The Great Khali.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE OVER THE LIMIT PPV REPORT 5/20: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Cena-Johnny, Punk-Bryan|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_61620.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=May 20, 2012|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202209/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_61620.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late April, Mahal began confronting several wrestlers, starting with Randy Orton, interrupting one of his promos and being attacked in retaliation with an ''[[Cutter (professional wrestling)|RKO]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/32199-smackdown-results-4-27-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 4/27/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=April 28, 2012|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233529/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/32199-smackdown-results-4-27-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 23 at ''[[WWE Raw 1000|Raw 1000]]'', Mahal confronted [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]], leading a group consisting of [[Tanga Loa|Camacho]], [[Brian Myers|Curt Hawkins]], [[Drew McIntyre]], [[Cinta de Oro|Hunico]] and [[Gabbi Tuft|Tyler Reks]] and claiming none of them had been given an opportunity within WWE and would make one by taking down Kane, but [[The Undertaker]]'s sudden appearance halted their advance and The [[Brothers of Destruction]] attacked the group and took them out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/34391-raw-1000-results-7-23-12/|title=Raw 1,000 Results – 7/23/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812101648/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/34391-raw-1000-results-7-23-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the July 27 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal lost to [[Ryback]] by [[Professional wrestling#Countout|countout]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/34503-smackdown-results-7-27-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 7/27/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=July 28, 2012|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825234907/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/34503-smackdown-results-7-27-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> and then began a feud with him, winning by intentional countout and disqualification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6171&view=&page=4&gimmick=&year=&promotion=&region=&location=&arena=&showtype=TV-Show%7CPay+Per+View&constellationType=Singles&worker=Ryback|title=Jinder Mahal vs. Ryback|publisher=Cagematch|access-date=July 27, 2017|archive-date=May 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517203244/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=6171&view=&page=4&gimmick=&year=&promotion=&region=&location=&arena=&showtype=TV-Show%7CPay+Per+View&constellationType=Singles&worker=Ryback|url-status=live}}</ref> To try and prove himself to Ryback, Mahal requested a match against two local wrestlers in a match style similar to Ryback's, defeating them quickly by [[Submission wrestling|submission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/34849-smackdown-results-8-10-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 8/10/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=August 11, 2012|archive-date=August 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012749/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/34849-smackdown-results-8-10-12/|url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of this, Mahal continued his feud with Ryback, attacking him during their matches and after Ryback's, but was ultimately [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pinned]] by Ryback on the August 24 episode of ''SmackDown'' to end their feud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/35218-smackdown-results-8-24-12/|title=Smackdown Results – 8/24/12|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=July 27, 2017|date=August 24, 2012|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825234549/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/35218-smackdown-results-8-24-12/|url-status=live}}</ref>

When WWE [[Rebranding|rebranded]] its developmental territory FCW into [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/27030-wwe-news-fcw-name-being-phased-out|title=WWE News: FCW name being phased out|access-date=June 7, 2013|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-date=June 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603005943/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/27030-wwe-news-fcw-name-being-phased-out|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal began appearing on the rebooted ''[[WWE NXT|NXT]]'', where he started a winning streak by defeating several wrestlers, including [[Ethan Carter III|Derrick Bateman]] and [[Percy Watson]].<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_63126.shtml|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 7/4 – Week 3: Chris Hero (Ohno) debuts, Vader's son, Bateman, six-man main event; Overall Reax|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 8, 2012|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043221/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_63126.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 7/18 – Week 5: Gabriel vs. Slater main event, Steamboat, Vickie's daughter, Overall Reax|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_63686.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 9, 2012|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002704/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_63686.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> On the August 8 episode of ''NXT'', Mahal was inserted into the [[NXT Championship#Inaugural tournament|Gold Rush tournament]] to crown the first [[NXT Championship|NXT Champion]], where he defeated [[Bo Dallas]] in the first round.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT RESULTS 8 // 8 – Week 8: Gold Rush tournament continues, Hero, Paige, Gabriel vs. McGillicutty, Overall Reax|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64301.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 8, 2012|archive-date=August 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822000731/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64301.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> On the August 15 episode of ''NXT'', Mahal defeated [[Richie Steamboat]] in the semi-finals of the Gold Rush Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 8/15 – Week 9: Gold Rush tournament continues, Scotty 2 Hotty cameo, Overall Reax|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64512.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 31, 2012|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074651/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64512.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> On the August 29 episode of ''NXT'', Mahal was defeated by [[Seth Rollins]] in the finals of the Gold Rush Tournament, thus ending his NXT winning streak.<ref>{{cite web|last=James|first=Justin|title=JAMES'S WWE NXT REPORT 8/29 – Week 11: First NXT champion crowned in big-match setting|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64831.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 8, 2012|archive-date=October 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002085156/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwenxtreport/article_64831.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Night of Champions (2012)|Night of Champions]] pre-show on September 16, Mahal competed in the 16-man battle royal to become number one contender for the United States Championship, but was eliminated by [[Brodus Clay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_65243.shtml|title=CALDWELL'S WWE NIGHT OF CHAMPIONS PPV REPORT 9/16: Complete 'virtual time' coverage of live PPV – Punk vs. Cena, six title matches|first=James|last=Caldwell|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|date=September 16, 2012|access-date=November 26, 2015|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403121633/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_65243.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 3MB (2012–2014) ====
[[File:3MB at WM30.jpg|thumb|right|175px|3MB – (Mahal (back), [[Drew McIntyre]] and [[Heath Slater]]) at [[WrestleMania XXX]] in April 2014]]
On the September 21 episode of ''SmackDown'', Mahal and [[Drew McIntyre]] interfered in [[Heath Slater]]'s match against Brodus Clay by attacking Clay.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|title=Smackdown Results – 9/21/12|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1348284153|access-date=December 8, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030092131/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1348284153|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> The alliance of Mahal, Slater and McIntyre were later named 3MB.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=David|title=Raw Results – 10/15/12|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1350357467|work=Wrestleview|access-date=December 9, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222193138/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1350357467|archive-date=December 22, 2012}}</ref> From October 2012, 3MB racked up many wins against Team Co-Bro ([[Santino Marella]] and [[Matt Cardona|Zack Ryder]]) and [[The Usos]] (Jey and Jimmy Uso), all of them due to illegal interference.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE SURVIVOR SERIES PPV REPORT 11/18: Complete "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Punk-Cena-Ryback|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_66714.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 9, 2012|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921215206/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_66714.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S SATURDAY SLAM RESULTS 11/24: Usos vs. 3MB main event, pie-eating contest, no Cena|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwsuperstarsreport/article_66819.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 9, 2012|archive-date=December 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204214224/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwsuperstarsreport/article_66819.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Parks|first=Greg|title=PARKS' WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 12/7: Complete coverage of the Friday night show, including Sheamus vs. Alberto Del Rio, Randy Orton vs. Wade Barrett|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_67085.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 9, 2012|archive-date=December 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231043836/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_67085.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Survivor Series (2012)|Survivor Series]] pre-show on November 18, Mahal and Slater defeated Marella and Ryder when Mahal pinned Ryder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2012/3mb-santino-marella-zack-ryder-26068586|title=3MB def. Team Co-Bro|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=November 18, 2012|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221028/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2012/3mb-santino-marella-zack-ryder-26068586|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2012)|TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs]] on December 16, 3MB were defeated by the team of [[Alberto Del Rio]], [[Steve Lombardi|The Brooklyn Brawler]] and [[The Miz]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE TLC PPV RESULTS 12/16: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of final 2012 PPV – Cena vs. Ziggler main event, Shield makes a statement|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_67280.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 17, 2012|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703163344/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_67280.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The next night on ''Raw'' at the [[Slammy Award]]s show, 3MB lost to Del Rio, Miz and [[Tommy Dreamer]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 12/17: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – The strangest show of the year concludes with the debut of a new monster heel; Ric Flair returns|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_67322.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 26, 2012|archive-date=January 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130195553/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_67322.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal competed in the 30-man [[Royal Rumble#Match|Royal Rumble match]] at the [[Royal Rumble (2013)|Royal Rumble]] on January 27, 2013, by entering at number 27, but was eliminated by Sheamus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/2013/royal-rumble-match-26080784|title=30-Man Royal Rumble Match|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=January 27, 2013|archive-date=December 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218152124/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/2013/royal-rumble-match-26080784|url-status=live}}</ref> On the April 12 episode of ''SmackDown'', in an attempt to make a name for themselves, 3MB tried to attack [[Triple H]], but were attacked themselves by [[The Shield (professional wrestling)|The Shield]] ([[Jon Moxley|Dean Ambrose]], [[Roman Reigns]] and Seth Rollins).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_69993.shtml|title=PWTorch.com - PARKS' WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 4/12: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Friday night show, including Dolph Ziggler's first Smackdown as champion and Triple H addresses Lesnar match|website=www.pwtorch.com|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419130224/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_69993.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> On the April 15 episode of ''Raw'', 3MB called out The Shield, only for [[Brock Lesnar]] to come out instead and attack the group.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 4/15: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – Lesnar returns, Punk walks away, WM29 fallout, new U.S. champion, more|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_70029.shtml|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 15, 2013|archive-date=January 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116093554/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_70029.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Night of Champions (2013)|Night of Champions]] pre-show on September 15, 3MB (Drew McIntyre and Heath Slater) competed in a number one contenders [[Professional wrestling tag team match types#Tag Team Turmoil|tag team turmoil match]] for the WWE Tag Team Championship, in which they were the last team eliminated by Tons of Funk (Brodus Clay and [[Matt Bloom|Tensai]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_73319.shtml|title=PWTorch.com - CALDWELL'S WWE NOC PPV RESULTS 9/15 (Pre-Show): Night of Champions kicks off with five-team #1 contender match|website=www.pwtorch.com|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305215432/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_73319.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 2013, 3MB began adopting new ring names against their opponents, although their misfortunes and amounting losses remained the same.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|title=WWE Raw Results – 11/11/13 (2-on-3 Handicap match)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/44916|publisher=WrestleView|access-date=November 11, 2013|archive-date=December 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114626/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/44916|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 11/18 (Hour 1): Authority returns, new IC champ, Big Show vs. Ryback, Musical Chairs, more|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_74629.shtml|publisher=PWTorch|access-date=November 18, 2013|archive-date=November 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122114339/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_74629.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_74711.shtml|title=Parks' WWE SmackDown Report 11/22: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Friday show, including Daniel Bryan vs. Luke Harper rematch|author=Parks, Greg|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|date=November 22, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2013|archive-date=December 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201045659/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_74711.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Parks|first=Greg|title=Parks's WWE SmackDown report 11/29: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of Friday show, including Cody Rhodes & Goldust vs. The Shield in a Tag Team Championship Match|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_74847.shtml|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=November 29, 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203070447/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwesmackdownreport/article_74847.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 12/31: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of New Year's Eve episode – Champion's Choice Night ends with Cena dressing down Ziggler|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_67506.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=December 31, 2012|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094646/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_67506.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania XXX]] on April 6, Mahal competed in the [[André the Giant]] [[André the Giant#Legacy|Memorial]] battle royal, but was eliminated by [[Mark Henry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Andre the Giant memorial battle royal|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestlemania-30-ppv-results/47771-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=April 6, 2014|archive-date=June 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626110833/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestlemania-30-ppv-results/47771-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal|url-status=live}}</ref> In April, 3MB formed an alliance with [[Hornswoggle]] to feud with [[Primo & Epico|Los Matadores]] ([[Primo Colón|Diego]] and [[Epico Colón|Fernando]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/2014/4/15/5616178/wwe-main-event-results-live-blog-for-april-15-2014-big-show-vs-jack-swagger|title=WWE Main Event results, live blog for April 15, 2014: Jack Swagger vs. Big Show|publisher=Cagesideseats|access-date=April 15, 2014|date=April 15, 2014|archive-date=April 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180033/http://www.cagesideseats.com/2014/4/15/5616178/wwe-main-event-results-live-blog-for-april-15-2014-big-show-vs-jack-swagger|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|title=WWE Raw Results – 4/21/14 (John Cena vs. Wyatt Family)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/48085-wwe-raw-results-4-21-14-live-results-from-baltimore|access-date=April 21, 2014|publisher=WrestleView|archive-date=April 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423223501/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/48085-wwe-raw-results-4-21-14-live-results-from-baltimore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/48210-wwe-raw-results-4-28-14-live-results-from-st-louis/|title=WWE RAW Results – 4/28/14 (Randy Orton vs. Roman Reigns)|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=April 28, 2014|archive-date=April 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429131435/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/48210-wwe-raw-results-4-28-14-live-results-from-st-louis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/48778-wwe-smackdown-results-5-30-14-bray-wyatt-vs-jimmy-uso/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 5/30/14 (Wyatt vs. Jimmy Uso)|publisher=Wrestleview|access-date=May 30, 2014|archive-date=May 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531182044/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/48778-wwe-smackdown-results-5-30-14-bray-wyatt-vs-jimmy-uso|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 12, Mahal was released from his WWE contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/wwe-releases-superstars|title=WWE releases Superstars|date=June 12, 2014|access-date=June 12, 2014|publisher=[[WWE]]|archive-date=June 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612153322/http://www.wwe.com/inside/wwe-releases-superstars|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Independent circuit (2014–2016) ===
[[File:Jinder Mahal 2015.jpg|thumb|Dhesi as Raj Singh in 2015|264x264px]]
Dhesi wrestled for [[Reality of Wrestling]] (ROW) under the name Raj Singh at their summer iPPV, [[ROW Summer of Champions 2014]], defeating Jasper Davis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/PPV_Reports_5/article_79853.shtm|title=Parks's Reality of Wrestling "Summer Of Champions" iPPV Review - ROW Title Steel Cage Match, appearances by Teddy Long, DDP, Brother Devon, others|date=July 28, 2014|website=PW Torch|access-date=April 12, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On October 24 at All Star Wrestling (ASW) in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia|BC]] at the live event Fright Night Live, Singh teamed with his cousin Gama Singh Jr. to defeat Kyle Sebastian and Collin Cutler to win the ASW Tag Team Championship. Between 2014 and 2015, he appeared in Puerto Rican promotion the [[World Wrestling Council]] (WWC) against local star [[Ray González]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=122557|title=WWC « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|last=Kreikenbohm|first=Philip|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-date=September 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210327/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=122557|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=123049|title=WWC Euphoria - Tag 1 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|last=Kreikenbohm|first=Philip|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-date=September 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210326/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=123049|url-status=live}}</ref> He also participated in Qatar Pro Wrestling (QPW) Souq Waqif Championship tournament in April 2015, where he ended up as first runner up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=3321|title=QPW Souq Waqif Title Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|last=Kreikenbohm|first=Philip|website=www.cagematch.net|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-date=June 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609185032/https://www.cagematch.net//?id=26&nr=3321|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 5, Singh made his debut for Japanese promotion [[Inoki Genome Federation]] (IGF), losing to [[Tian Bing|Wang Bin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igf.jp/event/genome33/|title=Genome33|access-date=June 21, 2015|work=[[Inoki Genome Federation]]|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510100423/http://www.igf.jp/event/genome33/|archive-date=May 10, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, he also wrestled for The Great Khali's wrestling promotion Continental Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) in India.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/it-s-time-to-pay-back-to-punjab-says-great-khali/194613.html|title=It's time to pay back to Punjab, says Great Khali|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=February 11, 2016|location=Punjab|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143612/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/it-s-time-to-pay-back-to-punjab-says-great-khali/194613.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2017 interview on [[Chris Jericho]]'s ''[[Talk is Jericho]]'' podcast, Mahal revealed that he "hit [[wiktionary:rock bottom#Noun|rock bottom]]" during his time in the [[independent circuit]]. He also mentioned that he stopped drinking [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] and began working out and eating cleaner, losing 20 pounds in the process, two months prior to WWE calling him to return.<ref>{{cite web|title=Written Podcast Recap: Talk Is Jericho w/ Jinder Mahal on Vince McMahon writing his promos, trying to become a hated heel, almost joining Impact|url=https://www.pwpodcasts.com/2017/05/23/written-podcast-recap-talk-jericho-w-jinder-mahal-vince-mcmahon-writing-promos-trying-become-hated-heel-almost-joining-impact/|access-date=December 29, 2017|date=May 23, 2017|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231553/https://www.pwpodcasts.com/2017/05/23/written-podcast-recap-talk-jericho-w-jinder-mahal-vince-mcmahon-writing-promos-trying-become-hated-heel-almost-joining-impact/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Return to WWE (2016–2024) ===
==== The Man of Peace (2016–2017) ====
On July 27, Mahal re-signed with the WWE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/103648/latest-former-wwe-names-set-to-return-and-more-.html?p=1|title=LATEST FORMER WWE NAMES SET TO RETURN AND MORE|publisher=Pro Wrestling Inside|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730114215/http://www.pwinsider.com/article/103648/latest-former-wwe-names-set-to-return-and-more-.html?p=1|url-status=live}}</ref> On the August 1 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Mahal returned to television alongside Heath Slater, demanding contracts until Raw General Manager [[Mick Foley]] informed the pair that they had to face each other in a match for a [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw contract]], which Mahal won.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE RAW Results – 8/1/16 (Live results from Atlanta, Brock Lesnar's first appearance since WrestleMania)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/65189-wwe-raw-results-8116-live-results-atlanta-brock-lesnars-first-appearance-since-wrestlemania/|website=WrestleView|access-date=August 3, 2016|date=August 2016|archive-date=August 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814134435/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/65189-wwe-raw-results-8116-live-results-atlanta-brock-lesnars-first-appearance-since-wrestlemania/|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the rest of the month on ''Raw'', Mahal began losing to the likes of [[Pac (wrestler)|Neville]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Caldwell|first1=James|title=8/15 WWE Raw Results – CALDWELL'S Complete Live TV Report|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/08/15/aug15rawresultsfinal/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 15, 2016|archive-date=August 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820115600/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/08/15/aug15rawresultsfinal/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sami Zayn]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|title=KELLER'S WWE RAW REVIEW 8/29: Ongoing coverage of fatal four way for the WWE Universal Title|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/08/29/kellers-wwe-raw-review-829-ongoing-coverage-fatal-four-way-wwe-universal-title-match-kevin-owens-seth-rollins-roman-reigns-big-cass/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=August 29, 2016|archive-date=September 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904140158/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/08/29/kellers-wwe-raw-review-829-ongoing-coverage-fatal-four-way-wwe-universal-title-match-kevin-owens-seth-rollins-roman-reigns-big-cass/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Fred Rosser|Darren Young]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=9/5 WWE Raw Results – CALDWELL'S Complete Live TV Report|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/09/05/sept5rawresults/|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=September 5, 2016|archive-date=September 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911162803/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/09/05/sept5rawresults/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal then adopted the gimmick of a "man who comes in peace", advocating peace and tranquility.<ref>{{Citation|last=WWE|title=Jinder Mahal tries to help Alicia Fox find inner peace: Raw Fallout, Sept. 19, 2016|date=September 19, 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-tte71APps |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/9-tte71APps |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 13, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=WWE|title=Jinder Mahal demonstrates a breathing exercise for achieving inner peace|date=October 3, 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOhJ1Ma2dqw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/qOhJ1Ma2dqw |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 13, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On the September 12 episode of ''Raw'', Mahal stated that after he left WWE he "felt anger and rage" and had since "found inner peace" before defeating [[Jake Hager|Jack Swagger]].<ref name="411mania">{{cite web|title=Csonka's WWE Raw Review 9.12.16|url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/csonkas-wwe-raw-review-9-12-16/|website=411mania|access-date=September 13, 2016|archive-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914172728/http://411mania.com/wrestling/csonkas-wwe-raw-review-9-12-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterwards, Mahal began competing on ''[[WWE Main Event|Main Event]]'' and ''[[WWE Superstars|Superstars]]'', where he often traded wins and losses against Darren Young.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE Superstars Results: Jinder Mahal picks up a win|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-superstars-results-jinder-mahal-picks-win-224921|publisher=Figure Four Wrestling Online|access-date=April 27, 2017|date=November 20, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193254/http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-superstars-results-jinder-mahal-picks-win-224921|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the December 19 episode of ''Raw'', a notably more lean and muscular<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-main-event-results-gallagher-ali-vs-dar-nese-231601|title=WWE Main Event results: Gallagher & Ali vs. Dar & Nese|date=March 11, 2017|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162052/https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-main-event-results-gallagher-ali-vs-dar-nese-231601|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-raw-live-results-goldberg-returns-first-episode-2017-227511|title=WWE Raw live results: Goldberg returns on the first episode of 2017|date=January 2, 2017|access-date=June 9, 2018|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162917/https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-results/wwe-raw-live-results-goldberg-returns-first-episode-2017-227511|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal began an alliance with [[Miro (wrestler)|Rusev]] after Mahal had a confrontation with Rusev's rival [[Enzo Amore]] before the two attacked Amore.<ref>{{cite web|title=KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 12/19: Fallout from Roadblock including Jericho explaining his actions and putting Santa on his list|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/12/19/kellers-wwe-raw-report-1219-fallout-roadblock-including-jericho-explaining-actions-putting-santa-list/|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=January 3, 2017|date=December 20, 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220235908/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/12/19/kellers-wwe-raw-report-1219-fallout-roadblock-including-jericho-explaining-actions-putting-santa-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the January 2, 2017, episode of ''Raw'', Mahal and Rusev defeated Amore's [[tag team]] partner [[W. Morrissey|Big Cass]] in a [[Handicap match|2-on-1 handicap match]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|title=KELLER'S WWE RAW REPORT 1/2: Goldberg appearance, Sami vs. Braun in Last Man Standing match, Foley's new haircut|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/02/kellers-wwe-raw-report-12-goldberg-appearance-sami-vs-braun-last-man-standing-match-foleys-new-haircut/|website=pwtorch.com|publisher=TDH Communications Inc.|access-date=January 2, 2017|archive-date=January 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103235819/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/02/kellers-wwe-raw-report-12-goldberg-appearance-sami-vs-braun-last-man-standing-match-foleys-new-haircut/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following week on ''Raw'', Mahal lost to Cass (who had [[Shawn Michaels]] at ringside) after Michaels performed the ''[[Superkick|Sweet Chin Music]]'' on Rusev at ringside, which distracted Mahal.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|title=KELLER'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW REPORT 1/9: Reigns vs. Owens & Jericho, Shawn Michaels, Foley's Performance Review, Undertaker "rumored" to appear|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/09/kellers-wwe-monday-night-raw-report-19-reigns-vs-owens-jericho-shawn-michaels-foleys-performance-review-undertaker-rumored-appear/|website=pwtorch.com|publisher=TDH Communications Inc.|access-date=January 9, 2017|archive-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110233324/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/01/09/kellers-wwe-monday-night-raw-report-19-reigns-vs-owens-jericho-shawn-michaels-foleys-performance-review-undertaker-rumored-appear/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the February 27 episode of ''Raw'', Mahal and Rusev began to show tension after Rusev inadvertently distracted Mahal, causing the two to lose to [[The New Day (professional wrestling)|The New Day]] ([[Big E (wrestler)|Big E]], Kofi Kingston and [[Xavier Woods]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE RAW Results – 2/27/17 (Seth Rollins returns, Goldberg, Fastlane)|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/73632-wwe-raw-results-22717-seth-rollins-returns-goldberg-fastlane/|website=WrestleView|access-date=March 8, 2017|date=February 27, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307123445/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/73632-wwe-raw-results-22717-seth-rollins-returns-goldberg-fastlane/|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance between Mahal and Rusev ended at [[Fastlane (2017)|Fastlane]] on March 5, when Mahal informed Raw General Manager Mick Foley about his desire to return to singles competition, prompting Foley to place the duo in singles matches that night and with both Mahal and Rusev losing their respective matches against [[Claudio Castagnoli|Cesaro]] and [[Big Show]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=3/5 Powell's WWE Fastlane Live Review: Kevin Owens vs. Goldberg for the WWE Championship, Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman, Bayley vs. Charlotte for the Raw Women's Championship, Samoa Joe vs. Sami Zayn|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/03/05/35-powells-wwe-fastlane-live-review-kevin-owens-vs-goldberg-wwe-championship-roman-reigns-vs-braun-strowman-bayley-vs-charlotte-raw-womens-championship-samoa-joe-vs-sam/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=March 5, 2017|archive-date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306135418/http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/03/05/35-powells-wwe-fastlane-live-review-kevin-owens-vs-goldberg-wwe-championship-roman-reigns-vs-braun-strowman-bayley-vs-charlotte-raw-womens-championship-samoa-joe-vs-sam/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was done due to Rusev suffering a [[Legit (professional wrestling)|legit]] shoulder injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/rusev-injury-update-bulgarian-superstar-to-miss-wwe-wrestlemania-33-out-for-at-least-two-months|title=Rusev Injury Update: Bulgarian Superstar to miss WWE WrestleMania 33, out for at least two months|work=Sportskeeda|access-date=March 16, 2017|date=March 16, 2017|archive-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822093327/https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/rusev-injury-update-bulgarian-superstar-to-miss-wwe-wrestlemania-33-out-for-at-least-two-months|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 3 at the [[WrestleMania 33]] preshow, Mahal was the runner-up in the [[André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal]], being eliminated last by [[Mojo Rawley]] after interference from [[Rob Gronkowski]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/2017-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal-results|title=Mojo Rawley won the 4th annual Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal|last=Artus|first=Matthew|work=WWE|access-date=April 2, 2017|archive-date=April 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043045/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/2017-andre-the-giant-memorial-battle-royal-results|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 11, Mahal was moved to [[SmackDown (WWE brand)|SmackDown]] as part of the [[2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up|Superstar Shake-up]]. On that night, he lost to Rawley after another interference from Gronkowski to end their feud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/11/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-411-superstar-shake-night-2-details/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 4/11: Superstar Shake-up Night 2 details|last1=Keller|first1=Wade|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 11, 2017|archive-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621095210/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/11/kellers-wwe-smackdown-report-411-superstar-shake-night-2-details/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== WWE Champion (2017–2018) ====
{{quote box|quote=Jinder is a guy who has always worked extremely hard. He trains hard; he's very intense about what he wants with his career; he's very thoughtful... to Jinder's credit and to [[Drew McIntyre|Drew <nowiki>[McIntyre]</nowiki>]]'s credit, they left, they went and figured it for themselves, they improved. They're both men now as opposed to kids trying to make it in the business... now hopefully they are in a better position to succeed. |source=[[Triple H]] in April 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS: Triple H comments on Jinder Mahal suddenly getting a PPV World Title match, Drew McIntyre's fresh start (w/Keller's Analysis)|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/25/interview-highlights-triple-h-comments-jinder-mahal-suddenly-getting-ppv-world-title-match-drew-mcintyres-fresh-start-wkellers-analysis/|publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 27, 2017|date=April 25, 2017|archive-date=April 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051018/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/25/interview-highlights-triple-h-comments-jinder-mahal-suddenly-getting-ppv-world-title-match-drew-mcintyres-fresh-start-wkellers-analysis/|url-status=live}}</ref>|align=right|width=25%}}

On the April 18 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', Mahal won a [[Professional wrestling match types#Six-pack challenge|six-pack challenge]] to earn a title match for the [[WWE Championship]] after interference from Mahal's new allies, [[The Bollywood Boyz|The Singh Brothers]] (Samir and Sunil Singh),<ref name="TheSinghBrothers">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/18/wwe-smackdown-report-418-six-way-contenders-match-naomi-vs-charlotte/|title=KELLER'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 4/18: Six-Way Contenders Match, Naomi vs. Charlotte, Styles vs. Corbin|last=Keller|first=Wade|date=April 18, 2017|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=April 19, 2017|archive-date=April 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045936/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2017/04/18/wwe-smackdown-report-418-six-way-contenders-match-naomi-vs-charlotte/|url-status=live}}</ref> defeating the champion [[Randy Orton]] at [[Backlash (2017)|Backlash]] to win the title, becoming the 50th recognized WWE Champion and the first of Indian descent.<ref>{{cite web|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/2017/randy-orton-jinder-mahal-results|work=WWE|access-date=May 21, 2017|archive-date=June 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627112434/http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/2017/randy-orton-jinder-mahal-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=5/21 Powell's WWE Backlash Live Review: Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship, Kevin Owens vs. AJ Styles for the U.S. Championship, Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Dolph Ziggler|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/05/21/521-powells-wwe-backlash-live-review-randy-orton-vs-jinder-mahal-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-vs-aj-styles-u-s-championship-shinsuke-nakamura-vs-dolph-ziggler/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=May 21, 2017|date=May 21, 2017|archive-date=June 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614135849/http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/05/21/521-powells-wwe-backlash-live-review-randy-orton-vs-jinder-mahal-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-vs-aj-styles-u-s-championship-shinsuke-nakamura-vs-dolph-ziggler/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to him, Mahal was included into the feud against Orton after Rusev suffered an injury and his title win took place because the company wanted a surprise.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/133115-jinder-mahal-revela-que-tuvo-la-oportunidad-de-ser-campeon-de-wwe-gracias-a-una-lesion-de-rusev | title=Jinder Mahal revela que tuvo la oportunidad de ser Campeón de WWE gracias a una lesión de Rusev | work=Solowrestling | date=August 29, 2024 | author1=Solowrestling }}</ref> Mahal retained the title against Orton at [[Money in the Bank (2017)|Money in the Bank]], and [[Battleground (2017)|Battleground]], the first in a singles match and the second in a Punjabi Prison match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton-results|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|work=WWE|access-date=June 18, 2017|archive-date=June 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627150959/http://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwebattleground/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton-results|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton (Punjabi Prison Match)|last1=Benigno|first1=Anthony|work=WWE|access-date=June 23, 2017|archive-date=July 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729015541/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwebattleground/2017/jinder-mahal-randy-orton-results|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the August 15 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', [[Baron Corbin]] cashed in his [[Money in the Bank ladder match|Money in the Bank]] contract on Mahal, retaining the title after Corbin was distracted by John Cena.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/88451-wwe-smackdown-results-august-15-2017/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 8/15/17 (Final show before SummerSlam)|date=August 15, 2017|last=Tedesco|first=Mike|work=Wrestleview|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194616/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-smackdown-results/88451-wwe-smackdown-results-august-15-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the following weeks, he retained the WWE Championship against [[Shinsuke Nakamura]] at [[SummerSlam (2017)|SummerSlam]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benigno|first1=Anthony|title=WWE Champion Jinder Mahal def. Shinsuke Nakamura|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura-match-results|work=WWE|date=August 20, 2017|access-date=August 21, 2017|archive-date=August 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130834/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura-match-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=Powell's WWE SummerSlam 2017 live review: Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman vs. Samoa Joe vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship, Jinder Mahal vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, Sheamus and Cesaro vs. Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins for the Raw Tag Titles|url=http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/08/20/powells-wwe-summerslam-2017-live-review-brock-lesnar-vs-braun-strowman-vs-samoa-joe-vs-roman-reigns-wwe-universal-championship-jinder-mahal-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-wwe-champio/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=August 20, 2017|date=August 20, 2017|archive-date=August 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821024325/http://prowrestling.net/site/2017/08/20/powells-wwe-summerslam-2017-live-review-brock-lesnar-vs-braun-strowman-vs-samoa-joe-vs-roman-reigns-wwe-universal-championship-jinder-mahal-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-wwe-champio/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Hell in a Cell (2017)|Hell in a Cell]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/hellinacell/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura-results|title=The Modern Day Maharaja attempts to quell the threat of Nakamura|work=WWE|date=October 8, 2017|access-date=October 10, 2017|archive-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011003105/http://www.wwe.com/shows/hellinacell/2017/jinder-mahal-shinsuke-nakamura-results|url-status=live}}</ref> On the October 17 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', Mahal challenged [[WWE Universal Championship|Universal Champion]] [[Brock Lesnar]] to a match at [[Survivor Series (2017)|Survivor Series]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Benigno|first1=Anthony|title=Universal Champion Brock Lesnar vs. WWE Champion Jinder Mahal (Champion vs. Champion Match)|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2017/brock-lesnar-vs-jinder-mahal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024111545/https://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2017/brock-lesnar-vs-jinder-mahal|url-status=dead|work=WWE|access-date=December 10, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref> However, Mahal lost the WWE Championship to [[AJ Styles]] on the November 7 episode of ''SmackDown Live'', ending his reign at 170 days.<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=11/7 Barnett's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review: Jinder Mahal vs. AJ Styles for the WWE Championship, The Usos vs. Shelton Benjamin and Chad Gable for the Smackdown Tag Titles, Becky Lynch vs. James Ellsworth|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2017/11/07/117-barnetts-wwe-smackdown-live-tv-review-jinder-mahal-vs-aj-styles-wwe-championship-usos-vs-shelton-benjamin-chad-gable-smackdown-tag-titles-becky-lynch-vs-james-ellsw/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=November 7, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109084448/https://prowrestling.net/site/2017/11/07/117-barnetts-wwe-smackdown-live-tv-review-jinder-mahal-vs-aj-styles-wwe-championship-usos-vs-shelton-benjamin-chad-gable-smackdown-tag-titles-becky-lynch-vs-james-ellsw/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal received his rematch for the title against Styles at [[Clash of Champions (2017)|Clash of Champions]] on December 17, but he lost by submission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wweclashofchampions/2017/aj-styles-jinder-mahal-results|title=WWE Champion AJ Styles def. Jinder Mahal|last=Benigno|first=Anthony|publisher=WWE|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222071314/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wweclashofchampions/2017/aj-styles-jinder-mahal-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2017/12/17/powells-wwe-clash-champions-2017-live-review-aj-styles-vs-jinder-mahal-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-sami-zayn-put-wwe-careers-line-vs-randy-orton-shinsuke-nak/|title=Powell's WWE Clash of Champions 2017 live review: AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship, Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn put their WWE careers on the line vs. Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura with Shane McMahon and Daniel Bryan as referees|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105022/https://prowrestling.net/site/2017/12/17/powells-wwe-clash-champions-2017-live-review-aj-styles-vs-jinder-mahal-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-sami-zayn-put-wwe-careers-line-vs-randy-orton-shinsuke-nak/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Other championship reigns and brand switches (2018–2020) ====
[[File:Jinder mahal mania 34 (cropped).jpeg|thumb|right|Mahal at [[WrestleMania 34]]]]
After dropping the WWE Championship, Mahal was quickly inserted into the [[WWE United States Championship|United States Championship]] picture after he competed in an 8-man tournament to crown a new champion, losing against Robert Roode in the finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/96778-wwe-smackdown-results-january-23-2018/|title=WWE Smackdown Results – 1/23/18 (Final hype for Royal Rumble, Six Man Tag Match)|date=January 23, 2018|last=Martin|first=Adam|work=Wrestleview|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202236/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-smackdown-results/96778-wwe-smackdown-results-january-23-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[WrestleMania 34]], Mahal won a Fatal 4 Way, including the champion Randy Orton, Rusev and Robert Roode to win the title.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pappolla|first=Ryan|title=Jinder Mahal def. Randy Orton, Rusev and Bobby Roode to win the United States Championship|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/wrestlemania-34/randy-orton-bobby-roode-jinder-mahal-rusev-results|publisher=WWE|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-date=April 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171420/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/wrestlemania-34/randy-orton-bobby-roode-jinder-mahal-rusev-results|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=Powell's WrestleMania 34 live review: AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship, Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women's Championship, Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/04/08/powells-wrestlemania-34-live-review-aj-styles-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-for-the-wwe-championship-brock-lesnar-vs-roman-reigns-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-charlotte-flair-vs-as/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 8, 2018|date=April 8, 2018|archive-date=April 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409013212/https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/04/08/powells-wrestlemania-34-live-review-aj-styles-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-for-the-wwe-championship-brock-lesnar-vs-roman-reigns-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-charlotte-flair-vs-as/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 16, as part of [[2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up|Superstar Shake-up]], Mahal was traded back to Raw and lost the title to [[Jeff Hardy]], ending his reign at just 8 days.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=WWE Raw Live TV Review: The Superstar Shakeup Night One, Sasha Banks vs. Bayley, Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt vs. The Revival for a shot at the vacant Raw Tag Titles|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/04/16/wwe-raw-live-tv-review-the-superstar-shakeup-night-one-sasha-banks-vs-bayley-matt-hardy-and-bray-wyatt-vs-the-revival-for-a-shot-at-the-vacant-raw-tag-titles/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 16, 2018|date=April 16, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417111441/https://prowrestling.net/site/2018/04/16/wwe-raw-live-tv-review-the-superstar-shakeup-night-one-sasha-banks-vs-bayley-matt-hardy-and-bray-wyatt-vs-the-revival-for-a-shot-at-the-vacant-raw-tag-titles/|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 27 at [[WWE Greatest Royal Rumble|Greatest Royal Rumble]] event Mahal couldn't win back the United States Championship from Hardy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Melok|first1=Bobby|title=United States Champion Jeff Hardy def. Jinder Mahal|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/greatest-royal-rumble/2018/jeff-hardy-jinder-mahal-results|work=WWE|access-date=April 27, 2018|archive-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428095459/http://www.wwe.com/shows/greatest-royal-rumble/2018/jeff-hardy-jinder-mahal-results|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Image:Jinder Mahal 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Mahal in 2019]]
On the May 7 episode of ''Raw'', after defeating [[Chad Gable]], Mahal was denied entry into the triple threat [[Money in the Bank ladder match|Money in the Bank]] qualifying match by General Manager [[Kurt Angle]], which led to Mahal interfering and costing [[Roman Reigns]] the match later that night.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/103879-may-7-2018-mitb-qualifying-matches-uniondale/|title=WWE RAW Results – 5/7/18 (Two Triple Threat Money in the Bank Qualifying Matches)|work=WrestleView|first=Mike|last=Tedesco|date=May 7, 2018|access-date=December 10, 2018|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512144117/https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/103879-may-7-2018-mitb-qualifying-matches-uniondale/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following week, Mahal was scheduled to compete in another triple threat Money in the Bank qualifying match against [[Bobby Lashley]] and [[Elias (wrestler)|Elias]], but he was attacked by Reigns before the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/05/14/5-14-wwe-raw-results-kellers-report-and-analysis-of-jax-vs-rousey-title-match-announcement-and-latest-money-in-the-bank-developments/|title=5/14 WWE RAW RESULTS: Keller's report and analysis of Jax vs. Rousey title match announcement and latest Money in the Bank developments|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|first=Wade|last=Keller|date=May 14, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-date=June 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628182045/https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2018/05/14/5-14-wwe-raw-results-kellers-report-and-analysis-of-jax-vs-rousey-title-match-announcement-and-latest-money-in-the-bank-developments/|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Money in the Bank (2018)|Money in the Bank]], Mahal lost to Reigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2018/roman-reigns-jinder-mahal-results|title=Roman Reigns def. Jinder Mahal|work=WWE|first=Anthony|last=Benigno|date=June 17, 2018|access-date=December 25, 2018|archive-date=May 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518154952/https://www.wwe.com/shows/moneyinthebank/2018/roman-reigns-jinder-mahal-results|url-status=live}}</ref>

The night after on ''Raw'', Mahal returned as the "man who comes in peace" and defeated Chad Gable.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE RAW Results – 6/18/18 (Fallout from Money in the Bank, Ronda Rousey advertised) |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/107177-june-18-2018-mitb-fallout-ronda-rousey-grand-rapids/ |website=WrestleView |access-date=June 29, 2018 |date=June 18, 2018 |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623155131/http://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/107177-june-18-2018-mitb-fallout-ronda-rousey-grand-rapids/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting in September, Mahal competed in the second iteration of the [[WWE Mixed Match Challenge]], teaming with [[Alicia Fox]], where they went 1-3 to make the Playoff round of the tournament and defeat the team of [[Apollo Crews]] and [[Bayley (wrestler)|Bayley]] to advance to the finals. At the [[TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2018)|TLC]] PPV on December 16, Mahal & Fox lost the final to [[R-Truth]] & [[Carmella (wrestler)|Carmella]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burdick|first1=Michael|title=Carmella & R-Truth def. Jinder Mahal & Alicia Fox to win Season 2 of Mixed Match Challenge|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwetlc/2018/r-truth-carmella-jinder-mahal-alicia-fox-results|work=WWE|access-date=December 16, 2018|archive-date=January 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145554/https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwetlc/2018/r-truth-carmella-jinder-mahal-alicia-fox-results|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, as part of [[2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up|Superstar Shake-up]], Mahal was moved to the SmackDown brand,<ref name="SmackDown04232019">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/04/23/4-23-wwe-smackdown-live-results-powells-review-of-kofi-kingston-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-in-a-non-title-match-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-meet-face-to-face-for-the-first-time-since-wrestlemania-3/|title=4/23 WWE Smackdown Live results: Powell's review of Kofi Kingston vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a non-title match, Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair meet face to face for the first time since WrestleMania 35, fallout from Roman Reigns punching Vince McMahon and the Superstar Shakeup|date=April 23, 2019|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424130203/https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/04/23/4-23-wwe-smackdown-live-results-powells-review-of-kofi-kingston-vs-shinsuke-nakamura-in-a-non-title-match-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-meet-face-to-face-for-the-first-time-since-wrestlemania-3/|url-status=live}}</ref> where he won the [[WWE 24/7 Championship|24/7 Championship]] twice, 1 pinning champion R-Truth on a golf course,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bristout|first=Ralph|title=R-Truth regains the 24/7 Title after golf course scrap with Jinder Mahal|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/r-truth-regains-the-24-7-title-after-golf-course-scrap-with-jinder-mahal|work=WWE|access-date=June 2, 2019|archive-date=June 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603045500/https://www.wwe.com/article/r-truth-regains-the-24-7-title-after-golf-course-scrap-with-jinder-mahal|url-status=live}}</ref> and, 4 days later, pinned R-Truth on an airport tarmac.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/videos/r-truth-loses-the-24-7-title-on-the-airport-tarmac|title=R-Truth loses the 24/7 Title at the airport|via=www.wwe.com|access-date=June 29, 2019|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000618/https://www.wwe.com/videos/r-truth-loses-the-24-7-title-on-the-airport-tarmac|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 28, WWE reported that Mahal suffered a knee injury and it was reported that the injury would sideline him for 6 to 12 months.<ref name="injury">{{cite web|last=Wortman|first=James|title=Jinder Mahal undergoes knee surgery|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/jinder-mahal-patellar-tendon-surgery|work=WWE|access-date=June 28, 2019|archive-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629095242/https://www.wwe.com/article/jinder-mahal-patellar-tendon-surgery|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the [[2019 WWE Draft|2019 draft]], Mahal was drafted to the Raw brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/full-2019-wwe-draft-results|title=See all the results from the 2019 WWE Draft|date=October 11, 2019|author=[[WWE]].com Staff|work=[[WWE]].com|access-date=October 14, 2019|archive-date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015033410/https://www.wwe.com/article/full-2019-wwe-draft-results|url-status=live}}</ref> While he returned on the April 27, 2020, show of ''Raw'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|date=April 27, 2020|title=4/27 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of the Drew McIntyre and Seth Rollins contract signing for the WWE Championship match at Money in the Bank, Shayna Baszler vs. Nia Jax vs. Asuka in a Triple Threat|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/04/27/4-27-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-drew-mcintyre-and-seth-rollins-contract-signing-for-the-wwe-championship-match-at-money-in-the-bank-shayna-baszler-vs-nia-jax-vs-asuka-in-a-triple/|access-date=April 27, 2020|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|archive-date=May 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503014814/https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/04/27/4-27-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-drew-mcintyre-and-seth-rollins-contract-signing-for-the-wwe-championship-match-at-money-in-the-bank-shayna-baszler-vs-nia-jax-vs-asuka-in-a-triple/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 27, 2020|title=Raw results, April 27, 2020|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2020-04-27|access-date=April 28, 2020|work=[[WWE]]|archive-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428231114/https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2020-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref> a month later underwent another surgery to fix complications in his knee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jinder Mahal sidelined after undergoing knee surgery|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/06/05/jinder-mahal-sidelined-after-undergoing-knee-surgery/|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=June 5, 2020|archive-date=June 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624025716/https://prowrestling.net/site/2020/06/05/jinder-mahal-sidelined-after-undergoing-knee-surgery/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Various alliances (2021–2024) ====
After a nine-month absence, Mahal appeared at the [[Superstar Spectacle]] on January 26, 2021, reuniting with The Singh Brothers; they lost to [[Drew McIntyre]] and Indus Sher ([[Rinku Singh (baseball)|Rinku]] & [[Saurav Gurjar|Saurav]]) in a 6-man tag team match.<ref name="SupSpec2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/superstar-spectacle/superstar-spectacle-2021|title=Superstar Spectacle Results|publisher=[[WWE]]|date=January 26, 2021|access-date=January 26, 2021|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103352/https://www.wwe.com/shows/superstar-spectacle/superstar-spectacle-2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahal formed an alliance with Rinku (now known as Veer) & [[Shanky]] on the May 3 show of ''[[WWE Main Event|Main Event]]'', where he defeated [[Jeff Hardy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://wrestlingworld.co/news/jinder-mahal-returns-to-in-ring-action-on-wwe-main-event-defeats-jeff-hardy/|title = Jinder Mahal Returns to In-Ring Action on WWE Main Event, Defeats Jeff Hardy|date = May 4, 2021|access-date = May 6, 2021|archive-date = May 7, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507121627/https://wrestlingworld.co/news/jinder-mahal-returns-to-in-ring-action-on-wwe-main-event-defeats-jeff-hardy/|url-status = live}}</ref> In June, he began a feud with former 3MB teammate Drew McIntyre after Mahal questioned the amount of championship opportunities McIntyre had received over the past year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brookhouse|first=Brent|title=WWE Raw results, recap, grades: Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods battle Bobby Lashley and MVP in main event|url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-raw-results-recap-grades-kofi-kingston-and-xavier-woods-battle-bobby-lashley-and-mvp-in-main-event/live/|work=[[CBSSports]]|access-date=July 27, 2021|date=July 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706035314/https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-raw-results-recap-grades-kofi-kingston-and-xavier-woods-battle-bobby-lashley-and-mvp-in-main-event/live/|archive-date=July 6, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Money in the Bank (2021)|Money in the Bank]], Mahal interfered in the titular match, attacking McIntyre with Shanky and Veer carrying McIntyre away from the match.<ref>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Money in the Bank results: Powell's review of the MITB ladder matches, Roman Reigns vs. Edge for the WWE Universal Championship, Bobby Lashley vs. Kofi Kingston for the WWE Championship, Rhea Ripley vs. Charlotte Flair for the Raw Women's Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/07/18/wwe-money-in-the-bank-results-powells-review-of-the-mitb-ladder-matches-roman-reigns-vs-edge-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-bobby-lashley-vs-kofi-kingston-for-the-wwe-championship-rhea-rip/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=July 18, 2021|access-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722115826/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/07/18/wwe-money-in-the-bank-results-powells-review-of-the-mitb-ladder-matches-roman-reigns-vs-edge-for-the-wwe-universal-championship-bobby-lashley-vs-kofi-kingston-for-the-wwe-championship-rhea-rip/|archive-date=July 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The following night on ''Raw'', Mahal, Shanky, and Veer gloated about costing McIntyre the match only for McIntyre to attack all three with a steel chair.<ref name="Raw07192021">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/07/19/7-19-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-john-cenas-show-opening-segment-fans-return-charlotte-flair-coronation-symphony-of-destruction-match-six-man-tag-match-the-money-in-the-bank-fallo/|title=7/19 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of John Cena's show opening segment, fans return, Charlotte Flair coronation, Symphony of Destruction match, six-man tag match, the Money in the Bank fallout edition|date=July 19, 2021|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=July 20, 2021|archive-date=July 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720000551/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/07/19/7-19-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-john-cenas-show-opening-segment-fans-return-charlotte-flair-coronation-symphony-of-destruction-match-six-man-tag-match-the-money-in-the-bank-fallo/|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[SummerSlam (2021)|SummerSlam]], Mahal lost to McIntyre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laboon|first=Jeff|title=Drew McIntyre def. Jinder Mahal|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2021/drew-mcintyre-vs-jinder-mahal-results|work=WWE|date=August 21, 2021|access-date=August 22, 2021|archive-date=August 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822030340/https://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/2021/drew-mcintyre-vs-jinder-mahal-results|url-status=live}}</ref>

As part of the [[2021 WWE Draft|2021 Draft]], both Mahal and Shanky were drafted to [[SmackDown (WWE brand)|SmackDown]] while Veer remained on [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw]], ending their alliance with Veer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2021|title=See all the results from the 2021 Draft|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-date=October 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002011314/https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raw10042021">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/04/10-4-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-wwe-draft-night-two-goldberg-returns-the-build-to-wwe-crown-jewel-continues/|title=10/4 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of the WWE Draft night two, Goldberg returns, the build to WWE Crown Jewel continues|date=October 4, 2021|last=Powell|first=Jason|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=October 5, 2021|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005061332/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/04/10-4-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-the-wwe-draft-night-two-goldberg-returns-the-build-to-wwe-crown-jewel-continues/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October, Mahal entered the [[King of the Ring (2021)|King of the Ring]] tournament, where he defeated [[Kofi Kingston]] in the first round, but lost to [[Xavier Woods]] in the semi-finals.<ref name="Raw10112021">{{cite web |last1=Powell |first1=Jason |title=10/11 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair vs. Bianca Belair and Sasha Banks, WWE Champion Big E and Drew McIntyre meet face to face, King of the Ring and Queen's Crown opening round matches |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/11/10-11-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-vs-bianca-belair-and-sasha-banks-wwe-champion-big-e-and-drew-mcintyre-meet-face-to-face-king-of-the-ring-and-queens/ |work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net |access-date=October 12, 2021 |date=October 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012005311/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/11/10-11-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-becky-lynch-and-charlotte-flair-vs-bianca-belair-and-sasha-banks-wwe-champion-big-e-and-drew-mcintyre-meet-face-to-face-king-of-the-ring-and-queens/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Raw10182021">{{cite web|last1=Powell|first1=Jason|title=10/18 WWE Raw Results: Powell's live review of Charlotte Flair vs. Bianca Belair for the Raw Women's Championship, Shayna Baszler vs. Doudrop in a Queen's Crown semifinal match, Xavier Woods vs. Jinder Mahal in a KOTR semifinal match, final hype for Crown Jewel|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/18/10-18-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-charlotte-flair-vs-bianca-belair-for-the-raw-womens-championship-shayna-baszler-vs-doudrop-in-a-queens-crown-semifinal-match-xavier-woods-vs-ji/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=October 19, 2021|date=October 18, 2021|archive-date=October 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019000447/https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/10/18/10-18-wwe-raw-results-powells-live-review-of-charlotte-flair-vs-bianca-belair-for-the-raw-womens-championship-shayna-baszler-vs-doudrop-in-a-queens-crown-semifinal-match-xavier-woods-vs-ji/|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[Survivor Series (2021)|Survivor Series]], Mahal would be a part of [[Dwayne Johnson|The Rock's 25th anniversary battle royal]], but was eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Omos is the last man standing in the 25-man Dual-Brand Battle Royal|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/survivor-series/survivor-series-2021/25-man-dual-brand-battle-royal-results|access-date=November 25, 2021|website=WWE|language=en|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122031931/https://www.wwe.com/shows/survivor-series/survivor-series-2021/25-man-dual-brand-battle-royal-results|url-status=live}}</ref> On the April 15, 2022, edition of ''SmackDown'', Mahal would challenge [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]] for the Intercontinental Championship but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-for-july-15-2022|title=WWE Friday Night SmackDown Results for July 15,2022|last=Curtie|first=Billy|website=Wrestlingnews.co|date=July 15, 2022|access-date=July 16, 2022|archive-date=July 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715232003/https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-for-july-15-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> At [[NXT: New Year's Evil (2023)|New Year's Evil]] on January 10, 2023, Mahal returned to NXT for the first time since 2012, aligning himself with Indus Sher (Veer & [[Saurav Gurjar|Sanga]]) by attacking The [[Creed Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=John|title=1/10 NXT TV results: Moore's review of New Year's Evil featuring Bron Breakker vs. Grayson Waller for the NXT Title, 20-woman battle royal for a shot at the NXT Women's Title, The Creed Brothers vs. Indus Sher, Dijak vs. Tony D'Angelo, Charlie Dempsey vs. Hank Walker, gauntlet match for an NXT Tag Team Title shot|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/01/10/1-10-nxt-tv-results-moores-review-of-new-years-evil-featuring-bron-breakker-vs-grayson-waller-for-the-nxt-title-20-woman-battle-royal-for-a-shot-at-the-nxt-womens-title-the-creed-brothers-vs/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=January 10, 2023|access-date=January 11, 2023|archive-date=January 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112033520/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/01/10/1-10-nxt-tv-results-moores-review-of-new-years-evil-featuring-bron-breakker-vs-grayson-waller-for-the-nxt-title-20-woman-battle-royal-for-a-shot-at-the-nxt-womens-title-the-creed-brothers-vs/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the February 21 show of ''NXT'', he challenged [[Bron Breakker]] for the [[NXT Championship]] in a losing effort. As part of the [[2023 WWE Draft]], he returned to the main roster as Indus Sher was drafted to Raw as a team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2023|title=See all the results from the 2023 Draft|publisher=WWE|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 4, 2023|archive-date=May 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505094809/https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/article/latest-wwe-draft-results-2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keller |first1=Wade |title=5/1 WWE Monday Night Raw Results: Keller's report on WWE Draft, Riddle vs. Uso, Judgment Day vs. LWO mixed tag, Lesnar, Cody |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/05/01/5-1-wwe-monday-night-raw-results-kellers-report-on-wwe-draft-riddle-vs-uso-judgment-day-vs-lwo-mixed-tag-lesnar-cody/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch |date=May 1, 2023 |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501233535/https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2023/05/01/5-1-wwe-monday-night-raw-results-kellers-report-on-wwe-draft-riddle-vs-uso-judgment-day-vs-lwo-mixed-tag-lesnar-cody/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the special [[WWE Day 1 (2024)|Day 1]] show of ''Raw'' on January 1, 2024, rumours reported that a former WWE Champion would be appearing on the show.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Medeiros |first1=James De |date=December 29, 2023 |title=Backstage Report: WWE Hoping To Sign Former Champion To Deal In Time For Day 1 |url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/1481512/backstage-report-wwe-hoping-sign-former-champion-time-day-1/ |work=Wrestling Inc. |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref> Mahal was revealed as the champion in question, to the dismay of the audience, and berated America as being divided while claiming that he'd unite it.<ref name="Cageside Seats">{{cite news |last1=Mrosko |first1=Geno |date=January 1, 2024 |title=The Rock was Triple H's big surprise return (and Jinder Mahal too!) |url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/wwe/2024/1/1/24022015/the-rock-wwe-return-former-champion-triple-h-raw-jinder-mahal |work=Cageside Seats |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref> Another former WWE Champion, [[Dwayne Johnson|Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson]], would interrupt him in a surprise return for the first time since September, insulting Mahal before finally hitting his signature moves on him.<ref name="Cageside Seats"/> 3 days later, Mahal challenged The Rock to a match in India during an interview with [[Sony Sports Network]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Subhojeet |date=January 7, 2024 |title=Jinder Mahal Eyes Epic Match with The Rock in India Following Their WWE RAW Day 1 Beatdown |url=https://www.ringsidenews.com/2024/01/07/jinder-mahal-eyes-epic-match-with-the-rock-in-india-following-their-wwe-raw-day-1-beatdown/ |work=Ringside News |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref> The next week on ''Raw'', Mahal confronted [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Champion]] [[Seth Rollins|Seth "Freakin" Rollins]] and continued to present himself as a man who wanted a platform to tell the truth, while chastising Rollins for overlooking him as a worthy challenger. Mahal attacked Rollins after his rebuttal and the two brawled with him escaping from Rollins' attack,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gomez |first1=M. |date=January 9, 2024 |title=Jinder Mahal aims to prove his worth in title tilt against Seth Rollins |url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/wwe/2024/1/9/24031331/jinder-mahal-vows-to-defeat-seth-rollins-regain-championship-gold-wwe-raw |work=Cageside Seats |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref> before Rollins accepted Mahal's challenge for a championship match on the January 15 episode of ''Raw'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varble |first1=Aaron |date=January 10, 2024 |title=Tony Khan Targets WWE's Jinder Mahal In Latest Twitter Tirade |url=https://www.sescoops.com/news/tony-khan-twitter-jinder-mahal |work=SE Scoops |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref> where Mahal lost to Rollins. On the WrestleMania edition of ''SmackDown'', Mahal competed in the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which he would lose. This marked his final appearance with WWE. On April 19, Mahal was released from WWE, ending his second tenure with the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendoza |first=Jordan |date=April 20, 2024 |title=Former champion Jinder Mahal leaves WWE, other stars surprisingly released on Friday |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2024/04/19/wwe-jinder-mahal-xia-li-xyon-quinn-released/73392370007/ |work=USA Today |access-date=April 20, 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Raj Dhesi & The Bollywood Boyz 032925.jpg|thumb|right|Dhesi (center) and The Bollywood Boyz in 2025]]
=== Return to independent circuit (2024–present) ===
On June 5, 2024, it was announced that Dhesi (now reverting back to his "Raj Dhesi" name) would make his debut for Black Label Pro (BLP) on July 26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Saptarshi |date=June 5, 2024 |title=Raj Dhesi (Jinder Mahal) Set For First Match Post-WWE Release |url=https://www.ewrestlingnews.com/news/indie/raj-dhesi-jinder-mahal-set-for-first-match-post-wwe-release |access-date=June 6, 2024 |website=eWrestlingNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> On July 19, Dhesi made his debut for [[Game Changer Wrestling]] (GCW), attacking [[Effy (wrestler)|Effy]] after his match.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=M |date=July 20, 2024 |title=Former WWE Champion Jinder Mahal disrupts GCW event with surprise debut |url=https://www.cagesideseats.com/indies-independent-wrestling-indy-promotions/2024/7/20/24202360/former-wwe-champion-jinder-mahal-surprise-debut-gcw-raj-dhesi-effy |website=Cageside Seats|access-date=July 20, 2024}}</ref> On October 19, Dhesi would make an appearance on Night 1 of [[Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling]]'s [[MLP Forged in Excellence|Forged In Excellence]] event, losing to [[Bubba Ray Dudley|Bully Ray]] in a Tables match after interference from [[Q. T. Marshall]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Defelice |first=Robert |date=October 19, 2024 |title=Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling Forged In Excellence Night 1 (10/19/24) Results: Konosuke Takeshita, Raj Dhesi, More |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/maple-leaf-pro-wrestling-forged-excellence-night-1-101924-results-konosuke-takeshita-raj-dhesi-more/ |work=Fightful |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref> Dhesi would team with [[Bhupinder Gujjar]] against Bully Ray and Q.T. Marshall in a winning effort during Night 2 following a Gargoyle Spear by Gujjar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Defelice |first=Robert |date=October 20, 2024 |title=Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling Forged In Excellence Night 2 (10/20/24) Results: Konosuke Takeshita Defends AEW International Title vs. Josh Alexander |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/maple-leaf-pro-wrestling-forged-excellence-night-2-102024-results-konosuke-takeshita-defends-aew |work=Fightful |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref>

On May 31, 2025, Dhesi, under his "Jinder Mahal" name, was scheduled to face [[Masada (wrestler)|Masada]] at Battleground Championship Wrestling (BCW)'s event Original Sin. During the match, Dhesi would walk out after Masdaa tried to use [[Skewer|skewers]] and would lose by [[countout]]. After the match, Masada would go on social media to criticize Dhesi for his behaviour, claiming that Dhesi had given him written rules and restrictions for their match. It was later reported by ''Fightful Select'', that the incident was a [[worked shoot]], orchestrated by the promoters of BCW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details On Work That Became A Shoot, And Now Is A Shooty Work Again, Brother {{!}} Fightful Select |url=https://www.patreon.com/posts/details-on-work-131184822 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=Patreon |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REVEALED: What Actually Happened With Jinder Mahal Walking Out On Indy Match Against MASADA |url=https://www.cultaholic.com/posts/revealed-what-actually-happened-with-jinder-mahal-walking-out-on-indy-match-against-masada |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=Cultaholic Wrestling |language=en}}</ref>

On May 2, 2025, he headlined the main event for [[Wrestling Xtreme Mania]] (WXM) Powerbomb under the name "Raj The Maharaja" against [[Sha Samuels]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2025 |title=WXM Powerbomb Main Event: Raj-The Maharaja vs Sha Samuels |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJJOGHrJ-JZ/?igsh=OTc3MndmdHdlZmZz |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=WXM Brings Professional Wrestling To NSCI Dome With 'GROUND ZERO: POWERBOMB' |url=https://menafn.com/1109496446/WXM-Brings-Professional-Wrestling-To-NSCI-Dome-With-GROUND-ZERO-POWERBOMB |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> Raj defeated Samuels by pinfall and signed a contract with WXM after the match on screen. Following Powerbomb, he started appearing on WXM's weekly show Saturday Night Ground Zero on December 27, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gear up for CHAOS, because Ground Zero is just around the corner! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DSm0hDWEgTf/?igsh=Znd2NXVzc2ZkaHYx |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Other media ==
Dhesi, as Jinder Mahal, appears in the wrestling video games ''[[WWE '13]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/thq/wwe-13/wwe-13-playable-characters-part-one-photos#fid-26089985|title="WWE '13" playable characters part one|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=January 30, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012350/http://www.wwe.com/inside/thq/wwe-13/wwe-13-playable-characters-part-one-photos#fid-26089985|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K14]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/2k/wwe-2k14/wwe-2k14-full-roster-revealed|title='WWE 2K14' full roster revealed|publisher=[[WWE]]|date=September 19, 2013|access-date=January 30, 2017|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034433/https://www.wwe.com/inside/2k/wwe-2k14/wwe-2k14-full-roster-revealed|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K18]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k18/article/wwe-2k18-roster-playable-character-list|title=WWE 2K18 roster: Meet the Superstars joining the list of playable characters|publisher=[[WWE]]|date=September 27, 2017|access-date=November 4, 2017|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509013534/https://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k18/article/wwe-2k18-roster-playable-character-list|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K19]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nordic.ign.com/m/xbox-one-gaming-hardware/18381/news/wwe-2k19-roster-reveal-75-playable-superstars-announced |title=WWE 2K19 Roster Reveal: 75 Playable Superstars Announced |last=Fowler |first=Matt |website=[[IGN]] |date=August 30, 2018 |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-date=August 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002702/https://nordic.ign.com/m/xbox-one-gaming-hardware/18381/news/wwe-2k19-roster-reveal-75-playable-superstars-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K20]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.ign.com/india/140406/news/wwe-2k20-roster-revealed|title=WWE 2K20 Roster Revealed|last=Doke|first=Shunal|website=[[IGN]]|date=October 11, 2019|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=November 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117162847/https://in.ign.com/india/140406/news/wwe-2k20-roster-revealed|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K22]]'', ''[[WWE 2K23]]'', and ''[[WWE 2K24]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/wwe-2k22-wrestlers|title=WWE 2K22 wrestlers list sorted by Raw, Smackdown, AEW and more|last=Wilson|first=Ben|date=July 6, 2022|website=[[GamesRadar+]]|access-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720065821/https://www.gamesradar.com/wwe-2k22-wrestlers/|archive-date=July 20, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2017, Dhesi appeared in an episode of Hindi-language sitcom ''[[Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo]]'' on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abhimanyu |first1=Mathur |title=WWE champ Jinder Mahal: I'd love to team up with Akshay Kumar in a tag team match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/wwe-champ-jinder-mahal-id-love-to-team-up-with-akshay-kumar-in-a-tag-team-match/articleshow/61162094.cms |access-date=April 14, 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110063854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/wwe-champ-jinder-mahal-id-love-to-team-up-with-akshay-kumar-in-a-tag-team-match/articleshow/61162094.cms |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |quote=During his one-day Mumbai visit, Jinder shot for a guest appearance in the TV show 'Sajan Re Jhooth Mat Bolo'.}}</ref>

In November 2021, Dhesi announced he was joining the cast of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] drama series ''[[Big Sky (American TV series)|Big Sky]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1461049109184405520|user=JinderMahal|title=The Maharaja has joined the cast of @BigSkyABC season 2 as Dhruv. Starting Tomorrow and every Thurs at 10/9C PM on…|date=November 17, 2021}}</ref> He debuted on the 22nd episode ("Heart-shaped Charm") as Dhruv, the enforcer of Ren's brother Jag. Through April 7, 2022, he has appeared in 9 episodes of ''Big Sky''.

He appears in [[Akash Sherman]]'s documentary film ''Singhs in the Ring'', which is slated to premiere at the 2025 [[Calgary International Film Festival]].<ref>Jamie Casemore, [https://playbackonline.ca/2025/08/14/nine-canadian-world-premieres-unveiled-in-ciff-first-wave/ "Nine Canadian world premieres unveiled in CIFF first wave"]. ''[[Playback (website)|Playback]]'', August 14, 2025.</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dhesi resides in [[Tampa, Florida]]. He is fluent in English, [[Hindi]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name=slam/> He follows a [[straight edge]] lifestyle, which was called into question in 2017 after viewers noticed telltale signs of [[Anabolic steroid|steroid use]] following his return to WWE with a drastically improved physique.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleedingcool.com/movies/hey-ryback-straight-edge-jinder-mahal-says-consistency-not-roids-got-stunning-physique/|title=Hey Ryback: Straight-Edge Jinder Mahal Says Consistency, Not Roids, Got Him His Stunning Physique|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=April 20, 2023|work=[[Bleeding Cool]]|author=Terror, Jude|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420182540/https://bleedingcool.com/movies/hey-ryback-straight-edge-jinder-mahal-says-consistency-not-roids-got-stunning-physique/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Terror |first1=Jude |date=April 25, 2017 |title=How Did Smackdown #1 Contender Jinder Mahal Get His Stunning Physique? Ryback Claims Secret Is In The ***s |url=https://bleedingcool.com/movies/smackdown-1-contender-jinder-mahal-get-stunning-physique-ryback-claims-secret-s/ |work=Bleedingcool |access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref>

Dhesi is friends with mixed martial artist and fellow Indo-Canadian [[Arjan Bhullar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lynch |first1=James |last2=Sapp |first2=Sean Ross |title=Exclusive: UFC's Arjan Bhullar Talks Friendship With Jinder Mahal, Possible Move To WWE, Upcoming Fight {{!}} Fightful News |url=https://www.fightful.com/mma/exclusives/exclusive-ufc-s-arjan-bhullar-talks-friendship-jinder-mahal-possible-move-wwe-upcoming-fight |access-date=January 13, 2020 |work=www.fightful.com |date=April 4, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428085036/https://www.fightful.com/mma/exclusives/exclusive-ufc-s-arjan-bhullar-talks-friendship-jinder-mahal-possible-move-wwe-upcoming-fight |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also good friends with fellow professional wrestlers [[Heath Slater]] and [[Drew McIntyre]], with whom he previously formed the 3MB team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-heath-slater-discusses-if-he-still-talks-with-jinder-mahal-and-drew-mcintyre|title=WWE News: Heath Slater discusses if he still talks with Jinder Mahal and Drew McIntyre|author=Bennett, Jeremy|work=Sportskeedaa|date=November 16, 2017|access-date=July 16, 2022|archive-date=July 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716104842/https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-heath-slater-discusses-if-he-still-talks-with-jinder-mahal-and-drew-mcintyre|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Canadian politician [[Graham Sucha]] tabled three documents before the province of Alberta's legislative assembly, formally congratulating Dhesi for winning the WWE Championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE News: Canada recognises Jinder Mahal's title win in Alberta Legislature|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-canada-recognises-jinder-mahals-title-win-alberta-legislature|website=Sportskeeda|access-date=May 26, 2017|date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=April 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428085036/https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/wwe-news-canada-recognises-jinder-mahals-title-win-alberta-legislature|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Canadian politicians really like honoring wrestlers for winning WWE titles|url=http://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/canadian-politicians-really-like-congratulating-wrestlers-on-winning-wwe-titles/|website=CBSSports.com|date=May 24, 2017|access-date=May 26, 2017|language=en|archive-date=May 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527222812/http://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/canadian-politicians-really-like-congratulating-wrestlers-on-winning-wwe-titles/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[2019 Canadian federal election]], Dhesi endorsed [[Jagmeet Singh]] of the [[New Democratic Party]] for [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2019/10/17/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-hopes-for-lift-from-drakes-producer-as-he-hosts-final-ontario-campaign-rally-in-brampton.html|title=NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh returns to 905 community that launched his political career|author=Ballingal, Alex|work=The Star|date=October 17, 2019|access-date=October 21, 2019|archive-date=April 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428085037/https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2019/10/17/ndp-leader-jagmeet-singh-hopes-for-lift-from-drakes-producer-as-he-hosts-final-ontario-campaign-rally-in-brampton.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==
[[File:Jinder Mahal 072717.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mahal is a former one-time [[WWE Championship|WWE Champion]]]]
[[File:Jinder Mahal US champ WM34 crop.jpg|thumb|200px|Mahal is a former one-time [[WWE United States Championship|WWE United States Champion]]]]
* '''All-Star Wrestling'''
** ASW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gama Singh Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2357|title=ASW Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=October 24, 2014|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=March 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314195823/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2357|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Black Label Pro'''
** BLP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=3823|title=BLP Heavyweight Championship|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|access-date=July 26, 2024}}</ref>
* '''Continental Wrestling Entertainment'''
** CWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref name="auto"/>
* '''Dungeon Wrestling'''
** Stu Hart Heritage Championship (1 time, current)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=4926|title=Stu Hart Heritage Championship|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database}}</ref>
*'''Future Pro Wrestling'''
**FPW Zero-G Championship (1 time)
*'''[[Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide]]'''
**[[AAA World Tag Team Championship]] ([[AAA World Tag Team Championship#AAA World Tag Team Title history|1 time]]) – with [[Satnam Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Raj Dhesi And Satnam Singh Win AAA Tag Team Titles At AAA TripleMania 32 CDMX|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/raj-dhesi-and-satnam-singh-win-aaa-tag-team-titles-aaa-triplemania-32-cdmx|date=August 17, 2024|first=Luis|last=Pulido|work=Fightful|access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref>
* '''[[Prairie Wrestling Alliance]]'''
** PWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2642|title=PWA Heavyweight Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=July 4, 2009|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307204219/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2642|url-status=live}}</ref>
** PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Raj Singh (wrestler)|Gama Singh Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2644|title=PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=October 20, 2007|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307204241/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=2644|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Hated Wrestler of the Year|Most Hated Wrestler of the Year]] (2017)<ref name="PWI Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|title=PWI Awards|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-date=January 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Improved Wrestler of the Year|Most Improved Wrestler of the Year]] (2017)<ref name="PWI Awards"/>
** Ranked No. 14 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=97&nr=230#2018|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2018|access-date=October 1, 2018|work=cagematch.net|archive-date=February 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226154419/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=97&nr=230#2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''''[[Rolling Stone]]'''''
** Comeback of the Year (2017)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Herzog|first=Kenny|title=WWE Wrestler of the Year: The Miz|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/wwe-wrestler-of-the-year-the-miz-116075/|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=September 24, 2020|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613034649/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/wwe-wrestler-of-the-year-the-miz-116075/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Stampede Wrestling]]'''
** [[Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship]] ([[Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship#Title history|2 times]]) – with Gama Singh Jr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=175|title=Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=March 4, 2005|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=March 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307204227/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=175|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
**[[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Overrated|Most Overrated]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-radio/wor-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-awards-discussion-and-more-253601|title=WOR: 2017 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Discussion and More!|last=Alvarez|first=Bryan|author-link=Bryan Alvarez|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2018|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315141244/https://www.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-radio/wor-2017-wrestling-observer-newsletter-awards-discussion-and-more-253601|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''''[[WrestleCrap]]'''''
** [[WrestleCrap#Gooker Award|Gooker Award (2017)]] – {{small|Winning the [[WWE Championship]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Induction: Jinder Mahal, WWE Champion – THE 2017 Gooker Award Winner (For Real This Time)|url=http://wrestlecrap.com/inductions/jinder-mahal-gooker-2017/|website=WrestleCrap|access-date=April 29, 2018|date=January 19, 2018}}</ref>
* '''[[WWE]]'''
** [[WWE Championship]] ([[List of WWE Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwe-championship|title=WWE Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=May 21, 2017|archive-date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629011310/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwe-championship|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=20|title=WWE Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=May 21, 2017|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518202813/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=20|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[WWE United States Championship]] ([[List of WWE United States Champions|1 time]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates|title=United States Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113024140/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates/5192013-dean-ambrose|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=62|title=WWE United States Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=April 8, 2018|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=December 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214212908/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=62|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[WWE 24/7 Championship]] ([[WWE 24/7 Championship#Reigns|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/24-7-championship|title=WWE 24/7 Championship|publisher=[[WWE]]|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-date=February 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222025036/https://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/24-7-championship|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=4219|title=WWE 24/7 Championship|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|publisher=Cagematch - The Internet Wrestling Database|date=June 2, 2019|access-date=January 28, 2021|archive-date=December 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214212908/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=4219|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{twitter}}
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* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}
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[[Category:1986 births]]
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Manjarabad Fort

2026-03-08T11:58:04Z

FrancescaToscano: enhance layout to improve readability also and corrected details

{{Short description|1792 fort in Hassan district, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Manjarabad fort
|native_name =
|location = [[Sakleshpura]], Karnataka, India
|image = [[File:Manjarabad Fort 2.jpg|250px]]
|caption = Entrance view of the Manjarabad fort
|map_type = India
|coordinates = {{coord|12.91|75.755|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_size = 250
|type = [[Fort]]
|built = 1792
|builder = [[Tipu Sultan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hassan.nic.in/en/tourist-place/manjrabad-fort/|title=History of Manjarabad|website=Hassan District Administration Official website|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>
|controlledby =
|open_to_public = Yes
|materials =
|height =19.26
|used =18th century
|ownership =
|condition = Partially restored
|battles = Many
|image2 = [[File: In Manjarabad fort.jpg|250px]]
|caption2 = A deep well within the Manjarabad fort
}}
'''Manjarabad fort''' is a [[star fort]] built in 1792 by [[Tipu Sultan]], ruling on behalf of the king of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]{{CN|date=December 2023}} following French star-shaped fort designs made popular by [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban]] that deflect cannon fire and allow guns to cover all approaches without dead positions. It is in the [[Hassan district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=Iyer>{{Cite news|last=Iyer|first=Meera|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/336376/a-star-attraction-fort.html|title=A star attraction, this fort|date=4 June 2013|access-date=12 May 2016|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Manjarabad_fort_ASI.jpg|thumb|left|Layout]]
The fort is located in Sakaleshpura [[Tehsil|taluk]], {{Convert|4| km}} away from the [[Sakaleshpura]] town to its south west, which is on the right bank of the [[Hemavati River]], {{Convert|23| mile}} from [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] on the [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]] that runs from [[Bangalore]] to [[Mangalore]].{{Sfn|Rice|1876|pp=333–34}}<ref name=Iyer/>

Since the fort is located on a hill at an elevation of {{Convert|988| m}}, it gives a clear and commanding view of the surroundings. On a clear day, even the Arabian sea can also be seen from the fort.{{Sfn|DeSouza|2013|p=40}}<ref name=Iyer/>

==History==
Tipu Sultan built the fort in 1792 at a time when he was establishing his sovereignty over Mysore, fighting against other South Indian dynasties.<ref name=Iyer/> At this time even the [[Marathas]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] had aligned with the British. The Sultan wanted to make the highway between Mangalore and [[Coorg]] secure for his expansion programmes. Because he was allied with the French at that time against the British, he sought the help of French engineers to build a star fort of the European style.

The completed fort was inspected by Tipu Sultan who then found it enveloped in fog and hence named it as Manjarabad fort; the name Manjara is a Persian version of 'Manzar' meaning "Scene" which makes Manjarabad as "The city of Scenes or Scenic City".{{Sfn|Imprint|p=57}}{{Sfn|DeSouza|2013|p=40}}

==Features==
The fort, as built and existing, is an eight-pointed star. The external walls of the fort have been built with granite stones and lime mortar while the interior buildings, which accommodate army barracks, armoury, stores and others, have been built with fired bricks. Apart from these, two cellars were built next to a deep well which were underground structures used to store [[gunpowder]], and these rooms remained cool even during summer months.{{Sfn|DeSouza|2013|p=40}}

Tourism is not well developed in the area. The Tourism Department of Karnataka, pressed by demands from local people of Sakaleshpura, have plans to create basic amenities around the fort and also develop a park.<ref name=Sites>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/sakleshpur-historical-sites-fail-to-attract-tourists/article6355341.ece|title=Sakleshpur historical sites fail to attract tourists|date=27 August 2014|access-date=12 May 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= DeSouza |first=Frank S. |title=The Anonymous Birthright|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vd1DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|date=November 2013|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4918-8469-0}}
*{{cite book|last= Imprint |first= Amanda |title=Academic GK Matter-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf48deL-wosC&pg=PA57|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=978-93-80644-70-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |title=Mysore and Coorg: Mysore, by districts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CN1QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA291|year=1876|publisher=Mysore Government Press}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Manjarabad Fort}}

[[Category:Forts in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hassan district]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1792]]
[[Category:1792 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hassan district]]

Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya

2026-03-05T18:44:35Z

FrancescaToscano: New the details w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya
| image = Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Viraj
| writer = Viraj
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Akshara Tiwari Vishal Tiwari
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Vijay Raghavendra]]
*Viraj
*[[Shravya Rao]]
*[[P. Sai Kumar]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shankar
| editing = K M Prakash
| music = Judah Sandhy Parag Balavalli
| studio = Akshara Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|3|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya''''' (or simply '''''Dharmasya''''') is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Viraj and starring himself, [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Shravya Rao]] and [[P. Sai Kumar]]. The film was released after a three year delay to negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Dharma
*Viraj as Jeeva
*[[Shravya Rao]] as Aishwarya
*[[P. Sai Kumar]] as Maari
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Padma Vasanthi]] as Jeeva's mother
*Rockline Sudhakar
*[[Prajwal Devaraj]] in a cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vijay-and-prajwal-to-return-to-the-big-screen-with-yada-yada-hi-dharmasya/articleshow/68600358.cms|title=Vijay and Prajwal to return to the big screen with 'Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya'|date=27 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>
*Mamatha Rahuth in a cameo appearance
}}

== Production ==
The film's ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' took place on 15 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/Apr/16/vijays-out-of-familytries-the-dark-924953.html|title=Vijay's 'Out' of Family,Tries the Dark|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 April 2016|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = {{Ubl|Judah Sandhy
| Parag Christopher}}
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:38
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|phikvk62hlg|Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film has songs composed by Judah Sandhy and Parag Christopher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmasya - Chinmai, Supriyaa Ram (Supriya Lohith) - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dharmasya/qci106SF2Qc_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=23 March 2019}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eno Agidhe
| length1 = 3:54
| lyrics1 = Viraj, Giridev
| extra1 = Chinmai, [[Supriya Lohith]]
| music1 = Parag Christopher
| title2 = Duniyana Gelloke
| length2 = 3:35
| lyrics2 = Viraj
| extra2 = Shashank Sheshagiri
| music2 = Parag Christopher
| title3 = Hudgirandre
| length3 = 4:09
| lyrics3 = Abhi Kanasina Kavana
| extra3 = Abhi
| music3 = Judah Sandhy
| total_length = 11:38
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya'' has an underworld subject, which is laced with love and emotions. But it fails to work. It has a much-used subject in Sandalwood, which doesn't keep you hooked. The content should have been stronger to make the right impact".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yada-yada-hi-dharmasya/movie-review/68631900.cms|title=Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya Movie Review|work=The Times of India|date=29 March 2019|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Asianet News]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "'Dharmasya' seems to have been made with the calculation that if there are five or six fights, three or four songs, love, comedy, message and a little family sentiment, the film can win. It has them all, but the 'soul' it should have is missing!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/kannada-movie-dharmasya-film-review-pp6ezl|title=ಹೇಗಿದೆ 'ಧರ್ಮಸ್ಯ' : ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ|trans-title=How is 'Dharmasya': Here is the film review|language=kn|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=30 March 2019|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|19876156}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]

Nava Kerala Mission

2026-03-04T06:29:50Z

FrancescaToscano: Made The Details Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Country-wide initiative in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{multiple issues|
{{advert|date=February 2020}}
{{notability|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation =
| native_name =
| logo =
| image = The Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri Pinarayi Vijayan addressing the gathering at the declaration of the Open Defecation Free (ODF) Kerala State, under the Swachh Bharat Mission, in Thiruvananthapuram on November 01, 2016.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] addressing the gathering at the declaration of the Open Defecation Free Kerala
| slogan =
| launched ={{Start date and age|2016|11|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nava Kerala Mission Launched|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Nava-Kerala-Mission-launched/article16290854.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 November 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|state = Kerala
| country = India
| key_people =
| chiefminister = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| current_status = Active <ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest updates on Nava Kerala Mission|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/nava-kerala-mission|website=www.timesofindia.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://lifemission.kerala.gov.in/|LIFE Mission}} {{URL|http://haritham.kerala.gov.in|Green Kerala Mission}} 
{{URL|https://kerala.gov.in/aardram|Health Mission}} {{URL|https://kerala.gov.in/education-mission|Education Mission}}
}}

'''Nava Kerala Mission''' is an initiative of the [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]-led [[Government of Kerala]] launched in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nava Kerala Mission|url=http://www.keralacm.gov.in/2016/11/10/%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%b5-%e0%b4%95%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%82-%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b7%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e2%80%8d/|website=Official website of Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The initiative seeks to address problems faced in four key social sectors, namely, [[health]], [[education]], [[agriculture]] and [[housing]], with the help and involvement of [[local self-government]]s. The Mission was officially launched by [[P. Sathasivam]], [[Governor of Kerala]], in a meeting held in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 10 November 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Special Correspondent|title=Nava Kerala Mission starts off|journal=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 November 2016|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/nava-kerala-mission-starts-off/article9331872.ece|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

==Schemes under the Mission==
The mission emphasizes the implementation four schemes:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Aiming for development, LDF kicks of Navakerala Mission|journal=Onmanorama|date=11 November 2016|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/navakerala-mission-projects-launched-pinarayi-vijayan.html|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

===Haritha Keralam ===
This envisages a clean state by taking up various waste management programmes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-24 |title=Haritha Keralam in mission mode in district |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/haritha-keralam-in-mission-mode-in-district/article33652166.ece |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Haritha Keralam launches waste mgmt campaign |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/haritha-keralam-launches-waste-mgmt-campaign/articleshow/75053981.cms |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> It is also planned to implement sanitation schemes, projects for preserving water sources, agriculture development and promotion of organic farming.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/haritha-keralam-mission-launched-to-make-state-clean-green-660448-2016-12-08|title=Haritha Keralam Mission launched to make state clean, green |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Haritha Keralam Mission, St. Albert's College join hands to popularise farming among students |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/haritha-keralam-mission-st-alberts-college-join-hands-to-popularise-farming-among-students/article65966670.ece |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |date=2016-12-08 |title=Haritha Keralam Mission launched to make state clean, green |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/haritha-keralam-mission-launched-to-make-state-clean-green-116120801074_1.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Haritha Keralam {{!}} Haritha Keralam|url=http://haritham.kerala.gov.in/haritha-keralam/|access-date=2021-05-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Aardram===
This scheme is aimed at improving facilities in government-run hospitals with a view to extend treatment at a reasonable cost.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aardram - Government of Kerala, India|url=https://kerala.gov.in/aardram|access-date=2021-05-27|website=kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

===Life===
Under this scheme, it is proposed to provide housing for all homeless people. The declared aim of the scheme is to build houses for an estimated 4.32 [[lakh]] ({{lakh|4.32}}) families in Kerala who don't own any land or houses. It has been estimated that an amount of Rs.6,000-6,500 [[crore]] ([[Rupee|Rs]]. {{number to words|{{crore|6000}}}} – Rs. {{number to words|{{crore|6500}}}}) may be required to fully implement the scheme. People who stay in non liveable houses were also included in this project.<ref>[http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/2017/05/09/life-mission-state-government.html Life Mission]</ref>

===Comprehensive Educational Rejuvenation Programme===
This is a scheme to preserve and strengthen the public education system of Kerala{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}. One of the key proposals under the scheme is develop about a 1000 schools to international standards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Education Mission - Government of Kerala, India|url=https://kerala.gov.in/education-mission|access-date=2021-05-27|website=kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=2nd phase of Nava Kerala Mission to include Rebuilt Kerala initiative along with others |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-2nd-phase-of-nava-kerala-mission-to-include-rebuilt-kerala-initiative-beside-others-1.7280363 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://missions.kerala.gov.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831052946/http://missions.kerala.gov.in/ |date=31 August 2017 }}
*http://haritham.kerala.gov.in
*http://lifemission.lsgkerala.gov.in

[[Category:Local government in Kerala]]
[[Category:Economic planning in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Kerala]]

Chakrapani (film)

2026-03-03T20:45:25Z

FrancescaToscano: done

{{About|the film|the Telugu film producer and screenwriter|Chakrapani (filmmaker)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chakrapani
| image = Chakrapani film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Ravuri Satyanarayana Rao
| story = Venkata Satyanarayana Rao Ravuru
| producer = P. S. Ramakrishna Rao [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| director = [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
| music = Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = P. S. Ramakrishna Rao
| studio = [[Bharani Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1954|3|19}}
| runtime = 147 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chakrapani''''' is a 1954 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced and directed by [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]] under the [[Bharani Pictures]] banner. It stars Bhanumathi and Akkineni Nageswara Rao with music composed and songs sung by Bhanumathi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2014-01-18 |title=Chakrapani (1954) |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/chakrapani-1954/article5590445.ece |access-date=2022-08-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a substantial rich miser Chakrapani aiming to accumulate 1 lakh to bestow to his great-grandson. After his son's death, he ensured his daughter-in-law Visalakshamma, grandson Jagannadham, and 3 granddaughters Santha, Malati, & Revati. Among them, Malati is the naughtiest and plays pranks on her grandfather, taking digs at his miserly ways. She instigates her brother to pick up a row with the older adult, which leads to Jagannath's exit. To spend less expenses on his granddaughters' weddings, Chakrapani gets a widower, Ananda Rao, for Santha and a dumb fellow for Malati. Then, grudgingly, Malati absconds while the meek Santha knits Ananda Rao. On the board, Malati is acquainted with a considerate couple, Mukunda Rao & Usha, who shelters her.

Meanwhile, Venkatachalam, the younger of Usha, falls in love with her, and they espouse. Later, Mukunda Rao is transferred when Malati lets a portion to a tactical lady named Manorama. Venkatachalam joined an insurance company, which made him a frequent traveler. Anyhow, Chakrapani reaches his target when Revati notifies Malati that Santha is pregnant and has given birth to a baby girl. According to the guidance of Manorama, Malati counterfeits her grandfather's belief that she has delivered a boy.

Ergo, Chakrapani arrives when Manorama heirs a child from the neighbors. To bring authenticity, Manorama's brother Saradhi is forged as Malati's husband since Chalam is on tour. In the interim, Chalam returns and is introduced as the cook. From there, the story takes several comic twists. Ultimately, Chakrapani is elated that his wealth is going to the rightful heir- his great-grandson, who is the estranged Jagannatham's son. Finally, Jagannadham declares that women have equal property rights, and he shares the amount with his sisters.

==Cast==
*[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] as Malati
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam
*[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C. S. R]] as Chakrapani
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Ananda Rao
*Amarnath as Saradhi
*Dr. Sivaramakrishnayya as Mukunda Rao
*Chandrasekhar as Jagannadham
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as Kotayya
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Priest
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Manorama
*Chayadevi as Usha
*[[T. G. Kamala Devi]] as Shantha

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chakrapani
| type = film
| artist = Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1954
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 16:29
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music was composed by Bhanumathi. Lyrics were written by Ravuri Satyanarayana Rao. Music released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"O Priyurala"
|[[A. M. Rajah]]
|3:09
|-
|2
|"Uyyala Jampalala"
|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|3:50
|-
|3
|"Pakkala Nilabadi"
|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|3:11
|-
|4
|"Mella Mellagaa"
|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|3:03
|-
|5
|"O Malathi Lata"
|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
|3:16
|}

== Production ==
A popular writer of the time, Ravuru had started his career with Krishnapatrika in Machilipatnam and later worked in the editorial section of Andhra Prabha. His column Ashamaashi, in which he wrote on serious subjects in a lighter vein, was very popular in those days. He came up with the story of Chakrapani, a penny-pincher, and his naughty granddaughter. This film was a satire on Tollywood veteran producer [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]. Due to her rift with Chakrapani, Bhanumathi had left the lead role in the movie ''Missamma'' and later that role went to Savitri. By that time she was in the making of the film ''[[Vipra Narayana|Vipranarayana]]'' (1954), in which ANR and Bhanumathi are playing lead roles. She postponed the shooting of ''Vipranarayana'' and began to work on this film and wanted to release the film before the release of ''Missamma''. It is the debut movie of Bhanumathi as Music Director.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

== Critical reception ==
An article published in ''The Hindu'' newspaper on the movie reviewed: " The entire narrative in the movie is full of wit, thanks to Ravuru's humorous dialogue and the fine performance by all major actors – ANR, Bhanumathi, CSR, Kamaladevi, Amarnath, Ramana Reddy, Suryakantham and others. As usual, Bhanumathi dominated the proceedings and came up with a career-best hilarious show, sustaining with ease the tempo throughout. ANR matched her with his comic timing and expressions. Apart from performances, excellent cinematography by P. S. Selvaraj, the musical score by Bhanumathi helped the film's box-office success. Her renditions – "Uyyala Jampalalooga Raavaya…," "Pakkala Nilabadi…," "Nanu Choosi Intha Jaali Yelanamma," and A. M. Raja's "O Priyuraala… O Jawaraala" needs mention. Addepalli Ramarao and the popular violinist of the time, Hari Achyutharama Sastry, provided the background score that enhanced the film's quality."

== Legacy ==
When Bhanumathi reworked the story and made it as ''Athagaru Zindabad'' (director: P. Chandrasekhar Reddy) in 1988 as a tribute to her husband, her attempt did not meet with similar success.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0259240|Chakrapani}}

[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1954 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by P. Bhanumathi]]

Tikka Sankarayya

2026-03-03T20:40:12Z

FrancescaToscano: New new entry and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tikka Sankarayya
| image = Tikka Sankarayya.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = [[D. V. S. Raju]]
| director = [[D. Yoganand]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| music = [[T. V. Raju]]
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu
| editing = G. D. Joshi
| studio = D.V.S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|3|29}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''Tikka Sankarayya''''' ({{Translation|Crack Sankarayya}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[D. Yoganand]] and produced by [[D. V. S. Raju]]. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with music composed by [[T. V. Raju]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |date=7 April 1968 |title=సినిమా: తిక్క శంకరయ్య |language=te |work=[[Visalaandhra]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GXR/1015,61,2550,886 |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Radha |date=7 April 1968 |title=తిక్క శంకరయ్య |language=te |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GXQ/0,0,2550,1688 |access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raghavayya, a middle-class villager, lives with his overbearing wife, Kantamma, and his two daughters, Suseela and Rani. Kantamma mistreats Suseela for being her stepdaughter. Meanwhile, a young and charismatic man named Mohan visits to set up a marriage with Rani but instead falls in love with Suseela. However, Lingaraju, a [[loan shark]], also wants to marry Suseela. He asks Raghavayya to get him and Suseela married to absolve him of his debt. Overhearing the conversation, Mohan decides to pay back the debt, so he immediately seeks out his father, Kodandaramayya, who refuses to give his son money. Mohan decides to leave the house, but his mother aids him by selling her jewelry. Kanthamma forces Suseela to marry Lingaraju, but Suseela escapes before the marriage can take place. Kanthamma falsifies the marriage, marrying Lingaraju to their maid instead. Mohan witnesses the wedding, believing that Suseela and Lingjaru got married. Suseela and Mohan encounter each other on the same train to the city. Mohan rejects Suseela's advances, still thinking she is married. Soon after, Mohan gets into an accident and is hospitalized. Suseela meets him in the hospital, where Mohan finally rejects her. Mohan accidentally leaves his briefcase full of money behind, and Suseela returns it to his father. He appreciates Suseela's honesty, accepting her as his daughter-in-law as they await Mohan's arrival.

During an argument with Kantamma, Lingjaru discovers he married a maid instead of Suseela. Kantamma promises to find Suseela and perform the marriage once and for all. Kantamma sends her brother Devayya to search for Suseela, and he runs into Mohan. Devayya explains the situation to Mohan, and both go searching for Suseela. Sankaram, a madman who resembles Mohan, flees from a mental hospital. The staff of the mental hospital confuses Mohan with Sankaram and brings Mohan to the mental hospital. Devayya, believing Sankaram to be Mohan, brings him back to their village. Eventually, Sankaram and Rani fall in love. Sankaram's father visits Mohan in the hospital but realizes Mohan is not his son, and he is released. Before Mohan returns, Suseela gets a letter from Kantamma saying that Mohan is ready to marry Rani. Distressed, Suseela leaves the house. Upon his return, Mohan reads the letter and searches for Suseela to resolve the misunderstanding. Once reaching the village, Suseela tries to convince Sankaram to marry her, believing him to be Mohan. An angered Lingjaru backstabs Sankaram and kidnaps Suseela. After regaining consciousness, Sankaram regains his memory and reveals he is not Mohan. Just as he is about to leave, Rani stops him and proclaims her love for him. Mohan then rescues Suseela from Lingjaru, and Lingaraju accepts the maid as his wife. The movie ends with Mohan marrying Suseela and Sankaram marrying Rani.

== Cast ==
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Mohan and Sankaram (dual role)
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as Suseela
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Rani
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Raghavayya
* [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Lingaraju
* [[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]] as Sodabuddi Subbayya
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Madman
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah|Allu Ramalingayya]] as Sidhanthi
* [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Devayya
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Madman
* [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Kanthamma
* [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Mohan's mother
* Dr. Sivaramakrishnayya as Kodandaramayya
* [[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Madman
* [[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Appanna
* [[Mukku Raju]] as Dance Teacher

== Music ==
Music was composed by [[T. V. Raju]]. Lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thikka Shankarayya (1968)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/ |access-date=11 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!Length
|-
|"Tholi Kodi Kusindi"
|[[P. Susheela|P. Suseela]]
|3:22
|-
|"Mucchata Golipe"
|P. Suseela
|3:53
|-
|"Kovela Erugani"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], P. Suseela
|3:59
|-
|"Vagakaada"
|P. Suseela
|3:47
|-
|"Aisarabajjaa"
|Ghantasala, P. Suseela
|4:38
|-
|"Yaskodi Tassadiyya"
|Ghantasala, P. Suseela
|2:40
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2281543}}
{{D. Yoganand}}

[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Yoganand]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. V. Raju]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Ombattane Dikku

2026-03-03T12:10:12Z

FrancescaToscano: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ombatthane Dikku
| image = Ombattane Dikku.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dayal Padmanabhan]]
| screenplay = Dayal Padmanabhan
| story = [[Nithilan Saminathan]]
| based_on = [[Kurangu Bommai]]<ref name="soo"/>
| producer = [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] K9 Studios
| narrator = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
| starring = [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
| cinematography = Rakesh B.
| editing = Preethi Mohan
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| studio = D Pictures K9 Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|1|28}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ombatthane Dikku''''' ({{Translation|The Ninth Direction}}) is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language [[crime thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Dayal Padmanabhan]],<ref name="soo">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/jan/29/ombatthane-dikku-review-a-crime-thriller-that-depicts-relatable-middle-class-lives-lovefriendships-2412493.html |title='Ombatthane Dikku' Review: A crime thriller that depicts relatable middle-class lives, love, love, friendships |website=The Indian Express |date=29 January 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022 |author=A Sharadhaa}}</ref> starring [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Aditi Prabhudeva]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-and-aditi-prabhudeva-unite-for-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/70857684.cms |title=Yogi and Aditi Prabhudeva unite for a crime thriller - Times of India |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=28 August 2019 |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917112149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-and-aditi-prabhudeva-unite-for-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/70857684.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film is an official remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ombatthane-dikku/movie-review/89157287.cms |title=Ombatthane Dikku Movie Review: A crime thriller that's emotionally engaging |website=The Times of India |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131160941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ombatthane-dikku/movie-review/89157287.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It marks the second collaboration between director and Aditi Prabhudeva.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ombatthane-dikku-features-strong-female-characters-who-take-the-story-forward-dayal-padmanaban-1062523.html |title='Ombatthane Dikku' features strong female characters who take the story forward: Dayal Padmanaban |website=Deccan Herald |date=19 December 2021 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ombattane dikku: ಒಂಬತ್ತನೇ ದಿಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ವೃದ್ಧರಾದ ಯೋಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಅದಿತಿ ಪ್ರಭುದೇವ - aditi prabhudeva and loose maada yogi in old age look |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/aditi-prabhudeva-and-loose-maada-yogi-in-old-age-look/articleshow/75036155.cms |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330073047/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/aditi-prabhudeva-and-loose-maada-yogi-in-old-age-look/articleshow/75036155.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film got positive reviews from both critics and audiences praise the movie for its unique narrative style and characterisation.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Channakeshava
* [[Aditi Prabhudeva]] as Saroja Devi
* [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] as Varadappa
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Vasu
* [[Prashanth Siddi]] as Chintaka, thief
* Sampath Maitreya as Loki
* Ramesh Bhat as Murthy
* Mahesh as Giri, Varadappa henchman
* Sundar Veena as Saroja's father
* Shruthi Nayak as Channakeshava mother
* Rockline Sudhakar as Astologer
* Sonu Upadhyaya as Loki's wife
* Muni as Police Inspector
* Yatiraj as Police constable Ramesh}}

==Production==
After ''[[Ranganayaki (2019 film)|Ranganayaki]]'', director Dayal Padmanabhan brought remake rights of Tamil film [[Kurangu Bommai]].<ref name="soo"/>

The film is made on the genre of action-thriller, starring Yogi and Aditi Prabhudeva, has a voiceover by [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]. The film is produced by Dayal Padmanabhan's D Pictures in association with  K 9 Studio and G Cinemas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/03/ombatthane-dikku-clears-censor-with-ua-certificate-2378944.html |title='Ombatthane Dikku' clears censor with U/A certificate |website=The Indian Express |date=3 November 2021 |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330093906/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/03/ombatthane-dikku-clears-censor-with-ua-certificate-2378944.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
The film released on 28 January 2022 when the government gave permission to 50% occupation due to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dayal-padmanabhans-ombattane-dikku-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/88504214.cms |title=Dayal Padmanabhan's 'Ombattane Dikku' gets a new release date |website=The Times of India |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226111554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dayal-padmanabhans-ombattane-dikku-gets-a-new-release-date/articleshow/88504214.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in last week of March 2022.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12299992}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dayal Padmanabhan]]

En Uyir Neethaane

2026-03-03T04:45:48Z

FrancescaToscano: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = En Uyir Neethaane
| image = En Uyir Neethaane.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Rajkumar]]
| story = Bhoopathi Raja
| based_on = ''[[Pellichesukundam]]'' (Telugu)
| producer = Annur N. Senthil Tiruppur S. Selvaraj
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh|Ramesh Gandhi]]
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Jeeva Jyothi Films
| released = {{film date|1998|10|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''En Uyir Neethaane''''' ({{Translation|You are My Life}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by [[S. P. Rajkumar]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. It is a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Pelli Chesukundam]]''. The film was released on 19 October 1998, during [[Diwali]] and became a decent hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ennuyir needhane ( 1998 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ennuyir%20needhane |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929093910/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ennuyir%20needhane |archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=25 July 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 October 1998 |title=Varied fare for Deepavali |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981016/09/09160224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010818150157/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981016/09/09160224.htm |archive-date=18 August 2001}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2023}}
Vasu is a rich industrialist who raises his father's illegitimate son after the death of his mother. His father opposes this. Vasu leaves home to live alone with the child. Janaki witnesses a murder and testifies against the murderer. He is convicted. The murderer's brother rapes Janaki in revenge, and Janaki is kicked out of her house by her brother. She goes to her friend's house, but even there, she is kicked out. Vasu comes to her rescue. Janaki becomes a mother for Vasu's illegitimate brother and manager in Vasu's mill. Vasu is drawn towards her and wants to marry her. She turns him down, believing he is doing so out of sympathy. Vasu's mother tells Janaki to say no to Vasu's proposal for marriage as her aunt's daughter, Seema is coming from the US, and she wants Vasu to marry her instead. Janaki agrees and asks Prabhu to marry Seema instead. Janaki's rapist tries to marry her to make her withdraw the case, and then kill her. Vasu saves her. Finally, Seema realises Vasu's love for Janaki and refuses to marry him. Vasu and Janaki are united.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Vasu
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Janaki
* [[Goundamani]] as Bullet Jackie
* [[Senthil]] as Nicolas
* [[Maheswari]] as Seema
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Srividya]] as Vasu's mother
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Janaki's brother
* [[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Janaki's brother wife
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Police Inspector
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] as Rajasekhar's son
* [[Muthukaalai]] as mechanic
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Ponmanam]]'', S. P. Rajkumar collaborated again with Prabhu for second time. The film marked the first collaboration of Prabhu and Devayani.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 April 1998 |title=புதுசு! புதுசு! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1998-04-12/kalki1998-04-12.pdf |access-date=29 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=12–15 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film marked the debut of [[G. Ramesh]] as cinematographer.<ref name="kung">{{Cite web |last=ராஜா |date=21 February 2020 |title=மன்மதராசாவை நினைவிருக்கா? |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=10037&id1=40&issue=20200221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165940/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=10037&id1=40&issue=20200221 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=En Uyir Neethane / Sanaasi |url=https://avdigital.in/products/en-uyir-neethane-sanaasi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529145515/https://avdigital.in/products/en-uyir-neethane-sanaasi |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2017 |title=En Uyir Nee Thaane |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/en-uyir-nee-thaane/b5qdFVLaaE4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218134708/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/en-uyir-nee-thaane/b5qdFVLaaE4_ |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "January Nilave" || Krishnaraj, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[S. P. Rajkumar]] || 05:31
|-
| "Mela Mela" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Palani Bharathi]] || 05:16
|-
| "Nicobar" || Mano, Deva || [[Kamakodiyan]]|| 05:15
|-
| "Padhinettu Vayasu" || Sujatha, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Palani Bharathi || 05:03
|-
| "Symphony" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Arivumathi]] || 05:01
|}

== Reception ==
Thamarai Manalan of ''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote "there is full scope for Prabu and Devayani in this film to exhibit their exceptional acting talent", and that "both of them have performed remarkably well". The critic added that "after very long days, Prabu has achieved very great feat in acting, by completely melting down where the situation demands it and has emotionally burst out also where he would naturally be expected to do so".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 1998 |title=Film Review: "En Uyir Neethaanae" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/13-11-98/ennuyir.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912062115/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/13-11-98/ennuyir.htm |archive-date=12 September 2007 |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam, for ''[[The Hindu]]'', appreciated Rajkumar's direction and the cast performances, but felt "Goundamani-Senthil and another newcomer really get on one's nerves with their comedy".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 October 1998 |title=Film Reviews:En Uyir Neethanae / Unnudan / Chandralekha / Bade Miyan Chote Miyan |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981023/09/09230224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605184827/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981023/09/09230224.htm |archive-date=5 June 2001}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Rajkumar}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

The Siege of Krishnapur

2026-03-02T09:25:19Z

FrancescaToscano:

{{Short description|Novel by James Gordon Farrell}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Siege of Krishnapur
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:SiegeOfKrishnapur.JPG
| caption = First edition
| author = [[J. G. Farrell]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]
| release_date = 1973
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 344 pp
| isbn = 0-297-76580-9
| dewey = 823/.9/14
| congress = PZ4.F2448 Si PR6056.A75
| oclc = 746629
| preceded_by = [[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]
| followed_by = [[The Singapore Grip]]
}}
'''''The Siege of Krishnapur''''' is a [[novel]] by Irish writer [[J. G. Farrell]], first published in 1973.

Inspired by events that purportedly took place before the mutiny of 1857 such as the sieges of [[Siege of Cawnpore|Cawnpore]] ([[Kanpur]]) and [[Siege of Lucknow|Lucknow]], the book details the siege of a fictional Indian town, Krishnapur, during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The book portrays the perspective of the [[British Empire#Britain's imperial century (1815–1914)|British]] residents. The main characters find themselves subject to the increasing strictures and deprivation of the siege, which reverses the "normal" structure of life where Europeans govern Asian subjects. The book portrays an India under the control of the [[East India Company]], as was the case in 1857. The absurdity of the class system in a town no one can leave becomes a source of comic invention, though the text is serious in intent and tone.

The novel gained positive reviews from a variety of sources,<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/sep/24/featuresreviews.guardianreview26 |title=Guardian Book Reviews | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Sue | last=Arnold | date=September 24, 2005 | access-date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> and won the [[Booker Prize for Fiction]] in 1973. Farrell used his acceptance speech to attack the sponsors for their business activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyrb.typepad.com/classics/2008/05/the-best-of-the.html |title=A Different Stripe: The Best of the Booker: The Siege of Krishnapur|work=New York Review of Books}}</ref> In 2008 the book was shortlisted along with five other former winners for [[The Best of the Booker]].

==Plot==
The story is set in the town of Krishnapur, and tells of a besieged British garrison which holds out for four months against an army of native [[sepoy]]s. Among the community are the [[District Collector]], a father of small children, who is an extreme example of [[Victorian morality|Victorian]] belief in progress, and can often be found daydreaming of the [[Great Exhibition]]; the Magistrate, a [[Chartism|Chartist]] in his youth, but who sees his political ideals destroyed by witnessing the siege; Dr. Dunstaple and Dr. McNab, who row over the best way to treat [[cholera]]; Fleury, a poetical young man from England who learns to become a soldier; and Lucy, a "fallen woman" who is rescued and eventually runs a tea salon in the despairing community. By the end of the novel, cholera, starvation and the sepoys have killed off most of the inhabitants, who are reduced to eating dogs, horses and finally beetles, their teeth much loosened by [[scurvy]]. "The final retreat of the British, still doggedly [[stiff upper lip|stiff-upper-lipped]] through the pantries, laundries, music rooms and ballroom of the residency, using chandeliers and violins as weapons, is a comic delight".<ref name="Guardian"/>

''The Siege of Krishnapur'' is part of Farrell's "Empire Trilogy", which concerns the [[British Empire]] and its decline in three locations. Other books in the series are ''[[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]'', which is set during the Irish War for Independence (1919–1921), and ''[[The Singapore Grip]]'', which takes place just before the invasion of Singapore by the Japanese in World War II, during the last days of the Empire.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/books/imprints/classics/the-siege-of-krishnapur/ New York Book Reviews]</ref>

==Reviews==
Walter Clemons in ''[[Newsweek]]'' on 21 October 1974 said it was "a work of wit, lively historical reconstruction and imaginative intensity."<ref name= "Prusse 2003">{{cite book |last=Prusse|first=Michael C.|title=British and Irish Novelists Since 1960|year=2003 |publisher=Gale|location=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] |isbn=978-0-7876-6015-4}}</ref>

John Spurling said in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' on 21 September 1973, that it was "a masterpiece".<ref name= "Prusse 2003"/>

On 2 September 1973, [[Julian Symons]] wrote in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' that Farrell is "one of the half-dozen British writers under forty whose work should be read by anybody inclined to think that no interesting novels are being written today."<ref name= "Prusse 2003"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Booker Prize}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege Of Krishnapur, The}}
[[Category:Fiction set in 1857]]
[[Category:1973 British novels]]
[[Category:Fictional Asian countries]]
[[Category:Booker Prize–winning works]]
[[Category:Novels by J. G. Farrell]]
[[Category:Novels about the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Weidenfeld & Nicolson books]]
[[Category:Postcolonial novels]]
[[Category:NYRB Classics]]

Mamnoon Hussain

2026-02-26T13:35:11Z

FrancescaToscano: minor update

{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 2013 to 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| office = 12th [[President of Pakistan]]
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name = ممنون حسین
| native_name_lang = ur
| image = President Mamnoon Hussain.jpg
| alt =
| smallimage = 
| caption = Official portrait, 2013
| alongside = 
| term_start = 9 September 2013
| term_end = 9 September 2018
| predecessor = [[Asif Ali Zardari]]
| successor = [[Arif Alvi]]
| president =
| primeminister = {{ubl|[[Nawaz Sharif]]|[[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]|[[Nasirul Mulk]] (caretaker)|[[Imran Khan]] }}
| taoiseach =
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| footnotes =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| alongside2 = 
| chancellor2 = 
| constituency2 = 
| deputy2 = 
| governor =
| governor2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| majority =
| majority2 = 
| monarch2 = 
| office2 = 24th [[Governor of Sindh]]
| order2 = 
| predecessor2 = [[Moinuddin Haider]]
| president2 = [[Rafiq Tarar]]
| primeminister2 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1993–2021)
| prior_term =
| vicepresident2 = 
| viceprimeminister2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| successor2 = [[Air Marshal|AM]] [[Azim Daudpota]]
| taoiseach2 = 
| prior_term2 = 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1940|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|7|14|1940|12|23}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Mehmooda Mamnoon
| partner = 
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Business Administration, Karachi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[Industrialist]]}}
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| blank1 =
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| military_blank1 =
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| name: =
| image_size = 225px
| governor_general =
| term_start2 = 19 June 1999
| term_end2 = 12 October 1999
| governor_general2 = 
| education =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
| blank3 =
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| blank4 =
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''' Mamnoon Hussain'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|ممنون حسین}}}} (23 December 1940 – 14 July 2021)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/360054-former-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away | title=Former president Mamnoon Hussain passes away in Karachi }}</ref> was a Pakistani politician, industrialist and statesman who served as the 12th [[president of Pakistan]] from 2013 to 2018. He also served as the [[governor of Sindh]] from June 1999 until being deposed in a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]] in October 1999, when the [[Government of Pakistan|federal]] and [[Provincial governments of Pakistan|all provincial governments]] were overthrown by [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 September 2013|title=Profile: Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23456284|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=15 July 2021|title=Former Pakistan president Mamnoon Hussain passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/former-pakistan-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away/article35333720.ece|access-date=15 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Hussain was then nominated for the presidency by the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] in July 2013 and was elected through an [[Indirect election|indirect]] [[2013 Pakistani presidential election|presidential election]].<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau, 2013">{{cite news|last1=Staff report|date=9 September 2013|title=Profile:Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain|publisher=BBC Pakistan Bureau, 2013|agency=BBC Pakistan Bureau|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23456284|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dawn News, 2013">{{cite news|last1=The Newspaper's Staff Reporter|date=9 September 2013|title=Mamnoon Hussain takes oath today|page=1|publisher=Dawn News, 2013|agency=Dawn|location=Islamabad|url=http://www.dawn.com/|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154339/http://www.dawn.com/|archive-date=6 July 2011|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Hussain took over the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]] after an [[Oath of office|oath]] administered by the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] of Pakistan on 9 September 2013.<ref name="Dawn News, 2013" /><ref name="Pakistan Today, 2013">{{cite news|last1=Staff report|date=9 September 2013|title=Mamnoon Hussain takes oath as country's 12th president|work=Pakistan Today|agency=Pakistan Today|location=Islamabad|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117140753/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/|archive-date=17 January 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

Hussain maintained a low-key profile as president and his role was rarely seen in the [[Politics of Pakistan|nation's politics]], although he was involved in a [[Polio eradication]] program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26014164|title=Mamnoon Hussain: Pakistan's 'invisible' president|last=Rashid|first=Haroon|date=3 March 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mamnoon Hussain was born in [[Agra]], [[British Raj|British India]] in 1940 to Ustad Zafar Hussain. His family's ancestral occupation was in the trade of leather and footwear.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agra relatives mourn former Pakistani president Mamnoon Hussain Qureshi's death|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/agra-relatives-mourn-former-pakistani-president-mamnoon-hussain-qureshi-s-death-1828683-2021-07-15|date=2021-07-15|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> They moved to [[Karachi]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-24274-Mamnoon-Hussain-most-likely-to-replace-Zardari|title=Mamnoon Hussain most likely to replace Zardari|work=The News|date=21 July 2013|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = EXCLUSIVE: Q&A WITH PRESIDENT-ELECT MAMNOON HUSSAIN|date = 31 July 2013|url = http://newsweekpakistan.com/exclusive-president-elect-mamnoon-hussain/|last = Shah|first = Benazir|newspaper = Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/indian-born-mamnoon-hussain-elected-president-pakistan-after-opposition-ppp-boycotts-poll-1364637|title=Indian-Born Mamnoon Hussain Elected President of Pakistan, After Opposition PPP Boycotts Poll|work=IB Times|date=30 July 1948|access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=rferlmamnoon>{{cite news|title = Explainer: All You Need To Know About Pakistan's (Indirect) Presidential Election|url = http://www.rferl.org/content/pakistan-presidential-election-/25060107.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=10 November 2014 }}</ref> After being homeschooled,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1303732/i-have-never-gone-to-school-says-president-mamnoon |title=I have never gone to school, says President Mamnoon – Pakistan |work=Dawn|date=22 December 2016 |location=Pakistan |access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref> Hussain enrolled in the [[Karachi University]] where he studied for the Commerce degree. After graduating from the Karachi University in 1963,<ref name="Xinhua, Pakistan bureau">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-02/17/c_133120831.htm|title=Profile: Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain|date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119171342/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-02/17/c_133120831.htm|archive-date=19 January 2015|url-status=dead|publisher=Xinhua, Pakistan bureau, 2014|agency=Xinhua, Pakistan bureau|last1=Zhao|first1=Chen Lee|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> he entered in the [[Graduate school|master's program]] at the [[Institute of Business Administration, Karachi|Institute of Business Administration]] (IBA) in Karachi, and obtained his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA degree]] in 1965.<ref name="Shanghai Dail, Pakistan Bureau">{{cite news|last1=Shao|first1=Ming|title=President Mamnoon Hussain|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=200982|access-date=19 January 2015|agency=Shanghai Dail, Pakistan Bureau|publisher=Shanghai Dail, Pakistan Bureau|date=17 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Presidency, Govt of Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTMwOjkwODAvcG9wL0lubmVyUGFnZS5hc3B4P1BhZ2VfSUQ9MTA%3D|title=President's Profile|publisher=Presidency, Govt of Pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031035007/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTMwOjkwODAvcG9wL0lubmVyUGFnZS5hc3B4P1BhZ2VfSUQ9MTA%3D|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=dead|last1=Govt. Pakistan|access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>

Initially supporting and strengthening his father's business, he later founded his own [[Textile industry in Pakistan|textile company]] in Karachi.<ref name="Shanghai Dail, Pakistan Bureau" /> He later joined the center-right [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]] in 1970, working as a party worker.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 September 2013|title=Mamnoon Hussain: Indian-born president-elect of Pakistan – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/600712/mamnoon-hussain-indian-born-president-elect-of-pakistan/|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> In 1997, he earned public notability as a business leader when he was elected as president of the [[Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry]], serving until May 1999.<ref>Ghumman, Khawar (23 July 2013 ) [http://dawn.com/news/1031188/mamnoon-strongest-pml-n-candidate Mamnoon strongest PML-N candidate]. ''Dawn''.</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:SCO summit (2018-06-10) 1.jpg|thumb|left|Hussain at the 2018 [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) summit in China]]

Hussain began to take interest in [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]] in 1968 when he became chairman and joined the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (PML) led by [[Nurul Amin]]. Initially, an activist with reformist zeal in 1968, Hussain became joint secretary of the Pakistan Muslim League's Karachi chapter.<ref name="Presidency, Govt of Pakistan" /> In 1993, he officially joined the PML(N) led by [[Nawaz Sharif]] and was appointed the Finance Secretary of the PML(N) in [[Sindh]].<ref name="Presidency, Govt of Pakistan" />

An advisor to Sindh Chief Minister Liaquat Ali Jatoi between 1997 and 1998,In June 1999, he became the [[Governor of Sindh]], but his term was cut short on 12 October 1999 when the PML(N) government was ousted in a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]].<ref name="Presidency, Govt of Pakistan" /> which led to the suspension of the [[Constitution]]. While the military sought to isolate Nawaz Sharif, Mamnoon Hussain remained loyal to him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NA |date=2013-07-30 |title=Mamnoon Hussain elected 12th President of Pakistan |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/62173-mamnoon-hussain-elected-12th-president-of-pakistan |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> His credentials as a politician devoted to the cause of democracy were established when he became a political prisoner after raising his voice against the military regime of [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref name="Presidency, Govt of Pakistan" />

[[File:Mamnoon Hussain 2014.jpg|thumb|Hussain in 2014]]

He ran for the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]] from NA-250 Karachi-XII as a candidate of the PML(N), but was unsuccessful. He received 5,565 votes and was defeated by [[Abdul Sattar Afghani]], a candidate of the [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=NA 250 Karachi XII Detail Election Result 2002 |url=https://www.electionpakistani.com/ge2002/NA-250.htm |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=www.electionpakistani.com}}</ref>

Azhar Haroon, the former president of the [[Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry|Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], said: "He had no political affiliation until 1999 but his polite discourse and professional ability impressed [[Nawaz Sharif]], who appointed him as the Governor of Sindh".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/india-born-mamnoon-hussain-elected-pakistani-president-399033 |title=India-born Mamnoon Hussain elected Pakistani president |publisher=NDTV.com }}</ref> He was a relatively lesser-known figure,<ref name=rferlmamnoon/><ref>{{cite news|last=Nemtsova |first=Anna |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/30/mamnoon-hussain-the-new-man-in-pakistan.html |title=Mamnoon Hussain: The New Man in Pakistan |newspaper=The Daily Beast |publisher=Thedailybeast.com |date=30 July 2013}}</ref> described as loyal to Nawaz Sharif,<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/world/pakistan/mamnoon-hussain-elected-president-of-pakistan-1.1215029 Mamnoon Hussain elected President of Pakistan]. Gulf News.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/world/asia/mamnoon-hussain-elected-as-pakistan-president.html?_r=0&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1375261480-4UI896jl2/fBl0wHSxCnjQ Pakistani Lawmakers Choose Next President]. ''The New York Times'', 31 July 2013</ref> and was elected President of Pakistan as the official nominee of the PML-N in the [[2013 Pakistani presidential election|July 2013 presidential election]]. Hussain secured 432 votes and his only rival [[Wajihuddin Ahmed]] received 77.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.tv/article-111663-Mamnoon-Hussain-elected-12th-President-of-Pakistan |title=Mamnoon Hussain elected 12th President of Pakistan |publisher=geo.tv |date= 30 July 2013 }}</ref> He was sworn in on 9 September 2013 in a ceremony held at [[Aiwan-e-Sadr]], attended by mainstream political and military leadership alongside foreign dignitaries, media personnel and his close relatives.<ref>[https://www.nation.com.pk/09-Sep-2013/mamnoon-takes-oath-as-12th-president-today Mamnoon takes oath as 12th president today]. ''The Nation'' (Pakistan). 9 September 2013</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quickjobs.pk/mcqs/list-of-current-Pakistani-officials.html |title=Current Pakistani Officials |publisher=Quickjobs.pk |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203447/https://www.quickjobs.pk/mcqs/list-of-current-Pakistani-officials.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the time of assuming the office of president, he became the second oldest president of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/453735|title=Mamnoon Hussain becomes president at age of 73.5 years|website=The News International}}</ref> His term for the presidency ended on 8 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/210308-president-mamnoon-given-farewell-guard-of-honour|title=President Mamnoon given farewell guard of honour|website=geo.tv|date=8 September 2018}}</ref> He was the second [[president of Pakistan]] whose family migrated to Pakistan from India after the [[Partition of India]]. He belonged to an ethnic [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]] family.<ref name="geo/5sept2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/209950-dr-arif-alvis-father-was |title=Dr Arif Alvi's father was Jawaharlal Nehru's dentist | Life & Style |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=Geo.tv |date=5 September 2018}}</ref>

==Death==
In February 2020, Hussain was diagnosed with [[cancer]] and was under treatment.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lahoreherald.com/former-president-mamnoon-hussain-died-in-karachi-at-the-age-of-80/|title=Former President Mamnoon Hussain died in Karachi|publisher=Lahore Herald|date=July 14, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 14 July 2021, he died in [[Karachi]], aged 80.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former president Mamnoon Hussain passes away in Karachi at 80 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1635068/former-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away-in-karachi-at-79|work=Dawn |date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Federal Secretary]]
*[[List of presidents of Pakistan]]
*[[Constitution of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mamnoon Hussain}}
* [http://www.suchtv.pk/pakistan/general/item/5589-mamnoon-hussain-takes-oath-as-twelfth-president.html Mamnoon Hussain takes oath as Twelfth President ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150601174355/http://urdu.islamabadpolitics.com/?p=1509 Profile page (in Urdu)]
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-110750-Mamnoon-Hussain-submits-nomination-papers-for-presidential-election- Mamnoon Hussain submits nomination papers for presidential election]
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-110651-PML-N-nominates-Mamnoon-Hussain-as-presidential-candidate- Mamnoon Hussain nomination as PML-N presidential candidate]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Moinuddin Haider]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Sindh]]|years=1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Azim Daudpota]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Asif Ali Zardari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=2013–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arif Alvi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Governors of Sindh|state=collapsed}}
{{Conservatism in Pakistan}}
{{Portal bar|Pakistan|Conservatism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Mamnoon}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karachi]]
[[Category:Governors of Sindh]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Institute of Business Administration, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-communists]]
[[Category:Pakistani democracy activists]]
[[Category:Pakistani financiers]]
[[Category:Pakistani industrialists]]
[[Category:Pakistani Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Pakistan]]

St. Joseph's Monastery Shrine, Mannanam

2026-02-21T01:45:22Z

FrancescaToscano: New a post more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Church
| name = St. Joseph's Monastery Shrine
| image = St Joseph Church, Mannanam.jpg
| location = Mannanam
| district = [[Kottayam]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| diocese =
| priest =
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|9|38|49.6|N|76|31|10.2|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''St. Joseph's Church, Mannanam''' is a [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in Mannanam, [[Kerala]]. The church was built on top of a hill by [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]] whose body is buried in the church.<ref name="KT">{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/st-josephs-monastery-mannanam/480 |title=St. Joseph's Monastery, Mannanam |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113816/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/st-josephs-monastery-mannanam/480 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |df= }}</ref>

[[File:St Joseph Church Mannanam Plaque.jpg|thumb|The plaque describing the history of the church]]

==Pilgrimage center==
The church is a pilgrimage center for followers of Kuriakose Elias Chavara. The church was commissioned by him on 11 May 1831 and completed in 1837. It was subsequently renovated in 1955 and 1996. The church compound also houses the residential unit used by the saint. In 2014, when Chavara was canonized as a saint, 60,000 people attended the thanksgiving mass at the church complex which was celebrated by 100 priests.<ref name="DC">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141124/nation-current-affairs/article/believers-throng-mannanam-hill |title=Believers throng Mannanam hill |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109114552/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141124/nation-current-affairs/article/believers-throng-mannanam-hill |archive-date=9 January 2017 |df= }}</ref>

[[File:Intercessions attributed to St Kuriakose.jpg|thumb|right|Framed claims attributing deeds to Chavara's intercession outside his room]]
He also started the first printing press in Kottayam in the church complex in 1846. The printing press was used to bring out the first Malayalam daily ''Nasrani Deepika''. He died in 1871,l and was buried at [[St.Philomena's Forane Church, Koonammavu|St. Philomina's Church, Koonammavu]]. His corpse was transferred to the St. Joseph Church in 1889.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/two-kerala-born-indian-catholics-to-be-declared-as-saints-in-vatican/ |title=Two Kerala-born Indian Catholics to be declared as saints in Vatican |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107162625/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/two-kerala-born-indian-catholics-to-be-declared-as-saints-in-vatican/ |archive-date=7 November 2016 |df= }}</ref><ref name="RV">{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/06/12/two_more_native_saints_to_invigorate_faith_in_india/1101697 |title=Two more Indian native Saints to invigorate Faith of the local Catholic Church |publisher=[[Vatican Radio]] |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109115122/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/06/12/two_more_native_saints_to_invigorate_faith_in_india/1101697 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |df= }}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/klca-protests-against-neglect-of-koonammavu/article6304199.ece |title=KLCA protests against neglect of Koonammavu | date=11 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=6 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]

Shahdol district

2026-02-18T00:21:11Z

FrancescaToscano: fix

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Shahdol}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahdol district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 230
|photo1a = Bansagar Dam.jpg
|photo2a = Bansagar2.JPG}}
| image_caption = View of [[Bansagar Dam]]
| image_map = MP Shahdol district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Shahdol district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Shahdol
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shahdol Division|Shahdol]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Shahdol]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 6,205
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 10,66,068
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 66.7 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 974
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = Deputy Commissioner
| leader_name1 = Satendra Singh, IAS
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://shahdol.nic.in}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Shahdol district''' ({{IPA|hi|ʃɛʱ.ɖoːl}}) is a [[district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in east central India. Its old name was Matsya raj or Virat kingdom in the name of great king Maharaja [[Virata]]. With a total area of {{cvt|6,205|km2}} and a population of 10,66,063. Shahdol is an important district of Madhya Pradesh. The town of [[Shahdol]] is the district headquarters. The district formerly comprised Shahdol division.

The Virateshwara Temple in Sohagpur Vangana is the most important tourist destination of Shahdol and a structural masterpiece. The district extends {{cvt|110|km}} from east to west and {{cvt|170|km}} from north to south.

==History==
Shahdol history is from the Mahabharata era and Shahdol stands for shahh means 100 and Dol means pond. City of 100 ponds which were dug during Agyatwaas of Pandavas who were continuously on move while exile last year to avoid being traced by spies sent by Duryodhana. It was part of Virata Nagar where Pandavas spent most of last year of exile. Later the City regained books during Gupt period. The district was ruled by the Chedis and [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuris]], before being taken by the [[Gondwana Kingdom|Gonds]]. Baghels were allies of Mughal rulers after being defeated from Gujrat by Khilji took refuge in Rewa. They slowly captured most of the district after establishing Rewa as capital city from Gondwana kings. The town [[Sohagpur]] was established by the Baghel king Sohag Deo in Shahdol. Eventually the Bhonsles of Nagpur took over the territory, and after the Second Anglo-Maratha War it was ceded to the British. After the Maharaja of Rewa supported the Britishers during the 1857 rebellion, the district was returned to him in gratitude. Shahdol was at this time sparsely settled, and the Baghels invited many cultivators into the district from other parts. It remained an estate of Rewa state under the until Independence, when it became a separate district.

==Geography==
Shahdol District is situated in the north-eastern part of the Madhya Pradesh province of India. Because of the division of the district on 15-08-2003, the area of the district remains {{cvt|5671|km2}}. It is surrounded by [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]] in the southeast, [[Satna district|Satna]] & [[Rewa district|Rewa]] in the north, Sidhi in the northeast, Umaria in the west and [[Koriya district|Koriya]] district of Chhattisgarh in the west. The district extends 110 km from east to west and 170 km from north to south. This district is situated between 22°38' N latitude to 24°20' N latitude and 80°28' E Longitude to 82°12' E longitude.

==Topography==
The District is located in the north-eastern part of the Deccan Plateau. It lies at the trijunction of Maikal Ranges of the [[Satpura Range]], the foot of the [[Kaimore Range]] an extension of the [[Vindhya Range]] and a mass of parallel hills which extend over the Chhota Nagpur plateau in Jharkhand. In between these hill ranges lies the narrow valley of the Son and its tributaries. Since the Kaimore Range extends along the [[Son River|Son]] just across the northern boundary, the District may be divided into three physiographic divisions. They are :-

* The Maikal Range
* The Hills of Eastern Plateau
* The Upper Son Valley
District Shahdol is predominantly hilly district. It is picturesque with certain pockets and belt of [[Sal (tree)|SAL]] and mixed forests. Total geographical area of the district is 5671 km2. Adjacents to the District Shahdol are the boarding districts Satna, Sidhi, Umaria, Anuppur and Rewa.

==Administrative Divisions==
* [[Jaisinghnagar]]
* [[Beohari]]
* [[Jaitpur, Shahdol|Jaitpur]]
* [[Burhar]]
* [[Gohaparu]]
* [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)|Sohagpur ]]<ref>[https://shahdol.nic.in/%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1-%e0%a4%94%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%95/ Block and Tehsil]</ref>

==Mineral resources==
District Shahdol is very rich in its mineral resources. Minerals found in district are coal, fire clay, ochers and marble. [[Sohagpur Coalfield]] contributes a major part in the revenue of the state. A brief description of the various occurrences is given below :

The important coal field in the District is Sohagpur coal field. The Barakars in this area are about 3100 km2 Four coal seams have been recorded from the lower Barakars whereas a few thin seams are reported from Upper Barakars. The Lower Barakar coal of lower ash content and better quality as compared to that from Upper Barakars. In general the coal is of low rank, high moisture, high volatiles and non-coking type. A reserve of 4064 million tonnes has been estimated from this field.

Good black clay deposits occur near Jamuni and Hinota.

Ochers deposit in the Shahdol district is reported from pachdi.

Marble deposits are found near villages Pasgarhi, Bagdari and Paparedi. Details of the deposit to be under search in these areas.

District Shahdol is only uranium producer in state

The current source of gas is Coal Bed Methane (CBM) blocks in Sohagpur East (SP-E) and Sohagpur West (SP-W) located in Shahdol. RIL has been awarded by the Government of India the Coal Bed Methane (CBM) blocks, located in the districts of Shahdol and Annupur in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The plateau production of CBM from these blocks is expected to be about 3.5 mmscmd. Total reserves estimated at 3.75 trillion cubic feet of in-place gas reserves under coal seams in Sohagpur coal bed methane (CBM) blocks<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rgpl.co.in/shandol-phulpur-natural-gas-pipeline.html|title = Reliance Gas Pipeline Limited}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Shahdol one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 24 districts in Madhya Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
District is very backward in the field of agriculture. Tribals of the district prefer the cultivation in the old traditional method. The size of the fields are very small and mainly the tribals are marginal farmers. The yearly yield of the products from the fields are not enough for their home use. Hence, for the rest part of the year they work on daily wages. Mahua fruit, wood & seeds are source of income for tribe area people.

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,84,279|13=1911|14=2,10,750|15=1921|16=1,95,760|17=1931|18=2,35,883|19=1941|20=2,69,448|21=1951|22=2,94,797|23=1961|24=3,78,636|25=1971|26=4,76,735|27=1981|28=6,07,061|29=1991|30=7,66,980|31=2001|32=9,08,148|33=2011|34=10,66,063|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43356/download/47048/23%20A-2%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Shahdol District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,066,063,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Shahdol |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/752/download/2659/DH_2011_2343_PART_A_DCHB_SHAHDOL.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Cyprus]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Cyprus 1,120,489 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=Rhode Island 1,052,567|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 427th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 172 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.27%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Shahdol has a [[sex ratio]] of 968 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 68.36%. 20.60% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 8.42% and 44.65% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The Tribals have a simple lifestyle. Their houses are made of mud, bamboo sticks, paddy, straw and local tiles. Tribal men wear Dhoti, Bandi, Fatohi and headgear. Women wear Saree named "Kaansh" saree in the local dialect. The saree is usually of skin colour. Women love to wear colourful clothes and ornaments. They wear traditional jewelry made of bamboo, seeds and metals. Nowadays people have also taken a liking for Western wear. Almost half of the tribals are [[Gondi people|Gonds]], 22% [[Kol people|Kols]], 20% are [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]].

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Shahdol district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.98}}
{{bar percent|Others (tribal religion)|chartreuse|1.82}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}

As of the 2011 census, 93.53% of the population were Hindus, 3.98% Muslims and 1.82% other religions (mainly traditional tribal religion).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Shahdol district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 94.92 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] |value2 = 3.40 |color2 = indianred
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.68 |color3 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 94.92% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] and 3.4% [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Vernaculars spoken in Shahdol include [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], which has a [[lexical similarity]] of 72-91% with [[Hindi]]<ref name=bfy/> (compared to 60% for German and English)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = English | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> and is spoken by about 7,800,000 people in [[Bagelkhand]]. Around 7,500 people still speak Gondi in the district.<ref name=bfy>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bagheli: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfy | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

== Tourist attractions ==

===Virateshwara Temple, Banganga===
[[File:Erotic sculpture at virat temple shahdol.jpg|thumb|Erotic sculpture at [[Virateshwar| Virateshwar temple]], Shahdol]]
[[Virateshwar]] temple or Virat Temple, dating back to the 10th - 11th century CE, is a temple of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)]], Shahdol district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Virat Mandir {{!}} District Shahdol {{!}} India |url=https://shahdol.nic.in/en/tourist-place/virat-mandir/ |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> This temple was built by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalchuri]] ruler, Maharaja Yuvraj between 950 A.D. and 1050 A.D. This was built as a present for the Acharya (saint) of Golkaki Math. Many archaeologists{{who|date=March 2019}} consider this temple as the temple of Karna Deva.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} This 70 feet tall temple is one of the most famous architectures of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalchuri]] Age.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The temple is under the preservation of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).

===Bansagar Dam===
[[Bansagar Dam|Bansagar]] or Ban Sagar Dam is a multipurpose river Valley project on [[Son River]] situated in the [[Ganges Basin]] in Madhya Pradesh, India with both irrigation and 435 MW of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power generation]] .

===Kankali Mandir===
Kankali Mandir is located at village Antra. It's a divine temple of goddess Durga. Many people reach here in Navratri.

===Jwalamukhi Temple===
Jwalamukhi temple located in [[Burhar]], it's a very calm and peaceful place, here is a pond, thousand of people reach the temple.

===Lakhwariya caves===
Regarding the caves of Lakhabaria, it is believed that the [[Pandavas]] had reached here during their exile in the Mahabharata period and had built one lakh caves. After which it was named Lakhbaria. At present about 13 caves are safe. All the rest are buried under the soil.

==Transport==
The nearest airport is [[Jabalpur Airport]].<ref name="Virat Mandir">{{cite web |title=Virat Mandir {{!}} District Shahdol {{!}} India |url=https://shahdol.nic.in/en/tourist-place/virat-mandir/ |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>

[[Shahdol railway station]] is connected by rail route and roadways.<ref name="Virat Mandir" />

To reach by bus or taxi, one needs to travel on state highway 22.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Shahdol district}}
* [https://shahdol.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Shahdol district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Sidhi district]]
|East = [[Koriya district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Anuppur district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Umaria district]]
|Northwest = [[Satna district]]
}}

{{Shahdol Division}}
{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Narmada basin}}

{{coord|23|18|N|81|21|E|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Shahdol district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]

List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean

2026-01-31T13:34:23Z

FrancescaToscano:

{{Short description|None}}
This is a '''list of ports and harbours of the [[Indian Ocean]]'''.

==List==
[[File:LogosHope-ColomboHarbour-November2015-01.JPG|thumb|[[Port of Colombo]] in [[Sri Lanka]]]]
[[Image:Bunbury Harbour 01.jpg|thumb|right|Bunbury Port]]
[[Image:Aerial view of Fremantle.JPG|thumb|right|Fremantle Port]]
[[Image:PORT CTG TAZMEEM.JPG|thumb|right|Chittagong port]]
[[Image:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]], Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

]]
[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|[[Mundra Port]], Gujarat, India ]]
[[File:MSC_IRINA_TRIVANDRUM_PORT_HD.jpg|thumb|[[Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India ]]
[[Image:Vizag seaport.jpg|thumb|[[Visakhapatnam Port]], Andhra Pradesh, India ]]
[[Image:Vallarpadam Container Terminal.JPG|thumb|[[Port of Kochi|Kochi Port]], Kerala, India ]]
[[Image:Chennai Port panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai port]], Tamil Nadu, India ]]
[[Image:Port Louis harbour, Mauritius from the mountain Le Pouce.jpg|thumb|[[Port Louis]], Mauritius]]
[[File:Hambantota Port.jpg|thumb|[[Port of Hambantota]] in [[Sri Lanka]]]]

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Land region
!Country, subdivision
!Port
!Container Port
!Body of water
|-
| Oceania || [[Australia]], [[Western Australia]] || [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)|Barrow Island]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Busselton]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Challenger Harbour]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Cockatoo Island (Western Australia)|Cockatoo Island]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Cossack, Western Australia|Cossack]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Dampier, Western Australia|Dampier]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Derby, Western Australia|Derby]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Fremantle Fishing Boat Harbour|Fishing Boat Harbour]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Fremantle]]
|Yes||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || Garkunnden Island
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Geraldton]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Hamelin Bay]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Koolan Island]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Kwinana Beach|Kwinana]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Port Hedland]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Rottnest Island|Thompsons Bay, Western Australia]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Western Australia || [[Wyndham, Western Australia|Wyndham]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, South Australia || [[Port Adelaide]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, South Australia || [[Port Lincoln]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, South Australia || [[Port Pirie]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Tasmania || [[Strahan, Tasmania|Strahan]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] || [[Portland, Victoria|Portland]]
| ||
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Victoria || [[Geelong]]
| || [[Port Phillip Bay]]
|-
| Oceania || Australia, Victoria || [[Port of Melbourne]]
| || [[Port Phillip Bay]]
|-
| South Asia || [[Bangladesh]], [[Chittagong]] || [[Port of Chittagong]]
|Yes|| [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || Bangladesh, [[Bagerhat]] || [[Port of Mongla]]
|Yes|| [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || Bangladesh, [[Patuakhali]] || [[Port of Paira]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || Bangladesh, [[Cox's Bazar]] || [[Matarbari Port]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Bahrain]], [[Al Hidd]] || [[Khalifa Bin Salman Port]]
| ||[[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || Bahrain, [[Manama]] || [[Mina Salman|Mina Salman Port]]
| ||[[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| East Africa || [[Djibouti]] || [[Port of Djibouti]] in [[Djibouti City]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]], [[Gulf of Tadjoura]]
|-
| Northeast Africa || [[Egypt]] || [[Hurghada]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| Northeast Africa || [[Egypt]] || [[Suez]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| East Africa || [[Eritrea]] || [[Asseb]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| East Africa || Eritrea || [[Massawa]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || [[India]], [[Gujarat]] || [[Alang]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Maharashtra]] || Angré Port
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Bedi, Gujarat|Bedi]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Kerala]] || [[Beypore]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Bhavnagar]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Cuddalore]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || [[Car Nicobar]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Dahej]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Kamarajar Port Limited]], [[Ennore]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Maharashtra]] || [[Dabhol Power Company|Dabhol LNG Terminal]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Gangavaram Port]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || [[Visakhapatnam Port]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] || [[Gopalpur-on-Sea]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Hazira]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[West Bengal]] || [[Haldia]]
| || Bay of Bengal via [[Hooghly River]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Jakhau]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Maharashtra]], [[Navi Mumbai]] || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Kakinada]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Kandla]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Kattupalli Shipyard]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Kerala]] || [[Cochin Port]] (includes [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi]])
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[West Bengal]] || [[Kolkata]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]] via [[Hooghly River]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Kerala]] || [[Kollam]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Kerala]] || [[Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Thiruvananthapuram]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Kerala]] || [[Kozhikode]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Krishnapatnam Port]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Magdalla]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai Port|Chennai Port Trust]], [[Chennai]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Karnataka]] || [[Mangalore]] ([[NMPT]])
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Goa]] || [[Mormugao]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Maharashtra]] || [[Port of Mumbai]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Mundra]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Narsapur, West Godavari|Narsapur]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Navlakhi]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Okha, Gujarat|Okha]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Goa]] || [[Panaji]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Odisha]] || [[Paradip]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Pipavav]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Porbandar]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || [[Port Blair]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Maharashtra]] || [[Ratnagiri]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Sikka, India|Sikka]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Tuna Port]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[V. O. Chidambaranar Port Trust]], [[Thoothukudi]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Gujarat]] || [[Veraval]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, [[West Bengal]] || [[Haldia]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || India, Karnataka || [[INS Kadamba]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Lakshadweep]] || [[INS Dweeprakshak]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Kerala]] || [[INS Dronacharya]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Maharashtra]] || [[INS Vajrabahu]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, Kerala || [[INS Venduruthy]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| South Asia || India, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || [[Karaikal]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, Andhra Pradesh || [[Machilipatnam]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, Tamil Nadu || [[Nagapattinam]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| South Asia || India, Odisha || [[Dhamra]]
| || [[Bay of Bengal]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Indonesia, [[North Sumatra]] || [[Port of Belawan|Belawan]]
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Indonesia, [[Bali]] || Benoa
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || Indonesia, [[Riau]] || Dumai
| ||[[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Indonesia, [[Central Java]] || [[Port of Tanjung Emas|Tanjung Emas]]
| || [[Java Sea]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Indonesia, [[Central Java]] || Tanjung Intan ([[Cilacap]])
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || [[Indonesia]], [[Jakarta]] || [[Port of Tanjung Priok]]
| || [[Java Sea]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || [[Indonesia]], [[East Java]] || [[Port of Tanjung Perak]]
| || [[Madura Strait]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Iran]], [[Bushehr Province]] || [[Bushehr]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Iran]] || [[Port of Chabahar]]
| || [[Sea of Oman]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Iran]] || [[Bandar Abbas]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || Iran || [[Bandar Imam Khomeini]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Iraq]] || [[Umm Qasr]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Israel]] || [[Port of Eilat]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| East Africa || [[Kenya]] || [[Mombasa]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Kenya || [[Watamu]]
| ||
|-
| West Asia || [[Kuwait]] || [[Shuwaikh port]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| East Africa / Isular || Madagascar || [[Antsiranana]] ([[Antsiranana|Diego Suarez]])
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || Madagascar || [[Mahajanga]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || Madagascar || [[Morondava]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || Madagascar || [[Toamasina]] ([[Tamatave]])
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || Madagascar || [[Tolagnaro]] ([[Fort Dauphin (Madagascar)|Fort Dauphin]])
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || Madagascar || [[Toliara]] ([[Tulear]])
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || [[Malaysia]], [[Johor]] || [[Johor Port]] in [[Pasir Gudang]]
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Malaysia, [[Johor]] || [[Tanjung Langsat Port]]
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Malaysia, [[Johor]] || [[Port of Tanjung Pelepas]]
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Malaysia, [[Selangor]], [[Klang District]] || [[Port Klang]] (includes [[West Port, Malaysia|Westport]] and Northport; owned by [[Port Klang Authority]])
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Malaysia, [[Selangor]], [[Klang District]] || [[Southpoint, Malaysia|Southpoint]] (owned by [[Port Klang Authority]])
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Malaysia, [[Penang]] || [[Port of Penang]] (includes [[Swettenham Pier]], North Butterworth Container Terminal, Butterworth Deep Water Wharves and Prai Bulk Cargo Terminal)
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| South Asia / Isular || [[Maldives]] || [[Male, Maldives|Male]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || [[Mauritius]] || [[Port Louis]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa / Isular || [[Mauritius]], [[Rodrigues]] || [[Port Mathurin]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || [[Mozambique]] || [[Maputo]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Mozambique || [[Inhambane]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Mozambique || [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Mozambique || [[Quelimane]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Mozambique || [[Angoche]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Mozambique || [[Nacala]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Mozambique || [[Pemba, Mozambique|Pemba]]
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || [[Myanmar]] || [[Kyaukphyu]]
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || Myanmar || [[Yangon]]
| || [[Gulf of Martaban]]
|-
| Southeast Asia || Myanmar || [[Mawlamyaing]]
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || Myanmar || [[Sittwe]]
| ||
|-
| West Asia || [[Oman]], [[Al Wusta Region (Oman)|Al Wusta Region]] || [[Al Duqm Port & Drydock]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Oman, [[Dhofar Governorate]] || [[Port of Salalah]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Oman, [[Dhofar Governorate]] || [[Port of Sohar]]
| || [[Sea of Oman]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Oman]], [[Muscat Governorate]], [[Muttrah]] || [[Port Sultan Qaboos]]
| || [[Sea of Oman]]
|-
| West Asia || Oman, [[Muscat Governorate]] || [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]
| || [[Sea of Oman]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Pakistan]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]] ||[[Gadani ship-breaking yard|Gaddani]]
| || [[Arabian Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Pakistan, Baluchistan || [[Gwadar Port]]
| || Arabian Sea
|-
| West Asia || Pakistan, [[Sindh]] || [[Port of Karachi]]
| || Arabian Sea
|-
| West Asia || Pakistan, Sindh || [[Keti Bandar]]
| || Arabian Sea
|-
| West Asia || Pakistan, Balochistan || [[Port of Pasni]]
| || Arabian Sea
|-
| West Asia || Pakistan, [[Sindh]] || [[Port Qasim]]
| || Arabian Sea
|-
| West Asia || [[Qatar]] || [[Doha]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Saudi Arabia]] || [[Dammam]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Saudi Arabia]] || [[Khafji]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Khobar]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Jubail]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Ras Tanura]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Saudi Arabia]] || [[Farasan (city)]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Jeddah]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Jizan]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Rabigh]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || Saudi Arabia || [[Yanbu' al Bahr|Yanbu]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| East Africa / Isular || [[Seychelles]] || [[Victoria, Seychelles|Port Victoria]]
| ||
|-
| Southeast Asia || [[Singapore]] || [[Port of Singapore]]
| || [[Strait of Malacca]]
|-
| East Africa || [[Somalia]] || [[Barawa]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Bosaso]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[El-Ma'an]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Eyl]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Hobyo]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Kismaayo]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Hobyo]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Mareeg]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Merca]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Mogadishu]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Qandala]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| East Africa || Somalia || [[Ras Kamboni]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || [[Somaliland]] || [[Berbera]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| East Africa || Somaliland || [[Las Khorey]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| East Africa || Somaliland || [[Zeila]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| Southern Africa || [[South Africa]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]] || [[Durban]]
|
|-
| Southern Africa || South Africa, [[KwaZulu-Natal]] || [[Richards Bay]]
|
|-
| Southern Africa || South Africa, [[Eastern Cape]] || [[Port Elizabeth]]
|
|-
| Southern Africa || South Africa, Western Cape || [[Saldanha, Western Cape|Saldanha]]
| || Saldahna Bay
|-
| Southern Africa || South Africa, Eastern Cape || [[Port of Ngqura]]
| || [[Algoa Bay]]
|-
| Southern Africa || South Africa, Western Cape || [[Mossel Bay]]
|
|-
| Southern Africa || South Africa, Eastern Cape || [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]]
|
|-
| South Asia || [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Colombo]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || Sri Lanka || [[Galle]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || Sri Lanka || [[Hambantota]]
| ||
|-
| South Asia || Sri Lanka || [[Trincomalee]]
| ||
|-
| Northeast Africa || [[Sudan]] || [[Port Sudan]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| East Africa || [[Tanzania]] || [[Port of Dar es Salaam]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Tanzania || [[Mtwara]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Tanzania || [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]]
| ||
|-
| East Africa || Tanzania || [[Zanzibar]]
| ||
|-
| West Asia || [[Tihamah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] || Al Qunfotha
| || [[Red Sea]]
|-
| West Asia || [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Emirate of Sharjah]] || [[Khawr Fakkan]]
| || [[Sea of Oman]]
|-
| West Asia || [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Emirate of Dubai]] || [[Dubai]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Emirate of Sharjah]] || [[Hamriyah Port]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Emirate of Dubai]] || [[Jebel Ali]]
| || [[Persian Gulf]]
|-
| West Asia || [[Yemen]] || [[Aden]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| West Asia || Yemen || [[Mukalla]]
| || [[Gulf of Aden]]
|-
| West Asia || Yemen || [[Hodeidah]]
| || [[Red Sea]]
|}

== External links ==

* ''[[Lloyd's List]] -'' {{URL|https://directories.lloydslist.com/}}
{{Ports and harbors}}

[[Category:Lists of ports|Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean| ]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean-related lists|Ports and harbors]]

Pilibhit district

2026-01-27T08:00:13Z

FrancescaToscano: added references

{{About|the district|the city|Pilibhit|other uses|Pilibhit (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pilibhit district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|Districts]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/Uttar Pradesh/Pilibhit.map}}
| map_caption = Pilibhit District In Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pilibhit]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bareilly division|Bareilly]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rohilkhand]]
| subdivision_type6 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name6 = *Pilibhit
*Puranpur
*Kalinagar
*Bisalpur
*Amaria
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3504
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 172
| population_total = 2,570,000
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 733
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = *[[Pilibhit Assembly constituency|Pilibhit]]
*[[Barkhera Assembly constituency|Barkhera]]
*[[Puranpur Assembly constituency|Puranpur]]
*[[Bisalpur Assembly constituency|Bisalpur]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 262001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05881, 05882
| registration_plate = UP-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 889 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|780|mm|in}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|36.8|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|14.5|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|www.pilibhit.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pilibhit district''' ({{IPA|hi|piːliːbʱiːt̪}}) is one of the 75 [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]], and [[Pilibhit|Pilibhit city]] is the district headquarters. Pilibhit district is a part of [[Bareilly division|Bareilly Division]]. In June 2014, [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]] was announced as the 46th [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve of India]].<ref name=Chanchani2015>{{cite journal |author=Chanchani, P. |year=2015 |title=Pilibhit tiger reserve: conservation opportunities and challenges |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=20 |page=19 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818135804/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Pilibhit district had its origins as a subdivision of [[Bareilly district]] in 1871, consisting of the [[pargana]]s of [[Jahanabad, Pilibhit|Jahanabad]], [[Pilibhit]], and [[Puranpur]], with a magistrate based in Pilibhit.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Pilibhit: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XVIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1909 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=115–6, 147–67 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05217 |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> It was then officially upgraded to a separate district in November 1879.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

The early history of Pilibhit district is obscure.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> This area is traditionally considered to have formed part of the [[Panchala]] kingdom, whose capital was at [[Ahichchhatra]], although there are no historical documents to confirm this.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> On the other hand, the many ruin sites in the district indicate that there was extensive settlement here, and that the forests which historically covered the area used to be smaller.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

===Archaeological sites===
At [[Nyoria Husainpur|Neoria Husainpur]] is a large area of ruins that became covered by dense forest.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Mahof has a large ruined brick fort; Simaria Ghosu, not far away, has a mud fort, but it appears to have been built later than other ruins in the area.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Several octagonal wells and a large masonry tank at Khaj appear to be the remains of a large town.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Perhaps the most important ruins in the district are at Balai Khera, close to the town of [[Jahanabad, Pilibhit|Jahanabad]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Nearby to the west is a mound called Parasua-kot, which is from the same time as Balai Khera.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

There are many ruins in the forests of [[Puranpur]] tehsil, often marked by "unusually large bricks, often carved and chiselled in a most artistic manner."<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The ruins at Dhanaura have been partly washed away by the Chauka, but there are still several large ruin-covered mounds here, over a large area.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Another site is at Suapara, a short distance north of Puranpur.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The massive fortress at Shahgarh appears to have been occupied during a fairly late period, since coins of the Varmmas of [[Nepal]] have been found inside its walls.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Further south is a large unnamed site where fragments of pottery, bricks, and glazed tiles have been found.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

In the [[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]] tehsil, there are extensive ruins at Marauri, on the Khanaut, and at [[Barkhera]] in the north there is a large mound that is traditionally said to mark the spot of a city built by the legendary Raja Vena.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

===Dewal inscription===
The 10th-century Dewal inscription, which was found in 1829 at the village of Ilahabad, also known as Ilahabas Dewal, near Deoria.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It is a [[Sanskrit]] inscription, dated to year 1049 of the [[Vikram Samvat]] (992 or 993 CE) and written in the so-called ''kutila'' script.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The entire inscription is written as a 37-stanza poem, full of metaphors and mythological allusions, and documenting the construction of two temples to [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] by a local ruler and his wife.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It was composed by a man named Nahila, son of Sivarudra, who was evidently well-versed in Sanskrit grammar and rhetoric.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

The ruler mentioned in the inscription, Lalla of the Chhinda family, is described as a ''mandala-putra'', or ruler of a province, and he was probably a feudatory of the kings of [[Kannauj]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The text says that he "brought the river Katha to his capital", which according to H.R. Nevill probably refers to the digging of the canal now called the Katni.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It also says that Lalla had the two temples built and endowed them with a quarter of the revenue from several villages.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> He gave the site the name "Devapalli", which is probably the same as "Dewal".<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The site of Garha Khera, a large 800-square-foot mound with two small tanks, was probably Lalla's capital; the Katni winds its way around this site.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Atop a large mound on the south side of Ilahabad are the remains of a large temple, which is where the Dewal inscription was found.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

===Medieval through Early Modern===
Whatever happened in the area after the time of the Dewal inscription is unknown.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It is completely absent from contemporary sources for several centuries.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Muslim conquerors appear to have had no interest in the region, which may have been densely forested around this time.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The first reference to Pilibhit is possibly in 1256, when the Delhi Sultan [[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad]] led troops to [[Awadh]] by way of "Tilibhat".<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Pilibhit may also be the "Talpat" mentioned during the reign of Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas-ud-Din Balban]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

The Katehria Rajputs came to rule over the Pilibhit area at some point.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Tradition holds that their leader Kharag Singh conquered the western part of this district from the local tribes.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> From this base, the Katehrias were only nominally subjects of the Sultans of Delhi.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In 1379, after Kharag Singh murdered the governor of [[Budaun]], [[Firoz Shah]] led a scorched-earth campaign in the region, causing widespread destruction and resulting in the entire area between Budaun and Bilaspur becoming a hunting ground.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

During [[Akbar]]'s reign, the area of today's Pilibhit district was a remote backwater.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], the area included the parganas of Balai and Punar, and [[Bareilly]], with a small part possibly belonging to Gola in today's [[Shahjahanpur district]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Balai was based at what is now called Balai Khera, and Punar was the old name of Puranpur.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> These parganas were all nominally part of the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]] of Budaun, but in practice they were under the governors of Bareilly.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> During this period, Pilibhit district's history is essentially the same as Bareilly district's, with nothing to set it apart.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

===Modern times===
During the [[Indian Freedom Movement|freedom struggle]], the rural folks showed bravery.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> One freedom fighter Shri Bhadain Lal, of Rampur Amrit near Bilsanda towwn who killed a British police inspector.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> He was jailed & imprisoned at Lalitpur Central Jail.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Britishers during the freedom struggle were chased out.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> They were given shelter by a few villagers at Mankapur.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Britishers in return offered them Land & Gardens near banks of Khannout river.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In 191-72 the [[Nanakmatta]] dam leaked & flooded the [[Deoha]] river.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Many people died as the flood has taken place in odd hours.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

==Pilibhit Tiger Reserve==
{{excerpt|Pilibhit Tiger Reserve}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,98,706|13=1911|14=5,16,699|15=1921|16=4,57,437|17=1931|18=4,76,160|19=1941|20=5,20,411|21=1951|22=5,34,755|23=1961|24=6,52,494|25=1971|26=7,91,019|27=1981|28=10,59,559|29=1991|30=13,44,848|31=2001|32=17,28,108|33=2011|34=20,31,007|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|align=left}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Pilibhit district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 83.03 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 8.99 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 3.72 |color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value4 = 3.05 |color4 = orchid
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 1.13 |color5 = gold
|label6 = Others |value6 = 0.08 |color6 = grey
|thumb=right
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pilibhit district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163323/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|71.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|24.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|4.17}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.38}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Pilibhit district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,031,007,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Pilbhit |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1272/download/4102/DH_2011_0920_PART_A_DCHB_PILIBHIT.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Slovenia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Slovenia 2,000,092 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=New Mexico - 2,059,179|archive-date=20 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220045933/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=live}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 226th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 567 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.83%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Pilibhit has a [[sex ratio]] of 889 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 63.58%. 17.30% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.42% and 0.08% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 83.03% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 8.99% [[Urdu]], 3.72% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 3.05% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.13% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163355/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|url-status=live}}</ref> {{clear}}

==Tourist attractions==
* Chuka Beach<ref>{{cite web|title=Chuka Beach – Fascinating Offbeat Tourist Place in Pilibhit UP|url=https://chaloghumane.com/offbeat/chuka-beach/|website=chaloghumane.com|access-date=19 March 2021|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523133113/http://www.chaloghumane.com/offbeat/chuka-beach/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bifercation
* Bhiramchari Ghaat
[[File:मनकामेश्वर महादेव,पीलीभीत।.jpg|thumb|Bhiramchari Ghaat।]]
* Gauri Shankar Temple
* Yashvantri Temple
* Jama Masjid Pilibhit
[[File:Mosque built by Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Pilibhit, 1780s.jpg|thumb|Jama Masjid Pilibhit in the 1780s]]
* Dargah Shahji Mohammad Sher Miya
[[File:Shahji Miyan Ki Mazar Pilibhit 1.jpg|thumb]]

==Transportation==
===Airport===
[[Bareilly Airport]] is a nearest airport to Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Pilibhit and this airport is located around 43 km from Pilibhit.
Bareilly Airport is connected to cities like Mumbai, New Delhi and Bengaluru with direct flights.

===Railway Station===
* [[Pilibhit Junction railway station]]
* Neoria Hussainpur Railway Station
* [[Puranpur railway station]]
* Bisalpur Railway Station
* Bhopatpur Railway Station
* Majhola Railway Station
* Shahi Railway Station

===[[UPSRTC]] Bus Stand===
* Pilibhit [[UPSRTC]] Bus Depot
* Puranpur Bus Stand
* Bisalpur Bus Stand
* Amaria Bus Stand

==Towns==
*Amaria
*[[Barkhera]]
*[[Bilsanda]]
*[[Bisalpur, Pilibhit|Bisalpur]]
*[[Jahanabad, India|Jahanabad]]
*[[Kalinagar]]
*[[Madhotanda]]
*[[Nyoria Husainpur]]
*[[Puranpur]]
*[[Majhola]]

==Villages==
{{see|List of villages in Pilibhit district}}

==Notable people==
*[[Md Shamsul Hasan Khan]]
*[[Mukund Lal Agrawal]]
*[[Mohan Swarup]]
*[[Sanjay Singh Gangwar]]
*[[Simranjeet Singh]] (Hockey Player)
*[[Riyaz Ahmad]] (Ex Minister)
*[[Nalneesh Neel]]
*[[Peetam Ram]]
*[[Gopal Krishna Saxena]]
*[[Agys Ramsaran Verma]]
*[[Hemraj Verma]]
*[[Vivek Kumar Verma]]
*[[Harish Kumar Gangawar]]
*[[Bhanu Pratap Singh]]
*[[Parshuram Gangwar]]
*[[Vivek Kumar Verma]]

==Figures about Pilibhit District==

Total Area District - 3504 km2<ref name="pilibhit.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://pilibhit.nic.in/discover.htm |title=Discover Pilibhit District |publisher=Pilibhit.nic.in |date=1 July 1971 |access-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919030117/http://pilibhit.nic.in/discover.htm |archive-date=19 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 Total Area city - 68.76 km2

'''Population''' (as 2011)<ref name=ThePopulationIn2011>{{cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/up/Census2011Data%20Sheet-UP.pdf |title= The Population in 2011 |access-date= 7 May 2011 |publisher= Government of India |archive-date= 26 June 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110626232334/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/up/Census2011Data%20Sheet-UP.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:16%; border:1px solid black;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! style="width:8%;"|Type
! style="width:8%;"|No.
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| Male
| 1,078,525
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| Female
| 958,700
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| Total
| 2,037,225
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| Rural
| 14,26,057
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| Urban
| 611,167
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| SC
| 2,89,235
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| ST
| 2156
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Pilibhit|commons=no}}
{{Commons category|Pilibhit district}}
* {{Official website|http://pilibhit.nic.in}}
* http://www.tigerreservepilibhit.com

==See also==
*[[Sikh masacre in Pilibhit forest]], Sikh masacre at Pilibhit tiger reserve, 1991
*[[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Pilibhit district
|North =
|Northeast = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|East = [[Kheri district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Shahjahanpur district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Bareilly district]]
|Northwest = [[Udham Singh Nagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Pilibhit district}}
{{Bareilly division topics}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Historical regions of Rohilkhand}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|28|37|36|N|79|48|21|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pilibhit District}}
[[Category:Pilibhit district]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]

Chaitanyapur

2026-01-25T01:54:09Z

FrancescaToscano: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chaitanyapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Chaitanyapur - Haldia - East Midnapore 2015-09-18 3922.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1436|N|88.0834|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_total = 3,169
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721645, 721654 (Chaitanyapur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03224
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Haldia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haldia]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Chaitanyapur''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]], in [[Sutahata (community development block)|Sutahata]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Haldia subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Chaitanyapur had a total population of 3,169 of which 1,660 (52%) were males and 1,509 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 286. The total number of literates in Chaitanyapur was 2,692 (93.38% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 23 April 2017 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|3|0|N|88|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Haldia subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, S: port Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|4|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Haldia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Haldia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|11|14|N|87|59|18|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garh |labela2= Kamalpur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garh Kamalpur]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|21|59|0|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Nandigram| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Nandigram]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|3|25|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Ashadtalya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ashadtalya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|8|56|N|88|5|55|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Barda| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Barda, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|10|50|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Mahishadal| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mahishadal]] (R)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|7|28|N|88|6|41|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sutahata | numbered7=N| mark-title7= [[Sutahata]] (N)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|8|0|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Durgachak | numbered8=N| mark-title8= [[Durgachak]] (N)|shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|3|24|N|87|53|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Reyepara| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Reyepara]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|21|54|7|N|87|57|52|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sona Chura| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sona Chura]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|8|37|N|88|5|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chaitanyapur| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Chaitanyapur (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Geonkhali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Geonkhali]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|7|25|E}} | label-pos13=bottom|label13= Kukrahati| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kukrahati]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|02|30|N|88|5|19|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Haldia Port| numbered14=S| mark-title14= [[Haldia Port]] (S)|shape-color14=#0048BA
|mark-coord15={{coord|22.2273|N|87.9774|E}}| label15=Rupnarayan| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=10| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|mark-coord16={{coord|21.8743|N|88.0554|E}}| label16=Hooghly River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=-60| label-pos16=right| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22.1458|N|87.8548|E}}| label17=Haldi River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=25| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17=none
|mark-coord18={{coord|21.9443|N|88.0684|E}}| label18=Nayachar| label-color18 = Black| label-angle18=-60| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18=none}}

===Location===
Chaitanyapur is located at {{coord|22.1436|N|88.0834|E|display=inline}}.

===Urbanisation===
79.19% of the population of Haldia subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 20.81% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 21 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Education==
[[Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya]] at PO Chaitanyapur was established in 1968. It offers courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vmmahavidyalaya.ac.in/index.html |title = Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya | publisher= vmm | access-date = 26 April 2017}}</ref> Vivekananda Mission Asram Sikshayatan and Saradamoni Vidyalaya are also notable school in chaitanyapur.

==Transport==
Chaitanyapur is located at the crossing of Kukrahati-Haldia Road and Haldia-Tamluk-Mecheda Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[Barda railway station]] nearby is a station on the [[Howrah-Kharagpur line|Panskura-Haldia line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/panskura-haldia-local-38055/18396/166/6415 |title = 38093=> 38055 Panskura-Haldia Local | access-date = 29 March 2017}}</ref> The line was constructed in 1968<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf |title = Year of construction of important BG lines |work= History | publisher= South Eastern Railway | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref> and was electrified in 1974-76.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Medinipur district]]

{{PurbaMedinipur-geo-stub}}

2025 AIFF Super Cup final

2025-12-07T09:06:54Z

FrancescaToscano: creating some entry and citations

{{Short description|Football cup tournament final for AIFF}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2025 Super Cup final
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg
| caption = [[Kalinga Stadium]] hosted the match
| image_size = 300px
| event = [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Kalinga Super Cup]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 3 May 2025
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Borja Herrera]] (Goa)<ref name="motm"/>
| man_of_the_match1aname = Player of the Match
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran
| attendance = 7,156
| weather = Warm and humid {{convert|32|°C|°F|abbr=on}} 60% [[humidity]]
| previous = [[2024 AIFF Super Cup final|2024]]
| next = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|2025–26]]
}}
The '''2025 Super Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025 Super Cup]], the fifth edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]. It was played at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] on 3 May 2025 between [[FC Goa|Goa]] and [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2025: FC Goa and Jamshedpur FC clash in title showdown|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/kalinga-super-cup-2025-fc-goa-and-jamshedpur-fc-clash-in-title-showdown|access-date=2 May 2025 |website=Indian Super League|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Goa vs Jamshedpur FC, live: Where to watch Super Cup 2025 final|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/super-cup-2025-football-final-fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-telecast-live-stream-india|access-date=2 May 2025 |website=www.olympics.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup Final: Goa And Jamshedpur Face Off For Golden Ticket To Asia|url=https://www.cricketnmore.com/sports-news/kalinga-super-cup-final-goa-and-jamshedpur-face-off-for-golden-ticket-to-asia-24761|access-date=2 May 2025 |website=www.cricketnmore.com|language=en}}</ref>

[[FC Goa]] defeated the [[Jamshedpur FC]] 3–0 in the final to win their second [[List of Indian football champions#National Cup winners|national cup]] title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Goa ride Borja's brace to win second Kalinga Super Cup title|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fc-goa-ride-borjas-brace-to-win-second-kalinga-super-cup-title|access-date=3 May 2025 |website=www.the-aiff.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Cup 2025 final HIGHLIGHTS: FC Goa beats Jamshedpur 3–0 in final to lift title and qualify for AFC Champions League 2 prelims |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-live-score-super-cup-final-2025-updates-fcg-v-jfc-highlights-streaming-info/article69534203.ece |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Cup 2025 final, Goa gives Marquez a perfect parting gift|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/super-cup-2025-final-goa-gives-marquez-a-perfect-parting-gift/article69535599.ece/|access-date=3 May 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en |last1=Jacob |first1=Joan Mathew }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup Final: FCG 3-0 JFC; Gaurs Cruise To Title, Seal Asian Spot|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-score-kalinga-super-cup-2025-final-fcg-vs-jfc-updates|access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> As the winners, Goa have qualified for the [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two]] preliminary stage.

==Road to the final==
{{further|2025 Super Cup (India, April){{!}}2025 Kalinga Super Cup}}

{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf;"
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|Goa
!Round
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|Jamshedpur
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#c1e0ff;"
|Opponent
|Result
| style="background:#c1e0ff;"|Matches
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]}}
|3–0
| style="background:#c1e0ff;"|{{nowrap|Round of 16}}
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|2–0
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|2–1
| style="background:#c1e0ff;"|{{nowrap|Quarter-finals}}
|{{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|Northeast United]]}}
|0–0 {{pso|4–5}}
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
|3–1
| style="background:#c1e0ff;"|Semi-finals
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|1–0
|}

==Pre-match==
===Venue===
[[File:Aerial view of Kalinga Stadium.jpg|thumb|Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar|alt=Aerial view of a stadium.]]
On 18 December 2024, it was announced by the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] that the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] would host the entire Super Cup.<ref name=supercupaiff>{{cite web|date=18 December 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=29 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|url-status=live}}</ref>

This would be the fourth time that Kalinga Stadium would be hosting the Super Cup after [[2018 Indian Super Cup final|2018]], [[2019 Indian Super Cup final|2019]] and [[2024 Indian Super Cup final|2024]].<ref name=supercupaiff/>

==Match==
===Details===
{{Football box
| round = '''Final'''
| date = 3 May 2025
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 3–0
| goals1 =
*[[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{goal|23||51}}
*[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|72}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 7,156
| referee = Venkatesh Ramachadran Man of the Match: [[Borja Herrera]] (Goa)
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/50616 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/50616_Match_Summary_V1_1746290020.pdf PDF] [https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-kalinga-super-cup-final-fc-goa-vs-jamshedpur-fc-live-202505 Khel Now]
}}
{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _goa2425h
| pattern_b = _goa2425h
| pattern_ra = _goa2425h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _bluetop
| leftarm = F16623
| body = F16623
| rightarm = F16623
| shorts = 0000C8
| socks = F16623
| title = Goa
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh = _skysides
| pattern_so = _skybluetop
| leftarm = FEFEFA
| body = FEFEFA
| rightarm = FEFEFA
| shorts = FEFEFA
| socks = FEFEFA
| title = Jamshedpur
}}
|}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hrithik Tiwari]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Boris Singh Thangjam|Boris Singh]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Odei Onaindia]] ([[Captain (association football)|C]]) {{suboff|90+2}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakash Sangwan]] {{suboff|66}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carl McHugh]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta Singh]] {{suboff|89}}
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]] {{yel|34}} {{suboff|90+2}}}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Borja Herrera]] {{yel|52}} {{suboff|66}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Iker Guarrotxena]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejan Dražić]]
|-
|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Chhetri]] {{subon|66}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jay Gupta]] {{subon|66}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brison Fernandes]] {{subon|89}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nim Dorjee Tamang|Nim Dorjee]] {{subon|90+2}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Yasir]] {{subon|90+2}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lara Sharma]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowllin Borges]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Alan Saji
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Seriton Fernandes]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammed Nemil]]
|-
|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Márquez]]
|-
|'''Manager:'''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Trevor Tomé Fernandes
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Lazar Ćirković]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashutosh Mehta]] {{yel|80}}
|-
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Stephen Eze]] {{yel|14}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Uvais]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pronay Halder]] {{suboff|45}}
|-
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rei Tachikawa]]
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] ([[Captain (association football)|C]])
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Barla]] {{suboff|45}}
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]] {{yel|60}} {{suboff|81}}}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]]
|-
|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Sanan]] {{subon|45}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Imran Khan (footballer)|Imran Khan]] {{subon|45}} {{suboff|89}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ritwik Das]] {{subon|81}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]] {{subon|89}}
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chaudhari|Pratik Chowdhary]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreekuttan V. S.|a Sreekuttan VS]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Das (footballer)|Sourav Das]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrit Gope]]
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kartik Chowdhary
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Chawngthu Lalhriatpuia
|-
|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|-
|'''Manager:'''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rohit Kumar Singh
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Borja Herrera]] (Goa)<ref name="motm">{{cite web
|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=50616
|title=Kalinga Super Cup 2025 Final
|access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 {{nowrap|[[Parasuraman Vairamuthu]]}}
 Ujjal Halder
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 Pratik Mondal
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Match commissioner|Match commissioner]]:'''
 Ravishankar Jayaraman
 '''Referee Assessor:'''
 Basker Purushothaman
 '''Media Officer:'''
 Soumo Ghosh
 '''General Coordinator:'''
 Himanshu Kharolia
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"| 
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
*Ten named substitutes
*Maximum of five substitutions, with a sixth allowed in extra time.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.supercup.in/ Super Cup Official Website]

{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AIFF Super Cup final 2025}}
[[Category:2025 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup finals]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]

Nirodh

2025-11-25T06:58:13Z

FrancescaToscano: small changes

{{Short description|Indian condom brand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Nirodh
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Nirodh advertisement.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Nirodh advertisement
| producttype = [[Condom]]
| currentowner = [[HLL Lifecare]]
| producedby = HLL Lifecare
| country = India
| introduced = 1968
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets = India
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
| module = 
| module1 = 
}}
'''Nirodh''' ([[Pseudonym|a.k.a.]] Deluxe Nirodh) is the first [[condom]] brand produced in India.<ref name="India's first condom brand ">{{cite news|title=India's first condom brand Nirodh to get a new 'sensuous look'|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]|accessdate=27 August 2017|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-s-first-condom-brand-nirodh-to-get-a-new-sensuous-look-2067810}}</ref> Introduced in 1968, the condom is credited with the success of the [[Family planning in India|family planning and birth control]] campaign in the country. From 2.40% in 1964, India's [[population growth rate]] dropped to 1.80% by 2005 with the help of Nirodh. As of 2015, population growth rate of India was 1.26%.<ref name="Under control"/><ref name="World Population Prospects 2017">{{cite news|title=World Population Prospects 2017|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=25 August 2017|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723004736/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/|archive-date=23 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The condom is manufactured by [[HLL Lifecare]], a [[Government of India]] [[Public-sector undertaking|PSU]] healthcare products manufacturing company based in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref name="Nirodh maker's next big plan">{{cite news|title=Nirodh maker's next big plan|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=21 August 2017|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/50-years-after-first-condom-what-is-nirodh-makers-next-big-plan-243143-2015-03-05}}</ref> With 17% market share, Nirodh is the largest selling condom in India.<ref name="Condom promotion programme">{{cite news|title=Condom promotion programme|publisher=[[National AIDS Control Organisation]]|accessdate=24 August 2017|url=http://naco.gov.in/condom-promotion-programme}}</ref>

==History==
Condoms have been available in India since the 1940s. By 1968 India had only one million condoms available in the market to serve a population of 470 million people (as of the 1964 census). With each condom selling at {{INRConvert|0.25|r|year=1968}}, the cost of condoms in India was almost the same as in the United States. The population growth rate was highest among the low income group, which could not afford to purchase condoms. A team from the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] recommended to the Government that they make condoms available to the Indian public at affordable prices. It was recommended that India import condoms and sell them at {{INRConvert|0.05|r|year=1968}}, one-fifth of the market price at the time per condom. 400 million condoms were therefore imported from the US, Japan and Korea in 1968. All of the condoms had identical packaging, with three condoms per packet, and were branded as ''Nirodh''.<ref name="Under control">{{cite news|title=Under control|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 August 2017|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-under-control-734868-2007-12-20}}</ref>

===Branding and naming===
In 1963, India's first mass-distributed condom was introduced. It was initially given the name of "Kamaraj" (pseudonym of Indian cupid [[Kamadeva]]), but [[K. Kamaraj]] was then the president of the ruling party, [[Indian National Congress]], so a new name for the condom was chosen: "Nirodh", meaning "protection" in Hindi.<ref name="Under control"/>

===Plant and production===
In 1966, Hindustan Latex (now called [[HLL Lifecare]]) was established in technical collaboration with Okamoto Industries of Japan. Operations of the first plant commenced on 5 April 1969 in [[Peroorkada]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], with an annual production of 144 million condoms.<ref name="Nirodh maker's next big plan"/><ref name="Under control"/> In seven years the production had doubled to 288 million, and by 1985 another manufacturing plant was started in [[Belgaum]], taking combined production capacity to 800 million condoms per year. As of 2007, HLL Lifecare produced largest variety of condoms in the world.<ref name="Under control"/>

==Marketing and distribution==
In September 1968, a distribution scheme for Nirodh was launched to create large scale demand for the condom. Distribution was done through three schemes:<ref name="Nirodh marketing programme">{{cite news|title=Nirodh marketing programme|year=1987|publisher=Family Planning Programme in India: Its Impact in Rural and Urban Areas|pages=65–66|isbn=978-8-170-99023-9|accessdate=24 August 2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCcftARrsw4C&q=ministry+of+family+planning+nirodh&pg=PA66}}</ref>
#Commercial distribution: This scheme was based on the principle that family planning in India can be promoted effectively by commercial distribution. Using modern marketing techniques such as newspaper & magazines, radio, television, movie theater, [[billboard]] and printed materials, Nirodh was promoted as a consumer product. Nirodh was made easily accessible to the public by a large number of retail outlets, and was sold at prices subsidized by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Nirodh marketing programme"/>
#Free supply: Under the ''free supply scheme'', Nirodh was distributed for free at Family Planning centers to interested couples. During the field trips, health workers also distributed free Nirodhs.<ref name="Nirodh marketing programme"/> For [[HIV/AIDS]] prevention, Nirodh is procured by [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and distributed for free by [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] using several centers formed by [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="Condom promotion programme"/>
#Depot holders: Introduced in 1969, under this scheme Nirodh was supplied to rural [[India Post|post offices]] for free. Post offices were allowed to sell Nirodh at very low prices and retain earnings as incentive.<ref name="Nirodh marketing programme"/>

==See also==
* [[Family planning in India]]

{{Portal bar|India|Business}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{condom}}

[[Category:Condom brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1968]]

Teja Singh (preacher)

2025-11-15T13:32:32Z

FrancescaToscano: New new biography added tags

{{Short description|Sikh preacher (1877–1965/67)}}
{{For|other people called Teja Singh|Teja Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Teja Singh
| image = Teja Singh LCCN2014680975 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 14 May 1877
| birth_place = Balowali, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India|India]]
| death_date = 1965 or 1967
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| honorific_prefix = Sant
}}

'''Teja Singh''' (14 May 1877 – ''debated'') was a [[Sikh]] scholar, teacher, author, and preacher.{{Efn|His personal name is alternatively spelt as 'Tejah'.|group=note}} He was a Cambridge and Columbia University-educated humanitarian, intellectual, and Sikh community leader.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lo |first=Michael John |date=6 October 2024 |title=Community historians unearth photo of legendary Sikh figure in 1912 Victoria parade |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/community-historians-unearth-photo-of-legendary-sikh-figure-in-1912-victoria-parade-9619656 |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=Times Colonist}}</ref> He became a role model and trailblazer for the Sikh community due to his Western-education and knowledge in the Sikh religion.<ref name=":0" /> Teja Singh was reportedly treated like a “veritable demigod” by his co-religionists.<ref name=":0" />

== Biography ==

=== India ===
Teja Singh was born on 14 May 1877 to a Mehta Khatri family at Balowali, Gujranwala District, Punjab (now in Pakistan) to parents Ralia Singh and Sada Kaur (renamed Ram Kaur after she underwent the ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Pahul]]'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Reeta |title=Five Centuries of Sikh Tradition: Ideology, Society, Politics, and Culture: Essays for Indu Banga |publisher=Manohar |year=2005 |isbn=9788173046537 |pages=174}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Courier International, Volumes 33-37 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |year=1993 |pages=26 |chapter=Sant Teja Singh: Mystic and Visionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Sikh Leadership: Early 20th Century |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1999 |pages=334}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
[[File:Photograph of Teja Singh on-horseback leading a procession to commemorate the opening of the Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple in Victoria, taken by Richard Pocock, 6 October 1912.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Teja Singh on-horseback leading a procession to commemorate the opening of the Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple in Victoria, taken by Richard Pocock, 6 October 1912]]
He eventually moved overseas to Canada, where he assisted the local Sikh community and acted as a community leader.<ref name=":0" /> In 1908, Teja Singh helped stop a secret Canadian government plan to mass-deport all of its South Asian residents to [[Belize]].<ref name=":0" /> Teja Singh also helped kickstart Sikh-Canadian organizations, such as the Khalsa Diwan Society and the Guru Nanak Mining & Trust Company.<ref name=":0" /> He provided assistance to Sikhs attempting to immigrate to Canada and fought for the right-to-vote.<ref name=":0" /> He helped establish the first purpose-built gurdwara in Victoria in 1912.<ref name=":0" /> During the commemoration of the opening of the Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple in Vancouver in 1912, Teja Singh led the procession to 1210 Topaz Ave. from Government and Herald streets on horseback, with the event being attended by one-fifth of all Canadian-Sikhs at that time.<ref name=":0" /> Though tensions between South Asians and White-Canadians had been high, the procession was peaceful and without incident.<ref name=":0" /> By the end of the procession, there were more White-Canadians in the crowd than South Asians, as the drawn-in crowds of White folk were curious.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Some sources state his death year was 1965 whilst other give a slightly later death year of 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Religions of Canadians |date=Mar 15, 2012 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442605183 |editor-last=Scott |editor-first=Jamie S. |pages=329 |chapter=8: Sikhs}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
The province of [[British Columbia]] declared 1 July 2023 as Sant Teja Singh Day to commemorate his life and accomplishments toward racial equality and justice.<ref name=":0" />

In October 2024, photographs of Teja Singh at a procession commemorating the establishment of the Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple in Victoria in 1912 that were discovered in the City of Victoria's archives by Jindi Singh and Paneet Singh were revealed to the public.<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/teja-singh Teja Singh materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Modern Sikh writers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sant Teja}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Scholars of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Vancouver]]

Rajopadhyaya

2025-08-02T20:50:16Z

FrancescaToscano: started new details!

{{Short description|Community of Newa Brahmins in Nepal}}
'''Rajopadhyaya''' also called '''Newa Brahmin''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: राजोपाध्याय) is the main division of the [[Newar people|Newar Brahmins]] in [[Nepal]].
The Rajopadhyayas claim to have originated in [[Kannauj]], or modern day [[Kannauj]] in Uttar Pradesh, India. Kannauj is a city with a prestigious history from where the [[Bahun]] also claim to come. They, along with [[Bahun]], claim to be a sub-division of [[Kanyakubja Brahmins|Kānyakubja Brāhmins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Declan Quigley |first=David Gellner |url=https://archive.org/details/ContestedHierarchiesACollaborativeEthnographyOfCasteAmongTheNewarsOfKathmanduEdi/page/n166/mode/1up?q=Bahun+Kanyakubja |title=Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste Among the Newars of Kathmandu. edited by David Gellner & Declan Quigley |page=188|date=2017 |publisher=Macmillan and Company limited|language=en}}</ref>

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In [[Sanskrit]], Rājopādhyāya or Rāj-Upādhyāya literally means 'royal teacher' or 'guru' ([[Sanskrit]]: राज = royal + उपाध्याय = guru). Rajopadhyayas, also colloquially called Deva Brāhman or Dyabājyā (God-Grandfather) or Barmu (Brahmin), were the royal gurus and [[purohit]]s of the [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla]] kings and their Hindu aristocracy (present day [[Shresthas#Sr.C4.93.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADha sub-caste groups|Chatharīyās]]). Today, the Rajopadhyaya Brahmans are the domestic priests of the high-caste Hindu [[Newars]], principally the Chatharīyas and [[Shresthas|Śreşțhas]], and also certain segments of clean-caste Hindu Newar groups (most notably Bhaktapur [[Jyapu]]s) of the Kathmandu Valley. In theory, the Chatharīyas of the Kathmandu Valley do not call on other Brahmin groups, as Rajopadhyayas alone serve as their historical purohits and perform all their life-cycle [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Sanskara]] rituals, including bestowing their [[Gayatri Mantra]] verse and the sacred thread ('janai') in the [[Upanayana]] ceremony. This is opposed to all other clean-caste Newar groups who call upon a Buddhist [[Vajracharya|Vajrāchārya]] as their family priest to conduct all life-cycle ceremonies.<ref>Toffin, Gerard. (1995). 'The Social Organization of Rajopadhyaya Brahmans of Nepal'. In Gellner, David & Quigley, Declan. (eds). ''Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste Among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley''. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref>

Rajopadhyayas are an endogamous [[Brahmin]] group descended from Kānyakubja Brahmins of [[Kannauj]] who immigrated to Kathmandu Valley from 13th to 16th century CE. They are divided among the three cities of [[Kathmandu]], [[Bhaktapur]] and [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]] into strictly [[Exogamy|exogamous]] clans, having three [[gotra]]s: [[Garga (sage)|Gārgya]] of Lalitpur, [[Bharadwaja]] of Bhaktapur, and [[Kaushik]] of Kathmandu, all belonging to the Mādhyamdina school of the Shukla [[Yajurveda]]. Their holy language is Sanskrit, and they are all well-versed in [[Newar language|Newar]]. As the chief Brahmin group among Newars and as the chief preceptor of the [[Vedas|Vedic]] as well as [[Tanta|Tantric]] knowledge, Rajopadhyayas were placed at the top of the [[Nepalese caste system]] and possess immense social prestige and power, especially among the Hindu Newars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Toffin |first1=Gerard |title=Newar Society: City, Village and Periphery |year=2008 |publisher=Himal Books |isbn=9789993343950}}</ref>

== Priesthood ==
Rajopadhyayas also serve as the [[Veda|Vedic]] and Tantric temple priests of some of the most important temples of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] and [[Shaivism]] sects, including [[Patan Durbar Square#Krishna Mandir|Krishna Mandir]] and the four cardinal Vishnu temples of Kathmandu Valley: [[Changu Narayan]], [[Budhanilkantha Temple|Sesh Narayan/Budhanilkantha]], Bishankhu Narayan, and Ichanghu Narayana, as well as the [[Kumbheshwar Temple|Kumbheshwor]]. In most other major temples with explicit [[Shaktism|Shakta]] and [[Tantra]] functions which require blood sacrifice and the use of alcohol, Rajopadhyayas are absent, and the priestly functions are performed by the Chatharīyā/Kşatrīya-status Karmāchāryas. Most of the other Shakta or [[Ganesh]] shrines are maintained by the farmer Jyapus or by unclean-castes like the [[Kapali (Newar caste)|Jogi/Kapali]] or the untouchable Chyāmaha/Déula. The lone exception to the rule of Rajopadhayayas not being part of the Shakta cult is Bhaktapur's [[Patan Durbar Square#Taleju Bhawani Temple|Taleju Bhawani]] temple, the ''ista-devi'' of Malla kings, where they serve as the chief priests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Toffin |first1=Gerard |title=Newar Society: City, Village and Periphery |year=2008 |publisher=Himal Books |isbn=9789993343950}}</ref> In addition to their duties as ''purohits'' to Chatharīyās and Śresțhas, Rajopadhyayas also serve as hereditary ''pujāris'' of the following temples:

* [[Changu Narayan]] (a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]) in [[Bhaktapur]]
* [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pasupatinath]] (another [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]: Rajopadhyayas were the chief priests of the temple in the past in [[Kathmandu]]
* Taleju temples in [[Kathmandu]], [[Bhaktapur]] and [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]
* Dui Maju temple in [[Kathmandu]] and [[Bhaktapur]]
* [[Kumbheshwar Temple|Kumbheshwor]] Mahadev in [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]
* [[Nyatapola]] (Siddhilaxmi) Temple in [[Bhaktapur]]
* Krishna Temple in [[Patan Durbar Square]]
* Sano Pashupati in [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]]
* [[Ichangu Narayan Temple]] in Halchowk
* Shesh Narayan in Farping
* [[Hanuman]] Agam temple in [[Kathmandu Durbar Square]]
* Laxmi Narayan temple in [[Changu Narayan]] complex

== Popular Rajopadhyaya Names ==
Rajopadhyayas popularly use the following surnames: Rajopadhyaya, Sharma, Upadhyaya, Acharya, among others.
Some popular Rajopadhyaya names from [[history]] and [[popular culture]] include:
* Sudarshan Brahman (a mythical [[Brahmin]] who was slain at [[Changu Narayan]])
* Gaya Juju (Gayo Bājé) of Sulimha, Patan <ref>Śarmā, Nutandhar. (1999). "The Legends of Gayaḥbājyā of Pāṭan in the Kāṭhmāṇḍu Valley". Contributions to Nepalese Studies. Vol. 26, No. 2. (July 1999). Kirtipur: CNAS/TU. pp. 239-256.</ref>
* Vishvanath Upādhyāya of Valimha, Patan <ref>Rajopadhyaya, Abhas D. (2017). 'Visvanath Upadhyay: Lalitpur ka Tantrik'. In Rajopadhyaya, Birajkaji. (ed.). ''Lumanti 1137''. Lalitpur: Rajopadhyaya Samaj.</ref>
* Sahasra Shivānanda of Indrachowk <ref>Rājopādhyāya, Dineshananda. Devatāharūko vaṃśāvalī. (Unpublished).</ref>
* Pundit Vamshi Dharānanda Rajopadhyaya of [[Changu Narayan]]
* Newa Priest and scholar Basav Juju Rajopadhyaya from Kathmandu is working to preserve and promote newa culture and ritual tradition around the United States of America.
* Narendra Rajopadhyay / Valchandra Rajopadhyay of [[Makhan Mahadev Temple]] OR known as [[Mandreshwor Mahadev]] / [[Sano Pashupatinath]] in Makhan Tole situated in Kathmandu, Nepal who is a priest that does regular work in traditional [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and so on.
* Rajesh Rajopadhyay who is the main priest of [[Makhan Mahadev Temple]] at Makhan Tole, Kathmandu, Nepal.

==See also==
* [[Bahun]]
* [[Nepalese caste system]]
* [[Newar caste system]]
* [[Shaivism]]
* [[Shaktism|Shakta]]
* [[Gotras]]

8. == References ==
<references />
8. https://english.onlinekhabar.com/basav-juju-rajopadhyay-newa-priest.html

== External links ==
* https://english.onlinekhabar.com/basav-juju-rajopadhyay-newa-priest.html
* http://www.rajopadhyaya.info
* http://rajopadhyaya.blogspot.com
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHrXAAAAMAAJ&q=rajopadhyaya | title=Kubjikā, Kālī, Tripurā, and Trika | isbn=9783515077729 | last1=Dyczkowski | first1=Mark S. G. | year=2000 }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lH0RAQAAIAAJ&q=rajopadhyaya+origin | title=The Cult of the Goddess Kubjika: A Preliminary Comparative Textual and Anthropological Survey of a Secret Newar Goddess | isbn=9783515081061 | last1=Dyczkowski | first1=Mark S. G. | year=2001 }}


[[Category:Caste system in Nepal]]

https://english.onlinekhabar.com/basav-juju-rajopadhyay-newa-priest.html

Govindagupta

2025-07-23T18:50:56Z

FrancescaToscano: post

{{short description|4th-5th century Gupta prince of India}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Govinda Gupta
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| father = [[Chandragupta II]]
| mother = [[Dhruvadevi]]
| dynasty = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 4th century
| death_date = 5th century
}}
'''Govinda Gupta''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 4th-5th century) was a [[Gupta dynasty|Gupta]] prince of ancient India. He was a son of [[Chandragupta II]] and [[Dhruvadevi]], and a brother of [[Kumaragupta]].

Both Chandragupta and Kumaragupta held the Gupta thrones at different times. The [[Basarh]] clay seal of Govinda Gupta describes him as a ''[[Maharaja]]'' ("great king"), and the [[Mandsaur]] inscription of his son describes him as a powerful man who destroyed several kings. This has led some historians to theorize that Govinda Gupta also held the Gupta throne for a brief period. However, the general view among modern historians is that Govinda Gupta was never a sovereign ruler: he may have been a governor of the [[Mithila (region)|Tirabhukti]] province within the Gupta empire.

== Sources of information ==

=== Basarh clay seal ===

According to a clay seal discovered at [[Basarh]], among the ruins of the ancient [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] city, Govindagupta was a son of the Gupta emperor [[Chandragupta II]] and his wife [[Dhruvadevi|Dhruva-devi]]. The clay seal names queen Dhruva-svamini (presumably same as Dhruva-devi) as the wife of ''Maharajadhiraja'' ("king of great kings") Chandragupta, and the mother of ''Maharaja'' ("great king") Govindagupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=64}}

In his Basarh clay seal, Govindagupta is styled ''[[Maharaja]]''.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=125}} No coins issued by Govindagupta have been found, and the Gupta genealogy does not mention him.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=65}}

=== Mandsaur inscription ===

An inscription discovered in [[Mandsaur]], issued by a son of Govindagupta, eulogizes Govindagupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=65}} The inscription is dated to the year 467 CE of the [[Malava era]] (c. 467 CE).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=170}}

The inscription claims that the kings destroyed by him bowed their heads at his feet, and even [[Indra]] - the king of gods in [[Hindu mythology]] - was afraid of him.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=65}} It states Govindagupta was as famous as the god Govinda ([[Vishnu]]), and resembled the sons of [[Diti]] and [[Aditi]] (in Hindu mythology, Diti is the mother of the [[Daitya]]s or the demons, and Aditi is the mother of the gods; the poet apparently meant to compare Govindagupta to the demons in physical strength, and to the gods in spiritual virtues).{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=168}}

=== Deogarh inscription ===

An inscription discovered on a pillar in the courtyard of the [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh]] contains the phrase ''Keshavapura-svami-padaya Bhagavata Govindasya danam''. Scholar V. S. Agarwala interprets this phrase to mean that the temple was commissioned by Govindagupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=170}}

== Political status ==

According to the official genealogy of the Gupta dynasty, [[Chandragupta II]] was succeeded by his son [[Kumaragupta]]. However, the Basarh clay seal describes the Gupta queen Dhruvasvamini as the mother of ''Maharaja'' Govindagupta, and does not mention her other son, Kumaragupta. It appears that Govindagupta was the governor of the Tira-bhukti province centered around Vaishali, where he and her mother lived. This may explain why in that area, the queen was known as the mother of Govindagupta rather than that of Kumaragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=65}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=186}}<ref name=Choudhary1960>{{cite journal | title=GOVINDAGUPTA OF VAIŚĀLĪ SEAL AND MANDAŚOR INSCRIPTION (A Gupta Emperor between G.E. 93 and 96) | author= Radha Krishna Choudhary | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 23| year=1960 | pages= 50–55|jstor = 44304008}}</ref> An alternative explanation is that Govindagupta may have been the heir apparent.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=187}}

Historian [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] interpreted the Basarh seal to theorize that Govindagupta was the [[heir apparent]] of Chandragupta, and ruled for a short period between 411 CE (the last known date of Chandragupta) and 414 CE (the earliest known date of Kumaragupta).{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=64}} Although Bhandarkar later gave up this theory, it was revived by other scholars after the discovery of the Mandsaur inscription. The inscription describes Govindagupta as a general who ruled in the past, and suggests that he was a powerful king.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=65}}

Historian [[Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha|B. P. Sinha]] theorizes that during the later years of Chandragupta, Govindagupta was transferred to Central India, where he was appointed as the governor of the western [[Malwa]] region.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=168}}

The various theories about his political status include:

* Govindagupta was not an independent ruler: the eulogistic description contained in the Mandsaur inscription does not necessarily imply that he was a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=65-66}} He may have held a high post, such as that of a governor, or may have acted as a regent during Kumaragupta's old age.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=66}}

* Govindagupta was the heir apparent, but he died before his father, because of which Kumaragupta - who was the next in line of succession - became the new king.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=66}}

* Historian [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] theorized that Kumaragupta was the heir apparent, and was originally assigned to govern Vaishali; however, in his absence, the post was assigned to Govindagupta, whose mother acted as a regent because he was a minor.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=64}}

* Govindagupta rebelled against Kumaragupta or his successor [[Skandagupta]], and set up an independent kingdom for a brief period. For example, he may have seized the throne when Skandagupta left the capital to fight against the [[Huna people|Hunas]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=66}} Govindagupta's independent kingdom may have been located in the western Malwa region.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=168}}

* According to numismatist P. L. Gupta, Govindagupta succeeded his father on the throne, and may have been overthrown by his brother Kumaragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|pp=167-168}} Chandragupta's last known date is the c. 412-413 CE (Gupta year 93) and Kumaragupta's last known date is 415 CE (Bilsad inscription of Gupta year 96). So, Govindagupta may have held the throne during 413-415 CE.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=167}}

* Bhandarkar later theorized that Govindagupta and Kumaragupta were two different names of the same king. This second theory was based on some of Kumaragupta's coins which bear a symbol that seems to read "go": according to Bhandarkar, "go" stands for Govindagupta. Historian R. C. Majumdar dismisses this as weak evidence, pointing out that this symbol also occurs on the coins of Narasimhagupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=65}}

The general view among modern historians is that Govindagupta was a younger brother of Kumaragupta: he was never the heir apparent, and did not ascend the Gupta throne.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=64}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Gupta dynasty]]
[[Category:People from the Gupta Empire]]
[[Category:Indian princes]]

Home First Finance

2025-07-10T02:03:39Z

FrancescaToscano:

{{Short description|Indian housing finance company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Home First Finance
| logo = Home First Finance.svg
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|HOMEFIRST}}|{{BSE|543259}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE481N01025}}
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| founded = 2010
| founders = {{ubl|[[Jerry Rao]]|PS Jayakumar|Manoj Viswanathan}}
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Manoj Viswanathan (Managing Director & CEO)|Ajay Khetan (Deputy CEO)<ref name=motilal>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance: A CredITable trailblazer – the FIRST among equals |url=http://www.dsij.in/productattachment/BrokerRecommendation/Buy_Home%20First%20Finance%20_MOSL__8.9.2022.pdf |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=Motilal Oswal}}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INR}}1,539 crore (FY 2024–25)<ref name="arfy25">{{cite news |title=Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://homefirstindia.com/files/Integrated%20Annual%20Report%20FY25.pdf |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=Home First Finance Company India Ltd.}}</ref>
| net_income = {{up}} {{INR}}382 crore (FY 2024–25)<ref name="arfy25"/>
| aum = {{up}} {{INR}}12,713 crore (March 2025)<ref name="arfy25"/>
| products = {{ubl|[[Home loans]]|[[Secured loan|Loans against property]]|[[Home construction|Home construction loan]]|[[Home loan|Home extension and renovation loan]]|[[Business loan|Shop loan]]}}
| num_employees = 1,634 (March 2025)<ref name="arfy25"/>
| num_locations = 155 branches and 361 touchpoints (2025)<ref name="arfy25"/>
| rating = [[ICRA Limited|ICRA]] AA (Stable)<ref>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance Company India Limited |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport?Id=135502 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=ICRA}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://homefirstindia.com}}
}}
'''Home First Finance Company India Limited''' is an Indian [[home loan|housing finance]] company in the [[affordable housing]] segment based in [[Mumbai]] and founded in 2010. It provides [[home loan]]s, [[mortgage loan]]s and [[Home construction|home construction loan]]s.<ref name=edelweiss>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance Company India Ltd |url=https://www.edelweiss.in/ewwebimages/WebFiles/Research/e0fdc1cb-8eb8-4673-ad19-136bbc1bbd28.pdf |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Edelweiss Research}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance |url=https://www.icicidirect.com/mailimages/IDirect_HomeFirst_IPOReview.pdf |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=ICICIdirect}}</ref> Its equity shares are listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]].<ref name=ipo/>

==History==
Home First Finance was founded in 2010 by former chairman and co-founder of [[Mphasis]], [[Jerry Rao]]; former CEO and MD of [[Bank of Baroda]], PS Jayakumar; and Manoj Viswanathan, who previously worked with [[Citigroup]] India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nandy |first1=Madhurima |title=Jaithirth Rao {{!}} The late homebody |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PK4rHP8fr3bOhsaM9puIiP/Jaithirth-Rao--The-late-homebody.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=mint |date=1 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warburg 'looking to exit' from Home First Finance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/warburg-in-talks-with-banks-nbfcs-for-stake-sale-in-home-first-finance/article65890507.ece |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=Business Line |agency=The Hindu}}</ref> It commenced operations in August 2010 after registering with the [[National Housing Bank]], the regulatory and licensing body for housing finance companies in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Housing Bank - Annual Report 2010-2011 |url=https://nhb.org.in/Publications/final_Statement_english_2010_2011.pdf | work=nhb.org.in |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> In 2011, [[Bessemer Venture Partners]] bought a minority stake in the company for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nandy |first1=Madhurima |last2=Unnikrishnan |first2=Dinesh |title=US-based Bessemer buys stake in affordable housing finance start-up |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/kVFZvkbf03ywozkHnYde1K/USbased-Bessemer-buys-stake-in-affordable-housing-finance-s.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=mint |date=9 June 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Tata Capital|Tata Capital Growth Fund]] picked up a minority stake in the company.<ref name="vccircle"/> Home First Finance turned profitable in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shilpy |title=Home First Finance Company is looking to sell 30% stake for Rs 250 crore to fund operations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/home-first-finance-company-is-looking-to-sell-30-stake-for-rs-250-crore-to-fund-operations/articleshow/53107360.cms |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In February 2017, [[private equity]] firm True North acquired a [[majority stake]] in Home First Finance for over {{INR}}600 crore. A co-investor in this round, Aether (Mauritius) Limited, an affiliate of the Singaporean [[sovereign wealth fund]] [[GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund)|GIC]], also became part of the company's [[Corporate promoter|promoter group]] with True North.<ref name="vccircle">{{cite news |title=True North to invest $100 mn in Home First Finance |url=https://www.vccircle.com/true-north-invest-100-mn-home-first-finance |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=VCCircle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Arun |title=Private equity firm True North looks to buy major stake in Home First Finance Company for Rs 600 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/private-equity-firm-true-north-looks-to-buy-major-stake-in-home-first-finance-company-for-rs-600-crore/articleshow/57363427.cms |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In October 2020, [[Warburg Pincus]] acquired a 25% stake in Home First Finance for {{INR}}700 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Warburg Pincus invests Rs 700 cr to acquire stake in Home First Finance |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/warburg-pincus-invests-rs-700-cr-to-acquire-stake-in-home-first-finance-120100200425_1.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=2 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, Warburg Pincus increased its stake to 30.62% ahead of Home First Finance's initial public offering.<ref>{{cite news |title=Warburg Pincus ups stake in Home First Finance ahead of Rs 1,000-cr IPO |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/ipo-news/warburg-pincus-ups-stake-in-home-first-finance-ahead-of-rs-1000-cr-ipo/2170758/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2021, Home First Finance launched its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) of {{INR}}1,154 crore;<ref>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance Company IPO subscribed 27 times, QIB portion booked 52 times on final day |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ipo/home-first-finance-company-ipo-subscribed-2-9-times-qib-portion-booked-1-9-times-on-final-day-6392531.html |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> the IPO was subscribed over 26 times. Equity shares of the company began trading on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] on 3 February 2021.<ref name=ipo>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance debuts at 19% premium over issue price |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/home-first-finance-debuts-at-20-premium-over-issue-price/articleshow/80662255.cms |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In December 2021, [[Union Bank of India]] (UBI) and Home First Finance entered into a strategic co-lending partnership.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/union-bank-partners-with-home-first-finance-company-to-offer-home-loans-check-benefits-11639715986037.html | title=Union Bank partners with Home First Finance to offer home loans: Check benefits | date=17 December 2021 }}</ref> Home First Finance signed a similar partnership with [[Central Bank of India]] in September 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Central Bank of India signs co-lending partnership with HFFC |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/central-bank-of-india-signs-co-lending-partnership-with-hffc-122090700817_1.html |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> and [[Axis Bank]] in 2025.<ref name="invfy"/>

In December 2022, Home First Finance raised {{INR}}280 crore from [[International Finance Corporation]] to provide financing for [[green affordable housing]] customers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Saurav |title=Home First Finance raises ₹280 crore from IFC |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/home-first-finance-raises-rs-280-crore-from-ifc-11671872187692.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |work=mint |date=24 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, the company's [[assets under management]] crossed {{INR}}10,000 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=HomeFirst achieves ₹10000 Crore AUM |url=https://homefirstindia.com/files/Home%20First%20AUM%20-%2010000%20crores.pdf |publisher=Home First Finance Company India Ltd. |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

In April 2025, Home First Finance raised {{INR}}1,250 crore through a [[qualified institutional placement]] (QIP), which saw participation from investors including [[International Finance Corporation]], [[Capital Group Companies|Capital World]], [[Fidelity International|Fidelity Funds]] and [[HDFC Bank|HDFC Mutual Fund]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Chitranjan |title=HomeFirst Finance raises ₹1,250 cr via QIP; IFC, Fidelity Funds, HDFC MF, among investors |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/homefirst-finance-raises-1250-cr-via-qip-ifc-fidelity-funds-hdfc-mf-among-investors/122183 |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=Fortune India |date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Finances==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year<ref name="arfy23">{{cite news |title=Integrated Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/805049d7-37f9-4554-b3c3-0f6b86fa5068.pdf |access-date=8 June 2023 |work=BSE}}</ref>
!Revenue (in {{INR}} crore)
!Net profit (in {{INR}} crore)
![[Assets under management|AUM]] (in {{INR}} crore)
|-
|FY 2017–18
|146
|25
|1,356
|-
|FY 2018–19
|271
|46
|2,444
|-
|FY 2019–20
|419
|80
|3,618
|-
|FY 2020–21
|489
|100
|4,141
|-
|FY 2021–22
|586
|186
|5,380
|-
|FY 2022–23
|796
|228
|7,198
|-
|FY 2023–24
|1,157
|306
|9,698
|-
|FY 2024–25
|1,539
|382
|12,713
|-
|}

==ESG==
Home First Finance has been rated in the category of "low risk" by [[Morningstar, Inc.|Morningstar]]'s [[Sustainalytics]] with a score of 17.4.<ref>{{cite news |title=Home First Finance Company India Ltd. |url=https://www.sustainalytics.com/esg-rating/home-first-finance-company-india-ltd/2003178517 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=Morningstar, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> It has an [[S&P Global Ratings|S&P Global]] ESG score of 46.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home First Finance Company India Limited |url=https://www.spglobal.com/esg/scores/results?cid=6501148 |publisher=S&P Global |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>

The company's [[corporate social responsibility]] project, titled Project Sashakt, is focused on the upliftment of migrant worker communities in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="invfy">{{cite news |title=Home First Finance Company Q4FY25 Investor Presentation |url=https://homefirstindia.com/files/HomeFirst%20Investor%20Presentation%20Q4FY25.pdf |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=HomeFirst}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://homefirstindia.com}}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Housing finance companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2021 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]

MTV Unplugged (Indian TV program)

2025-04-04T10:09:11Z

FrancescaToscano: Made First Info Needs Work - done

{{short description|Indian music television program}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| creator =
| num_seasons = 8
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| country = India
| company =
| location = [[Mumbai, India]]
| runtime = 1 hour
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|10|1|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|3|16|df=y}}
}}'''MTV Unplugged''' is an Indian music television program showcasing musical artists, generally playing their works on acoustic instruments. The songs featured on the program are usually those released earlier by the artists.

== Season 1 ==
This season had ten episodes, which officially aired on 1 October 2011. All the artists featured their own songs, which were released earlier.

=== Episode 1 (1 October 2011) ===
;[[Rabbi Shergill]]
* [[Bullah Ki Jaana]]
* Bilqis
* Heer
* Challa
* Ganga
* Tere Bin
* Jugni

=== Episode 2 (8 October 2011) ===
;[[Mohit Chauhan]]
* [[Masakali]]
* Mai Ni Meriye
* Ganga Nahaley
* Guncha Koi
* Dooba Dooba
* Babaji
* Tumse Hi

=== Episode 3 (15 October 2011) ===
;[[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]
* Bandeh
* Kandisa
* Ma Rewa
* Melancholic Ecstasy
* Nam Myo Ho
* Shunya

=== Episode 4 (22 October 2011) ===
;[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
* Tere Ishq Mein
* Genda Phool
* Tere Bin Nahi Lagda
* Madaniya
* Ab Mujhe Koi
* Ranjha Ranjha

=== Episode 5 (29 October 2011) ===
;[[Susheela Raman]]
* Raise Up
* Yeh Mera Deewanapan
* Muthu Kumar
* Ennapane
* Sakhi Maaro (feat. '''Kutle Khan''')
* Paal
* Magdalene

=== Episode 6 (5 November 2011) ===
;[[Shilpa Rao]]
* Nain Parindey
* Javeda Zindagi (feat. [[Keerthi Sagathia]])
* Mudi Mudi
* Dhol Yaara Dhol
* I Feel Good

=== Episode 7 (12 November 2011) ===
;[[Advaita (band)|Advaita]]
* Silent Sea
* Hamsadhwani
* Gorakh
* Miliha
* Just Enough
* Durga
* Gates Of Dawn

=== Episode 8 (19 November 2011) ===
;[[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]]
* Tum
* Ab Na Jaa
* Mehfuz
* Maaeri
* C U Later
* Dhoom Pichuck
* Item

=== Episode 9 (26 November 2011) ===
;[[Javed Ali]]
* Aaja O Meri Tamanna
* Maula Maula
* Ek Din Teri Raahon Mein
* Pukarta Chala Hoon Main
* Hai Guzarish
* Barsan Lagi

=== Episode 10 (3 December 2011) ===
;[[Ranjit Barot]]
* [[Vande Mataram]] (feat. '''Kutle Khan''')
* Shloka
* Sabah Pathiki
* Zindagi
* Maula Mere (feat. [[Roop Kumar Rathod]])
* Night Song

== Season 2 ==
The show officially aired on 3 November 2012. Its promos were released about one & half months ago on [[YouTube]] and the MTV official website.

=== Episode 1 (3 November 2012) ===
;[[A.R. Rahman]]
* Ye Jo Des Hai Tera
* Rehna Tu
* Phir Se Udd Chala (feat. '''Arun H.K.''')
* Tu Bole (feat. [[Neeti Mohan]])
* Nenjukulle (feat. [[Shakthisree Gopalan]])
* [[Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo]]
* [[Dil Se Re]]

=== Episode 2 (10 November 2012) ===
;[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
* Aankhon Ke Saagar
* Yeh Hausla
* Aavo Saiyon
* Manmaniyan
* Mora Saiyaan
* Kyun Main Jaagoon

=== Episode 3 (17 November 2012) ===
;[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
* Udi
* Mar Jaaiyaan
* Yaariyaan
* Kyun
* Tu
* Neeyat

=== Episode 4 (24 November 2012) ===
;[[Indus Creed]]
* Trapped
* Cry
* Fireflies
* Take It Harder
* Bulletproof
* Pretty Child

=== Episode 5 (1 December 2012) ===
;[[Kailasa (band)|Kailasa]]
* Teri Deewani
* Daaro Na Rang
* Albeliya
* Tu Jaane Na
* Katha Gaan
* Saiyaan

=== Episode 6 (8 December 2012) ===
;[[Ash King]]
* Te Amo
* I Love You
* Dil Gira Dafatan
* Love Is Blind
* Auntyji
* Kaise

=== Episode 7 (15 December 2012) ===
;[[Lucky Ali]]
* Tu Kaun Hai
* Sunoh
* O Sanam
* Tere Mere Saath
* Saiyaah
* Maut

=== Episode 8 (22 December 2012) ===
;[[Agnee (band)|Agnee]]
* Aahatein
* Kaarwaan
* Saadho Re
* Ranjhan Yaar Di
* Thumri
* Dukki Tikki

=== Episode 9 (29 December 2012) ===
;Multi-Artists
* [[Pani Da Rang]] – [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
* Pareshaan – [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
* [[Raabta (song)|Raabta]] – [[Arijit Singh]]
* Yahi Meri Zindagi – [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
* Jiya Re – [[Neeti Mohan]]
* Ishq Sufiyaana – [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]

==Season 3==
This season aired from 23 November 2013.

=== Episode 1 (23 November 2013) ===
;[[Sonu Nigam]]
* [[Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin]]
* Cham Cham
* Satrangi Re
* Tanhayee
* Crazy Dil
* [[Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)|Kal Ho Na Ho]]

=== Episode 2 (30 November 2013) ===
;[[Farhan Akhtar]]
* Tum Ho Toh
* Pichhle Saat Dino Mein
* [[Señorita (Farhan Akhtar, Hrithik Roshan, Abhay Deol and Maria del Mar Fernández song)|Senorita]]
* Rock On
* [[Main Aisa Kyun Hoon (song)|Main Aisa Kyun Hoon]]
* Dil Chahta Hai

=== Episode 3 (7 December 2013) ===
;[[Mika Singh]]
* Subah Hone Na De
* Singh Is King
* Saajna
* Agal Bagal
* [[Pyaar ki Pungi|Pungi]]
* Sawan Mein Lag Gayi Aag

=== Episode 4 (14 December 2013) ===
;[[Arijit Singh]]
* [[Duaa (song)|Duaa]]
* Phir Mohabbat
* [[Ilahi]]
* [[Phir Le Aya Dil]]
* [[Kabira (song)|Kabira]]
* [[Tum Hi Ho]]

=== Episode 5 (21 December 2013) ===
;[[Benny Dayal]]
* Tarkeebein
* Medley
* Ek Main Hu Aur Ek Tu
* Badtameez Dil
* Daaru Desi
* Kaise Mujhe Tu
* Omana Penne

=== Episode 6 (28 December 2013) ===
;[[Pentagram (band)|Pentagram]]
* Nocturne
* Voice
* Tomorrow's Decided
* Must I
* Ignorant One
* Human Failings
* Drive

=== Episode 7 (4 January 2014) ===
;[[The Raghu Dixit Project]]
* Lokada Kalaji
* Yaadon Ki Kyaari
* Jag Changa
* Hey Bhagwan
* Gud Gudiya
* Mysore Se Aayi

=== Episode 8 (11 January 2014) ===
;[[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
* Yaaron
* Pal
* Don 2
* O Meri Jaan
* Beetein Lamhein
* Tadap Tadap

=== Episode 9 (18 January 2014) ===

=== MTV Unplugged Season 3's bests ===

==Season 4==
The fourth season aired from 22 November 2014.

=== Episode 1 (22 November 2014) ===
;[[Amit Trivedi]]
* Pardesi
* Zinda
* Nayan Tarse
* Badra Bahar
* Manjha
* Haan Reham
* Ek Lau
* Iktara (feat. [[Kavita Seth]])

=== Episode 2 (29 November 2014) ===
;[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
* Ali Maula
* Ishq Wala Love
* Aashayein
* Kurbaan Hua
* Shukran Allah
* Ainvayi Ainvayi (feat. [[Sunidhi Chauhan]])
* Tumko Nahi Chhodungi (feat. [[Sunidhi Chauhan]])

=== Episode 3 (6 December 2014) ===
;[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
* Baarish ki Boondein
* Ranjish hi sahi
* Yeh Mojeza
* Boitha Maro
* Kaun Mera
* Kyun
* Jiyein Kyun

=== Episode 4 (13 December 2014) ===
;[[Mithoon]]
* [[Tum Hi Ho|Tum Hi Ho (instrumental)]]
* Baarish (feat. [[Mohammad Irfan Ali]])
* Banjaara (feat. Mohammad Irfan Ali)
* Ankhein Teri
* Humdard (feat. [[Palak Muchhal]])

=== Episode 5 (20 December 2014) ===
; [[Mikey McCleary]]
* Khoya Khoya Chaand (feat. [[Shalmali Kholgade]])
* Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein (feat. Shalmali Kholgade)
* Dhak Dhak (feat. Rachel Varghese)
* Tum Itna Jo Muskura rahe ho(feat. Rachel Varghese)
* Little Things
* The World is our Playground
* Dama Dum Mast Kalandar ( feat. [[Sonu Kakkar]])

=== Episode 6 (27 December 2014) ===
;[[Ankit Tiwari]]
* Dil Darbadar
* Sun Raha Hai Na Tu
* [[Galliyan]]
* Sheeshe Ka Samundar
* Tu Mera dil Tu Meri Jaan
* Kuch Toh hua hai

=== Episode 7 (3 January 2015) ===
;[[Sachin–Jigar]]
* Saibo (feat. [[Tochi Raina]] and Priya Panchal)
* Shake your Bootiyas (feat. Divya Kumar)
* Bezubaan (feat. Priya Saraiya)
* Gulabi (feat. [[Shruti Pathak]])
* Babaji Ki Booti

==Season 5==
The fifth season started from 2 January 2016.

=== Episode 1 (2 January 2016) ===
;[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
* Tu Hi Re
* Roja Janeman
* Kaash Aisa
* Jhonka Hawa Ka Aaj Bhi
* Dheemi Dheemi
* Sakhi Re Kahe

=== Episode 2 (9 January 2016) ===
;[[Jeet Gannguli]]
* [[Muskurane|Muskurane Ki Wajah]] (feat. Jake Charkey on Cello)
* Khamoshiyan (feat. Bhaven Dhanak and Jake Charkey on Cello)
* Milne Hai Mujhse Aayi (feat. [[Jubin Nautiyal]])
* [[Suno Na Sangemarmar]]
* Hamari Adhuri Kahani
* Chaahun Main Ya Naa (feat. [[Chinmayi Sripada]] and Jake Charkey on Cello)

=== Episode 3 (16 January 2016) ===
;[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
* Ramta Jogi
* [[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]
* Bismil
* [[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]
* Aatish Para
* Kawa Kawa

=== Episode 4 (23 January 2016) ===
;Multi-Artists
* Moh Moh Ke Dhaage – [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
* Humnava – Papon
* Pehli Baar – [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
* Mitti Di Khushboo – [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
* Yahin Hoon Main – Ayushmann Khurrana
* Hasi – [[Ami Mishra]]

=== Episode 5 (30 January 2016) ===
;Swarathma
* Topiwalleh
* Ee Bhoomi
* Naane Daari
* Yeshu Allah Aur Krishna
* Sur Mera
* Pyaar Ke Rang
* Pyaasi

=== Episode 6 (6 February 2016) ===
;[[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* "[[Samjhawan]] Ki"
* "Main Jahaan Rahoon"
* "[[Tumhe Dillagi]]"
* "Ankhiya Udeeka Diya"
* "O Re Piya"
* "Saanso Ki Mala"
* "Mann Kunto Maula"
* "Mast Kalandar"
* "Charka Nau Laga"
* "Halka Halka"

=== Episode 7 (13 February 2016) ===
;[[Pritam]]
* Barfi
* Aaj Din Chadheya (feat. [[Harshdeep Kaur]], [[Irshad Kamil]] and Jake Charkey on Cello)
* Tu Jo Mila (feat. [[Javed Ali]])
* Kamli (feat. [[Shilpa Rao]] and Javed Ali)
* Afghan Jalebi (feat. [[Nakash Aziz]])

==Season 6==
The sixth season started from 14 January 2017.

=== Episode 1 (14 January 2017) ===
;[[A. R. Rahman]]
* Ranjha Ranjha (feat. [[Shruti Haasan]])
* Mann Chandra
* Enna Sona
* Tu Hai (feat. [[Sanah Moidutty]])
* [[Urvasi Urvasi]] (feat. [[Ranjit Barot]] and [[Suresh Peters]])
* Aise Na Dekho (feat. Rianjali)

=== Episode 2 (21 January 2017) ===
;[[Shreya Ghoshal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=MTV announces new season of MTV Unplugged |url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/mtv-announces-new-season-of-mtv-unplugged-2017 |publisher=Media247.co.uk |date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115224833/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/mtv-announces-new-season-of-mtv-unplugged-2017 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Sunn Raha Hai (Female Version)|Sunn Raha Hai (Sufi Version)]]
* [[Mohe Rang Do Laal]]
* Rasm-e-Ulfat
* [[Leja Leja Re]]
* Agar Tum Mil Jao
* [[Deewani Mastani]]

=== Episode 3 (28 January 2017) ===
;[[Neeti Mohan]] and [[Benny Dayal]]
* Tune Maari Entriyaan
* Sau Aasmaan
* Sapna Jahan
* Dhadaam Dhadaam
* Locha-E-Ulfat
* Bang Bang

=== Episode 4 (4 February 2017) ===
;[[Sachin–Jigar]]
* Mileya Mileya
* Chunar
* [[Jeena Jeena]]
* Sun Sathiya (feat. [[Priya Saraiya]])
* Saibo
* Beat Pe Booty
* G-Phad Ke

=== Episode 5 (11 February 2017) ===
;The Fusion of Stars- [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], [[Shahid Mallya]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
* Jee Karda- [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
* Bulleya- [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
* Preet- [[Jasleen Royal]]
* Nachde Ne Saare- [[Jasleen Royal]] and [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
* Ikk Kudi- [[Shahid Mallya]]
* Ae Dil Hai Mushkil- [[Jubin Nautiyal]]

=== Episode 5.1 (18 February 2017) ===
The Best Of MTV Unplugged Season 6

=== Episode 6 (25 February 2017) ===
;[[Amit Trivedi]]
* Pashmina
* Aahatein (feat. [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]])
* Gubbare
* Da Da Dasse (feat. [[Kanika Kapoor]])
* Ud-Daa Punjab
* Shubharambh (feat. [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] and Yashita Sharma)
* London Thumakada (feat. [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]])
* Love You Zindagi (feat. [[Jonita Gandhi]])

== Season 7 ==
The seventh season started on 9 December 2017

=== Episode 1 (9 December 2017) ===
'''[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'''
* Paani Paani re
* Pehli baar mohabbat
* Dil toh baccha hai ji
* Chhod aaye hum
* Dil ka Mizaaj Ishqiya (feat [[Rekha Bhardwaj]])
* Naina (feat [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] and Saaskia on Cello)
* Hamari Atariya (feat Rekha Bhardwaj and Rashid Khan)

=== Episode 2 (16 December 2017) ===
'''[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Sons'''
* Aave Re Hitchki
* Sapnon Se Bhare Naina
* Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ([[Siddharth Mahadevan]])
* Babu Samjho Ishare & Slow Motion Angreza
* Senorita (feat [[Vivienne Pocha]])
* [[Mast Magan]] & Tere Naina (Shivam Mahadevan)

=== Episode 3 (23 December 2017) ===
'''[[Armaan Malik|Armaan]] and [[Amaal Mallik|Amaal Malik]]'''
* Buddhu Sa Mann
* Tere Mere
* Bol Do Na Zara (feat. Jake Charkey on Cello and Jonathan Paul on Piano)
* Sab Tera
* Roke Na Ruke Naina
* Kaun Tujhe
* Main Hoon Hero Tera (feat. Jake Charkey on Cello and Jonathan Paul on Piano)
* Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon

=== Episode 4 (30 December 2017) ===
'''Best Of MTV Unplugged 2017'''
* Tere Mere ([[Armaan Malik|Armaan]] and [[Amaal Mallik|Amaal Malik]])
* Humri Atariya ([[Vishal Bhardwaj]] feat [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] and [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]])
* Aave Re Hitchki ([[Shankar Mahadevan]])
* Naina ([[Vishal Bhardwaj]] feat [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] and Saaskia on Cello)
* Babu Samjho Ishare & Slow Motion Angreza ([[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Sons)
* Buddhu Sa Mann ([[Armaan Malik|Armaan]] and [[Amaal Mallik|Amaal Malik]])

=== Episode 5 (6 January 2018) ===
Multi Artist

* Khalbali – ([[Nakash Aziz]])
* Kahaani – (Sunny MR and Shashwat Singh)
* Agar Tum – ([[Shalmali Kholgade]] and Shashwat Singh)
* Beech Beech Mein – ([[Shalmali Kholgade]])
* Humsafar Medley – (Madhaniya Akhil Sachedeve)
* Rab Da Banda – (Ahen)

=== Episode 6 (13 January 2018) ===
'''[[Monali Thakur]]'''
*Khwab Dekhe
*Sawar Loon
*Anjana Anjani
*Khol De Baheein
*Salona Sa Sajan
*Moh Moh Ke

=== Episode 7 (20 January 2018) ===
[[Farhan Akhtar]]

Manzar Naya

Ahista Ahista

Yaari (with Rochak Kohli)

Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si

Gallan Goodiyaan (with Shannon)

Maston Ka Jhund

=== Episode 8 (27 January 2018) ===
[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]

* Tum Itna Jo
* Koi Paas Aaya
* Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo
* Meri Tanhaiyoon
* Mohabbat Karne Wale
* Bulleya

=== Episode 9 ===
Multi Artist

* Hawayein – Tushar
* Home Parinda – Nikhita Gandhi & Jaggi
* Naina – Dhvani Bhanushali
* Yeh Fitoor Mera – Amit Mishra And Tushar
* Galti Se Mistake – Amit Misra

== Season 8 ==

=== Episode 1 (26 January 2019) ===
[[Guru Randhawa]]

* Ban Ja Tu Meri Rani
* [[Lahore (song)|Lahore]]
* Patola
* Yaar Mod Do
* Sajan Rus Jave Tan

=== Episode 2 (2 February 2019) ===
[[Sonu Nigam]] (Ghazal Special)

* Apni Tasveer
* Aye Zindagi
* Khuli Jo Aankh
* Koi Yeh Kaise
* Awargi

=== Episode 3 (9 February 2019) ===
[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Tony Kakkar]], [[Sonu Kakkar]]

* Mile Ho
* Oh Humsa
* Waada
* Sun Charkhe Di
* Yeh Kasoor
* [[Coca Cola Tu]]
* Story Of Kakkars

=== Episode 4 (16 February 2019) ===

Multi artist
* Lamberghini ([[Dhvani Bhanushali]])
* Chori Chori ([[Neeti Mohan]])
* [[Yaara Seeli Seeli]] ([[Neeti Mohan]])
* O Meri Laila ([[Amit Mishra]])
* Guncha Koi ([[Bhuvan Bam]])
* Gilehriyaan ([[Jonita Gandhi]])
* Daryaa ([[Shahid Mallya]])
* Aaya Na Tu ([[Arjun Kanungo]])

=== Episode 5 (23 February 2019) ===
Best of MTV Unplugged Season 8

=== Episode 6 (2 March 2019) ===
[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]

* Mileya Mileya
* Main Tenu Phir Milangi
* Maahi Ve
* Judaai
* Dil Hoom Hoom Kare
* Darling

=== Episode 7 (9 March 2019) ===
[[Diljit Dosanjh]]

* Kaali Teri Gutt
* Jind Mahi
* Offline
* Ray Ban
* Jimmy Choo

=== Episode 8 (16 March 2019) ===
[[Sachin–Jigar]]

* Nazar
* Kho Diya
* Kamariya
* Hoor
* Haareya
* Afeemi

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924084614/http://mtv.in.com/unplugged/ MTV Unplugged]
* https://www.voot.com/shows/mtv-unplugged-s07/7/553424

{{Music based programs on MTV}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian music television series]]
[[Category:MTV (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on American television series]]
[[Category:Rock music television series]]
[[Category:Pop music television series]]

PVS Film City

2024-11-05T09:52:20Z

FrancescaToscano: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = PVS Film City
| logo =
| type = [[Private company limited by shares|Private]]
| industry = Entertainment
| area_served = India
| key_people = Sadasivan Nataraj([[Director (business)|Director]])
| products =
| revenue =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = P.V Sadasiva Cinema Pvt. Ltd.
| slogan =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|04}}
| location_city = [[Tanur, Malappuram]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 5
| homepage = {{URL|www.filmcityticket.com}}=
|
}}
'''PVS Film City''' is a regional multiplex chain in the state of [[Kerala]], India. Registered under P.V. Sadasiva Cinema Private Limited,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/P-V-SADASIVA-CINEMA-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U92100KL2007PTC021220|title=P V SADASIVA CINEMA PRIVATE LIMITED – Company, directors and contact details – Zauba Corp|website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref> the company has been into entertainment industry since 2011. The PVS Film City is involved in Motion picture, [[radio]], television and other entertainment activities. It was the first Multiplex in [[Malabar region|Malabar]] with 6 screens when opened at RP Mall in 2012 which also introduced Active 3D projection for the first time in the state, though it was sold out later to the mall group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/multiplex-era-dawns-in-malabar/article3292850.ece|title=Multiplex era dawns in Malabar|date=8 April 2012|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.filmcityticket.com/}}

{{Cinema Chains in India}}

List of accolades received by The Dirty Picture

2024-10-15T19:31:56Z

FrancescaToscano: Made New Post Needs Work - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''The Dirty Picture''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' is a 2011 Indian [[biographical film|biographical]] drama film directed by [[Milan Luthria]] and produced by [[Shobha Kapoor|Shobha]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]].<ref name="crew">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537915|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012141/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537915|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2012|title=The Dirty Picture (2012)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=10 January 2015}}</ref> Inspired by the lives of such actresses as [[Silk Smitha]] and [[Disco Shanti]], the film narrates the rise and fall of a dancing girl in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Malani|first=Gaurav|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Vidya-Balan-has-a-unique-sex-appeal-Milan-Luthria/articleshow/10932269.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202090626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/news-interviews/30459254_1_vidya-balan-naseeruddin-shah-milan-luthria|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2011|title=Vidya Balan has a unique sex-appeal: Milan Luthria|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 December 2011|access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> ''The Dirty Picture'' features [[Vidya Balan]] in the lead role, and co-stars [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]]. [[Rajat Arora]] wrote the screenplay, dialogues and lyrics for the film and [[Vishal–Shekhar]] composed the music.<ref name="crew"/>

Made on a budget between {{INRConvert|170|m}} and {{INRConvert|180|m|nolink=yes}},<ref name="first">{{cite news|last=Dubey |first=Rachana |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/The-Dirty-Picture-creates-first-day-buzz/Article1-777307.aspx |title=The Dirty Picture creates first day buzz |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 December 2011 |access-date=3 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204040704/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/The-Dirty-Picture-creates-first-day-buzz/Article1-777307.aspx |archive-date= 4 December 2011 }}</ref> ''The Dirty Picture'' was released worldwide on 2 December 2011, and earned {{INRConvert|1.14|b|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="first"/><ref name="all-time">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat=|title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=13 October 2013|date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories, with particular praise for Vidya's performance, the dialogues, and the costume design by [[Niharika Khan]]. As of 2012, the film has won 51 awards.

''The Dirty Picture'' won three [[National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Vidya) and [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] (Khan).<ref name="59nfa">{{cite news|title=Vidya Balan wins National Award for 'The Dirty Picture'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidya-Balan-wins-National-Award-for-The-Dirty-Picture/articleshow/12173411.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 March 2012|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> At the [[57th Filmfare Awards]] ceremony, the film won three awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]. It also received nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Luthria) at the ceremony. The film also won six [[Screen Awards]], more than any film that year, including [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan|first=Nyay|title=The Dirty Picture' Makes a Clean Sweep at 18th Colors Screen Awards|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dirty-picture-makes-a-clean-282255|access-date=16 January 2012|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=23 April 2015}}</ref> Among other wins, the film received two [[Apsara Awards]], and five awards each from the [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine]] and [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] ceremonies, all of which included Best Actress awards for Vidya.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9" |[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]{{efn|Also known as Star Guild Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: Was Salman Khan joking or just being rude?|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-just-being-rude/381843-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401081620/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-just-being-rude/381843-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2013|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=3 January 2015|date=29 March 2013}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="9" | 25 January 2012
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |title=7th Apsara Awards – Nominees |publisher=[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]] |access-date= 27 January 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=7th Apsara Awards – Winners|publisher=Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards|access-date= 27 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{Sort|Hashmi|[[Emraan Hashmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Shah|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| {{Sort|Arora|[[Rajat Arora]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| {{Sort|Suhas|Priya Suhas}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Niharika Khan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Film Awards]]
| [[6th Asian Film Awards|19 March 2012]]
| [[Asian Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="3" | {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Vidya, A.R. Rahman, RA.One nominated in 6th Asian Film Awards|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vidya-a.r.-rahman-ra.one-nominated-in-6th-asian-film-awards/926987/|access-date=22 September 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Sahgal, Geety|date=23 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
| 23 November 2012
| [[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Vidya Balan to compete with Pakistan's Humaima at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vidya-balan-to-compete-with-pakistans-humaima-at-the-asia-pacific-screen-awards/300061-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014003515/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vidya-balan-to-compete-with-pakistans-humaima-at-the-asia-pacific-screen-awards/300061-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2012|access-date=14 December 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=12 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | 18 December 2011
| Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2011 |series=Big Star Entertainment Awards|network=[[STAR India]]|date=31 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Film
| {{Sort|Kapoor|[[Ekta Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Director
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Music
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Female
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| 6 January 2012
| Box Office Surprise of the Year
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman, Shah Rukh named most profitable actors by ETC|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/salman,-shah-rukh-named-most-profitable-actors/218716-3.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150423143358/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/salman,-shah-rukh-named-most-profitable-actors/218716-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2015|access-date=23 April 2015|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | [[57th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2012]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|title= Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113194825/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2974/2974|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=11 January 2011|date=11 January 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title= Filmfare Awards 2011 Winners|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-2011-Winners/articleshow/11676105.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 April 2015|date=31 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Sort|Shah|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Niharika Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]]
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row"| FICCI Frames Excellence Honours
| 16 March 2012
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'Rockstar' sweeps FICCI FRAMES awards|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-kapoors-rockstar-sweeps-ficci-frames-awards-1663657| date=17 March 2012| work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | 1 October 2012
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|title=GIMA Over The Years Film Music Nominees 2012 |url=http://www.gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php?y=2012 |access-date=16 April 2015 |publisher=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203093455/http://www.gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php?y=2012 |archive-date= 3 February 2015 }}</ref> 
<ref>{{cite web|title=GIMA Over The Years Film Music Winners 2012|url=http://www.gima.co.in/oty-winners_2012.php|access-date=16 April 2015|publisher=Global Indian Music Academy Awards}}</ref>
|-
| Best Film Song
| "Ishq Sufiyana"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Film Album
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Debut
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Popular Song on Radio 93.5 FM
| {{Sort|Lahiri|[[Bappi Lahiri]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="13" | [[13th IIFA Awards|9 June 2012]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507221553/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3351|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2012|access-date=14 December 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 May 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=13th IIFA awards: Complete list of winners|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/13th-iifa-awards-complete-list-of-winners/265265-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611205631/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/13th-iifa-awards-complete-list-of-winners/265265-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2012|access-date=14 December 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=19 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{Sort|Hashmi|[[Emraan Hashmi]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Shah|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Negative Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{Sort|Arora|[[Rajat Arora]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{Sort|Arora|[[Rajat Arora]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Playback Singer (Male)]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Playback Singer (Female)]]
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]
| {{Sort|Gaikwad|Vikram Gaikwad}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogues]]
| {{Sort|Arora|[[Rajat Arora]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costumes Design]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Niharika Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | Lions Gold Awards
| rowspan="3" | 11 January 2012
| Favourite Popular Director
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood stars grace 18th Lions Gold Awards|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-stars-grace-18th-lions-gold-awards/article1-796049.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619183200/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-stars-grace-18th-lions-gold-awards/article1-796049.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|access-date=24 April 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Favourite Choreographer
| {{Sort|Verma|[[Pony Verma]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{won}}
|-
| Favourite Playback Singer (Male)
| {{Sort|Lahiri|[[Bappi Lahiri]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="11" | [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|21 March 2012]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "Ooh La La"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=Winners – Mirchi Music Awards 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| Vishal–Shekhar, Rajat Arora
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana – Male")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana – Female")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| Vishal–Shekhar (for "Ooh La La")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| {{Sort|Arora|Rajat Arora}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana – Male")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Upcoming Singer of the Year
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana – Male")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | Song representing Sufi tradition
| "Ishq Sufiyana (Female)"
| {{nom}}
|-
| "Ishq Sufiyana (Male)"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Item Song of the Year
| "Ooh La La"
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[National Media Network Film And TV Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 21 January 2012
| Best Picture
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref name="CNN-IBN Vidya bags best actress for">{{cite web|title=Vidya bags best actress for 'The Dirty Picture'|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vidya-bags-best-actress-for-the-dirty-picture/216624-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000015/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vidya-bags-best-actress-for-the-dirty-picture/216624-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2012|access-date=24 August 2014|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=31 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | [[59th National Film Awards|3 May 2012]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref name="59nfa"/>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]]
| {{Sort|Gaikwad|Vikram Gaikwad}} {{efn|Gaikwad was jointly awarded for his work in both ''The Dirty Picture'' and ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''.<ref name="59nfa"/>}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Niharika Khan]]}} {{efn|Shared with [[Neeta Lulla]] for ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''.<ref name="59nfa"/>}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[People's Choice Awards India]]
| rowspan="4" | 27 October 2012
| Favourite Ensemble Cast
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105513/http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php|title=People's Choice Awards 2012 And The Winners Are... |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards India]] |access-date= 23 April 2015|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Favourite Song of the Year
| "Ooh La La"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Favourite Male Singer
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana")
| {{won}}
|-
| Favourite Lyricist
| {{Sort|Arora|[[Rajat Arora]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana")
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | 15 January 2012
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}} {{efn|Shared with ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''.<ref name="screen"/>}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" |<ref name="screen">{{cite web|title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012-publisher=Bollywood|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150424011356/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2987/Winners+of+18th+Annual+Colors+Screen+Awards+2012-publisher=Bollywood|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2015|access-date=24 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 January 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2951|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108180844/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2951|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2012|access-date=24 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Lahiri|[[Bappi Lahiri]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{Sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{Sort|Arora|[[Rajat Arora]]}}{{efn|Shared with [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Javed Akhtar]] for ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''.<ref name="screen"/>}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{Sort|Suhas|Priya Suhas}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Choreography
| {{Sort|Verma|[[Pony Verma]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Costumes Design
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Niharika Khan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | 25 February 2012
| [[Stardust Award for Film of the Year|Film of the Year]]
| {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213031322/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3060|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2012|access-date=24 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=6 February 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite video|title=MAX Stardust Awards 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJR0DUOCsoE|access-date=3 January 2013|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[SET India Pvt. Ltd.]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Dream Director|Dream Director]]
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama|Best Actress in a Drama]]
| {{won}}
|-
| New Musical Sensation – Male
| {{Sort|Khan|[[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]}} (for "Ishq Sufiyana")
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Zee Cine Awards 2012|22 January 2012]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Dirty|''[[The Dirty Picture]]''}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2998/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619193032/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2998|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2012|access-date=24 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 January 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Julia|title=Zee Cine Awards 2012: Winners of Bollywood's Top Film Honors|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/zee-cine-awards-2012-winners-bollywoods-top-film-honors-list-photos-553854|access-date=24 April 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Jury)]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{Sort|Luthria|[[Milan Luthria]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
| rowspan="2" | {{Sort|Balan|[[Vidya Balan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor (Jury) – Female]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award Best Track of the Year|Best Track of the Year]]
| "Ooh La La"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Song
| "Ishq Sufiyana"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Choreography
| {{Sort|Verma|[[Pony Verma]]}} (for "Ooh La La")
| {{won}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2011]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1954206/awards/ Accolades for ''The Dirty Picture''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dirty Picture, The}}
[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film]]

Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq

2024-09-22T02:22:13Z

FrancescaToscano: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[Mahmud Shah II]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Totladoh Dam

2024-04-11T21:32:51Z

FrancescaToscano: New the post with sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Totladoh dam
| image = Totaladoh dam - panoramio.jpg
| image_caption =
| name_official = Totladoh dam D05107
| dam_crosses = Pench river
| location = Ramtek
| dam_type = [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|680|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|74.5|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|972|e3m3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1989<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Totladoh_Dam_D05107 | title=Totladoh dam D05107 | accessdate=2 April 2016}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|1241|e6m3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|77.710|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity = 160 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.658385|79.294167|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Totladoh dam''', is a [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on the [[Pench River|Pench river]] near [[Ramtek]] in [[Nagpur district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] and adjoining [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|74.5|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|680|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|972|e3m3|abbr=on}} and live storage capacity is {{convert|1.091|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
160 MW hydroelectric plant called Pench Hydro power station is located at the foot of the dam.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy|Pakistan|Bangladesh}}
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]
* [[List of power stations in India]]
* [[Top 5 Dams in Maharashtra]]
*[[Money]]
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* '''{{Commons category-inline|Totladoh Dam}}'''

[[Category:Dams in Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Basudebpur

2024-03-22T22:47:02Z

FrancescaToscano: creating new post w/ sources

{{distinguish|Basudevpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basudebpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6341|N|87.9817|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.9975
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12,599
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03485
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742187
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Samserganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samserganj]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Basudebpur''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=500| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|42|0|N|87|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Farakka, Samserganj, Suti II CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|48|4|N|87|53|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Srimantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Srimantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|47|33|N|87|54|51|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Benia Gram| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Benia Gram]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|48|30|N|87|54|39|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Farakka Barrage |labela3= Township| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Farakka Barrage Township]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|43|21|N|87|56|3|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Arjunpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Arjunpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|42|49|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Sibnagar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Sibnagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|41|55|N|87|55|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mamrejpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Mamrejpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|42|16|N|87|56|17|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Pranpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Pranpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|41|21|N|87|55|41|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mahadeb Nagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Mahadeb Nagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|40|30|N|87|56|44|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Anup Nagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Anup Nagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|40|8|N|87|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Jafrabad| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Jafrabad, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|39|45|N|87|57|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Kankuria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Kankuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|34|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Uttar Mahammadpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Uttar Mahammadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|39|20|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Chachanda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Chachanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|38|35|N|87|58|50|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Dhusaripara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Dhusaripara]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|0|50|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Serpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Serpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|58|6|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kohetpur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Kohetpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|38|20|N|87|55|31|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Bhasaipaikar| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Bhasaipaikar]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|39|25|N|87|57|40|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Jaykrishnapur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|39|0|N|87|58|4|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Basudebpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=Basudebpur (CT)|shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black 
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|38|10|N|88|1|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Jagtaj| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Jagtaj]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|37|34|N|88|1|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Debipur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Debipur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|1|25|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Aurangabad| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Aurangabad, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|37|50|N|87|58|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Mahendrapur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Mahendrapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|37|50|N|88|1|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Hafania| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Hafania]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|38|15|N|87|58|40|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Dafahat| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Dafahat]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|36|15|N|88|2|35|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Paschim Punropara| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Paschim Punropara]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|34|49|N|88|2|57|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Ichhlampur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Ichhlampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|35|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Chakmeghoan| numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Chakmeghoan]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|35|20|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29=Kakramari| numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Kakramari]] (CT)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|34|52|N|88|2|19|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Khanpur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30=[[Khanpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|36|32|N|88|1|40|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Khidirpur| numbered31=CT| mark-title31=[[Khidirpur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|36|0|N|88|1|9|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Bhabki| numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Bhabki]] (CT)
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|41|0|N|87|57|14|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Dhuliyan| numbered33=M| mark-title33=[[Dhuliyan]] (M) | shape-color33= #800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|48|16|N|87|55|59|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Farakka Barrage| numbered34=F| mark-title34= [[Farakka Barrage]] (F) |shape-color34=#967117
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|46|21|N|87|53|39|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Farakka Super TPS| numbered35=F| mark-title35= [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color35=#967117
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|47|25|N|87|54|15|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Farakka| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Farakka]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|35|21|N|88|0|33|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Mahesail| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Mahesail]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|39|44|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Nimtita| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Nimtita]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|37|0|N|88|2|0|E}} | label-pos39=right|label39= Suti| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Suti]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|46|45|N|87|54|37|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Nabarun| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Nabarun]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|56|40|E}} | label41= Ganges River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 85| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|38|20|N|88|3|10|E}} | label42= Padma River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 45| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|46|0|N|87|54|10|E}} | label43= Farakka | labela43 = Feeder Canal| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 85| label-pos43=right| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|40|53|N|87|55|52|E}} | label-pos44=left|label44= Tarapur| numbered44=R| mark-title44= [[Tarapur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color44=#C40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|46|0|N|88|5|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|53|0|E}}|arc-textB= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-120| arc-gapB=5.5| arc-radiusB=0.35}}

===Location===
Basudebpur is located at {{coord|24.6341|N|87.9817|E|display=inline}}.

According to the map of Samserganj CD block in the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', [[Anup Nagar]], [[Jafrabad, Murshidabad|Jafrabad]], [[Kankuria]], [[Kohetpur]], [[Jaykrishnapur, Murshidabad|Jaykrishnapur]], [[Uttar Mahammadpur]], [[Chachanda]], Basudebpur and [[Dhusaripara]] form a series of census towns from [[Dhuliyan]], a municipal town.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 157, Map of Samserganj CD block| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 July 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka |publisher= NTPC| access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Basudebpur had a total population of 6,830, of which 3,497 (51%) were males and 3,333 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,273. The total number of literate persons in Basudebpur was 3,607 (64.91% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313881, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 28 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Basudebpur covered an area of 1.3571 km2. It had 1 km roads. The protected water-supply involved hand pump, tube well/ bore well. It had 662 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 veterinary hospital. Among the educational facilities, it had 3 primary schools, 2 secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at [[Aurangabad, West Bengal|Aurangabad]] 5 km away. Among the social, cultural & recreational facilities it had a cinema theatre. It produced [[beedi]]. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|collapse=yes}}
Basudebpur is a station on the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]].

== Healthcare ==
Samserganj CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Samserganj CD block is 287 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]

Rishinaradamangalam

2024-02-12T23:06:29Z

FrancescaToscano: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rishinaradamangalam
| other_name = R. Mangalam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|37|0|N|76|27|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kannambra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 678687<ref name="gmaps" />
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04922
| registration_plate = KL-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Vadakkencherry
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rishinaradamangalam''' is a small village near [[Kannambra]] in Alathur taluk of [[Palakkad district]] in Kerala State,<ref name="gmaps">{{cite web |title=Rishinaradamangalam |url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Rishinaradamangalam,+Kerala+678687,+India/@10.6200154,76.4604908,556m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x3ba80a7384b03407:0xd7e44b50e4fcfccf!8m2!3d10.6197858!4d76.4624543!16zL20vMGN5ODk3?entry=ttu |website=Google Maps |publisher=Google, Inc. |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> India.

It has one of the few temples dedicated to Narasimha Murthy. Rishinaradamangalam is one of the two villages which celebrate Kannambra Vela.

It is situated 5 km from Vadakkencherry NH 47 (Trissur - Palakkad Route).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Palakkad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Panthera tigris altaica

2021-12-16T03:15:46Z

FrancescaToscano: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Siberian tiger]]

{{R from scientific name|mammal}}