Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sakendra Pratap Verma

2026-04-29T19:55:55Z

FranceGqd9358746: Made initial article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sakendra Pratap Verma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|01|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sitapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Kursi Assembly constituency|Kursi]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Fareed Mahfooz Kidwai]]
| successor =
| father = Ram Kumar Verma
| children = 1
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| occupation = [[Teacher]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| spouse = Sushma Verma
}}
'''Sakendra Pratap Verma''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[teacher]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Kursi Assembly constituency]] of [[Barabanki district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18266/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sakendra-pratap-verma/ |title=Sakendra Pratap Verma, BJP MLA from Kursi |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=ourneta.com}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/sakendra-pratap-verma |title=Sakendra Pratap Verma |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sakendra Pratap Verma was born on 2 January 1961 in [[Sitapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a family of Ram Kumar Verma.<ref name="upla"/> He married Sushma Verma, and they had one daughter.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Sakendra Pratap Verma completed his post-education with a [[Master of Arts]] in [[economics]] and a [[Bachelor of Education]] at [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]], [[Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=2821 |title=Sakendra Pratap Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KURSI(BARABANKI) |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|March 2017
|March 2022
|Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|02
|March 2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Kursi Assembly constituency]]
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Sakendra Pratap}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Sitapur]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

P. R. Shyamala

2026-04-29T00:30:34Z

FranceGqd9358746: created stub.

{{Short description|Indian writer (1931–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = P. R. Shyamala
|image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|7|4}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|7|21|1931|7|4}}
| death_place = Kerala
| occupation = Novelist, short story writer
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = Fiction
| subject =
| spouse = Karoor Sasi
| children =
| parents = {{ubl|Parameshwaran Pilla|M. Rajamma}}
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Sararanthal''|''Thulasikathirukal''|''Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu''|''Makayiram Kayal''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''P. R. Shyamala''' (4 July 1931 – 21 July 1990) was an Indian novelist and short story writer of Malayalam literature. Known for novels such as ''Sararanthal'' and ''Makayiram Kayal'' and short stories compiled in ''Harishri'' and ''Ariyapedatha Peedanangal'', she was a member of the Sahitya Pravartaka Sahakarana Sanghom, the general council of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the advisory board of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. Three of her stories have been adapted into films and ''Sararanthal'' was an award winning television series made in 1991, based on her novel of the same name.

== Biography ==
P. R. Shyamala was born on 4 July 1931 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Attara Parameshwaran Pilla, a justice and music scholar and his wife, Madhavavilasam Rajamma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PRShyamala/Html/Shyamalagraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> After schooling at [[Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum]], she completed graduated in music from the [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Women Writers of Kerala">{{Cite web |url=http://womenwritersofkerala.com/author.php?author_id=567 |title=Women Writers of Kerala |date=2019-04-24 |website=womenwritersofkerala.com |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> The first of her stories was published in [[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi weekly]] and later she published her first novel, ''Yathrayil Maranna Patheyam'' in 1955. Later, when her novel, ''Durgam'' was serialised in ''Sindooram'' weekly, she got the opportunity to get acquainted with Karoor Sasi, the editor of the weekly, which led to their marriage in 1968.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Considered among the modern novelists,<ref name="Towards Modernism - Novel in Malayalam literature">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/modern-novels/259 |title=Towards Modernism - Novel in Malayalam literature |date=2019-04-27 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> and short story writers of Malayalam,<ref name="Division">{{cite book|author=Publications Division|title=Women of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSWaDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT207|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2284-0|pages=207–|year=1958}}</ref> Shyamala authored around 35 novels and five short story anthologies.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PRShyamala/Html/PRShyamalaBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref> She was known to have portrayed human relationships and the angst of oppressed women in her writings.<ref name="Women Writers of Kerala" /> Her entry into films was in 1973 with ''[[Bhadradeepam]]'', directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] for which she wrote the story.<ref name="Bhadradeepam [1973]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1133 |title=Bhadradeepam [1973] |date=2019-04-27 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Two more of her stories were adapted into films later, viz. [[Manassinte Theerthayathra]]<ref name="Manassinte Theerthayaathra [1981]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?576 |title=Manassinte Theerthayaathra [1981] |date=2019-04-27 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> and [[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]].<ref name="Sandhyaykku Virinja Poovu [1983]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1488 |title=Sandhyaykku Virinja Poovu [1983] |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Her novel, ''Sararanthal'', was made into a television series in 1991<ref name="Writer PF Mathews Interview: ‘When People Die, They Become Fiction’">{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/pfmathews/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003853/https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/pfmathews/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2019 |title=Writer PF Mathews Interview: 'When People Die, They Become Fiction' |first=Aswathy |last=Gopalakrishnan |date=2018-05-22 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> and it won a number of awards including the Kerala State Television Awards for best series, best direction and best screenplay.<ref name="Jude Attipetty - Spectroom">{{Cite web |url=https://www.spectroom.com/1025922404-jude-attipetty?v=7dc27a4bdb308f485c8104d2ef8a1170b0d866b652bf284c0e899c90aab5b3e0 |title=Jude Attipetty - Spectroom |date=2019-04-27 |website=www.spectroom.com |access-date=2019-04-27 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427082445/https://www.spectroom.com/1025922404-jude-attipetty%3Fv%3D7dc27a4bdb308f485c8104d2ef8a1170b0d866b652bf284c0e899c90aab5b3e0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="P. F. Mathews - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/p._f._mathews-profile-4011-25.htm |title=P. F. Mathews - Veethi profile |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>

Shyamala, who had fascination for gardening and home decor, was a member of the Sahitya Pravartaka Sahakarana Sanghom and she sat in the general council of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="Women Writers of Kerala" /> In 1990, she was selected to be a member of the advisory board of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and she died on 21 July 1990,<ref name="books.puzha.com - Author Details">{{Cite web |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=557 |title=books.puzha.com - Author Details |date=2016-03-17 |access-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317150412/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=557 |archive-date=17 March 2016 }}</ref> at the age of 59, which was the day her selection to the Film Censor Board was announced.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Novel ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nirayum Puthariyum |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |publisher=SPCS |isbn=9788126450718 |location=Kottayam |date=1980 |oclc=892512223}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=6215 |title=Makayiram Kayal |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1980 |publisher=MMC Books |isbn=9788126422029 |location=Kottayam }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=941 |title=Kavadiyattom |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |publisher=DC Books |year=2001 |archive-date=16 January 2005 |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116054123/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=941 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80751&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520p%2520r%2520syamala |title=Nakshathrangalude paattu |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1988 |publisher=Prabhath Book House |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=82921&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520p%2520r%2520syamala |title=Chandraayanam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1991 |publisher=S.P.C.S |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/71171 |title=Jwalayil oru panineerkkattu |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1971 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/74424 |title=Muthukkuda |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1972 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/76725 |title=Sandhya |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1965 |publisher=Prabhath Book House |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/71163 |title=Durgam / |last=Syamala |first=P. R. |date=1971 |publisher=Current Books |location=Thrissur |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/219322 |title=Manal |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1982 |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/213513 |title=Daivathil Viswasikkunnavar |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1982 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/213514 |title=Lasyasandyakal |last=Shyamala |first=P.R. |date=1983 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/224627 |title=Avan avante nizhal |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1985 |publisher=Vijayodaya Publications |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/216587 |title=Samandharam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1985 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/73614 |title=Shararanthal |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1970 |publisher=Venus Press & Book Depot |location=Konni |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/77310 |title=Manassinte theerthayathra |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1976 |publisher=Prabhath Book House |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/305346 |title=Sandhyaykku virinja poovu |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1984 |publisher=National Book Stall |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=48604 |title=Ardhaviramam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1988 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=48389 |title=Nilkoo Oru Nimisham |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1991 |publisher=Prabhath Book House |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47767 |title=Ee Vazhithirivil |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1974 |publisher=Deshabandhu |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47231 |title=Valmeekam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1987 |publisher=Akshaya Books |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=54462 |title=Shyamaranyam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1995 |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Kozhikode |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=53466 |title=Kavadiyattam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=2001 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
{{div col end}}

=== Short story ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=2288 |title=Suvarnavalliyude Sankeerthanam |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |publisher=Prabhath Book House |year=2000 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/220993 |title=Katha - Shyamala |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1999 |publisher=Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sankham |location=Kottayam |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=41816 |title=Harishri |last=Shyamala |first=P. R. |date=1973 |publisher=Venus Press & Book Depot |location=Konni |language=ml}}

== Filmography ==
* [[Bhadradeepam]] (1973)
* [[Manassinte Theerthayathra]] (1981)
* [[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]] (1983)

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |url=http://womenwritersofkerala.com/author.php?author_id=185&lang=en |title=Lakshmana Rekha Murichukadakkumbol |last=G. Hemalatha Devi |publisher=Pappion Books |year=2004 |location=Kozhikode}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PRShyamala/Html/PRShyamala.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PRShyamala/Html/PRShyamalaScript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=story&artist=PR%2520Shyamala |title=Profile of Malayalam Story Writer PR Shyamala |date=2019-04-27 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-04-27}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://m3db.com/artists/34005 |title=PR shyamala - M3DB.COM |date=2019-04-27 |website=m3db.com |access-date=2019-04-27}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyamala, P. R.}}
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Sruthy Sithara

2026-04-26T22:43:36Z

FranceGqd9358746: Made a data needs work

{{Short description|Indian model, Miss Trans Global 2021}}

{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Sruthy Sithara
| image = Queen Sruthy Sithara Miss Trans Global 2021 01.jpg
| caption =
| title = [[Miss Trans Global]] 2021 
Most Eloquent Queen of the Year 2021
| nationalcompetition =
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|29|2022|June|17}}<ref name=":1" />
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]], India
| height =
| hair_color = Black
| eye_color = Brown
| occupation = {{hlist|Model| Actress [[LGBT rights activism|LGBTQ+ rights activist]]}}
|competitions=[[Miss Trans Global]] 2021|years_active=2018–present}}

'''Sruthy Sithara''' ([[Malayalam]]: ശ്രുതി സിത്താര; born {{Circa|1992|}}) is an Indian [[Model (person)|model]] and actress who won [[Miss Trans Global]] 2021. Born in [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]], Sithara experienced [[gender dysphoria]] growing up, but embraced her [[transgender]] identity and came out after college. Sithara was one of four transgender people in the employment of the [[Government of Kerala]], working in their Social Justice Department.

Sithara began modeling in 2018. In 2021, Sithara was crowned Miss Trans Global 2021 after representing India. She was the first Indian transgender woman to win an international [[beauty pageant]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> She has been involved in LGBT+ rights advocacy.

== Early life ==
Sruthy Sithara was born {{Circa|1992|}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Menon |first1=Anasuya |last2=Anand |first2=Shilpa Nair |date=17 June 2022 |title=Transwomen Negha S and Sruthy Sithara on their journey to empowerment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-matter-of-pride/article65526164.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> in her hometown of [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pundir |first=Pallavi |date=10 December 2021 |title=She Grew Up Facing Transphobia. Then She Made History By Winning the Miss Trans Global Pageant. |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/india-model-actor-miss-trans-pageant-winner-lgbtq/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> Studying at a residential school in [[Kottayam]], Sithara was unaware of the transgender community until [[10+2|Class XII]] and experienced [[gender dysphoria]] and transphobia whilst growing up.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mohandas |first=Vandana |date=20 June 2018 |title=A beautiful power dream |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/200618/a-beautiful-power-dream.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Sithara attended college in the city of [[Kochi]], Kerala,<ref name=":2" /> where she first learned of the transgender community. She began to work a corporate job in the city.<ref name=":3" /> Gradually, she began coming out as transgender. Two of her friends helped her [[Coming out|come out]] to her family successfully.<ref name=":2" /> She was also met with acceptance by her friends and colleagues, although she recounted undergoing rejection and difficulty through the process in an interview with the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' in 2018.<ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
In 2018, at the age of twenty-five, Sithara worked as a project assistant in the transgender wing of the Government of Kerala's Social Justice Department and was one of the first four transgender people in their employment; she was the first in her position.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> She once worked with [[K. K. Shailaja]], the lauded former health minister of Kerala.<ref name=":2" /> Sithara told the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' in 2018 of her aim to become the country's first transgender [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer.<ref name=":3" /> Sithara started modeling in 2018, acting in local advertisements and albums.<ref name=":2" /> She won [[Queen of Dhwayah]] 2018, the second edition of Kerala's first beauty pageant for transgender women.<ref name=":3" />

=== Miss Trans Global 2021 ===
Sithara represented India in [[Miss Trans Global]] 2021, an international beauty pageant for transgender women which began in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buzz Staff |date=4 December 2021 |title=Kerala's Sruthy Sithara Crowned Miss Trans Global Universe 2021 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keralas-sruthy-sithara-crowned-miss-trans-global-universe-2021-4517279.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Sithara spent six months preparing for the pageant, guided by actor [[Namitha Marimuthu]] and [[make-up artist]] Renju Renjimar,<ref name=":1" /> and spent six months competing. Although [[Miss Trans Global]] 2021 was to be hosted in [[London]], COVID-19 restrictions rendered the pageant an online event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lifestyle Desk |date=5 December 2021 |title=Who is Sruthy Sithara, first Indian to win Miss Trans Global 2021? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/keralas-sruthy-sithara-miss-transglobal-2021-7657459/ |url-access=limited |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

On 1 December, Sithara was crowned both the winner and the Most Eloquent Queen of The Year 2021.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Express News Service |date=3 December 2021 |title=Kerala native Sruthy Sithara crowned Ms Trans Global Universe |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/dec/03/kerala-native-sruthy-sithara-crowned-ms-trans-global-universe-2391032.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On [[Instagram]], she dedicated her crown to both her late mother and her late friend [[Anannyah Kumari Alex]], a radio and news anchor who was the first transgender candidate for legislative assembly elections in Kerala. Alex died by suicide in July 2021 after suffering ongoing pain and [[genital mutilation]] from a botched [[gender confirmation surgery]].<ref name=":2" /> Sithara was congratulated on [[Twitter]] by [[R. Bindu]], the Minister for Higher Education and Social Justice of Kerala.<ref name=":0" />

=== Advocacy ===
Sithara was described by ''[[The Hindu]]'' as an LGBTQ+ rights activist and has received recognition as such after the contest. [[Miss Sahhara]], the founder of Miss Trans Global, praised her for her advocacy.<ref name=":2" /> She founded an online LGBTQ+ advocacy campaign named Kaleidoscope. As part of the campaign, she has attended sessions both online and in colleges throughout Kerala.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> She has also founded the Rise Up Forum, which focuses more broadly on societal and environmental issues. She inaugurated a wall art program and four murals painted on the walls of [[Fort Kochi]] for the Rise Up Forum in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=16 January 2022 |title=Miss Trans Global inaugurates wall mural on gender sensitivity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/miss-trans-global-inaugurates-wall-mural-on-gender-sensitivity/articleshow/88916520.cms |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Acting ===
In a 2021 interview with ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Sithara expressed her desire to pursue a career in acting and for transgender representation in [[Malayalam cinema]] to improve.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=P S |first=Krishna |date=4 June 2021 |title=Transgender model from Kerala on her way to represent India globally |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/jun/04/transgender-model-from-kerala-on-her-way-to-represent-india-globally-2311396.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> She made her acting debut in the lead role in ''[[Pink (2022 film)|Pink]]'' (TBA), a [[Malayalam-language|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic film]] written and directed by [[Vinu Vijay]]. Sithara plays the CEO of a dating app. The film chronicles her transgender character's relationships, first with a man, a woman and then a transgender person.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=October 6, 2022 |title=Trans beauty queen Sruthy Sithara plays romantic lead in Pink |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trans-beauty-queen-sruthy-sithara-plays-romantic-lead-in-pink/articleshow/94686229.cms |access-date=September 3, 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sithara lives in [[Vaikom]], [[Kerala]], in southern India.<ref name=":1" /> She is currently in a relationship with theatre artist Daya Gayathri after Gayathri supported her through a major breakup. They are the first [[lesbian]]-[[transgender]] couple in Kerala to come out publicly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oommen |first=Rickson |date=21 April 2022 |title=Meet Sruthy and Daya, Kerala's first lesbian-trans couple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-first-lesbian-transgender-couple-1940267-2022-04-21 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arivalan |first=Kayalvizhi |date=22 April 2022 |title=Meet Sruthy Sithara And Daya Gayathri, Kerala's First Lesbian-Trans Couple |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/meet-sruthy-sithara-and-daya-gayathri-keralas-first-lesbian-trans-couple-225029.html |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]}}</ref> The couple has gained a following on the social media platform [[TikTok]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=ദയ എന്നെ ചതിച്ചിട്ടില്ല, വേര്‍പിരിഞ്ഞതിന്റെ കാരണം വ്യക്തമാക്കി സിദ്ധാര്‍ത്ഥ് |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2022/04/21/siddharth-clarified-the-reason-for-the-separation.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |website=[[East Coast Daily]] |language=ml |quote=ടിക്ക് ടോക്ക് വീഡിയോകളിലൂടെ ആരാധക പ്രീതി നേടിയ ട്രാന്‍സ് ജോഡികളാണ് സിദ്ധാര്‍ത്ഥും ദയ ഗായത്രിയും. |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214075607/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2022/04/21/siddharth-clarified-the-reason-for-the-separation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and confronted online criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=അപ്പോള്‍ മറ്റേ പ്രണയം ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചോ, ശ്രുതി- ദയ പ്രണയത്തിനു നേരെ സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയയിൽ വിമർശനം, മറുപടിയുമായി ആൻസി വിഷ്ണു |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2022/04/21/ancy-vishnu-social-media-post-about-daya-sruthi-trans-love.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=[[East Coast Daily]] |language=ml |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214075608/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2022/04/21/ancy-vishnu-social-media-post-about-daya-sruthi-trans-love.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gayathri also performed in ''Pink'' alongside Sithara.<ref name=":6" />

== Selected works ==

* {{Cite web |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |last2=Sithara |first2=Sruthy |date=14 September 2018 |title=Sruthy Sithara: If one's family accepts you, the society will have to follow suit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sruthy-sithara-if-ones-family-accepts-you-the-society-will-have-to-follow-suit/articleshow/65796516.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://misstransglobal.com/mtg-2021-results/ Miss Trans Global 2021 results]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sithara, Sruthy}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ models]]
[[Category:Indian lesbian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Lesbian models]]
[[Category:Transgender female models]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Transgender lesbians]]

Ganapath

2026-04-22T09:44:19Z

FranceGqd9358746: creating first entry and citations...

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Vikas Bahl}}
{{other uses|Ganpat (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganapath: A Hero is Born
| image = Ganapath film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Vikas Bahl]]
| writer = Vikas Bahl
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{ubl|Vikas Bahl|[[Jackky Bhagnani]]|[[Vashu Bhagnani]]|[[Deepshikha Deshmukh]]}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Tiger Shroff]]|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|[[Kriti Sanon]]|[[Elli AvrRam]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| editing = Ritesh Soni
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] [[Amit Trivedi]] [[Sachin–Jigar|White Noise Studios]] [[Dr. Zeus]] '''Background Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| studio = Good Co [[Pooja Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|20}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=''Ganapath'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ganapath-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2odux |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019094124/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ganapath-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2odux |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|200}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=Ganapath: Tiger Shroff's Rs 200 Crore-Budgeted Film to Recreate Futuristic Mumbai in Far East Asia |url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/ganapath-tiger-shroffs-rs-200-120941539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704172910/https://sg.style.yahoo.com/ganapath-tiger-shroffs-rs-250-120941539.html |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=4 July 2023}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|13.38}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Ganapath Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ganapath/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023103157/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ganapath/box-office/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ganapath: A Hero is Born''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Dystopian film|dystopian]] [[sports film|sports action film]] written and directed by [[Vikas Bahl]], who also produced the film in association with [[Jackky Bhagnani]], [[Vashu Bhagnani]] and [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]]. It stars [[Tiger Shroff]] in a [[dual role]] alongside [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Elli AvrRam]] and [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], while [[Amitabh Bachchan]] appears in a cameo appearance.

The film was announced in November 2020 and underwent a long, heavy pre-production stage. [[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2021 and wrapped up in February 2023 with filming taking place in United Kingdom, [[Ladakh]] and [[Mumbai]].

''Ganapath'' was released theatrically on 20 October 2023 and received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and became a [[box office bomb]].

== Plot ==
In the year 2070, [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|a destructive war]] leaves the world divided by a towering wall, with the rich people residing in a city called ''Silver City'' led by the Dalini, while the poor people survive in a destroyed city and struggle for basic necessities as it is controlled by Silver City.

Meanwhile, Guddu resides in the Silver City and works for Dalini's henchmen John, who conducts [[boxing]] matches and earns money through the bets placed by the rich people. One day, John tells Guddu to take Dimple, John's girlfriend, to a nightclub as he is busy with a meeting. Dimple gets physical with Guddu, where John catches them red-handed and buries them alive. Guddu miraculously survives and Kaizad asks him to move away to the city of poor people and meet Shiva, a combat trainer.

Guddu learns that he is actually Ganapath, a legendary [[Salvation|saviour]] of the poor people, as predicted by Maharishi Dalapathi. Guddu receives [[combat training]] under Shiva and his confidante Jassi, where he ultimately embraces himself as Ganapath and deceives John, Dalini and their [[henchmen]] into believing that he is on their side. Trained as an accomplished [[Martial artist|fighter]], Guddu wins matches for them, while pretending to Jassi and Shiva that he is uninterested in their cause.

After securing victories in most of his matches, Guddu persuades John and Dalini's associate to bet their money on his opponent in the final match as Guddu plans to lose intentionally in the match. Guddu also convinces them to allow the poor to wager their savings on this match, where John and his associates profit further by snatching money from the poor people, leaving them in a miserable state. However, this is Guddu's way of exacting revenge as he intends to follow a different course.

While releasing Jassi from her confinement, Guddu discreetly instructs her to encourage the poor people to place their savings on the match. Guddu executes the plan, which he shared with John, easily dominating his opponent in the first two rounds. In the third round, Guddu feigns defeat, but realises that John has placed his and Dalini's money on the opponent. Guddu stages a comeback and defeats his opponent, causing substantial losses to John and Dalini. Guddu subsequently reveals his actions on television, watched by both the poor and rich people, and confesses that Shiva is his biological father.

Guddu says that he has given a chance for the poor people to challenge the rich people with their winnings, while donning the mantle of Ganapath. Guddu also challenges Dalini to reveal himself, where Dalini reveals himself as Guddu's [[doppelgänger]] and it is revealed that Dalini is actually a form of [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]. Guddu challenges Dalini to a fight, thus hinting at a sequel titled ''Ganapath 2: Rise of the Hero''.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
* [[Tiger Shroff]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Ganapath alias Guddu
** Dalini<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Tiger Shroff, Kriti Sanon's Ganapath to release on THIS date, Amitabh Bachchan to play key role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tiger-shroff-kriti-sanons-ganapath-to-release-on-this-date-amitabh-bachchan-to-play-key-role-2338107-2023-02-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222111159/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tiger-shroff-kriti-sanons-ganapath-to-release-on-this-date-amitabh-bachchan-to-play-key-role-2338107-2023-02-22 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Maharishi Dalapathi, Ganapath's grandfather (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2021 |title=Tiger Shroff announces new schedule of Ganapath with an action packed promo. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-shroff-announces-new-schedule-of-ganapath-with-an-action-packed-promo-watch-7610038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110130637/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-shroff-announces-new-schedule-of-ganapath-with-an-action-packed-promo-watch-7610038/ |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-06 |title=Amitabh Bachchan to make a cameo appearance in Tiger Shroff's 'Ganapath': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-to-make-a-cameo-in-tiger-shroffs-ganapath-report/articleshow/92699325.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228073216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-to-make-a-cameo-in-tiger-shroffs-ganapath-report/articleshow/92699325.cms |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Jassi Singh<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2021 |title=Kriti Sanon to reunite with Tiger Shroff for Vikas Bahl's 'Ganapath' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kriti-sanon-to-reunite-with-tiger-shroff-for-vikas-bahls-ganapath/article33808749.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110130639/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kriti-sanon-to-reunite-with-tiger-shroff-for-vikas-bahls-ganapath/article33808749.ece |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref>
* [[Elli AvrRam]] as Dimple Bajwa<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2021 |title=Elli AvrRam confirmed to play the second lead in Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon starrer Ganapath |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/elli-avrram-confirmed-to-play-the-second-lead-in-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanon-starrer-ganapath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214134708/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/elli-avrram-confirmed-to-play-the-second-lead-in-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanon-starrer-ganapath/ |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Shiva, Ganapath's father<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2021 |title=Actor Rahman makes his Bollywood debut with this film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/dec/08/actor-rahman-makes-his-bollywood-debut-with-tiger-shroffs-ganapath-part-1-28309.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014142604/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/dec/08/actor-rahman-makes-his-bollywood-debut-with-tiger-shroffs-ganapath-part-1-28309.html |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=6 February 2022 |publisher=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Gauahar Khan]] as Meera, Ganapath's mother
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Kaizad
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Senior
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Shaina
* [[Ziad Bakri]] as John English, Dimple's boyfriend
* [[Jess Liaudin]] as Tabahi
* Brahim Chab as Bloodbath}}

==Production==
===Development===
The film was announced on 6 November 2020 by [[Pooja Entertainment]], to be directed by Aditya Kumar starring [[Tiger Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2020 |title=Tiger Shroff's next is post-pandemic action thriller 'Ganapath' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tiger-shroffs-next-is-post-pandemic-action-thriller-ganapath/article33037839.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110130636/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tiger-shroffs-next-is-post-pandemic-action-thriller-ganapath/article33037839.ece |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref> It was originally supposed to release in parts, and had a [[working title]] of ''Ganapath: Part 1'',<ref name="bg" /> though this plan was abandoned and the film was re-titled ''Ganapath: A Hero is Born''.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=CxU60SLsRUF |user=tigerjackieshroff |title=Usko koi kya rokega...jab Bappa ka hai uspe haath. Aa Raha Hai Ganapath… karne ek nayi duniya ki shuruwat #GanapathAaRahaHai. #Ganapath in cinemas this Dussehra, 20th Oct. @amitabhbachchan @vashubhagnani #VikasBahl @deepshikhadeshmukh #GoodCo @zeemusiccompany @vishalmishraofficial @elliavrram @ziadmbakri @girishkulkarni1 @rahman_actor @shruthymenon @jameel.mumbai @slglobal001 @timman79 |author=Tiger Shroff |date=18 September 2023}}</ref> Though a sequel is still teased at the ending of the film titled ''Ganapath: Part 2: Rise of the Hero''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Ganapath review: Tiger Shroff's futuristic action film has very bleak future |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganapath-review-tiger-shroffs-futuristic-action-film-has-very-bleak-future-101697793079821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021230018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganapath-review-tiger-shroffs-futuristic-action-film-has-very-bleak-future-101697793079821.html |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the collaboration of Sanon and Shroff after nine years since their Hindi film debut in ''[[Heropanti]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Watch: Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon take on a mysterious villain in Ganpath's trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanon-take-on-a-mysterious-villain-in-ganpaths-trailer/articleshow/104283926.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010015725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanon-take-on-a-mysterious-villain-in-ganpaths-trailer/articleshow/104283926.cms |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was produced by Pooja Entertainment in association of GoodCo.

===Filming===
The [[principal photography]] began on 2 November 2021 in United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2021 |title=Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon's futuristic action thriller Ganapath's UK schedule begins; makers share a new jaw-dropping action video |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tiger-shroff-kriti-sanons-futuristic-action-thriller-ganapaths-uk-schedule-begins-makers-share-new-jaw-dropping-action-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106103129/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tiger-shroff-kriti-sanons-futuristic-action-thriller-ganapaths-uk-schedule-begins-makers-share-new-jaw-dropping-action-video/ |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Kriti Sanon begins shooting for 'Ganapath' in UK – The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/nov/10/kriti-sanon-begins-shooting-for-ganapath-in-uk-2381884.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110130905/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/nov/10/kriti-sanon-begins-shooting-for-ganapath-in-uk-2381884.html |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In May 2022, the final schedule was held in [[Ladakh]] with some additional scenes being shot in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=Tiger Shroff starts shooting for the final schedule of Ganapath in Leh Ladakh |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tiger-shroff-starts-shooting-final-schedule-ganapath-leh-ladakh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509152808/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tiger-shroff-starts-shooting-final-schedule-ganapath-leh-ladakh/ |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film's shooting was wrapped up by August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Tiger Shroff Ganapath: Part 1; Jackky Bhagnani comments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-tiger-shroff-ganapath-part-1-jackky-bhagnani-comments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821005034/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-tiger-shroff-ganapath-part-1-jackky-bhagnani-comments/ |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ganapath
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Sachin–Jigar|White Noise Studios]] and [[Dr. Zeus]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 October 2023<ref name="Apple Music">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Ganapath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ganapath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711738559 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013181800/https://music.apple.com/in/album/ganapath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711738559 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Apple Music}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:55
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| type = soundtrack |{{YouTube|qfibP5Q2Ij4|Ganapath – Full Album }}
}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Sachin–Jigar|White Noise Studios]] and [[Dr. Zeus]]. The background score is composed by [[Salim-Sulaiman]]. The first single titled "Jai Ganesha" was released on 18 September 2023 on the occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jai Ganesha' song from the movie 'Ganapath' starring Tiger Shroff out ahead of Ganesh Chaturthi 2023! |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jai-ganesha-song-from-the-movie-ganapath-starring-tiger-shroff-out-ahead-of-ganesh-chaturthi-2023/103760334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003233414/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jai-ganesha-song-from-the-movie-ganapath-starring-tiger-shroff-out-ahead-of-ganesh-chaturthi-2023/103760334 |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Mirchi Plus}}</ref> The second single titled "Hum Aaye Hain" was released on 5 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Ganapath: Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon are 'here to slay' as they unveil dance number 'Hum Aaye Hain' – WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ganapath-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanon-are-here-to-slay-as-they-unveil-dance-number-hum-aaye-hain-watch/articleshow/104194289.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117114420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ganapath-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanon-are-here-to-slay-as-they-unveil-dance-number-hum-aaye-hain-watch/articleshow/104194289.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=Times of India}}</ref> On 13 October 2023, the entire album consisting was released by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Ganapath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/ganapath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711738559 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013181800/https://music.apple.com/in/album/ganapath-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711738559 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Apple Music}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 22:55
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hum Aaye Hain
| extra1 = [[Siddharth Basrur]], [[Prakriti Kakar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Priya Saraiya]]
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar|White Noise Studios]]
| length1 = 3:30
| title2 = Jai Ganesha
| extra2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics2 = Akshay Tripathi
| music2 = Vishal Mishra
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Sara Zamana
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], Prakriti Kakar
| lyrics3 = [[Priya Saraiya]]
| music3 = White Noise Studios
| length3 = 3:18
| title4 = Lafda Kar Le
| extra4 = [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| lyrics4 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| music4 = Amit Trivedi
| length4 = 5:02
| title5 = Time 2 Shine
| extra5 = Priceless, Roach Killa, Dr Zeus
| lyrics5 = Priceless, Dr Zeus, Roach Killa, [[Ikka Singh]]
| music5 = [[Dr Zeus]]
| length5 = 3:34
| title6 = Hum Aaye Hain
| note6 = Version 2
| extra6 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
| music6 = White Noise Studios
| lyrics6 = Priya Saraiya
| length6 = 3:55
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was initially supposed to release on 23 December 2022, coinciding with Christmas Eve, but was later postponed and was released theatrically on 20 October 2023, during [[Dussehra]], in Hindi, along with the dubbed versions in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref name="bg">{{Cite news |date=22 February 2023 |title=Tiger Shroff starrer Ganapath Part 1 to now release during Dussehra on October 20 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tiger-shroff-starrer-ganapath-part-1-now-release-dussehra-october-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222115525/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tiger-shroff-starrer-ganapath-part-1-now-release-dussehra-october-20/ |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
{{Expand section|date=August 2025}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Ganapath'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ganapath box office collection day 1: Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon's action film opens low at ₹2.5 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganapath-box-office-collection-day-1-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-film-opening-101697852561162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224171901/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganapath-box-office-collection-day-1-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-film-opening-101697852561162.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=Ganapath received mixed to negative reviews from critics.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=18|count=11|average=4.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=11 December 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganapath on Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ganapath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211221054/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ganapath |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> The film received negative reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Janani |date=23 October 2023 |title='Ganapath' box office collection Day 3: Tiger's film struggles at Rs 7 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ganapath-box-office-collection-day-3-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-film-struggles-at-rs-7-crore-2452447-2023-10-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224172223/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ganapath-box-office-collection-day-3-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-film-struggles-at-rs-7-crore-2452447-2023-10-23 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=The film received negative reviews from critics and fans alike.}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Ganapath – A Hero is Born'' fails to impress due to a clichéd storyline, poor VFX and predictable second half."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=GANAPATH – A HERO IS BORN Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ganapath/critic-review/ganapath-movie-review/on-the-whole-ganapath-a-hero-is-born-fails-to-impress/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228143915/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ganapath/critic-review/ganapath-movie-review/on-the-whole-ganapath-a-hero-is-born-fails-to-impress/ |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "In a world where the rich are getting richer and poor, poorer, Ganapath imitates our hard-hitting reality but feels like a huge potential wasted."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Ganapath Part-1 Movie Review: A Solid Concept Marred By Shoddy Execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ganapath-part-1/movie-review/104582366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218232821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ganapath-part-1/movie-review/104582366.cms |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Avinash Lohana of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "This futuristic drama headlined by Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon needed to do some solid work in the past before bringing it to the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Ganapath Movie Review: Tiger Shroff and Kriti Sanon's film fails in execution |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/ganapath-movie-review-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanons-film-fails-in-execution-1252623 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228143915/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/ganapath-movie-review-tiger-shroff-and-kriti-sanons-film-fails-in-execution-1252623 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Ganapath is painfully pea-brained pulp that makes a meal of a terribly thin storyline."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganapath Review: Tiger Shroff Bulldozes His Way Through The Rubble |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ganapath-review-tiger-shroff-bulldozes-his-way-through-the-rubble-1-5-stars-4499424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020224118/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ganapath-review-tiger-shroff-bulldozes-his-way-through-the-rubble-1-5-stars-4499424 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "'Ganapath' offers absolutely no respite. If you expect it to get better in the second half as [[Gen Z]] are often heard saying ‘you are in delulu’."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title='Ganapath' Movie Review: Tiger, Kriti's 'Mad Max'-inspired world deserved better |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ganapath-movie-review-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-mad-max-inspired-world-deserved-better-2451542-2023-10-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020164447/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ganapath-movie-review-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-mad-max-inspired-world-deserved-better-2451542-2023-10-20 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> ''India Today'' later included the film as one of the five worst Hindi films of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Kerala Story' to 'Ganapath': Worst Hindi films of 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/adah-sharmas-the-kerala-story-to-ganapath-salman-khan-worst-hindi-films-of-2023-yearender-2478284-2023-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220163025/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/adah-sharmas-the-kerala-story-to-ganapath-salman-khan-worst-hindi-films-of-2023-yearender-2478284-2023-12-20 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Hiren Kotwani of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "What makes Ganapath different from the saviour-hero films of yore is that director Bahl has tried to make it look like the desi ''[[Mad Max]]'' of sorts, albeit with unimpressive design and poor packaging".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title='Ganapath: A Hero Is Born' movie review – Sad Max, anyone? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-ganapath-a-hero-is-born-movie-review-sad-max-anyone-23315592 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021041211/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-ganapath-a-hero-is-born-movie-review-sad-max-anyone-23315592 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>

Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Ganapath is a dated Hindi film with an identity crisis. It is a scary mish-mash of tropes “borrowed" from films like ''[[The Hunger Games (film series)|Hunger Games]]'', ''Mad Max'', ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' and ''[[KGF (film series)|KGF]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganapath: Chat GPT Could Write A Better Film Than Tiger Shroff, Kriti Sanon's |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ganapath-review-chat-gpt-could-write-a-better-film-than-this-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-starrer/2914677cca923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024010353/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ganapath-review-chat-gpt-could-write-a-better-film-than-this-tiger-shroff-kriti-sanon-starrer/2914677cca923 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1/5 stars and wrote "What comes as a surprise is just how terrible this film is, with practically no redeeming feature in its nearly two and half hours run-time."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Ganapath review: This Tiger Shroff-starrer is a terrible film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ganapath-movie-review-this-tiger-shroff-starrer-is-a-terrible-film-8992166/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021003620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ganapath-movie-review-this-tiger-shroff-starrer-is-a-terrible-film-8992166/ |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> She later included the film as one of the worst films of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=28 December 2023 |title="The Worst Films of 2023: Animal, Adipurush and Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan feature in Shubhra Gupta's list" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/worst-films-of-2023-animal-adipurush-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-9069498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220064148/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/worst-films-of-2023-animal-adipurush-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-9069498/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Tiger Shroff kicks and moves the way only he can, but the Vikas Bahl film doesn’t have the chutzpah to use his talent."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=20 October 2023 |title='Ganapath' movie review: Tiger Shroff struggles to salvage this still-born franchise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ganapath-movie-review-tiger-shroff-struggles-to-salvage-this-still-born-franchise/article67442295.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021014944/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ganapath-movie-review-tiger-shroff-struggles-to-salvage-this-still-born-franchise/article67442295.ece |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Watch Ganapath if you can limit your idea of watching a film to some brilliant dance and action moves, and don't expect anything beyond this."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganapath review: Tiger Shroff's futuristic action film has very bleak future |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganapath-review-tiger-shroffs-futuristic-action-film-has-very-bleak-future-101697793079821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024010353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ganapath-review-tiger-shroffs-futuristic-action-film-has-very-bleak-future-101697793079821.html |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |date=20 October 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt13334578}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | ganapath }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama film|id=ganapath}}

{{Vikas Bahl}}
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ganesha in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Films about artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Films about genetic engineering]]
[[Category:Films set in 2070]]
[[Category:Films set in the future]]
[[Category:Fiction about flying cars]]
[[Category:Indian post-apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Films about drones]]
[[Category:Fiction about cloning]]
[[Category:Indian dystopian films]]
[[Category:Martial arts tournament films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikas Bahl]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

Nick Jr. (India)

2026-04-21T22:20:54Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{short description|Indian pay television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Nick Jr.
| logo = Nick Jr. logo 2023.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2024
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2012|11|21|df=yes}}
| owner = [[JioStar]] (branding licensed from [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]])
| country = India
| languages = {{flatlist|
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* [[Hindi]]
}}
| area = {{flatlist|
*[[India]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[Pakistan]]
*[[Bhutan]]<ref name="bhutan">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/bicma-approves-56-channels-for-uniformity/|title=BICMA approves 56 channels for uniformity|date=22 September 2017|publisher=Kuensel Online|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref>
*[[Nepal]]}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| sister_channels = {{hlist|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]|[[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon HD+]]|[[Sonic (Indian TV channel)|Sonic]]}}
| parent = [[Nickelodeon Group]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.nickjrindia.com/}}
}}

'''Nick Jr.''' is an Indian children's pay television kids channel which is devoted to toddlers. The channel is the Indian equivalent to the [[Nick Jr. Channel|American Nick Jr]] and a part of the [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Indian Nickelodeon]].

==History==
[[File:Nick Jr. logo 2009.svg|thumb|Nick Jr. logo 2012-2024]]
The channel was a block on [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] before [[Viacom18]] launched it as a separate channel in fall 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/viacom18-launches-nick-jr-to-enter-preschool-segment-in-india/|title=Viacom18 launches Nick Jr. to enter preschool segment in India {{!}} TelevisionPost.com|website=www.televisionpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-30|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030952/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/viacom18-launches-nick-jr-to-enter-preschool-segment-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Viacom18 launched [[TeenNick (Indian TV programming block)|TeenNick]] and Nick Jr. as a single channel on 21 November 2012. At first, Nick Jr. aired in the daytime while TeenNick aired at night. However, TeenNick was discontinued on 1 February 2017, which made Nick Jr. a 24-hour channel.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Network 18}}
{{Nickelodeon India}}
{{Nickelodeon}}
{{Paramount Networks EMEAA}}
{{Paramount Global}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nick Jr. India}}
[[Category:Nick Jr.|India]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2012]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Viacom18]]

Kochari, Belagavi

2026-04-21T12:49:28Z

FranceGqd9358746: Started a info

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Kochari
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_alt =
|image_seal = Seal_of_Karnataka.svg
|seal_alt = Seal of the Government of Karnataka
|image_shield =
|shield_alt =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_label_position =
|mapframe = yes
|coordinates = {{coord|16|13|30.6|N|74|33|02.3|E|type:village|display=inline,title}} -->
|coor_pinpoint = Kannada High School Kochari
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type =
|subdivision_name =
|subdivision_type1 =
|subdivision_name1 =
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|founder =
|seat_type =
|seat =
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = Gram Panchayat
|governing_body = Kochari Gram Panchayat
|leader_title1 = [[District council (India)#Administrative structure|CEO of Zilla Panchayat]], Belagavi
|leader_name1 = Rahul Shinde, IAS
|leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|leader_title = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of Belagavi Constituency
|leader_name = [[Jagadish Shettar]]
|leader_title2 = Sarpanch of Kochari Gram Panchayat
|leader_name2 = Name not known
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|unit_pref = Metric


|area_footnotes =
|area_urban_footnotes = 
|area_rural_footnotes = 
|area_metro_footnotes = 
|area_note =
|area_water_percent =
|area_rank =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank2_title =

|area_total_km2 = 7.35
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_rural_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank2_km2 =

|area_total_ha = 735.43
|area_land_ha =
|area_water_ha =
|area_urban_ha =
|area_rural_ha =
|area_metro_ha =
|area_blank1_ha =
|area_blank2_ha =
|length_km =
|width_km =
|dimensions_footnotes =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 631
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 4450
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_note =
|population_demonym = Kochari
|timezone1 = IST
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|timezone1_DST =
|utc_offset1_DST =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number | PIN Code]]
|postal_code = 591340
|area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialing | STD]], [[Telephone country code]]
|area_code =
|area_codes = 08333, +91
|iso_code = IN-KA
|website = 
|module =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kochari''' is a village in the [[Belagavi District]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>''[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory]'', Census of India, 2001</ref> It is located in the [[Hukeri]] Taluka of the Belagavi District. The people of Kochari primarily rely on [[agriculture]] for their livelihoods. Due to the village's location in the Belagavi District, also called the [[sugar]] belt, [[sugarcane]] [[sugar industry in India|farming]] is a major component of the village's agricultural output. Despite the agricultural reliance, Kochari has a [[literacy rate]] of 69% (79.48% Male, 58.54% Female), which is higher than the district average of 63.9%.<ref>{{cite 2011 census of India |id= 597577 |name= ''Kochari'' |links= off}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belagavi-geo-stub}}

Babu Kavlekar

2026-04-17T19:57:29Z

FranceGqd9358746: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babu Kavlekar
| image =
| caption = Official portrait in 2017
| office = 9th [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister Goa]]
| term_start = 13 July 2019
| term_end = 15 March 2022
| constituency = [[Quepem (Goa Assembly constituency)|Quepem]]
| predecessor = [[Vijai Sardesai]]
| successor = ''Vacant''
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|5|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = Quitol, [[Goa]], India
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 2019)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] (since 2019)
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| website =
}}

'''Chandrakant''' "'''Babu'''" '''Kavlekar''' (born 7 May 1971) is an Indian politician and former cabinet minister who served as the Minister of Town and Country Planning, Agriculture, Archives, Archaeology, Factories and Boilers of Goa in the [[Government of Goa]].<ref>GOVT OF GOA</ref> He belongs to [[Dhangar]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dhangars-sore-over-kavlekars-exclusion-during-prez-visit/articleshow/64953409.cms | title=Dhangars sore over Chandrakant Kavlekar's exclusion during Ram Nath Kovind's visit | Goa News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 July 2018 }}</ref> caste. He was a four-term member<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/goa-gets-4-new-ministers-in-cabinet-rejig-chandrakant-kavlekar-sworn-in-as-new-dy-cm-2228587.html | title=Goa Gets Four New Ministers in Cabinet Reshuffle, Chandrakant Kavlekar Sworn in as New Deputy CM | work=www.news18.com | date=13 July 2019 | access-date=July 13, 2019}}</ref> of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] and represented the [[Quepem]] constituency from 2002 to 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Kavlekar-rules-the-roost-in-Quepem/articleshow/49680074.cms | title=Kavlekar rules the roost in Quepem | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=6 November 2015 | access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.myneta.info/goa2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=46 | title=Chandrakant Kavlekar (Winner) QUEPEM (SOUTH GOA) | work=myneta.info | access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/QMC-says-no-to-mining-trucks-within-Quepem/articleshow/51953588.cms | title=QMC says no to mining trucks within Quepem | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=23 April 2016 | access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
In the election for legislative assembly Kavlekar beat BJP candidate Prakash Velip to be elected as MLA for a fourth consecutive term.

On 11 July 2019, he left the [[Indian National Congress]] and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was appointed Deputy Chief Minister on 13 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/goa-news/goa-opposition-leader-chandrakant-kavlekar-who-joined-bjp-to-be-made-deputy-chief-minister-2069293?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|title = Goa Opposition Leader, Who Joined BJP, to be Made Deputy Chief Minister}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://goaassembly.gov.in/member.php?id=51&flag=MLA&aid=7 Members of the Goa Legislative Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106071525/http://goaassembly.gov.in/member.php?id=51&flag=MLA&aid=7 |date=6 January 2017 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavlekar, Babu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Goa]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Goa]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2012–2017]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

Kingdom of Haihaiyavansi

2026-04-10T22:16:44Z

FranceGqd9358746: Started a article

{{Short description|Kingdom ruled by the Kalachuris of Raipur}}
{{for-text|other dynasties claiming [[Haihaya]] descent|[[Kalachuri dynasty (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Haihaya dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Kalachuris of Raipur
| year_start =
| year_end = 1758
| event_start = Separation from the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura]]
| event_end = Maratha [[Siege of Ratanpur|invasion of 1740]] and annexation by [[Bimbaji Bhonsle]] in 1758
| image_map = File:Mughal-Maratha Wars in 1680 CE.png
| image_map_caption = Haihaiyavanshi Garh in 17th century, split into two branches at Ratanpur and Raipur
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| capital = [[Raipur]] (Rayapura)
| p1 = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| s1 = Kingdom of Nagpur{{!}}Bhonsle dynasty
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| symbol_type =
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Kingdom of Haihaiyavansi''', ruled by the '''Kalachuris of Raipur''' was a kingdom which consisted of the central part of the present-day state of [[Chhattisgarh]] located in [[India]].

In 1740, the Maratha general of [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Nagpur]], [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]] conquered the kingdom for [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mellor |first1=John Williams |last2=Weaver |first2=Thomas F. |last3=Lele |first3=Uma J. |title=Developing Rural India: Plan and Practice |date=1968 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-0296-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dADAAAAMAAJ&q=haihayabansi |language=en}}</ref> The Raipur branch of the kingdom survived until 1753, also being annexed by the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Marathas of Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=India |first1=Archaeological Survey of |title=Reports |date=1884 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md3Hc7gYr7IC&dq=haihayabansi&pg=PA77 |language=en}}</ref>

The last ruler was [[Mohansingh (ruler)|Mohan Singh]], who ruled under the suzerainty of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]] and died in 1758.<ref name="mohan">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=P. L. |title=Mohansingh (The Last Kalachuri King) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1969 |volume=31 |pages=207–213 |jstor=44138363 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138363}}</ref>

==History==

The Kalachuris of Raipur branched off from the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura]] in the 14th century; the Ratnapura branch was, in turn, an offshoot of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA14 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 |pages=13–14 }}</ref>

The Raipur State originated as the eastern province of the tenth-century Tripuri Kalachuri or Chedi kingdom, which was centered in the upper [[Narmada River]] valley.<ref name="virginia"/> The kingdom was located east of the main routes between northern and southern India, and thus was unaffected by the Muslim invasions of the 13th-16th centuries.<ref name="virginia"/><ref name="go">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Behram H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PA263 |language=en}}</ref>{{pn|date=March 2023}} The Haihaiyavanshi state enjoyed under Garha Kingdom 700 years of peaceful existence due to its borders being protected by precipitous mountain ranges on almost all sides.<ref name="virginia">{{cite book |last1=McEldowney |first1=Philip Fredric |title=Colonial Administration and Social Developments in Middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 |date=August 1980 |publisher=University of Virginia |pages=22–24 |url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch02regions.html |language=English |chapter=Administrative and Social Regions of Middle India, 1500-1920}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=An unpublished thesis is not a great source when peer-reviewed scholarly works exist|date=March 2023}}<ref name="deccan">{{cite book |title=The Deccan Geographer |date=1984 |publisher=Deccan Geographical Society. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBANAQAAMAAJ&q=Haihaivanshi+Kingdom |language=en}}</ref>

In the second half of the 12th century, on the accession of Suradeva, the 20th king, the Ratnapura state was divided between him at [[Ratanpur]] (Ratnapura) and his younger brother Brahmadeva, who founded a younger branch at [[Raipur]] to the south.<ref name="IGI2">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Imperial Gazzetter of India: Vol 7: Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=Haihai+Bansi&pg=PA486 |page= 485-487 |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source inline|reason=Colonial gazzetters are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}<ref name="past">{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |date=19 March 1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3688-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jl-dIbI5kKwC&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&pg=PA27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="virginia"/> At the end of the 16th century, the Haihaiyavanshi kings recognized the suzerainty of the [[Mughal Empire]].

It has been conjectured that the name Mahakosal, the greater Kosala, was made common for Dakshin Kosal or Chhattisgarh by the Chedi - Haihaiyavanshi rulers of this region to make their state sound more dignified and their sovereignty seem more pronounced.<ref name="dewas">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Dewas |date=1973 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIphAAAAIAAJ&q=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source|reason=Gazetteers written by civil servants are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}<ref name="durg">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Durg |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom |language=en}}</ref> The town of [[Amarkantak]] is said to have been built by the Haihayavanshis.<ref name="go"/>{{rp|263}}{{unreliable source|reason=Gazetteers written by civil servants are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}

===Mattha lineage===

In the ancient land of India near the Narmada river, the Mattha clan thrived, tracing their lineage to the legendary Sahastra Bahu, a warrior-king known for his bravery and strength. According to historical accounts, the Mattha clan belonged to the [[Heyhayavansh]] dynasty, renowned for their valor and leadership.

===Maratha suzerainty===
After the death of Raghunath Singh in 1745, [[Mohansingh (ruler)|Mohan Singh]] a member of the Haihaiyavanshi Raipur branch, was placed on the throne by [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]]. He was loyal to the Bhonsle [[Nagpur Kingdom]] and paid regular tribute to the Bhonsle treasury. However, in 1758, [[Bimbaji Bhonsle]] was sent against him to assume direct control of [[Chhattisgarh]]. [[Mohansingh (ruler)|Mohan Singh]] started amassing his forces near [[Raipur]], but died shortly after and thus, [[Bimbaji Bhonsle]] assumed rule of the region with ease.<ref name="m">{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=P. L. |title=Mohansingh (The Last Kalachuri King) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1969 |volume=31 |pages=207–213 |jstor=44138363 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138363}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: West Nimar |date=1978 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3axhAAAAIAAJ&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source|reason=Gazetteers written by civil servants are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=Sir Arthur Edward |title=Raipur District: Volume A, Descriptive |date=1909 |publisher=Printed at the British India Press, Byculla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVNRqTCIeYAC&q=Bimbaji |language=en}}</ref>{{unreliable source|reason=Gazetteers written by civil servants are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}

==Administration==

According to a tradition, popularized by Cecil Upton Wills (1919), the principalities Raipur and [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Ratanpur]] were "sub-kingdoms", and each had 18 forts; the name "[[Chhattisgarh]]" derives from these 36 (''Chhattis'') forts (''garh''). However, experts disagree with this theory for several reasons: the name Chhattisgarh does not appear in early records, no historical records identify the 36 forts, and early records list 48 forts in the area.<ref>{{cite book |author=Helen Macdonald |title=Witchcraft Accusations from Central India: The Fragmented Urn |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2020 |isbn=9781000225716 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBIHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 }}</ref>

According to Willis, the term ''garh'' referred to a district, which was under the charge of the feudal lords (''[[Thakur (title)|thakurs]]'' or ''[[Dewan|diwans]]''), who owed allegiance to the king. The ''garh'' was also known as ''chaurasi'' (eighty-four) because it was meant to be made up of 84 villages. The ''garhs'' were in turn made up of smaller units called ''taluks''. The ''taluk'', which was supposed to contain 12 villages and was also known as ''bahron'' (twelve) was held by a ''dao'' or ''barhainya'' whose authority in the unit closely resembled that of the ''[[Dewan|diwan]]'' within the ''taluk''. The village was held by a ''gaonthia'' or headman.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |year=1998 |page=27|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3688-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jl-dIbI5kKwC&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&pg=PA27 }}</ref>

Several parts of [[Chhattisgarh]] country were held by feudatory chiefs who ruled under the suzerainty of the Haihaiyavanshis. Some were [[Kanker State]], [[Sarangarh State]] and [[Sakti State]].<ref>Ratanpur Akhyan by Pandit Shiv Dutt Shastri</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Central Provinces district gazetteers, Vol 10 |date=1906 |publisher=Pioneer Press |location=Allahabad |page=8-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/centralprovinces10cent/page/8/mode/2up?q=ratanpur&view=theater}}</ref>{{unreliable source|reason=Gazetteers written by civil servants are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}<ref name="IGI">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 14 |date=2016 |publisher=Creative Media Partners |isbn=9781313266239 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_408.gif}}</ref>{{unreliable source|reason=Gazetteers written by civil servants are not scholarly works|date=March 2023}}

==See also==
*[[Heheya Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Garha kingdom]]

Sumit Jamuar

2026-04-09T05:29:47Z

FranceGqd9358746: Made new details w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{resume-like|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sumit Jamuar
|image = File:Sumit Jamuar.jpg
|caption =
|birth_place =
|alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]], [[INSEAD]]
|birth_date =
|occupation = Chairman & CEO, [[Global Gene Corp]]
|spouse =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sumit Jamuar''' is the chairman, co-founder and CEO of Global Gene Corp,<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Gene Corp website|url=https://globalgenecorp.com/|publisher=Global Gene Corp|accessdate= 4 October 2019}}</ref> a genomics data platform and applications company that is collecting and analysing diverse genomic and medical datasets to deliver precision healthcare to a global market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore's Global Gene offers genetical testing services in India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-singapore-s-global-gene-offers-genetical-testing-services-in-india-1995764|publisher=dnaindia.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Customized gene tests for Indians are available now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Customized-gene-tests-for-Indians-are-available-now/articleshow/36166685.cms|publisher=indiatimes.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-40343755|title=The power of a billion: India's genomics revolution|last=Arney|first=Kat|date=2017-06-22|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-07-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sumit is responsible for the company's long-term strategy and partnerships.<ref name="investing">{{cite web|title=lloyds banking group plc (LLOY:London)|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=130400757&ticker=LLOY:LN&previousCapId=670064&previousTitle=Lloyds%20Banking%20Group%20plc|publisher=businessweek.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gene tests evolve, cheaper & customized for Indians now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gene-tests-evolve-cheaper-customized-for-Indians-now/articleshow/36165619.cms|publisher=indiatimes.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref>

He was formerly a Banker with [[Lloyds Banking Group]], and prior to that a consultant with [[McKinsey & Company]].<ref name="Sumit S. Jamuar">{{cite web|title=Sumit S. Jamuar|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=130400757&ticker=LLOY:LN&previousCapId=670064&previousTitle=Lloyds%20Banking%20Group%20plc|publisher=businessweek.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> Sumit has served as CEO of [[SBI Capital Markets|SBICAP]] (UK) Ltd, European investment banking subsidiary of [[State Bank of India]]. He played pivotal role in ideation & creation of FTSE - SBI Bond series indices as partnership between State Bank of India and [[London Stock Exchange]], FTSE TMX which was part of the Joint statement of Hon Prime Ministers of India and UK.<ref>{{cite web|title= SBICAP (UK) Ltd. | url=http://www.sbicaps.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Mr.Sumit_Jamuar_CEO-SBICAP-(UK).pdf|accessdate= 1 October 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==

Sumit was born to Mrs. Rita Jamuar and Prof. Sudhanshu S. Jamuar in Patna.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meeting and Seminar Archive |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r6/scv/sps/200811Abstract.htm
|access-date=3 November 2008}}</ref> He was brought up in New Delhi at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi]] campus where his father served a professor in the Electrical Engineering Department.

==Education==
He holds a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi]]. He completed his post-graduation in Business Administration from [[INSEAD]], Fontainebleau. He has attended programmes in [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] and [[Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth]].

At [[INSEAD]] he contributed to research paper on [[Corporate governance|Corporate Governance]] "Board Seat Accumulation by Executives: A Shareholder's Perspective" that was published in Journal of Finance and has been cited by over 170 research papers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Board Seat Accumulation by Executives: A Shareholder's Perspective |url=http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/research/details_papers.cfm?id=11286|accessdate=31 March 2003}}</ref>

==Career==
'''Consulting Career'''

Following graduation from [[IIT Delhi]], Sumit started as a Business Analyst with [[McKinsey & Company]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alumni Headlines - September 2013|url=https://alumni.mckinsey.com/public_content/500168673|publisher=mckinsey.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> He was the first undergraduate consultant to be hired in the inaugural class of two Business Analysts marking the start of the Business Analyst programme in the Indian office of [[McKinsey & Company]]. During his consulting career, he served top Indian and global institutions in banking, steel and automobiles. Key engagements included building the off shoring proposition for a blue-chip Global Bank, international expansion strategy for the top Indian private bank, as well as, report outlining road map of policy initiatives to increase Foreign Direct Investment in India which was launched by the Hon. Finance Minister of India, [[Jaswant Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India can attract $100 b FDI in 5 years: McKinsey
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/08/04/stories/140420b5.htm|accessdate=4 August 2001}}</ref>

'''Banking Career'''

Sumit worked with [[Lloyds Banking Group|Lloyds]], (previously known as Lloyds TSB Bank)<ref>{{cite web|title=The Social Capital: Sumit Jamuar of Lloyds Banking Group|url=http://vikaspota.com/2011/09/07/the-social-capital-sumit-jamuar-of-lloyds-banking-group/|publisher=vikaspota.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> London between 2003 and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Social Capital with Vikas Pota - What giving really means?|url=http://www.indiaincorporated.com/item/315-the-social-capital-with-vikas-pota-what-giving-really-meansss.html|publisher=indiaincorporated.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> He held several senior leadership positions in start-ups, global client coverage, strategy & transformation and a turnaround unit in the bank. During his last assignment at the organization, he served as the managing director and Global Head of Sales in the Financial Institutions team and also served as a Member of the Financial Institutions Group Executive Committee at the organization. Prior to that he was MD & Head of Solutions CRE BSU and played a lead role in creating one of the largest turnaround unit for distressed commercial real estate assets. He was also MD & Head of Emerging Markets, and Head of Strategy & Transformation, where he advised the Group Executive Director for Wholesale Bank as chief strategist. He started his career in Lloyds TSB Bank as Venture Manager in the Corporate Venturing Unit. He was also appointed Chairman of Lloyds GEM Network, the ethnic diversity network.<ref name="float">{{cite web|title=Sumit Jamuar|url=http://floatingclinic.org.uk/about/board-of-directors/|publisher=floatingclinic.org.uk|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref>

'''Other Roles'''

Sumit has been an advisor and acting chief executive for Africa and Europe to [[GEMS Education]], the largest private school operator in the world for their expansion, building and opening of schools in Kenya, Uganda and Switzerland, as well as acquisition of Ecole de Roches, Normandy.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum on Africa|url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/AF13/WEF_AF13_Participants_ik7j37s0pl.pdf|publisher=weforum.org|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= World Economic Forum on Africa, list of participants|url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/AF13/WEF_AF13_Participants_ik7j37s0pl.pdf | publisher=weforum.org| accessdate=1 October 2017}}</ref> He was a member of the European Council for BAFT-IFSA, a leading financial services trade body, where he had leading involvement in industry initiatives like engagement with Regulators and Members of Parliament on [[Basel III|BASEL III]].<ref name="investing" /> He is also a fellow at the [[Institute of Directors]], since 2009. IOD is a UK-based organization incorporated in 1906 that represents and sets standards for [[Board of directors|company directors]].

Sumit was vice chairman of [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) & [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Gates Foundation]] initiative on Digital Financial Service for [[Financial inclusion|Financial Inclusion]].<ref>{{cite web|title= ITU - Focus Group on Digital Financial Services|url=https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/dfs/Pages/default.aspx|accessdate=1 October 2017}}</ref> He has served as co-chair of the Consumer Experience & Protection working group of ITU.<ref>{{cite web|title= ITU - Chairman report on the first meeting of Focus Group on Digital Financial Services| url=https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/dfs/Documents/Summary%20of%20the%20first%20meeting%20of%20FG%20DFS.pdf|accessdate= 1 October 2017}}</ref>

'''Current Position'''

Sumit serves as Chairman & CEO at [[Global Gene Corp]].<ref name="Sumit S. Jamuar"/> He co-founded the company in 2013 with his brother, Saumya Jamuar (head of the SingHealth Duke-NUS Genomic Medicine center), geneticist Jonathan Picker at Boston Children's Hospital and corporate strategist Kushagra Sharma to address the lack of diversity in the genomic datasets used to inform the development of novel diagnostics and therapies to benefit a global population.<ref>{{cite web|title= Taking Genomic Data Global - MIT Technology Review| url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601796/taking-genomic-data-global/|accessdate= 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Global Gene Corp has a particular focus on gathering data about genomic diversity in India,<ref>{{cite web|title= The power of a billion: India's genomics revolution - BBC News| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40343755|accessdate= 4 October 2019}}</ref> and established a partnership in 2018 with the [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals|Regeneron]] Genetics Center to create the largest research programme specifically aimed at generating genomic understanding of populations in the sub-continent.<ref>{{cite web|title= Global Gene Corp and Regeneron announce largest genomics programme for Indian population - The Times of India| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/global-gene-corp-and-regeneron-announce-largest-genomics-programme-for-indian-population/articleshow/63353609.cms|accessdate= 4 October 2019}}</ref>

The company has also established a partnership with the University of Namibia and the Namibian government to develop a national genomics initiative, aiming to study the genetic makeup of the Namibian population. Data will then be used to develop relevant precision medicine approaches and build a Centre of Excellence in Genomics in Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unam.edu.na/news/science-forum-yields-global-partners-for-namibia|title=Science Forum yields global Partners for Namibia|date=2018-12-03|website=University of Namibia|language=en|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>

Sumit is one of 26 speakers taking part in the televised series TED Talks India: Nayi Baat (New Conversations), hosted by actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and broadcast on Hindi channel StarPlus, Nat Geo and English channel Star World in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disneys-star-india-sets-shah-rukh-khan-s-ted-talks-india-season-2-1245095|title=Disney's Star India Network Sets Season 2 of 'TED Talks India' Hosted by Shah Rukh Khan|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>

==Charitable and cultural activities==
Sumit is associated with various charitable and cultural organizations such as Lake Tanganyika Floating Health Clinic, United Kingdom,<ref name="float" /> [[SPIC MACAY|SPIC MACAY, UK]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SPIC MACAY and The Nehru Centre celebrate India's rich cultural heritage|url=http://www.apnnews.com/2014/08/07/spic-macay-and-the-nehru-centre-celebrate-indias-rich-cultural-heritage/|publisher=apnnews.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> and Global Education & Skills Forum (GESF) 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPIC MACAY and The Nehru Centre celebrate Virasat 2014 in London|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/spic-macay-5979626422_1.html|publisher=indiainfoline.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SPIC MACAY and The Nehru Centre celebrate ‘Virasat 2014' in London|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news/spic-macay-5979626422_1.html|publisher=indiainfoline.com|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=London Virasat 2014: SPIC MACAY and The Nehru Centre celebrate India's rich cultural heritage|url=http://www.prfire.co.uk/society/london-virasat-2014-spic-macay-and-the-nehru-centre-celebrate-indias-rich-cultural-heritage-159576|publisher=prfire.co.uk|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamuar, Sumit}}
[[Category:Businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tuck School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lifeline (2024 film)

2026-04-07T23:41:14Z

FranceGqd9358746: added the data basic info - done

{{short description|Indian Marathi-language drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lifeline
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Sahil Shirwaikar
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|[[Ashok Saraf]]
Madhav Abhyankar
[[Hemangi Kavi]]
}}
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|08|02|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lifeline''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi-language]] drama film directed by Sahil Shirwaikar. The film stars [[Ashok Saraf]], Madhav Abhyankar, and [[Hemangi Kavi]] in lead roles. It explores the conflict between traditional beliefs and modern scientific perspectives, addressing social issues through a narrative centered on human relationships and societal norms. Lifeline was released on 2 August 2024.

==Plot==
Lifeline delves into the tension between age-old customs and contemporary science, weaving a story that examines the impact of these opposing forces on individuals and communities. While specific plot details remain limited, the film is noted for its focus on a socially relevant theme, portrayed through the experiences of its central characters, played by [[Ashok Saraf]], Madhav Abhyankar, and [[Hemangi Kavi]].

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Doctor Vikram Desai
*Madhav Abhyankar as Kirwant Brahmin Kedarnath Agnihotri
*[[Hemangi Kavi]]
*Sandhya Kute
*Bharat Dabholkar
*Jaywant Wadkar
*Sharmila Shinde
*Sushrut Mankani

==Production==
The film was directed by Sahil Shirwaikar announced in early 2024 as a project tackling the dichotomy between tradition and modernity, with Ashok Saraf’s involvement highlighted as a key draw.<ref name="Loksatta2024a">{{cite web |title=Marathi Movie Life Line Announced on the Conflict Between Ancient Belief and Modern Science |last= |first= |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-movie-life-line-announced-on-the-conflict-between-ancient-belief-and-modern-science-hrc-97-4365425/ |publisher=Loksatta |date=2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film’s soundtrack includes the song "Hotyach Navhata Jhala," which was released prior to the film’s premiere. The song garnered attention for its emotional resonance and was highlighted in promotional materials.<ref name="Lokmat2024a">{{cite web |title=The Song Hotyach Navhata Jhala from the Movie Lifeline Was Released |last= |first= |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/the-song-hotyach-navhata-jhala-from-the-movie-lifeline-was-released-a-a603/ |publisher=Lokmat |date=2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref>

==Release==
Lifeline was theatrically released on 2 August 2024. The film’s announcement emphasized its thematic focus on the clash between ancient beliefs and modern science, generating anticipation among audiences.<ref name="Loksatta2024a" />Promotions further highlighted Ashok Saraf’s return to Marathi cinema as a significant aspect.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=Actor Ashok Saraf to Return to Big Screen with This Marathi Film |last= |first= |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-ashok-saraf-to-return-to-big-screen-with-this-marathi-film-8947812.html |publisher=News18 |date=2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received varied responses from critics. Writing for [[Sakal]], a reviewer praised Lifeline for its effective commentary on social issues, describing it as a compelling exploration of the clash between tradition and science.<ref name="Esakal">{{cite web |title=Lifeline Movie Review: Pratha, Paramparanchi Adhunik Vidnyanashi Ladhai |last= |first= |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/ashok-saraf-anand-abhyankar-starer-movie-lifeline-review-psn14 |publisher=[[Sakal]] |date=3 August 2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref> Similarly, a critic from [[Maharashtra Times]] lauded the film’s impactful storytelling and its relevance to contemporary societal debates.<ref name="TOIMarathi">{{cite web |title=Lifeline Marathi Movie Review |last= |first= |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/lifeline/moviereview/112226511.cms |publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref> In contrast, [[Lokmat]]’s review acknowledged the strong performances of Ashok Saraf, Madhav Abhyankar, and Hemangi Kavi, but did not elaborate extensively on the narrative’s reception.<ref name="Lokmat2024b">{{cite web |title=Lifeline Marathi Movie Review Starring Ashok Saraf, Madhav Abhyankar, Hemangi Kavi |last= |first= |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/reviews/lifeline-marathi-movie-review-starring-ashok-saraf-madhav-abhyankar-hemangi-kavi-a-a838-c998/ |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |date=2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref> [[Loksatta]] highlighted Sahil Shirwaikar’s direction and the film’s thematic depth, noting its appeal to audiences interested in meaningful cinema.<ref name="Loksatta2024b">{{cite web |title=Lifeline Movie Directed Sahil Shirwaikar, Ashok Saraf |last= |first= |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/lifeline-movie-directed-sahil-shirwaikar-ashok-saraf-amy-95-4516946/ |publisher=[[Loksatta]] |date=2024 |accessdate=18 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|32758193}}

[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues]]

Dance in India

2026-03-26T18:46:35Z

FranceGqd9358746: added info

{{short description|Classical to folk dance arts of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Culture of India}}
[[File:Classical dances of India.jpg|thumb|260px|Dance in India include classical (above), semiclassical, folk and tribal.]]
'''Dance in India''' comprises numerous styles of [[dance]]s, generally classified as [[Indian classical dance|classical]] or [[Folk dance in India|folk]].<ref name=lochtefeld467/> As with other aspects of [[Indian culture]], different forms of dances originated in different parts of India, developed according to the local traditions and also imbibed elements from other parts of the country.<ref name="McCormickWhite2010">{{cite book|last1=McCormick|first1=Charlie T.|last2=White|first2=Kim Kennedy|title=Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea65pD9YyzkC&pg=PA705|date=13 December 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-241-8|page=705}}</ref>

[[Sangeet Natak Academy]], the national academy for performing arts in India, recognizes eight traditional dances as [[Indian classical dance]]s,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bishnupriya Dutt|author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi|title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|year=2010|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0612-8|page=216}}</ref> while other sources and scholars recognize more.{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Sattriya]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Yaksagana]] and [[Bhagavata Mela]]}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Don Rubin|author2=Chua Soo Pong|author3=Ravi Chaturvedi|title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&pg=PA130 |year=2001|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-26087-9|pages=130–139}}</ref> These have roots in the Sanskrit text ''[[Natya Shastra]]'',<ref name=lochtefeld467>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/467 467] }}, '''Quote:''' "the Natyashastra remains the ultimate authority for any dance form that claims to be 'classical' dance, rather than 'folk' dance".</ref> and the [[Religion|religious]] performance arts of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=lipner206>{{cite book|author=Julius Lipner|title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qv3fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24061-5|page=206|quote=It would be appropriate here to comment on Hindu classical dance. This developed in a religious context and was given high profile as part of temple worship. There are a number of regional and other styles as well as source texts, but the point we wish to stress is the participative nature of such dance. In form and content, the heart of dance as worship in Hinduism has always been 'expression' (abhinaya), i.e. the enacting of various themes.|author-link=Julius Lipner}}</ref><ref name=holmbowker85>{{cite book|author1=Jean Holm|author2=John Bowker|title=Worship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_nUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|year=1994|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85567-111-9|page=85}}, '''Quote:''' Hindu classical dance-forms, like Hindu music, are associated with worship. References to dance and music are found in the Vedic literature, (...)".</ref><ref name="Brown2013p195">{{cite book|author=Frank Burch Brown|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8g8BAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972103-0 |pages=195–196 }}, '''Quote:''' All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and to the world."</ref>

Folk dances are numerous in number and style and vary according to the local tradition of the respective state, ethnic, or geographic region. Contemporary dances include refined and experimental fusions of classical, folk, and Western forms. Dancing traditions of India have influence not only over the dances in the whole of [[South Asia]], but on the dancing forms of [[Southeast Asia]] as well. Dances in Indian films, like [[Hindi dance music|Bollywood Dance]] for Hindi films, are often noted for freeform expression of dance and hold a significant presence in the popular culture of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="popculture">{{cite book|last=McFee|first=Graham|title=The concept of dance education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z68OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128|access-date=29 February 2012|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-08376-8|pages=127–128}}</ref>

In India, a command over either of [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), [[Persian language|Persian]], or [[Arabic]], are highly appreciated and respected for learning dances (most significantly [[Indian Classical Dance]]s) as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Munsi |first1=Urmimala Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKepAgAAQBAJ&dq=classical+language+meitei&pg=PT35 |title=Traversing Tradition: Celebrating Dance in India |last2=Burridge |first2=Stephanie |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-136-70378-2 |location=en |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
The theory, training, means and rationale for expressive practice in classical dance is documented and traceable to ancient classical texts, particularly the ''[[Natya Shastra]]''.<ref name=lochtefeld467/><ref>{{cite book|author1=John Pragathi national aware Gassner|author2=Edward Quinn|title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPOQf26l-PEC |year=2002|publisher=Courier |isbn=978-0-486-42064-6 |pages=448–454 }}</ref> Classical Indian dances have historically involved a school or ''[[guru]]-shishya parampara'' (teacher-disciple tradition) and require studies of the classical texts, physical exercises, and extensive training to systematically synchronize the dance repertoire with underlying play or composition, vocalists and the orchestra.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pallabi Chakravorty|author2=Nilanjana Gupta|title=Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51612-2|pages=56–57, 169–170, 209–210 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi|author2=Stephanie Burridge|title=Traversing Tradition: Celebrating Dance in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT116|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-70378-2|pages=115–116}}</ref>

A folk Indian dance is one which is largely an [[oral tradition]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pallabi Chakravorty|author2=Nilanjana Gupta|title=Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51612-2|page=40 }}</ref> whose traditions have been historically learnt and mostly passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth and casual joint practice.<ref name=gassner448>{{cite book|author1=John Gassner|author2=Edward Quinn|title=The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPOQf26l-PEC |year=2002|publisher=Courier |isbn=978-0-486-42064-6 |pages=448–454 }}</ref> A semi-classical Indian dance is one that contains a classical imprint but has become a folk dance and lost its texts or schools. A tribal dance is a more local form of folk dance, typically found in one tribal population; typically tribal dances evolve into folk dances over a historic period.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Pallabi Chakravorty|author2=Nilanjana Gupta|title=Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51612-2|pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kamal Sharma |title=Folk Dances of Chambā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz4ZAxYR6igC |year=2004|publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7387-166-5|pages=35–36}}</ref>

== Origins of dance in India ==
[[File:Cave Painting - Celebration (cropped).jpg|thumb|150x150px|Depiction of a celebration in Bhimbetka|left]]
The origins of dance in India go back to ancient times. The earliest paleolithic and neolithic cave paintings such as the UNESCO world heritage site at [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in Madhya Pradesh show dance scenes.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Dance in Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC |year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-153-9|pages=12–19}}</ref> Several sculptures found at [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] archaeological sites, now distributed between Pakistan and India, show dance figures. For example, the [[Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)|Dancing Girl sculpture]] is dated to about 2500 BCE, showing a {{convert|10.5|cm|in}} high figurine in a dance pose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Collections: Pre-History & Archaeology|publisher=National Museum, New Delhi|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106145719/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/prodCollections.asp?pid=44&id=1&lk=dp1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=153–162}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory L. Possehl|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC |year=2002|publisher=Rowman|isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2|pages=111–115 with Figures 6.4–6.5}}</ref>

The [[Vedas]] integrate rituals with performance arts, such as a dramatic play, where not only praises to gods were recited or sung, but the dialogues were part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes.<ref name=varadpande45/>{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|2008|pp=181–182}} The Sanskrit verses in chapter 13.2 of [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (≈800–700 BCE), for example, are written in the form of a play between two actors.<ref>ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, page 48</ref>

{{Quote|
The Vedic sacrifice (''[[yajna]]'') is presented as a kind of fight, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes.
|[[Louis Renou]]|Vedic India<ref name=varadpande45>ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, {{ISBN|978-8170172789}}, pages 45–47</ref>}}[[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Shiva as [[Nataraja]] (Lord of Dance).]]

The evidence of earliest dance-related texts are in ''Natasutras'', which are mentioned in the text of [[Pāṇini|Panini]], the sage who wrote the classic on [[Vyākaraṇa|Sanskrit grammar]], and who is dated to about 500 BCE.<ref name="Lidova1994p111">{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 |pages=111–113}}</ref>{{sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|p=30}} This performance arts related [[Sutra]] text is mentioned in other late Vedic texts, are as two scholars names Shilalin ([[IAST]]: Śilālin) and Krishashva (Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing, dance and Sanskrit compositions for these arts.<ref name="Lidova1994p111"/>{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, xxxi–xxxii, 17}} Richmond et al. estimate the ''Natasutras'' to have been composed around 600 BCE, whose complete manuscript has not survived into the modern age.{{sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|p=30}}<ref name="Lidova1994p111"/>

The classic text of dance and performance arts that has survived is the Hindu text ''Natya Shastra'', attributed to sage Bharata. He credits the art his text systematically presents to times before him, ultimately to [[Brahma]] who created Natya-veda by taking the word from the [[Rigveda]], melody from the [[Samaveda]], mime from the [[Yajurveda]], and emotion from the [[Atharvaveda]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Magda Romanska|title=The Routledge Companion to Dramaturgy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXQ9BAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-12289-8|pages=94–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel S. Burt|title=The Literature 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdtJx5KrZkMC&pg=PA335 |year=2008 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-2706-4|page=335}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Aakriti|title=Let's know dances of India|year=2006|publisher=Star Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7650-097-5|edition=1st}}</ref> The first complete compilation of ''Natya Shastra'' is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Tarla Mehta|1995|pp=xxiv, 19–20}} but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.{{Sfn|Wallace Dace|1963|p=249}} The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.{{Sfn|Natalia Lidova|2014}}{{Sfn|Emmie Te Nijenhuis|1974|pp=1–25}} The classical dances are rooted in ''Natya Shastra''.<ref name=lochtefeld467/>

India has a number of [[classical Indian dance]] forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. Classical and folk dance forms also emerged from Indian traditions, epics, and mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Aakriti|title=Let's know dances of India|year=2006|publisher=Star Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7650-097-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h67wZpGPUi0C&q=dance+forms+in+india&pg=PT8|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor1989">{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbir Singh|title=Sikh festivals|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhfestivals00kapo|url-access=registration|access-date=28 February 2012|date=March 1989|publisher=Rourke Enterprises|isbn=978-0-86592-984-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhfestivals00kapo/page/44 44]}}</ref>

== Classical dance ==
{{Main|Indian classical dance}}
Classical dance of India has developed a type of dance-drama that is a form of total theater. The dancer acts out a story almost exclusively through gestures. Most of the classical dances of India enact stories from Hindu mythology.<ref>{{cite book|title=A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress)|year=2000|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India)|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |page=13|editor1=Ramchandani |editor2=Dale Hoiberg}}</ref> Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particular region or a group of people.<ref name="Chander2003">{{cite book|last=Chander|first=Prakash|title=India: past & present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Rl5c_v1-kC&pg=PA131|access-date=29 February 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-455-8|page=131}}</ref>

The criteria for being considered classical is the style's adherence to the guidelines laid down in [[Natyashastra]], which explains the Indian art of acting. The [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] currently confers classical status on eight Indian classical dance styles: [[Bharatanatyam]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Kathak]] (North, West and Central [[India]]), [[Kathakali]] ([[Kerala]]), [[Kuchipudi]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]), [[Odissi]] ([[Odisha]]), [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] ([[Manipur]]), [[Mohiniyattam]] ([[Kerala]]), and [[Sattriya]] ([[Assam]]).<ref>{{cite news|url= http://living.oneindia.in/expressions/factual-expressions/indian-classical-dance.html|title= Indian Classical Dance|date= 2023-03-09|publisher= One India|access-date= 2010-06-11|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090417044206/http://living.oneindia.in/expressions/factual-expressions/indian-classical-dance.html|archive-date= 17 April 2009|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Narayan|first = Shovana| title = Indian classical dances: "ekam sat vipraah bahudaa vadanti"| publisher = Shubhi Publications| year = 2005| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vxBq4xq94ZYC | page = 5|isbn = 9781845571696}}</ref> Another Indian classical dance, which is not yet recognized by Government of India, is [[Gaudiya Nritya]] ([[West Bengal]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Feet forgotten and found |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/gaudiya-nritya-bengals-forsaken-native-dance-form/cid/1816444 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210181327/https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/gaudiya-nritya-bengals-forsaken-native-dance-form/cid/1816444 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-26 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaudiya Nritya |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/performing-arts/gaudiya-nritya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206203327/https://indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/performing-arts/gaudiya-nritya |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> All classical dances of India have roots in Hindu arts and religious practices.<ref name=lipner206/><ref name="Brown2013p195"/>

The classical dance of India is also common outside it, for example, it was performed on the island of Oahu by their mayor (Proshakov E.D.) as part of the local folklore festival.
The tradition of dance has been codified in the Natyashastra and performance is considered accomplished if it manages to evoke a ''[[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'' (emotion) among the audience by invoking a particular ''[[bhava]]''(gesture or facial expression). Classical dance is distinguished from folk dance because it has been regulated by the rules of the Natyashastra and all classical dances are performed only in accordance with them.<ref name=Culture>{{cite book|title=Culture of India|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-203-1 |page=352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC}}</ref>

=== Bharatanatyam ===
{{Main|Bharatanatyam}}
[[File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|thumb|100px|Bharatanatyam]]
Dating back to 1000 BC, ''[[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]]'' is a classical dance from the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], practiced predominantly in modern times by women. The dance is usually accompanied by classical [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rso.cornell.edu/spicmacay/spicmacay_files/home_files/pav.html |title=A Dance Recital of Bharatanatya |publisher=SPICMACAY chapter, Cornell university |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617062651/http://www.rso.cornell.edu/spicmacay/spicmacay_files/home_files/pav.html |archive-date=17 June 2012 }}</ref> Bharatnatyam is a major genre of [[Indian classical dance]] that originated in the Hindu temples of [[Tamil Nadu]] and neighboring regions.<ref name=britannicabn>[https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam Bharata-natyam] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007</ref>{{Sfn|Williams|2004|pp=83-84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathakali, Manipuri, Cchau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Banerjee |first= Projesh |title= Indian Ballet Dancing |year= 1983 |publisher= Abhinav Publications |location= New Jersey |page= 43}}</ref> Traditionally, Bharatanatyam has been a solo dance that was performed exclusively by women,<ref name="Claus2003p136">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=136 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Traditions of Indian Classical Dance|last=Khokar|first=Mohan|publisher=Clarion Books|year=1984|location=India|pages=73–76}}</ref> and expressed Hindu religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of [[Shaivism]], but also of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]].<ref name=britannicabn/><ref name= Schechner65>{{cite book|author=Richard Schechner |title=Between Theater and Anthropology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C&pg=PA65 |year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8 |pages=65–66}}</ref><ref>T Balasaraswati (1976), Bharata Natyam, ''NCPA Quarterly Journal'', Volume 4, Issue 4, pages 1-8</ref> The character of the nayika is very important in classical plays, such as varnams. Contemporary Bharata Natyam declines main characters as gods, goddesses or parts of Nature (Creation, Sea, ...).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Margnac |first=G. Nalini |title=Devī : female figure(s) in poetics of contemporary Bharata-nāṭyam : study of repertory plays in Tamil Nadu from 2000 to 2020 |url=https://cas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fenvt.hal.science%2FSCENES%2Fuser%2Flogin%2Fforward-controller%2Fuser%2Fforward-action%2Fsubmissions%2Ftampid%2FSCENES%2F_module%2Fcollection |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=theses.fr}}</ref>

Bharatanatyam and other classical dances in India were ridiculed and suppressed during the colonial [[British Raj]] era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Leslie C. Orr|title=Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535672-4|pages=11–13}}</ref><ref name="marysnodgrass166"/><ref name="Walker2016p94">{{cite book|author=Margaret E. Walker|title=India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-11737-7 |pages=94–98 }}</ref> In the post-colonial period, it has grown to become the most popular classical Indian dance style in India and abroad, and is considered to be synonymous with Indian dance by many foreigners unaware of the diversity of dances and performance arts in Indian culture.<ref name="Leslie1992p149">{{cite book|author=Anne-Marie Gaston|editor=Julia Leslie|title=Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1036-5 |pages=149–150, 170–171 }}</ref>

=== Kathakali ===
{{Main|Kathakali}}
[[File:Kathakali BNC.jpg|thumb|100px|Kathakali]]
Kathakali (''katha'', "story"; ''kali'', "performance") is a highly stylized classical [[dance]]-[[drama]] form which originated from [[Kerala]] in the 17th century.<ref name="Zarrilli1984">{{cite book|last=Zarrilli|first=Phillip B.|title=The Kathakali complex: actor, performance & structure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwYysH2ZQIC|access-date=28 February 2012|year=1984|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-187-4|pages=3–11}}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=359 }}</ref><ref name="claus2003p332">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC |year=2003|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93919-5 |pages=332–333 }}</ref> This classical dance form is another "story play" genre of art, but one distinguished by its elaborately colorful make-up, costumes and face masks wearing actor-dancers, who have traditionally been all males.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359"/><ref name="claus2003p332"/>

Kathakali primarily developed as a Hindu performance art, performing plays and mythical legends related to Hinduism.<ref name=zarrilli17>{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-13109-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/ xi, 17–19]}}</ref> While its origin are more recent, its roots are in temple and folk arts such as ''Kutiyattam'' and religious drama traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359"/><ref name=zarrilli191>{{cite book|author=Phillip B. Zarrilli|title=Kathakali Dance-drama: Where Gods and Demons Come to Play|url=https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr |url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13109-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kathakalidancedr0000zarr/page/22 22]–25, 191 }}</ref> A Kathakali performance incorporates movements from the ancient martial arts and athletic traditions of south India.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p359"/><ref name="claus2003p332"/><ref name=zarrilli17/> While linked to the temple dancing traditions such as ''Krishnanattam'', ''Kutiyattam'' and others, ''Kathakali'' is different from these because unlike the older arts where the dancer-actor also had to be the vocal artist, ''Kathakali'' separated these roles allowing the dancer-actor to excel in and focus on choreography while the vocal artists focused on delivering their lines.{{sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|pages=317–318}}
[[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|thumb|160x160px|Kathak]]

=== Kathak ===
{{Main|Kathak}}
Kathak is traditionally attributed to the traveling bards of ancient [[northern India]], known as Kathakas or storytellers.<ref name=reenashah8/> The term Kathak is derived from the Vedic [[Sanskrit]] word ''Katha'' meaning "story", and ''kathaka'' in Sanskrit means "he who tells a story", or "to do with stories".<ref name=reenashah8/>{{Sfn|Massey|1999|p=15}} Kathak evolved during the [[Bhakti movement]], particularly by incorporating childhood and amorous stories of Hindu god [[Krishna]], as well as independently in the courts of north Indian kingdoms.<ref name=reenashah8>{{cite book|author=Reena Shah|title=Movement in Stills: The Dance and Life of Kumudini Lakhia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSKU2DROHMgC&pg=PA8|year=2006|publisher=Mapin |isbn=978-81-88204-42-7 |pages=8 }}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=358–359 }}</ref> It transitioned, adapted and integrated the tastes and Persian arts influence in the Mughal courts of the 16th and 17th century, was ridiculed and declined in the colonial British era,<ref name="Walker2016p94"/><ref name="Ghuman2014p97">{{cite book|author=Nalini Ghuman|title=Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination, 1897-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkVZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-931489-8 |pages=97 footnote 72 }}</ref> then was reborn as India gained independence.<ref name=marysnodgrass166/><ref name=reenashah9>{{cite book|author=Reena Shah|title=Movement in Stills: The Dance and Life of Kumudini Lakhia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSKU2DROHMgC&pg=PA8|year=2006|publisher=Mapin |isbn=978-81-88204-42-7 |page=9 }}</ref>

Kathak is found in three distinct forms, named after the cities where the Kathak dance tradition evolved – [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi|Benares]] and [[Lucknow]].{{Sfn|Williams|2004|p=83}} Stylistically, the Kathak dance form emphasizes rhythmic foot movements, adorned with small bells (''[[Ghungroo]]''), the movement harmonized to the music, the legs and torso are generally straight, and the story is told through a developed vocabulary based on the gestures of arms and upper body movement, facial expressions, stage movements, bends and turns.<ref name=marysnodgrass166>{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8 |pages=165–168 }}</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p358"/><ref>{{cite book|author=John H. Beck|title=Encyclopedia of Percussion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8U83AgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-74768-0 |pages=170–175 }}</ref>

=== Kuchipudi ===
{{Main|Kuchipudi}}
[[File:Kuchipudi Performer DS.jpg|thumb|100px|Kuchipudi]]
Kuchipudi classical dance originated in a village of [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|Krishna district]] in modern era Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Varadpande1982p133">{{cite book|author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande|title=Krishna Theatre in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaF603WEv4IC |year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-151-5 |pages=133 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=60-68}}{{Sfn|Sunil Kothari|Avinash Pasricha|2001|pp=43-46, 80 footnote 8}} It has roots in antiquity and developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India.<ref name=lochtefeld376>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376 |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=376–377 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Massey|2004|pp=79-81}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=67-68}} In its history, the Kuchipudi dancers were all males, typically [[Brahmin]]s, who would play the roles of men and women in the story after dressing appropriately.<ref name="NettlStone1998p516">{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Ruth M. Stone|author3=James Porter |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA516|year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |pages=516–518 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Modern Kuchipudi tradition believes that Tirtha Narayana Yati and his disciple an orphan named Siddhendra Yogi founded and systematized the art in the 13th century.{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|p=73}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Martin Banham|author2=James R. Brandon |title=The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521588225| page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC }}</ref>{{Sfn|Sunil Kothari|Avinash Pasricha|2001}} Kuchipudi largely developed as a Hindu god [[Krishna]]-oriented [[Vaishnavism]] tradition,{{sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|p=173}} and it is most closely related to [[Bhagavata Mela]] performance art found in Tamil Nadu,{{Sfn|Massey|2004|pp=79-81}} which itself has originated from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Kuchipudi performance includes pure dance (''nritta''),{{Sfn|Sunil Kothari|Avinash Pasricha|2001|pp=43-45, 97-104, 117-121}} and expressive part of the performance (''nritya''), where rhythmic gestures as a [[sign language]] mime the play.{{Sfn|Sunil Kothari|Avinash Pasricha|2001|pp=43-45, 97-104, 117-121}}<ref name="Müller2013p310">{{cite book|author=Cornelia Müller |title=Body - Language - Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPjbBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA309| year=2013| publisher= De Gruyter| isbn=978-3-11-026131-8 |pages=310–319 }}</ref> Vocalists and musicians accompany the artist, and the ''tala'' and ''raga'' set to ([[Carnatic music]]).{{Sfn|Sunil Kothari|Avinash Pasricha|2001|pp=147-149}} In modern productions, Kuchipudi dancers include men and women.{{Sfn|Sunil Kothari|Avinash Pasricha|2001|pp=20-21, 190-204}}

=== Odissi ===
{{Main|Odissi}}
[[File:Odissi dance at Nishagandi Dance Festival 2024 (207).jpg|thumb|100px|Odissi]]
Odissi originated in the [[Hindu temple]]s of [[Odisha]] – an eastern coastal state of [[India]].<ref name=britannicaodis>[https://www.britannica.com/art/odissi Odissi] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2013)</ref><ref>[http://ccrtindia.gov.in/classicaldances.php Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT)]; {{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/guide-snaawards.htm |title=Guidelines for Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna and Akademi Puraskar |access-date=6 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014000750/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/guide-snaawards.htm |archive-date=14 October 2013 }} Guidelines for Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna and Akademi Puraskar</ref> Odissi, in its history, was performed predominantly by women,<ref name="Claus2003p136"/><ref name=britannicaodis/> and expressed religious stories and spiritual ideas, particularly of [[Vaishnavism]] (Vishnu as [[Jagannath]]), but also of other traditions such as those related to Hindu gods [[Shiva]] and [[Surya]], as well as Hindu goddesses ([[Shaktism]]).<ref name="KothariPasricha1990p41">{{cite book|author1=Sunil Kothari|author2=Avinash Pasricha|title=Odissi, Indian classical dance art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ |year=1990|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-13-8|pages=4–6, 41 }}, '''Quote:''' "There are other temples too in Orissa where the ''maharis'' used to dance. Besides the temple of Lord Jagannatha, ''maharis'' were employed in temples dedicated to Shiva and Shakti."</ref> Odissi is traditionally a dance-drama genre of performance art, where the artist(s) and musicians play out a mythical story, a spiritual message or devotional poem from the [[Hindu texts]], using symbolic costumes,<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephanie Arnold|title=The Creative Spirit: An Introduction to Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pn1zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |year=2014|publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-777389-2 |pages=9 }}</ref> body movement, ''abhinaya'' (expressions) and ''[[mudra]]s'' (gestures and [[sign language]]) set out in ancient Sanskrit and Odia literature.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sunil Kothari|author2=Avinash Pasricha|title=Odissi, Indian classical dance art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ |year=1990|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-13-8|pages=1–4, 76–77}}</ref>

=== Sattriya ===
{{Main|Sattriya}}
[[File:Krishnakahi Kashyap performing Sattriya Dance.jpg|thumb|100px| Sattriya]]
Sattriya is a classical dance-drama performance art with origins in the [[Krishna]]-centered Vaishnavism monasteries of [[Assam]], and attributed to the 15th century [[Bhakti movement]] scholar and saint named [[Srimanta Sankardev]].<ref name="Brown2014p195">{{cite book|author=Frank Burch Brown|title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkvSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517667-4 |pages=193–195}}</ref><ref name="Narayan2011p73">{{cite book|author=Shovana Narayan|title=The Sterling Book of INDIAN CLASSICAL DANCE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLOiaGDLYOAC&pg=PA73 |year=2011|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-9078-0|pages=73–74}}</ref>{{sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|p=22}} One-act plays of ''Sattriya'' are called ''[[Ankia Naat|Ankiya Nat]]'', which combine the aesthetic and the religious through a ballad, dance and drama.<ref>[http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_IND1.html Ankiya Nat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217180935/http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/arts/A_IND1.html |date=17 February 2020 }}, UNESCO: Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), Japan</ref><ref name=vemsani12>{{cite book|author=Lavanya Vemsani|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|pages=12–13}}</ref> The plays are usually performed in the dance community halls (''namghar''<ref name=vemsani12/>) of monastery temples (''[[sattra]]s'').<ref name="Liu2016p19">{{cite book|author=Siyuan Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=19–21 }}</ref> The themes played relate to Krishna and Radha, sometimes other Vishnu [[avatar]]s such as Rama and Sita.<ref name="Neog1980p294">{{cite book|author=Maheswar Neog|title=Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcReZM-rI0MC&pg=PA292 |year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0007-6 |pages=294–299 }}</ref>

===Manipuri===
{{main|Manipuri Raas Leela}}
[[File:Rasa Lila in Manipuri dance style.jpg|thumb|140x140px|Manipuri Raas Leela]]
Manipuri Raas Leela dance is a unique form of dance drama which has its origin in [[Manipur]], a state in northeastern [[India]] bordering with [[Myanmar]] (Burma).<ref name=lochtefeld420>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376 |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=420–421 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Massey|2004|pp=177-187}} It is particularly known for its Hindu [[Vaishnavism]] themes, and performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called [[Ras Lila]].<ref name=lochtefeld420/>{{Sfn|Massey|2004|p=177}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|pp=175-180}} However, the dance is also performed to themes related to [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]].{{Sfn|Massey|2004|pp=177-180}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Saroj Nalini Parratt|title=The pleasing of the gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Vikas Publishers|pages=14–20, 42–46|isbn=9788125904168}}</ref> The Manipuri Raas Leela dance is a team performance, with its own unique costumes notably the ''Kumil'' (a barrel shaped, elegantly decorated skirt), aesthetics, conventions and repertoire.{{Sfn|Saryu Doshi|1989|pp=19-20, 93-99}} The Manipuri dance drama is, for most part, marked by a performance that is graceful, fluid, sinuous with greater emphasis on hand and upper body gestures.{{sfn|Richmond|Swann|Zarrilli|1993|pp=174-175}}{{Sfn|Ragini Devi|1990|p=176}}

=== Mohiniyattam ===
{{main|Mohiniyattam}}
[[File:Mohiniyattam at Kerala School Kalolsavam 2019 02.jpg|thumb|100px|Mohiniyattam]]
Mohiniyattam developed in the state of [[Kerala]], and gets its name from [[Mohini]] – the seductress [[avatar]] of Vishnu, who in Hindu mythology uses her charms to help the good prevail in a battle between good and evil.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p433">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration| year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=433}}</ref><ref name=mohiniybrit>[https://www.britannica.com/art/mohini-attam Mohini Attam], Encyclopædia Britannica (2016)</ref> Mohiniyattam follows the Lasya style described in ''Natya Shastra'', which is a dance that is delicate, with soft, feminine movements.<ref name=mohiniybrit/><ref name=shivaji6>{{cite book|author1=Bharati Shivaji|author2=Avinash Pasricha|title=The Art of Mohiniyāttam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpxbZZVGNxUC |year=1986|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-003-7|pages=6, 44–48|author1-link=Bharati Shivaji}}</ref> It is traditionally a solo dance performed by women after extensive training. The repertoire of Mohiniyattam includes pure and expressive dance-drama performances, timed to sopana (slower melody) styled music,<ref>{{cite book|author=Siyuan Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2016| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=131–132 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bharati Shivaji|author2=Avinash Pasricha|title=The Art of Mohiniyāttam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpxbZZVGNxUC |year=1986|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-003-7|pages=79–90}}</ref> with recitation. The songs are typically in a Malayalam-Sanskrit hybrid called Manipravala.<ref name=mohiniybrit/>

== Folk and tribal dance forms ==
{{main|Folk dance in India}}
[[File:Navratri garba at Ambaji temple.jpg|thumb|200px|Gujarati Navaratri Garba at Ambaji Temple]]
Folk dances and plays in India retain significance in rural areas as the expression of the daily work and rituals of village communities.<ref name=Brit>{{cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|title=Students' Britannica India, Volume 2|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=392|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC|isbn=9780852297605}}</ref>

Sanskrit literature of medieval times describes several forms of group dances such as [[Hallisaka]], [[Rasaka]], [[Dand Rasaka]] and [[Charchari]]. The [[Natya Shastra]] includes group dances of women as a preliminary dance performed in prelude to a drama.<ref name="Devi1990">{{cite book|last=Devi|first=Ragini|title=Dance dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi|url-access=registration|access-date=29 February 2012|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0674-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi/page/181 181]}}</ref>

[[File:Bhangra 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bhangra, folk dance form from dancers [[Punjab, India]].]]
India has numerous folk dances. Every [[States of India|state]] has its own folk dance forms like [[Bihu]] and [[Bagurumba]] in [[Assam]], [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], [[Gagari (dance)]], [[Ghodakhund]] & [[Dandiya]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Nati (dance)|Nati]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Neyopa]], [[Bacha Nagma]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Jhumair]], [[Domkach]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[Bedara Vesha]], [[Dollu Kunitha]] in [[Karnataka]], [[Thirayattam]] and [[Theyyam]] in [[Kerala]], [[Dalkhai]] in [[Odisha]], [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] & [[Giddha]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Kalbelia]], [[Ghoomar]], [[Rasiya]] in [[Rajasthan]], [[Perini Dance]] in [[Telangana]], [[Chholiya]] dance in [[Uttarakhand]] and likewise for each state and smaller regions in it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shobhna|title=Dances of India|year=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KeAES9dsUcC&q=folk+dance+india&pg=PA29|isbn=9788124108666}}</ref> [[Lavani]], and [[Lezim]], and Koli dance is most popular dance in [[Maharashtra]].

Tribal Dances in India are inspired by the tribal folklore. Each ethnic group has its own distinct combination of myths, legends, tales, proverbs, riddles, ballads, folk songs, folk dance, and folk music.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dance Matters|last1=Chakravorty|first1=Pallabi|last2=Gupta|first2=Nilanjana|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|isbn=978-0-415-55375-9|location=New Delhi|pages=43–44}}</ref>
[[File:Naga folk dance988.jpg|thumb|[[Naga people|Naga]] folk dance]]
The dancers do not necessarily fall rigidly into the category of "tribal". However, these forms of dance closely depict their life, social relationships, work, and religious affiliations. They represent the rich culture and customs of their native lands through intricate movements of their bodies. A wide variation can be observed in the intensity of these dances. Some involve very slight movement with a groovier edge to it, while others involve elevated and vigorous involvement of limbs.
[[File:Bison Horn Maria Tribal Dance Bastar.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Bison Horn Maria tribal dance, [[Bastar district|Bastar]]]]
These dances are composed mostly on locally made instruments. Percussion instruments feature in most of these dances. Music is produced through indigenous instruments. Music too has its own diversity in these tribal dances with the aesthetics ranging from mild and soothing to strong and weighted rhythms. A few of them also have songs, either sung by themselves or by onlookers. The costumes vary from traditional saris of a particular pattern to skirts and blouses with mirror work for women and corresponding dhotis and upper-wear for men. They celebrate contemporary events, and victories and are often performed as a mode of appeasing the tribal deities.

A lot of the dance styles depend upon the regional positioning of the ethnic group. Factors as small as the east or west of a river result in a change of dance form even though the overreaching look of it may seem the same. Religious affiliation affects the content of the songs and hence the actions in a dance sequence. Another major factor affecting their content is the festivals, mostly harvest.

For example, the ethnic groups from the plain land rabhas from the hilly forested areas of Assam make use of baroyat (a plate-like instrument), handa (a type of sword), boushi (an adze-like instrument), boumshi (a type of bamboo flute), sum (a heavy wooden instrument), dhansi, kalbansi, kalhurang, and chingbakak. Traditionally, their dances are called basili. Through their dance, they express their labors, rejoicings and sorrows. Handur Basu, their pseudo-war dance, expresses their strength and solidarity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dance Matters|last=Chakravorty|first=Pallabi|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|location=New Delhi|pages=50–51}}</ref>

===Tribal dances by territory===
From a broader point of view, the different tribal dance forms, as they would be classified in the context of territory are:

;Andhra Pradesh

Siddi, Tappeta Gundlu, Urumulu (thunder dance), Butta Bommalata, Goravayyalu, Garaga (Vessel Dance), Vira Natyam (Heroic Dance), Kolatam, Chiratala Bhajana, Dappu, Puli Vesham (Tiger Dance), Gobbi, Karuva, and Veedhi Bhagavatam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=ext Book of Dance|last=Bajpai|first=Gyanendra Dutt|publisher=Neha Publishers & Distributors|year=2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

;Arunachal Pradesh

Ponung, Sadinuktso, Khampti, Ka Fifai, Idu Mishmi (ritual) and Wancho.

;Assam

Dhuliya and Bhawariya, Bihu, Deodhani, Zikirs, Apsara-Sabah.<ref name=":1" />

;Goa

Mussoll, Dulpod or Durpod, Kunnbi-Geet, Amon, Shigmo, Fugdi, and Dhalo.

;Haryana

Rasleela, Phag Dance, Phalgun, Daph Dance, Dhamaal, Loor, Guga, Jhomar, Ghomar, Khoria, Holi, Sapela.<ref name=":1" />

;Himachal Pradesh

Chambyali dance, ghuraiyan, pahadi nati, Dalshone and Cholamba, jhamakda, Jataru Kayang, Jhoori, Ji, Swang Tegi, Rasa.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Santali dance photo.png|thumb|Santali dance|200x200px]]
;Jharkhand
[[Jhumair]], [[Domkach]], [[Paiki]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], Mundari dance, Santali dance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art|title=Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.|website=jharkhandtourism.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-09-06|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805212613/http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Karnataka

[[Veeragase]], Nandi Dhwaja, Beesu Kamshaley, Pata Kunitha, Bana Debara Kunitha, Pooja kunitha, Karaga, Gorawa Mela, Bhuta Nrutya, Naga Nrutya, Batte Kola, Chennu Kunitha, Maaragalu Kunitha, Kolata, Simha Nrutya,<ref name=":1" /> [[Yakshagana]]
[[File:Lamani song 2 recording.jpg|thumb|Lamani folklore dance ಲಮಾಣಿ ಜಾನಪದ ನೃತ್ಯ]]
[[File:Lambani Celebration Dance.webm|thumb|Karnataka Lamani folklore dance ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಲಮಾಣಿ ಜಾನಪದ ನೃತ್ಯ]]
;Kerala

Thirayattam, Padayani, Ayyappanvilakku, [[Vattakkali]], Theyyam, Mohiniyattom, Kadhakali, Koodiyattam, Thiruvathira Kali, Ottamthullal, Kerala folk dance, Kalamezhuthum Pattum, Oppana, Marghamkali, Chavittunadakam, Mudiyettu, Dhaphumuttu, Parichamuttukali, Kolkali, Arbhanamuttu, Pulikali, Kummattikali, Poorakali, Arjunanirtham, Pettathullal

;Chhattisgarh

Dadariya, Panthii, Suaa, Kaksat, Maria, Shaila, Gondi, Gaur, Karma, Sarhul, Raut Nacha, Danda Nacha, Gerri, Thiski, Bar, Relo, Muriya

;Madhya Pradesh

Sugga, Banjaara (Lehangi), Matki dance, Phul Patti dance, Grida dance.<ref name=":1" />

;Manipur

Lie Haraoba dance, Chanlam, Toonaga Lomna dance<ref name=":1" />

;Meghalaya

Wiking, Pombalang Nongkrem<ref name=":1" />

;Mizoram

Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam, Chailam, Tlanglam, Sarlamkai, Chawnglaizawn<ref name=":1" />

;Maharashtra

Lavani, Koli, Tamasha, Bala Dindi, Dhangari Gaja<ref name=":1" />

;Odisha

Naga, Ghumri,<ref name=":1" /> Danda Nacha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/danda-nacha-folk-dance-of-odisha/photo-fGiZVmNOaMBun9LR3YTUzN.html|title=Danda Nacha: Folk Dance of Odisha|date=2017-04-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-01-15}}</ref> [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], Goti Pua, Dal khai, Baagha Nacha, Keisabadi

;Punjab

[[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]], [[Giddha|Gidha]], [[Kikkli|Kikli]], [[Sammi (dance)|Sammi]], Karthi

;Rajasthan

Banjaara, [[Ghoomar]], Fire dance, Tera tali, Kachhi Ghori, Geedar<ref name=":1" />

;Sikkim

Pang Toed Chaam (''Chaam'' means dance) performed during the Pang Lhabsol festival in honor of the Guardian deity Khang-Chen-Dzonga, Maruni (Nepali Dance), and Tamak.<ref name=":1" />

;Tamil Nadu
Karakam, Puravai Attam, Ariyar Natanam, Podikazhi Attam, Kummi, Kavadi, Kolattam, Navasandhi, Kuravaik Koothu, Mayilaattam, Oyil Kummi, Pavakkuthu<ref name=":1" />

;West Bengal

[[Chhau dance|Chhau]], Santali dance, Jatra, Gazan<ref name=":1" />

;Tribal Gypsies

Lozen, Gouyen<ref name=":1" />

== Contemporary dance ==
[[File:Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG|thumb|200px|Dance accompanied by [[Rabindra Sangeet]], a music genre started by Rabindranath Tagore.|alt=Four women wearing saree in different dancing poses.]]
[[Contemporary dance]] in India encompasses a wide range of dance activities currently performed in India. It includes [[choreography]] for [[Indian cinema]], modern Indian [[ballet]] and experiments with existing classical and folk forms of dance by various artists.<ref name="Banerji1983">{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Projesh|title=Indian ballet dancing|url=https://archive.org/details/indianballetdanc0000bane|url-access=registration|access-date=28 February 2012|date=October 1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02716-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianballetdanc0000bane/page/172 172]}}</ref>

[[Uday Shankar]] and Shobana Jeyasingh have led modern Indian ballet which combined classical Indian dance and music with Western stage techniques. Their productions have included themes related to Shiva-Parvati, Lanka Dahan, Panchatantra, Ramayana among others.<ref name="Educational2010">{{cite book|author=Kathleen Kuiper|title=The Culture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA284|access-date=29 February 2012|date=1 July 2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-203-1|page=284}}</ref>

=== Dance in Bollywood Film ===
{{Main|Hindi dance music|Bollywood song and dance}}
The presentation of Indian dance styles in film, [[Hindi Cinema]], has exposed the range of dance in India to a global audience.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance|year=2008|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-4579-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C|author=Gopal, Sangita|edition=Illustrated|author2=Moorti, Sujata|access-date=6 February 2012|page=249}}</ref>

Dance and song sequences have been an integral component of films across the country. With the introduction of sound to the cinema in the film [[Alam Ara]] in 1931, choreographed dance sequences became ubiquitous in Hindi and other Indian films.<ref name=Proquest>{{cite book|last=Shreshthova|first=Sangita|title=Between cinema and performance: Globalizing Bollywood dance|year=2008|isbn=978-0-549-90081-8|page=372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Kg1SU2NY5IC}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Bollywood dance show in Bristol.jpg|thumb|200px|A Bollywood dance performance in [[Bristol]].]]
Dance in early Hindi films was primarily modeled on classical Indian dance styles such as Kathak, or folk dancers. Modern films often blend this earlier style with Western dance styles ([[MTV]] or in [[Broadway musical]]s), though it is not unusual to see western choreography and adapted classical dance numbers side by side in the same film. Typically, the hero or heroine performs with a troupe of supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines in Indian films feature dramatic shifts of location and/or changes of costume between verses of a song. It is popular for a hero and heroine to dance and sing a [[pas de deux]] (a [[French language|French]] [[ballet]] term, meaning "dance of two") in beautiful natural surroundings or architecturally grand settings, referred to as a "picturisation".<ref>{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Sangita|title=Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance|year=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&q=hindi+movie+dance+style&pg=PA148|isbn=9780816645787}}</ref>
Indian films have often used what are now called "[[item number]]s" where a glamorous female figure performs a [[cameo appearance|cameo]]. The choreography for such item numbers varies depending on the film's genre and situation. The film actress and dancer [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] was famous for her cabaret numbers.<ref name=Poco>{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Michael|title=Word & image in colonial and postcolonial literatures and cultures|year=2009|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2743-5 |page=379 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDj68ypOf4kC}}</ref>

Often in movies, the actors don't sing the songs themselves that they dance too, themselves but have another artist sing in the background. For an actor to sing in the song is unlikely but not rare. The dances in Bollywood can range from slow dancing to a more upbeat hip-hop style dance. The dancing itself is a fusion of all dance forms. It could be Indian classical, Indian folk dance, belly dancing, jazz, hip-hop, and everything else you can imagine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jubin |date=March 4, 2020 |title=Viral Dance Song in India 2020 |url=https://bestringtonemobile.com/viral-tik-tok-dance/}}</ref><ref>(Campbell, 2007)</ref>

== Dance education ==
Since India's independence from colonial rule, numerous schools have opened to further education, training, and socialization through dance classes,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Meduri | first=Avanthi | title=Bharatanatyam as a Global Dance: Some Issues in Research, Teaching, and Practice | journal=Dance Research Journal | volume=36 | issue=2 | pages=11–29 | year=2004 | doi=10.2307/20444589 | jstor=20444589 | s2cid=144784756 | url=https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/ws/files/455228/Meduri_2004_Bharatanatyam_as_a_Global_Dance_Dance_Research_Journal_36_2_Winter_2004_pp11_29.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=O'Shea | first=Janet | title=At Home in the World? The Bharatanatyam Dancer As Transnational Interpreter | journal=TDR | volume=47 | issue=1 | year=2003 | pages=176–186 | doi=10.1162/105420403321250071 | s2cid=17824898 | url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1658/1/fulltext.pdf }}</ref> or simply a means to exercise and fitness.<ref name=Moti>{{cite book|last=Gokulsing|editor=K. Moti|title=Popular culture in a globalised India|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-47666-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oT-OIKadyoC |pages=125–126 |author2=Dissanayake, Wimal}}</ref>

Major cities in India now have numerous schools that offer lessons in dances such as ''Odissi'', ''Bharatanatyam'', and these cities host hundreds of shows every year.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anne-Marie Gaston|editor=Julia Leslie|title=Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKDm8EH2L3kC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1036-5 |pages=150–152 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ester Gallo|title=Migration and Religion in Europe: Comparative Perspectives on South Asian Experiences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TswFDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-09637-5 |pages=32–33}}</ref> Dances which were exclusive to one gender, now have participation by both males and females.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|title=Feminism and world religions|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-4023-0 |editor=Katherine K. Young}}</ref> Many innovations and developments in the modern practice of classical Indian dances, states Anne-Marie Geston, are of a quasi-religious type.<ref name="Leslie1992p149"/>

== Geographic spread ==
Some traditions of the Indian classical dance are practiced in the whole [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]], with which India shares several other cultural traits. Indian mythologies play a significant part in dance forms of countries in [[Southeast Asia]], an example being the performances based on [[Ramayana]] in [[Javanese dance]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Indo-Asian art and culture, Volume 3|year=1974|publisher=International Academy of Indian Culture|pages=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrDWAAAAMAAJ&q=Ramayana+in+Javanese+dances}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
[[File:AhirDancersDiwaliCostume.jpg|thumb|250px|A group of [[Ahir]] dancers during [[Diwali]].]]
[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (The National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama) organizes dance festivals around [[India]].<ref name="Shah2000">{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Purnima|title=National dance festivals in India: public culture, social memory and identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWzTAAAAMAAJ|access-date=20 August 2012|year=2000|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dance sport in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
*{{citation|last=Massey|first= Reginald|year= 2004|title= India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|publisher=Abhinav Publications}}
*Narayan, Shovanna (2005). “ The Sterling Book: Indian Classical Dance", Nepalian Dawn Press Group, New Delhi, India.
* "Revealing the Art of Surya-namasjarnatyasastra" by Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad {{ISBN|9788121512183}}
*{{cite book|author=Ragini Devi|title=Dance Dialects of India|url=https://archive.org/details/dancedialectsofi0000ragi |url-access=registration|year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0674-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Saryu Doshi|title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-09-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Sunil Kothari|author2=Avinash Pasricha|title=Kuchipudi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8FamiJJKgC |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-359-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071 |title= Natyashastra }}
*{{cite book|author=Natalia Lidova |title=Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C |date=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1234-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=India's Kathak Dance - Past, Present, Future |last=Massey|first=Reginald|year=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-374-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFXkPk3zMeYC }}
* {{cite book |author=Tarla Mehta | title=Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC | year=1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1057-0 }}
*{{cite book|author= Emmie Te Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis |title=Indian Music: History and Structure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ |year=1974|publisher= BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-03978-0 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Drid|title=In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing|url=http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2004|pages=69–98|doi=10.1080/08949460490274013|s2cid=29065670|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121105/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|first1=Farley P. |last1=Richmond |first2=Darius L. |last2=Swann |first3=Phillip B. |last3=Zarrilli |title=Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0981-9}}
*{{cite journal | author =Wallace Dace | title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory | journal=Educational Theatre Journal | volume=15 | issue=3 | pages=249–254 | year=1963 | jstor=3204783 | doi=10.2307/3204783 }}
*{{cite book |author =Maurice Winternitz |author-link= Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981) |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-8120800564 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dance of India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161027230529/http://www.ncpamumbai.com/arts-dance.html Dance - Indian performing arts], National Centre for the Performing Arts, Mumbai
* [http://www.india-arts.pitt.edu/ Center for the Performance Arts in India], University of Pittsburgh
* [http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/lp/kul/mag/foc/kus/tut.html Dance and Theatre in India], Goethe Institut
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170306062644/http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/india/events/artseries.html Center for India Studies, Performance Art Series: Classical Dances], Stony Brook University
* [http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/educationabroad/programs/short-term-programs/all-winter-2014-15-programs/India-performing-arts Dance in India college exchange programs], City University of New York
* [http://www.darpana.com], Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, Ahmedabad
* [http://studyabroad.sit.edu/programs/semester/fall-2016/inr/ Dance in India Study Abroad Programs in the USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128005128/http://studyabroad.sit.edu/programs/semester/fall-2016/inr/ |date=28 November 2016 }}, Schools for International Training
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155853 The Anthropology of Theater and Spectacle] William Beeman (1993)
{{Dance in India}}
{{Asia topic|Dance in}}

[[Category:Dance in India| ]]

Disability in India

2026-03-26T06:31:29Z

FranceGqd9358746: added page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2020}}
The overall prevalence of '''people with disabilities''' is 4.52% of the population, i.e., '''63.28 million''', according to the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]'s publication from the NFHS-5 survey 2019-21.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Sweta |last2=Murmu |first2=Jogesh |last3=Agrawal |first3=Ritik |last4=Rehman |first4=Tanveer |last5=Kanungo |first5=Srikanta |last6=Pati |first6=Sanghamitra |date=2023 |title=Prevalence, pattern and determinants of disabilities in India: Insights from NFHS-5 (2019–21) |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1036499 |doi-access=free |pmid=36923034 |pmc=10009251 |issn=2296-2565}}</ref> [[India]] is a party to the [[United Nations]] [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]. Legislation that affects people with [[disabilities]] in India includes the [[Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016]], the [[Mental Health Care Act, 2017]], the National Trust Act, 1999, and the Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992. People with disabilities in India are faced with negative social attitudes in the wider population.

==Prevalence==
The number of people with disabilities in India was stated as 21 million in the [[2001 Census of India]].<ref name="ID-charity">{{cite journal |last1=Chavan |first1=B.S. |last2=Rozatkar |first2=Abhijit R. |title=Intellectual disability in India: Charity to right based |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2014 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=113–116 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.130477 |pmid=24891695 |pmc=4040055 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the figure rose by 22.4% to 26.8 million.<ref name="toi-rising">{{cite news |last1=Sivakumar |first1=B. |title=Disabled population up by 22.4% in 2001-11 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Disabled-population-up-by-22-4-in-2001-11/articleshow/28072371.cms |access-date=19 August 2018 |agency=Times of India}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, 20.3% of people with disabilities in India have movement disabilities, 18.9% have hearing impairments, and 18.8% have visual impairments. The 2011 census additionally collected data on mental disability for the first time, and found that 5.6% of Indians with disabilities fall into that category.<ref name="toi-rising"/>

However, [[Anita Ghai]] offered a higher estimate in 2002, of 70 million.<ref name=ghaiexcl/> The [[World Health Organization]]'s World Health Survey data from 2002 to 2004 gave a far higher estimate that 25% of people in India have some form of disability, much higher than the world average, but WHO has acknowledged that this survey had serious limitations.<ref name="2016-saikia">{{cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=Nandita |last2=Bora |first2=Jayanta Kumar |last3=Jasilionis |first3=Domantas |last4=Shkolnikov |first4=Vladimir M. |title=Disability Divides in India: Evidence from the 2011 Census |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e0172596 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172596|pmid=28199394 |pmc=5310902 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2009 World Bank report estimated that 5-8% of India's population had a disability.<ref name="wb-2009">{{cite web |last1=Human Development Unit (South Asia Region) |title=People with Disabilities in India: From Commitments to Outcomes |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/577801468259486686/pdf/502090WP0Peopl1Box0342042B01PUBLIC1.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

Two analyses of data from a 2004 study in a rural area of [[Karnataka]] have estimated the rate of disability to be 6.3%<ref name="kumar-das-shashi-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=S. G. |last2=Das |first2=A. |last3=Shashi |first3=J. S. |title=Epidemiology of Disability in a Rural Community in Karnataka |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |date=2008 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=125–129 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23974106 |access-date=12 February 2019|pmid=19189833 }}</ref> and the rate of mental disability specifically to be around 2.3%.<ref name="kumar-et-al-2008">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=S. Ganesh|display-authors=etal|title=Prevalence and pattern of mental disability using Indian disability evaluation assessment scale in a rural community of Karnataka |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2008 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=21–23 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.39754 |pmid=19771302 |pmc=2745873 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Data collected in a village in [[Chandigarh]] from 2004 to 2005 found the prevalence of disability to be 4.79%.<ref name="singh-prevalence">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Amarjeet |title=Burden of Disability in a Chandigarh Village |journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine |date=2008 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=113–115 |pmc=2784616 |pmid=19967036 |doi=10.4103/0970-0218.40880 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A major study published in 2018 of five sites in India found that 9.2% of children aged 2–5 and 13.6% of children aged 6–9 had at least one of seven [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s (vision impairment, [[epilepsy]], neuromotor impairments including [[cerebral palsy]], hearing impairment, speech and language disorders, [[autism spectrum disorder]]s, and [[intellectual disability]]).<ref name="arora-et-al">{{cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Narendra K. |last2=Nair |first2=M. K. C. |last3=Gulati |first3=Sheffali |last4=Deshmukh |first4=Vaishali |last5=Mohapatra |first5=Archisman |last6=Mishra |first6=Devendra |display-authors=etal |title=Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2–9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India |journal=PLOS Medicine |date=2018 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=e1002615 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615|pmid=30040859 |pmc=6057634 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Legislation ==
===International===
India is a party to the United Nations [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]], having signed the treaty on 30 March 2007 and ratified it on 1 October 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=UN Treaty Collection: parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: List of parties |publisher=United Nations |date=2012-03-21 |access-date=2015-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2012-08-19 }}</ref>

===National===
India enacted the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act in 1995 to provide recognition to the rights and special needs of disabled people in the country.<ref name=ID-charity/> It also provided for reservations for persons with disabilities in government jobs and higher educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/fact-check-what-has-the-govt-done-for-persons-with-disabilities|title=Fact Check: What Has the Govt Done for Persons With Disabilities?|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}</ref> The [[Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016]] replaced the earlier legislation and increased the number of recognised disabilities from seven to 21.<ref name="narayan-john">{{cite journal |last1=Narayan |first1=Choudhary Laxmi |last2=John |first2=Thomas |title=The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016: Does it address the needs of the persons with mental illness and their families |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |date=2017 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_75_17 |pmid=28529356 |pmc=5419007 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While the 1995 legislation had reserved 3% of government jobs, the new legislation reserves 4%.<ref name="cross-disability">{{cite journal |last1=Friedner |first1=Michele |last2=Ghosh |first2=Nandini |last3=Palaniappan |first3=Deepa |title="Cross-Disability" in India?: On the limits of Disability as a Category and the Work of Negotiating Impairments |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |date=2018|doi=10.4000/samaj.4516 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Under the new legislation, all institutions of higher education run or funded by the government must reserve 5% of their spaces for enrollment for people with disabilities.<ref name="cross-disability"/>

The rights of persons with psychosocial disabilities are protected under the [[Mental Health Care Act, 2017]].<ref name="duffy+kelly">{{cite journal |last1=Duffy |first1=Richard M. |last2=Kelly |first2=Brendan D. |title=India's Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Content, context, controversy |journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry |date=2019 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.08.002|pmid=30122262 |doi-access= |s2cid=52038968 }}</ref> The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 created the [[Rehabilitation Council of India]], which is tasked with training rehabilitation professionals and promoting research in rehabilitation and special education.<ref name="Morgan">{{cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=Sumathi |title=Country Report - India |journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of Intellectual Disabilities |date=2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=72–78}}</ref> Another law governing disability affairs in India is the National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999, or simply National Trust Act.<ref name="Morgan"/> This law created the [[National Trust]], which is a government body that works with volunteer networks and Disabled People's Organizations and also forms local-level committees that appoint legal guardians for people with disabilities deemed to need them.<ref name="Morgan"/>

==Government policy==

Issues related to disability are addressed by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, which falls under the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]].<ref name="Morgan"/> The government of India has also enacted initiatives such as the [[Accessible India Campaign]] to make public spaces and transportation barrier-free for persons with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/analysis/our-cities-cannot-be-smart-until-they-are-accessible-for-everybody/story-RXiPRhqmFG4wHj59UrS6qO.html|title=Our cities cannot be smart, until they are accessible for everybody|date=2018-10-23|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}</ref>

The usage of the term ''Divyangjan'' ("those with divine abilities") has been promoted by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] as an alternative to the term "Persons with Disability".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/whats-the-correct-word-a-little-sensitivity-goes-a-long-way.html|title=What's the correct word? A little sensitivity goes a long way!|last=Pioneer|first=The|work=The Pioneer|access-date=2018-10-31|language=en}}</ref> However, [[disability rights]] activists have called it condescending<ref>{{cite news |title=PM uses 'divyang' for the disabled, upsets activists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/PM-uses-divyang-for-the-disabled-upsets-activists/articleshow/50698095.cms |agency=Times of India}}</ref> and derogatory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Please don't call us divyang, disability rights community tells PM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Please-don%E2%80%99t-call-us-divyang-disability-rights-community-tells-PM/article14018280.ece |agency=The Hindu |date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Malhotra |first1=Nipun |title=First person: Why I don't want to be called 'differently abled' |url=https://scroll.in/article/926695/first-person-why-i-dont-want-to-be-called-differently-abled |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=13 June 2019}}</ref>

===Accessibility in Transport===

Significant legal challenges have shaped the accessibility of air travel in India. In 2006, activists [[Subrata Pramanick]] and Rajiv Ranjan filed a landmark complaint (Case No. 3197/2006) against Deccan Aviation ([[Air Deccan]]) before the Court of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities. The case challenged the airline's practice of charging a "wheelchair tax" of ₹500 for mobility assistance. This litigation, cited in the company's 2006 SEBI prospectus <ref name="DeccanProspectus2006">{{cite web|title=Prospectus of Deccan Aviation Limited |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/1292238806451.pdf|publisher=Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) |date=May 31, 2006 |page=144 |access-date=Mar 26, 2026}}</ref>, contributed to the eventual mandate that all Indian carriers provide wheelchair assistance to passengers with disabilities free of charge under [[Civil Aviation]] Requirements (CAR).

==Social attitudes==
Attitudes towards disability vary considerably between regions and sub-cultures. While disabilities do not hold any universal social stigma, there are regions and sub-cultures which do not agree. In some places, people with disabilities are seen as wicked or deceitful, or as unable to progress to adulthood and dependent on charity and pity for assistance.<ref name="ghaiexcl" /> In such scenarios, people with disabilities are often socially segregated, often as a results of ingrained cultural and religious attitudes toward disability.<ref name="kumar-et-al">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=S. Ganesh |last2=Roy |first2=Gautam |last3=Kar |first3=Sekhar |title=Disability and Rehabilitation Services in India: Issues and Challenges |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |date=2012 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=69–73 |doi=10.4103/2249-4863.94458 |pmid=24479007 |pmc=3893941 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Intersectional aspects===
Most people with disabilities in India and their families are focused on survival in the context of deep poverty. India's [[disability rights movement]], however, mainly comprises elite, middle-class activists who generally mirror the goals of the disability rights movement in Western countries.<ref name=ghaiexcl>{{cite journal|last1=Ghai|first1=Anita|author-link=Anita Ghai|title=Disabled Women: An Excluded Agenda of Indian Feminism|journal=Hypatia|date=2002|volume=17|issue=3|pages=49–66|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hypatia/v017/17.3ghai.html|access-date=20 November 2015|doi=10.1353/hyp.2002.0052|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Disability in India is affected by other social divisions such as class, gender, and [[caste system in India|caste]].<ref name="ghaiexcl" /> Statistics show that women with disabilities in India are more marginalized than their male counterparts.<ref name="ghaiexcl" /> [[Anita Ghai]] argues that [[feminism in India|Indian feminism]] has ignored the unique conditions of women with disabilities.<ref name="ghaiexcl" />

==Culture==
===Cinema===
India's [[Bollywood|Hindi-language cinema]] has often reinforced negative stereotypes about people with disabilities, but more recently it has produced several films that have helped raise awareness.<ref name=moha>{{cite journal|last1=Mohapatra|first1=Atanu|title=Portrayal of Disability in Hindi Cinema: A Study of Emerging Trends of Differently-Abled|journal=Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research|date=Dec 2012|volume=1|issue=7|url=http://www.tarj.in/images/download/ajmr/AJMR%20DEC.%202012%20PAPERS%20PDF/12.12,%20Dr.%20Atanu%20Mohapatra.pdf|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> A recurrent theme has for a long time been that disability is a punishment for misdeeds, for instance in ''[[Jeevan Naiya]]'' (1936), ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' (1968), and ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]'' (1981).<ref name="moha" /> Characters with mental disabilities have frequently been used as comic relief, a trend which has been criticized by [[Dinesh Bhugra]] as reinforcing social stigma.<ref name="moha" /> Atanu Mohapatra identifies several ways in which women with disabilities are misrepresented in Hindi films as compared to men with disabilities: they are included less frequently, they very rarely win the love of able-bodied men despite the converse often being the case, they are much less likely to become self-supporting economically, and they are not included unless they are physically attractive.<ref name="moha" />

The decade following 2005 has seen a shift in the representation of people with disabilities by Hindi cinema. The immediate cause for the shift appears to have been an international disability film festival in 2005 facilitated by the Ability Foundation (an Indian NGO).<ref name="moha" /> ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'' (2005) broke new ground by focusing on a female protagonist with a disability, a girl who is blind, deaf, and mute but succeeds academically after considerable struggle.<ref name="moha" /> Other films including ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007) by famed actor and director [[Aamir Khan]] have explored the lives of people with [[dyslexia]], [[progeria]], [[Asperger syndrome]], and [[amnesia]], among other conditions.<ref name="moha" /> There were some earlier precedents to these more well-rounded portrayals, including ''[[Koshish]]'' (1972) and ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'' (1980), which explored deafness and blindness respectively.<ref name="moha" /> Conversely, some recent Hindi films have continued to display ill-founded stereotypes about people with disabilities.

In addition, some [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] movies have portrayed people with disabilities, like the movie ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'', which depicts a father who is neurodivergent and his daughter.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

===Sport===
{{see also|India at the Paralympics|India national blind cricket team}}
India made its [[Summer Paralympic Games|Summer Paralympic]] début at the [[1968 Summer Paralympics|1968 Games]], competed again in [[1972 Summer Paralympics|1972]], and then was absent until the [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984 Games]]. The country has participated in every edition of the Summer Games since then. It has never participated in the [[Winter Paralympic Games]].<ref>{{IPC medals | npc = IND }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | first=Anita | last=Ghai | author-link=Anita Ghai | title=Rethinking Disability in India | year=2015 | publisher=Routledge India | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-8153-7321-6}}
* {{cite book | editor-first=Nandini | editor-last=Ghosh | title=Interrogating Disability in India: Theory and Practice | year=2016 | publisher=Springer India | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-322-3593-4}}
* {{cite book | editor-first=Nilika | editor-last=Mehrotra | title=Disability Studies in India: Interdisciplinary Perspectives | year=2020 | publisher=Springer Nature Singapore | location = Singapore | isbn = 978-981-15-2615-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/RPWD%20ACT%202016.pdf Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016]
* [http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/National_Trust_act-englsih.pdf National Trust Act, 1999]
* [http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/rciact.pdf Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992]
* [http://prsindia.org/uploads/media/Mental%20Health/Mental%20Healthcare%20Act,%202017.pdf Mental Healthcare Act, 2017]

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Disability by country}}

[[Category:Disability in India| ]]
[[Category:Disability in Asia|India]]

Zomato

2026-03-24T14:12:17Z

FranceGqd9358746: brief reworked structure per sources and added references per sources

{{short description|Indian food delivery service}}
{{About|the food delivery service|its owner, formerly known as Zomato Limited|Eternal Limited}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Zomato
| logo = Zomato Logo.svg
| location = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
| founder = {{ubl|Deepinder Goyal|Pankaj Chaddah}}
| type = [[Online food ordering]]
| products =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Food delivery]]|[[Table reservation]]|[[Local search (Internet)|Local search]]}}
| owner = [[Eternal Limited]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
| former_name = FoodieBay (2008–2010)
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2008|07|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nandini |title=Zomato celebrates '16th janamdin' with unique ad, Paytm CEO joins the party |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/zomato-celebrates-16th-janamdin-with-unique-ad-paytm-ceo-joins-the-party-124071000413_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl| Deepinder Goyal (CEO & MD)|}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|9418|c|lk=on}} (FY25)<ref>{{cite web |title=Shareholders' Letter and Results - Q4FY25 |url=https://b.zmtcdn.com/investor-relations/d9c290cd23764a09789769c39682276a_1746094084.pdf |publisher=Eternal Limited |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Zomato''' ({{IPAc-en|z|oʊ|ˈ|m|æ|ˈ|t|oʊ}} or {{IPAc-en|z|oʊ|ˈ|m|ɑː|ˈ|t|oʊ}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2023 |title=How does one pronounce 'Zomato'? CEO Deepinder Goyal says... |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-does-one-pronounce-zomato-ceo-deepinder-goyal-says-11681057861859.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417105552/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-does-one-pronounce-zomato-ceo-deepinder-goyal-says-11681057861859.html |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=Mint}}</ref> is an Indian [[online food ordering]] and [[food delivery|delivery]] service owned by [[Eternal Limited]]. Created in 2008 by Deepinder Goyal and Pankaj Chaddah, it began as a [[Review aggregator|restaurant aggregator]], providing menu information, user reviews, and recommendations, and expanding to more than 20 countries by 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khosla |first1=Varuni |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Supraja |title=Zomato co-founder Pankaj Chaddah quits as it shuffles top management |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/zomato-co-founder-pankaj-chaddah-quits-as-it-shuffles-top-management/articleshow/63129470.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512073221/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/zomato-co-founder-pankaj-chaddah-quits-as-it-shuffles-top-management/articleshow/63129470.cms |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=2020-04-09 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 2015, Zomato entered the food delivery market in India, which soon after became its core business.

As of 2023, Zomato provided food delivery and table reservation options in more than 800 Indian cities, with restaurant discovery services limited to the UAE following its exit from other international markets.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Tanya |title=Zomato delivered 647 million orders worth Rs 263.1 billion across 800 cities during FY23, says Rakesh Ranjan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-zomato-delivered-647-million-orders-worth-rs-263-1-billion-across-800-cities-during-fy23-says-rakesh-ranjan-3291075/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=Financial Express |date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
=== Early years (2008–2010) ===
On 10 July 2008, Deepinder Goyal and Pankaj Chaddah launched a restaurant-listing website named FoodieBay, while working at [[Bain & Company]]. They quit their jobs in November 2009 to focus on the website full-time, and [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] the company on 18 January 2010 as [[Eternal Limited|DC Foodiebay Online Services Private Limited]].<ref name="cold">{{cite news |last1=Srikanth |first1=Chandra R |title=The cold email that shaped Zomato's destiny |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/zomato-seeks-cci-nod-for-about-10-stake-in-grofers/articleshow/84012128.cms?from=mdr/news/business/cold-email-that-shaped-zomatos-ipo-info-edge-destiny-6832521.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=economictimes|date=29 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SEBI {{!}} Zomato Limited - RHP |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/filings/public-issues/jul-2021/zomato-limited-rhp_50950.html |website=www.sebi.gov.in |publisher=Zomato |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> In November 2010, the website was renamed Zomato as they were unsure if they would "just stick to food" and to avoid a potential naming conflict with [[eBay]].<ref name="cold"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Shrutika |date=6 February 2015 |title=Zomato: India's first global app |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DCxQfRYn2f4sXlgbEAfFnI/Zomato-Indias-first-global-app.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617222853/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DCxQfRYn2f4sXlgbEAfFnI/Zomato-Indias-first-global-app.html |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=mint}}</ref> A [[mobile app]] for Zomato was released the following month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2012 |title=How Foodiebay became Zomato |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/foodiebay-zomato/story/184785.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815004521/http://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/foodiebay-zomato/story/184785.html |archive-date=15 August 2015 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Businesstoday.in}}</ref>

=== Expansion (2011–2015) ===
[[File:Zomato-logo.png|thumb|Zomato logo in 2012]]
[[File:Availability of Zomato.svg|thumb|Availability of Zomato in 2015]]
With the introduction of [[.xxx]] domains in 2011, Zomato also launched ''zomato.xxx'', a site dedicated to [[food porn]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Rashmi |date=10 October 2014 |title=People looking for food porn come to Zomato.xxx, says founder Deepinder Goyal |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/people-looking-for-food-porn-come-to-zomato-xxx-says-founder-deepinder-goyal/articleshow/44767826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104171419/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/people-looking-for-food-porn-come-to-zomato-xxx-says-founder-deepinder-goyal/articleshow/44767826.cms |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Later in 2011, Zomato introduced [[Online ticket brokering|online ticketing]] for events on its website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-20 |title=Zomato.com forays into online ticketing for events |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zomatocom-forays-into-online-ticketing-for-events/article64123740.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308143518/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zomatocom-forays-into-online-ticketing-for-events/article64123740.ece |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Zomato expanded across India to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomato launches first local-search android application |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/zomato-launches-first-local-search-android-application-5073753685_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214174343/http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/zomato-launches-first-local-search-android-application-5073753685_1.html |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Indiainfoline.com}}</ref> In 2012, it expanded operations internationally in several countries, including the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2012 |title=After UAE, Zomato expands into Sri Lanka; adds a Colombo section |url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2012/11/05/after-uae-zomato-expands-into-sri-lanka-adds-a-colombo-section |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045501/http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2012/11/05/after-uae-zomato-expands-into-sri-lanka-adds-a-colombo-section |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Techcircle.vccircle.com}}</ref> [[Qatar]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-21 |title=Zomato Expands to Philippines; Dubai Operations Break Even & Future Expansion Plans |url=https://www.medianama.com/2013/03/223-zomato-philippines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323202354/https://www.medianama.com/2013/03/223-zomato-philippines/ |archive-date=23 March 2013 |access-date=2020-02-13 |website=MediaNama}}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2013 |title=After UAE & Sri Lanka, Zomato expands into Europe; adds a London section |url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2013/01/09/after-uae-adds-a-london-section |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225045511/http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2013/01/09/after-uae-adds-a-london-section |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Techcircle.vccircle.com}}</ref> the [[Philippines]],<ref name=":1" /> and [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomato launches in South Africa » NextBigWhat |url=http://www.nextbigwhat.com/zomato-launches-in-south-africa-297 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064324/https://www.nextbigwhat.com/zomato-launches-in-south-africa-297/ |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Nextbigwhat.com}}</ref> In 2013, it expanded to [[New Zealand]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2013 |title=Update: Zomato Breaks Even In India; Expands To New Zealand |url=http://www.medianama.com/2013/07/223-zomato-new-zealand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723151612/http://www.medianama.com/2013/07/223-zomato-new-zealand |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=MediaNama.com}}</ref> [[Turkey]], [[Brazil]], and [[Indonesia]], with websites and apps available in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], and [[English language|English]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomato tackles new languages for first time, takes restaurant listings to Indonesia, Turkey |url=https://www.techinasia.com/india-zomato-launches-in-new-languages-in-jakarta-istanbul-sao-paolo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107114522/https://www.techinasia.com/india-zomato-launches-in-new-languages-in-jakarta-istanbul-sao-paolo |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=Techinasia.com}}</ref> In April 2014, it was launched in [[Chile]] and [[Portugal]], which was followed by launches in [[Canada]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Zomato launches in Canada |url=http://www.medianama.com/2014/10/223-zomato-canada-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025051956/http://www.medianama.com/2014/10/223-zomato-canada-launch/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=MediaNama.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zomato launches Lebanon section; expands into Middle East |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/marketing/zomato-launches-lebanon-section;-expands-into-middle-east_58028.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020541/http://www.exchange4media.com/marketing/zomato-launches-lebanon-section;-expands-into-middle-east_58028.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=Exchange4media.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Zomato launches in Ireland, opens revenue source by making advertisement live on its app |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/zomato-launches-in-ireland-opens-revenue-source-by-making-advertisement-live-on-its-app-1997875.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227012203/http://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/zomato-launches-in-ireland-opens-revenue-source-by-making-advertisement-live-on-its-app-1997875.html |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=12 August 2015 |website=Firstpost.com}}</ref>

In January 2015, Zomato acquired Seattle-based restaurant discovery portal [[Urbanspoon]], which led to the firm's entry into the [[United States]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="urb" /> This U.S. expansion brought Zomato into direct competition with similar models such as [[Yelp]] and Foursquare.<ref name="urb">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2015 |title=Restaurant Discovery Site Zomato Buys IAC's Urbanspoon, Enters The U.S. |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/12/restaurant-discovery-site-zomato-buys-iacs-urbanspoon-enters-the-u-s-market/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227021933/http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/01/12/restaurant-discovery-site-zomato-buys-iacs-urbanspoon-enters-the-u-s-market/ |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=2019-10-09 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> In June 2015, Zomato announced the closure of Urbanspoon, with its [[Web traffic|traffic]] being redirected to Zomato.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pahwa |first1=Akanksha |title=Zomato Announces Final Closure Of Urbanspoon Brand, Traffic Diverted To Zomato's App |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zomato-announces-final-closure-of-urbanspoon-brand-traffic-diverted-to-zomatos-app/ |access-date=20 April 2025 |work=Inc42 Media |date=2 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Entry into food delivery (2015–2019) ===
[[File:Zomato.svg|thumb|150px|Zomato's logo from 2016 to 2018]]
In March 2015, Zomato started its food delivery service in India,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Restaurant Discovery Site Zomato To Launch Food Delivery Service, Starting In India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/11/zomato-food-delivery/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617222852/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/11/zomato-food-delivery/ |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref> initially partnering with hyperlocal logistics companies such as [[Delhivery]], Grab and Runnr to fulfill deliveries from restaurants that did not have their own delivery service.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rai |first=Archana |date=12 January 2016 |title=Zomato shuts down online ordering operations in 4 cities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/zomato-shuts-down-online-ordering-operations-in-4-cities/articleshow/50532588.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617222854/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/zomato-shuts-down-online-ordering-operations-in-4-cities/articleshow/50532588.cms |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="runnr"/> After acquiring Runnr in 2017, it transitioned to delivering with its own fleet.<ref name="runnr">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Anirban |date=13 September 2017 |title=Zomato acquires food delivery start-up Runnr |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/W8wu28THxovZpVYufEvrnL/Zomato-acquires-delivery-startup-Runnr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110107/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/W8wu28THxovZpVYufEvrnL/Zomato-acquires-delivery-startup-Runnr.html |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=Livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Samidha |title=Zomato set to buy Runnr as fight with Swiggy heats up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/deals/-ma/zomato-set-to-buy-runnr-as-fight-with-swiggy-heats-up/articleshow/59008058.cms |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

In January 2016, it launched [[table reservation]] feature on its application in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2016 |title=Zomato starts table reservations with Book |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2016/01/14/zomato-enters-table-reservation-space-with-book |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808042328/https://www.techcircle.in/2016/01/14/zomato-enters-table-reservation-space-with-book |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=Techcircle}}</ref>

In February 2017, it introduced a paid membership program called ''Zomato Gold'' using which subscribers could get offers and discounts on dining and food delivery at Zomato's partner restaurants.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zomato Gold Membership Programme Launched, Coming Soon to India |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/apps/news/zomato-gold-membership-programme-launched-in-the-uae-coming-to-india-in-june-1670338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812180757/https://gadgets360.com/apps/news/zomato-gold-membership-programme-launched-in-the-uae-coming-to-india-in-june-1670338 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=NDTV Gadgets 360}}</ref>

In March 2019, Zomato's UAE food delivery business was sold to [[Talabat]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zomato sells UAE business to Talabat owner |url=https://gulfnews.com/technology/zomato-sells-uae-business-to-talabat-owner-1.62452901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103091431/https://gulfnews.com/technology/zomato-sells-uae-business-to-talabat-owner-1.62452901 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=Gulf News}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
In January 2020, Zomato acquired [[Uber Eats]]' India business in an all-stock deal, giving [[Uber]] a 9.99% stake in the company. Following the acquisition, Uber Eats discontinued its standalone operations in India, and its users and restaurant partners were migrated to Zomato's platform. According to industry estimates at the time, Uber Eats had a market share of less than 5%, while the acquisition was projected to increase Zomato's market share to 52%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwary |first1=Avanish |title=Uber Eats sold its India business to local competitor Zomato for USD 206 million (Update) |url=https://kr-asia.com/uber-eats-recedes-india-market-sells-business-to-local-competitor-zomato |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=KrASIA |date=21 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uber Eats Acquired by Zomato: Uber sells food delivery business for 9.99% stake in Zomato |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/zomato-buys-ubers-indian-food-delivery-business/articleshow/73464916.cms |work=The Times of India |publisher=Times Internet |date=21 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>

Between April and June 2020, owing to a rising demand for online grocery ordering amid the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], Zomato delivered groceries and essentials under a service named Zomato Market in over 80 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zomato taps into grocery spurt amid Covid-19 lockdown; competes with BigBasket, Grofers, Swiggy, others |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/zomato-launches-zomato-market-for-grocery-deliveries-compete-with-swiggy-amazon-bigbasket-grofers/1916952/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001162102/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/zomato-launches-zomato-market-for-grocery-deliveries-compete-with-swiggy-amazon-bigbasket-grofers/1916952/ |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2020 |title=Zomato Gives Up Grocery Plans As It Shifts Focus Entirely To Food Delivery |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zomato-gives-up-grocery-plans-as-it-shifts-focus-entirely-to-food-delivery/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628122217/https://inc42.com/buzz/zomato-gives-up-grocery-plans-as-it-shifts-focus-entirely-to-food-delivery/ |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Inc42 Media}}</ref> In April 2020, it introduced [[contactless dining]] at its partner restaurants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |date=2020-04-18 |title=Zomato introduces contactless dining |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/zomato-introduces-contactless-dining/articleshow/75219105.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726012533/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/zomato-introduces-contactless-dining/articleshow/75219105.cms |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2020-06-05 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In May 2020, Zomato started delivering alcohol in [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Odisha]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2020 |title=Zomato, Swiggy launch alcohol delivery service in Odisha |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/zomato-swiggy-launch-alcohol-delivery-service-in-odisha/1971433/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604234624/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/zomato-swiggy-launch-alcohol-delivery-service-in-odisha/1971433/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref> before pulling out in April 2021, citing poor unit economics and scalability.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2021 |title=Zomato Exits Alcohol Delivery Due To Cashburn Even As Swiggy Stays Put |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zomato-exits-alcohol-delivery-due-to-cashburn-even-as-swiggy-stays-put/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619125912/https://inc42.com/buzz/zomato-exits-alcohol-delivery-due-to-cashburn-even-as-swiggy-stays-put/ |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Inc42 Media}}</ref>

In November 2021, Zomato announced that it would cease its services in all countries except India and the UAE.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zomato has officially pulled out of all international markets |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/zomato-has-closed-all-international-operations-in-uk-us-singapore-and-lebanon/articleshow/87639773.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222062235/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/zomato-has-closed-all-international-operations-in-uk-us-singapore-and-lebanon/articleshow/87639773.cms |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |work=Business Insider}}</ref> By early 2024, it had completed the liquidation of more than 10 overseas subsidiaries, which were primarily focused on restaurant discovery and reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Popular food review website leaves Australia |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/zomato-food-review-website-leaves-australia/82d3b413-046d-46ba-a8d5-5ef65326c644 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314200852/https://www.9news.com.au/national/zomato-food-review-website-leaves-australia/82d3b413-046d-46ba-a8d5-5ef65326c644 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |work=9News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bevin |first=Andrew |date=10 April 2023 |title=The reason menu broker Zomato has quietly exited New Zealand |url=https://newsroom.co.nz/2023/04/10/zomato-quietly-exited-new-zealand/ |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaswal |first1=Mansi |date=6 January 2024 |title=Zomato exits almost all foreign markets, liquidates 10 overseas subsidiaries in less than a year |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/zomato-exits-almost-all-foreign-markets-liquidates-10-overseas-subisidiaries-in-less-a-year-11704523495393.html |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=Mint}}</ref>

In August 2022, Zomato launched an inter-city food delivery service called Legends,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Zomato launches 'Intercity legends': Now order food from other cities, here's how it will work |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/zomato-intercity-legends-order-food-from-other-cities-how-it-will-work-8122122/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902060125/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/zomato-intercity-legends-order-food-from-other-cities-how-it-will-work-8122122/ |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> which was stopped two years later.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Supriya |title=Zomato shuts down intercity food delivery service Legends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/zomato-shuts-down-intercity-food-delivery-service-legends/articleshow/112716943.cms |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

==Security breaches==
On 4 June 2015, an Indian security researcher hacked the Zomato website and gained access to information about 62.5 million users. Using the vulnerability, he was able to access the personal data of users such as telephone numbers, email addresses, and [[Instagram]] private photos using their Instagram access token. Zomato fixed the issue within 48 hours of it becoming apparent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/zomato-hacked-indian-online-startups-security-granted/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608153152/https://www.techinasia.com/zomato-hacked-indian-online-startups-security-granted |archive-date=8 June 2017 |access-date=18 May 2017 |website=Techinasia.com}}</ref>

On 18 May 2017, a security blog called HackRead claimed that over 17 million Zomato user records including emails and [[password hash]]es had been stolen due to a security breach. The company stated that no payment information or credit card details were stolen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Anu |title=Zomato hacked - Security breach results in 17 million user data stolen |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/security-tech/security/zomato-hacked-security-breach-results-in-17-million-user-data-stolen/articleshow/58729251.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083621/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/security-tech/security/zomato-hacked-security-breach-results-in-17-million-user-data-stolen/articleshow/58729251.cms |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The hacker removed the stolen user data from the [[dark web]] after Zomato agreed to start a [[bug bounty program]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title=Zomato explains how it got hacked, and it's complicated: Here's a simpler explanation |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/zomato-explains-how-it-got-hacked-and-its-complicated-heres-a-simpler-explanation-77553-2017-05-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083623/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/zomato-explains-how-it-got-hacked-and-its-complicated-heres-a-simpler-explanation-77553-2017-05-24 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Business Today}}</ref>

==Feeding India==
Started in 2014 by Ankit Kawatra, Feeding India is a [[nonprofit organisation]] focused on hunger relief initiatives in India. It operates volunteer-led meal distribution programs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Divya |title=The 24 year old who wants to feed India |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/the-24-year-old-who-wants-to-feed-india/20160929.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083624/https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/the-24-year-old-who-wants-to-feed-india/20160929.htm |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Rediff}}</ref> Feeding India was acquired by Zomato in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2019 |title=Zomato acquires food donation start-up Feeding India |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/zomato-acquires-food-donation-start-up-feeding-india-1562669599691.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083624/https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/zomato-acquires-food-donation-start-up-feeding-india-1562669599691.html |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Mint}}</ref> In May 2022, Zomato claimed that Feeding India was serving over 200,000 meals every day under its Daily Feeding Program.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Update: Now serving Two Lakh meals a day under the 'Daily Feeding Program' |url=https://www.zomato.com/blog/feeding-india-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083623/https://www.zomato.com/blog/feeding-india-update |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Zomato}}</ref>

Zomato Feeding India has organised [[benefit concert]]s in Mumbai to raise awareness about [[malnutrition in India]]; it was headlined by [[Post Malone]] (in 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2022 |title=Rapper Post Malone arrives in Mumbai for his first India concert later today |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/rapper-post-malone-arrives-in-mumbai-for-his-first-india-concert-later-today-355909-2022-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113175316/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/rapper-post-malone-arrives-in-mumbai-for-his-first-india-concert-later-today-355909-2022-12-10 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> and [[Dua Lipa]] (in 2024).<ref>{{cite news |title=India, I'm coming back!: Dua Lipa announces return to India for Zomato concert |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/dua-lipa-returns-to-india-for-zomato-feeding-india-concert-in-november-9531481/ |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== District ==
District is an app operated by Zomato, allowing users to discover and reserve tables at restaurants, and book tickets for movies and live events. It was launched in November 2024, after Zomato's acquisition of [[Paytm]]'s entertainment and ticketing business–Orbgen Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (TicketNew) and Wasteland Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. (Insider)–with approximately 280 employees transitioning to Zomato.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Zomato District app is live for Android and iPhone users; takes on Bookmyshow with these and more features |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/zomato-district-app-is-live-for-android-and-iphone-users-takes-on-bookmyshow-with-these-and-more-features/articleshow/115362294.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alex |first=Riya R |date=2024-11-16 |title=Zomato launches NEW 'District' app: Book movies, dining, events seamlessly on iOS, Android {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/zomato-launches-new-district-app-book-movies-dining-events-seamlessly-on-ios-android-11731756670452.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129023818/https://www.livemint.com/companies/zomato-launches-new-district-app-book-movies-dining-events-seamlessly-on-ios-android-11731756670452.html |archive-date=29 January 2025 |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-22 |title=India's Zomato expands movie and event ticketing business with $244 mln Paytm deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/indias-zomato-buy-paytm-ticketing-units-244-mln-2024-08-21/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Swiggy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Online food ordering}}

[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Food- and drink-related organizations]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2008]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Online food ordering]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Universal Windows Platform apps]]
[[Category:Websites about food and drink]]

Guru Randhawa

2026-03-24T13:02:58Z

FranceGqd9358746: small reworked citations for accuracy and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|Indian singer songwriter and composer (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Guru Randhawa
| image = Guru Randhawa at the launch of MTV Unplugged Season 8 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Randhawa in 2019
| birth_name = Gursharanjot Singh Randhawa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|08|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gurdaspur district|Noorpur]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|lyricist|composer|[[Record producer|producer]]}}
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Pop music|Pop]]
*[[Indi-pop]]
*[[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
}}
| label = {{plainlist|
*[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Warner Music India]]
}}
| website = {{URL|gururandhawa.com}}
}}
}}

'''Gursharanjot Singh "Guru" Randhawa''' (born 30 August 1991) is an [[India|Indian]] singer, songwriter and music composer associated with [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Indi-pop]] and [[Bollywood music]]. He is known for his songs "[[Lahore (song)|Lahore]]", "[[Ishare Tere]]", "[[Slowly Slowly (Guru Randhawa song)|Slowly Slowly]]", and "[[Tere Te]]". Guru Randhawa's debut song was "Same Girl" in collaboration with [[Arjun (singer)|Arjun]].

== Biography ==
Gursharanjot Singh Randhawa was born on 30 August 1991,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Jasmine |title=Happy birthday Guru Randhawa: 10 best songs of Bollywood town's High Rated Gabru |url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-guru-randhawa-best-songs-of-bollywood-town-high-rated-gabru-guru-randhawa-birthday |access-date=16 April 2019 |work=[[Itv Network (India)|NewsX]] |date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416104423/https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-guru-randhawa-best-songs-of-bollywood-town-high-rated-gabru-guru-randhawa-birthday |archive-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> in Noorpur, [[Dera Baba Nanak (sub-district)|Dera Baba Nanak tehsil]], [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=GuruOfficial|number=707639062199279617|title=No bro, i am born in Noorpur in Gurdaspur Distt. PUNJAB India ✌️✌|date=10 March 2016 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> He started by doing small shows in [[Gurdaspur]] and then began performing in [[Delhi]], at small parties and functions.<ref name=IE2>{{cite news |first=Ektaa |last=Malik |title=Top of the Pops |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/top-of-the-pops-guru-randhawa-suit-suit-karda-hindi-medium-4657371/ |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174533/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/top-of-the-pops-guru-randhawa-suit-suit-karda-hindi-medium-4657371/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> While staying in Delhi, Randhawa completed his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MBA degree sets singer Guru Randhawa apart|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/MBA-degree-sets-singer-Guru-Randhawa-apart/articleshow/53797010.cms|author=TNN|access-date=3 April 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629234654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/MBA-degree-sets-singer-Guru-Randhawa-apart/articleshow/53797010.cms|archive-date=29 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named "Guru" by the rapper [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]] who would shorten his full name while on stage.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jasmine |last=Singh |title=Punjabi singer Guru, who is from Gurdaspur, says he puts in a lot of sense into his songs as well as the lyrics |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131212/ttlife1.htm#2 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913063333/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131212/ttlife1.htm#2 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2012–2014: Beginnings ===
Randhawa started his music journey in December 2012 with a song named "Same Girl"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moZaX89zY9g|title=Same Girl|website=YouTube|date=19 December 2012 |access-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026204954/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moZaX89zY9g|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Arjun (singer)|Arjun]] who was the first person to take Randhawa in his own video. However, the song was not so successful for both artists.

At the beginning of 2013, Randhawa released his first single named "Chhad Gayi" on [[YouTube]] with the label of Speed Records. His elder brother, Ramneek helped him financially to release this song. Later in 2013, he launched his first album ''Page One'' and released three songs from the album. "Dardan Nu", "I Like You" and "Southall" were the respective songs. Randhawa launched many songs but none of them became much popular to take Guru to heights. 2014 was also not special for him. He released the remaining songs from the ''Page One'' album but did not get success. The songs were "Khali Bottlan", "My Jugni", "Maa", "Na Na Na Na Na", "Pyaar Wale Test", "Modern Thumka", and "Billo On Fire".{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

=== 2015–2016: Popular in cultures ===
[[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]], who was a well-wisher of Randhawa, requested [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] to launch the young artist on their channel. Then they collaborated on the song "Patola". This song gathered more than 368 Million views across [[YouTube]]. "Patola" also got the award for best Punjabi Duo. Further, he sang with [[Ikka Singh]] in the songs "Outfit" and "Khat".<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Guru Randhawa recreates his own track 'Outfit' for 'Ujda Chaman' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/guru-randhawa-recreates-his-own-track-outfit-for-ujda-chaman |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420231153/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/guru-randhawa-recreates-his-own-track-outfit-for-ujda-chaman |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Randhawa gave four blockbuster songs. He released "Yaar Mod Do" with [[Millind Gaba]] again on the label T-Series in January. The motive of the project was to show true friendship and it did and collected more than 252 million YouTube views. In April, Randhawa dropped the song "Tu Meri Rani" on his own YouTube channel. This song also featured the rapper, Haji Springer. One of his most popular songs, "Suit" was released in 2016. It was Randhawa's second collaboration with [[Arjun (singer)|Arjun]]. It currently holds 478 million views on YouTube. In September, he collaborated with [[Rajat Nagpal]] and released a song named Fashion on T-Series. The song holds more than 254 million views on YouTube currently.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

=== 2017–present ===
In 2017, Randhawa released an emotional track named "Taare" in January. The track performed average on [[YouTube]] and the song's music video was trolled for allegedly plagiarising [[Zayn Malik]]'s song "It's You".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Navin |date=7 February 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Guru Randhawa reacts to claims of copying Zayn Malik, says, ‘agar kara ho toh koi baat nahi’ |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/guru-randhawa-reacts-to-claims-of-copying-zayn-malik/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Bollywood Bubble |language=en-US}}</ref> Randhawa made his [[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood singing]] debut in the Indian movie ''[[Hindi Medium]]''. His track "Suit" was recreated in the film as "Suit Suit".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Images |date=14 April 2017 |title=Saba Qamar and Irrfan Khan ooze swag in latest Hindi Medium song 'Suit Suit' |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177425 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>

He sang in the [[2017 Indian Premier League]] opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/video/92611/guru-randhawa-and-yami-gautam-create-magic-on-stage-with-a-scintillating-performance|title=Guru Randhawa and Yami Gautam create magic on stage with a scintillating performance|website=[[Indian Premier League]]|date=15 April 2017|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417222122/http://www.iplt20.com/video/92611/guru-randhawa-and-yami-gautam-create-magic-on-stage-with-a-scintillating-performance|archive-date=17 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bryan|last=Durham|title=I take inspiration from everyday life, says singer Guru Randhawa|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-take-inspiration-from-everyday-life-guru-randhawa-2296773|access-date=16 April 2018|website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501124331/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-take-inspiration-from-everyday-life-guru-randhawa-2296773|archive-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/guru-randhawa-i-sing-live-which-is-what-du-students-like/articleshow/59161530.cms|title=Guru Randhawa: I sing live, which is what DU students like|first=Abhimanyu|last=Mathur|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 June 2017|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613071000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/guru-randhawa-i-sing-live-which-is-what-du-students-like/articleshow/59161530.cms|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-guru-randhawa-excited-about-his-bollywood-debut/articleshow/58576865.cms|title=Singer Guru Randhawa excited about his Bollywood debu|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 May 2017|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613231425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-guru-randhawa-excited-about-his-bollywood-debut/articleshow/58576865.cms|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in 2017, his two tracks appeared in Bollywood movies. His old track "Tu Meri Rani" was recreated in the Hindi film ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' and an original track named "Lagdi Hai Thaai" was also released in the movie ''[[Simran (film)|Simran]]'' in collaboration with [[Jonita Gandhi]].

His two most-viewed songs, "High Rated Gabru" and "[[Lahore (song)|Lahore]]", have over 1.1 billion and 1 billion{{nbsp}}views on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]' official YouTube channel respectively.<ref name="bollywoodhungama" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Randhawa: High Rated Gabru Official Song {{!}} DirectorGifty {{!}} T-Series | date=3 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjWf8A0YNSE |publisher=T-series |access-date=27 February 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301103255/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjWf8A0YNSE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Randhawa: Lahore (Official Video) Bhushan Kumar {{!}} Vee {{!}} DirectorGifty {{!}} T-Series | date=13 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZ0fwJojhrs |publisher=T-series |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> In 2018 "Lahore" won Track of the Year at the [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]], where Randhawa also won Best Male Act.<ref>{{cite news |title=BritAsia TV Music Awards 2018: Winners List |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/britasia-tv-music-awards-2018-winners-list/ |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music |date=8 October 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428044957/https://www.bizasialive.com/britasia-tv-music-awards-2018-winners-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His first international collaboration was "[[Slowly Slowly (Guru Randhawa song)|Slowly Slowly]]" featuring [[Pitbull (musician)|Pitbull]], released on 19 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=The wait is now over! Guru Randhawa's most anticipated track Slowly Slowly featuring Pitbull is out now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/the-wait-is-now-over-guru-randhawas-most-anticipated-track-slowly-slowly-featuring-pitbull-is-out-now/402819 |access-date=19 April 2019 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419055703/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/the-wait-is-now-over-guru-randhawas-most-anticipated-track-slowly-slowly-featuring-pitbull-is-out-now/402819 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Slowly Slowly: T-Series goes international with Guru Randhawa-Pitbull collaboration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/slowly-slowly-guru-randhawa-pitbull-t-series-5683776/ |access-date=19 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 April 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420133949/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/slowly-slowly-guru-randhawa-pitbull-t-series-5683776/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|hGsVLXnFgbA|Slowly Slowly {{!}} Guru Randhawa ft. Pitbull}}</ref> The song's music video received 38{{nbsp}}million views on YouTube within 24 hours, becoming one of the world's all-time most-viewed music videos in 24 hours.<ref name="india">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tarun |date=20 April 2019 |title=Punjabi Singer Guru Randhawa Grooves to His Latest Hit Track 'Slowly Slowly' as he Celebrates The Success of The Peppy Song |url=https://www.india.com/viral/punjabi-singer-guru-randhawa-grooves-to-his-latest-hit-track-slowly-slowly-as-he-celebrates-the-success-of-the-peppy-song-3636863/ |work=[[India.com]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |access-date=16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420153144/https://www.india.com/buzz/punjabi-singer-guru-randhawa-grooves-to-his-latest-hit-track-slowly-slowly-as-he-celebrates-the-success-of-the-peppy-song-3636863/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, Randhawa produced the Punjabi language film ''[[Tara Mira]]'' starring [[Ranjit Bawa]] and Nazia Hussan, directed by Rajiev Dhingra.<ref name="producer">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/do-dooni-panj-to-shadaa-to-manje-bistre-2-punjabi-movies-to-look-forward-in-2019/tara-mira-ranjit-bawa-thanks-guru-randhawa-for-trusting-him/photostory/70038192.cms|title=Tara Mira: Ranjit Bawa thanks Guru Randhawa for trusting him|date=4 September 2019|work=Times of India|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707221834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/do-dooni-panj-to-shadaa-to-manje-bistre-2-punjabi-movies-to-look-forward-in-2019/tara-mira-ranjit-bawa-thanks-guru-randhawa-for-trusting-him/photostory/70038192.cms|archive-date=7 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2020, Guru made his second international collaboration "Surma Surma" with British artist [[Jay Sean]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Randhawa and Jay Sean Get Tricked by a Pretty Tourist in New Song Surma Surma |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/guru-randhawa-and-jay-sean-get-tricked-by-a-pretty-tourist-in-new-song-surma-surma-2507121.html |access-date=21 February 2020 |work=News18 |date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220153133/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/guru-randhawa-and-jay-sean-get-tricked-by-a-pretty-tourist-in-new-song-surma-surma-2507121.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the year 2020, Guru's old track "Lahore" was presented as "Lagdi Lahore Di" in the movie 'Street Dancer 3D' in collaboration with Sachin–Jigar and Tulsi Kumar. During the Corona pandemic, he released a soothing track named 'Satnam Waheguru' with Vee. He was also featured in a music video for the track "Mueve La Cintura" by Pitbull with Tito El' Bambino, which is included in Pitbull's album ''[[Libertad 548]]''. This was his second collaboration with Pitbull. Guru Randhawa's popularity rose immensely after his Bollywood debut in the film ''[[Hindi Medium]]'' and the release of the pop ballad "Lahore" in 2018. He was featured in a cover story by ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'', which stated, "If you've missed him on the charts, you've heard him on the radio".<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=7 October 2019 |title=COVER STORY: The Meteoric Rise of Guru Randhawa |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-meteoric-rise-guru-randhawa/ |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, he released "Mehendi Wale Haath", followed by "Doob Gaye", which became very popular, crossing 50 million views, 3 days after its release. In December, his song "Dance Meri Rani" became an instant hit and has garnered over 240 million views on YouTube as of May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alltracklyrics.com/2020/01/lagdi-lahore-di-street-dancer-3d-varun.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065438/https://www.alltracklyrics.com/2020/01/lagdi-lahore-di-street-dancer-3d-varun.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2021|title=LAGDI LAHORE DI – Street Dancer 3D {{!}} Varun D, Shraddha K {{!}} Guru Randhawa {{!}} Lyrics|website=alltracklyrics.com|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Singh |first1=Nirmika |last2=Xalxo |first2=Jessica |title=COVER STORY: The Meteoric Rise of Guru Randhawa - |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-meteoric-rise-guru-randhawa/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808201908/https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-meteoric-rise-guru-randhawa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, he released "Punjabiyan Di Dhee", "Tera Saath Ho" and few other songs. The song "Designer" with [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], garnered more than 21 million views on [[YouTube]] within the first 24 hours and was a hit.

== Media ==
Randhawa was ranked in [[The Times of India|The Times Most Desirable Men]] at No. 23 in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet India's most desirable dudes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=24 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824154131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-is-the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2018/articleshow/69361561.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was also ranked in the [[Times of india|Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Men]] at No. 4 in 2019 and No. 6 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The hot & handsome Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Men 2020a|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/the-hot-handsome-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-men-2020/articleshow/83207024.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|work=The Times of India|date=4 June 2021|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806145231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/the-hot-handsome-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-men-2020/articleshow/83207024.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wiki table"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes albums that have not yet been released
|}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Album
! Music Composer(s)
! Writer(s)
! Tracks
! Language(s)
! Music Label
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="1" |2013
|''Page One''
|Sacch, Paivvy
|Guru Randhawa
|10
|Punjabi
|Page1 Records
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Dhaval |title=Guru Randhawa: Now, I cannot make a bad song |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-guru-randhawa-now-i-cannot-make-a-bad-song-2582468 |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=DNA |date=8 February 2018 |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203112619/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-guru-randhawa-now-i-cannot-make-a-bad-song-2582468 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Man of the Moon''
|Guru Randhawa, Vee, Sanjoy
|Guru Randhawa
|7
|Punjabi /Hindi
|T-Series
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Randhawa's debut album 'Man Of The Moon' has a track for every mood |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/guru-randhawas-debut-album-man-of-the-moon-has-a-track-for-every-mood-424268#google_vignette |work=Tribune |date=22 August 2022 |access-date=3 December 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''G Thing''
|Guru Randhawa, Sanjoy
|Guru Randhawa
|9
|Punjabi /Hindi
|T-Series
|
|-
|2025
|''Without Prejudice''
|Guru Randhawa
|Guru Randhawa
|10
|Punjabi /Hindi /English
|Guru Randhawa/[[Warner Music India]]
|
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes songs that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Music
! rowspan="2" |Writer(s)
!Peak Chart Position
! rowspan="2" |Language(s)
! rowspan="2" |Co-artist(s)
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Ref
|-
![[UK Asian Music Chart|UK Asian]]
|-
| rowspan=1|2013
| "AK 47"
| Kuwar Virk
| rowspan=6| Guru Randhawa
|
| rowspan="14" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|
| <ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to AK47 Song by Guru Randhawa on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/ak47-39|language=en|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://gaana.com/song/ak47-39|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012
|"Same Girl"
|Preet Hundal
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Randhawa Birthday Special: From 'Patola' to 'High Rated Gabru, chartbusters by the talented singer |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/guru-randhawa-birthday-special-patola-suit-high-rated-gabru-and-other-chartbusters-sung-by-the-multi-talented-star |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=Free Press Journal |date=29 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609112755/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/guru-randhawa-birthday-special-patola-suit-high-rated-gabru-and-other-chartbusters-sung-by-the-multi-talented-star |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|2013
| "Chhad Gayi"
| [[Sukhe|Musical Doctorz]]
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhad Gayi – Lyrics and Music by Guru Randhawa arranged by Singh_Deep|url=https://www.smule.com/song/guru-randhawa-chhad-gayi-karaoke-lyrics/759842320_2872831/arrangement|access-date=12 August 2021|website=Smule|language=en-us|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://www.smule.com/song/guru-randhawa-chhad-gayi-karaoke-lyrics/759842320_2872831/arrangement|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Dardan Nu"
|Sachh
|
|
| rowspan="2" |From the album ''Page One''
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Punjabi Song Dardan Nu Sung By Guru Randhawa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-dardan-nu-sung-by-guru-randhawa/videoshow/65281141.cms |access-date=12 August 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 August 2018 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-dardan-nu-sung-by-guru-randhawa/videoshow/65281141.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Southall"
| Paivy
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Randhawa {{!}} Southall {{!}} Page One {{!}} Official Music Video {{!}} Page One Records |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OJoOOISpCI |website=YouTube | date=13 October 2014 |access-date=9 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609112753/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OJoOOISpCI |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "I Like You"
| Guru Randhawa, Paivy
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=I Like You Lyrics in Punjabi, I Like You I Like You Song Lyrics in English Free Online on Gaana.com|url=https://www.gaana.com/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=Gaana|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001018051124/http://www.gaana.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4|2015
| "Patola"
| rowspan="2" | Preet Hundal
| Guru Randhawa, Sabi
|
|[[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Pal|first=Rajesh|date=5 March 2018|title=Guru Randhawa Is Back With 'Patola', Featuring Irrfan Khan|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/guru-randhawa-latest-song-blackmail-patola-remake|work=TheQuint|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/guru-randhawa-latest-song-blackmail-patola-remake|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Lahore (song)|Lahore]]"
| Guru Randhawa, Vee Music
|
|
|1 billion+ views on YouTube
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20180629/asian/|title=Official UK Asian Music Charts|website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]|accessdate=29 June 2018|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514094031/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20180629/asian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Outfit"
|Guru Randhawa, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Citation|title=Outfit Song: Outfit MP3 Punjabi Song by Guru Randhawa Online Free on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/album/outfit|language=en|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://gaana.com/album/outfit|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Khat"
| Intense
|Ikka
|
|Ikka
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Punjabi Song Khat Sung By Guru Randhawa & Ikka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-khat-sung-by-guru-randhawa-ikka/videoshow/65103402.cms|access-date=12 August 2021|work=The Times of India|date=23 July 2018|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084905/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/punjabi-song-khat-sung-by-guru-randhawa-ikka/videoshow/65103402.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2016
| "Fashion"
| [[Rajat Nagpal]]
| Guru Randhawa
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Citation|title=Fashion (Full Song & Lyrics) – Fashion – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn|date=20 September 2016|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/fashion/OwEMXxhGYFo|language=en-US|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729230655/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/fashion/OwEMXxhGYFo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Yaar Mod Do"
| [[Millind Gaba]]
| Guru Randhawa, Millind Gaba
|
|[[Millind Gaba]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|title='Yaar mod do' strikingly similar to 'Jaane nahi denge tujhe' from '3 Idiots' – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/yaar-mod-do-strikingly-similar-to-jaane-nahi-denge-tujhe-from-3-idiots/articleshow/50716563.cms|access-date=12 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/yaar-mod-do-strikingly-similar-to-jaane-nahi-denge-tujhe-from-3-idiots/articleshow/50716563.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Tu Meri Rani"
| colspan="2" | Haji Springer
|
|Haji Springer
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramasubramanian|first=Uma|date=7 August 2021|title=Guru Randhawa: Responsible with music, ditto with movies|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/guru-randhawa-responsible-with-music-ditto-with-movies-23186686|work=Mid Day|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/guru-randhawa-responsible-with-music-ditto-with-movies-23186686|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2017
| "Taare"
| Rajat Nagpal
| Guru Randhawa
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Harshita|date=22 April 2021|title=14 Of The Most Viewed Indian Songs On YouTube|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/from-hanuman-chalisa-to-daru-badnaam-14-of-the-most-viewed-indian-songs-on-youtube/|website=Scoopwhoop.com|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084905/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/from-hanuman-chalisa-to-daru-badnaam-14-of-the-most-viewed-indian-songs-on-youtube/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Suit"
| Intense
| Guru Randhawa, Arjun
|4
|Arjun
|
|
| <ref>{{Citation|title=Suit Suit (Full Song & Lyrics) – Guru Randhawa feat. Arjun – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn|date=10 November 2017|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/suit-suit/HQcGdDpqWUU|language=en-US|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221200205/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/suit-suit/HQcGdDpqWUU|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "High Rated Gabru"
| Guru Randhawa, [[Manj Musik]]
| rowspan=8| Guru Randhawa
|
| rowspan="5" |Hindi / Punjabi
|
|1 billion+ views on YouTube
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Most viewed Indian singer on YouTube! Here's 'High Rated Gabru' Guru Randhawa's 10 lesser-known facts|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/most-viewed-indian-singer-on-youtube-heres-high-rated-gabru-guru-randhawas-10-lesser-known-facts|access-date=12 August 2021|work=Free Press Journal|date=29 May 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/most-viewed-indian-singer-on-youtube-heres-high-rated-gabru-guru-randhawas-10-lesser-known-facts|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7|2018
| "Raat Kamaal Hai"
| Guru Randhawa, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|
|
|Featuring [[Khushali Kumari Dua|Khushali Kumar]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title='Raat Kamal Hai': Guru Randhawa's upcoming song will witness the magic of Kumar sisters|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/raat-kamal-hai-guru-randhawas-upcoming-song-will-witness-the-magic-of-kumar-sisters/articleshow/63833684.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 April 2018|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424073037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/raat-kamal-hai-guru-randhawas-upcoming-song-will-witness-the-magic-of-kumar-sisters/articleshow/63833684.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Made in India"
|Guru Randhawa, Vee
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20180629/asian/|title=Official UK Asian Music Charts|website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]|accessdate=7 September 2018|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514094031/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20180629/asian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Ishare Tere]]"
|Guru Randhawa
|
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20181221/asian/|title=Official UK Asian Music Charts|website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]|accessdate=21 December 2018|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095316/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20181221/asian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Aaja Ni Aaja"
|Guru Randhawa, Kuwar Virk
|
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|For film ''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]''
| <ref>{{Cite news|title='Mar Gaye Oye Loko' first song: Guru Randhawa's debut Pollywood playback titled, 'Aaja Ni Aaja' has all colours of romance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/mar-gaye-oye-loko-first-song-guru-randhawas-debut-pollywood-playback-titled-aaja-ni-aaja-has-all-colours-of-romance/articleshow/65066103.cms|access-date=12 August 2021|work=The Times of India|date=20 July 2018|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/mar-gaye-oye-loko-first-song-guru-randhawas-debut-pollywood-playback-titled-aaja-ni-aaja-has-all-colours-of-romance/articleshow/65066103.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Downtown"
| rowspan="2" |Guru Randhawa, Vee Music
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=16 October 2018|title=Guru Randhawa unveils Downtown|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/guru-randhawa-song-downtown-5404928/|work=The Indian Express|agency=IANS|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084905/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/guru-randhawa-song-downtown-5404928/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Golimaar"
|
| rowspan="2" |Hindi / Punjabi
|
|Lyrical video
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Golimaar: Guru Randhawa to drop another single soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/golimaar-guru-randhawa-to-drop-another-single-soon/articleshow/66474503.cms|access-date=12 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=2 November 2018|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/golimaar-guru-randhawa-to-drop-another-single-soon/articleshow/66474503.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Tere Te]]"
| Vee
|
|[[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Tere Te: Guru Randhawa ft. Ikka's latest track is a DJ playlist staple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/tere-te-guru-randhawa-ft-ikkas-latest-track-is-a-dj-playlist-staple/articleshow/66825123.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122182508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/tere-te-guru-randhawa-ft-ikkas-latest-track-is-a-dj-playlist-staple/articleshow/66825123.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
| "[[Slowly Slowly (Guru Randhawa song)|Slowly Slowly]]"
| [[DJ Shadow Dubai]]
| Guru Randhawa, [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
|
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] / [[English language|English]]/ [[Spanish language|Spanish]]/ Hindi
|[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
|
|<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{cite news |title=Bhushan Kumar's T-Series goes international with singing star Guru Randhawa collaborating with Pitbull |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhushan-kumars-t-series-goes-international-singing-star-guru-randhawa-collaborating-pitbull/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 November 2018 |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220310/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhushan-kumars-t-series-goes-international-singing-star-guru-randhawa-collaborating-pitbull/ |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Sajan Rus Jave Tan"
| Guru Randhawa, DJ Shadow Dubai
| rowspan=2| Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|
|Unplugged version
|<ref>{{cite web |title=GURU RANDHAWA : Sajan Rus Jave Tan {{!}} Aparna Mishra {{!}} Latest Punjabi Song {{!}} Exclusive Music Video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF_XLmhq_-Q |website=YouTube | date=21 August 2019 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065439/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF_XLmhq_-Q |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Ishq Tera"
| Guru Randhawa
|
|Hindi / Punjabi
|
|Featuring [[Nushrratt Bharuccha|Nushrat Barucha]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=GURU RANDHAWA : ISHQ TERA (Official Video) {{!}} NUSHRAT BHATUCHA {{!}} Exclusive Bollywood Song {{!}} T-Series |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cjsaGk0yLM |website=YouTube |access-date=20 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065437/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cjsaGk0yLM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Mueve La Cintura"
|[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
| [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], Guru Randhawa
|
| English/Hindi/ Spanish/ Punjabi
|
|As featured artist
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Song: Pitbull ft. Tito El Bambino & GURU RANDHAWA – Mueve La Cintura (Official Song) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THc4Pi-kzOw |website=YouTube |access-date=27 September 2019 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065436/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THc4Pi-kzOw |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Black"
| Bunty Bains
| Bunty Bains
|
| Punjabi
|
|Featuring [[Krishna Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=GURU RANDHAWA : Black (Official Song) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSUjwidQNik |website=YouTube | date=26 November 2019 |access-date=1 December 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129104026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSUjwidQNik |archive-date=29 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Yaari"
|Guru Randhawa, Vee Music
|Guru Randhawa
|
|Hindi/Punjabi
|
|Promotional song for [[McDowell's No.1|MacDowells]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Punjabi Song 'Yaari (Happy New Yaar)' Sung By Guru Randhawa Featuring Vee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-yaari-happy-new-yaar-sung-by-guru-randhawa-featuring-vee/videoshow/73025957.cms |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722073951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/latest-punjabi-song-yaari-happy-new-yaar-sung-by-guru-randhawa-featuring-vee/videoshow/73025957.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2020
|"Surma Surma"
|rowspan=3| Vee Music
|Guru Randhawa & [[Jay Sean]]
|
|Hindi/Punjabi/English
|
|Featuring Larrisa Bonessi
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Randhawa collaborates with Jay Sean for his next song 'Surma Surma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/guru-randhawa-collaborates-with-jay-sean-for-his-next-song-surma-surma/articleshow/74094907.cms |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114182901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/guru-randhawa-collaborates-with-jay-sean-for-his-next-song-surma-surma/articleshow/74094907.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200313/asian/|title=Official UK Asian Music Chart|website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]]|accessdate=13 March 2020|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514102007/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20200313/asian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Satnam Waheguru"
|rowspan=3| Guru Randhawa
|
| rowspan="2" | Punjabi
|
|Devotional song
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Handoo |first1=Ritika |title=Guru Randhawa unveils devotional song 'Satnam Waheguru' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/guru-randhawa-unveils-devotional-song-satnam-waheguru-2281303.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=Zee News |date=5 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526215542/https://zeenews.india.com/music/guru-randhawa-unveils-devotional-song-satnam-waheguru-2281303.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"[[Teri Gali]]"
|
|Barbie Maan
|As lyricist and producer
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Guru Randhawa: It was always my wish to workout and transform my body |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/exclusive-guru-randhawa-it-was-always-my-wish-to-workout-and-transform-my-body/articleshow/77505599.cms |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114182926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/exclusive-guru-randhawa-it-was-always-my-wish-to-workout-and-transform-my-body/articleshow/77505599.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Baby Girl"
|Guru Randhawa
|
| rowspan="2" | Hindi/Punjabi
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Baby Girl: Guru Randhawa and Dhvani Bhanushali's second collaboration to release on October 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/baby-girl-guru-randhawa-and-dhvani-bhanushalis-second-collaboration-to-release-on-october-1/articleshow/78361715.cms |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=28 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222090933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/baby-girl-guru-randhawa-and-dhvani-bhanushalis-second-collaboration-to-release-on-october-1/articleshow/78361715.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Naach Meri Rani"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|
|Nikhita Gandhi
|Featuring Nora Fatehi
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanyal |first1=Jyoti |date=11 November 2020 |title=Nora Fatehi celebrates 100 million views of Naach Meri Rani with Guru Randhawa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nora-fatehi-celebrates-100-million-views-of-naach-meri-rani-with-guru-randhawa-1739919-2020-11-11 |work=India Today |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201122820/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nora-fatehi-celebrates-100-million-views-of-naach-meri-rani-with-guru-randhawa-1739919-2020-11-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|"Mehendi Wale Haath"
|rowspan=2| [[Sachet–Parampara]]
|rowspan=2| [[Sayeed Quadri]]
|
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|Featuring [[Sanjana Sanghi]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Souza |first1=Caroline Esther |date=15 January 2021 |title=Guru Randhawa and Sanjana Sanghi's new song 'Mehendi Wale Haath' out now: Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/guru-randhawa-and-sanjana-sanghi-s-new-song-mehendi-wale-haath-out-now-watch-2336063.html |work=Zee News |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129141220/https://zeenews.india.com/people/guru-randhawa-and-sanjana-sanghi-s-new-song-mehendi-wale-haath-out-now-watch-2336063.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Aur Pyaar Karna Hai"
|
|Neha Kakkar
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Cyril|first=Grace|date=26 February 2021|title=Guru Randhawa reveals Aur Pyaar Karna Hai with Neha Kakkar will be out soon|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/guru-randhawa-reveals-aur-pyaar-karna-hai-with-neha-kakkar-will-be-out-soon-1773296-2021-02-26|magazine=India Today|access-date=2 March 2020|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226073742/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/guru-randhawa-reveals-aur-pyaar-karna-hai-with-neha-kakkar-will-be-out-soon-1773296-2021-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Doob Gaye"
|[[B Praak]]
|[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
|
|
|Featuring [[Urvashi Rautela]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Guru Randhawa, Urvashi Rautela Crank Up Chemistry in Doob Gaye Music Video|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/guru-randhawa-urvashi-rautela-crank-up-chemistry-in-doob-gaye-music-video-3692339.html|date=30 April 2021|work=News18|access-date=30 April 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430152739/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/guru-randhawa-urvashi-rautela-crank-up-chemistry-in-doob-gaye-music-video-3692339.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Nain Bengali"
|Guru Randhawa
|Guru Randhawa
|
|Hindi/Punjabi/Bengali
|
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nain Bengali: Guru Randhawa shares the poster of his new Punjabi song|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/nain-bengali-guru-randhawa-shares-the-poster-of-his-new-punjabi-song/articleshow/84263772.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 July 2021|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709093210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/nain-bengali-guru-randhawa-shares-the-poster-of-his-new-punjabi-song/articleshow/84263772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Aise Na Chhoro"
| Manan Bhardwaj
| [[Rashmi Virag]]
|
| Hindi
|
|Featuring [[Mrunal Thakur]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Milana|date=20 October 2021|title=Composer Manan Bhardwaj on collaborating with Guru Randhawa: He is a rockstar!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/composer-manan-bhardwaj-on-collaborating-with-guru-randhawa-he-is-a-rockstar/articleshow/87141354.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020060120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/composer-manan-bhardwaj-on-collaborating-with-guru-randhawa-he-is-a-rockstar/articleshow/87141354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Dance Meri Rani"
| [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| [[Rashmi Virag]]
|
| Hindi
|Zarah S Khan
|Featuring [[Nora Fatehi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Meri Rani Song Out: Nora Fatehi's Sensual Grooves And Guru Randhawa's Vocals Are A Perfect Blend For The Upbeat Track|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/dance-meri-rani-song-out-nora-fatehis-sensual-grooves-and-guru-randhawas-vocals-are-a-perfect-blend-for-this-peppy-track|access-date=21 December 2021|website=ZEE5|date=21 December 2021|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502222705/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/dance-meri-rani-song-out-nora-fatehis-sensual-grooves-and-guru-randhawas-vocals-are-a-perfect-blend-for-this-peppy-track|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|"Main Chala"
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]] & Aditya Dev
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
| Hindi
|Lulia Vantur
|Featuring [[Salman Khan]]
|
|-
|"Punjabiyan Di Dhee"
|Preet Hundal
|Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|[[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]]
|Featuring Neeru Bajwa

|
|-
|"Tera Saath Ho"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|Hindi
|Zahrah S Khan
|Featuring [[Karan Wahi]] and Zahrah S Khan
|
|-
|"Designer"
|Guru Randhawa & Yo Yo Honey Singh
|Guru Randhawa & Yo Yo Honey Singh
|
|Punjabi
|[[Yo Yo Honey Singh|Yo yo honey singh]]
|Featuring [[Divya Khosla Kumar|Divya]] Khosla Kumar

|
|-
|"Signs"
|Guru Randhawa & Sanjoy
|Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|
|From album ''Man of the Moon''
|
|-
|"Fake Love"
|Sanjoy
|Royal Maan, Amar Sandhu
|
|Punjabi
|Amar Sandhu
|From album ''Man of the Moon''
|
|-
|"Fayaah Fayaah"
|Vee
|Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|Vee
|Featuring [[Nargis Fakhri]]
From the album ''Man of the Moon''
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|"Moon Rise"
|Guru Randhawa
|Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|
|Featuring [[Shehnaaz Gill]]
From album Man of the Moon
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|"QATAL"
|Sanjoy
|Rony Ajnali, Gill Machhrai Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|
|Romantic Punjabi-pop song.
Featuring Leads - Soundous Mufakir And Revati Mahurkar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=Guru Randhawa - QATAL Song Lyrics - Glamsham |url=https://glamsham.com/music/lyrics/guru-randhawa-qatal-song-lyrics/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=glamsham.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=19 May 2025 |title=Rajeev Masand of DCA explains why Ranbir Kapoor’s entourage-free lifestyle is a ‘masterstroke’: “He eats alone abroad to stay real; stands in immigration queues all by himself without his team” : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rajeev-masand-dca-explains-ranbir-kapoors-entourage-free-lifestyle-masterstroke-eats-alone-abroad-stay-real-stands-immigration-queues-without-team/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"SIRRA"
|Jaymeet
|Rony Anjali, Gill Machhrai, Guru Randhawa
|
|Punjabi
|Kiran Bajwa
|
|
|-
|"AZUL"
|Lavish Dhiman
|Guru Randhawa, Gurjit Gill
|
|Punjabi
|
|
|
|}

=== Film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Co-singer(s)
! Composer(s)
! Writer(s)
! Note
| '''Ref'''
|-
| rowspan=3|2017
|"Suit Suit"
| ''[[Hindi Medium]]''
| [[Arjun (singer)|Arjun]]
| Guru Randhawa, [[Arjun (singer)|Arjun]], [[Rajat Nagpal]]
|Arjun, Guru Randhawa
| rowspan="8" |Hindi film
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/great-high-to-collaborate-with-irrfan-khan-again-guru-randhawa-1679347.html | title=Great High to Collaborate with Irrfan Khan Again: Guru Randhawa | date=5 March 2018 | agency=IANS | work=News18 | access-date=11 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202517/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/great-high-to-collaborate-with-irrfan-khan-again-guru-randhawa-1679347.html | archive-date=5 March 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Lagadi Hai Thaay"
| ''[[Simran (film)|''Simran'']]''
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
| [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| Vayu
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.filmfare.com/videos/lagdi-hai-thaai-from-simran-kangana-ranaut-will-set-your-mood-right-with-this-fun-wedding-dance-num-23021.html|title=Lagdi Hai Thaai from Simran: Kangana Ranaut will set your mood right with this fun wedding dance number|magazine=[[Filmfare Awards]]|date=12 August 2017|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306022918/https://www.filmfare.com/videos/lagdi-hai-thaai-from-simran-kangana-ranaut-will-set-your-mood-right-with-this-fun-wedding-dance-num-23021.html|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Ban Ja Rani"
| ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
|Solo
| rowspan="3"| Guru Randhawa, [[Rajat Nagpal]]
|rowspan="7"|Guru Randhawa
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171013-guru-randhawa-recreates-ban-ja-tu-meri-rani|title=Guru Randhawa recreates 'Ban Ja Tu Meri Rani' for 'Tumhari Sulu'|author=RnMTeam|website=radioandmusic.com|date=13 October 2017|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415065337/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171013-guru-randhawa-recreates-ban-ja-tu-meri-rani|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7|2018
|"Kaun Nachdi"
| ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
| rowspan=2| [[Neeti Mohan]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/guru-randhawas-new-bollywood-song-kaun-nachdi-released-official-video-sonu-ki-titu-ki-sweety|title=Guru Randhawa's New Bollywood Song Kaun Nachdi Released|first=Gurjit|last=Kaur|work=chandigarhmetro.com|date=1 March 2018|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525194846/https://chandigarhmetro.com/guru-randhawas-new-bollywood-song-kaun-nachdi-released-official-video-sonu-ki-titu-ki-sweety/|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Nachle Na"
| ''[[Dil Juunglee]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-guru-randhawa-now-i-can-not-make-a-bad-song-2582468 |title=Guru Randhawa: Now, I can not make a bad song |first=Dhaval |last=Roy |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111733/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-guru-randhawa-now-i-can-not-make-a-bad-song-2582468 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Patola"
| ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|rowspan="3"|Guru Randhawa
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Patola singer Guru Randhawa: I went to meet Irrfan sir the moment I heard about his illness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/patola-singer-guru-randhawa-i-went-to-meet-irrfan-sir-the-moment-i-heard-about-his-illness/story-mqyBQ4nBddTIs1DSvbibIK.html |access-date=8 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306073847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/patola-singer-guru-randhawa-i-went-to-meet-irrfan-sir-the-moment-i-heard-about-his-illness/story-mqyBQ4nBddTIs1DSvbibIK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"High Rated Gabru"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Nawabzaade]]''
|rowspan=2|
|-
| "High Rated Gabru (Female Version)"
|[[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
|-
|"Aaja Ni Aaja"
| ''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]''
| Solo
|Guru Randhawa, Kuwar Virk
| Punjabi film
|
|-
|"Morni Banke"
| ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
|[[Neha Kakkar]]
| [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| Mellow D
| rowspan="5"|Hindi film
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2019
| "Daaru Wargi"
|''[[Why Cheat India]]''
|rowspan=2|Solo
|Guru Randhawa
|rowspan="5"|Guru Randhawa
|
|-
| "Main Deewana Tera"
| rowspan=3 |''[[Arjun Patiala]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Sachin–Jigar]], Guru Randhawa
|
|-
||"Dil Todeya"
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|
|-
|"Crazy Habibi Vs Decent Munda"
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|Sachin-Jigar
|
|-
|"Enni Soni"
|rowspan=4|''[[Saaho]]''
|Guru Randhawa, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|rowspan=4|Guru Randhawa
|Multilingual film
|
|-
|"Ekaantha Tharami"
|rowspan=2|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Haricharan]]
|[[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
|Malayalam Dubbed version
|
|-
|"Mazhaiyum Theeyam"
|[[Madhan Karky]]
|Tamil version
|
|-
|"Ye Chota Nuvvunna"
|[[Haricharan]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|Krishna Kanth
|Telugu version; Multilingual
|
|-
|"Outfit"
|''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
|rowspan="3"| Solo
| Preet Hundal
| rowspan="3" |Guru Randhawa
| Hindi film
|
|-
|"Ik Gera"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Tara Mira]]''
|Guru Randhawa
|Promotional song for Punjabi film
|
|-
|"Main Tera Tara Tu Meri Mira"
|Vee
|Punjabi film
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|"Lagdi Lahore Di"
|rowspan="3"| ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
|rowspan="3"| [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|rowspan="3"| Guru Randhawa and [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|
|Hindi film
|
|-
|"Lahore-in Mangal"
|Veeramani Kannan
|Tamil dubbed version of the Hindi film
|
|-
|"Ladki Lahore-u Nundi"
|Ramajoggaya Shastry
|Telugu dubbed version of the Hindi film
|
|-
||"Teri Choriyaan "
|''[[Chhalaang]]''
|[[Payal Dev]]
|rowspan=2|Guru Randhawa-Vee
|Guru Randhawa, [[Luv Ranjan]]
|rowspan="16"|Hindi film
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Teri Choriyaan Song : राजकुमार राव की 'छलांग' का दूसरा गाना 'तेरी चोरियां' रिलीज, यूट्यूब पर मचाया तहलका |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-rajkummar-rao-and-nushrratt-bharuccha-starrer-movie-chhalaang-new-romance-song-teri-choriyan-released-20969344.html |access-date=29 October 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=28 October 2020 |language=hi |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031005529/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-rajkummar-rao-and-nushrratt-bharuccha-starrer-movie-chhalaang-new-romance-song-teri-choriyan-released-20969344.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2021
|"Munde Mar Gaye"
|''[[Time To Dance]]''
|Solo
|Guru Randhawa
|
|-
|Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui 2.0
|''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|Zahrah S Khan, Jassi Sidhu
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|Vayu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|"Nain Ta Heere"
|rowspan=2|''[[Jug Jugg Jeeyo]]''
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|rowspan=2|Vishal Shelke
|rowspan=2|Mohd. Khavar, [[Kumaar]]
|
|-
|"Nain Ta Heere (Lisa Version)"
|[[Lisa Mishra]]
|
|-
|2023
|"Suit Patiwala"
|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
|[[Neha Kakkar]], Manan Bhardwaj
|colspan=2|[[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|
|-
|rowspan=7|2024
|"Jeena Sikhaya"
|rowspan=4|''[[Kuch Khattaa Ho Jaay]]''
|Parampara Tandon
|[[Sachet-Parampara]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Jeena Sikhaya (Song) {{!}} Kuch Khattaa Ho Jaay: Guru Randhawa, Saiee Manjrekar {{!}} Sachet-Parampara |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/jeena-sikhaya-song-kuch-khattaa-ho-jaay-guru-randhawa-saiee-manjrekar-sachet-parampara/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209040309/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/jeena-sikhaya-song-kuch-khattaa-ho-jaay-guru-randhawa-saiee-manjrekar-sachet-parampara/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Bottley Kholo"
|Star Boy LOC
|[[Meet Bros]]
|Star Boy LOC
|
|-
|"Ishaare Tere"
|Zahrah S Khan
|rowspan=4|Guru Randhawa
|Guru Randhawa, Zahrah S Khan
|
|-
|"Raja Rani"
|rowspan=2|Solo
|rowspan=3|Guru Randhawa
|
|-
|"Husn Irani"
|''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''
|
|-
|"Hauli Hauli"
|rowspan=2|''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
|[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Neha Kakkar]]
|
|-
|"Baari Barsi"
|colspan=3|Raj Ranjodh
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
|"The Po Po Song"
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]''
|rowspan=2|Solo
|Tanishk Bagchi
|Armaan Sharma, [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|-
|"Perfect"
|''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''
|colspan=2|Guru Randhawa, Rony Ajnali, Gill Machhrai
|
|}

=== Recreated songs ===
*Guru Randhawa's Bollywood debut "Suit Suit" in the 2017 film ''[[Hindi Medium]]'', was a remake of his and [[Arjun (singer)|Arjun]]'s track.
*His song "Tu Meri Rani" was recreated by him and [[Rajat Nagpal]] for the 2017 film ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' as "Ban Ja Rani".
*His song with [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]], "Patola", was recreated by him as a wedding song in the 2018 film [[Blackmail (2018 film)|''Blackmail'']].
*His most viewed song "High Rated Gabru" was recreated by him in the 2018 film ''[[Nawabzaade]]''.
*His single "Outfit" was recreated by him and music producer Aditya Dev in the 2019 film ''[[Ujda Chaman]]''.
*His popular track "[[Lahore (song)|Lahore]]" was recreated by him, in collaboration with the composer duo [[Sachin–Jigar]] in the 2020 film ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''.
* [[Punjabi MC]]'s song "Morni Banke" was recreated by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] featuring vocals from Guru and [[Neha Kakkar]] in the 2018 film [[Badhaai Ho]]''[[Badhaai Ho]]''.
*[[Jassi Sidhu]]'s song "Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui", from his 2004 album ''Aashiqui'', was recreated by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], featuring vocals from Guru Randhawa and Zahrah S. Khan for the 2021 film ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''.

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Hindi Medium]]''
|rowspan=5|Himself
|Special appearance in his Bollywood debut song "Suit Suit"
|-
|2018
|''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''
|Special appearance in his song "Patola"
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019
|''[[Why Cheat India]]''
|Special appearance in his song "Daaru Wargi"
|-
|''[[Ujda Chaman]]''
|Special appearance in his song "Outfit"
|-
|2021
|''[[Time To Dance]]''
|Special appearance in his song "Munde Mar Gaye"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Kuch Khattaa Ho Jaay]]''
|Heer
|Debut film
|-
|''[[Shahkot (film)|Shahkot]]''
|
| Punjabi film
|-
|2025
|''Shaunki Sardar''
| Karan
| Punjabi film<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |last=Kar |first=Shramana |title=Shaunki Sardar out on OTT: Where to stream Guru Randhawa-Nimrrit Kaur Ahluwalia's Punjabi action drama online? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shaunki-sardar-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-guru-randhawa-nimrrit-kaur-ahluwalias-punjabi-action-drama-online/6a741cc048891 |website=[[OTTplay]] |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Shudh Vaishnu Daaka}}
|
|Filming<ref>{{cite news |title=ਬਿੰਨੂ ਢਿੱਲੋਂ, ਗੁਰੂ ਰੰਧਾਵਾ ਅਤੇ ਅੰਬਰਦੀਪ ਮਿਲਕੇ ਮਾਰਨਗੇ ਹੁਣ 'ਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਵੈਸ਼ਨੂੰ ਡਾਕਾ', ਹੋਰ ਡਿਟੇਲ ਲਈ ਕਰੋ ਕਲਿੱਕ |trans-title=Binnu Dhillon, Guru Randhawa and Amberdeep will now come together to pull off the 'Shudh Vaishnu Daaka', click for more details. |language=pa |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/pa/!entertainment/binnu-dhillon-guru-randhawa-and-amberdeep-singh-announce-new-punjabi-film-shudh-vaishnu-daaka-punjab-news-pbs24101903785 |work=[[ETV Bharat News]] |date=19 October 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Guru Randhawa}}
* {{Official website|http://gururandhawa.com}}
* {{IMDb name|9202342}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhawa, Guru}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]

Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia

2026-03-23T12:58:25Z

FranceGqd9358746: small changes

{{short description|Parish in Aldie, Virginia}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2021}}
'''Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia''' is the first parish in the state of [[Virginia]] in the United States, under [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church Diocese of North America & Europe|Diocese of North America and Europe]] of [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar]] in India. Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, VA currently conducts its Holy Communion Service at [[Aldie, Virginia]]. The Parish is currently led by Vicar Rev. Shiju Robert.

==Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church==
[[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] (Malankara Mar Thoma Suriyani Sabha as it is called in native [[Malayalam]]) is one of the oldest groups of praticising Christians in the world. In the traditional accounts of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of India, it is believed that [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] (also called Didimus or Thomas, the doubter) came to [[Muziris]] on the south west coast of India in AD 52 and laid the foundations of Christianity in this part of the world.

==Mar Thoma Church in the United States==
The history of the Mar Thoma Church in the North American and European continents represents the dreams and aspirations of the faithful members of the Church. Commencing as a small [[prayer group]] in [[Queens, New York]], in 1972, the first approved parish was recognized in New York in 1976. From this humble beginning, the Mar Thoma Church began to immeasurably grow within the last 30 years. In terms of functionality, the churches in this part of the world were grouped as a Zone of the Mar Thoma Church in 1982.

==Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia, formation==
Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia, was approved as a new [[parish]] of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar, effective April 15, 2010, by the Synod of the Mar Thoma church which met on February 22, 2010. Rev M.M John was appointed by the [[Joseph Mar Thoma|Most Rev. Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan]] as the first vicar of the parish which is under the [[Diocese of North America & Europe]].

Since the early 1990s a dedicated group of Mar Thoma families have lived and worshiped in the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]]. These families longed for a place of worship closer to home and a place of Christian learning offered by [[Sunday school]] for their children. The [[information technology]] boom of the late 1990s brought a new wave of Mar Thoma families to [[Northern Virginia]] which was rapidly emerging as the [[Silicon Valley]] of the East. These families brought with them a desire for [[worship]] and fellowship with like-minded believers. The foundations for a future parish was laid over the years by these families as they participated actively in church organizations at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120103055304/http://www.marthomawashington.org/ Mar Thoma Church of Greater Washington] which as the parent church offered prayerful support to the infant parish.

==Parish inauguration==
On December 26, 2010, Diocesan Bishop Rt. Rev. Dr. Geevarghese Mar Theodosius Episcopa formally inaugurated Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia.

==Vicar==
Rev. Shiju Robert is the vicar of Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia, since May 1, 2024.

==Former vicars==

* Rev M. M. John served as vicar from April 2010 to Dec 2010.
* Rev. Dr. Philip Varghese served as vicar from January 2011 to April 2011.
* Rev. Roy Geevarghese served as vicar from May 2011 to April 2012.
* Rev. Jaisen Thomas served as vicar from May 2012 to April 2016.
* Rev. Alex Kolath served as vicar from May 2017 to September 2020.
* Rev. Prince Varughese served as interim vicar from September 2020 to April 2021.
* Rev. Renny Varghese served as vicar from May 2021 to April 2024.

==Church organizations==
The parish organizations or ministries are:
* Edavaka Mission (Parish Mission)
* Sunday School
* Choir
* Youth Fellowship
* Yuvajanasakhyam
* Sevika Sanghom (Women's Ministry)
* Young Family Fellowship
* Senior Citizens Fellowship

==Church parsonage==
The church purchased a new property as [[parsonage]] on May 4, 2012, at Chantilly, Virginia. The vicar and his family stay at the parsonage.

==Fundraising project in 2014==
The church conducted a raffle fundraiser in 2014.

==Church land in Aldie for constructing a church building==
The church purchased a land in Aldie, Virginia, on February 15, 2017, to construct a church building.

==New Church Building==
In August 2022, Immanuel Mar Thoma Church in Virginia embarked on a significant journey—the construction of its cherished Church building. The cornerstone was solemnly laid by the esteemed Diocesan Episcopal Rt. Rev. Dr. Isaac Mar Philoxenos Episcopa, in the esteemed presence of Vicar Rev. Renny Varghese and the devoted congregation.

March 30, 2024, marked a momentous occasion as the new Church building was officially dedicated by the revered Diocesan Bishop Rt. Rev. Dr. Abraham Mar Paulose. This milestone stands as a testament to the unwavering faith and dedication of the community. During this occasion, the Church released a souvenir magazine.

In heartfelt gratitude, the congregation fondly recalls the tireless efforts of Vicar Rev. Renny Varghese and the prayerful guidance of former vicars throughout the process. They also extend their sincerest appreciation to all the generous members and well-wishers who contributed their time and resources to make this dream a reality.

==References==
# [[Diocese of North America & Europe]]
# [[Thomas the Apostle]]
# [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
# [[List of Marthoma Syrian Churches in United States of America]]

==External links==
* [https://www.immanuelmarthoma.org Immanuel Mar Thoma Church, Virginia's Official website]
* [https://www.marthomanae.org Diocese of North America and Europe]
* [https://www.marthoma.in Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]
* [https://nasrani.net/2007/01/16/ancient-stone-crosses-of-kerala-saint-thomas-cross-nazraney-sthambams-persian-crosses/ St Thomas Cross, Nazraney Sthambams & other Persian Crosses]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071118111344/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817710,00.html Time Magazine - St. Thomas in India]
* [http://nae.marthoma.org/portal/publish/Diocesan_Events/Immanuel_Mar_Thoma_Church_Virginia_Inauguration.shtml IMTC, VA. Inauguration]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://sharepoint.communitylutheran.org/Newsletters/20110123%20newsletter%20Cross%20and%20Dove%20final%20edition%20February%202011.pdf Ecumenical Outreach of IMTC, VA ]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://kagw.com/newsletter/2011jan.htm Youth in Service - IMTC, VA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514214536/http://kagw.com/newsletter/2011jan.htm |date=2012-05-14 }}

{{coord|38.9171|-77.5562|display=t}}

[[Category:Churches in Virginia]]
[[Category:Mar Thoma Syrian churches]]
[[Category:Asian-American culture in Virginia]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodoxy in the United States]]

Burjorji Padshah

2026-03-22T14:19:45Z

FranceGqd9358746: creating some entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian educationist (1864–1941)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Burjorji Jamaspji Padshah
| image = Burjorji J. Padshah.jpg
| caption = Burjorji J. Padshah
| birth_date = 7 May 1864
| birth_place = Bombay, British India
| death_date = 20 June 1941
| occupation = Educationist, scholar
| known_for = Contributions to Tata Industrial Group, Indian Institute of Science, industrial and scientific education in India
| notable_works = An Institute of Scientific Research for India (1898)
}}

'''Burjorji Jamaspji Padshah''' (7 May 1864 - 20 June 1941) was a [[Parsis|Parsi]] educationist and scholar who was involved in the establishment of several institutions while working with [[Jamsetji Tata]] and later his sons [[Dorabji Tata|Dorab]] and [[Ratan Tata]]. These included the [[Tata Steel|Tata Iron and Steel plant]], the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[New India Assurance]] and [[Tata Oil Mills Company|Tata Oil Mills]]. He was also for sometime a [[Theosophy|Theosophist]].

== Life and work ==
[[File:Sugar_Committee.jpg|thumb|left|Padshah in the Sugar Committee of 1920]]
Padshah was born in Bombay, the fourth son of Jamaspji Padshah (d. 1880) from [[Navsari]], a close friend of Jamsetji Tata who ran several business including a horse stable at Byculla. Tata's daughter Dhunbai was even expected to marry Padshah but she died in 1871. After the death of his father in 1880, Padshah took over charge of the family business. He graduated from [[Elphinstone College]] in 1884 with a Cobden Medal in Political Economy. Not aspiring to follow a career in the civil services as sought by his mother, he took an interest in theosophy, joining the movement in 1883. He travelled to Europe with [[Mohini Mohun Chatterji]] and Krishnamachari (Babaji) for study with [[Helena Blavatsky|Madame Blavatsky]] but gave up theosophy after the publication of the [[Hodgson Report]]. He then studied mathematics at Cambridge and economics under [[Henry Sidgwick]]. Padshah returned to India and became a vice-principal at the [[D. J. Sindh Government Science College|Sindh Arts College]]. A promotion was however denied as an Englishman was favoured. He was then offered a manager position at the Swadeshi Mill founded by Jamsetji Tata. He declined the offer and revealed to Tata the sympathies he had for the mill workers and their strikes. Tata then began to have regular discussions with him on various matters of education. Tata sponsored and sent him on a world tour in 1896 to examine research institutions so as to establish an ''Indian University of Research''. This also involved industrial aims like the manufacture of steel. This resulted in a pamphlet ''An Institute of Scientific Research for India'' (1898). Padshah corresponded widely with contemporary thinkers and leaders.<ref>{{cite journal| author= Sebaly, K. P. |year=1985| title= The Tatas and university reform in India, 1898‐1914| journal=History of Education| volume= 14| issue=2| pages= 117–136|doi=10.1080/0046760850140203 }}</ref>

Padshah was involved in the establishment of Tata's iron and steel plant which required specially trained people. Tata initially had scholarships for Indian students to train abroad but this was followed by the establishment of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. He however clashed in his visions with the ideas of the first director [[Morris Travers]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Indian Institute of Science: Marking a Centenary|author=Balaram, P| pages=416–429| journal= Resonance| volume=14| issue =5 |year=2009|doi=10.1007/s12045-009-0044-2|s2cid=123524322| url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/014/05/0416-0429 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was also involved in establishing Tata's vision for industrial training and believed that the main industries to focus on where metallurgy, chemical, electrical power, mining, civil engineering, medicine and pharmacy, paper and brick making. He worked on the establishment of a technical institute with imperial approval at Sakchi which was renamed as Jamshedpur in February 1919 by [[Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sebaly, K. P. |year=1988| title= Tata Steel and higher technical education in India: The Padshah Plan, 1916–21.| journal= History of Education|volume= 17| issue=4|pages= 309–320|doi=10.1080/0046760880170405 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. A chronicle of his life| author=Harris, F.R. | publisher= Oxford University Press| year=1925| place= London|pages=61 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.12498 }}</ref> He also assisted [[Waldemar Haffkine|Haffkine]] in his work on vaccines in Bombay.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Fifth Commandment. Biography of Shapurji Saklatvala| author=Saklatvala, Sehri| year=1991| page=18| url=https://archive.org/details/fifthcommandment00sehr/page/18/mode/1up }}</ref>

Padshah left the Tata group in 1931 and travelled around the world. He was a friend of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and was a vegetarian who refused to wear leather and was involved in animal rights activism.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.tatacentralarchives.com/documents/VOL-04-ISSUE-2-2005.pdf Biography at Tata Central Archives]
* [https://theosophy.wiki/en/Burjorji_J._Padshah Biography on Theosophy Wiki]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padshah, Burjorji}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]

Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley

2026-03-17T02:13:01Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{Short description|Ancient Persian conquest in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{POV|date=November 2018|talk=Hindush dispute}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
| partof =
| image = India 500 BCE.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Map of [[History of India|ancient India]], {{circa|500 BCE}}, with the Persian frontier delineated along the [[Indus River]] and the [[Jhelum River]]{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}}<ref name="Philip's Atlas of World History">[http://users.rowan.edu/~mcinneshin/101/wk05/images/NEWachaemexp.jpg Philip's Atlas of World History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082134/http://users.rowan.edu/~mcinneshin/101/wk05/images/NEWachaemexp.jpg |date=2018-10-17}} (1999)</ref><ref name="Atlas of World History">{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Patrick Karl |title=Atlas of World History |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195219210 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=15|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=052}}</ref>
| date = {{circa|535/518 BCE – 323 BCE}}{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}}
| result = Persian victory
| place = [[Indus River#Geography|Indus Valley]]
| casus =
| combatant1 = [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gandhara]] [[Sindhu-Sauvīra]] [[Kambojas]]
| territory = Annexation of the Indus Valley by the Persians
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| commander1 = [[Cyrus the Great]] [[Darius the Great]]
| commander2 = [[Pushkarasarin]]
}}

[[File:Chaman Hazouri coin type.jpg|thumb|Achaemenid coin, an imitation of an [[Athenian]] coin type, of the sort found in the [[Kabul hoard]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
Around 535 BCE, the Persian king [[Cyrus the Great]] initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]] into his nascent [[Achaemenid Empire]].{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}} In this initial incursion, the Persian army annexed a large region to the west of the [[Indus River]], consolidating the early eastern borders of their new realm. With a brief pause after Cyrus' death around 530 BCE, the campaign continued under [[Darius the Great]], who began to re-conquer former provinces and further expand the Achaemenid Empire's political boundaries. Around 518 BCE, the Persian army pushed further into India to initiate a second period of conquest by annexing regions up to the [[Jhelum River]] in what is today known as [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=André-Salvini |first=Béatrice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC |title=Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24731-4 |language=en}}</ref> At peak, the Persians managed to take control of most of modern-day [[Pakistan]] and incorporate it into their territory.

The first secure epigraphic evidence through the [[Behistun Inscription]] gives a date before or around 518 BCE. Persian penetration into the Indian subcontinent occurred in multiple stages, beginning from the northern parts of the Indus River and moving southward.<ref>(Fussman, 1993, p. 84).{{full citation needed|date=October 2018}} "This is inferred from the fact that Gandhara (OPers. Gandāra) is already mentioned at [[Behistun Inscription|Bisotun]], while the toponym Hinduš ([[History of Sindh|Sindhu]]) is added only in later inscriptions."</ref> As mentioned in several Achaemenid-era inscriptions, the Indus Valley was formally incorporated into the Persian realm through provincial divisions: [[Gandāra]], [[Hindush]], and [[Sattagydia]].

Persian rule over the Indus Valley decreased over successive rulers and formally ended with the [[Alexander the Great#Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire|Greek conquest of Persia]], led by [[Alexander the Great]]. This brief period gave rise to independent Indian kings, such as [[Abisares]], [[Porus]], and [[Taxiles|Ambhi]], as well as numerous {{Transliteration|sa|[[gaṇasaṅgha]]s}}, which would later confront the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] as it massed into the region for [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's Indian campaign]].{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}} The Achaemenid Empire set a precedence of governance through the use of [[satrap]]ies,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briant |first=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDULEAAAQBAJ |title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire |date=2002-07-21 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-1-57506-574-8 |language=en}}</ref> which was further implemented by Alexander's [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian Empire]], the [[Indo-Scythians]], and the [[Kushan Empire]].

==Background and invasion==
[[File:Bhir_Mound,_excavation_(2).jpg|thumb|Ruins at [[Bhir Mound]] representing the city of [[Taxila]] during the Achaemenid period]]
For millennia, the northwestern part of India had maintained some level of [[Indus-Mesopotamia relations|trade relations with the Near East]]. Finally, the [[Achaemenid Empire]] underwent a considerable expansion, both east and west, during the reign of [[Cyrus the Great]] (c.600–530 BC), leading the dynasty to take a direct interest into the region of northwestern India.{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}}

===Cyrus the Great===
The conquest is often thought to have started circa 535 BCE, during the time of [[Cyrus the Great]] (600-530 BCE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Gordon |title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |date=2017 |publisher=Oldcastle Books |isbn=9781843449232 |page=PT16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07HGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=A History of India |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9780141949765 |page=422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y02AiEu1kcC&pg=PT422 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}} Cyrus probably went as far as the banks of the [[Indus river]] and organized the conquered territories under the Satrapy of ''Gandara'' ([[Old Persian]] cuneiform: [[:Wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼|𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼]], ''Gadāra'', also transliterated as ''Gandāra'' since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as ''Gandara'')<ref name="Old Persian">Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised letter.[https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n177/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.164][https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n23/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.13]. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants [https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n27/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.17][https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n35/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.25]</ref> according to the [[Behistun Inscription]].<ref name="PC2004"/> The Province was also referred to as ''[[Paruparaesanna]]'' (Greek: Parapamisadae) in the [[Babylonian language|Babylonian]] and [[Elamite language|Elamite]] versions of the Behistun inscription.<ref name="PC2004">Perfrancesco Callieri, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-ii-historical-geography INDIA ii. Historical Geography], Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.</ref> The geographical extent of this province was wider than the Indian [[Gandhara]].<ref>{{harvnb|Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan|1975|p=177}}: "One should, therefore, be careful to distinguish the limited geographical unit of Gandhāra from the political one bearing the same name."</ref> Various accounts, such as those of [[Xenophon]] or [[Ctesias]], who wrote ''[[Indica (Ctesias)|Indica]]'', also suggest that Cyrus conquered parts of India.<ref name="Tauqeer Ahmad">Tauqeer Ahmad, University of the Punjab, Lahore, South Asian Studies, A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, January–June 2012, pp. 221-232 [http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/14.%20Touqeer%20Warraich_January-June%202012.pdf p.222]</ref>{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}} Another Indian Province was conquered named [[Sattagydia]] ([[:Wikt:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁|𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁]], ''Thataguš'') in the Behistun inscription. It was probably contiguous to Gandhara, but its actual location is uncertain. Fleming locates it between [[Arachosia]] and the middle [[Indus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=FLEMING |first1=DAVID |title=Where was Achaemenid India? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=7 |pages=67–72 |date=1993 |jstor=24048427 }}</ref> Fleming also mentions [[Maka (satrapy)|Maka]], in the area of [[Gedrosia (satrapy)|Gedrosia]], as one of the Indian satrapies.<ref name="Where was Achaemenid India">{{cite journal |last1=FLEMING |first1=DAVID |title=Where was Achaemenid India? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=7 |date=1993 |page=70 |jstor=24048427 }}</ref>

===Darius I===
A successor of Cyrus the Great, [[Darius I]] was back in 518 BCE. The date of 518 BCE is given by the [[Behistun inscription]], and is also often the one given for the secure occupation of [[Gandhara]] in Punjab.<ref>Marshall, John (1975) [1951]. Taxila: Volume I. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 83.</ref> Darius I later conquered an additional province that he calls ''"Hidūš"'' in [[DNa inscription|his inscriptions]] ([[Old Persian cuneiform]]: [[:Wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁|𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁]], ''H-i-du-u-š'', also transliterated as ''Hindūš'' since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as ''Hindush''), corresponding to the [[Indus Valley]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waters |first1=Matt |title=Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107009608 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Old Persian"/><ref name="DNa - Livius">{{cite book |title=DNa - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/ |language=en}}</ref> The Hamadan Gold and Silver Tablet inscription<ref>[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dh/ Hamadan Gold and Silver Tablet inscription]</ref> of Darius I also refers to his conquests in India.{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}}

[[File:Tomb of Darius I Image of Darius I.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Darius I on [[Tomb of Darius I|his tomb]]]]
The exact area of the Province of ''Hindush'' is uncertain. Some scholars have described it as the middle and lower [[Indus Valley]] and the approximate region of modern [[Sindh]],<ref>{{harvnb|Dandamaev, A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire|1989|p=147}}; {{harvnb|Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks|2010|pp=96–97}}; {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122411980 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA117 |language=en}}</ref> but there is no known evidence of Achaemenid presence in this region, and deposits of gold, which [[Herodotus]] says was produced in vast quantities by this Province, are also unknown in the Indus delta region.<ref name="CAH">"The region was soon to appear as Hindūš in the Old Persian inscriptions... Transparent though the name appears at first sight, its location is not without problems. Foucher, Kent and many subsequent writers have identified Hindūš with its etymological equivalent, Sind, thereby placing it on the lower Indus towards the delta. However, (...) no material evidence of Achaemenid activity in this region is so far available. (...) There seems no evidence at present of gold production in the Indus delta, so this detail seems to weight against the location of the Hindūš province in Sind. (...) The alternative location to Sind for an Achaemenid province of Hindūš is naturally at Taxila and in the West Punjab, where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed, though no clear evidence of its name." in {{cite book |title=Cambridge Ancient History |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521228046 |pages=203–204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA203 |language=en}}</ref> Alternatively, ''Hindush'' may have been the region of [[Taxila]] and Western [[Punjab]], where there are indications that a Persian satrapy may have existed.<ref name="CAH"/> There are few remains of Achaemenid presence in the east, but, according to Fleming, the archaeological site of [[Bhir Mound]] in [[Taxila]] remains the "most plausible candidate for the capital of Achaemenid India", based on the fact that numerous pottery styles similar to those of the Achaemenids in the East have been found there, and that "there are no other sites in the region with Bhir Mound's potential".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=FLEMING |first1=DAVID |title=Where was Achaemenid India? |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=7 |date=1993 |page=69 |jstor=24048427 }}</ref>

According to Herodotus, Darius I sent the Greek explorer [[Scylax of Caryanda]] to sail down the [[Indus River]], heading a team of spies, in order to explore the course of the Indus River. After a periplus of 30 months, Scylax is said to have returned to Egypt near the Red Sea, and the seas between the Near East and India were made use of by Darius.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Grant |title=The Making of Roman India |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521858342 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahMXbSFxGhUC&pg=PA15 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire|1948|pp=144–145}}

Also according to Herodotus, the territories of Gandhara, Sattagydia, Dadicae and Aparytae formed the 7th province of the Achaemenid Empire for tax-payment purposes, while ''Indus'' (called ''Ἰνδός'', "Indos" in Greek sources) formed the 20th tax region.

===Achaemenid army===
{{see also|Achaemenid army}}
[[File:Yavanas Sakas Parasikas on the Tomb of Xerxes I circa 480 BCE.jpg|thumb|Greek Ionian (''[[Yavanas]]''), [[Scythian]] (''[[Sakas]]'') and [[Persian Empire|Persian]] (''Parasikas'') soldiers of the Achaemenid army, as described on Achaemenid royal tombs from c. 500 to 338 BCE]]
Throughout its existence, the Achaemenid were constantly engaging in wars. Either through conquering new territories or by quelling rebellions throughout the empire. To fulfil this need, the Achaemenid Empire had to maintain a professional standing army which levied and employed personnel from all of its satraps and territories.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Samad|first=Rafi U.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA36|title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys|date=2011|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-859-2|language=en}}</ref>

The Achaemenid army was not uniquely Persian. Rather it was composed of many different ethnicities that were part of the vast and diverse Achaemenid Empire. Herodotus gives a full list of the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, in which are included [[Bactrians]], [[Sakas]] ([[Scythians]]), [[Parthia]]ns, [[Sogdians]],<ref name="Beckwith p.5">
{{cite book|last1=Beckwith|first1=Christopher I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400866328|page=5|language=en}}
</ref> [[Yona|Ionians]] (Greeks), [[Egyptians]], [[People of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]ns, etc.<ref>
Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html VII 65]</ref><ref name="Beckwith p.5" /> These ethnicities are likely to have been included in the Achaemenid army during the invasions of India.<ref name="Beckwith p.5" />

==Inscriptions and accounts==
{{multiple image
| title=Indian satrapies on the [[:Commons:Category:Statue of Darius I|Statue of Darius I]]
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Darius I statue India.jpg
| width1 = 80
| caption1 = '''<big><big>𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌</big></big>''' ''h-n-d-[[Aleph|wꜣ]]-y'' ''[[Hindush]]'' ("[[India (Herodotus)|India]]")<ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/>
| image2 = Darius I statue Sattagydia.jpg
| width2 = 61
| caption2 = '''<big><big>𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒</big></big>''' ''sꜣ-d-g-wꜣ-ḏꜣ'' [[Sattagydia]]
| image3 = Darius I statue Gandhara.jpg
| width3 = 63
| caption3 = '''<big><big>𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌</big></big>''' ''h-rw-ḫ-d-y'' [[Gandara (Achaemenid province)|Gandara]]
}}
These events were recorded in the imperial inscriptions of the Achaemenids (the Behistun inscription and the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription, as well as the accounts of [[Herodotus]] (483–431 BCE). The Greek Scylax of Caryanda, who had been appointed by Darius I to explore the Indian Ocean from the mouth of the Indus to Suez left an account, the ''Periplous'', of which fragments from secondary sources have survived. [[Hecataeus of Miletus]] (circa 500 BCE) also wrote about the "Indus Satrapies" of the Achaemenids.

===Behistun inscription===
The 'DB' Behistun inscription<ref>{{cite book |title=Behistun T 02 - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-t-02/ |language=en}}</ref> of [[Darius I]] (circa 510 BCE) mentions Gandara ([[:Wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼|𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼]], ''Gadāra'') and the adjacent territory of [[Sattagydia]] ([[:Wikt:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁|𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁]], ''Thataguš'') as part of the Achaemenid Empire:

{{blockquote|King [[Darius I of Persia|Darius]] says: These are the countries which are subject unto me, and by the grace of [[Ahuramazda]] I became king of them: [[Persis|Persia]] [Pârsa], [[Elam]] [Ûvja], [[Babylon]]ia [Bâbiruš], [[Assyria]] [Athurâ], [[Arabia]] [Arabâya], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] [Mudrâya], the countries by the Sea, [[Lydia]] [Sparda], [[Ionia|the Greeks]] [Yauna ([[Ionia]])], [[Medes|Media]] [Mâda], [[History of Armenia|Armenia]] [Armina], [[Cappadocia]] [Katpatuka], [[Parthia]] [Parthava], [[Drangiana]] [Zraka], [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]] [Haraiva], [[Chorasmia]] [Uvârazmîy], [[Bactria]] [Bâxtriš], [[Sogdia]] [Suguda], [[Gandara (Achaemenid province)|Gandara]] [Gadāra], [[Skudra|Scythia]] [Saka], [[Sattagydia]] [Thataguš], [[Arachosia]] [Harauvatiš] and [[Maka (satrapy)|Maka]] [Maka]; twenty-three lands in all.|[[Behistun Inscription]] of [[Darius I]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=L. W. (Leonard William) |last2=Thompson |first2=R. Campbell (Reginald Campbell) |title=The sculptures and inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia : a new collation of the Persian, Susian and Babylonian texts |date=1907 |publisher=London : Longmans |page=[https://archive.org/details/sculpturesinscri00brituoft/page/3 3] |url=https://archive.org/details/sculpturesinscri00brituoft}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sagar |first1=Krishna Chandra |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |date=1992 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172110284 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA21 |language=en}}</ref>}}

From the dating of the Behistun inscription, it is possible to infer that the Achaemenids first conquered the areas of Gandara and Sattagydia circa 518 BCE.

===Statue of Darius inscriptions===
Hinduš is also mentioned as one of 24 subject countries of the Achaemenid Empire, illustrated with the drawing of a kneeling subject and a [[hieroglyphic]] cartridge reading <big>'''[[:File:Darius I statue India.jpg|𓉔𓈖𓂧𓍯𓇌]]'''</big> (''h-n-d-[[Aleph|wꜣ]]-y''), on the Egyptian [[:Commons:Category:Statue of Darius I|Statue of Darius I]], now in the [[National Museum of Iran]]. Sattagydia also appears (<big>'''[[:File:Darius I statue Sattagydia.jpg|𓐠𓂧𓎼𓍯𓍒]]'''</big>, ''sꜣ-d-g-[[Aleph|wꜣ]]-ḏꜣ'', Sattagydia), and probably Gandara (<big>'''[[:File:Darius I statue Gandhara.jpg|𓉔𓃭𓐍𓂧𓇌]]'''</big>, ''h-rw-ḫ-d-y'', although this could be [[Arachosia]]), with their own illustrations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Susa, Statue of Darius - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/place/susa/susa-photos/susa-statue-of-darius/ |website=www.livius.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/>

===Apadana Palace foundation tablets===
[[File:Deposition plate of Darius I in Persepolis with the word Hidauv.jpg|thumb|Gold foundation plate of Darius I in the [[Apadana Palace]] in [[Persepolis]] with the word ''Hidauv'', [[locative]] of "[[Hindush|Hiduš]]"<ref>Also described [https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701150039/https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective |date=2019-07-01 }}</ref>]]
Four identical foundation tablets of gold and silver, found in two deposition boxes in the foundations of the [[Apadana Palace]], also contained an inscription by Darius I in [[Old Persian cuneiform]], which describes the extent of his Empire in broad geographical terms, from the [[Indus valley]] in the east to [[Lydia]] in the west, and from the [[Scythians]] beyond [[Sogdia]] in the north, to the African [[Kingdom of Kush]] in the south. This is known as the DPh inscription.<ref name="ACH">{{cite journal |last1=Zournatzi |first1=Antigoni |title=The Apadana Coin Hoards, Darius I, and the West |journal=American Journal of Numismatics |volume=15 |date=2003 |pages=1–28 |jstor=43580364 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Persepolis : discovery and afterlife of a world wonder |date=2012 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/persepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder/page/n195 171]–181 |url=https://archive.org/details/persepolis_discovery_and_afterlife_of_a_world_wonder |language=en}}</ref> The deposition of these foundation tablets and the [[Apadana hoard|Apadana coin hoard]] found under them, is dated to circa 515 BCE.<ref name="ACH"/>

{{Blockquote|Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid. King Darius says: This is the kingdom which I hold, from the [[Scythians|Sacae]] who are beyond [[Sogdia]] to [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]], and from [[History of Sindh|Sind]] ([[Old Persian]]: [[Wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁|𐏃𐎡𐎭𐎢𐎺]], "Hidauv", [[locative]] of "[[Hindush|Hiduš]]", i.e. "[[Indus valley]]") to [[Lydia]] ([[Old Persian]]: "Spardâ") - [this is] what Ahuramazda, the greatest of gods, bestowed upon me. May Ahuramazda protect me and my royal house!|DPh inscription of Darius I in the foundations of the Apadana Palace<ref>[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dph/? DPh inscription], also [https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective Photographs of one of the gold plaques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701150039/https://magazine.harvardartmuseums.org/article/persepolis-from-a-photographer-s-perspective |date=2019-07-01 }}</ref>}}

===Naqsh-e Rustam inscription===
[[File:Tomb of Darius I DNa inscription with mentions of the territories of Tathagus, Gadara and Hidush.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] [[DNa inscription]], on the [[tomb of Darius I]], mentioning all three Indian territories: [[Sattagydia]] ([[:Wikt:𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁|𐎰𐎫𐎦𐎢𐏁]], ''Thataguš''), [[Gandara (Achaemenid province)|Gandara]] ([[:Wikt:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼|𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼]], ''Gadāra'') and India ([[:Wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁|𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁]], ''Hidūš'') as part of the Achaemenid Empire.<ref>[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/? Livius DNa inscription]</ref>]]
The DSe inscription<ref name="Livius DSe"/> and DSm inscription<ref>[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dsm/ DSm inscription]</ref> of Darius in Susa gives ''Thataguš'' (Sattagydia), ''Gadāra'' (Gandara) and ''Hiduš'' (Sind) among the nations that he rules.<ref name="Livius DSe">{{cite book |title=DSe - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dse/ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/>

''Hidūš'' ([[:Wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁|𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁]] in [[Old Persian cuneiform]]) also appears later as a Satrapy in the Naqsh-i-Rustam inscription at the end of the reign of Darius, who died in 486 BCE.<ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/> The [[DNa inscription]]<ref name="DNa - Livius"/> on Darius' tomb at Naqsh-i-Rustam near [[Persepolis]] records ''Gadāra'' (Gandāra) along with ''Hiduš'' and ''Thataguš'' ([[Sattagydia]]) in the list of satrapies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sagar |first1=Krishna Chandra |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |date=1992 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=9788172110284 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA20 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|King Darius says: By the favor of Ahuramazda these are the countries which I seized outside of Persia; I ruled over them; they bore tribute to me; they did what was said to them by me; they held my law firmly; [[Media (region)|Media]], [[Elam]], [[Parthia]], [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]], [[Bactria]], [[Sogdia]], [[Chorasmia]], [[Drangiana]], [[Arachosia]], [[Sattagydia]], [[Gandara (Achaemenid province)|Gandara]] (''Gadāra''), [[History of Sindh|India]] (''Hiduš''), the [[haoma]]-drinking [[Scythians]], the Scythians with pointed caps, [[Babylonia]], [[Assyria]], [[Arabia]], [[Egypt]], [[Armenia]], [[Cappadocia]], [[Lydia]], the Greeks ([[Yavana|Yauna]]), the Scythians across the sea ([[Saka|Sakâ]]), [[Thrace]], the [[petasos]]-wearing Greeks [Yaunâ], the [[Libyans]], the [[Nubians]], the men of [[Maka (satrapy)|Maka]] and the [[Carians]].|[[Naqsh-e Rustam]] inscription of [[Darius I]] (circa 490 BCE)<ref name="livius.org">{{cite web |title=DNa - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/? |website=www.livius.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alcock |first1=Susan E. |last2=Alcock |first2=John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E. |last3=D'Altroy |first3=Terence N. |last4=Morrison |first4=Kathleen D. |last5=Sinopoli |first5=Carla M. |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521770200 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref>}}

===Strabo===
The extent of Achaemenid territories is also affirmed by [[Strabo]] in his "Geography" (Book XV), describing the Persian holdings along the Indus:<ref name="PB756">{{cite book |last1=Briant |first1=Pierre |title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-120-7 |page=756 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA756 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the [[Paropamisadae]], above whom lies the [[Hindu Kush|Paropamisus mountain]]: then, towards the south, the [[Arachosia|Arachoti]]: then next, towards the south, the [[Gedrosia|Gedroseni]], with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians.|The Geography of Strabo, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9.<ref name="PB756"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Strabo Geography, Book XV, Chapter 2, 9|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>}}

==Achaemenid administration==
[[File:Eastern Satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire.jpg|thumb|Eastern territories of the Achaemenid Empire<ref name="Philip's Atlas of World History" /><ref name="Atlas of World History">{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Patrick Karl |title=Atlas of World History |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195219210 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times Atlas of World History">{{cite book |last1=Barraclough |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Times Atlas of World History |date=1989 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=9780723009061 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IYYAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Persepolis Tomb of Artaxerxes II Mnemon (r.404-358 BCE) Upper Relief soldiers with labels.jpg|thumb|The names of the three [[Ancient India]]n provinces still appear in trilingual cuneiform labels above their respective figures on the tomb of [[Artaxerxes II]] (c.358 BCE).<ref name="Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948 291–292">{{harvnb|Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire|1948|pp=291–292}}: "The Gandarians thus make their last appearance as Persian tribute paying subjects in the lists of Artaxerxes, though the land continued to be known under the name of Gandhara down to classic Indian times."</ref><ref name="Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II">[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a2pa/? Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II]</ref><ref name="PL271"/>]]
The nature of the administration under the Achaemenids is uncertain. Even though the Indian provinces are called "satrapies" by convention, there is no evidence of there being any satraps in these provinces. When [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Alexander invaded the region]], he did not encounter Achaemenid satraps in the Indian provinces, but local Indian rulers referred to as ''hyparchs'' ("Vice-Regents"), a term that connotes subordination to the Achaemenid rulers.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}} The local rulers may have reported to the satraps of Bactria and Arachosia.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}}

===Achaemenid lists of provinces===
Darius I listed three Indian provinces: ''[[Sattagydia]]'' (''Thataguš)'', ''[[Gandāra]]'' (Gandhara) and ''[[Hindush|Hidūš]]'' (Sind),<ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/> in which "Sind" should be understood as "[[Indus Valley]]".<ref name="FT159">{{cite journal |last1=Tola |first1=Fernando |title=India and Greece before Alexander |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=67 |issue=1/4 |pages=159–194 |date=1986 |language=en|jstor=41693244 }}</ref>

Gandhara included the entire Peshawar Valley which was bound by the [[Swat District]] in the north, Afghanistan in the West, the Indus River to the south east, and [[Kohat Division|Kohat District]] in the south.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Samad|first=Rafi U.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA32|title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys|date=2011|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-859-2|language=en}}</ref> The capital of the Gandhara satrapy was [[Pushkalavati]]. Archeological excavations of Pushkalavati were conducted by [[Mortimer Wheeler]] in 1962 who discovered structures built during the Achaemenid period as well as artifacts.<ref name=":0" />

The Achaemenid Satrapy of Hindush incorporated the Greater Punjab region in the Indus Valley. It was bound by the [[Hazara region]] to the north, the Indus River to the west, and the Jhelum River in the south and east. The satrapy's capital was [[Bhir Mound]] in [[Takshashila]] (Taxila).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Samad|first=Rafi U.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33|title=The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys|date=2011|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-859-2|language=en}}</ref> Bhir Mound was excavated by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] between 1913 and 1934. Fortified structures and canals were found dating to the Achaemenid period, as well as ornamental jewelry.<ref name=":1" />

The three regions remained represented among Achaemenid Provinces on all the tombs of the Achaemenid rulers after [[Darius I|Darius]], except for the last ruler [[Darius III]] who was vanquished by Alexander at Gaugamela, suggesting that the Indians were under Achaemenid dominion at least until 338 BCE, date of the end of the reign of [[Artaxerxes III]], before the accession of Darius III, that is, less than 10 years before the campaigns of Alexander in the East and his victory at [[Gaugamela]].{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}} The last known appearance of Gandhara in name as an Achaemenid province is [[:File:Artaxerxes_II_tomb_ethnicities.jpg|on the list]] of the tomb of [[Artaxerxes II]], circa 358 BCE, date of his burial.<ref name="Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire 1948 291–292" /><ref name="Inscription A2Pa of Artaxerxes II" /><ref name="PL271">{{cite book |last1=Lecoq |first1=Pierre |title=Les inscriptions de la perse achemenide (1997) |pages=271–272 |url=https://archive.org/details/LesInscriptionsDeLaPerseAchemenide1997/page/n141 |language=fr}}</ref>

===List of Herodotus===
Herodotus (III-91 and III-94), gives a list with a slightly different structure, as some province which are presented separately in the Achaemenid inscriptions are grouped together by Herodotus when he described the tribute paid by each territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire|1948|pp=291–292}}</ref><ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html Herodotus III 91], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html Herodotus III 94]</ref>{{sfn|Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World|1978|p=44}} Herodotus presents ''Indos'' ([[:Wikt:Ἰνδός|Ἰνδός]]) as "the 20th province", while "the Sattagydae, Gandarii, [[Dadicae]], and [[Aparytae]]" together form "the 7th Province".{{sfn|Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World|1978|p=44}} According to historian A. T. Olmstead, the fact that some Achaemenid regions are grouped together in this list may have represented some loss of territory.<ref>{{harvnb|Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire|1948|pp=291–292}}: "...the official tribute list incorporated by Herodotus shows decided administrative change. As under Cyrus, there were again twenty satrapies, but the larger number of Darius had been reduced by the union of some hitherto separate. This process, already to be detected in the army list of Xerxes, but accelerated in the tribute list of Artaxerxes, again suggests actual loss of territory. ''(25 lines later)''.... Two satrapies are united in the case of the Sattagydians, Gandarians, Dadicae, and Aparytae, whose tribute was 170 talents."</ref>

The ''Hindūš'' province, remained loyal till Alexander's invasion.{{sfn|Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire|1948|pp=291–292}} Circa 400 BC, [[Ctesias of Cnidus]] related that the Persian king was receiving numerous gifts from the kings of "India" (''Hindūš'').<ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations">{{cite web |title=INDIA RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-iii-relations-achaemenid-period |website=www.iranicaonline.org |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Ctesias: "The Indians also include this substance among their most precious gifts for the Persian king who receives it as a prize revered above all others."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus |pages=120–121 |url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022521/00001 |language=en}}</ref>}} Ctesias also reported Indian elephants and Indian [[mahouts]] making demonstrations of the elephant's strength at the Achaemenid court.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus |page=Page 116 Fragment F45bα) and Page 219 Note F45bα) |url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0022521/00001 |language=en}}</ref>

By about 380 BC, the Persian hold on the region was weakening, but the area continued to be a part of the Achaemenid Empire until [[Alexander's invasion of India|Alexander's invasion]].<ref>The hypothesis that the region had already become independent by the end of the reign of Darius I or during the reign of [[Artaxerxes II of Persia|Artaxerxes II]] (Chattopadhyaya, 1974, pp. 25-26) appears to be contradicted by Ctesias's reference to gifts received from the kings of India and by the fact that even Darius III still had some Indian units in his army (Briant, 1996, pp. 699, 774). At the time of the arrival of the [[Alexander the Great|Alexander's]] Macedonian army in the Indus Valley, there is no mention of officers of the Persian kings in India; but this does not mean (Dittmann, 1984, p. 185) that the Achaemenids had no power there. Other data indicate that they still exercised control over the area, although in ways that differed from those of Darius I's time (Briant, 1996, pp. 776-78).</ref>

[[Darius III]] (c. 380 – July 330 BC) still had Indian units in his army, albeit very few in comparison to his predecessors.<ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/> In particular he had 15 [[war elephants]] at the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] for his fight against [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name="Kistler"/>
<gallery>
File:Tomb of Darius I Soldiers of the Empire with labels Indians.jpg|Indian soldiers on the tomb of [[Darius I]] (c. 500 BCE)
File:Indian warriors (Sattagydian, Gandharan, Hindush) circa 480 BCE in the Naqsh-e Roastam reliefs of Xerxes I.jpg|Indian soldiers on the tomb of [[Xerxes I]] (c. 480 BCE)
File:Tomb of Artaxerxes I ethnicities Indians.jpg|Indian soldiers on the tomb of [[Artaxerxes I]] (c. 430 BCE)
File:Tomb of Darius II Indians.jpg|Indian soldiers on the tomb of [[Darius II]] (c. 410 BCE)
File:Persepolis Tomb of Artaxerxes II Mnemon (r.404-358 BCE) Upper Relief Indian soldiers with labels.jpg|Indian soldiers on the tomb of [[Artaxerxes II]] (c. 370 BCE)
File:Artaxerxes III Indian soldiers.jpg|Indian soldiers on the tomb of [[Artaxerxes III]] (c. 340 BCE)
</gallery>

==Indian tributes==
===Apadana Palace===
[[File:Apadana Palace Indians.jpg|thumb|left|upright=2|Hindush Tribute Bearers on the Apadana Staircase 8, c. 500 BCE]]
[[File:Indian gold tribute donor Apadana.jpg|thumb|upright|A small but heavy load: Indian tribute bearer at Apadana, probably carrying gold dust.<ref name="CDA"/> 1 liter of gold weighs 19.3kg.]]
The reliefs at the [[Apadana Palace]] in [[Persepolis]] describe tribute bearers from 23 satrapies visiting the Achaemenid court. These are located at the southern end of the Apadana Staircase. Among the foreigners the Arabs, the Thracians, the Bactrians, the Indians (from the Indus valley area), the Parthians, the Cappadocians, the Elamites or the Medians. The Indians from the Indus valley are bare-chested, except for their leader, and barefooted and wear the [[dhoti]]. They bring baskets with vases inside, carry axes, and drive along a donkey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=André-Salvini |first1=Béatrice |title=Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520247314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA49 |language=en}}</ref> One man in the Indian procession carries a small but visibly heavy load of four jars on a [[yoke]], suggesting that he was carrying some of the gold dust paid by the Indians as tribute to the Achaemenid court.<ref name="CDA">"Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in {{cite book |last1=Iran |first1=Délégation archéologique française en |title=Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran |date=1972 |publisher=Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique) |pages=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

According to the Naqsh-e Rustam inscription of [[Darius I]] (circa 490 BCE), there were three Achaemenid Satrapies in the subcontinent: Sattagydia, Gandara, Hidūš.<ref name="livius.org">{{cite web |title=DNa - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/? |website=www.livius.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Bosworth>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=A. B. |title=Alexander and the East : The Tragedy of Triumph: The Tragedy of Triumph |date=1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780191589454 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0/page/154 154] |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandereasttra00bosw_0 |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

===Tribute payments===
{{see also|Districts of the Achaemenid Empire}}
[[File:Tribute in the Achaemenid Empire.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Districts of the Achaemenid Empire|Volume of annual tribute per district]], in the Achaemenid Empire, according to [[Herodotus]]<ref name="Herodotus III.89-95">Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html Book III, 89-95]</ref><ref name=ZA>{{cite book |last1=Archibald |first1=Zosia |last2=Davies |first2=John K. |last3=Gabrielsen |first3=Vincent |title=The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199587926 |page=404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9YUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/>]]
The conquered area was the most fertile and populous region of the Achaemenid Empire. An amount of tribute was fixed according to the richness of each territory.{{sfn|Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies|2011|p=404}}<ref name="Herodotus III.89-95"/> India was already fabled for its gold.

[[Herodotus]] (who makes [[India (Herodotus)|several comments on India]]) published [[Districts of the Achaemenid Empire|a list of tribute-paying nations]], classifying them in 20 Provinces.<ref>Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html#ref6 III, 89]</ref>{{sfn|Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World|1978|p=44}} The Province of ''Indos'' ([[:Wikt:Ἰνδός|Ἰνδός]], the [[Indus valley]]) formed the 20th Province, and was the richest and most populous of the Achaemenid Provinces.

{{blockquote|The Indians ( Ἰνδῶν) made up the twentieth province. These are more in number than any nation known to me, and they paid a greater tribute than any other province, namely three hundred and sixty talents of gold dust.|[[Herodotus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html III 94].{{sfn|Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World|1978|p=44}}}}

According to Herodotus, the "Indians" ('Ινδοι, ''Indoi'')<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=*%29indoi%2F&la=greek&can=*%29indoi%2F0&prior=oi( 'Ινδοι], Greek Word Study Tool, Tufts University</ref>), as separate from the Gandarei and the Sattagydians, formed the 20th taxation Province, and were required to supply gold dust in tribute to the Achaemenid central government for an amount of 360 Euboean [[Talent (measurement)|talents]] (equivalent to about 8300 kg or 8.3 tons of gold annually, a volume of gold that would fit in a cube of side 75 cm).{{sfn|Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies|2011|p=404}}<ref name="Herodotus III.89-95"/> The exchange rate between gold and silver at the time of Herodotus being 13 to 1, this was equal in value to the very large amount of 4680 Euboean talents of silver, equivalent to 3600 Babylonian talents of silver (equivalent in value to about 108 tons of silver annually).{{sfn|Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies|2011|p=404}}<ref name="Herodotus III.89-95"/> The country of the "Indians" ('Ινδοι, ''Indoi'') was the Achaemenid district paying the largest tribute, and alone represented 32% of the total tribute revenues of the whole Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies|2011|p=404}}<ref name="Herodotus III.89-95"/><ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/> It also means that ''Indos'' was the richest Achaemenid region in the subcontinent, much richer than Gandara or Sattagydia.<ref name="Iranica - Achaemenid Relations"/> However the amount of gold in question is quite enormous, so there is a possibility that Herodotus was mistaken and that his own sources actually only meant something like the gold equivalent of 360 Babylonian talents of silver.<ref name="CAH"/>

[[File:Apadana Palace Gandharans.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Gandaran delegation at [[Apadana Palace]]]]
The territories of [[Gandara (Achaemenid province)|Gandara]], [[Sattagydia]], [[Dadicae]] (north-west of the [[Kashmir Valley]]) and the [[Aparytae]] ([[Afridi]]s) are named separately, and were aggregated together for taxation purposes, forming the 7th Achaemenid Province, and paying overall a much lower tribute of 170 talents together (about 5151 kg, or 5.1 tons of silver), hence only about 1.5% of the total revenues of the Achaemenid Empire:{{sfn|Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies|2011|p=404}}<ref name="Herodotus III.89-95"/>

{{blockquote|The Sattagydae (Σατταγύδαι), Gandarii (Γανδάριοι), Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province||[[Herodotus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/3D*.html III 91].{{sfn|Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World|1978|p=44}}}}

[[File:Indian warriors (Sattagydian, Gandharan, Hindush) circa 480 BCE in the Naqsh-e Roastam reliefs of Xerxes I.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Ancient India]]n soldiers of the three territories of [[Sattagydia]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Hindush]] respectively,<ref>[[:File:Top side darius I tomb.jpg|Nations of the soldiers on the tombs]], Walser. Also [http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg]</ref> supporting the throne of [[Xerxes I]] on his tomb at Naqsh-e Rostam.<ref>The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas [https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=arch_pubs p.713]</ref><ref name="Iranica Naqsh-e Rostam"/> See also [[:File:Xerxes all ethnicities.jpg|complete relief]]. c. 480 BCE.]]
[[File:Second_Persian_Invasion.jpg|thumb|upright|Indian soldiers of the Achaemenid army participated to the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] (480-479 BCE)]]
The Indians also supplied Yaka wood (teak) for the construction of Achaemenid palaces,<ref>[https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dsf/ DSf inscription]</ref><ref name=Bosworth/> as well as war elephants such as those used at [[Gaugamela]].<ref name=Bosworth/> The Susa inscriptions of Darius explain that Indian ivory and teak were sold on Persian markets, and used in the construction of his palace.{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}}

===Contribution to Achaemenid war efforts===
====Second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BCE)====
Indians were employed in the Achaemenid army of [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]] in the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] (480-479 BCE). All troops were stationed in [[Sardis]], [[Lydia]], during the winter of 481-480 BCE to prepare for the invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=Xerxes: A Persian Life |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300180077 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6pJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herodotus |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 1‑56 |pages=VII-26 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7A*.html}}</ref> In the spring of 480 BCE "Indian troops marched with Xerxes's army across the [[Hellespont]]".<ref name="Where was Achaemenid India"/><ref name="CB7"/> It was the "first-ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe", storming Greek troops at the [[Battle of Thermopylae]] in 480 BCE, and fighting as one of the main nations until the final [[Battle of Plataea]] in 479 BCE.<ref name="AD"/><ref name="GS">"A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea"{{cite book |last1=Sandhu |first1=Gurcharn Singh |title=A military history of ancient India |date=2000 |publisher=Vision Books |page=179 |isbn=9788170943754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="H9-32"/>

Herodotus, in his description of the multi-ethnic Achaemenid army invading Greece, described the equipment of the Indians:<ref name="CB7">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400866328 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The Indians wore garments of tree-wool, and carried bows of reed and iron-tipped arrows of the same. Such was their equipment; they were appointed to march under the command of Pharnazathres son of Artabates.|Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html VII 65]}}
[[File:Hoplite and Hidus Achaemenid warrior.jpg|thumb|left|Probable [[Spartan]] [[hoplite]] ([[Vix crater]], c. 500 BCE),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Freeman |first1=Charles |title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199651917 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXIVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |language=en}}</ref> and a ''Hindush'' warrior of the [[Achaemenid army]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/uploads/files/Clothing/v5f7a014_f1_300.jpg |language=en}}</ref> (tomb of [[Xerxes I]], c. 480 BCE), at the time of the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece]] (480–479 BCE)]]
Herodotus also explains that the Indian cavalry under the Achaemenids had an equipment similar to that of their foot soldiers:

{{blockquote|The Indians were armed in like manner as their foot; they rode swift horses and drove chariots drawn by horses and wild asses.|Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html VII 86]}}

The Gandharis had a different equipment, akin to that of the Bactrians:

{{blockquote|The Bactrians in the army wore a headgear most like to the Median, carrying their native bows of reed, and short spears. (...) The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians. The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander [[Artabazos I of Phrygia|Artabazus son of Pharnaces]], the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae [[Artyphius]] son of [[Artabanus (son of Hystaspes)|Artabanus]].|Herodotus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/7B*.html VII 64-66]}}

====Destruction of Athens and Battle of Plataea (479 BCE)====
After the first part of the campaign directly under the orders Xerxes I, the Indian troops are reported to have stayed in Greece as one of the 5 main nations among the 300,000 elite troops of General [[Mardonius (general)|Mardonius]]. They fought in the last stages of the war, took part in the [[Destruction of Athens]], but were finally vanquished at the [[Battle of Plataea]]:<ref name="FT165">{{cite journal |last1=Tola |first1=Fernando |title=India and Greece before Alexander |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=67 |issue=1/4 |date=1986 |page=165 |language=en|jstor=41693244 }}</ref>

[[File:Indians at the Battle of Plataea 479 BCE.jpg|thumb|Indian corps at the [[Battle of Plataea]], 479 BCE]]
{{blockquote|Mardonius there chose out first all the Persians called [[Immortals (Persian Empire)|Immortals]], save only [[Hydarnes]] their general, who said that he would not quit the king's person; and next, the Persian cuirassiers, and the thousand horse, and the [[Medes]] and [[Scythians|Sacae]] and Bactrians and Indians, alike their footmen and the rest of the horsemen. He chose these nations entire; of the rest of his allies he picked out a few from each people, the goodliest men and those that he knew to have done some good service... Thereby the whole number, with the horsemen, grew to three hundred thousand men.|Herodotus VIII, 113.<ref>{{cite book |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/8C*.html|page=Herodotus VIII, 113}}</ref><ref name="FT165"/>}}

At the final [[Battle of Plataea]] in 479 BCE, Indians formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations").<ref name="GS"/><ref name="H9-32">{{cite book |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89 |pages=IX-32 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/9A*.html}}</ref><ref name="AD">{{cite book |last1=Daniélou |first1=Alain |title=A Brief History of India |date=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781594777943 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317586920 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |language=en}}</ref> They were one of the main battle corps, positioned near the center of the Achaemenid battle line, between the [[Bactrians]] and the [[Saka]]e, facing against the enemy Greek troops of "[[Ermioni|Hermione]] and [[Eretria]] and [[Styra]] and [[Chalcis]]".<ref name="H9-31">{{cite book |title=LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book IX: Chapters 1‑89 |pages=IX-31 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/9A*.html}}</ref><ref name="GS"/> According to modern estimates, the Bactrians, Indians and Sakae probably numbered about 20,000 men altogether, whereas the Persian troops on their left amounted to about 40,000.<ref name="WS36"/> There were also Greek allies of the Persians, positioned on the right, whom Herodotus numbers at 50,000, a number which however might be "extravagant",<ref name="WS36">{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=William |title=Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781849085557 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |language=en}}</ref> and is nowadays estimated to around 20,000.<ref name="WS51">{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=William |title=Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781849085557 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |language=en}}</ref> Indians also supplied part of the cavalry, the total of which was about 5,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=William |title=Plataea 479 BC: The most glorious victory ever seen |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781849085557 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFm3CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="WS51"/>

====Depictions====
Indian soldiers of the three territories of Gandara, Sattagydia (Tathagatus) and Hindush are shown, together with soldiers of all the other nations, supporting the throne of their Achaemenid ruler, at Naqsh-e Rostam on the tombs of Darius I, [[Xerxes I]], [[Artaxerxes I]] and [[Darius II]], and at [[Persepolis]] on the tombs of [[Artaxerxes II of Persia|Artaxerxes II]] and [[Artaxerxes III]]. The last Achaemenid ruler [[Darius III]] never had time to finish his own tomb due to his hasty defeat by [[Alexander the Great]], and therefore does not have such depictions.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}}<ref name="Iranica Naqsh-e Rostam">{{cite book |title=NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naqs-e-rostam |language=en}}</ref> The soldiers from India are characterized by their particular clothing, only composed of a loin cloth and sandals, with bare upper body, in contrast to all the other ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, who are fully clothed, and in contrast also to the neighbouring provinces of [[Bactria]] or [[Arachosia]], who are also fully clothed.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}}

[[File:Artaxerxes_III_soldiers_of_the_Empire,_with_labels.jpg|thumb|300px|The three types of Indian soldiers still appear (upper right corner) among the soldiers of the Achaemenid Empire on the tomb of [[Artaxerxes III]] (who died in 338 BCE).{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}}<ref name="Iranica Naqsh-e Rostam"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Heckel |first1=Waldemar |last2=Tritle |first2=Lawrence A. |title=Alexander the Great: A New History |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781444360158 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZPcdr5yYs0C&pg=PA164 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The presence of the three ethnicities of Indian soldiers on all the tombs of the Achaemenid rulers after [[Darius I|Darius]], except for the last ruler [[Darius III]] who was vanquished by Alexander at [[Gaugamela]], suggests that the Indians were under Achaemenid dominion at least until 338 BCE, the date of the end of the reign of [[Artaxerxes III]], before the accession of Darius III, that is, less than 10 years before the campaigns of Alexander in the East and his victory at Gaugamela.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}}

====Indians at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)====
According to [[Arrian]], Indian troops were still deployed under Darius III at the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] (331 BCE). He explains that Darius III "obtained the help of those Indians who bordered on the Bactrians, together with the Bactrians and Sogdianians themselves, all under the command of Bessus, the Satrap of Bactria".{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}} The Indians in questions were probably from the area of Gandara.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}} Indian "hill-men" are also said by Arrian to have joined the [[Arachosia|Arachotian]]s under Satrap Barsentes, and are thought to have been either the Sattagydians or the Hindush.{{sfn|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005|pp=713-714}}

Fifteen Indian war elephants were also part of the army of Darius III at Gaugamela.<ref name=Kistler/> They had specifically been brought from India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yenne |first1=Bill |title=Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General |date=2010 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780230106406 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kngnd0GlUc4C&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref> Still, it seems they did not participate to the final battle, probably because of fatigue.<ref name=Kistler>{{cite book |last1=Kistler |first1=John M. |title=War Elephants |date=2007 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803260047 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA29 |language=en}}</ref> This was a relief for the armies of Alexander, who had no previous experience of combat against war elephants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kistler |first1=John M. |title=War Elephants |date=2007 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803260047 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA29 |language=en}}</ref> The elephants were captured with the baggage train by the Greeks after the engagement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Frank L. |title=Alexander the Great and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions |date=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520938786 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKpi1vpHanAC&pg=PA72 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
Xerxes detail Gandharan enhanced.jpg|Gandaran soldier of the Achaemenid army, c. 480 BCE. [[Xerxes I]] tomb.
Xerxes detail Gandharan head enhanced.jpg|Gandaran soldier (enhanced detail)
Xerxes detail Sattagydian.jpg|{{center|Sattagydian soldier of the Achaemenid army, c. 480 BCE. [[Xerxes I]] tomb.}}|alt=Sattagydian soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb.
Xerxes detail Sattagydian head enhanced.jpg|Sattagydian soldier (enhanced detail)
Xerxes_Hidush_warrior_480_BCE.jpg|Hindush soldier of the Achaemenid army, c. 480 BCE. [[Xerxes I]] tomb.
Xerxes detail Hidush head enhanced.jpg|Hindush soldier (enhanced detail)
</gallery>

==Greek and Achaemenid coinage==
{{See also|Ancient Greek coinage|Achaemenid coinage}}
[[File:Achaemenid siglos Kabul.jpg|thumb|upright|Strike of an Achaemenid [[siglos]], [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], c. 5th century BCE. [[:File:Tetradrachm, Halikarnassos protectorate, Persian empire, 350-333 BC.jpg|Archer king type]]. Coins of this type were also found in the [[Bhir Mound]] hoard in Taxila.<ref>"Coins of this type found in [[Chaman Hazouri]] (deposited c.350 BC) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BC)." Article by [[Joe Cribb]] and [[Osmund Bopearachchi]] in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=57–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Achaemenid Empire coin. Uncertain mint in the Kabul Valley. Circa 500-380 BCE.jpg|thumb|Achaemenid Empire coin minted in the Kabul Valley. C. 500-380 BCE.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309874 Classical Numismatic Group, Coin page]</ref><ref name=JC>{{harvnb|Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia|1992|pp=57–59}}</ref>]]
[[File:Gandhara bent bar.jpg|thumb|"Bent bar" minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the [[Chaman Hazouri hoard]] and the [[Bhir Mound]] hoard in Taxila<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309206 CNG Coins]</ref><ref>"Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards" Article by [[Joe Cribb]] and [[Osmund Bopearachchi]] in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=57–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
Coins found in the [[Chaman Hazouri hoard]] in [[Kabul]], the Shaikhan Dehri hoard in [[Pushkalavati]] in Gandhara, near [[Charsadda]], as well as in the [[Bhir Mound]] hoard in Taxila, have revealed numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. These circulated in the area, at least as far as the [[Indus]] during the reign of the Achaemenids, who were in control of the areas as far as Gandhara.{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|pp=300-301}}<ref name="US Department of Defense">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html |title=US Department of Defense |access-date=2018-10-06 |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610004813/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=JC/>{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|pp=308-}}

===Kabul and Bhir Mound hoards===
{{see also|Kabul hoard}}
The [[Kabul hoard]], also called the Chaman Hazouri, Chaman Hazouri or Tchamani-i Hazouri hoard,{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|pp=300-301}} is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. The hoard, discovered in 1933, contained numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.<ref name=JC/> Approximately one thousand coins were in the hoard.{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|pp=300-301}}<ref name="US Department of Defense"/> The hoard is dated to approximately 380 BCE as no coins in the hoard were later than that date.{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|p=308}}

This numismatic discovery has been very important in studying and dating the history of [[coinage of India]], since it is one of the very rare instances when punch-marked coins can actually be dated, due to their association with known and dated Greek and Achaemenid coins in the hoard.{{sfn|Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India|1983|pp=85-86}} The hoard supports the view that punch-marked coins existed in 360 BCE, as suggested by literary evidence.{{sfn|Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India|1983|pp=85-86}}

[[Daniel Schlumberger]] also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in north-western India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland:

{{blockquote|The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire|[[Daniel Schlumberger]], quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42.{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|pp=308-}}}}

Modern numismatists now tend to consider the Achaemenid punch-marked coins as the precursors of the Indian [[punch-marked coins]].<ref>"the local coins of the Achaemenid era (...) were the precursors of the bent and punch-marked bars" in {{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest) |pages=311 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938 |language=en}}</ref><ref>About the hoard in Kabul: "In the same hoard there were also discovered two series of local silver coins which appear to be the product of local Achaemenid administration. One series (...) was made in a new way, which relates it to the punch-marked silver coins of India. It appears that it was these local coins, using technology adapted from Greek coins, which provided the prototypes for punch-marked coins made in India." p.57 "In the territories to the south of the Hindu Kush the punch-marked coins, descendants of the local coins of the Achaemenid administration in the same area, were issued by the Mauryan kings of India for local circulation." in {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=57–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

===Pushkalavati hoard===
{{see also|Shaikhan Dehri hoard}}
In 2007, a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient [[Pushkalavati]] (the [[Shaikhan Dehri hoard]]) near [[Charsada]] in [[Pakistan]]. The hoard contained a [[tetradrachm]] minted in [[Athens]] circa 500/490-485/0 BCE, typically used as a currency for trade in the Achaemenid Empire, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.<ref>O. Bopearachchi, "Premières frappes locales de l'Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données," in Trésors d'Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1 (this coin) [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773 CNG Coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225205951/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773 |date=2019-12-25 }}</ref>{{sfn|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000|p=309}}

According to [[Joe Cribb]], these early Greek coins were at the origin of Indian [[punch-marked coins]], the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage.<ref name=JC />

==Cultural exchange==
===Palatial art and architecture: Pataliputra===
[[File:Masarh_lion_sculpture.jpg|thumb|The [[Masarh lion]]. The sculptural style is "unquestionably [[Achaemenid art|Achaemenid]]".<ref name="Gupta 88"/>]]
Various Indian artefacts tend to suggest some Perso-Hellenistic artistic influence in India, mainly felt during the time of the [[Mauryan Empire]].{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}} The sculpture of the [[Masarh lion]], found near the Maurya capital of [[Pataliputra]], raises the question of the Achaemenid and Greek influence on the art of the [[Mauryan art|Maurya Empire]], and on the western origins of stone carving in India. The lion is carved in [[Chunar stone|Chunar sandstone]], like the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], and its finish is polished, a feature of the [[Mauryan art|Maurya sculpture]].<ref name="Gupta 88"/> According to [[Swaraj Prakash Gupta|S.P. Gupta]], the sculptural style is unquestionably [[Achaemenid art|Achaemenid]].<ref name="Gupta 88"/> This is particularly the case for the well-ordered tubular representation of whiskers ([[vibrissa]]s) and the geometrical representation of inflated veins flush with the entire face.<ref name="Gupta 88"/> The mane, on the other hand, with tufts of hair represented in wavelets, is rather naturalistic.<ref name="Gupta 88"/> Very similar examples are however known in Greece and [[Persepolis]].<ref name="Gupta 88"/> It is possible that this sculpture was made by an Achaemenid or Greek sculptor in India and either remained without effect, or was the Indian imitation of a Greek or Achaemenid model, somewhere between the fifth century B.C. and the first century B.C., although it is generally dated from the time of the [[Maurya Empire]], around the 3rd century B.C.<ref name="Gupta 88">Page 88: "There is one fragmentary lion head from Masarh, Distt. Bhojpur, Bihar. It is carved out of Chunar sandstone and it also bears the typical Mauryan polish. But it is undoubtedly based on the Achaemenian idiom. The tubular or wick-like whiskers and highly decorated neck with long locks of the mane with one series arranged like sea waves is somewhat non-Indian in approach . But, to be exact, we have an example of a lion from a sculptural frieze from Persepolis of 5th century BCE in which it is overpowering a bull which may be compared with the Masarh lion."... Page 122: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their basecamps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Swarajya Prakash |author-link=Swaraj Prakash Gupta|title=The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan |year=1980 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-0-391-02172-3 |pages=88, 122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}. Also {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vinay (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Faculty Member) |title=West Asian Influence on Lion Motifs in Mauryan Art |journal=Heritage and Us |date=2015 |issue=4 |page=14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10709971 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Pataliputra]] palace with its pillared hall shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftsmen.<ref>[http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1659_265.html The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid's architecture art] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144452/http://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_1659_265.html |date=2 April 2015 }}. In: Journal of Subcontinent Researches. Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 19, Summer 2014, Page 149-174.</ref>{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}} Mauryan rulers may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments.<ref>Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj, A. S. Bhalla, I.B.Tauris, 2015 p.18 [https://books.google.com/books?id=emATBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18]</ref> This may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander the Great.<ref name="auto1">"The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE" Robin Coningham, Ruth Young Cambridge University Press, 31 aout 2015, p.414 [https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/reportonexcavat01waddgoog Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra (Patna); the Palibothra of the Greeks by Waddell, L. A. (Laurence Austine)]</ref> The [[Pataliputra capital]], or also the Hellenistic friezes of the [[Rampurva capitals]], [[Sankissa]], and the [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|diamond throne]] of [[Bodh Gaya]] are other examples.<ref>The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture, 1998, John Boardman [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents {{p.|13-22}}].</ref>

The renowned [[Mauryan polish]], especially used in the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], may also have been a technique imported from the Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999|pages=116–117}}

<gallery>
File:Mauryan ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site of Pataliputra ASIEC 1912-13.jpg|Ruins of pillared hall at [[Kumrahar]] site at Pataliputra
File:Kumhrar Maurya level ASIEC 1912-1913.jpg|Plan of the 80-column pillared hall in Pataliputra
File:Pataliputra_capital,_Bihar_Museum,_Patna,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg|The [[Pataliputra capital]], generally described as "Perso-Hellenistic"
File:Patna griffin.jpg|[[Griffin]] of Pataliputra<ref>"A griffin carved from milky white chalcedony represents a blend of Greek and Achaemenid Persian cultures", ''National Geographic'', Volume 177, National Geographic Society, 1990</ref>
File:Pataliputra lotus motif.jpg|Lotus motifs in Pataliputra
</gallery>

===Monumental columns: the Pillars of Ashoka===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg
| caption1 = Highly polished [[Persian columns|Achaemenid load-bearing column]] with lotus capital and animals, [[Persepolis]], c. 5th-4th BCE
| image2 = Sarnath capital.jpg
| caption2 = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] from [[Sarnath]]
}}
{{see also|Pillars of Ashoka}}
Regarding the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], there has been much discussion of the extent of influence from [[Achaemenid Persia]],<ref>Boardman (1998), 13</ref> since the column capitals supporting the roofs at [[Persepolis]] have similarities, and the "rather cold, hieratic style" of the Sarnath [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] especially shows "obvious Achaemenid and [[Sargon II|Sargonid]] influence".<ref>Harle, 22, 24, quoted in turn</ref>

===Figurines of West Asian foreigners in Mathura, Sarnath and Patna (4th-2nd century BCE)===
{{see also|Mathura art}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Figurines of foreigners in India
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Ethnic Head - Circa 2nd Century BCE - Showcase 18-11 - Prehistory and Terracotta Gallery - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6365.JPG
| caption1 = "Ethnic head", [[Mathura]], c. 2nd century BCE. [[Mathura Museum]].<ref name="AV141"/>
| image2 = Persian Nobleman Clad in Coat Dupatta Trouser and Turban - Circa 2nd Century BCE - Showcase 18-11 - Prehistory and Terracotta Gallery - Government Museum - Mathura.jpg
| caption2 = "Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd Century BCE. [[Mathura Museum]].<ref name="AV141"/>
| footer =
| image3 = Mauryan head from Sarnath.jpg
| caption3 = Figure of a foreigner, from [[Sarnath]]<ref name="Gupta 122">Page 122: About the [[Masarh lion]]: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their base-camps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C."... in {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Swarajya Prakash |author-link=Swaraj Prakash Gupta|title=The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan |year=1980 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-0-391-02172-3 |pages=88, 122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}.</ref><ref name="Gupta 318">According to Gupta [[:File:Mauryan head from Sarnath.jpg|this is]] a non-Indian face of a foreigner with a conical hat: "If there are a few faces which are nonIndian, such as one head from Sarnath with conical cap ( Bachhofer, Vol . I, Pl . 13 ), they are due to the presence of the foreigners their costumes, tastes and liking for portrait art and not their art styles." in {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Swarajya Prakash |author-link=Swaraj Prakash Gupta|title=The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan |year=1980 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-0-391-02172-3 |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
}}

Some relatively high quality terracotta statuettes have been recovered from the [[Mauryan Empire]] strata in the excavations of [[Mathura]] in northern India.<ref>"The relatively high quality of terracotta sculptures recovered from Maurya strata at Mathura suggests some level of artistic activity prior to the second century BCE." {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref> Most of these terracottas show what appears to be female deities or mother goddesses.<ref name="SCK5">{{cite book |last1=Kala |first1=Satish Chandra |title=Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9780391022348 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha_C1ofYmxoC&pg=PA5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"The largest number of mother-goddess figurines has been found in western Uttar Pradesh in Mathura, which in the Mauryan period became an important terracotta making centre outside Magadh." in {{cite book |last1=Sant |first1=Urmila |title=Terracotta Art of Rajasthan: From Pre-Harappan and Harappan Times to the Gupta Period |date=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=9788173051159 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nT_WAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> However, several figures of foreigners also appear in the terracottas from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE, which are either described simply as "foreigners" or Persian or Iranian because of their foreign features.<ref name="AV141"/><ref name="SKS">"Iranian Heads From Mathura, some terracotta male-heads were recovered, which portray the Iranian people with whom the Indians came into closer contact during the fourth and third centuries B.C. Agrawala calls them the representatives of Iranian people because their facial features present foreign ethnic affinities." {{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=Terracotta art in northern India |date=1996 |publisher=Parimal Publications |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Mathura has also yielded a special class of terracotta heads in which the facial features present foreign ethnic affinities." {{cite book |last1=Dhavalikar |first1=Madhukar Keshav |title=Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas |date=1977 |publisher=Taraporevala |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WzqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> These figurines might reflect the increased contacts of Indians with Iranian people during this period.<ref name="SKS"/> Several of these seem to represent foreign soldiers who visited India during the Mauryan period and influenced modellers in Mathura with their peculiar ethnic features and uniforms.<ref>"Soldier heads. During the Mauryan period, the military activity was more evidenced in the public life. Possibly, foreign soldiers frequently visited India and attracted Indian modellers with their ethnic features and uncommon uniform. From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and Basarh in Bihar, some terracotta heads have been reported, which represent soldiers. Artistically, the Basarh terracotta soldier-heads are better, executed than those from Mathura." in {{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=Terracotta art in northern India |date=1996 |publisher=Parimal Publications |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> One of the terracotta statuettes, a man nicknamed the "Persian nobleman" and dated to the 2nd century BCE, can be seen wearing a coat, scarf, trousers and a turban.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=XV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PR15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"The figure of a Persian youth (35.2556) wearing coat, scarf, trousers and turban is a rare item." {{cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Mathura Archaeological |title=Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book |date=1971 |publisher=Archaeological Museum |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3XqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum |date=1994 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAA }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="AV141">{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref>

===Religion===
According to [[Ammianus Marcellinus]],<ref>xxiii. 6 in {{cite book |title=Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) Book 23. pp.316-345. |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_23_book23.htm}}</ref> a 4th-century CE Roman author, [[Hystaspes (father of Darius I)|Hystaspes]], the father of [[Darius I]], studied under the Brahmanas in India, thus contributing to the development of the religion of the [[Magi]] ([[Zoroastrianism]]):<ref name="MRJ">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Montague Rhodes |title=The Lost Apocrypha of the Old Testament: their titles and fragments |date=2007 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=9781556352898 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvpJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Hystaspes, a very wise monarch, the father of Darius. Who while boldly penetrating into the remoter districts of upper India, came to a certain woody retreat, of which with its tranquil silence the Brahmans, men of sublime genius, were the possessors. From their teaching he learnt the principles of the motion of the world and of the stars, and the pure rites of sacrifice, as far as he could; and of what he learnt he infused some portion into the minds of the Magi, which they have handed down by tradition to later ages, each instructing his own children, and adding to it their own system of divination.|[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], XXIII. 6.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) Book 23. pp.316-345. |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_23_book23.htm}}</ref><ref name="MRJ"/>}}

In ancient sources, Hystapes is sometimes considered as identical with [[Vishtaspa]] (the [[Avestan]] and [[Old Persian]] name for Hystapes), an early patron of [[Zoroaster]].<ref name="MRJ"/>

According to [[Christopher I. Beckwith]], commenting on the content of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], the early Buddhist concepts of [[karma]], rebirth, and affirming that good deeds will be rewarded in this life and the next, in [[Heaven]], probably find their origin in Achaemenid [[Mazdaism]], which had been introduced in India from the time of the Achaemenid conquest of Gandara.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400866328 |pages=132–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlCUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |language=en}}</ref>

Beckwith's methodologies and interpretations concerning early Buddhism, inscriptions, and archaeological sites have been criticized by other scholars, such as [[Johannes Bronkhorst]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bronkhorst |first1=Johannes |title=How the Brahmins Won |date=21 March 2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-31551-8 |pages=483–489 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/33009?language=en |access-date=21 March 2016 |language=en |chapter=How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas}}</ref> [[Osmund Bopearachchi]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osmund |first1=Bopearachchi |title=Reviews |journal=Ancient West & East |date=2016 |volume=15|pages=303–486 |doi=10.2143/AWE.15.0.3167478 |url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3167478&url=article.php}}</ref> [[Stephen Batchelor (author)|Stephen Batchelor]]<ref>[[Stephen Batchelor (author)|Stephen Batchelor]] "Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's encounter with early Buddhism in central Asia", ''Contemporary Buddhism'', 2016, pp 195-215</ref> and Charles Goodman.<ref>Charles Goodman, "Neither Scythian nor Greek: A Response to Beckwith's Greek Buddha and Kuzminski's "Early Buddhism Reconsidered"", ''Philosophy East and West'', University of Hawai'i Press Volume 68, Number 3, July 2018 pp. 984-1006</ref> According to [[Patrick Olivelle]], Beckwith's theory about [[Ashoka]] is "an outlier and no mainstream Ashokan scholar would subscribe to that view."<ref>{{cite book | last=Olivelle | first=Patrick | title=Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King | publisher=Yale University Press | date=2024 | page=xxviii | isbn=978-0-300-27000-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TE3gEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==List of satrapies==
Several satrapies were founded by the Achaemenid empire in the [[Indian subcontinent]], including;
*[[Gandāra]] satrapy
*[[Hindush]] satrapy
*[[Sattagydia]] satrapy
Other important satrapies in South Asia (in modern day's [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]) include;
*[[Arachosia]] satrapy
*[[Gedrosia]] satrapy
*[[Drangiana]] satrapy

==See also==
* [[Persian Immortals]]
* [[Zoroastrianism in India]]
* [[Indians in Iran]]
* [[Hinduism in Iran]]
* [[Parsis]]
* [[India–Iran relations]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last1=Archibald |first1=Zosia |last2=Davies |first2=John K. |last3=Gabrielsen |first3=Vincent |title=The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199587926 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9YUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |ref={{sfnref|Archibald, Davies & Gabrielsen, The Economies of Hellenistic Societies|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Alram |first=Michael |chapter=The Coinage of the Persian Empire |editor=William E. Metcalf |title=The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199372188 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trkUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |pages=61– |ref={{sfnref|Alram, The Coinage of the Persian Empire|2016}}}}
*[[John Boardman (art historian)|Boardman, John]] (1998), "Reflections on the Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute'', pp. 15–19, 1998, New Series, Vol. 12, (''Alexander's Legacy in the East: Studies in Honor of Paul Bernard''), p. 13-22, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089 JSTOR]
* {{citation |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |author-link=Osmund Bopearachchi |title=Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest) |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |publisher=International Association of Sanskrit Studies |volume=25 |year=2000 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938 |ref={{sfnref|Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |chapter=Achaemenids and Mauryans: Emergence of Coins and Plastic Arts in India |title=India and Iran in the Longue Durée |editor1=Alka Patel |editor2=Touraj Daryaee |publisher=UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies |year=2017 |pages=15–48 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/32663753 |ref={{sfnref|Bopearachchi, Achaemenids and Mauryans|2017}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |author-link=Osmund Bopearachchi|last2=Cribb |first2=Joe |article=Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia |editor1-last=Errington |editor1-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Cribb |editor2-first=Joe |editor3-last=Claringbull |editor3-first=Maggie |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |pages=56–59|year=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=978-0-9518399-1-1 |ref={{sfnref|Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia|1992}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |author-link=Joe Cribb |title=Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research |journal=Journal of the Numismatic Society of India |year=1983|pages=80–101 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33456187 |ref={{sfnref|Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India|1983}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dandamaev |first=M. A. |title=A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ms30qA6nyMsC&pg=PA147 |year=1989 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09172-6 |ref={{sfnref|Dandamaev, A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire|1989}}}}
* {{citation |last=Eggermont |first=Pierre Herman Leonard |title=Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC&pg=PA177 |year=1975 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6186-037-2 |ref={{sfnref|Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan|1975}}}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{citation |last1=Magee |first1=Peter |first2=Cameron |last2=Petrie |first3=Richard |last3=Knox |first4=Farid |last4=Khan |first5=Ken |last5=Thomas |year=2005 |title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=711–741 |url=https://repository.brynmawr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=arch_pubs |ref={{sfnref|Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations|2005}}|doi=10.3764/aja.109.4.711 |s2cid=54089753 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last1=Mitchiner |first1=Michael |title=The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650 |date=1978 |publisher=Hawkins Publications; distributed by B. A. Seaby |isbn=9780904173161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Mitchiner, The Ancient & Classical World|1978}}}}
* {{citation |last=Neelis |first=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA102 |year=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5 |ref={{sfnref|Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Olmstead |first=A. T. |title=History of the Persian Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532747 |year=1948 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-62777-9 |ref={{sfnref|Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire|1948}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122411980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA116 |ref={{sfnref|Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization|1999}}}}

==External links==
* ''Ancient India, A History Textbook for Class XI'', Ram Sharan Sharma, [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]], India Iranian and Macedonian Invasion, pp 108
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india-iii-relations-achaemenid-period INDIA iii. RELATIONS: ACHAEMENID PERIOD]

{{India topics}}
{{Achaemenid Empire}}
{{Ancient Iranian wars}}

[[Category:6th-century BC conflicts]]
[[Category:5th-century BC conflicts]]
[[Category:4th-century BC conflicts]]
[[Category:6th century BC in Iran]]
[[Category:5th century BC in Iran]]
[[Category:4th century BC in Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire|Indus Valley]]
[[Category:Wars involving ancient India]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Darius the Great]]
[[Category:Invasions of India]]

Deepak Bhoria

2026-03-16T18:16:31Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{short description|Indian boxer}}

{{Infobox boxer
|name = Deepak Bhoria
|birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|25|2023|05|12}}
|nationality = {{IND}}
|boxrec = 883288
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's amateur [[boxing]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[IBA World Boxing Championships|IBA World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 IBA Men's World Boxing Championships|2023 Tashkent]]|[[2023 IBA World Boxing Championships – Flyweight|Flyweight]]}}
}}

'''Deepak Bhoria''' (born 1997/1998)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/boxing/deepak-bhoria-gets-due-bronze-at-world-cships-41787|title=Boxer Deepak Bhoria finally gets his due, wins bronze at World C’ships|work=The Bridge|date=12 May 2023|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/top-boxers-bring-out-the-best-in-me-says-giant-slayer-deepak-bhoria/articleshow/100284449.cms|title=Top boxers bring out the best in me, says giant-slayer Deepak Bhoria|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2023|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref> is an Indian [[Boxing|boxer]]. He competed at the [[2023 IBA Men's World Boxing Championships]], winning the [[bronze medal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/deepak-bhorias-journey-from-quitting-sport-in-2009-and-delivering-newspapers-in-2015-to-world-championship-medal-8604754/lite/|title=Deepak Bhoria's journey: From quitting sport in 2009 and delivering newspapers in 2015 to World Championship medal|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 May 2023|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref> in the [[2023 IBA World Boxing Championships – Flyweight|flyweight]] event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/WorldChampionships2023.pdf|title=AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships 2023|work=[[IBA World Boxing Championships]]|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{boxrec|883288}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhoria, Deepak}}
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:Flyweight boxers]]
[[Category:IBA Men's World Boxing Championships medalists]]

{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

Mamta Binani

2026-03-14T22:18:44Z

FranceGqd9358746: added new entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mamta Binani
| image = Mamta Binani, President of MSME Development Forum, West Bengal.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 October 1972
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| citizenship = India
| education =
| occupation = [[Advocate]]
| years_active = 2019
| organization =
| known_for = 2016 : National President of the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]]
| notable_works =
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Mamta Binani''' (born 10 January 1972) is an Indian lawyer. She served as National President of the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] (ICSI) for the year 2016, and as senior partner of Mamta Binani & Associates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interaction with ICSI President CS Mamta Binani |url=https://www.caclubindia.com/catalogue/mamta_binani.asp |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=CAclubindia |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
She is the first insolvency professional in [[India]] to be registered with the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ibbi.gov.in/en/insolvency-professional/details?fieldid=MjI3 | title=Ms. Mamta Binani | website=Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India | access-date=31 May 2024 | archive-date=19 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119111729/https://ibbi.gov.in/en/insolvency-professional/details?fieldid=MjI3 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://insolvencytracker.in/2020/08/12/mamta-binani-baptism-by-fire/ | title=Mamta Binani: Baptism by Fire | date=12 August 2020 |website=Insolvency Tracker}}</ref>

She serves as Independent Director at Balrampur Chini Mills Limited and [[Emami]] and as Director at [[Century Plyboards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chini.com/about-us/management#bodB | title=Management|website=Balrampur Chini Mills Limited }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.emamiltd.in/know-us/leadership/ | title=Leadership |website=Emami | date=26 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.centuryply.com/centuryveneers/about-us.php | title=About Us | website=Century Veneers | access-date=31 May 2024 | archive-date=19 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119111758/https://www.centuryply.com/centuryveneers/about-us.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> She is one of the directors at [[Rupa Company|Rupa & Company Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://rupa.co.in/board-of-directors |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=rupa.co.in}}</ref>

She is the President of the [[MSME]] Development Forum - West Bengal Chapter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://msmedevelopmentforum.com/our-offices/ | title=Our Chapters| National Chapters |website= MSME Development Forum | date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>

Binani is a speaker at various professional forums, where she speaks on contemporary laws, [[Governance]], and [[corporate social responsibility]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Entrepreneurs gain valuable insights at FICCI FLO's seminar on MSME in Kolkata {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/finance-details/20702/entrepreneurs-gain-valuable-insights-at-ficci-flo-s-seminar-on-msme-in-kolkata.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

She was elected as the first woman Chairperson of the Eastern India Regional Council of ICSI in 2010<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India Network Members |url=https://www.iwirc.com/networks/india/members/6041/mamta-binani |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.iwirc.com}}</ref> She has represented the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] ([[Institute of Company Secretaries of India|ICSI]]) at international forums and is published in journals, magazines, and newspapers.

Her current consulting focuses on new-age legal frameworks, including the [https://www.nseindia.com/sse Social Stock Exchange] and the ESG framework.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-07-21 |title=Rolta India: Mamta Binani Gets Only One Resolution Plan |url=https://www.cornerofficejournal.com/news/bankruptcy/rolta-india-mamta-binani-gets-only-one-resolution-plan |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Corner Office Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binani, Mamta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Kolkata]]

Ashoka's Hell

2026-03-12T07:46:45Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{Short description|Legendary torture chamber}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
'''Ashoka's Hell''' was, according to legend, an elaborate [[torture chamber]] disguised as a beautiful palace full of amenities such as exclusive baths and decorated with flowers, fruit trees and ornaments. It was built by Emperor [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE) in [[Pataliputra]] (modern-day [[Patna]], India), the capital city of the [[Maurya Empire]]. The torture palace's legend is detailed in the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', which describes Emperor Ashoka's life through legendary and historical accounts.

According to legend, the palatial torture chamber was artfully designed to make its exterior visually pleasing, and was referred to as the "beautiful gaol". Beneath the veneer of beauty and deep inside the exclusive mansion, however, chambers were constructed filled with sadistic and cruel instruments of [[torture]]—including furnaces used to melt the metals that were to be poured on prisoners.

The narrative states the chamber's architect drew inspiration from the five tortures of the [[Naraka (Buddhism)|Buddhist hell]]. The ''Ashokavadana'' describes the torture chamber in such terrifying detail that it spawned a belief that Ashoka—in his quest to perfect its sinister design—had visited hell itself. Through a pact made between Ashoka and Girika, the official executioner of the torture chamber, anyone entering the palace, even by chance as a visitor, was not allowed to come out alive.

==Background==
According to the narrations of ''[[Ashokavadana]]'', Emperor [[Ashoka]], prior to his conversion to Buddhism, was a fierce and sadistic ruler, known as ''Ashoka the Fierce'', or Chandashoka (Ashoka the Cruel),<ref name="Obeyesekere2002">{{cite book|author=Gananath Obeyesekere|title=Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yllblMkRgMMC&pg=PA172|accessdate=18 April 2013|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23243-3|pages=172–173}}</ref> who sent his minions on a quest to find a vicious man to work as his official executioner.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/>

After some searching, Ashoka's men found a suitable candidate by the name of Girika who was so vicious that he killed his parents because they did not want him to become Ashoka's executioner. Girika was introduced to Ashoka, who soon appointed him the official executioner of his empire.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/>

==Design==
According to legend, Girika persuaded Ashoka to design the torture chamber based on the suffering endured by people reborn in [[Buddhist hell]].<ref name="Scharfstein1995">{{cite book|author=Ben-Ami Scharfstein|title=Amoral Politics: The Persistent Truth of Machiavellism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibkxwtmP7_UC&pg=PA61|accessdate=18 April 2013|year=1995|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1886-5|pages=61–62}}</ref> The ''Ashokavadana'' documents a long list of torture acts Girika designed and planned to force upon his prisoners including "prying open their mouths with an iron and pouring boiling copper down their throats".<ref name="Rich2010"/> Innocent people were not exempt from such treatment.<ref name="Alahakōn1980">{{cite book|author=Hekṭar Alahakōn|title=The Later Mauryas: 232 BC to 180 BC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gR4dAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2013|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharla|page=161|isbn=9788121502214}}</ref>

In the narrative of ''Ashokavadana'', Ashoka asked Girika to disguise the torture chamber as a beautiful and "enticing" palace full of amenities such as exclusive baths and to decorate it with flowers, fruit trees and many ornaments. The palatial torture chamber was artfully designed to make people long to just look at it, and even attract them to enter, and was referred to as the "beautiful gaol".<ref name="Obeyesekere2002"/><ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="Gurugé1993">{{cite book|author=Ananda W. P. Gurugé|title=Aśoka, the Righteous: A Definitive Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwjjAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2013|year=1993|publisher=Central Cultural Fund, The Ministry of Cultural Affairs and Information|isbn=978-955-9226-00-0|quote=Ashoka is reportedly ruthless enough to aid and abet with Gririka in attracting innocent people to an infernal prison, a veritable hell, ...}}</ref>

According to the mythology, beneath the veneer of beauty, inside the exclusive mansion, torture chambers were constructed which were full of the most sadistic and cruel instruments of torture including furnaces producing molten metal for pouring on the prisoners.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="Scharfstein1995"/><ref name="SaranMishi2012">{{cite book|author1=Mishi Saran|author2=Mishi|title=Chasing the Monk's Shadow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hkOBNbnOGYC&pg=PA274|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=1 July 2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306439-8|page=274}}</ref><ref name="Thapar1973"/>

In the narrative, Ashoka made a pact with Girika that he would never allow anyone who entered the palace to exit alive, including Ashoka himself.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="Scharfstein1995"/><ref name="SaranMishi2012"/><ref name="Durant2011"/><ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/> The torture chamber was so terrifying, that Emperor Ashoka was thought to have visited [[hell]] so that he could perfect its evil design.<ref name="Vittachi2007">{{cite book|author=Nury Vittachi|title=The Kama Sutra of Business: Management Principles from Indian Classics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xK5CBu0UBygC&pg=PT162|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=13 April 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-82223-4|page=162}}</ref> In the ''Biographical Sutra of Emperor Ashoka'' the palace is described by the sentence: 'Emperor Ashoka constructed a hell'.<ref name="Brazier2002">{{cite book|author=David Brazier|title=The New Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/newbuddhism00davi|url-access=registration|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=1 June 2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29518-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/newbuddhism00davi/page/59 59]}}</ref>

''Ashokavadana'' refers to Girika as Chandagirika or Girika the Cruel. It appears that Girika overheard a Buddhist monk recite the ''Balapanditasutta'' which contains vivid descriptions of the five tortures of hell, such as:

{{blockquote|Finally, there are beings who are reborn in hell whom the hell-guardians grab, and stretch out on their backs on a fiery floor of red-hot iron that is but a mass of flames. Then they carry out the torture of the five-fold tether; they drive two iron stakes through their hands; they drive two iron stakes through their feet, and they drive one iron stake through their heart. Truly, O monks, hell is a place of great suffering<ref name="Obeyesekere2002"/>{{page needed|date=December 2018}}}}

He got his ideas of how to torture prisoners from there. The text describes Girika's attitude toward punishment as follows: "Such are the five great agonies, Girika reflected, and he began to inflict these same tortures on people in his prison". In addition, the ''Balapanditasutta'' compares the King's torture methods to the tortures of hell.<ref name="Obeyesekere2002"/>

==Miracle in the chamber==
The ''Ashokavadana'' further mentions that sometime later a Buddhist monk by the name of [[Samudra]] happened to visit the palace and upon entering he was informed by Girika the Cruel, or Candagirika, that he would be tortured to death,<ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka">{{cite book|title=The Legend of King Ashoka: A Study and Translation of the Ashokavadana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA73|accessdate=18 April 2013|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0616-0|pages=73–74}}</ref><ref name="ConferenceSharma2008">{{cite book|author1=Indian Society for Buddhist Studies. Conference|author2=Satya Prakash Sharma|author3=Baidyanath Labh|author4=Vijay Kumar Singh|author5=Anita K. Billawaria|title=The ocean of Buddhist wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnYkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 April 2013|year=2008|publisher=New Bharatiya Book Corporation|isbn=978-81-8315-104-7|volume=3|page=135|quote=One day he arrived at Pataliputra and entered the torture chamber built by Ashoka which was beautiful from outside. As soon as he entered he was seized by Candagirika, the chief executive who told him that he would be executed by the ...}}</ref><ref name="Haynes2008">{{cite book|author=Jeff Haynes|title=Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQm9e7KVgogC&pg=PA13|accessdate=22 April 2013|date=14 November 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-89054-7|page=13}}</ref> and was subsequently led into the torture chamber. His torturers, however, failed to injure him and he appeared able to neutralise their torture methods by realising that the suffering of the other prisoners is part of the Buddhist dogma of suffering and attaining [[arhatship]].<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/><ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/>

In the Eight Manifestations of [[Padmasambhava|Guru Padmasambhava]],<ref name=EMGP>Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche (May 1992). The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava. Translated by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Padma Gochen Ling: Turtle Hill. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022</ref> Samudra is Guru Shakya Senge (Wylie: shAkya seng-ge, Skt: Guru Śākyasimha) of Bodh Gaya. Meaning "Undefeatable Lion", Padmasambhava as Shakya Senge manifests as [[Ananda]]'s student, travels to the torture chamber and brings Ashoka the Cruel to the Dharma through a display of miracles.<ref name=EMGP/>

Narrations detail how Padmasambhava as Shakya Senge, or Samudra, while tortured in a cauldron full of boiling water, human blood, [[bone marrow]] and excrement, caused the contents of the cauldron to cool down and then sat meditating cross-legged on a [[Nelumbo|lotus]] sprouting from the fluid.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/><ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/><ref>Watt, James (January 1999). "Padmasambhava – 8 Forms: Dorje Drolo". Himalayan Art Resources. Retrieved 26 December 2022</ref>
Narratives further describe that when Ashoka heard of these miracles, he was overcome with curiosity and decided to enter the chamber to verify for himself the veracity of the stories. After arriving there he witnessed Padmasambhava, or Samudra, levitating<ref name=EMGP/> with half his body on fire and the other half raining water.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/><ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/> Intrigued he asked the monk to identify himself.<ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/>

Padmasambhava, or Samudra, replied that he was a disciple of [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] and adherent to the [[Dharma]],<ref name=EMGP/> and chastised Ashoka and Girika for having built the torture chamber and for torturing people. Ashoka was further instructed to build 84,000 [[stupas]] according to Buddha's prophecy, and to guarantee the security of all beings. To those demands, Ashoka acquiesced. Further, he confessed to his crimes and became a student of Buddhism and the Dharma.<ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/><ref name="DockettDudley-Grant2002">{{cite book|author1=Kathleen H. Dockett|author2=G. Rita Dudley-Grant|author3=C. Peter Bankart|title=Psychology and Buddhism: From Individual to Global Community|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDP6DDsXZrcC&pg=PA25|accessdate=19 April 2013|date=31 December 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47412-5|page=25}}</ref>

After his taming by Padmasambhava in the torture chamber, the king Ashoka the Cruel, or Candashoka, became known as the king Dharmashoka.<ref name=EMGP/>

==Demolition==
The ''Ashokavadana'' describes the events leading to the demolition of Ashoka's torture chamber. According to the text, the torture chamber had become the site and the reason for his conversion to Buddhism. Girika, as the resident executioner of the chamber, however, reminded Ashoka of his pledge to kill anyone entering the chamber including Ashoka himself.<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/>

Ashoka then questioned Girika as to who entered the torture palace first during their visit to see Samudra's miracles. Girika was then forced to admit that it was he who entered first. Upon the executioner's confession, Ashoka ordered him to be burnt alive and also ordered the demolition of the torture palace. According to the ''Ashokavadana'', "the beautiful jail was then torn down and a guarantee of security was extended to all beings".<ref name="Rich2010"/><ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/>

From that point on, Ashoka became known as ''Ashoka the Pious''.<ref name="Rich2010">{{cite book|author=Bruce Rich|title=To Uphold the World: A Call for a New Global Ethic from Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9ZoeR3r7ngC&pg=PT147|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=1 March 2010|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-9553-9|page=147}}</ref><ref name="A History Of Ancient India">{{cite book|title=A History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India: From The Stone Age To The 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA332|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=1 September 2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=332}}</ref> Buddhist monk [[Xuanzang]] in his writings mentions that in the 7th century AD he had visited the place where Ashoka's torture chamber once was and that it was, even at that time, referred to in Hindu tradition as "Ashoka's Hell".<ref name="A History Of Ancient India"/><ref name="Durant2011"/> Xuanzang also claimed that he saw the column identifying the location of Ashoka's Hell.<ref name="Thapar1973">{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ntDAAAAYAAJ&q=ashoka+hell+on+earth|accessdate=22 April 2013|year=1973|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=29|quote=Fa-hsien repeats the story and explains that Ashoka personally visited the infernal regions and studied their methods of torture before inventing his own.1 Hsiian Tsang claims to have actually seen the pillar marking the site of Ashoka's 'Hell'}}</ref>

In India, the palace is known as "Ashoka's Hell" and its location near [[Pataliputra]] became a popular destination for pilgrims. In the 5th century, [[Faxian]], also a Buddhist monk, reports visiting it and his account of the story of the palace differs slightly from that of Xuanzang's.<ref name="Durant2011">{{cite book|author=Will Durant|title=Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru4LPyMAxxkC&pg=PT707|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=7 June 2011|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-4668-9|pages=707}}</ref><ref name="The Legend of King Ashoka"/><ref name="SchlagerLauer2001">{{cite book|author1=Neil Schlager|author2=Josh Lauer|title=Science and its times: understanding the social significance of scientific discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYU-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 April 2013|year=2001|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3933-4|page=64}}</ref> In the 1890s, British explorer [[Laurence Waddell]], while in [[Patna]], established that [[Agam Kuan]], which means the "unfathomable well", was part of Ashoka's Hell as reported also by the two Chinese monks.<ref name=doa>{{cite web|title=Agam Kuan|url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-01.htm#AgamKuan|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology, Govt. of Bihar, official website|accessdate=19 April 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181914/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-01.htm#AgamKuan|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.|author=Asha Vishnu|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=8170994101|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&dq=Agam+Kuan&pg=PA173}}</ref><ref name="India Perspectives">{{cite book|title=India Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqqyAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 April 2013|year=2003|publisher=PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs|page=13|quote=A little distance away is another Ashokan remain, the Agam Kuan or the fathomless well which is believed to be a part of the legendary hell created by ...}}</ref><ref name="KuraishiIndia1931">{{cite book|author1=Mohammad Hamid Kuraishi|author2=Archaeological Survey of India|title=List of ancient monuments protected under Act VII of 1904 in the province of Bihar and Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOwLfHIYK8gC&q=Agam+Kuan+hell|accessdate=22 April 2013|year=1931|publisher=Govt. of India, Central Publication Branch|page=96|quote=Waddell, the Agam Kuan " seems to be a vestige of Ashoka's hell,...}}</ref> However, in archaeological surveys, no evidence of head bones or a skeleton has been discovered from the well, which contradicts the Buddhist legend.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35492|title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India|last=Blakiston|first=J. F.|date=1928 |pages=34–36}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno, a book by Dante]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:3rd-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Memorials to Ashoka]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Ashoka]]

Hind Kesari (film)

2026-03-07T07:04:59Z

FranceGqd9358746: cleaned up structure additionally for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hind Kesari
| image = Hind Kesari 1935.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Film poster
| director = [[Homi Wadia]]
| producer = [[Wadia Movietone]]
| writer = H. E. Khatib
| screenplay = Homi Wadia
| story = H. E. Khatib
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = Husn Banu Sardar Mansoor Jal Khambata
| music = Master Mohammed
| cinematography = M. A. Rehman
| editing =
| studio = Wadia Movietone
| distributor = Wadia Movietone
| released = {{Film date|1935}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Hind Kesari''''' (Hindi: हिंद केसरी, ''Caesar of India'') is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1935|1935]] [[Hindi]] action adventure film directed by [[Homi Wadia]], and starring Husn Banu, Sardar Mansoor, Gulshan, Jal Khambatta, Tarapore and Master Mohammed.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Hind Kesari 1935|url=http://www.citwf.com/film150379.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=11 Sep 2014}}</ref><ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|title=Hind Kesari 1935|url=http://www.gomolo.com/hind-kesari-movie/332|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=11 Sep 2014|archive-date=11 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911210522/http://www.gomolo.com/hind-kesari-movie/332|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a remake of the 1932 film of the same name, directed by [[Homi Master]] for Jayant Pictures. The film did well for a "stunt film" breaking "records" at the box office.<ref name=Mishra />

==Plot==
King Mansingh (Tarapore) falls prey to the machinations of his minister Zalim Singh and loses his throne. Prince Randhir leading an easy life now disguises himself wearing a mask and turns into the dreaded Hind Kesari. He is assisted in his endeavour to help the needy by Princess Hansa (Husn Banu).

==Cast==
*Husn Banu
*Sardar Mansoor
*Dilawar
*Gulshan
*Jal Khambatta
*Tarapore
*Master Mohammed
*Bashir Qawwal
*Bismilla

==Production==
The film was produced by [[Wadia Movietone]], with cinematography by M. A. Rehman and a story by H. E. Khatib. Its music director was Master Mohammed and the lyricist was Joseph David.<ref name=Willemen>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha, Willemen|first1=Ashish, Paul|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|pages=263|edition=2, revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=Hind+Kesari+1935&pg=PA263|access-date=11 Sep 2014}}</ref> The Wadia brothers preferred using Master Mohammed as music composer and actor and he was present in most of their films including ''Hind Kesari''.<ref name=Raj>{{cite book|last1=Raj|first1=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.1, Volume 1 Bollywood series|date=2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789381398029|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&q=Hind+Kesari+1935&pg=PT52|access-date=11 Sep 2014}}</ref> The character of Hind Kesari, played by Sardar Mansoor was based on the Douglas Fairbanks Sr. role in ''The Thief of Baghdad''.<ref name=Mishra>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Vijay|title=Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135310929|pages=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1zcvGwVckgC&q=Hind+Kesari+1935&pg=PA126|access-date=11 Sep 2014}}</ref> The horse, Punjab Ka Beta (Son of Punjab) a feature of most Wadia Movietone films of that time, had prominent billing. This movie is made in San Ramon.

==Music==
The music director was Master Mohammed and the lyrics were written by Joseph David.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
|-
| 1
| "Eksi Jagat Mein Halat Rehti Nahin Kisiki"
|-
| 2
| "Karam Kar Mere Daata Gham Ki Badali Dil Pe Chhai"
|-
| 3
| "Ghanan Garji Bhaandev Ki Megh Dhaara"
|-
| 4
| "Khansi Aur Khoon Kabhi Nahin Chhupe Jahan Mein"
|-
| 5
| "Tum Bin Ab Kaun Sambaale"
|-
| 6
| "Virha Mein Jal Rahi Hoon Chahe Aao Na Aao"
|-
| 7
| "Samay Aanad Ka Hai Utsav Nav Aaj Kar Na"
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0268360|title=Hindi Kesari }}

{{Homi Wadia}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1935 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Homi Wadia]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:1930s action adventure films]]

Boudh district

2026-03-04T14:24:25Z

FranceGqd9358746: correct information per standard format per standard format

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Boudh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Boudh district
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Ramnath Temple - Boudh, Orissa, India.jpg
|photo2a = Kiakata Bdrige 3.JPG
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: Ramnath Temple, [[Boudh]] Bottom: Kiakata Bridge over the [[Mahanadi]]
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.833|N|84.333|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2 January 1994
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Boudh]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Bibhuti Bhusan Nayak<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who: Boudh |url=https://boudh.odisha.gov.in/about-district/who-s-who |url-status=live |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Boudh District, Government of Odisha |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden
| leader_name1 = Devapriya kampha, OFS
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Rajprasad IPS, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3098
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 441,162
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 29
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 762 0xx
| registration_plate = OD-27
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sambalpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 991 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 72.51%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Orissa Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = 2 {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|082-[[Kantamal (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kantamal]] 083-[[Boudh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boudh]]}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|1623.1|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|boudh.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Boudh district''' is an administrative and municipal district, one of [[list of districts of Odisha|thirty]] in [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The district headquarters is located in the city of Boudh.

==History==
{{See also|Boudh State}}
[[File:Drapeau Baudh.png|thumb|Flag of the [[Boudh State]].|left]]
The early history of [[Boudh]] is uncertain. The discovery of Buddhist artifacts in Boudh has led historians to believe thatit was an important center of Buddhism. Inscriptions indicate that during the mid-8th century CE, the Boudh region was a part of Khinjali Mandala and it was under the rule of the Bhanja rulers.<ref name="Patel 1991 p.37 ">{{cite book | last=Patel | first=S.K. | title=Cultural history of early medieval Orissa: Åšulki rule | publisher=Sundeep Prakashan | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-85067-71-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhFuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-05-27 | page=37}}</ref><ref name="Donaldson 2001 p. 71">{{cite book | last=Donaldson | first=T.E. | title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text | publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-7017-406-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA71 | access-date=2019-05-27 | page=71}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Research Society 1930 p.113-116 ">{{cite book | author=Bihar Research Society | title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society | issue=v. 16 | year=1930 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVfHAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-05-27 | pages=113–116
}}</ref>

The earliest known ruler of the Bhanja dynasty was Nettabhanja, who was an independent ruler of the Dhenkanal region. However, his successors migrated toward the Boudh-Sonepur region and founded Khinjali Mandala. They ruled there as the feudatory of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhauma-Karas]] of Tosali. The name Khinjali Mandala appears for first time in the Sonepur copper plate grant of Satrubhanja Dev. Satrubhanja Dev was the son of Silabhanja Dev, which indicates that Silabhanja Dev founded the Bhanja dynasty at Khinjali Mandala. Dhirtipura was the capital of Khinjali Mandala, which has been identified as present-day Boudh town.<ref name="Soszynski 1948">{{cite web | last=Soszynski | first=Henry | title=BAUDH | website=members.iinet.net.au | date=1948-01-01 | url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/baudh.html | access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref name="Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 52 (1991), pp. 1026-1029">{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | volume=52 | pages=1026–1029 | jstor=44142745 | last1=Acharya | first1=Subrata Kumar | title=Identification of Shilabhanjadeva of the Madras Museum Plates of Narendradhavala | year=1991 }}</ref>

Janmeyjaya I (also known as Mahabhabagupta), the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] ruler of South Kosala, defeated and killed Ranabhanja Dev, son of Satrubhanja Dev, a ruler from the Bhanja family. The Bhanjas were forced out of the Boudh region, which was then renamed to Odra Desa.<ref name="Sahu 1997 p.115-116 ">{{cite book | last=Sahu | first=J.K. | title=Historical Geography of Orissa | publisher=Decent Books | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-86921-00-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-05-27 | pages=115–116}}</ref><ref name="Ahamada 1965 p.5 ">{{cite book | last=Ahamada | first=M. | title=District Census Handbook, Orissa: Sambalpur | publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press | year=1965 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9G578yQMf6oC | language=en | access-date=2019-06-04 | page=5}}</ref>

Yayati I, the son of Janmejaya I, succeeded him to the throne and established his capital in Odra-desa at a place called Yayatinagara, which has been identified as the present-day town of Jagati in Boudh District.<ref name="Orissa (India) Senapati Sahu 1971 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India) | last2=Senapati | first2=N. | last3=Sahu | first3=N.K. | title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Dhenkanal | publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1971 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3130 | language=en | access-date=2019-05-31 }}</ref> The Somavansi rulers consequently occupied and migrated toward Utkala, leaving South-Kosala in charge of their representatives. Kosala was eventually lost and occupied by the Chodas and the Kalachuris from the south. The Ganga dynasty fought a protracted war with the Kalachuris for nearly a century to gain control of the Kosala territory. It is inferred from the Chatesvar Inscription (1220 CE) that the war finally ended in favour of the Gangas during the reign of Anangabhima Deva III. Thereafter, Boudh came under the rule of the Ganga dynasty along with Sonepur and it was ruled by the Ganga Administrators.<ref name="Rath 1983 p. ">{{cite book | last=Rath | first=B.K. | title=Cultural history of Orissa, A.D. 855-1110 | publisher=Sundeep Prakashan | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhFuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-05-31 }}</ref><ref name="Orissa (India) Senapati Sahu 1971 p.60 ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India) | last2=Senapati | first2=N. | last3=Sahu | first3=N.K. | title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Dhenkanal | publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1971 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3130 | language=en | access-date=2019-05-31 | page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3130/page/n71 60]}}</ref>

Over the years, a Brahmin family from among the Ganga administrators became quasi-independent and ruled over this territory. Gandhamardan Dev was the last Brahmin ruler of this family. He lacked any natural born successors, he adopted Ananga Bhanja from Bhanja royal family of [[Keonjhar State]], who then adopted the Dev surname of his adoptive parents. Ananga Bhanja subsequently became the ruler after Gandharmardhan Dev, assuming the name Ananga Dev. This laid the foundation for the Bhanja dynasty in Boudh in the early 14th century CE. This dynasty continued to rule over this area till 1948, when the state acceded to and merged with the [[Orissa Province]] after the British withdrawal from India. Their kingdom comprised the modern-day Boudh, Athmallik, and Sonepur areas, with its capital headquarters at Swarnapura (Sonepur). The capital was later moved to Boudh due to the friction with the Chouhan rulers of Patna (Patnagarh in Bolangir District).<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 136">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC&pg=PA136 | access-date=2019-05-26 | page=136}}</ref>

Boudh was a very powerful kingdom during the first half of the 17th century CE, with the territory of Sonepur remaining under its direct administration. During this period, the Chouhan rulers of Sambalpur had already established their supremacy over almost entire western Orissa. The Chouhan ruler of [[Sambalpur]], Balabhadradeva (1605-1630 CE), defeated Siddhabhanja Dev (Siddheswar Dev) of Boudh and forced him to relinquish the Sonepur region. They subsequently made it a separate state in 1640 CE.<ref name="Sahu Mishra Sahu 1981 p.286-287
">{{cite book | last1=Sahu | first1=N.K. | last2=Mishra | first2=P.K. | last3=Sahu | first3=J.K. | title=History of Orissa | publisher=Nalanola | year=1981 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajduAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-05-27 | pages=286–287}}</ref>

In the meantime, Orissa was occupied by the Muslims. Details regarding the relationship between the rulers of Boudh and the Muslim subedars in [[Cuttack]] is not known. However, Boudh maintained friendly relations with the emperors of India during both Maratha rule and Mughal or other Muslim rulers. Raja Pratap Dev of Boudh rendered assistance to Mughal troops who were passing through Boudh to Puri. Due to this assistance, he was conferred the title "Swasti Sri Derlakhya Dhumbadhipati Jharkhund Mandaleswar". This title continued to be used by the rulers of Boudh till the time of Raja Banamali Deb.<ref name="Lethbridge 2005 p.88">{{cite book | last=Lethbridge | first=R. | title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire | publisher=Aakar Books | year=2005 | isbn=978-81-87879-54-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC | access-date=2019-05-27 | page=88}}</ref>

During the region of Sidhabhanja Dev, also known as Siddheswar Dev, the Sonepur region was conquered from Boudh by the Chouhan ruler of Sambalpur. Boudh state had previously lost territory to other kingdoms as well. In 1498-99 CE, the then Raja of Boudh state gifted the territory of Dasapalla to his younger brother, Narayan Dev. Narayan Dev later asserted his independence from Boudh and made Dasapalla a separate state. In 1599-1600 CE, Raja Madan Mohan Dev ceded the territory lying between Amaimuhan and the Kharang river in the west as dowry to his daughters, who married into the Chouhan royal family of Patna State. [[Athmallik State|Athmallik]] and Khondhmal remained a part of Boudh state for some time.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 135">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC&pg=PA135 | access-date=2019-05-26 | page=135}}</ref>

After the British conquest of Orissa in 1803 CE, Raja Biswambar Dev of Boudh accepted British sovereignty and entered into a treaty agreement with the [[British East India Company]] on 3 March 1804.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 135" />

After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], the British Government permanently occupied Boudh from the Marathas and included this state in the South West Frontier Agency till 1837, when it was brought under the superintendent of Tributary Mahals, Cuttack.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 135" />

In 1817 CE, Raja Biswambar Dev died and was succeeded by his son Chandra Sekhar Dev. In 1821, Chandra Sekhar Dev received a fresh Sanand from the British Government, fixing the annual tribute at Rs. 800. After his death, his son Pitambara Dev ascended the throne in 1839 CE. During his reign, there was an uprising in the Khondmal region of Ganjam District, led by Chakra Bisoyi. The cause of uprising was the practice of human sacrifice by the Khond tribe of Ganjam District. Pitambara Dev could not quell this uprising, and on 15 February 1855 CE, Khondmal of Ganjam was separated from the Boudh state and annexed to the British territory. Raja Pitambar Dev remained loyal to the British Government and cooperated with the British administration in eradicating human sacrifice and suppressing the Khondh rebellion in Ghumsur and Khondhmal of the then Ganjam District. Chakra Bisoi of Ganjam District, who had stayed in Boudh State since 1855 and organized the Khondhas, was finally driven out of the state, restoring peace and order. The British Government recognized Pitambar Dev's title Raja, by a separate Sanand granted to him in 1875 CE.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 136" />

The [[Athmallik]] state was originally part of Boudh state, with the chief of Boudh serving as the Raja of both Boudh and Athmallik. The chief of Athmallik was called a Zamindar and was addressed as a Samanta. In 1875, the chief of Athmallik was officially recognized as a Raja, and Athamallik became a separate state in 1894 CE.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 115">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC&pg=PA115 | access-date=2019-05-31 | page=115}}</ref>

Raja Jogindra Dev succeeded his father Raja Pitambar Dev after his death in 1879. He was progressive ruler who opened schools and introduced English education in the state.<ref name="Dāsa Mohanty 2006 p.86 ">{{cite book | last1=Dāsa | first1=Ś. | last2=Mohanty | first2=M. | title=A Leaf in the Stream: An Autobiography | publisher=Rupantar | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-901759-6-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDadAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-06-03 | page=86}}</ref> He died in 1913, leaving his minor son Narayan Dev. Hence the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] and the Dewan took over the running of the affairs of the state. Narayan Dev formally took over after his coronation on 31 March 1925. During Narayan Dev's reign, the power and function of the ruler was considerably reduced and it appears that the state was under the de facto rule of the political agent. Raja Narayan Dev suppressed a political agitation in Boudh in 1930-31 and adopted measures to suppress the Prajamandal Movement in 1945. He also developed the modern-day Jagti village (the historical Yayatinagar, the erstwhile Somavamsi Capital) and renamed it Narayan Nagar. He was the last ruler of the Boudh State and on 1 January 1948, the state merged with the Orissa province.<ref name="Vadivelu 1915 p.412 ">{{cite book | last=Vadivelu | first=A. | title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India | publisher=G.C. Loganadham | issue=v. 1 | year=1915 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeeRRf0EhnIC | access-date=2019-05-31 | page=412}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty 1997 p.1 ">{{cite book | last=Mohanty | first=B. | title=Orissa, a district-wise analysis | publisher=Vidyaratna Press | year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyNuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-05-31 | page=1}}</ref><ref name="Lethbridge 2005 p.88"/>

Both Boudh and Kandhamal were part of Ganjam District for some time. Later, Boudh became a sub-division of the newly created Boudh-Kandhamal District when Kandhamal was separated from Ganjam. On 2 January 1994, Boudh became the district headquarters of a separate district named Boudh, which was carved out of the Boudh-Kandhamal District.

==Geography==
The district lies in central Odisha towards the south of the [[Mahanadi River]], which forms the western and northern boundary of the district. Across the Mahanadi lay the districts of [[Bolangir District|Bolangir]] to the west, [[Subarnapur District|Subarnapur]] to the northwest, and [[Angul District|Angul]] to the northeast. [[Nayagarh District]] lies to the southeast, [[Phulbani District]] to the south, and [[Kalahandi district]] to the southwest.

Geographically the Boudh district extends from Latitudes 20°.22’ to 20°.50’N and Longitudes 83°.34’ to 84°.49’E. It is bounded by River [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] and [[Anugul District]] to the north, [[Kandhamal District]] to the south, [[Nayagarh District]] to the east and [[Tel River]] and [[Subarnapur District]] to the west.<ref name="About District 2018">{{cite web | title=Boudh District, Government of Odisha | website=About District | date=2018-05-20 | url=https://boudh.nic.in/about-district/ | access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Unsourced|section|date=February 2025}}[[File:Kiakata Bdrige 3.JPG|thumb|Kiakata Bdrige ([[Mahanadi River]]).|left]]
Boudh is well connected with road and rail with other district headquarters and the state capital [[Bhubaneswar]]. The distance of Boudh from Bhubaneswar is 240 km. One can come to Boudh via State Highway No. 1 and 14 (via Nayagarh–Charichhak) or can come by National Highway No. 42. (via Angul). Regular train services are available from Bhubaneswar viz. Bhubaneswar –Sambalpur Intercity Express, Hirakud Express, Puri-Sambalpur passenger train. To reach Boudh one has to get down at Rairakhol station. From here one has to travel around 27 km. either by bus or taxi to reach Boudh. The nearest airport is at Jharsuguda.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=1,22,615|13=1911|14=1,38,767|15=1921|16=1,38,149|17=1931|18=1,51,112|19=1941|20=1,65,204|21=1951|22=1,67,713|23=1961|24=1,90,436|25=1971|26=2,27,902|27=1981|28=2,68,366|29=1991|30=3,17,622|31=2001|32=3,73,372|33=2011|34=4,41,162|source=Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Boudh district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 441,162,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Boudh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/922/download/36556/DH_2011_2122_PART_A_DCHB_BAUDH.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Malta]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Malta 408,333 July 2011 est.}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 552nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|142|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.82%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Baudh has a [[sex ratio]] of 991 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 72.51%. 4.63% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 23.79% and 12.55% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Religion ===
The majority of the people of the district are [[Hinduism in Odisha|Hindu]] (99.32%) and other religions as minority, including [[Muslims|Muslim]] (0.23%), [[Christians]] (0.12%), [[Sikhs|Sikh]] (0.01%) and others (0.33%). As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the Boudh district has the highest percentage of Hindus in India.<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Boudh district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value1 = 78.69 |color1 = saddlebrown
|label2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] |value2 = 20.55 |color2 = yellow
|other= yes|other-color = Grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 78.69% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]] and 20.55% [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Unsourced|section|date=February 2025}}
Boudh is a new district but the civilization of Boudh area is as old as the oldest river valley civilizations of the world. As all civilization started on the banks of the river and the riverine passage was the mode of transport in the days of yore, people of Boudh claimed to be inheritors of rich culture. From 2nd century AD up to a period of one thousand years, Boudh was an important seat of [[Jagannath]]ism, i.e. Odia Vaishnavism, [[Shaivism]] and Shakti cult in the country. Boudh is part of Odia Culture. It was highly developed educationally and culturally during the Soma Vanshi period and also during the Gangas and Surya Vanshi period.

===Communal dance===
Various types of dances are prevalent in the district. These are usually held during socio-religious functions. An account of some of the major dances is given below.
{{div col}}
* Karma dance
* [[Danda Nata]]
* Dalkhai dance
{{div col end}}

===Fairs and festivals===
The Hindus of the district observe a number of festivals all year round. These festivals may broadly be divided into two categories, viz. domestic festivals observed in each household and public festivals and fairs where people congregate in large numbers on some auspicious days. The domestic festivals are confined to worship of family deities, observance of Ekadashi, various {{transliteration|or|vratas}}, etc. most of them being guided by phases of the moon. The public festivals are usually religious ceremonies attended by a large number of men, women, and children who come for worship as well as entertainment. An account of some of the important festivals in the district is given below.
{{div col}}
* Chuda Khai Jatra
* Ratha Jatra
* Laxmi Puja
* Nuakhai
* Sivaratri
* Dasahara
* Dola Jatra
* Puajiuntia and Bhaijiuntia
* Ramaleela
* Kailashi Jatra
{{div col end}}

===Recreation===
Leisure and recreation are essential for life. People usually gather in the evening at the temple or in a common place where the priest or Puran panda recites and explains from the religious texts like the Bhagabat, the Mahabharat, the Ramayan, the Haribansa, or other Puranas. The singing of Bhajan or kirtan accompanied with musical instruments like khanjani, gini, mrudanga or harmonium is also another popular form of entertainment for the people. Occasionally acrobatic feats, monkey dance, beard dance, and snake charming and magic performed by itinerant professional groups also provide entertainment to the people. In urban areas cinema, opera are a common source of entertainment. Besides this recreational clubs are also functioning in the district.

===Tourism===
Boudh is known for its century-old temples, ancient Buddha statues, and caves. With the spread of Saivism, Vaishnavism and a number of other cults, numerous shrines dedicated to various deities were found in this region. The notable temples and other tourist attractions includes:[[File:Chari Sambhu Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Chari Sambhu Temple]].]]
{{div col}}
* Buddha Statues
* Ramanath Temple
* Jogindra Villa Palace
* Hanuman Temple
* Chandra Chuda and Matengeswar Temple
* Madan Mohan Temple
* Jagannath Temple
* Debagarh
* [[Chari Sambhu Temple]]
* Purunakatak
*Swapnewar Temple
{{div col end}}

===Places of Interest===
[[File:Maa Bhairabi Temple, Purunakatak, Boudh.jpg|thumb|Bhairabi Temple, Purunakatak.]]
* Padmatola Sanctuary
* Dambarugada Mountains
* Nayakpada Cave (Patali Shrikhetra)
* Marjakud Island
* Khandikanpa
Apart from the above places, there are numerous tourist attractions in Boudh, including Asurgada, [[Shiva]] temple at Karadi, Sarsara and Baunsuni, Jatasamadhi temple at Balasinga (Temple of Mahima Cult), and Paljhir Dam.

==Legislation==
===Vidhan Sabha Constituencies===
{{Main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}
The following are the 2 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>{{Cite report |title=Final Publication of Delimitation Orders – Orissa |date=2006-12-15 |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf |issue=NO. 282/OR/2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154017/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013054/http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls |date=March 5, 2016 }}</ref> of Boudh district and the elected members of that area are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly |work=ws.ori.nic.in |quote=MEMBER NAME |access-date=19 February 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Member of 16th Assembly
![[Political party|Party]]
|-
!85
|[[Kantamal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kantamal]]
|None
|Kanhai Charan Danga
| bgcolor="#FF7722" | [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]
|-
!86
| [[Boudh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boudh]]
|None
| Saroj Pradhan
| bgcolor="#FF7722" | [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]
|}

=== Lok Sabha constituency ===
{{Main|List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Odisha}}
The Boudh district comes in the Lok Sabha constituency of [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]] and the elected member of that area is:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-II) (PC)|url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in|publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha|accessdate=15 April 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Member of 18th Lok Sabha
!Party
|-
!13
|[[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
|Unserved
|[[Sukanta Kumar Panigrahi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Boudh]]
*[[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official Website|https://boudh.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Boudh district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Anugul district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Nayagarh district]]
|South = [[Kandhamal district]]
|Southwest = [[Balangir district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Subarnapur district]]
}}
{{Boudh district}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Boudh district| ]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1994]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Anamadheya Ashok Kumar

2026-03-03T12:16:57Z

FranceGqd9358746: bio - done

{{short description|Indian crime thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anamadheya Ashok Kumar
| image = Anamadheya Ashok Kumar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sagar Kumar
| producer =
| screenplay = {{Ubl| Sagar Kumar
| Benny Thomas}}
| starring = {{plainlist|* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar G]]
* Harshil Koushik
* Sudheendran Nair
* Kanthraj Kiddipudi
* Bhairav Muni
* Veeresh K M
* Gagana P.}}
| music = Azad
| cinematography = Sunil Honnali
| editing = K Yesu
| studio = SKN Films
| distributor = Janani Pictures
| released = {{film date|2025|2|7|df=yes}}
| runtime = 1 hour 44 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada, Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Anamadheya Ashok Kumar''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language crime thriller film directed by Sagar Kumar. The film stars [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore Kumar G]]., Harshil Koushik, Sudheendran Nair, Kanthraj Kiddipudi, Bhairav Muni, Veeresh K M, and Gagana P. The film follows an investigative journalist caught in a murder mystery while a determined police officer seeks to uncover the truth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-09 |title='Anamadheya Ashok Kumar' movie review: Kishore, Harshil Koushik anchor an engaging, 'Vikram Vedha'-esque thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anamadheya-ashok-kumar-movie-review-kishore-harshil-koushik-anchor-an-engaging-vikram-vedha-esque-thriller/article69199200.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='Anamadheya Ashok Kumar' movie review: A fast-paced thriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/anamadheya-ashok-kumar-movie-review-a-fast-paced-thriller-2-3395964 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕನನ್ನು ಸೀಟಿನಂಚಿಗೆ ತಂದು ಕೂರಿಸುವ ಈ ಅನಾಮಧೇಯನ ಕಥೆಯೇ ಬಲು ರೋಚಕ; ಅನಾಮಧೇಯ ಅಶೋಕ್‍ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಚಿತ್ರವಿಮರ್ಶೆ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/an-anonymous-story-that-puts-the-audience-on-the-edge-of-their-seats-anamadheya-ashok-kumar-movie-review-ctn-181738908042044.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The narrative centers on Praveen Rajashekar, an investigative journalist, who, during an interview with retired senior lawyer Anand Bhat, finds himself entangled in a murder investigation. When Bhat is found dead and Praveen is attacked by an unknown assailant, he kills the attacker in self-defense. As the case unfolds, Praveen becomes both a prime suspect and a key witness. Police officer Athirath B J takes on the case to uncover the truth behind the murders.

== Cast ==

* [[Kishore Kumar G]] as Praveen Rajashekar<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-11-05 |title=Kishore, Harshil Koushik team up for 'Anamadheaya Ashok Kumar' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/05/kishore-harshil-koushik-team-up-for-anamadheaya-ashok-kumar |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Harshil Koushik as Athirath B J<ref name=":0" />
* Sudheendran Nair as Anand Bhat
* Kanthraj Kiddipudi as Rameshan
* Bhairav Muni as Bimanna
* Veeresh K M as Author
* Gagana P as Mithya

== Production ==
The film is directed by Sagar Kumar, who also co-wrote the screenplay alongside Benny Thomas. The [[cinematography]] is handled by Sunil Honnali, while Azad N composed the film’s score. K Yesu served as the editor, and Danny Sheldon worked as the sound designer. The film was produced by SKN Films.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== Release ==
Anamadheya Ashok Kumar was released theatrically on 7 February 2025 by Janani Pictures.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Anamadheya Ashok Kumar Movie Review : Anamadheya Ashok Kumar: A gripping whodunnit backed by powerful performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/anamadheya-ashok-kumar/movie-review/118053975.cms |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews for its narrative and performances. [[The Deccan Herald]] rated it 4 out of 5 stars, described the film as a "fast-paced thriller" that keeps the audience engaged.<ref name=":2" />
[[The Times of India]] rated it 3 out of 5 stars, praising its strong storyline and suspenseful execution.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt34442671}}

[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Aanaparambile World Cup

2026-03-03T09:45:19Z

FranceGqd9358746: new - done

{{Short description|Indian film of Malayalam language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aanaparambile World Cup
| image = Aanaparambile World Cup.jpeg
| director = Nikhil Premraj
| writer = Nikhil Premraj
| producer = Stanley CS
| starring = {{Plain list |
* [[Jumana Abdu Rahman]]
* [[Lukman Avaran]]
* [[Antony Varghese]]
* [[Balu Varghese]]}}
| cinematography = Faiz Siddik
| editing = Noufal Abdullah
| music = '''Songs and score:''' [[Jakes Bejoy]] '''Guest composer:''' [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = Achappu Movie Magic
| released = {{Film date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Aanaparambile World Cup''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language sports drama film written and directed by Nikhil Premraj and produced by Stanley CS under the banner of Achappu Movie Magic. The film features [[Jumana Abdu Rahman]], [[Antony Varghese]], [[Balu Varghese]] and I.M. Vijayan. Cinematography is handled by Faiz Siddik and music is composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aanaparambile World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/aanaparambile-world-cup/movieshow/94711283.cms |access-date=2024-11-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanaparambile World Cup - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/aanaparambile-world-cup-official-trailer/videoshow/94696609.cms |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-07 |title='Aanaparambile World Cup' trailer: Antony Varghese starrer is all about the love for football |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aanaparambile-world-cup-trailer-antony-varghese-starrer-is-all-about-the-love-for-football/articleshow/94696691.cms |access-date=2024-11-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandhini |date=2022-11-24 |title=Aanaparambile World Cup passes through censor formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Nov/24/aanaparambile-world-cup-passes-through-censor-formalities-36983.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The film is set in Aanaparambu, a fictitious village located in the northern region of [[Kerala]], where the football-obsessed inhabitants have been following the game since their childhood. Preparations are underway for the upcoming football World Cup. A group of kids searching for a ground to play, meet the characters played by [[Antony Varghese|Anthony]], [[Lukman Avaran|Lukman]], and [[Balu Varghese|Balu]].

The life of a nine-year-old boy, a dedicated football enthusiast, undergoes a significant transformation following the arrival of an unexpected guest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Aswin |date=2022-11-29 |title=Aanaparambile World Cup Review {{!}} A Decent Kids Film With the Usual Underdog Template |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/aanaparambile-world-cup-malayalam-movie-review-2022/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Lensmen Reviews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Anaparambile Worldcup (Malayalam) Full Movie Online {{!}} Sun NXT |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-movie-anaparambile-worldcup-2022/detail/153463 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.sunnxt.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanaparambile World Cup {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aanaparambile_world_cup |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanaparambile World Cup preview: All you need to know about the film starring Antony Varghese |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aanaparambile-world-cup-preview-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-film-starring-antony-varghese/514bf73b3832 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2021-09-28 |title=Aanaparambile World Cup gearing up for release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/Sep/28/aanaparambile-world-cup-gearing-up-for-release-26948.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Jumana Abdu Rahman]]
*[[Adil Ibrahim]] as Sufi singer
*[[Lukman Avaran]] as Muneer
*[[Antony Varghese]]
*[[Balu Varghese]] as Deepak
*[[I. M. Vijayan]]
*Danish PK as Ummar

== Production ==
The shoot is done at [[Malappuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2019-09-09 |title=Antony Varghese's Aanaparambile World Cup goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Sep/09/antony-vargheses-aanaparambile-world-cup-goes-on-floors-14180.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Promotions ==
The film producers had partnered with [[Kerala Blasters FC]] for the promotional activities of the movie, like attending the film preview, sharing trailers on their social media accounts etc.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nivedita |first=Nivedita |date=7 October 2022 |title=Antony Varghese's Aanaparambile World Cup will release on Oct 7 |url=https://theprimetime.in/antony-vargheses-aanaparambile-world-cup-will-release-on-oct-7/ |work=Prime Time News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10692976}}

[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]

Ma Huan

2026-03-03T06:36:58Z

FranceGqd9358746: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Chinese translator, voyager, and writer (c. 1380–1460)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ma Huan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ma Huan
| birth_date = c. 1380
| birth_place = [[Kuaiji Commandery]], [[Zhejiang]], China
| death_date = c. 1460
| death_place =
| occupation = Explorer, Translator, Travel writer
| language = Chinese, Arabic
| nationality = Chinese
| notableworks = ''Yingya Shenglan'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

[[File:Yingya Shenglan (Jilu Huiban), first page.jpg|thumb|First page of the ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (1451) by Ma Huan, as collected in the ''Jilu Huibian'' (1617)]]
'''Ma Huan''' ({{zh|s=马欢|t=馬歡|p=Mǎ Huān}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab| ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا }}) ({{circa}} 1380–1460<ref name=ency>{{cite book
|contribution=Ma Huan
|first=A. D. W. | last=Forbes
|editor-first=C.E. |editor-last=Bosworth |isbn=90-04-07164-4 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1983
|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 | pages=849–850}}</ref>), courtesy name '''Zongdao''' ({{Zh|c=宗道|s=|t=|p=Zōngdào}}), pen name '''Mountain-woodcutter''' (會稽山樵), was a Chinese explorer, translator, and travel writer who accompanied Admiral [[Zheng He]] on three of his [[Treasure voyages|seven expeditions to the Western Oceans]]. Ma was a [[Muslim]] and was born in [[Zhejiang]]'s [[Kuaiji Commandery]], an area within the modern borders of [[Shaoxing]]. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&dq=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year&pg=PA849|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5|author-first1=Sir H. A. R. |author-last1=Gibb|orig-year=1954|year=1983|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=90-04-07164-4|page=849|access-date=2011-03-26}}</ref>

== Expeditions and writings ==
In Ma Huan's fourth imperial expedition in 1413, he sailed south and west from China and into the Indian ocean, visiting [[Champa]], [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Sumatra]], [[Palembang]], [[Siam]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] and [[Ormus|Hormuz]].

In the 1421 expedition, he visited [[Malacca]], [[Sultanate of Deli|Aru]], [[Sumatra]], [[Trincomalee]], [[Ceylon]], Kochi, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Zufar]] and Hormuz.

In the 1431 expedition, he visited [[Bengal]], [[Chittagong]], [[Sonargaon]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eunuch [[Hong Bao]] as emissary to [[Mecca]].

During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes on the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, and even methods of punishment for criminals. Returning home on his first expedition, he began writing a book on his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was finalized around 1451. The title of his book was ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).

During the [[Ming dynasty]] and [[Qing dynasty]], there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian {{ill|Feng Chengjun|zh|馮承鈞}}. A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.

An annotated English translation by [[J.V.G. Mills]] (1887–1987) was published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1970,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2053070|doi=10.2307/2053070|author-first1=Jung-Pang|author-last1=Lo|volume=31|number=1|date=November 1971|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|pages=181-182|title=Book Reviews: Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores}}</ref> and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.

The ''Yingya Shenglan'' is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of [[South East Asia]] and [[history of India]].

Some scholars who have done research work on Ma Huan are J.J.L. Duyvendak, F. Hirth, [[Paul Pelliot]], [[Feng Chengjun]], [[Xiang Da]], [[J.V.G. Mills]].

== See also ==
* [[Fei Xin]], another participants of Zheng He's expeditions who wrote a book
* The "[[Mao Kun map]]" in ''[[Wubei Zhi]]''

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Ying-yai Sheng-lan, [https://archive.org/details/ying-yai-sheng-lan-1433/page/n3/mode/2up The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan], translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, [[Hakluyt Society]], London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}} ({{Google books|DjQ9AAAAIAAJ|restricted online copy|page=}})
* [[Paul Pelliot]], Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.
* [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001/acref-9780195130751-e-0502 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History]. Oxford Reference.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Gordon, Stewart. ''When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"'' Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-306-81556-7}}.
*{{cite book |author=J. V. G. Mills (tr.) |title= Ma Huan: Ying-yai sheng-lan 'The overall survey of the ocean's shores' (1433), translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-chün |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }}

{{Chinese travellers}}
{{Islamic geography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ma, Huan}}
[[Category:1380s births]]
[[Category:1460 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:15th-century Chinese writers]]
[[Category:15th-century translators]]
[[Category:Chinese translators]]
[[Category:Chinese explorers]]
[[Category:15th-century explorers]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty Muslims]]
[[Category:Chinese travel writers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Medieval Kerala]]
[[Category:Hui people]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Ming treasure voyages]]
[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]]
[[Category:15th-century travel writers]]

Chekka Chivantha Vaanam

2026-03-03T03:11:26Z

FranceGqd9358746: cleaned up section for consistency

{{short description|2018 film directed by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chekka Chivantha Vaanam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| producer = Mani Ratnam [[Allirajah Subaskaran|A. Subaskaran]]
| writer = Mani Ratnam [[Siva Ananth]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arvind Swami]]
*[[Silambarasan]]
*[[Arun Vijay]]
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[A. R. Rahman]] [[Qutub-E-Kripa]] '''Songs:''' A. R. Rahman
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Madras Talkies]] [[Lyca Productions]]
| distributor = Lyca Productions<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam’ trailer: Mani Ratnam is back and how! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-trailer-mani-ratnam-is-back-and-how/articleshow/65539355.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260131030239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-trailer-mani-ratnam-is-back-and-how/articleshow/65539355.cms |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2018|09|27|df=yes}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam''''' ({{translation|Crimson Red Sky}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodk5oty0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909124421/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodk5oty0 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref> written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]] and co-written with [[Siva Ananth]]. Produced by Ratnam under [[Madras Talkies]], along with [[Allirajah Subaskaran|A. Subaskaran]] of [[Lyca Productions]], the film stars [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Silambarasan]], [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]], with [[Prakash Raj]], [[Jyothika]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], Dayana Erappa, [[Jayasudha]], [[Thiagarajan]] and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]. It follows three brothers who engage in a power struggle for control over their father's criminal empire.

The project began pre-production by July 2017. [[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2018 and filming continuously took place in locations including [[Chennai]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]] and [[Serbia]] until June. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], while [[Santosh Sivan|Santhosh Sivan]] handled the cinematography and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] edited the film.

''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam'' was released on 27 September 2018 to positive reception from critics and audiences, praising the direction and performances of the cast, but criticising it for lacking strong women characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=October 2018 |title=The women of 'Chekka Chivantha Vaanam': Strong and bold or mere props for the men? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-strong-and-bold-or-mere-props-men-89278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184243/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/women-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-strong-and-bold-or-mere-props-men-89278 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam'' won two awards at the [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], one [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] ([[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Jyothika) and received seven nominations at the [[66th Filmfare Awards South]], winning [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]] (Swamy).

== Plot ==
In [[Chennai]], although being escorted by heavily armed bodyguards, two assassins disguised as police ambush Senapathi, a sixty-year-old [[crime boss]], and his wife, Lakshmi, but they manage to sustain themselves with wounds. Their daughter and three sons are acquainted with the news. Varadharajan or Varadhan, the impulsive eldest son, oversees a significant part of his father's empire in Chennai; married to his maternal uncle Chezhiyan's daughter, Chitra, he is the father of three but indulges in an [[extra-marital affair]] with Parvathi, a reporter. Thyagarajan, or Thyagu, the second son, operates his [[hawala]] business in [[Dubai]] with [[Arab people]] and [[money laundering|launders his father's income]]. Thyagu is married to Renuka "Renu" and has two children, while Ethiraj or Ethi, Senapathi's youngest son who administers an independent arms business in [[Serbia]], is committed to Chaaya. Senapathi's daughter Priya, married to a [[Coimbatore]]-based industrialist, is expectant. Thyagu, his family, Ethi and Priya return home to check on their parents. Varadhan insists his friend [[Inspector]] Rasool Ibrahim, suspended for violating human rights, on tracking the assassins. He strongly suspects Senapathi's longtime rival, Chinnappadasan, is the potential mastermind behind the hit.

In a meeting with Senapathi's sons, Chinnappadasan denies involvement in the attack, but Varadhan proceeds to murder his son-in-law. Outraged, Chinnappadasan dispatches men to execute Varadhan, Thyagu and Ethi. A gunman attempts to shoot Thyagu in the lawn; a mob tries to bring Ethi down while he is involved in a football match while some gangsters ambush Varadhan's car. The three of them manage to survive the strike. Recently discharged from the hospital, Senapathi finds peace with Chinnappadasan at the naming ceremony hosted for Priya's child and tells him he knows the real mastermind. He later lets Lakshmi know that one of their sons is behind the attack; Thyagu and his family return to Dubai while Ethi returns to Serbia. Senapathi soon dies of a stroke. Varadhan takes over the reins and ceases the transaction of money to fund Thyagu's deals, and the police imprison Renu on false charges. Chaaya is assassinated shortly after her wedding with Ethi.

In tandem, Ethi and Thyagu oath vengeance on terms that Thyagu will take over the empire after accomplishing their task. They try to return home through [[Nepal]], but Varadhan's henchmen detain them at the airport; Ethi and Thyagu defeat them, notify Varadhan of their impending arrival, escape and reach Chennai. They subjugate Varadhan by manipulating his men, promising better wages and facilities; they kill Chezhiyan, and Ethi seizes Parvathi. Ethi bribes Rasool to work for him. Dreading harm to his kids, Varadhan sends them off to live with Priya and her husband in Coimbatore, and he flees with Chitra and a group of trusted accomplices from Chennai. While hiding in [[Andhra Pradesh]], a shootout ensues, in which a bullet hits Chitra. In the hospital, Varadhan confesses to a dying Chitra that he hired assassins to kill Senapathi to assume control of his empire. With Rasool's assistance, Ethi and Thyagu capture Varadhan.

Amidst the confrontation, Thyagu murders Varadhan for incarcerating Renu and subsequently, Ethi aims the gun at Thyagu for Chaaya's assassination. As soon as Thyagu discloses that he did it to create a rift between Ethi and Varadhan, the former kills him. Later, Ethi asks Rasool to either bite the dust or join him; stalling him, Rasool reveals how his father, a gangster, was gunned down at the [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai international airport]] in his and his mother's presence and how his mother, fearing for his safety, sent him to his aunt and uncle before killing herself. He has developed a hatred against the criminals stemming from his childhood trauma; he divulges that he is an undercover cop tasked with eliminating Senapathi's empire, and the split between the brothers eased his attempts to abolish Senapathi's criminal empire. Rasool then guns down Ethi and reports to his superiors that ''Operation Red Sky'' has been accomplished.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Varadharajan "Varadhan" Senapathi
* [[Silambarasan]] as Ethiraj “Ethi” Senapathi
* [[Arun Vijay]] as Thyagarajan “Thyagu” Senapathi
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Inspector Rasool Ibrahim
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Senapathi
* [[Jayasudha]] as Lakshmi Senapathi
* [[Jyothika]] as Chitra Varadarajan
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Renuka "Renu" Thyagarajan
* [[Dayana Erappa]] as Chaaya
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Parvathi ([[voice-over]] by Krithika Nelson)
* [[Thiagarajan]] as Chinnappadasan
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Khalid
* [[Siva Ananth]] as Chezhiyan
* [[Appani Sarath]] as Nambirajan
* RJ Sindhu as Priya
* Santhosh as Sandeep
* Vesta Chen as Nepal Customs Officer
* [[Gowtham Sundararajan]] as Assistant Commissioner
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Ranjith
* Sugunthan as Veluthambi
* George Vijay Nelson as Esthappa
* G. Vittal Rao as A. H. Basheer
* Kavitha Bharathy as Aruldas
* Divyasree as Bhuvana
* Kumar Natarajan as Chinnappa and Senapathi's lawyer
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following a brief break after the release of his directorial project ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (2017), [[Mani Ratnam]] chose to begin pre-production on his next film by July 2017 and brought in composer [[A. R. Rahman]] and cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]] for the project.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Mani Ratnam, Santhosh Sivan team up for sixth time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mani-ratnam-santhosh-sivan-team-up-for-sixth-time/article19249537.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221161814/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mani-ratnam-santhosh-sivan-team-up-for-sixth-time/article19249537.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Siva Ananth was credited as the co-writer, while [[Bejoy Nambiar]] worked as one of the creative producers. [[Dhilip Subbarayan]] was signed to choreograph the stunt sequences, while [[Sharmishta Roy]] and [[Eka Lakhani]] were signed as the production designer and costume designer, respectively.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2010 |title=Mani Ratnam's multi-starrer project titled Chekka Chivantha Vaanam; Arun Vijay replaces Fahadh Faasil |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-multi-starrer-project-titled-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-arun-vijay-replaces-fahadh-faasil-4343671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209172807/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-multi-starrer-project-titled-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-arun-vijay-replaces-fahadh-faasil-4343671.html |archive-date=9 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> In a 2022 interview with journalist Sudhir Srinivasan, Ratnam revealed that [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|battle for the throne]] was the inspiration for the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixrfumWyLnM |title=Mani Ratnam Interview with Sudhir Srinivasan {{!}} Ponniyin Selvan {{!}} PS1 {{!}} Karthi {{!}} Vikram {{!}} Jayam Ravi |date=28 September 2022 |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930035342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixrfumWyLnM |archive-date=30 September 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In July 2017, reports suggested that the film would feature four male characters, and actors [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Dulquer Salmaan]] were in negotiations to play various roles. While the first three actors eventually accepted to work on the film, discussions with Dulquer fell through.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2017 |title=Mani Ratnam's next with Vijay Sethupathi, Dulquer, Fahad and Arvind |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-s-next-with-vijay-sethupathi-dulquer-fahad-and-arvind-swamy-news-tamil-ricjGygaicfbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802171649/http://www.sify.com/movies/mani-ratnam-s-next-with-vijay-sethupathi-dulquer-fahad-and-arvind-swamy-news-tamil-ricjGygaicfbd.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Mani Ratnam's next to star four actors? |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/03/mani-ratnams-next-to-star-four-actors-1637403.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713171136/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/aug/03/mani-ratnams-next-to-star-four-actors-1637403.html |archive-date=13 July 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=2 August 2017 |title=Vijay Sethupathi in Mani Ratnam's Next Film |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/vijay-sethupathi-finalised-mani-ratnams-film/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315093100/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/news/vijay-sethupathi-finalised-mani-ratnams-film/ |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> [[Silambarasan]] later signed on in early September 2017, and an official announcement from the production studio confirmed the four lead actors were attached to the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=STR signs Mani Ratnam's next! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-signs-mani-ratnam-s-next-news-tamil-rjljeNahfgfii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911065631/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-signs-mani-ratnam-s-next-news-tamil-rjljeNahfgfii.html |archive-date=11 September 2017 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Sandeep |date=16 September 2017 |title=It's official. Mani Ratnam's next is a star-studded affair, shoot to begin in Jan 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-s-official-mani-ratnam-s-next-is-a-star-studded-affair-shoot-to-begin-in-jan-2018/story-BOL1OpLq3HUXHxI8tLfBGN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-s-official-mani-ratnam-s-next-is-a-star-studded-affair-shoot-to-begin-in-jan-2018/story-BOL1OpLq3HUXHxI8tLfBGN.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] had also held discussions with Ratnam for a role in the film, but was later not included in the final cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Mani Ratnam drops Nani |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200917/mani-ratnam-drops-nani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210121330/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/200917/mani-ratnam-drops-nani.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Prior to the beginning of the shoot, Silambarasan undertook a weight loss regimen to get into shape for his character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirubhakar |first=P |date=31 January 2018 |title=Watch: Simbu sweats it out in the gym for Mani Ratnam film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/watch-simbu-str-gym-weight-loss-for-mani-ratnam-film-1158388-2018-01-31 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180458/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/watch-simbu-str-gym-weight-loss-for-mani-ratnam-film-1158388-2018-01-31 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

In the months leading up to the start of the shoot, there was speculation in the media that Silambarasan would be banned from the project after allegations were made by producer [[S. Michael Rayappan]] about the actor's non co-operation during the making of ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' (2017). Despite protests from other film producers, Ratnam chose to retain Silambarasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshana Palat |date=6 December 2017 |title=Simbu squashes rumours of being ousted from Mani Ratnam film: I will start shooting from Jan 20 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-mani-ratnam-film-shooting-1101283-2017-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180429/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/simbu-mani-ratnam-film-shooting-1101283-2017-12-06 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In a media interaction during January 2018, Sethupathi confirmed that he would portray a full-length role, denying reports that it was a cameo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2018 |title=Vijay Sethupathi denies he is doing 'just a cameo' in Mani Ratnam's next multi-starrer |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathi-denies-he-is-doing-just-a-cameo-in-mani-ratnams-next-multi-starrer-4292391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180203/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vijay-sethupathi-denies-he-is-doing-just-a-cameo-in-mani-ratnams-next-multi-starrer-4292391.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Fahadh later opted out due to scheduling conflicts, and was later replaced by [[Arun Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=9 February 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam: Arun Vijay in Mani Ratnam's Chekka Chivantha Vaanam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-in-mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/articleshow/62851358.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210070753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-in-mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/articleshow/62851358.cms |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Vijay |date=19 September 2018 |title=It's good when you exist only on screen: Fahadh Faasil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-he-scales-new-heights-fahadh-faasil-introspects-on-his-career-personal-life-and-malayalam-cinema/article24986299.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109022154/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/as-he-scales-new-heights-fahadh-faasil-introspects-on-his-career-personal-life-and-malayalam-cinema/article24986299.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=21 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Jyothika]] agreed to portray a leading female role in early September 2017, and confirmed her participation to the media while promoting ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (2017). She had earlier appeared in Ratnam's production venture ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001), but stated her excitement at being selected in a film to be directed by him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Jyothika on why she chose to return with Magalir Mattum: 'For two years, no scripts excited me' |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jyothika-on-why-she-chose-to-return-with-magalir-mattum-for-two-years-no-scripts-excited-me-4041979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210181814/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jyothika-on-why-she-chose-to-return-with-magalir-mattum-for-two-years-no-scripts-excited-me-4041979.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Jyothika will join the star cast of Mani Ratnam's film |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyothika-will-join-the-star-cast-of-mani-ratnam-film-4834476/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180254/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jyothika-will-join-the-star-cast-of-mani-ratnam-film-4834476/ |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Likewise, [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] also revealed her presence in the project in early September 2017, and expressed her delight working with Ratnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=I am happy to work with Mani sir at this stage in my career: Aishwarya Rajesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-am-happy-to-work-with-mani-sir-at-this-stage-in-my-career-aishwarya-rajesh/articleshow/60424284.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210183716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-am-happy-to-work-with-mani-sir-at-this-stage-in-my-career-aishwarya-rajesh/articleshow/60424284.cms |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=9 September 2017 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh opens up about her film with Mani Ratnam |url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/news/aishwarya-rajesh-opens-film-mani-ratnam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152924/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/tamil/news/aishwarya-rajesh-opens-film-mani-ratnam/ |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> In late January 2018, [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], who had starred in ''Kaatru Veliyidai'' (2017), was also confirmed to be a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2018 |title=Another film with Mani sir is a blessing: Aditi Rao Hydari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/another-film-with-mani-sir-is-a-blessing-aditi-rao-hydari/articleshow/62741373.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604191330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/another-film-with-mani-sir-is-a-blessing-aditi-rao-hydari/articleshow/62741373.cms |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K Janani |date=28 January 2018 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari walks out of Telugu actor Venkatesh's film. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aditi-rao-hydari-walks-out-of-telugu-actor-venkatesh-s-film-1155892-2018-01-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180431/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aditi-rao-hydari-walks-out-of-telugu-actor-venkatesh-s-film-1155892-2018-01-28 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Model Dayana Erappa also later joined the cast to play the fourth leading actress, marking her first acting assignment. She was cast after two rounds of auditions and then prepared for her role by attending workshops led by theatre actors in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=7 June 2018 |title=They say models can't act; I hope I've done justice to my role: Dayana Erappa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/they-say-models-cant-act-i-hope-ive-done-justice-to-my-role-dayana-erappa/articleshow/64478182.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009180737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/they-say-models-cant-act-i-hope-ive-done-justice-to-my-role-dayana-erappa/articleshow/64478182.cms |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2018 |title=Mani ratnam sir's film is a dream debut, says Dayana Erappa |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220218/mani-ratnam-sirs-film-is-a-dream-debut-says-dayana-erappa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226061812/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/220218/mani-ratnam-sirs-film-is-a-dream-debut-says-dayana-erappa.html |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

For a supporting role, actress [[Jayasudha]] agreed to work on the film in November 2017, while [[Prakash Raj]] joined the cast during the following month to portray her husband.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2017 |title=Jayasudha bags Mani Ratnam's next |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/151117/jayasudha-bags-mani-ratnams-next.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210121556/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/151117/jayasudha-bags-mani-ratnams-next.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2017 |title=Prakash Raj 'honoured' to be part of Traffic Ramaswamy biopic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prakash-raj-honoured-be-part-traffic-ramaswamy-biopic-73697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164016/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prakash-raj-honoured-be-part-traffic-ramaswamy-biopic-73697 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2018 |title=Prakash Raj on working with Mani Ratnam in Chekka Chivantha Vaanam: Acting in his film is like going to temple |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prakash-raj-on-working-with-mani-ratnam-in-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-acting-in-his-film-is-like-going-to-temple-5042641.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826012042/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prakash-raj-on-working-with-mani-ratnam-in-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-acting-in-his-film-is-like-going-to-temple-5042641.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The production house revealed that actors [[Thiagarajan]] and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] were also added to the cast before filming started. Furthermore, other supporting actors including [[Cheenu Mohan]] and Malayalam actor [[Antony Varghese]] were reported to have signed to play characters in the film, though Varghese was later replaced by [[Appani Sarath]].<ref name="app">{{Cite news |date=17 February 2018 |title=Angamaly Diaries fame Sarath joins Mani Ratnam's Chekka Chivandha Vaanam |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/angamaly-diaries-fame-sarath-joins-mani-ratnam-chekka-chivandha-vaanam-5067756/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153507/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/angamaly-diaries-fame-sarath-joins-mani-ratnam-chekka-chivandha-vaanam-5067756/ |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=Anthony Varghese to make Tamil debut in Mani Ratnam film? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anthony-varghese-make-tamil-debut-mani-ratnam-film-74950 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826043916/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anthony-varghese-make-tamil-debut-mani-ratnam-film-74950 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2018 |title=Santosh Sivan takes a sly dig at Simbu, says he arrives first on sets of Chekka Chivantha Vaanam. See photos |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/santosh-sivan-takes-a-sly-dig-at-simbu-says-he-arrives-first-on-sets-of-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-see-photos/story-Q7AP8dEFS2N9DHVDOxKzyM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225034023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/santosh-sivan-takes-a-sly-dig-at-simbu-says-he-arrives-first-on-sets-of-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-see-photos/story-Q7AP8dEFS2N9DHVDOxKzyM.html |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
In late January 2018, before the start of the shoot, [[Lyca Productions]] reportedly agreed to purchase the rights of the film on a "first copy" basis and release it worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Lyca in talks for Mani Ratnam's next? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lyca-in-talks-for-mani-ratnam-s-next-news-tamil-sb5lH4jjggijg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131230451/http://www.sify.com/movies/lyca-in-talks-for-mani-ratnam-s-next-news-tamil-sb5lH4jjggijg.html |archive-date=31 January 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Three days before the start of the shoot in February 2018, the film's title was announced as ''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam'' in Tamil, and as ''Nawab'' for the dubbed Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title='Chekka Chivantha Vaanam': Mani Ratnam's next with Vijay Sethupathi and Silambarasan announced |url=https://scroll.in/reel/868147/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-next-with-vijay-sethupathi-and-silambarasan-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106191750/https://scroll.in/reel/868147/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-next-with-vijay-sethupathi-and-silambarasan-announced |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 12 February 2018 on the outskirts of Chennai, with scenes shot on the [[East Coast Road]] and at the Apollo Hospital in [[Vanagaram]] during the first schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2018 |title=செக்க சிவந்த வானம் படப்பிடிப்பு இன்று துவக்கம் - ஜூலையில் ரிலீஸ் |trans-title=''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam'' begins shoot today – releases this July |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2018/02/12133015/1145480/Shoot-begins-of-Maniratnams-Chekka-Chivantha-Vaanam.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212095646/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2018/02/12133015/1145480/Shoot-begins-of-Maniratnams-Chekka-Chivantha-Vaanam.vpf |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=12 February 2018 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2018 |title=Shooting of Mani Ratnam's Chekka Chivandha Vaanam  underway on ECR |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/19/shooting-of-mani-ratnams-chekka-chivandha-vaanam--underway-on-ecr-1775307.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151348/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/19/shooting-of-mani-ratnams-chekka-chivandha-vaanam--underway-on-ecr-1775307.html |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=19 February 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

A second schedule began on 26 February 2018, with all members of the cast intermittently featuring in the shoot. As the second schedule progressed, cinematographer Santosh Sivan released images of the various actors on the sets of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2018 |title=Simbu doesn't play an engineer in CCV |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/26/simbu-doesnt-play-an-engineer-in-ccv-1778892.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909124425/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/26/simbu-doesnt-play-an-engineer-in-ccv-1778892.html |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The shoot continued in Chennai until mid-March, with a wedding scene, also shot, before being halted as a result of a film industry-wide production strike announced by the Tamil Film Producers Council, who were campaigning against extortionate rates employed by digital service providers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's Chekka Chivantha Vaanam has important wedding scene between Jyothika, Arvind Swami |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-has-important-wedding-scene-between-jyothika-arvind-swami-4389863.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826012035/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-has-important-wedding-scene-between-jyothika-arvind-swami-4389863.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Following the strike, production resumed in Chennai on 25 April 2018, with scenes involving Sethupathi being shot near Kovalam Beach in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' resumes shoot after Kollywood strike |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnam-s-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-resumes-shoot-after-kollywood-strike-80171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412232747/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnam-s-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-resumes-shoot-after-kollywood-strike-80171 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Media reports emerged suggesting that the production team had carelessly littered areas of the beach during the making of the film, making it dangerous for public use, but executive producer Siva Ananth refuted the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2018 |title='Chekka Chivantha Vaanam': Mani Ratnam's crew slammed for littering Kovalam beach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-crew-slammed-for-littering-kovalam-beach/articleshow/63975486.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905153310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-crew-slammed-for-littering-kovalam-beach/articleshow/63975486.cms |archive-date=5 September 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2018 |title='Chekka Chivantha Vaanam': Mani Ratnam's crew litters Kovalam Beach with glass; Madras Talkies denies claim |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/29/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-crew-litters-kovalam-beach-with-glass-madras-talkies-denie-1807969.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907230919/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/apr/29/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-mani-ratnams-crew-litters-kovalam-beach-with-glass-madras-talkies-denie-1807969.html |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In May 2018, the team travelled to [[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai]] to shoot scenes involving Arun and Aishwarya, as a part of three week schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' to shoot in Dubai next |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-begin-shoot-dubai-80902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091321/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-begin-shoot-dubai-80902 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2018 |title=It's official! Mani Ratnam's multi-starrer is titled Chekka Chivantha Vaanam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-nawab-5057481/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091342/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-nawab-5057481/ |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's Chekka Chivantha Vaanam shoot shifts to Dubai, team eyes September release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-shoot-shifts-to-dubai-team-eyes-september-release-4470061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826010452/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-shoot-shifts-to-dubai-team-eyes-september-release-4470061.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title='Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' almost complete! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-almost-complete-news-tamil-sfrli6jcjhccc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523193928/http://www.sify.com/movies/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-almost-complete-news-tamil-sfrli6jcjhccc.html |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The final schedule featuring Silambarasan was completed over a week in [[Serbia]] and principal photography subsequently wrapped on 2 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' shoot wrapped in Serbia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-shoot-wrapped-in-serbia/articleshow/64425705.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009180725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-shoot-wrapped-in-serbia/articleshow/64425705.cms |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] edited the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=25 September 2018 |title=The man in the middle: How acclaimed film editor Sreekar Prasad has stood out while blending in |url=https://scroll.in/reel/895699/the-man-in-the-middle-how-acclaimed-film-editor-sreekar-prasad-has-stood-out-while-blending-in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217183423/https://scroll.in/reel/895699/the-man-in-the-middle-how-acclaimed-film-editor-sreekar-prasad-has-stood-out-while-blending-in |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (soundtrack)}}
A. R. Rahman composed the film's soundtrack. The album was released on 5 September 2018 by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]], and Rahman gave a live performance of the songs.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1035897968413618176 |user=MadrasTalkies_ |title=The news you've been waiting for! @arrahman will be performing Chekka Chivantha Vaanam songs live on the 5th of September at #CCVUnplugged! Online launch from 5th onwards... Want to catch the event? We're going Facebook Live for you! |author=Madras Talkies |author-link=Madras Talkies |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517003904/https://twitter.com/madrastalkies_/status/1035897968413618176 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam'', along with its dubbed Telugu version, was release on 27 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1039132708524322816 |user=LycaProductions |title=Madras Talkies on Twitter: Coming to you 1⃣ day earlier September 2⃣7⃣ worldwide !!! A MANI RATNAM FILM |author=Lyca Productions |author-link=Lyca Productions |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920123311/https://twitter.com/LycaProductions/status/1039132708524322816 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was advanced by one day from 28 September.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' to be released on September 28 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Aug/11/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-to-be-released-on-september-28-1856375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260131025926/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Aug/11/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-to-be-released-on-september-28-1856375.html |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's television premiere took place on [[Star Vijay|STAR Vijay]] on 13 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2019 |title=Vijay TV premieres block buster hits this Pongal |url=https://www.adgully.com/vijay-tv-premieres-block-buster-hits-this-pongal-82719.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209051624/https://www.adgully.com/vijay-tv-premieres-block-buster-hits-this-pongal-82719.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Adgully |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=6|average=6.3|ref=yes}}

M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and summarised that "The single-mindedness of the script, which doesn't stray away from its two major concerns is the film’s strength."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=27 September 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/chekka-chivantha-vaanam/movie-review/65974404.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927122157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/chekka-chivantha-vaanam/movie-review/65974404.cms |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' called it a subtle yet clever tribute to [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=27 September 2018 |title=' Chekka Chivantha Vaanam' film review: Mani Ratnam serves up revenge cold and cool |url=https://scroll.in/reel/895961/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-film-review-mani-ratnam-serves-up-revenge-cold-and-cool |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182317/https://scroll.in/reel/895961/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-film-review-mani-ratnam-serves-up-revenge-cold-and-cool |archive-date=1 October 2018 |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman from ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, summarising that "Throughout, the film pretends to be a hunt for that one bad guy among the heroes. But in the end, you realise how wrong you were."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=27 September 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam Review: Mani Ratnam demolishes gangster cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-review-mani-ratnam-demolishes-gangster-cinema-1350325-2018-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306053733/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-review-mani-ratnam-demolishes-gangster-cinema-1350325-2018-09-27 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and noted, "CCV is a revenge drama that would leave you captivated and spellbound."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=29 September 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam review: Mani Ratnam's drama will leave you spellbound |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290918/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-cvv-mani-ratnam-tamil-aravind-swami-simbu-seth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630163801/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/290918/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-cvv-mani-ratnam-tamil-aravind-swami-simbu-seth.html |archive-date=30 June 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars for the film and summarised that "Chekka Chivantha Vaanam feels like the work of a fresh director with an impressive understanding about the craft of filmmaking. It could be because auteur Mani Ratnam has made a violent film after a very long time. It could also be because it is a straightforward movie, in which he has highly favored words to images."<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=27 September 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam movie review: A vibrant gangster drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-movie-review-mani-ratnam-5376892/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927105219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-movie-review-mani-ratnam-5376892/ |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai, writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5, and commented that "Mani Ratnam's direction triumphs in a story-driven crime thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=27 September 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam movie review: Mani Ratnam's direction triumphs in a story-driven crime thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-movie-review-mani-ratnams-direction-triumphs-in-a-story-driven-crime-thriller-5272711.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820193059/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-movie-review-mani-ratnams-direction-triumphs-in-a-story-driven-crime-thriller-5272711.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] rated the film with 4 out 5 stars, and summarised that "Ratnam's Chekka Chivantha Vaanam, which is undeniably his best work of this decade, is a slow-burning, highly rewarding story of a crime-ridden family that gets torn apart by power, greed and deceit."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam Film Review: Mani Ratnam Returns to Form with Tamil Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-film-review-mani-ratnam-returns-to-form-with-tamil-film-1892459.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182230/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-film-review-mani-ratnam-returns-to-form-with-tamil-film-1892459.html |archive-date=1 October 2018 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=[[News18]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> S. Shivakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted the similarities with the 2013 South Korean film ''[[New World (2013 film)|New World]]'' and called it "the closest Mani Ratnam has come to plagiarism".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=5 October 2018 |title=Mani is the matter: On Chekka Chivantha Vaanam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114172939/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece/amp/ |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=30 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
During the first four days of the film's release, it grossed ₹300 million (US$4 million) gross in [[Tamil Nadu]] alone, taking one of the largest openings recorded in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Chekka Chivantha Vaanam collects Rs 30 crore in opening weekend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-collects-rs-30-crore-5381601/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004055832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chekka-chivantha-vaanam-collects-rs-30-crore-5381601/ |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam's Chekka Chivantha Vaanam earns over Rs 30 cr in Tamil Nadu within first four days |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-earns-over-rs-30-cr-in-tamil-nadu-within-first-four-days-5298281.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004031140/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mani-ratnams-chekka-chivantha-vaanam-earns-over-rs-30-cr-in-tamil-nadu-within-first-four-days-5298281.html |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The film did well in international markets, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and the New Zealand. Within two days of release, the film had made A$170,682 (US$121,512) in Australia, £63,895 (US$82,690) in the UK, NZ$54,411 (US$35.530) in New Zealand and $592,319 in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=1 October 2018 |title=Mani Ratnam records big opening for new Tamil film |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8jrzQK0NphAuPB22W3gbCL/Mani-Ratnam-records-big-opening-for-new-Tamil-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021340/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/8jrzQK0NphAuPB22W3gbCL/Mani-Ratnam-records-big-opening-for-new-Tamil-film.html |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable unsortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Stunt Choreographer
| [[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2019 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2018 – Respect for talent |url=http://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413224246/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| Best Costume Designer
| [[Eka Lakhani]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="7"| [[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''Chekka Chivantha Vaanam''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=11 January 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| [[Mani Ratnam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Arvind Swamy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Arun Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Jyothika]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016–2022 announced: actors Suriya, Dhanush, Nayanthara and more bag top honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govt-announces-awards-for-best-films-actors-directors-for-2016-2022/article70566614.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131003638/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-actors-suriya-dhanush-nayanthara-win-top-honours/article70566614.ece |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Madras Talkies}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}

[[Category:2010s gangster films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
[[Category:2018 crime action films]]
[[Category:2018 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about coups d'état]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about siblicide]]
[[Category:Films about the Serbian Mafia]]
[[Category:Films about witness protection]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in airports]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films set in Nepal]]
[[Category:Films set in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films set in Serbia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Serbia]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Madras Talkies films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bikram Bir Thapa

2026-03-01T23:56:29Z

FranceGqd9358746: creating the article with sources...

{{Short description|Indian Nepali language writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bikram Bir Thapa
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = Vikramveer Thapa Bikrambir Thapa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Undivided Assam]] (present-day [[Meghalaya]])
| occupation = Writer, painter
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali]]
}}
'''Bikram Bir Thapa''' ({{Langx|ne|विक्रमवीर थापा}}; also called '''Vikramveer Thapa;''' 22 February 1948) is an Indian painter and [[Nepali language]] writer, best known for his [[short stories]]. In 1999, he won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language]] for his work ''Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhungel |first=Pankaj |date=2022-08-20 |title=Sikkim: Nepali Bhasa Diwas observed at awards ceremony |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2022/08/20/sikkim-nepali-bhasa-diwas-observed-at-awards-ceremony/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bikram Bir Thapa was born on 22 February 1948 in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] to father Raghuvir Thapa Magar and mother Kaushalya Devi Thapa Magar .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=साहित्यकार विक्रमवीर थापाको संक्षिप्त जीवनी र व्यक्तित्वको अध्ययन |url=https://www.samakalinsahitya.com/sahitya/details/7512 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=समकालीन साहित्य प्रतिष्ठान |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्वाेत्तर भारतीय कलामा नेपाली संस्कृति |url=https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/114823 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Himal Khabar |language=ne}}</ref> His father was a retired Gurkha [[Subedar]] who died when Thapa was 4 years old.<ref name=":0" /> On 16 May 1968, he joined the [[Indian Army]] in the [[infantry]] [[regiment]] of [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] and participated in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Dakhar still |url=https://www.himalmag.com/dakhar-still/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Career ==
He first published his first story in 1969, called ''Communist'' in the Tarun newspaper from [[Shillong]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=विक्रमवीर थापाको औपन्यासिक शिल्प |url=https://www.samakalinsahitya.com/sahitya/details/3940 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=समकालीन साहित्य प्रतिष्ठान |language=ne}}</ref> In 1983, Thapa published romantic novel, ''Bigatko Parivesh Bhitra'', set in his hometown.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Subba |first=Tanka Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBDcenRzHJAC |title=Indian Nepalis: Issues and Perspectives |date=2009 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-446-2 |pages=206–210 |language=en}}</ref> His ''Teestadekhi Sutlejsamma'' deals with the identity crisis of the [[Indian Gorkha]]s.<ref name=":1" />

In 1999, he was awarded the prestigious [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Award for Nepali language]] for his work ''Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chettri |first1=Bhanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yd5jAAAAMAAJ |title=An Anthology of Nepali Short Stories in English |last2=Subba |first2=Mangal Singh |date=1999 |publisher=Munal Prakashan Sangsthan |pages=209 |language=en}}</ref> Bikram Bir Thapa Library School is one of the earliest Nepali-language school in Meghalaya, which is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मेघालयमा नेपाली समुदाय |url=https://ekantipur.com/12/2010/05/26/312138.html |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=Kantipur |language=ne}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''Communist'' ({{Langx|ne|कम्युनिष्ट}}), 1969
* ''Upahar'' ({{Langx|ne|उपहार}}), 1973/74
* ''Bigatko Parivesh Bhitra'' ({{Langx|ne|विगतको परिवेशभित्र}}), novel, 1983<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |title=नष्ट पुस्तक |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/others/116788-1487400420.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Nagarik |language=ne}}</ref>
* ''Teestadekhi Sutlejsamma'' ({{Langx|ne|टिस्टादेखि सतलजसम्म}}), novel, 1986<ref name=":2" />
* ''Hatya: Rato Dairyko'' ({{Langx|ne|हत्या: रातो डायरीको}}), 1994<ref name=":2" />
* ''Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa'' ({{Langx|ne|बीसौं शताब्दीकी मोनालिसा}}), 1997
* ''Mato Boldo Ho'' ({{Langx|ne|माटो बोल्दो हो}}), novel, 2007
* ''Manisingh Gurung'' ({{Langx|ne|मणिसिंह गुरुङ}}), biography, 2010
* ''Kargil Yuddha'' ({{Langx|ne|कारगिल युद्ध}}), autobiography, 2016

== Awards ==

* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali|Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1999) for ''Bishaun Shatabdi Ki Monalisa''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭarāī |first=Ghaṭarāja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1-TAAAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī sāhityakāra paricaya kośa: Nepali sahityakar parichaya kosh |date=1994 |publisher=Neśanala Risarca Eśosiyaṭsa |pages=342 |language=ne}}</ref>
* Kanchenjunga National Award by [[Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2022 |title=नेपाली साहित्य परिषद् सिक्किमद्वारा भाषा मान्यता दिवस पालन – |url=http://www.therepublicindian.com/?p=19962 |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=The Republic Indian Infotainment |language=ne}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Nepali literature|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Bikram Bir}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shivani Narayanan

2026-03-01T16:28:48Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{infobox person
| name = Shivani Narayanan
| image =
| caption = Shivani Narayanan in 2021
| birth_date =
| birth_place = E.Kumaralingapuram, Virudhunagar, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Model (person)|Model]]|[[Actress]]|[[Television Presenter|Host]]}}
| years_active = 2016 - Present
| known_for = {{hlist|''[[Rettai Roja]]''|''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss Tamil]]''}}
}}
'''Shivani Narayanan''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in the [[Tamil films]] and television industry. In 2020, she was a contestant on the reality series ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss 4 Tamil]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-shivani-narayanan-gets-evicted-from-the-kamal-haasan-hosted-show/articleshow/80204577.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4: Shivani Narayanan gets evicted from the show |website=The Times of India|date=11 January 2021 }}</ref>

==Career==
Shivani Narayanan made her television debut in 2016 [[Vijay TV]]'s ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' as Sneha. Initially she was cast in a supporting role but later her character was changed to a lead role after her character was well praised among audiences.<ref name="B">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-shivani-narayanan-clocks-two-million-followers-on-instagram-thanks-fans-for-the-love/articleshow/77914650.cms |title=Actress Shivani Narayanan clocks two million followers on Instagram; thanks fans for the love |website=The Times of India|date=3 September 2020 }}</ref> Then she appeared as a guest in ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)|Saravanan Meenatchi 3]]'' in which she played the role of Gayathri with negative shades.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 contestant Shivani Narayanan: Everything you need know about the model-turned-actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-contestant-shivani-narayanan-everything-you-need-know-about-the-model-turned-actress/articleshow/78477509.cms |work=The Times of India|date=4 October 2020 }}</ref> She next appeared on ''Jodi Fun Unlimited'' as a contestant and became a finalist. She appeared in ''[[Kadaikutty Singam (TV series)|Kadaikutty Singam]]'' with the co-star from ''Pagal Nilavu''. She left that serial and started a new serial in ''[[Rettai Roja]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sibling-rivalry-among-twins-forms-the-base-of-this-new-tv-serial/articleshow/70587931.cms |title=Sibling rivalry among twins forms the base of this new TV serial |website=The Times of India|date=9 August 2019 }}</ref> in a dual role as Anu and Abi, but was replaced by [[Chandini Tamilarasan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kadaikutty-singam-iraa-agarwal-replaces-shivani-narayanan/articleshow/68630192.cms |title=Kadaikutty Singam: Iraa Agarwal replaces Shivani Narayanan |website=The Times of India|date=29 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="ka"/> She then concentrated her focus on [[Instagram]] where she attained a fabulous fan following. In 2020, she had participated in the Indian reality show [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|''Bigg Boss 4 Tamil'']].<ref name="W">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-day-98-january-10-highlights-balaji-murugadoss-feels-bad-for-evicted-contestant-shivani-narayanan/articleshow/80209091.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4, Day 98, January 10, highlights: Balaji Murugadoss feels bad for evicted contestant Shivani Narayanan |website=The Times of India|date=11 January 2021 }}</ref><ref name="S">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-day-96-january-8-highlights-shivani-narayanan-and-ramya-pandian-compete-for-the-top-position-in-task-9/articleshow/80184269.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4, Day 96, January 8, highlights: Shivani Narayanan and Ramya Pandian compete for the top position in Task 9 |website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2021 }}</ref> Following her popularity she was cast opposite [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe|LCU]]'s [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] starring [[Kamal Haasan]]. Next she signed for supporting roles in [[RJ Balaji]]'s [[Veetla Vishesham]] movie and [[Vadivelu]] comeback movie [[Naai Sekar Returns]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|Sumithra Santhanam
|Debut film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Shivani to play Vijay Sethupathi's pair in Vikram? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivani-to-play-vijay-sethupathis-pair-in-vikram/articleshow/85536733.cms |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veetla Vishesham]]''
|Shalini Spandana 'Shalu'
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivani Narayanan to play a cameo in RJ Balaji's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shivani-narayanan-to-play-lead-in-rj-balajis-next/articleshow/88915606.cms |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=15 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]''
|[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Mari Kozhundhu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Bigg Boss Fame Shivani Narayanan Bags Her 2nd Film, To Play Cop In Ponram's Next |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-fame-shivani-narayanan-bags-her-2nd-film-to-play-cop-in-ponrams-next-4648127.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''
|Bobby||
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]''
|Anandhi
|
||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivani Narayanan joins Vetri's next, Bumper |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jan/22/shivani-narayanan-joins-vetris-next-bumper-38641.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=indulgexpress.com |date=22 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2016–2019 || ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' || Sneha Arjun || rowspan="5" | [[Star Vijay]] || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pagal-nilavu-fame-shivani-narayanan-thanks-fans-for-the-birthday-wishes/articleshow/69201327.cms |title=Pagal Nilavu fame Shivani Narayanan thanks fans for the birthday wishes |website=The Times of India|date=6 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shivani-narayanan-to-feature-in-kadai-kutty-singam/articleshow/68357883.cms |title=Shivani Narayanan to feature in Kadai Kutty Singam |website=The Times of India|date=11 March 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)|Saravanan Meenatchi Season 3]]'' || Gayathri || Special Appearance
|<ref name="T" />
|-
| 2018-2019 || ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One Fun Unlimited]]'' || Contestant ||Third Runner-Up
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/the-jodi-fun-unlimited-to-have-its-grand-finale-soon/articleshow/67455589.cms |title=Jodi Fun Unlimited to have its grand finale soon |website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani Season 1]]''
|Sneha Arjun|| Special Appearance||
|-
| ''[[Kadaikutty Singam (TV series)|Kadaikutty Singam]]''|| Meenakshi || Replaced by [[Iraa Agarwal]]
|<ref name="auto" />
|-
|2019–2020 || ''[[Rettai Roja]]''|| Anuradha "Anu" and Abirami "Abi" || rowspan="2" | [[Zee Tamil]] ||Dual Role Replace by [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-chandini-tamilarasan-joins-the-cast-of-rettai-roja-replaces-actress-shivani-narayanan/articleshow/77110098.cms |title=Actress Chandini Tamilarasan joins the cast of Rettai Roja; replaces actress Shivani Narayanan |website=The Times of India|date=22 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="ka">{{cite web |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/shivani-narayanan-walks-out-of-rettai-roja-serial-chandini-to-replace-her/articleshow/77103609.cms |title=இரட்டை ரோஜா சீரியலில் இருந்து ஷிவானி நாராயணன் நீக்கம்! அவருக்கு பதில் சாந்தினி தான் |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Tamil Samayam |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal Prelude''
|Guest
|Nomination Prelude
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 4]]''|| Contestant || rowspan="3" | Star Vijay || Evicted Day 98
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shivanis-angry-statement-ahead-of-bigg-boss-tamil-4/articleshow/78447717.cms |title=Shivani's angry statement ahead of Bigg Boss Tamil 4 |website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-october-5-preview-shivani-narayanan-gets-targeted-by-sanam-shetty-and-other-housemates/articleshow/78493102.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4, October 5 preview: Shivani Narayanan gets targeted by Sanam Shetty and other housemates? |website=The Times of India|date=5 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-day-86-december-29-highlights-akila-narayanan-slams-daughter-shivani-for-her-closeness-with-balaji-murugadoss/articleshow/80022666.cms |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4, Day 86, December 29, highlights: Akila Narayanan slams daughter Shivani for her closeness with Balaji Murugadoss |website=The Times of India|date=30 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Bigg Boss Season 4 Kondattam''
|Guest
|Special Show
|
|-
|''[[BB Jodigal]] Season 1''
|Contestant|| Episode 1 Only
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2]]'' || Contestant ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Show
!Role
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| rowspan="3" | [[Vijay Television Awards|3rd Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
| Best Debut Female
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="6" | [[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]
| rowspan="6" |Sneha
| rowspan="3" |{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
| Favorite Actress
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favorite On-Screen Pair (With Mohammed Azeem)
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| rowspan="3" | [[Vijay Television Awards|4th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
| Best & Favorite Budding Pair (With Mohammed Azeem)
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
| Favorite Actress
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favorite Find of the Year
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Tamil|Zee Kudumba Virudhugal]]
|Most Promising Actress
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Rettai Roja]]
| rowspan="2" |Anuradha "Anu" / Abirami "Abi" (Dual Role)
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|Favourite Heroine
|{{Nominated}}
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11228713|Shivani Narayanan}}
*{{Instagram|shivani_narayanan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Shivani}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestants]]

Rabinchandra

2026-02-26T18:22:53Z

FranceGqd9358746: created a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
'''Rabinchandra''', also known as '''Harshachandra''', '''Labanyachandra,''' (died 1801) was a [[Manipuri King]] who ruled between 1798 and 1801. He was the son of [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagya Chandra]].<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html Manipur Princely State - (11 gun salute)]</ref>{{Infobox royalty|name=Labanyachandra|title=[[Ningthou]]|image=|reign=1798 CE - 1801 CE|reign-type=[[Monarchy]]|coronation=1798 CE|predecessor=[[Bhagyachandra]]|successor=[[Madhuchandra]]|birth_name=Loirenkhomba|issue=[[Herachandra]]|house=[[Ningthouja dynasty]]|father=[[Bhagyachandra]]|occupation=Monarch of the Manipur Kingdom|mother=Akham Chanu Bhanumati|religion=[[Meitei Hindu|Meitei Hinduism]]|caption=Labanyachandra}}

==See also==
*[[List of Manipuri kings]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html The Medieval Period] - [[IIT Guwahati]]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
before= '' [[Bhagya Chandra]]''|
title=[[Monarch|King]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] |
years=1798–1801 |
after=[[Maduchandra Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:1810 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1939 film)

2026-02-23T13:47:31Z

FranceGqd9358746: created stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rambaiyin Kaadhal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = B. N. Rao
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[K. Sarangapani]], [[K. L. V. Vasantha]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]]
| narrator =
| music = Central Studios Orchestra
| cinematography = Bodo Gutschwager
| editing = S. Surya
| studio = [[Central Studios]]
| distributor = Sri Murugan Talkies
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1939|2|24|India}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1939-cinedetails25.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date=23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171219023157/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1939-cinedetails25.asp|archivedate=19 December 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| runtime = 2:57:46 (16,000 ft.)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rambaiyin Kaadhal''''' ({{translation}} ''Ramba's love''<ref name=credits />) is a 1939 Indian, [[Tamil language]] [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by B. N. Rao. The film stars [[K. Sarangapani]] and [[K. L. V. Vasantha]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/comedians-of-the-tamil-screen-part-1-t-s-durairaj/article7429472.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Overshadowed by Peer | date=16 July 2015| accessdate=19 December 2017| last=Guy| first=Randor| authorlink=Randor Guy| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171205010914/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/comedians-of-the-tamil-screen-part-1-t-s-durairaj/article7429472.ece| archivedate=5 December 2017| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rambayin-kaathal-1939/article3022772.ece|title=Rambayin-Kaadhal 1939 |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 April 2008|accessdate=4 May 2019}}</ref> The film has an alternate title '''''Yathbhavishyan'''''.<ref name=credits /> ''Rambaiyin Kaadhal'' was remade in 1956 under [[Rambaiyin Kaadhal (1956 film)|the same title]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2023 |title=84 வருடங்களுக்கு முன்பே பாக்ஸ் ஆபிஸில் மாஸ் காட்டிய ரம்பையின் காதல் படம் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-rambaiyin-kaadhal-which-registered-a-box-office-hit-84-years-ago-897901.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230226065751/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-rambaiyin-kaadhal-which-registered-a-box-office-hit-84-years-ago-897901.html |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is based on Hindu mythology. Ramba is a dancer in Indra's court. One day she descends to earth to see its beauty. She is enthralled by the riverside scenery in a country. She stays there for a long time and hence gets late for a dance performance in the court. Indra gets angry and curses her to become a statue near that river. Narada takes pity on Ramba and asks Indra to give a remedy. Indra agrees and says that Ramba can rejoin as court dance once she has suffered enough for her penance. In the meantime, an innocent young man, Yathabavishayan, who lives in a village near the river is fooled by his friends. They make him marry a donkey. After celebrations, they leave him. Yathabavishayan falls asleep. Narada arranges the statue (Ramba) to be placed near Yathabavishayan. When the young man gets up, he finds that he was sleeping at the foot of a statue of a woman. While he gets excited about it, the statue comes alive as a young woman. She falls in love with Yathabavishayan and takes him to heaven with her. One day, while in heaven, Yathabavishayan asks her to take him to Yama's Kingdom. He learns the secret of living without the fear of death. Yama finds now he has no work because people on earth has come to know the secret of staying alive. Yama makes inquiry and complaints to Indra that Ramba is responsible from bringing a human being to his (Yama's) Kingdom and taking him back to earth thus, revealing the secret of staying alive without death. Indra curses Ramba to become a ghost. Now Yathabavishayan could not see Ramba. He is mentally affected and wanders about. Ramba realiases that she cannot go back to Indra's court as dancer if she stays as a ghost. She asks Narada to advise her. He tells her a way out. As per that plan, she enters the body of Subashini, the princess of Kasi. The King, Kasi Rajan and his wife, Kasi Rani are baffled by the strange behaviour of the princess. They arrange for a witch doctor to cure her. During the witch doctor's rituals, the wandering Yathabavishayan gets there. Finding him, Ramba, within the body of the princess comes out and goes towards Yathabavishayan. Narada appears to her and advises her that she belongs to the heaven and therefore she should relinquish any love she has towards a human being. She accepts his advice. As she has relinquished her love for an earthly being her status is restored. She tells Yathabavishayan to marry Subashini, the princess. So, Yathabavishayan marries the princess and also inherits her father's Kingdom.<ref name=credits />

==Cast==
''Cast according to the opening credits of the film''
{{Col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[K. Sarangapani]] {{small|as}} Yathabavishyan
* [[R. Balasubramaniam|R. Balasubramanyam]] {{small|as}} [[Indra|Devendran]]
* [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar|K. A. Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] {{small|as}} [[Narada]]n
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] {{small|as}} Amarasimman
* Professor S. S. Mallaiah {{small|as}} [[Yama]]n
* Krishna Sastri {{small|as}} Teacher
* V. S. Srinivasalu Naidu {{small|as}} King of Kasi
* K. S. Jayaraman {{small|as}} Subbani
* S. Krishnan {{small|as}} Seenu
* S. R. Sudalai {{small|as}} Venkittu
* Rangaraju {{small|as}} Rangan
* Thodi M. Kannan {{small|as}} [[Chitragupta]]n
* [[Kali N. Rathnam]] {{small|as}} Witch doctor (uncredited)
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] {{small|as}} Vinodha Kesari with N.S.Krishnan (uncredited)
* Nagarcoil K. Mahadevan {{small|as}} Sadhu (uncredited)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[K. L. V. Vasantha|K. L. V. Vasantha Devi]] {{small|as}} Rambha
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] {{small|as}} Subhashini
* V. Subbulakshmi {{small|as}} Kamu
* Ponnammal {{small|as}} Visalakshi
* Indrani {{small|as}} Queen of Kasi
* T. S. Susheela {{small|as}} Menaka
* Seetha {{small|as}} Oorvasi
* Sarojini {{small|as}} Thilothama
{{col-end}}

==Production==
The film was produced by [[Central Studios]] and was distributed by Sri Murugan Talkies. B. N. Rao directed the film. Cinematography was by Bodo Gutschwager<ref name=anandan /> and the audiography was done by Paul Juraschek. S. Surya was in charge of editing. Art direction was carried out by M. A. Gany. Processing was done at Central Studios by C. A. Sundararajulu, Raghavan Pillai and V. Parthasarathy<ref name=credits>Film credits (See External links)</ref>

This is the first film that [[T. S. Durairaj]] featured in where he played Vinodha Kesari role as a friend and assistant to N.S. Krishnan.

==Soundtrack==
The actors sang in their own voice. The Central Studios Orchestra provided the background music with S. M. Subbiah Naidu credited as harmonium player.
;Orchestra
* K. S. Sivavadivel Pillai – [[Violin|Fiddle]]
* [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu|S. M. Subbaiah]] – [[Harmonium]]
* G. Sundaram – [[Tabla]]
* Ranganathan – [[Flute]]
* Narayanan – [[Veena]]i
* M. S. Saithumiyan - [[Sarangi]]

;List of songs
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| ''Vasudeva Sudhaa'' || rowspan=3|Chokkalinga Bhagavather || 02:30
|-
| '' Sethaapathe'' || 01:51
|-
| ''Namo Mathava'' || 02:04
|-
| ''Mundhi Mundhi'' || Kali N. Rathnam, T. S. Durairaj & T. A. Mathuram || 04:52
|-
| ''Thendral Ulaavum'' || T. A. Mathuram || 02:19
|-
| ''Iththanai Naalaai'' || rowspan=2|N. S. Krishnan & T. A. Mathuram || 02:58
|-
| ''Mana Mohananey'' || 01:28
|-
| ''Chanthiran Udhayam'' || rowspan=3| K. L. V. Vasantha || 00:54
|-
| ''Sadha Subhakara Madhey'' || 03:10
|-
| ''Panimalar Solai Alankaram'' || 02:31
|-
| ''Pozhudhu Vidindhathu'' || Nagarcoil K. Mahadevan || 03:05
|}

==Reception==
The film was a success at the box office.<ref name=hindu />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0261941}}
*{{youTube|4_pbRoFdZLU|Mundhi Mundhi}} - Song by Kali N. Rathnam and T. S. Durairaj
*{{youTube|lXd3vGvFosc|Pozhudhu Vidindhathu}} - Song by Nagarcoil K. Mahadevan
*{{youTube|qophyYH-sOo|Full Feature Film}}

[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:1930s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1939 comedy films]]
[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:1939 fantasy films]]

Bhimavaram revenue division

2026-02-20T03:42:52Z

FranceGqd9358746: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Administrative division in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhimavaram revenue division
| settlement_type = [[Revenue division]] in [[West Godavari district]]
| image_map =
| map_caption = Tadepalligudem revenue division in West Godavari district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bhimavaram]]
}}

'''Bhimavaram revenue division''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[West Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the 3 [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue Divisions]] in the district with 7 [[mandals]] under its administration with headquarters at [[Bhimavaram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dara |first1=Gopi |title=Andhra Pradesh: 3 mandals to be shifted to other divisions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-3-mandals-to-be-shifted-to-other-divisions/articleshow/95466172.cms |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The 7 mandals in the division are [[Bhimavaram mandal]], [[Veeravasaram mandal]], [[Palakoderu mandal]], [[Kalla mandal]], [[Undi mandal]],[[Akiveedu mandal]] and [[Ganapavaram mandal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Revenue Division {{!}} West Godavari District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/revenue-division/ |website=westgodavari.ap.gov.in |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{West Godavari district}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Godavari district]]

{{WestGodavari-geo-stub}}

Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu

2026-02-12T18:58:43Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly| Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2009
| tern_end =
| predecessor = ''Constituency Established''
| successor =
| constituency = [[Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency| Visakhapatnam East]]
}}
'''Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu''' (born 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[Telugu Desam Party]] ticket from Visakhapatnam East constituency in the [[Visakhapatnam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Visakhapatnam East Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Ramakrishna Babu Velagapudi of TDP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/visakhapatnam-east-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153377.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishna Babu Velagapudi |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/ramakrishna-babu-velagapudi |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a four-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from the [[Visakhapatnam East Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam East constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=G. Janardhana |date=2023-09-07 |title=YSRC firm on wresting Vizag East seat from TDP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Sep/07/ysrc-firm-on-wresting-vizag-east-seat-from-tdp-2612530.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PATNAIK |first=K. M. P. |date=2023-12-19 |title=YSRC plans to change MLA candidates in north Andhra |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/191223/ysrc-plans-to-change-mla-candidates-in-north-andhra.html |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency again on TDP ticket.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-02-24 |title=A.P. Assembly elections: TDP-JSP alliance releases first list of candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-assembly-elections-tdp-jsp-alliance-releases-first-list-of-candidates/article67881974.ece |access-date=2024-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babu hails from Vijayawada but shifted to Visakhapatnam in late nineties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-02-21 |title=TDP MLA Velagapudi quits in protest over Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/tdp-mla-velagapudi-quits-in-protest-over-telangana/articleshow/30761807.cms |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He belongs to Kamma community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopal |first=B. Madhu |date=2019-03-14 |title=Vizag East in for a multi-cornered contest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/vizag-east-in-for-a-multi-cornered-contest/article26538062.ece |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His father is Brahmeswara Rao. He married Sujana V and has two sons, V. Raja Sai Phanibhusan and V. Raja Sai Pratap Rudra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CANDIDATEAFFIDAVIT |url=https://affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in/CANDIDATEAFFIDAVIT.aspx?YEARID=May-2014%20(%20GEN%20)&AC_No=140&st_code=S01&constType=AC |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=affidavitarchive.eci.nic.in}}He completed B.Sc. Agriculture from the Gorakhpur University in 1981.{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu {{!}} MLA {{!}} Visakhapatnam East {{!}} TDP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/velagapudi-ramakrishna-babu/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Babu's political life started with Telugu Desam Party and he won the MLA seat for the first time from Visakhapatnam in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-25 |title=Three TDP MLAs aim to score hat-trick in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/three-tdp-mlas-aim-to-score-hat-trick-in-vizag/articleshow/68552013.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Visakhapatnam East 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30551 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He won again on TDP ticket in 2014 and retained it in 2019, despite the wave in favour of [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Akkaramani Vijaya Nirmala of YSR Congress by a huge margin of 26,474 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=2024-02-02 |title=Visakha urban MLAs to vie for a hat-trick |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/visakha-urban-mlas-to-vie-for-a-hat-trick-855814 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=TDP MLA Velagapudi RamaKrishna babu About Pink Card issue {{!}}{{!}} AP Assembly Budget Session {{!}}{{!}} NTV | date=23 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkDS_oA8Nxc |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sumadhura |date=2019-05-24 |title=Vizag gives clear mandate to TDP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vizag-gives-clear-mandate-to-tdp--531884 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, after getting elected, he resigned the MLA seat in protest against the bifurcation of the Andhra Pradesh State.<ref name=":0" />

His 2024 prospects got a boost when his staunch opponent Srinivasa Yadav joined JSP and declared his support to the TDP alliance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilai |first=Harish |date=2024-03-03 |title=Andhra Pradesh elections: game-on in Visakhapatnam East Constituency alerady |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-elections-game-on-in-visakhapatnam-east-constituency-already/article67908161.ece |access-date=2024-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BSV |date=2024-02-16 |title=విశాఖ తూర్పులో రాజకీయం ఆసక్తికరం.. నాడు ప్రత్యర్థులు- నేడు మిత్రులు |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-east-politics-tdp-mla-velagapudi-ramakrishna-babu-met-with-janasena-leader-vamsi-145490 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> In February 2024, he lodged a complaint in the MVP Colony police station, Visakhapatnam, after receiving threats from an unknown caller.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=MLA Velagapudi meets CP over threat calls |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/mla-velagapudi-meets-cp-over-threat-calls-883620 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna Babu, Velagapudi}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Sheela

2026-02-11T07:21:23Z

FranceGqd9358746: enhanced section for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1945)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheela
| image = Sheela.png
| imagesize =
| caption = Sheela in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|03|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kanimangalam]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj]] (present-day Kanimangalam, Thrissur, Kerala)
| years_active = {{Ubl | 1962–1981 | 2003–present}}
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | writer | film director | novelist | painter | television host}}
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{Marriage|Xavier||1970|reason=divorced}}
| {{Marriage|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]|reason=divorced}}
|
}}
| children = [[George Vishnu]]
}}
'''Sheela Celine''' (born 24 March 1945), known [[mononym]]ously as '''Sheela''', is an Indian actress and director who appears predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Paired with [[Prem Nazir]], they hold the [[Guinness World Record]] for acting in the largest number of films (around 105) together as heroine and hero. She had also appeared in another 20 films with Prem Nazir, even as his mother in a film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/applicationrecordsearch?term=Sheela&contentType=record |work=Guinness World Records |title=Records Application Search Longest Screen Partnership |date=6 April 2018 |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709181338/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3dSheela%26contentType%3drecord&term=Sheela&contentType=record |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/27/stories/2005052702800400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626112133/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/27/stories/2005052702800400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2007 |title=Comeback queen |date=27 May 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 May 2007}}</ref> Sheela is a four-time winner of [[Kerala State Film Award]]. She came back to acting in 2003 through ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' after 22 years. In 2005, she won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her role in the Malayalam film ''[[Akale]]''. In 2019, Sheela was honoured with the [[J. C. Daniel Award|J C Daniel Award]], the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government's]] highest honour for outstanding contribution to Malayalam cinema. She was also one of the highest paid actresses, reportedly paid more than her male counterparts, of her time.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=4 June 2019 |title=Actress Sheela wins prestigious J C Daniel Award |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/actress-sheela-wins-prestigious-j-c-daniel-award-119060400874_1.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719051742/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/actress-sheela-wins-prestigious-j-c-daniel-award-119060400874_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Sheela was born at [[Kanimangalam]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheela: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/topics/Sheela |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> to Antony, a railway officer, and Gracy in [[Thrissur]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]] (now [[Kerala]]). She was brought up in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=മലയാളത്തിന്റെ അഭിനയസൗന്ദര്യം |url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/3000/sheela-ee-vazhitharayil-episode-42/M |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=2 May 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Since her father was working with the railways, she was brought up in different places before finally settling down at [[Chennai]]. As a result, she had her primary education at various places, including [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Thrissur]], [[Ooty]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Edappally]], and [[St. Francis Anglo-Indian Girls School]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="mangalam2015-03-23">{{cite web |script-title=ml:നിത്യഹരിത നായിക ഷീലയ്‌ക്ക് 70 വയസ്‌ |language=ml |trans-title=Evergreen heroine Sheila is 70 years old |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/abhralokam/297222?page=0,0 |work=[[Mangalam Publications]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225329/http://origin.mangalam.com/cinema/abhralokam/297222?page=0,0 |archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> She was initially married to Xavier, a reporter, which ended in a divorce.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-actors-who-have-married-more-than-once/Sheela/photostory/48247318.cms |title=Sheela |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512121449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/malayalam-actors-who-have-married-more-than-once/Sheela/photostory/48247318.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She was then married to Tamil actor [[Ravichandran]], and they have a son, [[George Vishnu]].

==Film career==
Sheela was introduced to theatre at the age of 13 by Tamil actor [[S. S. Rajendran]], he offered her a job in S.S.R Nataka Mandram. She was introduced into the film industry at the age of 17 by MGR in the Tamil film ''[[Paasam]]'' (1962). [[M. G. Ramachandran]], the hero of the film, added the suffix "Devi" to her name, thus he renamed her "Sheela Devi". She would continue to act in Tamil films with that name. Later, she reverted her name to ''Sheela'', her original name.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comedy Super Nite with Sheela – Full Episode#58 | date=25 July 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5BMsBqwSac&list=PLMzoNdm5sTvXJchw66p2nVZFuh0lubMBO&index=12 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/G5BMsBqwSac |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=Flowerstv |access-date=22 August 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The same year, she made her Malayalam debut through ''[[Bhagyajathakam]]''. The next two decades saw her act in more than 475 films in various languages such as Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Her popular films are ''[[Chemmeen]]'', ''[[Kallichellamma]]'', ''[[Velutha Kathreena]]'' ''Akale'', ''Oru Penninte Kadha'', ''Sarsaiya'', ''Yakshaganam'', ''Kutti Kuppayam'', ''Sthanarthy Saramma'', ''Kadathunattu Makkan'', ''Kannapan Unni'', ''Jwala'', ''[[Vazhve Mayam]]'', etc. In ''Kannapanunni'', she plays the role of a powerful yet humane princess forced to marry a poor woodcutter. In ''Kadathanattu Makkam'', she plays the role of a princess who is cheated by her sisters-in-law and false allegations of being in love with a boatman are leveled against her. She and the boatman are both given the death sentence.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In the 1970s and 1980s, she directed and wrote the story as well as screenplay for two films ''Shikharangal'' and ''Yakshaganom'', which was also remade in Tamil. Sheela wrote the story and screenplay for Mammooty starrer Onnu Chiriku. Besides films, she has directed a tele-film titled ''Ninaivukale Neengividu'', co-starring [[Jayabharathi]]. Her other films include ''[[Vishnu Vijayam]]'' and ''[[Eeta]]''. She retired from the film industry in 1983 and settled at [[Ootacamund]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=നിത്യഹരിത നായിക ഷീലയ്‌ക്ക് 70 വയസ്‌ |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/abhralokam/297222?page=0,0 |work=[[Mangalam Publications]] |access-date=10 September 2015 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225329/http://origin.mangalam.com/cinema/abhralokam/297222?page=0,0 |url-status=live }}</ref> After a long sabbatical, she returned to acting, playing a role in [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]'s ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' (2003). The same year, she acted in the Tamil film ''[[Chandramukhi]]''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Sheela, along with Prem Nazir, holds the Guinness World Record for acting in the largest number of films (130) together. In 2005, she won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] for her role in the Malayalam film ''[[Akale]]''. She received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] thrice in her film career in 1969, 1971, and 1976. She has won awards such as [[Kerala State Film Awards]], the Lux award, and the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement award. Sheela made an exhibition of her paintings at hotel Le- Meridian in Ernakulam and 93 paintings were sold, most of which were bought by Snehatheeram Baby Mathew and Ravi Pillai. The amount collected from these paintings was donated as a flood relief fund for the people in Chennai.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Awards==
;National Film Awards
* 2005 [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Akale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/22/stories/2005072201530100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216092843/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/07/22/stories/2005072201530100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2006 |title=Doing Malayalam proud |date=22 July 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

;Kerala State Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE FILM AWARDS |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=25 April 2013 |website=prd.kerala.gov}}</ref>
* 1969 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Kallichellamma]]''
* 1971 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Oru Penninte Katha|Oru Penninte Kadha]]'', ''[[Sarasayya|Sarassayya]], [[Ummachu (film)|Ummachu]]''
* 1976 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Anubhavam]]''
* 2004 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] for ''[[Akale]]''

;Filmfare Awards South<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8kQAQAAMAAJ&q=Chalanam|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|date=22 August 1979|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* 1977 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam Actress|Best Malayalam Actress]] – ''[[Lakshmi (1977 film)|Lakshmi]]''
* 2000 – [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]]
'''South Indian International Movie Awards'''
* 2021 – [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]

;Other Awards
* 2019 [[J. C. Daniel Award]]
* 2019 Jayan Ragamalika Award
* 2020 Malayala Puraskaram
*2024 [[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]] - Evergreen Entertainer Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

===Actress===

====Malayalam====
{{Div col}}
* 1962 – [[Bagyajathakam]] as Radha
* 1963 – [[Kattumaina]] as Neeli
* 1963 – [[Ninamaninja Kalpadukal]] as Ammini
* 1963 – [[Doctor (1963 film)|Doctor]] as Jayasree
* 1963 – [[Susheela (film)|Susheela]] as Hema
* 1963 – [[Moodupadam]] as Ammukutty
* 1964 – [[Aayisha]] as Amina
* 1964 – [[Althara]] as Rebecca
* 1964 – [[Kuttikuppayam]] as Safiya
* 1964 – [[Karutha Kai]] as Latha
* 1964 – [[Bharthavu]] as Sumathi
* 1964 – [[Kudumbini]] as Jaanu
* 1964 – [[Oral Koodi Kallanayi]] as Ayisha
* 1965 – [[Thankakudam]] as Kabir's wife
* 1965 – [[Kavyamela]] as Sreedevi
* 1965 – [[Porter Kunjali]] as Aamina
* 1965 – [[Mayavi (1965 film)|Mayavi]] as Vasanthy
* 1965 – [[Thommante Makkal]] as Marykutty
* 1965 – [[Jeevitha Yaathra]] as Radha
* 1965 – [[Muthalali]] as Devaki
* 1965 – [[Chemmeen]] as Karuthamma
* 1965 – [[Daaham]] as Latha
* 1965 – [[Kadathukaran]] as Madhuri
* 1965 – [[Kathirunna Nikkah]] as Laila
* 1965 – [[Pattuthuvala]] as Celine
* 1966 - Rowdy as Devayani
* 1966 - Penmakkal as Padma
* 1966 – [[Priyathama]]
* 1966 – [[Tharavattamma]] as Radha
* 1966 – [[Kanakachilanga (1966 film)|Kanakachilanka]]
* 1966 – [[Sthanarthi Saramma]] as Saramma
* 1966 – [[Kalithozhan]] as Radha
* 1966 – [[Koottukar (1966 film)|Koottukar]] as Radha
* 1967 – [[Lady Doctor]] as Lilly
* 1967 – [[Collector Malathi]] as Malathy
* 1967 – [[Kanatha Veshangal]]
* 1967 – [[Khadeeja (film)|Khadeeja]]
* 1967 – [[Mainatheruvi Kolacase]] as Marykutti
* 1967 – [[Cochin Express]] as Geetha
* 1967 – [[Swapnabhoomi]] as Sreedevi
* 1967 – [[Kottayam Kolacase]]
* 1967 – [[Pathirapattu]] as Soldier's wife
* 1967 – [[Chithramela]]
* 1967 – [[Agniputhri]] as Sindhu
* 1967 – [[Balyakalasakhi (1967 film)|Balyakalasakhi]] as Suhara
* 1967 – [[Ramanan (film)|Ramanan]] as Chandrika
* 1967 – [[Pooja (1967 film)|Pooja]] as Anandam
* 1967 – [[Olathumathi]]
* 1967 – [[Nadan Pennu]] as Achamma
* 1967 – [[Ashwamedham]] as Sarojam
* 1967 – [[Kudumbam (1967 film)|Kudumbam]] as Nirmala
* 1968 – [[Thulabaram]] as Valsala
* 1968 – [[Agnipareeksha]] as Hema
* 1968 – [[Punnapra Vayalar]] as Chellamma
* 1968 – [[Love in Kerala]] as Mala
* 1968 – [[Padunna Puzha]] as Rajalakshmi
* 1968 – [[Velutha Kathreena]] as Kathreena
* 1968 – [[Vidhyarthi]]
* 1968 – [[Kayalkarayil]]
* 1968 – [[Lakshaprabhu]]
* 1968 – [[Bharyamar Sookshikkuka]] as Shobha
* 1968 – [[Anachadanam]]
* 1968 – [[Thirichadi]] as Ramani
* 1969 – [[Kallichellamma]] as Chellamma
* 1969 – [[Virunnukari]] as Radha
* 1969 – [[Kadalpalam]] as Sarala
* 1969 – [[Adimakal]] as Saraswathiyamma
* 1969 – [[Mister Kerala]]
* 1969 – [[Rest House]] as Leela
* 1969 – [[Koottukudumbam]] as Thankamma
* 1969 – [[Aalmaram]] as Kusumam
* 1969 – [[Kannur Deluxe]] as Jayasree
* 1969 – [[Jwala (1969 film)|Jwala]] as Rajamma
* 1969 – [[Kuruthikalam]]
* 1969 – [[Pooja Pushppam]]
* 1969 – [[Rahsayam]] as Ammini
* 1969 – [[Danger Biscuit]] as Aswathy
* 1970 – [[Vazhve Mayam]] as Sarala, Sarala's daughter (double role)
* 1970 – [[Kurukshethram (1970 film)|Kurukshethram]] as Sethulakshmi
* 1970 – [[Vivaham Swargathil]]
* 1970 – [[Aranazhika Neram]] as Shanthamma
* 1970 – [[Ambalapravu]] as Sharadha
* 1970 – [[Mindapennu]] as Kamalam
* 1970 – [[Lottery Ticket (1970 film)|Lottery Ticket]] as Malathy
* 1970 – [[Dathuputhran]] as Gracy
* 1970 – [[Bheekara Nimishangal]] as Savithri
* 1970 – [[Abhayam (1970 film)|Abhayam]] as Sethulakshmi
* 1970 – [[Othenante Makan]] as Unnimaathu
* 1970 – [[Ezhuthatha Kadha]] as Kayamkulam Kamalamma
* 1970 – [[Nizhalattam]] as Shantha
* 1970 – [[Ningalenne Communistakki (film)|Ningalenne Communistakki]] as Sumam
* 1970 – [[Aa Chithrashalabam Paranotte]] as Indira
* 1970 – [[Nazhikakallu]]
* 1970 – [[Kalpana (1970 film)|Kalpana]] as Sushamma, Susheela, Kalpana
* 1970 – [[Moodalmanju]] as Geetha, Usha
* 1970 – [[Anadha]] as Radha
* 1970 – [[Palunku Pathram]]
* 1971 – [[Vivaha Sammanam]] as Gourikutty
* 1971 – [[Ummachu (film)|Ummachu]] as Ummachu
* 1971 – [[Thettu]] as Baby
* 1971 – [[Puthenveedu]]
* 1971 – [[Sumangali (1971 film)|Sumangali]] as Vasanthy
* 1971 – [[Sarasayya]] as Sarojam
* 1971 – [[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]] as Bhavani
* 1971 – [[Inquilab Sindabad]] as Rajamma
* 1971 – [[Panchavankaadu]] as Kochu Thankachi
* 1971 – [[Moonnupookkal]] as Shobha
* 1971 – [[Shiksha (film)|Shiksha]] as Shobha
* 1971 – [[Muthassi (film)|Muthassi]] as Susi/Geetha
* 1971 – [[Oru Penninte Kadha]] as Savithri/Gayathridevi
* 1971 – [[Makane Ninaku Vendi]] as Chinnamma
* 1971 – [[Karinizhal]] as Malathy/Baby
* 1971 – [[Agnimrugam]] as Bhanumathi
* 1971 – [[Vithukal]] as Sarojini
* 1971 – [[Thapaswini]]
* 1971 – [[Kalithozhi]] as Ammini
* 1971 – [[Avalalppam Vaikipoyi]]
* 1972 – [[Omana]] as Omana
* 1972 – [[Baalya Prathinja]] as Kusuma
* 1972 – [[Sakthi (1972 film)|Sakthi]]
* 1972 – [[Preethi]]
* 1972 – [[Aradimanite Janmi]] as Dr.Jayanthy
* 1972 – [[Nadan Premam]] as Malu
* 1972 – [[Anandashayanam]]
* 1972 – [[Puthrakameshti]] as Rupa
* 1972 – [[Aromalunni]] as Maakkam
* 1972 – [[Manushya Bandangal]] as Sudha
* 1972 – [[Devi (1972 film)|Devi]]
* 1973 – [[Ithu Manushyanano]]
* 1973 – [[Chukku]] as Molly
* 1973 – [[Kaapalika]] as Rosamma/Kaapalika
* 1973 – [[Chaayam]]
* 1974 – [[Jeevikkan Marannu Poya Sthree]]
* 1974 – [[Thumbolarcha]] as Thumbolarcha
* 1974 – [[Manyashree Vishvamithran]] as Kusumam
* 1974 – [[Shapamoksham]]
* 1974 – [[Vishnuvijayam]] as Leela
* 1974 – [[Aswathy]]
* 1975 – Athithi as Ramani
* 1975 – [[Omanakunju]] as Gouri
* 1975 – [[Odakuzhal]]
* 1975 – [[Mattoru Seetha]] as Seetha's sister
* 1975 – [[Ulasayathra]]
* 1976 – [[Palkadal]] as Gouri
* 1976 – [[Anubhavam]] as Valsala
* 1976 – [[Rajankanam]]
* 1976 – [[Mallanum Mathevanum]]
* 1976 – [[Yakshagaanam]] as Savithri
* 1976 – [[Romeo (1976 film)|Romeo]]
* 1977 – [[Kannappanunni]] as Ponni
* 1977 – [[Samudram (film)|Samudram]] as Omana
* 1977 – [[Acharam Ammini Osharam Omana]]... Omana, Ammini (double role)
* 1977 – [[Aashirvadam]]
* 1977 – [[Aa Nimisham]]
* 1977 – [[Veedoru Swargam]]
* 1977 – [[Lakshmi (1977 film)|Lakshmi]]
* 1977 – [[Kavilamma]]
* 1977 – [[Poojakedukatha Pookkal]] as Sharada
* 1977 – [[Yatheem]] as Kunjivarachi
* 1977 – [[Aparadhi (1977 film)|Aparadhi]] as Susheela
* 1977 – Niraparayum Nilavilakkum
* 1977 – [[Innale Innu]] as Thulasi
* 1977 – [[Mohavum Mukthiyum]]
* 1977 – [[Ivanente Priyaputhran]]
* 1977 – [[Neethipeedam]]
* 1977 – [[Aval Oru Devalayam]] as Jameela
* 1978 – [[Bharyayum Kamukiyum]]
* 1978 – [[Jalatharangam (film)|Jalatharangam]] as Lakshmi
* 1978 – [[Eeta]] as Annamma
* 1978 – [[Jayikkanayi Janichavan]] as Lakshmi
* 1978 – [[Amarsham]]
* 1978 – [[Itha Oru Manushyan]] as Radha
* 1978 – [[Anappachan]] as Sundari
* 1978 – [[Tiger Salim]]
* 1978 – [[Kanyaka (film)|Kanyaka]] as Geetha
* 1978 – [[Etho Oru Swapnam]] as Kousalya
* 1978 – [[Kadathanattu Makkam]] as Makkam
* 1978 – [[Vilakkum Velichavum]]
* 1978 – [[Ahalya (1978 film)|Ahalya]]
* 1979 – [[Aavesham (1979 film)|Avesham]] as Susheela
* 1979 – [[Sarapancharam]] as Soudamini
* 1979 – [[Pathivrutha]]
* 1979 – [[Sikharangal]] as Savithri
* 1979 – [[Pichathikuttappan]]
* 1979 – [[Yakshiparu]] as Paru
* 1980 – [[Theenalangal]] as Devamma/Leelamma
* 1980 – [[Avan Oru Ahankari]]
* 1980 – [[Kalika (film)|Kalika]] as Kalika
* 1980 – [[Nattuchakkiruttu]]
* 1980 – [[Ithile Vannavar]] as Devi Menon
* 1980 – [[Akalangalil Abhayam]]
* 1980 - [[Pappu (film)|Pappu]] as herself
* 1981 – [[Adimachangala]]
* 1981 – [[Urukku Mushttikal]]
* 1981 – [[Sphodanam]] as Devaki
* 1981 – [[Thakilu Kottampuram]] as Mridula
* 1981 – [[Thalam Manasinte Thalam]]
* 1982 - Sahyante Makan
* 1982 – [[Madrasile Mon]]
* 1982 – [[Aasha (1982 film)|Aasha]]
* 2003 – [[Manassinakkare]] as Kochu Thresia
* 2004 – [[Akale]] as Margaret D'Costa
* 2005 – [[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskara Veeran]] as Meenakhsi
* 2005 – [[Ponmudipuzhayorathu]] as Subhadramma
* 2006 – [[Pathaka]] as Elizabeth Mamman
* 2008 - Twenty:20 as herself (Archive footage/Uncredited cameo)
* 2011 – [[Naayika]] as herself (Archive footage/Uncredited cameo)
* 2011 – [[Snehaveedu]] as Ammukutty Amma
* 2011 – Kottarathil Kutty Bhootham as Grandma
* 2012 - Lumiere Brothers as herself (Archive footage/Uncredited cameo)
* 2012 – [[Mr. Marumakan]] as Raja Kokila
* 2014 – [[Ulsaha Committee]] as Rosemary
* 2017 – [[Basheerinte Premalekhanam]] as Ummuma
* 2019 - Thanka Bhasma Kuriyitta Thamburatty as herself (Archive footage/Uncredited cameo)
* 2019 - [[A for Apple]] as Lekshmy
* 2021 - Ammachikoottile Pranayakalam as Rosamma
* 2023 - ''[[Anuragam (2023 film)|Anuragam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon's Malayalam Film Anuragam To Be Released On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-malayalam-film-anuragam-to-be-released-on-this-date-7646269.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174458/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-malayalam-film-anuragam-to-be-released-on-this-date-7646269.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}
*2025- Oru Kadha Oru Nala Kadha

====Tamil====
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Paasam]]'' (1962) as Chandra
* ''[[Panathottam]]'' (1963) as Meena
* ''[[Vanambadi]]'' (1963) as Chitra
* ''[[Kaattumaina]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Karpagam]]'' (1963) as Pankajam
* ''[[Chitrangi]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Karuppu Panam]]'' (1964) as Luci
* ''Nanum Manidandhan'' (1964)
* ''[[Kaattu Rani (1965 film)|Kaattu Ranni]]'' (1965) as Meena
* ''[[Idhayak Kamalam]]'' (1965) as Seetha
* ''Lorry Driver'' (1966)
* ''[[Vallavan Oruvan]]'' (1966) as Susi
* ''[[Gowri Kalyanam]]'' (1966) as Lakshmi
* ''Paal Manam'' (1968)
* ''[[Pudhiya Bhoomi]]'' (1968) as Nalina
* ''Sathyam Thavaradhey'' (1968) as Leela
* ''[[Moondrezhuthu]]'' (1968) as Suguna
* ''Odum Nadhi'' (1969) as Maya
* ''[[Pennai Vazha Vidungal]]'' (1969) as Shanathi
* ''Manjal Kungumam'' (1973) as Subhadra
* ''Amma Appa'' (1974)
* ''[[Sendhoora Devi]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) as Akhilandeswari
* ''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' (2005) as Rajeshwari
* ''[[Seedan]]'' (2011) as Amritavalli
* ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' (2015) as Pattu Maami
* ''Marravan'' (2016) as Velambal
{{Div col end}}

====Telugu====
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Nene Monaganni]]'' (1968) as Neela
* ''[[Nenena Managadu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]'' (1969) as Julie
* ''[[Bhale Mastaru]]'' (1969) as Vimala
* ''[[Gowravam]]'' (1982)
{{Div col end}}

===Story, screenplay, and direction===
* ''[[Yakshagaanam]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Sikharangal]]'' (1979)
* ''Onnu Chirikkoo'' (1983) - Story only

==Television==
===Malayalam===
;Shows as host
* Jeevitham Sakshi (Kairali TV)<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/tv/Actress-Sheela-to-be-a-TV-anchor/articleshow/40191905.cms |title=Actress Sheela to be a TV anchor |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221091649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/tv/Actress-Sheela-to-be-a-TV-anchor/articleshow/40191905.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> as presenter
* Sthree (Asianet News) as presenter

;Serials
*Velutha Kathrina (Kairali TV) as Kathreena
*Kanalpoovu (Kairali TV) as Pulikattil Kathreena/Eliyamma
*Aliyans (Kaumudy TV) as herself
* Kadhanayika (Mazhavil Manorama)
;As judge
*Oru Chiri Oru Chiri Bumper Chiri (Mazhavil Manorama)
*Malayali Veetamma (Flowers TV)
*Smile Plz (Asianet Plus)
*Ugram Ujjwalam (Mazhavil Manorama)
*Comedy Stars season 2 (Asianet)
*Comedy Festival (Mazhavil Manorama)
*Red Carpet (Amrita TV) - Mentor
*Star Magic (Flowers TV) - Mentor
*Comedy masters ( Amrita TV)
*[[Katturumbu]] 2 ( Flowers TV)
;Other shows as guest
* Flowers Oru Kodi
* Bhava Nayika
* Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran
* JB Junction
* Onnum Onnum Moonnu
* Laughing Villa
* Close Encounter
* Nammude Swantham Karuthammayude Onam
* Badayi Bunglavu
* Comedy Super Nite
* Portrait of an actress
* Nere Chovve
* Ithihasa Nayikakkoppam
* Cinema Rendezvous
* Thara Raja Thara Rani
* Lime Light
* Hello Europe
* Star Chat
* Merry Sheela
* Varikalkkidayil
* Puraskara Niravil Nithya Haritha Nayika
* Media One Online
* Mathrubhumi Online
* Cinema Diary
* DD Interview
* Aashwasaganga
* I Me Myself
* Europe Malayali Journal
* Sheelayude Varthamanam

===Tamil===
;Serials
* ''Neenivayukale Neengi Vidu'' (Story, Screenplay, Direction; [[Doordarshan]])
* ''Aayiram Janmangal'' starring Rajnikanth (written by Sheela)
* ''Rusi Kanda Poonai'' starring Saritha (written by Sheela)
;Other Programmes
* ''Natchathira Sangamam''

==Theatre==
* Kuttavum Shikshyum

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150419001521/http://www.sheelaactor.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|0790660}}
{{J. C. Daniel Award}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}
{{FilmfareMalayalamBestActress}}{{SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award}}{{KeralaStateAwardForBestActress}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheela}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:J. C. Daniel Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Nabadwip Vidyasagar College

2026-02-09T18:13:20Z

FranceGqd9358746: general rework content for consistency also and updated info per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Nabadwip Vidyasagar College
| native_name = নবদ্বীপ বিদ্যাসাগর কলেজ
| native_name_lang = নবদ্বীপ বিদ্যাসাগর কলেজ
| image = Nabadwip_Clg.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Nabadwip Vidyasagar College
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = [[Public college]]
| established = {{start date and age|1942}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University of Kalyani]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Swapan Kumar Roy
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Pacca Tole Road
| city = [[Nabadwip]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 741302
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4093319|N|88.3632625|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = [http://www.nvc.ac.in/ Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]
| logo = Nabadwip Vidyasagar College logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nabadwip Vidyasagar College''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: নবদ্বীপ বিদ্যাসাগর কলেজ) is a college situated in [[Nabadwip]] in [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It was established in 1942 as a branch of [[Vidyasagar College|Vidyasagar College, kolkata]]<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref> and was affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], later in 1960 the [[University of Kalyani]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Kalyani |url=http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301165259/http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |archivedate=2012-03-01}}</ref> was established and this college became affiliated with it. This college is one of the few colleges under [[University of Kalyani]] which offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences.

== Foundation ==

The College was born on 5 March 1942 when the ongoing [[World War II|Second World War]] prompted the esteemed [[Vidyasagar College|Calcutta Vidyasagar College]] to open two more campuses. One was at Suri, Birbhum and the other one was at [[Nabadwip]], the erstwhile ‘Oxford of the East’. Up to 1948 the college functioned as a branch of the mother institution. It was housed at the Nabadwip Hindu School. A local committee composed of some eminent citizens of Nabadwip ran the fledgeling institution, headed by Prof. Madhab Das Chakrabarty of Calcutta Vidyasagar College. Prof. J.K. Chowdhury took over as the Principal on 10.09.1948, when the college obtained an independent status, a full-fledged Governing Body and a permanent affiliation from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]].

The institution is affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]] since 1999.<ref name="Nabadwip Vidyasagar College">{{Cite web |title=Nabadwip Vidyasagar College |url=https://nvc.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Historical Context ==

[[Nabadwip]], formerly known as [[Nabadwip|Navadweep]], is located on the western bank of the [[Ganges|Bhagirathi River]], opposite the confluence of the Jalangi and Bhagirathi rivers. Approximately 70 miles north of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Nabadwip]] was a bustling city and a hub of Hindu learning in the 15th and 16th centuries. The city was teeming with intellectual activity, with numerous colleges (Toles) on every street, each hosting hundreds or even thousands of students.

The city was renowned for its literary tournaments and discussions, which took place daily at every ghat. Students were easily identifiable by the books they carried, which served as their badges of honor. Among the city's most distinguished scholars were Vasudeva Sarvabhuman and his disciple Raghunath Siromani Bhattacharya, who developed Nyaya Philosophy and established a Nyaya College in Nabadwip.

Nabadwip is also the birthplace of [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha|Krishnananda Agamabagisha]], author of [[Brihat Tantrasara]], and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya Deva]] (1486-1533), a cultural mediator and spiritual saint who established a Tole at Mukunda Sanjay's house. The Vidya Samaj of Nabadwip honored Sri Chaitanya Deva with the title "Vidyasagar".

[[Krishnachandra Roy]] (1710-1782) made significant contributions to promoting Sanskrit learning in Nabadwip by establishing many Sanskrit schools and providing financial support for foreign students studying Sanskrit. His wife, Rani Bhabani, was also a patron of Sanskrit culture in Bengal. Reverend James Long once referred to Nabadwip as the "Oxford of the Orient".

Nabadwip Vidyasagar College is located in this historically rich area. During World War II, many intellectuals from Calcutta sought refuge in Nabadwip following Japan's bombardment of Calcutta. As a result, two branches of Calcutta Vidyasagar College were established, one in Suri, Birbhum, and the other in Nabadwip.

Nabadwip Vidyasagar College began its journey on March 5, 1942. Initially, it operated from Nabadwip Hindu School and functioned as a branch of [[Vidyasagar College|Calcutta Vidyasagar College]] until 1948.

Under the guidance of Prof. Madhab Das Chakraborty from [[Vidyasagar College|Calcutta Vidyasagar College]], Nabadwip Vidyasagar College began its journey. The college gained independent status, a full-fledged governing body, and permanent affiliation from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] on 10 September 1948 under the leadership of Principal Prof. J.K. Chowdhury.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of College – Nabadwip Vidyasagar College |url=https://nvc.ac.in/history-of-college/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Departments==

===Undergraduate programmes===
The college offers undergraduate instruction in eighteen major subjects, along with several minor courses, across the Arts, Commerce, and Science streams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabadwip Vidyasagar College Departments |url=https://nvc.ac.in/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Arts====
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Education]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Geography]]
* [[History]]
* [[Philosophy]]
* [[Physical education]]
* [[Political science]]
* [[Sanskrit]]

====Commerce====
* [[Accountancy]]

====Science====
* [[Botany]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Environmental science]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Zoology]]

===Postgraduate programmes===
The college offers postgraduate programmes in [[Sanskrit]]. In addition, four [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] programmes are offered through the Distance and Online Learning (DODL) mode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabadwip Vidyasagar College Departments |url=https://nvc.ac.in/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Distance and Online Learning (DODL)====
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Education]]
* [[History]]

==Accreditation==
The college was first accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with a Grade B on 17 April 2007.<ref>[https://nvc.ac.in/Pdf/IQAC/NAAC-Certificates/NAAC-Cerificate-1st-cycle.pdf NAAC Accreditation Certificate (First Cycle)]</ref>

It was reaccredited with a Grade B during the second cycle on 30 October 2017.<ref>[https://nvc.ac.in/Pdf/IQAC/NAAC-Certificates/NAAC-Cerificate-2nd-cycle.pdf NAAC Accreditation Certificate (Second Cycle)]</ref>

In its third cycle of assessment, the college was again awarded a Grade B by NAAC on 7 September 2023. The accreditation is valid until 6 September 2028.<ref>[https://nvc.ac.in/Pdf/IQAC/NAAC-Certificates/NAAC-Cerificate-3rd-cycle.pdf NAAC Accreditation Certificate (Third Cycle)]</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nvcollege.in/ Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]
*[http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ University of Kalyani]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{Nadia topics}}
{{University of Kalyani}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nadia district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kalyani]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]

M. K. Alagiri

2026-02-04T21:14:01Z

FranceGqd9358746: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{update|type=|date=January 2021|reason=}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}{{Indian name|Alagiri|Muthuvel Karunanidhi}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. K. Alagiri
| image = MKAlagiri.jpg
| caption = Alagiri in June 2009
| office = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| term_start = 28 May 2009
| term_end = 21 March 2013
| president = [[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| successor = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]], MoS (I/C)
| constituency = [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2009
| term_end1 = 18 May 2014
| 1blankname1 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata1 = {{ubl|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[P. Mohan]]
| successor1 = [[R. Gopalkrishnan]]
| constituency1 = [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| birth_name = Muthuvel Karunanidhi Alagiri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|01|30}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], [[India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]])}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazagham]] {{small|(until 2000 & 2001 - 2014)}}
| spouse = Kanthi Alagiri <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/hearing-in-alagiri-firm-case-adjourned/articleshow/10046202.cms | title=Hearing in Alagiri firm case adjourned | newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 September 2011 }}</ref> (m. 1972)
| relations = • M. K. Selvi (younger sister) • [[M. K. Stalin]] (younger brother) • M. K. Tamilarasu (younger brother)
| children = [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]] Anjugaselvi Kayalvizhi
| parents = [[Karunanidhi]] Dayalu Ammal
| residence = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
}}

'''Muthuvel Karunanidhi Alagiri''' (born 30 January 1951), commonly known as '''M. K. Alagiri''', is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]] and was a Union [[Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Cabinet Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] from 28 May 2009 to 20 March 2013. He is the second son of the former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M. Karunanidhi]] and his second wife Dayalu Ammal and the head of South Zone of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazagham]] (up to 2014).

==Early life==
Alagiri is the second son of former chief minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi and his second wife Dayalu Ammal. Karunanidhi named his son after his mentor, [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]].<ref>{{Cite news|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Give Tamil names to children: Stalin |date=24 Jan 2022 |quote= My brother Alagiri was named after Pattukottai Alagirisamy, who, Kalaignar said, had inspired him to become a public speaker.|publisher=DT Next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/01/23/give-tamil-names-to-children-stalin }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |author2=|title=Nenjukku Needhi
|volume=3 |year=1975|page=301| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0MAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref> He is believed{{by whom|date=April 2019}} to have spent his early life under the tutelage of his father and after his marriage on 10 December 1972, settled in [[Madurai]]. His wife is Kanthi Alagiri<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-20 |title=Hearing in Alagiri firm case adjourned |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/hearing-in-alagiri-firm-case-adjourned/articleshow/10046202.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and they have three children, two daughters Kayalvizhi and Anjugaselvi, and a son, [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]. Alagiri graduated from the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] in Chennai with a B.A. degree.

==Role in Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam==
Karunanidhi always appeared to prefer his younger son, [[M. K. Stalin]], [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK's sonny-come-lately|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne051306up_close.asp|work=Tehelka|date=13 May 2006|access-date=14 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911130612/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne051306up_close.asp|archive-date=11 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Alagiri shifted his base to Madurai during 1989 and did not hold any post officially in the party. In spite of holding no posts, he was all in command in the Madurai region and senior leaders in the party were unhappy about the factionalism created within the party. The DMK general secretary, K. Anbazhagan, in 2001, directed the party men not to have any contact with Alagiri. During the period of 2008, Alagiri was instrumental in the party winning three by-elections, the notable of which was [[Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]], where the party won with a massive difference. Based on the victory, Alagiri was appointed as the organizing secretary of the party for southern districts.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK creates post to reward Azhagiri|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dmk-creates-post-to-reward-azhagiri/410325/|work=The Indian Express|date=14 January 2009|last=Mohan|first=Gopu|location=Chennai|access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> Following the by-poll victories in the state, Alagiri was given the ticket for Madurai Lok Sabha Constituency in 2009 general elections, which he won eventually and later went on to become a cabinet minister.<ref name="GE"/>

There were widespread fights between the supporters of Alagiri and Stalin frequently. The succession crisis came out to a peak when party members loyal to Alagiri [[Dinakaran Attack Case|attacked]] the [[Madurai]] office of [[Dinakaran]] and set it to fire, in which three staff were killed. [[Dinakaran]] is a part of the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] group owned by [[Kalanidhi Maran]] (son of [[Murasoli Maran]]), the grand-nephew of Karunanidhi. The newspaper published a higher prominence for Stalin over Azhagiri.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1095852|work= DNA India |title= Sun Network accuses Alagiri as being main culprit in Dinakaran attack|access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

He was removed from the DMK party as member and as Secretary, South Zone on 24 January 2014.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|title=Profile of Member of Parliament of 15th Loksabha|url=http://164.100.47.132/Lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4551|publisher=National Informatics Centre|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2009|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144756/http://164.100.47.132/Lssnew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4551|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Elections contested===

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width=50|Year
!width=100|Constituency
!width=70|Result
!width=70|Vote percentage
!width=150|Opposition Candidate
!width=70|Opposition Party
!width=70|Opposition vote percentage
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=98FB98|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||[[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]] ||Won|| 54.48||P. Mohan||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]||36.67<ref name="LS2009">{{cite web|title=Statistical report on General elections, 2009 to the 14th Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|page=136|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Controversies==
Alagiri's name is associated with various controversies including conspiring in the murder of the former DMK Minister, [[Tha. Kiruttinan|T. Kiruttinan]] on 20 May 2003, initiating a cash-for-vote in Tamil Nadu for the Thirumangalam by-elections, attacking the Madurai office of the newspaper ''[[Dinakaran]]'',<ref name="V265">[[#Vaasanthi|Vaasanthi 2008]], p. 153</ref> and the Dhaya Cyber Tech Park land grab case. He is seen as the party strong man in Southern districts of Madurai. There have been various clashes in the state between his supporters and the ones of his younger brother [[M.K.Stalin]] over the question of succession and leadership of the party. He is also accused to inducing his strongmen in the party, who otherwise have criminal cases against them. Azhagiri is accused of instigating the attacks of popular Tamil newspaper ''[[Dinamalar]]'' in February 1997 when the daily published a criticism about him. His supporters like Nallamaruthu (brother of Essar Gopi) and Annadurai were convicted in [[Leelavathi murder]], a high-profile political murder case involving murder of Leelavathi, a member of CPI(M) party and elected councilor of Villapuram.<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=CPM leader's killer released once is behind bars again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/CPM-leaders-killer-released-once-is-behind-bars-again/articleshow/48633295.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 August 2020|date=23 August 2015|last=L.|first=Saravanan}}</ref>

===T. Kiruttinan case===
Azhagiri was accused as the main conspirator in the murder of the former Highways Minister, Pasumpon T. Kiruttinan, on 20 May 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/28/stories/2003052805270400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204024030/http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/28/stories/2003052805270400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2014 |title=4 DMK men held, Azhagiri role confirmed | location=Chennai, India |date=28 May 2003|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> Kiruttinan was hacked to death by unidentified men while he was out for a morning walk near his residence in KK Nagar, Madurai. The next day Azhagiri was arrested on charges of conspiring the murder due to intra-party conflict, along with other accused, namely P.M. Mannan who later became the Deputy Mayor of Madurai city, Essar Gobi, Madurai Corporation councillor I. Mubaraq Manthiri and V. Sivakumar (also called "Karate" Siva). Azhagiri was held as the main accused and charged with criminal conspiracy, murder and abetment. The case was transferred to [[Chittoor]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] after the DMK came to power in the state in 2006, based on an order by [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="murder">{{cite news|title=Kiruttinan murder case: State to oppose acquittal of Alagiri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kiruttinan-murder-case-state-to-oppose-acquittal-of-alagiri/article4949598.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Madurai|last=S.|first=Sundar|date=25 July 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> He was acquitted by the Principal District and Sessions Court in May 2008.<ref name="murder"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/08/azhagiri-acquitted-in-kiruttinan-murder-case-1210260774.html |title=Azhagiri acquitted in Kiruttinan murder case|work=One India|date=8 May 2008|access-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> The Madurai Police planned to appeal against the order in the Supreme Court as of July 2013 after a gap of five years from the judgement of the lower court.<ref name="murder"/> A leave petition was filed in the Supreme Court by the state, challenging the order of the Chitoor Court in September 2013. The petition was quashed by the Supreme Court counsel, which ruled that the state of Tamil Nadu had no locus standi in the case as it was transferred to Andhra Pradesh and that only the government of Andhra Pradesh can appeal against the lower court judgement.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC rejects TN's appeal in Kiruttinan murder case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sc-rejects-tns-appeal-in-kiruttinan-murder-case/article5110156.ece|work=The Hindu|location=New Delhi|last=J.|first=Venkatesan|date=10 September 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

===Thirumangalam by-election===
According to [[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked secret diplomatic cables]], he gave away {{INR}}5,000 as a bribe to each voter through the morning newspaper in the January 2009 Assembly by-election at [[Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam]] and around {{INR}}500 per voter in the 2009 Parliamentary elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/article1541302.ece |title=Cash for votes a way of political life in South India |work=The Hindu |date=16 March 2011 |access-date=12 November 2013 |location=Chennai, India |first=Sarah |last=Hiddleston}}</ref> The by-election is believed to have started the cash-for-vote in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="pottu">{{cite news|title=Party is over for Alagiri and friends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/m-c-rajan/story/dmk-alagiri-madurai-tamil-nadu-138659-2011-08-02|work=India Today|last=M.C.|first=Rajan|date=16 March 2011 |access-date=12 November 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Dinakaran attack case===
In May 2007, [[Dinakaran]], the newspaper run by Kalanidhi Maran, the elder brother of Dayanidhi, ran into a controversy when it published the results of a series of opinion polls which showed [[M. K. Stalin]], the second son of Karunandhi, having more approval (70%) than his elder brother [[M. K. Azhagiri]] (2%) as the political heir of Karunanidhi. It also showed others as 20%, possibly indicating Dayanidhi Maran and Kanimozhi. The Madurai office of [[Dinakaran Attack Case|Dinakaran was fire bombed]] by supporters of Azhagiri and three employees were killed<ref name=Survey>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/09azha.htm|title=TN: 2 killed as Dinakaran office set afire|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=9 May 2007|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The Sun TV office in Madurai was also attacked by the perpetrators.<ref name="businessstandard">[[#Phandis|Phandis 2009]], p. 145</ref> A day after the incident, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi came to Chennai for felicitating Karunanidhi for 50 years in legislative assembly. Daynaidhi Maran, who usually accompanies Karunanidhi on every function, discarded the event as a mark of protest. On 13 May, the DMK administrative committee empowered Karunanidhi to remove Dayanidhi from the party. This subsequently led to his resignation from the central ministry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/05_2007/dmk-drama-raja-in-maran-out-40592.html|title=DMK kicks out Dayanidhi, brings in Raja as Minister|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=15 May 2007|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-date=9 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209085802/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/05_2007/dmk-drama-raja-in-maran-out-40592.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Karunanidhi family started [[Kalaignar TV]] to counter [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] of the Marans that started focusing on opposition leaders who were vociferous on Azhagiri and also covering the 2G spectrum case on minister A Raja, the DMK minister replacing Dayanidhi in the Union IT ministry.<ref name="Outlookdec09">[[#Outlook1|Outlook, Volume XLVIII, No. 51]], p. 15</ref> There were several attempts of reconciliation by the Marans, with two public meeting, once during Stalin's birthday in March 2008 and other during May when Karunanidhi was discharged from a Chennai hospital having been treated for neck and back pain.<ref name="outlook">[[#Outlook2|Outlook Volume XLVIII]], p. 18</ref> But when the Marans went to greet Karunanidhi on his 85th birthday on 3 June 2008, they were made to wait for an hour before finally denying entry.<ref name="outlook"/> The family later reconciled with the efforts of Selvi, the eldest daughter of Karunanidhi. While the reason for reconciliation is not known, it was rumoured that the family reconciled to keep the third wife, Rajathi and her daughter Kanimozhi away from the family – that Kanimozhi was missing in the family reunion picture supported this argument.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/karunas-kutumbam/468573/0|title=Karuna's Kutumbam|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=31 May 2009|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
The management of ''Dinakaran'' accused the police of ignoring their formal complaint, which specifically sought action against Azhagiri, and instead choose to act on a ''[[suo motu]]'' complaint which did not include his name even in the [[First Information Report]].<ref>{{cite news|author=S. Vijay Kumar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/police-ignored-our-complaint-says-dinakaran/article1840702.ece|title=Police ignored our complaint, says Dinakaran|work=The Hindu|date=11 May 2007|access-date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

===Land grab case===
In 2011, a series of land grab cases were filed against Azhagiri's close associates and several of them have been arrested. It was alleged that Kanthi Azhagiri, the wife of Azhagiri bought lands worth {{INR}} 20 crores for {{INR}}85 lakh from a lottery seller named Santiago Martin, who had 50 criminal cases against him. The deal took place soon Azhagiri became a central minister. According to the allegation, the family owned Dhaya Cyber Tech Park was built in a {{convert|4|acre|sqm}} land out of the {{convert|23|acre|sqm}} belonging to a temple in Uthangudi near Madurai. Azhagiri family refuted the claims stating that it is a vendetta politics by the opposing [[AIADMK]], which ruled the state when the charges were leveled.<ref name=news>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-alagiri-dmk-leaders-grab-land/174701-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826034749/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-nadu-alagiri-dmk-leaders-grab-land/174701-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2011|last=Mahadevan|first=Meenakshi|title=Case against Alagiri|work=IBNLive|access-date=10 November 2013|date=11 August 2011}}</ref> The family were cleared off the charges by rural police in September 2011 that ran the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alagiri family cleared of land-grabbing charge|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/alagiri-family-cleared-of-landgrabbing-charge/841746/|work=The New Indian Express|last=Mohan|first=Gopu|date=5 September 2011|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, the Corporation of Madurai recovered 8 cents (0.08 acre) of land from Dhaya Cyber Tech Park on 26 February 2013, that were encroached. The concrete wall, trees and lawn in the encroached land were demolished by the Corporation officials amidst tight security.<ref>{{cite news|title=Corporation reclaims land from Alagiri's family-owned IT firm|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/corporation-reclaims-land-from-alagiris-familyowned-it-firm/article4458416.ece|location=Madurai|work=The Hindu|date=27 February 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

== Tenure as Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers ==
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Shri M.K. Alagiri, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 28, 2009.jpg|thumb|Azhagiri Sworn as minister]] Azhagiri was appointed as the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] in the [[Union Cabinet]], following [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] victory in the [[2009 Indian Parliamentary Election]]s. He won his elections from the [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]] parliamentary constituency securing 430,688 votes against his next competitor P. Mohan from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]], who secured 290,157 votes.<ref name="GE">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result |page=136|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> During his early tenure, he requested the speaker of Lok Sabha to allow him to answer in Tamil, while senior Lok Sabha officials wanted him to answer in English or Hindi following precedents. Jena, the State minister of the ministry, answered all the questions raised in the parliament on behalf of Azhagiri. There were protests by the opposition party members in the Lok sabha during the Budget session in 2010 over the absence of Azhagiri.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minister Alagiri finally speaks in Parliament|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/minister-alagiri-finally-speaks-in-parliament-42249|work=NDTV|location=New Delhi|date=5 August 2010|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, the Union minister of state for the Chemical and Industry ministry, Srikanth Kumar Jena, accused Azhagiri of inaction as a senior minister, in the alleged misuse of government subsidies by the fertiliser companies. He accused Azhagiri of not responding to any of his five letters he wrote to his senior colleague between March and August 2012. In his letters, he complained that the fertiliser companies, in spite of utilizing one third of the subsidies provided to the farmers, kept raising the prices of the fertilisers.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM may be dragged into Alagiri-Jena tiff|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pm-may-be-dragged-into-alagiri-jena-tiff-113012300096_1.html|work=Business Standard|location=New Delhi|date=23 January 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Following the irregularities quoted by Jena, there were allegations by certain section of media of a possible scam to an extent of {{INR}}1,000 crores in the fertiliser ministry. There were also allegations of nexus between the corrupt official in the ministry with the fertiliser companies, who together dictated the government policy on fertilizers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now scam in fertiliser ministry? Prices, subsidy rise simultaneously, but Alagiri ignores his junior minister's warnings|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/scam-fertiliser-ministry-alagiri-karunanidhi-prices-subsidy-rise-152207-2013-01-20|work=India Today|last=Khetan|first=Ashish|location=New Delhi|date=21 January 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

DMK pulled out of the ruling UPA on 20 March 2013 following [[2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests|widespread protests in Tamil Nadu]] against the central government for not taking up the concerns of Tamils in Sri Lanka in the UN resolution against the alleged human rights violation against Tamils by Sri Lankan government. Azhagiri resigned from his ministry along with other ministers from DMK.<ref name="sorry">{{cite news|title=Sorry chapter of M K Alagiri performance as Union minister|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sorry-chapter-of-m-k-alagiri-performance-as-union-minister/1093032/|work=The Indian Express|last=C.|first=Raja Mohan|date=25 March 2013|access-date=10 November 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="SL"/> There was a brief controversy when Azhagiri did not accompany the contingency led by [[T.R. Baalu]], the head of MPs from the DMK party, to tender resignation in the Prime minister's office and to hand over the letter of withdrawal to the [[President of India|President]] on 20 March 2013. It was claimed as a mark of protest against his father [[Karunanidhi]]'s decision to pull out from the central ministry. Some sources claim he delayed his resignation as he was not kept in the loop while taking the decision. Following his resignation, Srikanth Jena was appointed the minister of Chemical and Fertilizers.<ref name="SL">{{cite news|title=Alagiri snubs dad's confidant|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-21/india/37902386_1_madurai-strongman-chemicals-and-fertilizers-minister-dmk-s-alagiri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052651/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-21/india/37902386_1_madurai-strongman-chemicals-and-fertilizers-minister-dmk-s-alagiri|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|last=Ghildiyal|first=Subodh|access-date=10 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srikant Jena Gets Alagiri's Chemicals-Fertilizers Portfolio |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=793107 |work=The Outlook |date=20 March 2013 |location=New Delhi |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301014930/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=793107 |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pullout snub miffs Alagiri|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130321/jsp/nation/story_16698584.jsp#.UobKHflJMxU|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131116014347/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130321/jsp/nation/story_16698584.jsp%23.UobKHflJMxU|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2013|work=The Telegraph|location=Chennai, India|last=G.C.|first=Shekhar|date=20 March 2013|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Karunanidhi family]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite journal |last=Outlook|title=Outlook| volume =XLVIII|issue= 28 |date=15 Oct 2008|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzEEAAAAMBAJ&q=azhagiri+vs+stalin&pg=PA21|ref=Outlook1}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Outlook|title=Outlook| volume= XLVIII|issue= 51 |date=22 Dec 2008|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDEEAAAAMBAJ&q=azhagiri+vs+stalin&pg=PA23|ref=Outlook2}}
*{{Citation |last=Phandis|first=Aditi|title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |year=2009|publisher=Business Standard|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-905735-4-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&q=azhagiri+vs+stalin&pg=PA145|ref=Phandis}}
* {{cite book|title=Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ldacEfF58EC&q=mk+azhagiri&pg=PA153|last=Vassanthi|ref=Vaasanthi|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=9780143063124}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|M. K. Alagiri}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| years = 13 June 2009 – 20 March 2013}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alagiri, M. K.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Karunanidhi family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war protests]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

N. K. Premachandran

2026-02-04T07:55:54Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Indian name|Premachandran|Navaikulam Krishnapillai}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. K. Premachandran
| honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| image = NK PREMACHANDRAN.rotated.rotated.jpg
| caption = Premachandran in 2018
| image_size = 200px
| office = [https://sansad.in/ls/about/panel-of-chairpersons Member of Panel of Chairpersons (Lok Sabha)]
| alongside = [[Sandhya Ray]], [[Dilip Saikia]], [[Jagdambika Pal]], [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]], [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]], [[A. Raja]], [[P. C. Mohan]], [[Awadhesh Prasad]], [[Selja Kumari]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2025|07|31|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Om Birla]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2019|07|04|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2024|06|09|df=yes}}
| appointer1 = [[Om Birla]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2014|06|05|df=yes}}
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[N. Peethambara Kurup]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam, Kerala]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|1996|05|10|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|1999|10|06|df=yes}}
| predecessor3 = [[S. Krishna Kumar]]
| successor3 = [[P. Rajendran]]
| constituency3 = [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam, Kerala]]
| office4 = Minister of Water Resources of [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2006|05|18|df=yes}}
| term_end4 = {{End date|2011|05|16|df=yes}}
| predecessor4 = [[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]]
| successor4 = [[P. J. Joseph]]
| constituency4 = [[Chavara Assembly constituency|Chavara]]
| birth_name = Navaikulam Krishnapillai Premachandran
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|05|25}}
| birth_place = [[Navaikulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Fatima Mata National College|Fatima Mata National College, Kollam]]|[[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bachelor of Science]]|[[Bachelor of Laws]]}}
| party = [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|S. Geetha|1991}}
| children = 1
| residence = {{ubl|40, Canning Lane, [[New Delhi]]}}
}}

'''Navaikulam Krishnapillai Premachandran''' (born 25 May 1960) is an Indian politician who is a member of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]. He is presently a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member]] of [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/nkpremachandran|title=N K Premachandran|last=PrsIndia|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
N.K. Premachandran was born into a [[Nair|Nair family]] to N. Krishana Pillai and Maheswari Amma on May 25, 1960, in Navaikulam, which is [[Kollam]]-[[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] border of Trivandrum district. His family roots are from [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and Northern part of [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=N K Premachandran |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/n-k-premachandran/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He completed [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] from [[Fatima Mata National College|Fatima Mata National College, Kollam]]. He passed [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]] with record marks and with first rank in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/nk-premachandran|title=N K Premachandran|website=Government of India official website|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was the former minister for Water Resources in the [[Government of Kerala]] and was responsible for irrigation, ground water development, water supply and sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/n_k_premachandran.php|title=N K Premachandran|last=State of Kerala|website=www.stateofkerala.in|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> He was a [[Member of Parliament (India)|member]] of both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] ([[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/n-k-premachandran-mallikarjun-kharge-best-parliamentarians-1.3420271|title=N K Premachandran, Mallikarjun Kharge best parliamentarians......|last=Mathrubhumi|website=Mathrubhumi|date=23 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/rsp-mp-premachandran-chosen-for-best-parliamentarian-award-by-949079-2017-06-23|title=RSP MP Premachandran chosen for Best Parliamentarian Award by|last=India Today|date=23 June 2017|work=India Today|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> He is known for his public speeches.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/n-k-premachandran-alone-moved-718407.html|title=N K Premachandran alone moved 2000+ amendments in LS|date=14 February 2019|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Premachandran has written a book ''Oh Iraq'' based on his travel experience to [[Iraq]]. He was instrumental in taking up the issue of the safety of [[Mullaperiyar Dam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/N-K-Premachandran-MP-asks-govt-to-clarify-stand-on-Mullaperiyar-dam/articleshow/52570808.cms|title=N K Premachandran MP asks govt to clarify stand on Mullaperiyar dam|date=3 June 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

He initiated a number of innovative steps in drinking water sector. He began the consultancy wing of [[Kerala Water Authority]] called Wascon and mooted the bottled water plant and pipe factory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/KWA-bottling-plants-in-all-districts-soon/article16241852.ece|title=KWA bottling plants in all districts soon|last=The Hindu|date=10 June 2010|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

== Political History ==
NK Premachandran is currently the Central Secretariat Member of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP (India)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/evartha+english-epaper-evarthen/lok+sabha+polls+rsp+to+field+nk+premachandran+as+udf+candidate+for+kollam+constituency-newsid-106663244|title=Lok Sabha polls; RSP to field NK Premachandran as UDF candidate for Kollam constituency|date=19 January 2019|work=Daily Hunt|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/rsp-announces-nk-premachandran-for-kollam-lok-sabha-seat/south/news/1513793.html|title=RSP announces N K Premachandran for Kollam Lok Sabha seat|date=28 February 2019|work=UniIndia|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kerala.gov.in/web_journal/premachandran.htm|title=Sri. N. K. Premachandran|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=2008-10-12}}</ref> He started his political career through the student organisation of RSP. During his political career he held various positions at both state and national level.

He was elected as Member of the [[Navaikulam]] Grama Panchayat between 1987 and 1995. He was elected as a Member of District Panchayat in 1995. He was elected to [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time in 1996 and thereafter in 1998 and 2014 from Kollam Constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/parliamentary-constituencies/kollam.html|title=Kollam Lok Sabha Elections and Results 2014|work=Elections.in|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> He was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/protests-over-40-amendments/cid/1519251|title=Protests over 40 amendments|date=22 March 2017|work=The Telegraph|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/committee_bodies/commitees_bodies_2016.pdf|title=Committees of Rajya Sabha and other Parliamentary committees and bodies on which Rajya Sabha is represented (2016-2017)|website=Rajya Sabha official website}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chavara Assembly constituency]] in [[Kollam district]] and became a Minister for Water Resources during 2006–2011. He is a Parliamentarian and orator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/n-k-premachandran-mallikarjun-kharge-best-parliamentarians-1.3420271|title=N K Premachandran, Mallikarjun Kharge best parliamentarians|date=23 December 2018|website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/rsp-mp-premachandran-chosen-for-best-parliamentarian-award-by-949079-2017-06-23|title=RSP MP Premachandran chosen for Best Parliamentarian Award by|date=23 June 2017|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/n-k-premachandran-alone-moved-718407.html|title=N K Premachandran alone moved 2000+ amendments in LS|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/lokmat-parliamentary-awards-2017-honours-distinguished-ls-and-rs-members-of-india-69767.html|title=Lokmat Parliamentary Awards 2017 honours distinguished LS and RS members of India|date=20 July 2017|work=Exchange4Media|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/nkpremachandran/photos/a.627952000609235/2198931406844612/?type=3&eid=ARCWZtuzeFwQfZ4nJAWczSrPKOQ-XLL7VcfZ2_kOjzRKo5woKd8aoNmKNxuhgn5TDFNy3jJGg_RdraVX&ifg=1|title=N K Premchandran speed at UN|website=N K Premachandran's official facebook page}}</ref>

In the [[2019 Indian general election]], he won from the [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency]] with a record margin of 1.5 lakh votes. He introduced a private member bill overturning Sabarimala verdict and it was the first private bill introduced in [[17th Lok Sabha]].

In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he won from the [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency]] with a record margin of more than 1.5 lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywisewinresult-1534S11.htm | title=
General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 - Winning Candidate - Revolutionary Socialist Party (Kerala) | website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{17th LS members from Kerala}}
{{16th LS members from Kerala}}
{{12th LS members from Kerala}}
{{11th LS members from Kerala}}
{{United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premachandran, N. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022

2026-01-31T07:13:20Z

FranceGqd9358746: Started new info

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022
| team1_image = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg
| team1_name = Zimbabwe
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 18
| to_date = 22 August 2022
| team1_captain = [[Regis Chakabva]]
| team2_captain = [[KL Rahul]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Sikandar Raza]] (143)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shubman Gill]] (288)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Brad Evans (cricketer)|Brad Evans]] (5)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Axar Patel]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind)
}}
The [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]] toured Zimbabwe in August 2022 to play three [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/complete-schedule-of-indian-cricket-team-in-2020-including-the-all-important-tour-of-australia-and-t20-world-cup-1.957676 |title=Complete schedule of Indian cricket team in 2020 including the all-important tour of Australia and T20 World Cup |work=The National |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> The ODI series formed part of the inaugural [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337 |title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711080228/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Originally the series was scheduled to be played in August 2020, but, in June 2020, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed that it had called off the tour due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29301005/bcci-calls-india-tours-sri-lanka-zimbabwe |title=BCCI calls off India's tours to Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1680515 |title=India's tours to Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref> However, in July 2022, the series was rescheduled to be played in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122990/india-to-tour-zimbabwe-for-three-odis |title=India to tour Zimbabwe for three ODIs |work=CricBuzz |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> All the matches took place at the [[Harare Sports Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zimcricket.org/zimbabwe-to-host-bangladesh-and-india-before-touring-australia/ |title=Zimbabwe to host Bangladesh and India before touring Australia |work=Zimbabwe Cricket |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

[[Shikhar Dhawan]] was initially named as India's captain. However, on August 11, BCCI released a media brief stating that [[KL Rahul]] would lead the team as he has cleared all medical tests,<ref name="Squad">{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555908/kl-rahul-cleared-to-play-set-to-lead-team-india-in-zimbabwe |title= KL Rahul cleared to play; set to lead team India in Zimbabwe. |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> with Dhawan named as his deputy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zim-vs-ind-2022-kl-rahul-to-captain-after-being-passed-fit-1328797 |title= KL Rahul to captain India in Zimbabwe after being passed fit |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|ZIM}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zimcricket.org/zimbabwe-name-squad-for-odi-series-against-india/ |title=Zimbabwe name squad for ODI series against India |work=Zimbabwe Cricket |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555904/india-s-squad-for-zimbabwe-tour-announced |title=India's squad for Zimbabwe tour announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Regis Chakabva]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ryan Burl]]
* [[Tanaka Chivanga]]
* [[Brad Evans (cricketer)|Brad Evans]]
* [[Luke Jongwe]]
* [[Innocent Kaia]]
* [[Takudzwanashe Kaitano]]
* [[Clive Madande]]
* [[Wesley Madhevere]]
* [[Tadiwanashe Marumani]]
* [[John Masara]]
* [[Tony Munyonga]]
* [[Richard Ngarava]]
* [[Victor Nyauchi]]
* [[Sikandar Raza]]
* [[Milton Shumba]]
* [[Donald Tiripano]]
* [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]
|
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice captain|vc]])
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Deepak Hooda]]
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Prasidh Krishna]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* <s>[[Washington Sundar]]</s>
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Rahul Tripathi]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|}
[[Washington Sundar]] was ruled out of the Indian squad due to a shoulder injury attained while he was playing for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] in a [[2022 Royal London One-Day Cup]] game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/washington-sundar-out-of-zimbabwe-series-with-shoulder-injury/articleshow/93578030.cms |title=Washington Sundar out of Zimbabwe series with shoulder injury |work=Times of India |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] was announced as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zim-vs-ind-2022-shahbaz-ahmed-replaces-injured-washington-sundar-for-zimbabwe-tour-1329330 |title=Shahbaz Ahmed replaces injured Washington Sundar for Zimbabwe tour |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 August 2022
| time = 09:15
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 189 (40.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Regis Chakabva]] 35 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 3/24 (7.3 overs)
| score2 = 192/0 (30.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 82[[not out|*]] (72)
| wickets2 =
| result = India won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1325549.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Deepak Chahar]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = World Cup Super League points: India 10, Zimbabwe 0.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 August 2022
| time = 09:15
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 161 (38.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 42 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| score2 = 167/5 (25.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanju Samson]] 43[[not out|*]] (39)
| wickets2 = [[Luke Jongwe]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1325550.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Iknow Chabi]] (Zim) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = World Cup Super League points: India 10, Zimbabwe 0.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 August 2022
| time = 09:15
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 289/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 130 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Brad Evans (cricketer)|Brad Evans]] 5/54 (10 overs)
| score2 = 276 (49.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 115 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/66 (9.3 overs)
| result = India won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1325551.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind) scored his first century in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/zimbabwe-vs-india-2022/shubman-gill-scores-first-international-ton-heres-how-the-world-reacted-3275494 |title=Shubman Gill Scores First International Century |work=NDTV |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Brad Evans (cricketer)|Brad Evans]] (Zim) took his first five-wicket haul in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-zimbabwe-2022-1325547/zimbabwe-vs-india-3rd-odi-1325551/match-report |title=Gill's 130 trumps Raza's heroic 115 as rattled India make it 3-0 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
* World Cup Super League points: India 10, Zimbabwe 0.
}}

==See also==
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-zimbabwe-2022-1325547 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Zimbabwe}}
{{International cricket in 2022}}
{{2020–23 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team Zimbabwe in 2022}}
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Zimbabwean cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2022]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Cricket events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

{{Zimbabwe-cricket-tour-stub}}

AVA Productions

2026-01-30T05:11:47Z

FranceGqd9358746: refine section additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AVA Productions
| logo = AVA Productions.png
| caption =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| owner =
| founder = [[A. V. Anoop]]
| key_people =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2007||}}
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| subsid =
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Feature films]]|[[Documentaries]]|[[Short Film]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| homepage = {{URL|https://ava-productions.com}}
}}

'''AVA Productions''' is an Indian film [[production company]] based in [[Chennai]]. The company was established in 2007 by [[A. V. Anoop]], who is presently the Managing Director of the AVA Group. The company predominantly produces [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/adayalangal-wins-state-awards-for-best-malayalam-feature-film-best-director/article1235868.ece |title='Adayalangal' wins State awards for best Malayalam feature film, best director |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/jul/15/ava-group-snaps-up-brand-melam-784058.html|title=AVA Group Snaps up Brand Melam|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/medimix-soap-brand-relaunched/article3167979.ece|title=Medimix soap brand relaunched|date=23 March 2006|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/cholayil-group-decides-to-bifurcate-business/article1655194.ece|title=Cholayil group decides to bifurcate business|date=13 April 2007|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/behind-the-lather/article7167221.ece|title=Behind the lather|first=Akila|last=Kannadasan|date=3 May 2015|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref>

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Pranayakalam]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-season-of-love/article2272038.ece |title=The season of love – TVDM |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 April 2007 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>||Feature Film
|-
| Before The Brush Dropped<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sketch-of-ravi-varma/article1434746.ece |title=Sketch of Ravi Varma – TVDM |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 July 2008 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>|| Kerala State Film Award for Best Documentary<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/adayalangal-wins-state-awards-for-best-malayalam-feature-film-best-director/article1235868.ece |title='Adayalangal' wins State awards for best Malayalam feature film, best director – KERALA |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || [[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/menon-is-back-with-a-political-satire/article1236681.ece |title=Menon is back with a political satire – KERALA |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> ||Feature Film
|-
| Appuvin Nayagan ||[[56th National Film Awards]] for the Best Film on Family Values
|-
| 2009 || [[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/fifty-years-after/article659270.ece |title=Fifty years after… – TVDM |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> ||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || [[Yugapurushan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/dec/29/yugapurushan-to-hit-screens-on-january-15-117167.html |title=‘Yugapurushan’ to hit screens on January 15 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> || Screened at 15th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]
|-
| [[Kadaksham]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/jun/10/chitranjali-package-to-lure-elite-producers-56145.html |title=Chitranjali package to lure elite producers |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> || rowspan="2" |Feature Film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/all-in-the-family/article407756.ece |title=All in the family |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 April 2010 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Chaaya<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2011/jun/12/a-long-journey-to-enter-the-tinsel-world-261889.html |title=A Long Journey to Enter the Tinsel World |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> || Screened at the 42nd IFFI Goa
|-
| 2012 || [[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-aarohanam/article3588637.ece |title=Audio beat: Aarohanam |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> || Special Jury Award during Vijay TV Annual Film Award
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || [[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]] || Feature Film
|-
| Agnaye || NACT Short Film Award 2012–2014 for Best Documentary.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Mr. Fraud]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mr-fraud-comes-to-town/article6011835.ece |title=Mr. Fraud comes to town |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> || rowspan="5" |Feature Film
|-
| [[Enna Satham Intha Neram]]
|-
| [[Nerungi Vaa Muthamidathe]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/lakshmys-family-connect-in-nerungi-vaa-muthamidathe/ |title=Lakshmy's family connect in 'Nerungi Vaa Muthamidathe' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || [[School Bus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaumudi.com/innerpage1.php?newsid=75194 |title=Jayasurya-Aparna Gopinath again |website=Kaumudi.com |date=22 February 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]
|-
| [[Oru Muthassi Gadha]] || Feature Film, Screened at the Prague International Film Festival 2016
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || [[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]
| rowspan="2" |Feature Film
|-
| [[Godha (film)|Godha]]
|-
| ''Where The Trees Sing ''
|Documentary
|-
| [[Vishwaguru]] ||Feature Film, Karmarakthna Puraskar from South Indian Movie Awards
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019 || ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]''
| rowspan="2" |Feature Film
|-
| ''[[Ambili (film)|Ambili]]''
|-
| ''[[Olu]]''
|Feature Film, National film Award for best Cinematography
|-
|Neermizhipeelikal
|Short Film
|-
|Vishrutham
|Short Film
|-
|''Appuvinte Sathyanweshanam''
|Feature Film, Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Anveshanam]]''

| rowspan="2" |Feature Film
|-
|''Randaam Naal''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Political Correctness
|Short Film
|-
|[[Pada (film)|Pada]]
|Feature Film
|-
|Yaanam
|Documentary, Portrays India's dream project Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). It is the 1st science documentary in Sanskrit language in the history of world cinema.
|-
|The Green Man
|Documentary
|-
|2023
|Achan Oru Vaazha Vachu
| rowspan="2" |Feature Film
|-
|2024
|''Sookshmadarshini''
|-
|2025
|Ayurveda-The double helix of life
|Documentary
|-
|TBA
|[[Vilayath Buddha]]
|Feature Film
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://ava-productions.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2007]]

Aagraham

2026-01-22T02:54:26Z

FranceGqd9358746: minor cleaned up intro and improved wording for consistency

{{wikt|आग्रह}}
'''Aagraham''' may refer to:

* [[Aagraham (1984 film)|''Aagraham'' (1984 film)]], an Indian Malayalam-language film
* [[Aagraham (1991 film)|''Aagraham'' (1991 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language action drama film

{{disambiguation}}

Dev Deepavali (Varanasi)

2026-01-18T17:07:00Z

FranceGqd9358746: creating basic biography first draft...

{{short description|Hindu festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox holiday|
| holiday_name = Dev Deepavali
| image = 'Dev Deepavali' celebrations in Varanasi on Karthik Purnima..jpg
| caption = A ghat on the Ganges lit on the festival, 2011
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| date = Full Moon day of the [[Kartika (month)|Kartik month]] in the [[Hindu calendar]]
| celebrations = Gods descent to the Ganga ghats at Varanasi and [[aarti]] for the [[Ganga River]]
| longtype = Varanasi
| type = Hindu
| significance = Tripura Purnima or worship of [[Shiva]]
| date2026 = 24 November
<ref name = DevDeepawali>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdeepawali.org/dev-deepawali/|title=Dev Diwali 2026|date=24 November 2026}}</ref>
}}

The '''Dev Deepavali''' ({{lit|the Diwali of the Gods}}, 'Festival of Lights of the Gods')<ref name=festival>{{Cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html|title=Fairs and festivals|accessdate=2 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184204/http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html|archive-date=13 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> is the festival of [[Kartik Poornima]] celebrated in the city of [[Varanasi]] [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freitag |first=Sandria B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&dq=Bhojpuri+region+banaras&pg=PA21 |title=Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06439-3 |language=en}}</ref> It falls on the full moon of the [[Hindu month]] of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] (November - December) and takes place fifteen days after [[Diwali]]. The steps of all the [[ghats]] on the riverfront of the [[Ganges]] River, from [[Sant Ravidas Ghat|Ravidas Ghat]] at the southern end to Rajghat, are lit with more than a million earthen lamps ([[diyas]]) in honour of [[Ganga]], the Ganges, and its presiding goddess. Mythologically, the gods are believed to descend to Earth to bathe in the Ganges on this day.<ref name= Deep>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Varanasi-gearing-up-to-celebrate-Dev-Deepawali/articleshow/6896245.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907113247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-10/varanasi/28224935_1_dev-deepawali-ghats-holy-dip|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2011|title=Varanasi gearing up to celebrate Dev Deepawali|access-date=7 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=Panch>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Ghats-dazzle-on-Dev-Deepawali/articleshow/6965731.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-21/varanasi/28235087_1_ghats-diyas-kendriya-dev-deepawali-mahasamiti|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2013|title=Ghats dazzle on Dev Deepawali|access-date=7 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2010}}</ref> The festival is also observed as '''Tripura Purnima Snan'''.<ref name=festival/><ref name= "Dwivedi2006">{{Cite book|last= Dwivedi |first= Dr. Bhojraj |title= Religious Basis of Hindu Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wmqKuHFWWgC&q=Dev+Deepavali&pg=PA171|accessdate=7 November 2012|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=9788128812392|pages=171}}</ref> The tradition of lighting the lamps on the Dev Deepawali festival day was first started at the Dashashwamedh Ghat by Pandit Kishori Raman Dubey (Babu Maharaj) in 1991.<ref name=Panch/>

During Dev Deepawali, houses are decorated with oil lamps and coloured designs on their front doors. Processions of decorated deities are taken out into the streets of Varanasi, and oil lamps are set afloat on the river.<ref name= "Publishing 2008">{{Cite book|last= Publishing |first= DK |title= India: People, Place, Culture, History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&q=Dev+Deepavali+at+Varanasi&pg=PA114|accessdate=7 November 2012|publisher= Penguin|year=2008|isbn=9780756649524|pages=114}}</ref>

==Rituals==
[[File:Dev Deepavali Celebrations in Varanasi..jpg|thumb|Crowds gather to watch the riverside festivities.]]The main rituals performed by devotees consist of ''kartik snan'' (taking a holy bath in the Ganges during Kartika) and ''deepdan'' (offering of oil lighted lamps) to Ganga in the evening. The ''Ganga [[aarti]]'' is also performed in the evening.
[[File:Deep Daan Kartik Purnima.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Deepdan]]

The 5 day festivals starts on [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] (11th lunar day of Kartika) and concludes on [[Kartik Poornima]]. Besides a religious role, the festival is also the occasion when the martyrs are remembered at the ghats by worshipping Ganga and lighting lamps watching the aarti. This is organized by Gangotri seva samiti when wreaths are placed at Amar Jawan Jyoti at [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]] and also at the adjoining Rajendra Prasad Ghat by police officials of the [[Varanasi District]], 39 Gorkha Training Centre, 95 [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] battalion, 4 Air Force Selection Board and 7 UP battalion of [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] (naval), [[Benares Hindu University]] (BHU). The traditional last post is also performed by all the three armed forces ([[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and [[Indian Airforce|Air force]]), followed by a closing ceremony, where sky lamps are lit. Patriotic songs, hymns, and [[bhajan]]s are sung and the ''Bhagirath Shourya Samman'' awards are presented.<ref name= Deep/><ref name=Times>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/varanasi/30377495_1_dev-deepawali-deep-daan-martyrs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103030056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/varanasi/30377495_1_dev-deepawali-deep-daan-martyrs|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Events finalised for Dev Deepawali|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref>

The festival is a major tourist attraction, and the sight of a million lamps (both floating and fixed) lighting the ghats and river in vivid colors have often been described by visitors and tourists as a breathtaking sight. On the night of the festival, thousands of devotees from the holy city of Varanasi, surrounding villages, and across the country gather in the evening on the ghats of the Ganges to watch the aarti. The local government makes several intensive security arrangements to ensure order during the festival.<ref name= Deep/>

Apart from the aarti at the Dashameshwar Ghat, all buildings and houses are lit with earthen lamps. Nearly 100,000 pilgrims visit the riverfront to watch the river aglitter with lamps.<ref name= "Bruyn2010"/> The aarti is performed by 21 young [[Brahmin]] priests and 24 young women.<ref name=Times/> The rituals involve chanting hymns, rhythmic drum beating, conch shell blowing, and brazier burning.<ref name= "Bruyn2010">{{Cite book|last= Bruyn |first= Pippa de|title= Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&q=Ganga+Aarti+on+Dev+Deepavali+at+Varanasi&pg=PA469|accessdate=7 November 2012|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|year=2010|isbn=9780470556108|pages=469}}</ref>

Boat rides (in boats of all sizes) along the riverfront in the evening are popular among tourists, when all the ghats are lit with lamps and aarti is being performed.<ref name=Panch/>

==Ganga Mahotsav==
Ganga Mahotsav is a tourist-centric festival in Varanasi, which is celebrated over five days every year, starting from Prabodhani Ekadashi to Kartik Poornima during the months of October and November. It showcases the rich cultural heritage of Varanasi. With its message of faith and culture, the festival features popular cultural programs, classical music, a country boat race, a daily ''shilp mela'' (arts and crafts fair), sculpture displays, and martial arts. On the final day ([[Purnima (day)|Poornima]]), which coincides with the traditional Dev Deepawali (light festival of the Gods), the ghats on the Ganga River glitter with more than a million lit-up earthen lamps.<ref name=Tourism2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm |title=Fair and Festivals |accessdate=12 November 2012 |publisher=Official website of UP Tourism |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm |archivedate=29 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=festival/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Varanasi]]
[[Category:Diwali]]
[[Category:Religion in Varanasi]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Organised events in Varanasi]]

==External links==
* [https://www.devdeepawali.org/dev-deepawali Dev Deepawali Event Dates and Guidance]

Mosaddek Hossain Bulbul

2026-01-08T19:23:51Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mosaddek Hossain Bulbul
| native_name = মোসাদ্দেক হোসেন বুলবুল
| native_name_lang = bn
| title = 6th [[Mayor of Rajshahi]]
| term_start = 15 June 2013
| term_end = 28 July 2018
| predecessor = [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]]
| successor = [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|06|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = Boalia, [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]], [[East Pakistan]] now [[Bangladesh]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajshahi]]
| occupation = Politician
| image =
}}

'''Mosaddek Hossain Bulbul''' (born 5 June 1965)<ref name=priority>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.theguardianbd.com/creating-employment-opportunity-in-rajshahi-city-would-be-my-first-priority/ |title=Creating employment opportunity in Rajshahi city would be my first priority |magazine=The Guardian |location=Bangladesh |date=2013-09-10 |author=Kazi Gias |language=en-US |access-date=2018-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324090037/http://www.theguardianbd.com/creating-employment-opportunity-in-rajshahi-city-would-be-my-first-priority/ |archive-date=2016-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a former mayor of the [[Rajshahi City Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-leader-bulbul-not-returning-as-mayor-of-rajshahi-for-now |title=BNP leader Bulbul not returning as mayor of Rajshahi for now |work=bdnews24.com |date=2015-06-14 |access-date=2015-10-27}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bulbul was born on 5 June 1965 in Boalia of [[Rajshahi District]] to Abdur Rashid and Fetema Begum.<ref name=priority/> He passed the SSC exam in 1981 from Sirail Government High School and HSC exam in 1984 from Rajshahi Government City College.<ref name=priority/> He obtained his bachelor's in 1986 and master's in political science in 1988 from the [[University of Rajshahi]]. Later he received LLB degree in 1992 from the same university.<ref name=priority/>

==Career==
Bulbul contested the mayoral election in August 2008 and lost to A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton, the [[Awami League]] candidate. He alleged irregularities against the Election Commission and called for the removal of Chief Election Commissioner [[A. T. M. Shamsul Huda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-08-18 |title=RCC polls engineered |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-50846 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2013, Bulbul was elected mayor of Rajshahi City Corporation by winning the popular vote 131,058 to 83,726 against the incumbent mayor [[A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bulbul-wins-rajshahi-mayor-race |title=Bulbul wins Rajshahi Mayor race |work=bdnews24.com |date=2013-06-15 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://progressbangladesh.com/city-corporation-elections-opposition-bnp-takes-4-cities-by-storm/ |title=City Corporation Elections: Opposition BNP takes 4 cities by storm |work=progressbangladesh.com |access-date=2015-10-27}}</ref>

On 26 December 2013, Bangladesh Nationalist Party allegedly threw a bomb at a police vehicle injuring 8 policemen and killing constable Siddhartha Chandra Sarkar. They were protesting ahead of the national election on 5 January 2014. The investigation officer of the case filed charges against 89 including Bulbul and [[Mizanur Rahman Minu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-29 |title=89 Rajshahi BNP, Jamaat men charged with killing cop |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/89-rajshahi-bnp-jamaat-men-charged-with-killing-cop-43861 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2014, Bulbul among 89 politicians were charged in two cases filed over the killing of a police constable in Rajshahi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/minu-rajshahi-mayor-among-89-charged-43936 |title=Minu, Rajshahi mayor among 89 charged |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=2014-09-30 |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref> In May 2015, he was suspended from the mayoral duty.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/rajshahi-city-mayor-removed-80967 |title=Rajshahi city mayor suspended |date=2015-05-07 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-07-16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.priyo.com/2015/05/07/govt-suspends-rajshahi-mayor-bulbul-after-he-faces-130000.html |title=Govt suspends Rajshahi Mayor Bulbul after he faces criminal charges in court |work=priyo.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072010/http://news.priyo.com/2015/05/07/govt-suspends-rajshahi-mayor-bulbul-after-he-faces-130000.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.risingbd.com/english/Police_seek_suspension_of_Rajshahi_mayor_Bulbul/22826 |title=Police seek suspension of Rajshahi mayor Bulbul |work=risingbd.com |access-date=2015-10-27}}</ref> The government then made Md [[Nijam]] Ul Azim acting mayor of the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/councillor-md-nijam-ul-azim-is-made-rajshahi-citys-acting-mayor |title=Councillor Md Nijam Ul Azim is made Rajshahi city's acting mayor |work=bdnews24.com |date=2015-06-02 |access-date=2015-10-27}}</ref>

On 5 March 2017, the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Supreme Court]] issued a verdict declaring Bulbul's suspension from the post of mayor illegal. It also said that Bulbul could resume his office as the mayor of Rajshahi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-05 |title=No bar for Bulbul to get back RCC mayor post |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/no-bar-bulbul-get-back-rcc-mayor-post-1371259 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He resumed his office on 5 April 2017; he had tried to join office on 3 April but found it locked.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-05 |title=Rajshahi city mayor Bulbul joins office again |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/rajshahi-city-mayor-bulbul-joins-office-1386706 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-02 |title=RCC mayor Bulbul finds his office locked |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/rcc-mayor-bulbul-finds-his-office-locked-1385131 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He was suspended again few hours after he resumed his office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-02 |title=2 mayors suspended again |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/scc-mayor-ariful-suspended-again-1385161 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court issued a stay order on his suspension order.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-06 |title=SC clears way for SCC, RCC mayors to discharge duties |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/sc-clears-way-scc-mayor-ariful-1387309 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Bulbul stood for re-election for the mayor of Rajshahi against A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton. There was a shortage of ballot papers for mayoral candidates and voters were asked to vote for councilor candidates only. Bulbul alleged Bangladesh Nationalist Party polling agents were driven away from the voting centres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-31 |title='My vote has no value' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rajshahi-city-election-2018/rajshahi-city-corporation-bnp-mayor-candidate-bulbul-fed-up-voting-1613353 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He reported 20 polling agents of Bangladesh Nationalist Party went missing since election day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-29 |title=20 polling agents of BNP traceless: Bulbul |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rajshahi-city-election-2018/bnp-20-polling-agents-traceless-mosaddek-hossain-bulbul-1612885 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> A. H. M. Khairuzzaman Liton won the election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-31 |title=Elections in 3 Cities: AL wins 2, irregularities rule |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/city-election-2018-3-cities-al-leads-2-irregularities-rule-1613776 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Liton received 165 thousand votes while Bulbul received 77 thousand votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-30 |title=Liton wins RCC polls |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/rajshahi-city-election-2018/awami-league-claims-khairuzzaman-liton-winner-in-rajshahi-city-election-2018-1613500 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Bulbul had campaigned on national issues, such as the detention of former prime minister [[Khaleda Zia]], while Liton focused on local issues related to Rajshahi City.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-17 |title=Bulbul for nat'l issues, Liton for local dev |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bulbul-natl-issues-liton-local-dev-1606540 |access-date=2021-05-18 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulbul, Mosaddek Hossain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Rajshahi District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:University of Rajshahi alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Mayors of Rajshahi]]

V. N. Aditya

2026-01-08T16:45:53Z

FranceGqd9358746: Made new page basic info

{{short description|Indian film director and screen writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. N. Aditya
| image = VN Adithya (cropped).jpg
| native_name =
| birth_name = Vadrevu Nagendra Aditya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|04|30}}
| birth_place = [[Eluru]], [[West Godavari district]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screen writer|producer}}
}}

'''V. N. Aditya''' (born 30 April 1972) is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/film-festival-gets-off-to-a-colourful-start/article6984013.ece|title=V.N. Aditya at the Gran Kinos Film Festival|work=The Hindu|date=12 March 2015|last1=Varma|first1=P. Sujatha|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121082722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/film-festival-gets-off-to-a-colourful-start/article6984013.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = VN Aditya with 16 WAPT's Marcus Hunter|url = http://www.wapt.com/entertainment/bollywood-director-wants-to-film-in-miss/34729568|work = 16 WAPT News|date = 15 August 2015|access-date = 8 January 2016|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193933/http://www.wapt.com/entertainment/bollywood-director-wants-to-film-in-miss/34729568|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Career==
V. N. Aditya started his career in Chennai as Assistant Director for 3 films with director [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao|Singeetham Sreenivasa Rao]] titled as [[Brundavanam]], [[Bhairava Dweepam|Bhairavadeepam]], [[Sri Krishnarjuna Vijayam|Srikrishnarjuna Vijayam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=kaviraani |first=Suresh |date=2019-11-20 |title=VN Aditya overwhelmed {{!}} VN Aditya overwhelmed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/201119/vn-aditya-overwhelmed.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He made his film debut with the 2001 family drama film ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' starring [[Uday Kiran]] and [[Reemma Sen]].<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web|title=Manasanta Movie review|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manasanta.html|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821202655/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-manasanta.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film ran for more than 200 days in many theatres across what was then the [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = VN Aditya Planning Big In USA|url = http://www.idreampost.com/vn-aditya-planning-big-in-usa/|work = iDream Post|access-date = 6 January 2016|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045923/http://www.idreampost.com/vn-aditya-planning-big-in-usa/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Mississippi's film industry: VN Aditya|url = http://www.clarionledger.com/story/life/2015/08/14/bollywood-south-director-wants-shoot-mississippi/31749703/|work = The Clarion-Ledger|access-date = 8 January 2016|archive-date = 21 November 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231121082700/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/life/2015/08/14/bollywood-south-director-wants-shoot-mississippi/31749703/|url-status = live}}</ref>

V. N. Aditya went on to make ''[[Sreeram]]'', a 2002 [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] film starring Uday Kiran, [[Anita Hassanandani]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]. This was a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Dhill]]'' which starred [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Laila Mehdin]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]. His third film, ''[[Nenunnanu]]'' starring [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Arthi Agarwal]], was released in 2004 and became a hit. It was dubbed in Tamil as Chandramadhi and in Hindi as Vishwa ("The He Man").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/telugu-director-vn-adityas-upcoming-film-titled-as-park-607564.html|title=Telugu director upcoming film|work=IBN Live|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121082702/https://www.news18.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mymcmedia.org/acclaimed-tollywood-directors-tour-mcm-photos/|title=Acclaimed Tollywood Directors Tour MCM (PHOTOS)|work=Montgomery Community Media:MCM|date=21 July 2015|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=21 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221080027/http://www.mymcmedia.org/acclaimed-tollywood-directors-tour-mcm-photos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Aditya's other films include ''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]'' (2005) with [[Navdeep]] and [[Ankitha]], ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]'' (2006) with [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Nayantara]], and [[Poonam Bajwa]], and ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' (2007) starring [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth Narayan]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title = VN Aditya interview - chitchat - Telugu film director|url = http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vnaditya1.html|website = www.idlebrain.com|access-date = 2016-01-05|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210540/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vnaditya1.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/now-a-ribtickling-comedy-from-aditya/article365660.ece|title=Rib-tickling comedy movie|work=The Hindu|date=January 2009|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121082705/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Now-a-rib-tickling-comedy-from-Aditya/article16343603.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== As Director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Sreeram]]'' || Remake of ''[[Dhill]]''
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Nenunnanu]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]'' ||
|-
| 2006 || [[Boss (2006 film)|''Boss'']] ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Aata (2007 film)|''Aata'']] ||
|-
| 2008 || [[Rainbow (2008 film)|''Rainbow'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011 || [[Raaj (film)|''Raaj'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Mugguru]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|title = Entertaining fare - Mugguru Review|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/entertaining-fare/article2377451.ece|website = The Hindu|date = 21 August 2011|last1 = Chowdhary|first1 = Y. Sunita|access-date = 14 January 2016|archive-date = 21 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221190703/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/entertaining-fare/article2377451.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''Forced Orphans'' || English film<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=B. V. S.|date=2018-09-08|title=V N Aditya helms critically-acclaimed English film|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-09-08/V-N-Aditya-helms-critically-acclaimed-English-film/410679|access-date=2025-07-12|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021 || ''LOVE@65'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Features|first=C. E.|date=2024-02-15|title=Rajendra Prasad, Jaya Prada to reunite on screen after 36 years in Love at 65|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/15/rajendra-prasad-jaya-prada-to-reunite-on-screen-after-36-years-in-love-at-65-52083.html|access-date=2025-07-12|website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Maryada Krishnayya'' ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-teams-up-with-vn-aditya-for-maryada-krishnayya-first-look-out/articleshow/81258062.cms|title=Sunil teams up with VN Aditya for 'Maryada Krishnayya': First Look out|date=2021-02-28|work=The Times of India|access-date=2025-07-12|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Valliddari Madhya'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2019-11-02|title=VN Aditya back at the helm! {{!}} VN Aditya back at the helm!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021119/vn-aditya-back-at-the-helm.html|access-date=2025-07-12|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Phani
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-03 |title=We auditioned snakes for over five days and chose a Black Pine, says 'Phani' director V N Aditya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/we-auditioned-snakes-for-over-five-days-and-chose-a-black-pine-says-phani-director-v-n-aditya/articleshow/119931858.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Phani Director V N Aditya Reveals Auditioning Snakes For 5 Days To Cast The Perfect One: Chose Black Pine As Hero |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/phani-director-v-n-aditya-reveals-auditioning-snakes-for-5-days-to-cast-the-perfect-one-chose-black-pine-as-hero-article-151344261 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As Lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song(s)
|-
|2025
|''[[The Suspect (2025 film)|The Suspect]]''
|''Manase Manase''<ref>{{cite web | title=🎶 Manase Manase Lyrical Song | SUSPECT Movie | Kiran Kumar | Radha Krishna | V.N Aditya | 🎵🎬 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=12 March 2025 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPicfxxcAv8 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Honors ==
VN Aditya was awarded an honorary doctorate by the George Washington University of Peace, United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-02-25 |title=Filmmaker VN Aditya receives Doctorate from George Washington University of Peace, America |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/filmmaker-vn-aditya-receives-doctorate-from-george-washington-university-of-peace-america-860928 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Central Jury member for 68th Indian National Awards in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=68th National Film Awards winners list: Suriya's Soorarai Pottru wins big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/68th-national-film-awards-winners-list-8045178/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-22 |title=68th National Film Awards: Ajay Devgn and Suriya share Best Actor award - Complete winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/68th-national-film-awards-ajay-devgn-and-suriya-share-best-actor-award-complete-winners-list/articleshow/93053893.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2352606}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aditya, V. N.}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]

Neb (surname)

2026-01-05T01:22:24Z

FranceGqd9358746: added initial stub w/ sources

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
'''Neb''' is an Indian surname native to [[Punjab]] region. It is another name of [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalia]] caste.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=https://archive.org/details/Sikhs/mode/1up?q=Neb+Ahluwalias |title=Sikhs}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&dq=%22neb%22+ahluwalia&pg=PA359 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox Surname|name=Neb|pronunciation=|language=[[Punjabi language|Panjabi]]|origin=[[Punjab]]|meaning=|region=[[South Asia]]|alternative spelling=Nab/Nebh/Nabh|shortform=|see also=[[Ahluwalia (caste)]]
[[Ahluwalia (misl)]]}}

== Origin ==
The Karals or Ahluwalias who were natives of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and [[Nabha State|Nabha]] states in the [[Sikh Empire]], now part of both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] were called '''Nebs'''. It was often used to describe them as a title. Historically, Neb were involved in trading, art of traditional pottery and in the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)]]. During British rule, they also started working in the civil or administrative jobs. They were known to be of great characteristics within the community. In modern times, they are working in diverse fields.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-c2AQAAMAAJ&q=%22neb%22+ahluwalia |title=Punjab District Gazetteer: Reprint of Ludhiana District and Malerkotla State Gazetteer, 1904 |date=2002 |publisher=Revenue and Rehabilitation Department, Punjab |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfSikhReligionAndCulture/page/245/mode/1up?q=Neb |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuchs |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZI9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22neb%22+ahluwalia |title=At the Bottom of Indian Society: The Harijan and Other Low Castes |date=1981 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0205-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.14916/page/648/mode/1up?q=%22Nebs+(potters)%22 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Vol-xx (1947) |date=1947 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kotewal Jehangir F. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53995/page/242/mode/1up?q=%22Nebs+(potters)%22 |title=Whither Bharat Or The Mission From Moonland (1952) |date=1952 |publisher=New Book Co. Ltd.}}</ref>

== Religion ==
Majority of them follow either [[Hinduism]] or [[Sikhism]]. A small minority of them profess [[Islam]] and are known as Kakazai.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Notable people ==

* [[Vinod Neb]], Indian retired officer and former pilot

== See also ==

* [[Ahluwalia (misl)]]
* [[Paintal]]
* [[Sikhs]]
* [[Kakazai]]
* [[Sikand (surname)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Ahluwalia]]
[[Category:Sikh names]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Surnames of Asian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of South Asian origin]]

Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal

2025-12-28T15:41:34Z

FranceGqd9358746: Started pg

{{Short description|Type of Brinjal variety from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal (जळगाव भरीत वांगी)
| image = Jalgaon Bharit Brinjals Light Green Variety Maharashtra India.jpg
| alt = Jalgaon Bharit Brinjals Light Green Variety from Adgaon located in Jalgaon
| caption = Jalgaon Bharit Brinjals Light Green Variety from Adgaon located in Jalgaon
| alternative names = Bharit Vangi
| description =Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal is a brinjal variety cultivated in [[Maharashtra]]
| type =Brinjal
| area = Jalgaon district
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 3 June 2016
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/501|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal''' is a variety of [[brinjal]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven agriculture products get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/seven-agriculture-products-get-gi-tag/articleshow/52579129.cms |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2016}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in areas like [[Asoda]], Bamnod, Mamurabad, Bhadli, Bhalod and [[Bhusawal|Bhusaval]] of [[Jalgaon district]] located in the [[Khandesh]] region of North Maharashtra.<ref name=":0"/>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal".<ref>{{cite web |title=Figure 45 - uploaded by Paul Mansingh Jeyabalasingh |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Jalgaon-Bharit-Brinjal_fig18_380911212 |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

==Name==
Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal is a prized vegetable crop in Jalgaon and so named after it. The word "[[Baingan bharta|Bharit]]" refers to a traditional spicy dish, specifically "Khandeshi Bharit", which is made using Jalgaon Brinjal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bharit, brinjal and voting: Jalgaon collector's new recipe to woo voters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/jalgaon-district-collector-culinary-route-woo-voters-women-9300940/ |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The word "Bharit" means mashing or mincing grilled Brinjal with [[tomato]], [[onion]], herbs and [[Spice|spices]] in the local state language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jalgaon's Famous 'Vangyache Bharit' Inspires Voting Awareness Campaign |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/jalgaons-famous-vangyache-bharit-inspires-voting-awareness-campaign |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

===Local name===
It is locally known as Bharit Vangi (भरीत वांगी).<ref>{{cite news |title=रस'भरीत' वांग्यांना मागणी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-news/vanga-bharit-in-demand/articleshow/27096373.cms |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=जळगावची वांगी नाशिकमध्ये खाताय भाव, दर वाढले तरीही पसंती |url=https://www.lokmat.com/agriculture/market-yard/latest-news-jalgaon-brinjal-are-preferred-by-nashik-citizenz-a-a993/#google_vignette |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=Lokmat |date=10 January 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Description==
List of characteristics and facts about Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_311_1/Journal_80.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

===Characteristics===

* This variety is large in size with soft skin, weighing between 500g to 2500g, and has a less number of seeds inside the pulp. The shape is long, oval, and slender, with distinct coloration of pale green with white stripes.

===Cultivation===

* The presence of fertile, rich, medium black soil and a favorable climate support cultivation. This traditional variety has been preserved and maintained by farmers for over five centuries.

===Uses===

* Specifically used for making traditional spicy dish 'Khandeshi Bharit'

==Photo Gallery==
Actual photos from a Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal farmer from Adgaon.
<gallery>
File:Jalgaon Bharit brinjal arranged after harvest; a local eggplant cultivar from Jalgaon district, Maharashtra.png|Jalgaon Bharit brinjal arranged after harvest; a local eggplant cultivar from Jalgaon district, Maharashtra
File:Jalgaon banana-leaf meal with puris, papads, and Jalgaon Bharit.jpg|Jalgaon-style meal on a banana leaf with papads, puris, Jalgaon Bharit—a smoky mashed brinjal dish—served with onions, cucumber, and lemon
File:Jalgaon Bharit with Batti Jalgaon Cuisine.jpg|Batti (baked wheat balls), served whole and in crushed form, with Jalgaon Bharit—a smoky, spicy mashed brinjal dish—traditionally accompanied by green chillies and lemon
File:Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal 2024-12-25 at 10.09.40 PM.jpg|Close-up of Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal from Amalner Tehsil of Jalgaon
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 3 June 2016 and is valid until 29 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/501 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

Navnirmiti Shetkari Mandal from Asoda, proposed the GI registration of Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal. After filing the application in September 2014, the Brinjal was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal" exclusive to the Brinjal grown in the region. It thus became the first brinjal variety from Maharashtra and the 23rd type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical indications of vegetables in india |url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndHort/article/download/105392/41266/272934 |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the brinjal from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Agsechi Vayingim (Agassaim Brinjal)]]
* [[Vellore Spiny brinjal]]
* [[Nayagarh Kanteimundi brinjal]]
* [[Jalgaon banana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Eggplants]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Brinjal varieties of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

Dnyanganga Dam

2025-12-28T08:16:58Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Dnyanganga Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Dnyanganga Dam D01244
| dam_crosses = [[River Dnyanganga|Dnyanganga river]]
| location = Khamgaon
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|639|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|35.73|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1380|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1971<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Gyanganga_D01244 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412230445/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Gyanganga_D01244 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 April 2013 | title=Gyanganga D01244 | accessdate=5 March 2013 }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|33930|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|4151|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.5396486|76.4160168|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Dnyanganga Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on [[River Dnyanganga|Dnyanganga river]] near [[Khamgaon]], [[Buldhana district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|35.73|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|639|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|1380|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|36270.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]
* [[Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Third Anglo-Maratha War

2025-12-27T09:08:31Z

FranceGqd9358746: quick adjusted citations after review

{{Short description|War between British East India Company and the Marathas}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Third Anglo-Maratha War<ref>{{cite web|title=Maratha Wars|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Maratha-Wars|website=Britannica Encyclopædia|access-date=2018-02-17|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225070827/https://www.britannica.com/event/Maratha-Wars|url-status=live}}</ref>
| partof = the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]]
| image = The Last Charge of the 6th Regment of Bengal and the 6th Regiment of Madras Light Cavalry on the 16th December 1817 (cropped).jpg
| caption = The Battle of Nagpore by Robert Woolf {{c.}}1817
| date = 5 November 1817 – 9 April 1819
| place = The modern state of [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring areas
| result = British victory
*Formal end of the Peshwa rule and the Maratha Empire.
*Scindia, Holkar, and Bhonsale subjected to British suzerainty.
*[[Chhatrapati]] [[Pratap Singh of Satara|Pratap Singh]] retained under British suzerainty as the [[Satara State|Raja of Satara]].
*Treaty of Poona
*Treaty of Mandasaur
*Treaty of Gwalior
| territory = British East India Company takes control over all Maratha territories.
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Empire]] 
*[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Peshwa|Peshwa's Rule]]
*[[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|23px]] [[Gwalior State]]
*[[File:Indore Flag.svg|23px]] [[Indore State]]
*[[File:Nagpur State Flag.png|23px]] [[Nagpur State]]
*[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Pindari|Pindari Irregulars]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]] 
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Baji Rao II]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Bapu Gokhale]]{{KIA}} (General of Baji Rao II) [[File:Indore Flag.svg|23px]] [[Hari Rao Holkar]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|23px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar III]] [[File:Nagpur State Flag.png|23px]] [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] Trimbakji Dengle-Patil [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|23px]] [[Daulat Rao Scindhia]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[John Malcolm]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|Thomas Hislop]]
| strength1 = 
| strength2 = 
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Maratha War}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars}}
The '''Third Anglo-Maratha War''' (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between Britain and the [[Maratha Empire]]. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha territory by British [[East India Company]] troops,{{sfn|Bakshi|Ralhan|2007|p=261}} and although the British were outnumbered, the Maratha army was decimated. The troops were led by [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]] [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Hastings]], supported by a force under [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|General Thomas Hislop]]. Operations began against the [[Pindaris]], a band of local mercenaries and Marathas from central India.{{refn|"Thus, many Pindaris were originally Muslim or Maratha cavalrymen who were disbanded or found Pindari life better than formal military service... Most Pindaris professed to be Muslims, but some could not even repeat the ''kalima'' or Muslim creed nor knew the name of the prophet."{{sfn|McEldowney|1966|p=18}}|group=note}}

[[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]]'s forces, supported by those of [[Mudhoji II Bhonsle]] of [[Nagpur]] and [[House of Holkar|Malharrao Holkar III]] of [[Indore]], rose against the East India Company. They attempted to regain the power that was taken away by the British due to the [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Treaty of Bassein]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |date=2022-12-01 |title=Anglo-Maratha Wars |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Anglo-Maratha_Wars/ |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> Pressure and diplomacy convinced the fourth major Maratha leader, [[Daulat Scindia|Daulatrao Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]], to remain neutral even though he lost control of [[Rajputana]]. British victories were swift, resulting in the breakup of the Maratha Empire and the end of Maratha power. Several minor battles were fought by the Peshwa's forces to prevent his capture.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|pp=79–86}}

The Peshwa was eventually captured and placed on a small estate at [[Bithur]], near [[Kanpur]]. Most of his territory was annexed and became part of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. The Maharaja of Satara was restored as the ruler of his territory as a [[princely state]]. In 1848 this territory was also annexed by the Bombay Presidency under the [[doctrine of lapse]] policy of [[Lord Dalhousie]]. Bhonsle was defeated in the [[Sitabuldi Fort|Battle of Sitabuldi]] and Holkar in the [[Battle of Mahidpur]]. The northern portion of Bhonsle's dominions in and around Nagpur, together with the Peshwa's territories in [[Bundelkhand]], were annexed by British India as the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]]. The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the British. Along with Gwalior from Shinde and [[Jhansi]] from the Peshwa, all of these territories became princely states acknowledging British control. The British proficiency in Indian war-making was demonstrated through their rapid victories in Khadki, Sitabuldi, Mahidpur, and Satara.{{sfn|Black|2006|p=78}}

==The Marathas and the British==
[[File:Joppen1907India1805a-21.jpg|thumb|200px|Map of India after the Second Anglo-Maratha War, 1805]]

The [[Maratha Empire]] was founded in 1674 by Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] Maharaj the [[Bhosle]] dynasty.{{sfn|Subburaj|2000|p=13}} Shivaji Maharaj's capital was located at [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]]. Shivaji Maharaj successfully defended his empire from attacks by the [[Mughal Empire]] and his Maratha Empire went on to defeat and overtake it as the premier power in India within few decades. A key component of the Maratha administration was the council of eight ministers, called the ''[[Ashta Pradhan]]'' (council of eight). The senior-most member of the Ashta Pradhan was called the ''Peshwa'' or the ''Pant Pradhan'' (prime minister). {{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

===Growing British power===
While the Marathas were fighting the Mughals in the early 18th century, the British held small trading posts in [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], and [[Calcutta]]. The British fortified the naval post of Mumbai after they saw the Marathas defeat the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] at neighbouring [[Vasai]] in May 1739. In an effort to keep the Marathas out of Mumbai, the British sent envoys to negotiate a treaty. The envoys were successful, and a treaty was signed on 12 July 1739 that gave the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] rights to free trade in Maratha territory.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=1}} In the south, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] had enlisted the support of the French for his war against the Marathas.{{refn|Meaning "Administrator of the Realm", the title of Nizam was specific to the native sovereigns of [[Hyderabad State]], India, since 1719.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=2}}|group=note}} In reaction to this, the Peshwa requested support from the British, but was refused. Unable to see the rising power of the British, the Peshwa set a precedent by seeking their help to solve internal Maratha conflicts.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=2}} Despite the lack of support, the Marathas managed to defeat the Nizam over a period of five years.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=2}}{{failed verification|date=March 2021|reason=the source provided does not prove ethe statement made}}

During the period 1750–1761, British defeated the French East India Company in India, and by 1793 they were firmly established in [[Bengal]] in the east and [[Madras]] in the south. They were unable to expand to the west as the Marathas were dominant there, but they entered [[Surat]] on the west coast via the sea.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=3}}

The Marathas marched beyond the [[Indus River|Indus]] as their empire grew.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=3}} The responsibility for managing the sprawling Maratha empire in the north was entrusted to two Maratha leaders, Shinde and Holkar, as the Peshwa was busy in the south.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=4}} The two leaders did not act in concert, and their policies were influenced by personal interests and financial demands. They alienated other Hindu rulers such as the Rajputs, the Jats, and the Rohillas, and they failed to diplomatically win over other Muslim leaders.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=4}} A large blow to the Marathas came in their defeat on 14 January 1761 at Panipat against a combined Muslim force that gathered defeating Marathas led by the Afghan [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]]. An entire generation of Maratha leaders lay dead on the battlefield as a result of that conflict.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=4}} However, between 1761 and 1773, the Marathas regained the lost ground in the north.{{sfn|Sen|1994|pp=4–9}}

===Anglo-Maratha relations===
The Maratha gains in the north were undone because of the contradictory policies of Holkar and Shinde and the internal disputes in the family of the Peshwa, which culminated in the murder of [[Narayanrao Peshwa]] in 1773.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=9}} [[Raghunathrao]] was ousted from the seat of Peshwa due to continuing internal Maratha rivalries. He sought help from the British, and they signed the [[Treaty of Surat]] with him in March 1775.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=10}} This treaty gave him military assistance in exchange for control of [[Salsette Island]] and [[Bassein Fort]].{{sfn|Sen|1994|pp=10–11}}

The treaty set off discussions amongst the British in India as well as in Europe because of the serious implications of a confrontation with the powerful Marathas. Another cause for concern was that the Bombay Council had exceeded its constitutional authority by signing such a treaty.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=11}} The treaty was the cause of the start of the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].{{refn|This treaty, as Grant Duff says, occasioned infinite discussions amongst the British in India and in Europe, and started the First Maratha War.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=11}}|group=note}} This war was a Maratha victory and almost a stalemate, with no side strong being able to completely defeat the other.{{sfn|Schmidt|1995|p=64}} The war concluded with the treaty of Salabai in May 1782, mediated by [[Mahadji Shinde]]. The foresight of [[Warren Hastings]] was the main reason for the success of the British in the war. He had destroyed the anti-British coalition and created a division between the Shinde, the Bhonsle, and the Peshwa.{{refn|With justifiable pride Hastings wrote to one of his friends on 7 February 1783: "Indeed, my dear Sir, there have been three or four very critical periods in our affairs in which the existence of the Company and of the British dominion in India lay at my mercy and would have been lost had I coldly attended to the beaten path of duty and avoided personal responsibility. In the redress afforded to the Nizam I drew him to our interests from the most inveterate enmity. In my negotiations with Modajee Boosla ''(sic)'' I preserved these provinces from ravage and obtained evidence of his connections even beyond his own intentions; and I effected a peace and alliance with Madajee Sindhia ''(sic)'' which was in effect a peace with the Maratha State."{{sfn|Sen|1994|pp=12–13}}|group=note}}

The Marathas were still in a very strong position when the new Governor General of British controlled territories [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Cornwallis]] arrived in India in 1786.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=17}} After the treaty of Salabai, the British followed a policy of coexistence in the north. The British and the Marathas enjoyed more than two decades of peace, thanks to the diplomacy of [[Nana Phadnavis]], a minister in the court of the 11-year-old [[Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao]]. The situation changed soon after Nana's death in 1800. The power struggle between Holkar and Shinde caused Holkar to attack the Peshwa in [[Pune]] in 1801, since the Peshwa sided with Shinde. The Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] fled Pune to safety on a British warship. Baji Rao feared loss of his own powers and signed the [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|treaty of Bassein]]. This made Peshwa effectly become a client ruler of the British.

In response to the treaty, the Bhonsle and Shinde attacked the British, refusing to accept the betrayal of their sovereignty to the British by the Peshwa. This was the start of the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1803. Both were defeated by the British, and all Maratha leaders lost large parts of their territory to the British.{{sfn|Schmidt|1995|p=64}}

===Maratha-Hyderabad relations===
In 1762, [[Raghunathrao]] allied with the Nizam due to mutual distrust and differences with [[Madhavrao Peshwa]]. The Nizam marched towards [[Poona]], but little did he know that Rughunathrao was going to betray him. In 1763, [[Madhavrao I]] along with Raghunathrao defeated the Nizam at the Battle of Rakshasbhuvan and signed a treaty with the [[Marathas]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} In 1795, he was defeated by [[Madhavrao II]]'s [[Maratha]]s at the [[Battle of Kharda]] and was forced to cede [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Sholapur]] and pay an indemnity of Rs. 30 million. A [[France|French]] general, [[Michel Joachim Marie Raymond|Monsieur Raymond]], served as his military leader, strategist and advisor.

The [[Battle of Kharda]] took place in 1795 between the [[Nizam]] and the [[Maratha Confederacy]], in which the Nizam was badly defeated. Governor General [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]] followed the policy of non-intervention despite the Nizam being under his protection which led to the loss of trust of the British. This was the last battle fought together by all the Maratha chiefs under leadership of Bakshibahadur Jivabadada Kerkar. The Maratha forces consisted of cavalry, including gunners, bowmen, artillery and infantry. After several skirmishes, the Nizams infantry under Raymond launched an attack on the Marathas but Scindia forces under Jivabadada Kerkar defeated them and launched a counterattack which proved to be decisive. The rest of the Hyderabad army fled to the fort of Kharda. The Nizam started negotiations and they were concluded in April 1795.

===British East India Company===
The British had travelled thousands of miles to arrive in India. They studied Indian geography and mastered local languages to deal with the Indians.{{refn|"Opposed to these were the British who had come all the way from England to establish an empire in India. They had a ''(sic)'' previous experience not only in many European wars, but also in many Indian ones. Whatever they did, they did in a planned manner. No step was taken blindly. Everything was thoroughly discussed and debated upon before it was taken up. The network of their spies spread far and wide. They mastered the Indian languages to deal with the Indians in a perfect manner. They mastered Indian geography before they made any military movement in any part of the country. Nothing was left to chance and guess-work."{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=40}}|group=note}} At the time, they were technologically advanced, with superior equipment in several critical areas to that available locally. Chhabra hypothesizes that even if the British technical superiority were discounted, they would have won the war because of the discipline and organization in their ranks.{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=40}} After the First Anglo-Maratha war, Warren Hastings declared in 1783 that the peace established with the Marathas was on such a firm ground that it was not going to be shaken for years to come.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=20}}

The British believed that a new permanent approach was needed to establish and maintain continuous contact with the Peshwa's court in [[Pune]]. The British appointed [[Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet|Charles Malet]], a senior merchant from Bombay, to be a permanent [[Resident (title)|Resident]] at Pune because of his knowledge of the languages and customs of the region.{{sfn|Sen|1994|p=20}}

==War preparations==
The Maratha Empire had partly declined due to the Second Anglo-Maratha War.{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=39}} Efforts to modernize the armies were half-hearted and undisciplined: newer techniques were not absorbed by the soldiers, while the older methods and experience were outdated and obsolete.{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=39}} The Maratha Empire lacked an efficient spy system, and had weak diplomacy compared to the British. Maratha artillery was outdated, and weapons were imported. Foreign officers were responsible for the handling of the imported guns; the Marathas never used their own men in considerable numbers for the purpose. Although Maratha infantry was praised by the likes of Wellington, they were poorly led by their generals and heavily relied on Arab and Pindari mercenaries. The confederate-like structure that evolved within the empire created a lack of unity needed for the wars.{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=39}}

[[File:Mountstuart-Elphinstone.jpg|thumb|left|Mountstuart Elphinstone]]

At the time of the war, the power of the British East India Company was on the rise, whereas the Maratha Empire was on the decline. The British had been victorious in the previous Anglo-Maratha war and the Marathas were at their mercy. The Peshwa of the Maratha Empire at this time was [[Baji Rao II]]. Several Maratha leaders who had formerly sided with the Peshwa were now under British control or protection. The British had an arrangement with the [[Gaekwad]] dynasty of the Maratha province of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] to prevent the Peshwa from collecting revenue in that province. Gaekwad sent an envoy to the Peshwa in Pune to negotiate a dispute regarding revenue collection. The envoy, Gangadhar Shastri, was under British protection. He was murdered, and the Peshwa's minister Trimbak Dengle was suspected of the crime.

The British seized the opportunity to force Baji Rao into a treaty.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|pp=79–80}} The treaty (The [[Treaty of Poona (1817)|Treaty of Poona]]) was signed on 13 June 1817. Key terms imposed on the Peshwa included the admission of Dengle's guilt, renouncing claims on Gaekwad, and surrender of significant swaths of territory to the British. These included his most important strongholds in the Deccan, the seaboard of Konkan, and all places north of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and south of the [[Tungabhadra]] rivers. The Peshwa was also not to communicate with any other powers in India.{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=17}} The British Resident [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] also asked the Peshwa to disband his cavalry.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|pp=79–80}}

===Maratha planning===
[[File:RaigadFort1.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the old palace at Raigad Fort]]

The Peshwa disbanded his cavalry, but secretly asked them to stand by, and offered them seven months' advance pay.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=80}} Baji Rao entrusted [[Bapu Gokhale]] with preparations for war.{{sfn|Duff|1921|pp=468–469}} In August 1817, the forts at Sinhagad, Raigad, and Purandar were fortified by the Peshwa.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=468}} Gokhale secretly recruited troops for the impending war.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=468}} Many [[Bhils]] and [[Ramoshi]]s were hired. Efforts were made to unify Bhonsle, Shinde, and Holkar; even the mercenary [[Pindari]]s were approached.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=468}} The Peshwa identified unhappy Marathas in the service of the British Resident Elphinstone and secretly recruited them. One such person was Jaswant Rao Ghorpade. Efforts were made to secretly recruit Europeans as well, which failed.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=470}} Some people, such as [[Balaji Pant Natu]], stood steadfastly with the British.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=470}} Several of the sepoys rejected the Peshwa's offers,{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=474}} and others reported the matter to their superior officers.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=470}} On 19 October 1817, Baji Rao II celebrated the [[Vijayadashami|Dassera]] festival in Pune, where troops were assembled in large numbers.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=80}} During the celebrations, a large flank of the Maratha cavalry pretended they were charging towards the British sepoys but wheeled off at the last minute. This display was intended as a slight towards Elphinstone{{Sfn|Duff|1921|p=471}} and as a scare tactic to prompt the defection and recruitment of British sepoys to the Peshwa's side.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=471}} The Peshwa made plans to kill Elphinstone, despite opposition from Gokhale. Elphinstone was fully aware of these developments thanks to the espionage work of Balaji Pant Natu and Ghorpade.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=80}}

Maratha powers were estimated at 81,000 infantry, 106,000 horse or cavalry and 589 guns. Of these the Peshwa had the highest number of cavalry at 28,000, along with 14,000 infantry and 37 cannon. The Peshwa headquarters was in Pune. Holkar had the second largest cavalry, amounting to 20,000, and an infantry force supplemented with 107 artillery units. Shinde and Bhonsle had similar numbers of cavalry, artillery and infantry. Holkar, Shinde and Bhonsle were headquartered in Indore, Gwalior and Nagpur respectively.{{sfn|Nadkarni|2000|p=10}} The Afghan leader Amir Khan was located in Tonk in Rajputana and his strength was 12,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry and 200 guns.{{sfn|Burton|1908|p=153}}{{sfn|Bakshi|Ralhan|2007|p=261}}{{sfn|United Service Institution of India|1901|p=96}} The Pindaris were located north of the Narmada valley in Chambal and Malwa region of central India. Three Pindari leaders sided with Shinde, these were [[Chitu Khan]], Karim Khan and Wasil Mohammad. They led horsemen with strengths of 10,000, 6,000 and 4,000 but most were armed only with spears. The rest of the Pindari chiefs, Tulsi, Imam Baksh, Sahib Khan, Kadir Baksh, Nathu and Bapu were allied with Holkar. Tulsi and Imam Baksh each had 2,000 horsemen, Kadir Baksh, 21,500. Sahib Khan, Nathu and Bapu had 1,000, 750 and 150 horsemen.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|pp=86–87}}

===British planning===
The [[East India Company]] viewed the killing of their envoy, Gangadhar Shastri, as definitive intent by the Peshwa to undermine British control over the Maratha, and operations were commenced in order to place the entire region effectually into the possession of the Company.<ref name="mapw">{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=R.G. |title=The Mahratta And Pindari War |date=1910 |publisher=Government Press |location=Simla |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284400/mode/2up}}</ref> Although some regard the war as a mopping-up operation of the earlier Second Anglo-Maratha war,{{sfn|Black|2006|pp=77–78}} historians note the fact that the British assembled the largest army they had ever at that time organised in India indicated the importance the British placed on defeating the Maratha.<ref name="mapw" /> The army, numbering roughly 120,000 men, consisted of the Grand Army or [[Bengal Army]] under the command of the [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Marquess of Hastings]], and the Army of the Deccan under [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|General Hislop]].{{sfn|Bakshi|Ralhan|2007|p=259}} This included over 60 battalions of Native Infantry, multiple battalions derived from British regiments, numerous sections of cavalry and dragoons, in addition to artillery, horse artillery and rocket troops, all armed with the most modern weapons and equipped with highly organised supply lines.<ref name="mapw" />

This massive force quickly induced Shinde, who was secretly planning with the Peshwa and the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] Ministry to form a coalition against the British,{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=194–195}} into coming to terms with the British. In early November 1817, he was forced to enter into a treaty in which he ceded all his armed forces and major forts.<ref name="mapw" /> Amir Khan disbanded his army on condition of being guaranteed the possession of the principality of [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]] in [[Rajputana]]. He sold his guns to the British and agreed to prevent predatory gangs from operating from his territory. By these actions, the British kept two major allies of the Maratha out of the war before any hostilities had begun.{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=194–195}}

==Major events of the war==

===Conflict in Pune and the pursuit of Baji Rao II===
[[File:Lord Moira.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Portrait of Lord Moira]]'' ([[Joshua Reynolds]], 1790)]]

The war began as a campaign against the [[Pindaris]],{{sfn|Sarkar|Pati|2000|p=48}} but the first battle occurred at [[Pune]] where the Peshwa, [[Baji Rao II]], attacked the under-strength British cantonment on 5 November 1817. The Maratha forces comprised 20,000 cavalry, 8,000 infantry, and 20 artillery guns{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=80}} whereas the British had 2,000 cavalry, 1,000 infantry, and eight artillery units.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=81}} What followed was the [[Battle of Khadki]] where the Maratha were initially successful in creating and exploiting a gap in the British lines, but were soon nullified by the advance of the British infantry, which firing volley after volley, caused the Maratha to retreat in a matter of four hours. The British soon claimed victory with the loss of 86 men compared to the 500 Maratha killed.{{sfn|Murray|1901|p=324}}{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=19}}

[[File:Battle of Kirki, 1817.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Battle of Khadki, 1817]]

While Pune was surrendered to the British, the Peshwa and his forces fled first to [[Purandar fort|Purandar]] and then toward the city of [[Satara (city)|Satara]].{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=482}} His commander-in-chief [[Bapu Gokhale]] organised the retreat to guard the Peshwa in flight.
The Peshwa then fled to the town of [[Koregaon Bhima|Koregaon]] where the [[Battle of Koregaon]] (also known as the battle of Koregaon Bhima) took place on 1 January 1818 on the banks of the river Bhima, north west of Pune. Captain Stauton arrived near Koregaon along with 500 infantry, two six-pounder guns, and 200 irregular horsemen. Only 24 of the infantry were of European origin; they were from the Madras Artillery. The rest of the infantry was composed of Indian [[sepoy]]s employed by the British.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=81}} A fierce battle ensued that lasted the entire day. Streets and guns were captured and recaptured, changing hands several times. Although Baji Rao's commander Trimabkji killed Lieutenant Chishom, the Marathas were forced to evacuate the village and retreated during the night. The British lost 175 men and about a third of the irregular horse, with more than half of the European officers wounded. The Marathas lost 500 to 600 men.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=487}}

After the battle the British forces under general Pritzler{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=487}} pursued the Peshwa, who fled southwards towards [[Karnataka]] with the Raja of Satara.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=487}} The Peshwa continued his flight southward throughout the month of January.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=483}}{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=488}} Not receiving support from the Raja of Mysore, the Peshwa doubled back and passed General Pritzler to head towards [[Solapur]].{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=488}} Until 29 January the pursuit of the Peshwa had not been productive. Whenever Baji Rao was pressed by the British, Gokhale and his light troops hovered around the Peshwa and fired long shots. Some skirmishes took place, and the Marathas were frequently hit by shells from the horse artillery. There was, however, no advantageous result to either party.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=489}} On 7 February General Smith entered Satara and captured the royal palace of the Marathas. He symbolically raised the British flag.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=489}}

[[File:Bajirao II Peshwa India.jpg|thumb|left|Bajirao II]]

On 19 February, General Smith got word that the Peshwa was headed for [[Pandharpur]]. General Smith's troops attacked the Peshwa at Ashti en route. During this battle, Gokhale died while defending the Peshwa from the British. The Raja of Satara was captured along with his brother and mother. The death of Gokhale and the skirmish at Ashti hastened the end of the war.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=493}} By 10 April 1818, General Smith's forces had taken the forts of [[Sinhagad]] and Purandar.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=517}} Mountstuart Elphinstone mentions the capture of Sinhagadh in his diary entry for 13 February 1818: "The garrison contained no Marathas, but consisted of 100 Arabs, 600 Gosains, and 400 Konkani. The [[Kiladar|Qiladar]] was a boy of eleven; the garrison was treated with great liberality; and, though there was much property and money in the place, the Qiladar was allowed to have whatever he claimed as his own."{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=517}}{{refn|[[Kiladar|Qiladar]] means the commandant of a fort, castle or garrison.{{sfn|Yule|Burnell|1903|p=483}}|group=note}}

On 3 June 1818 BajiRao II surrendered to the British and negotiated the sum of {{Indian Rupee}} eight [[lakhs]] as annual maintenance.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=513}} Baji Rao II obtained promises from the British in favour of the [[Jagirdar]]s, his family, the Brahmins, and religious institutions.{{sfn|Duff|1921|p=513}} The Peshwa was sent to [[Bithur]] near [[Kanpur]].{{sfn|Duff|1921|pp=513–514}} While the downfall and banishment of the Peshwa was mourned all over the Maratha Empire as a national defeat, the Peshwa contracted more marriages and spent his long life engaged in religious performances and excessive drinking.{{sfn|Chhabra|2005|p=21}}

===Conflict with the Pindaris===
[[File:Malwa India 1823.png|thumb|Location of Malwa in an 1823 depiction of India. Malwa was the headquarters of some of the Pindaris in the early 19th century]]

The Pindaris, who were mostly cavalry armed with spears, came to be known as the ''Shindeshahi'' and the ''Holkarshahi'' after the patronage they received from the respective Maratha leaders.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|pp=86–87}} The major Pindari leaders were [[Chitu Khan]], Karim Khan, and Wasil Mohammad and their total strength was estimated at 33,000.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=86}} The Pindaris frequently raided villages in Central India and it was thought that this region was being rapidly reduced to the condition of a desert because the peasants were unable to support themselves on the land.{{sfn|Russell|1916|p=396}} In 1815, 25,000 Pindaris entered the [[Madras Presidency]] and destroyed over 300 villages on the [[Coromandel coast]]. Other Pindari raids on British territory followed in 1816 and 1817 and therefore [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings]] wanted the Pindaris extinguished.{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|p=194}}

In opposition to what the British forces expected as they entered the region in late 1817, they found that the Pindaris had not devastated the area. In fact the British found a super-abundance of food and forage, especially grain, which added immensely to the security of their supplies.<ref name="mapw" /> The Pindaris were attacked, and their homes were surrounded and destroyed. General Hislop from the Madras Residency attacked the Pindaris from the south and drove them beyond the Narmada river, where governor-general Francis Rawdon-Hastings was waiting with his army.{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=195–196}} With the principal routes from Central India being occupied by British detachments, the Pindari forces were completely broken up, scattered in the course of a single campaign. Being armed only with spears, they made no stand against the regular troops, and even in small bands they were unable to escape the ring of forces drawn around them.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The Pindari forces proved unable to counter the British and the Pindari chiefs were soon reduced to the condition of hunted outlaws. Karim and Chitu had still 23,000 soldiers between them but such a force was no match for the armies that surrounded them. In whatever direction they turned they were met by British forces; defeat followed defeat. Many fled to the jungles, while others sought refuge in the villages, but were killed without mercy by local villagers who had not forgotten the sufferings inflicted upon them by the Pindaris.{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=195–196}} All the leaders had surrendered before the end of February 1818 and the Pindari system and power was brought to a close. They were removed to Gorakhptir where they obtained grants of land for their subsistence. Karim Khan became a farmer on the small estate he received beyond the Ganges in Gorakpur. Wasil Mohammed attempted to escape, and after he was found Mohammed committed suicide by imbibing poison.{{sfn|Keightley|1847|p=165}} Chitu, another Pindari warrior,{{sfn|Travers|1919|p=19}} was hunted by John Malcolm from place to place until he had no followers left. He vanished into the jungles of Central India in 1819{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|p=196}} and was killed by a tiger.{{sfn|Hunter|1909|p=495}}{{refn|Chithu is referred to as Setu in Marathi.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=86}} "So the famous Chithu, the Pindari chieftain, who, wandering alone in the jungle on the banks of the Tapti River after the defeat and dispersal of his robber horde in 1818, fell a victim to a man-eating tiger, his remains being identified by the discovery of his head and a satchel containing his papers in the tiger's lair."{{sfn|Burton|1936|pp=246–247}} |group=note}}

===Events in Nagpur===
[[File:Sitabuldi fort gate.JPG|thumb|250px|Sitabuldi Fort today]]

[[Mudhoji II Bhonsle|Mudhoji Bhonsle]], also known as Appa Saheb, consolidated his power in [[Nagpur]] after the murder of his cousin, the imbecile ruler Parsoji Bhonsle, and entered into a treaty with the British on 27 May 1816.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=82}} He ignored the request of the British Resident Jenkins to refrain from contact with Baji Rao II. Jenkins asked Appa Saheb to disband his growing concentration of troops and come to the residency, which he also refused to do. Appa Saheb openly declared support for the Peshwa, who was already fighting the British near Pune. As it was now clear that a battle was in the offing, Jenkins asked for reinforcements from nearby British East India Company troops. He already had about 1,500 men under Lieutenant Colonel Hopentoun Scott.{{sfn|Burton|1908|p=159}} Jenkins sent word for Colonel Adams to march to Nagpur with his troops.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=82}} Like other Maratha leaders, Appa Shaeb employed Arabs in his army.{{sfn|Burton|1908|p=53}} They were typically involved in holding fortresses. While they were known to be among the bravest of troops, they were not amenable to discipline and mostly armed with only [[matchlock]]s and swords. The total strength of the Marathas was about 18,000.{{sfn|Burton|1908|p=160}}

The British Residency was to the west of the [[Sitabuldi Fort]] located close to Nagpur. The British East India Company troops occupied the north end of the hillock associated with the fort.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=83}} The Marathas, fighting with the Arabs, made good initial gains by charging up the hill and forcing the British to retreat to the south. British commanders began arriving with reinforcements: Lieutenant Colonel Rahan on 29 November, Major Pittman on 5 December, and Colonel Doveton on 12 December. The British counterattack was severe and Appa Saheb was forced to surrender. A force of 5,000 Arabs and Hindustanis however remained secured within the walls of Nagpur with the British laying siege to the city from 19 December. Attempts by the British to breach the walls failed with the loss of over 300 men, of which 24 were Europeans. The British agreed to pay the defenders 50,000 rupees to abandon Nagpur, which they did on 30 December.<ref name="mapw" /> A treaty was signed on 9 January 1818. Appa Saheb was allowed to rule over nominal territories with several restrictions. Most of his territory, including the forts, was now controlled by the British. They built additional fortifications on Sitabuldi.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=83}}

A few days later Appa Saheb was arrested. He was being escorted to Allahabad when he escaped to Punjab to seek refuge with the Sikhs. They turned him down and he was captured once again by the British near Jodhpur. [[Raja Mansingh]] of Jodhpur stood surety for him and he remained in Jodhpur, where he died on 15 July 1849 at 44 years of age.{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=83}}

===Events in Indore===
[[File:Joppen1907India1823a.jpg|thumb|200px|Map of India after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, 1819]]
[[File:Battle of Mehidpoor 2nd position, 21 Dec 1817.jpg|thumb|Battle of Mehidpoor 2nd position, 21 Dec 1817]]

The Court of Holkar, based at [[Indore]], was at this time practically nonexistent. The dynasty was headed by 11-year-old [[Malhar Rao Holkar III]] under the regency of his dead father's mistress [[Tulsi Bai Holkar]]. Tulsi Bai was executed by her own troops in December 1817 for allying with the British; soon after, the British advanced into Holkar's territory, encountering his army about 40 km north of Indore at the [[Battle of Mahidpur]].{{sfn|Kibe|1904|pp=351–352}}{{sfn|Bakshi|Ralhan|2007|p=315}}<ref name="mapw" />

The battle of Mahidpur between Holkar and the British was fought on 21 December 1817, lasting from midday until 3:00 am. Lieutenant General Thomas Hislop was commander of the British forces which came in sight of the Holkar army at about 9:00 am.{{sfn|Hough|1853|p=71}} The British lost around 800 men{{sfn|Sarkar|Pati|2000|p=48}} but Holkar's force was destroyed,{{sfn|Prakash|2002|p=135}} with about 3,000 killed or wounded.{{sfn|Keightley|1847|p=165}} These losses effectively knocked the Holkar out of the conflict{{sfn|Prakash|2002|p=136}} and broke the power of the Holkar dynasty. The Battle of Mahidpur also proved to be a major setback for the Marathas as well. Henry Durand wrote, "After the battle of Mahidpur not only the Peshwa's but the real influence of the Mahratta States of Holkar and Shinde were dissolved and replaced by British supremacy."{{sfn|Government of Madhya Pradesh|1827|p=79}} The remnants of Holkar's army were pursued across the territory by the British, suffering further casualties in small-scale skirmishes.<ref name="mapw" /> Holkar was captured and his ministers made overtures of peace,{{sfn|Keightley|1847|p=165}} and on 6 January 1818 the Treaty of Mandeswar was signed;{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=195–196}} Holkar accepted the British terms in totality.{{sfn|Prakash|2002|p=136}} Large quantities of [[Prize of war|spoils of war]] was taken by the British, which remained an acrimonious issue for many years afterwards.<ref name="mapw" /> Holkar came under British authority as a puppet prince subject to the advice of a British Resident.{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=195–196}}

==Operations against remaining Maratha forces==
By mid 1818, all of the Maratha leaders had surrendered to the British. Shinde and the Afghan Amir Khan were subdued by the use of diplomacy and pressure, which resulted in the [[Gwalior State|Treaty of Gwalior]]{{sfn|Prakash|2002|p=300}} on 5 November 1817. Under this treaty, Shinde surrendered Rajasthan to the British and agreed to help them fight the Pindaris. Amir Khan agreed to sell his guns to the British and received a land grant at Tonk in Rajputana.{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=194–195}} Holkar was defeated on 21 December 1817 and signed the Treaty of Mandeswar{{sfn|Sinclair|1884|pp=195–196}} on 6 January 1818. Under this treaty the Holkar state became subsidiary to the British. The young Malhar Rao was raised to the throne.{{sfn|Dutt|1908|p=173}}{{sfn|Lethbridge|1879|p=193}} Bhonsle was defeated on 26 November 1817 and was captured but he escaped to live out his life in [[Jodhpur]].{{sfn|Dutt|1908|p=173}}{{sfn|Lethbridge|1879|p=192}} The Peshwa surrendered on 3 June 1818 and was sent off to Bithur near Kanpur under the terms of the treaty signed on 3 June 1818.{{sfn|Dutt|1908|p=174}} Of the Pindari leaders, Karim Khan surrendered to Malcolm in February 1818; Wasim Mohammad surrendered to Shinde and eventually poisoned himself; and Setu was killed by a tiger.{{sfn|Lethbridge|1879|p=193}}{{sfn|Russell|1916|p=396}}{{sfn|Dutt|1908|p=172}}

[[File:Asirgarh Fort1.jpg|thumb|Asirgarh Fort]]

During the last stages of the conflict, from 1818 to 1819, British military operations switch to capturing Maratha-held forts which were still holding out under the command of their [[Kiladar|qiladars]]. On February 27, 1818, British forces under the command of [[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Hislop]] approached [[Thalner|Thalner Fort]], assuming it was friendly; the fort's qilidar, Tulsiram Mama, ordered his troops to fire on the British, outraging Hislop who laid siege to the fort. After ordering several bombardments against the fort walls, he personally led a storming party which captured the fort and overwhelmed its garrison (which was composed mostly of Arab soldiers). Mama was tried and executed for [[perfidy]], and was hung on a nearby tree.<ref>Deshpande, Arvind M., ''John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British Rule'' (1987), Mittal Publications, {{isbn|978-0836422504}}, pg. 31</ref> Other forts in the region, such as Naralla Fort and [[Malegaon fort|Malegaon Fort]] were gradually captured and occupied by the British. At Malegaon Fort, the British encountered unexpectedly strong resistance from the fort garrison, which led them to bring in a 2,600-strong reinforcement force consisting of a mixture of infantry and artillery, after which a storming party captured the fort.<ref name="mapw" />

In early 1819, almost all of the forts had been taken, with the lone holdout being [[Asirgarh Fort]], which was under the command of qiladar Jeswant Rao Lar. In March of that year, a massive British contingent lay siege to Asirgarh, capturing and occupying the town next to the fort to serve as a temporary base of operations. The 1,200-strong garrison was subject to constant artillery bombardments before the British launched an assault, which led to the fort's capture on 9 April. With the capture of Asirgarh Fort, the British victory was complete and all military operations ceased.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Richard |title=Historical Record of the 67th Foot |date=1849 |publisher=Parker, Furnivall & Parker |location=London |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57663/57663-h/57663-h.htm#Page_14}}</ref><ref name="mapw" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Nassak Diamond copy3.JPG|thumb|250px|The [[Nassak Diamond]] was seized from the Peshwa by the British and sent to London]]

The war left the British, under the auspices of the British East India Company, in control of virtually all of present-day India south of the [[Sutlej River]], either through direct British rule, or through [[princely state]]s. The famed [[Nassak Diamond]] was seized by the Company as part of the spoils of the war.{{sfn|United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals|1930|p=121}} The British acquired large chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition.{{sfn|Black|2006|p=77}} The terms of surrender Malcolm offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal: The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80,000 pounds. A comparison was drawn with [[Napoleon]], who was then confined to a small rock in the southern Atlantic and given a small sum for his maintenance. Trimbakji Dengale was captured after the war and was sent to the fortress of Chunarin Bengal where he spent the rest of his life. With all active resistance over, John Malcolm played a prominent part in capturing and pacifying the remaining fugitives.{{sfn|Hunter|1907|p=204}}

The Peshwa's territories were absorbed into the [[Bombay Presidency]] and the territory seized from the Pindaris eventually became the nucleus of the [[Central Provinces]] of British India. The princes of Rajputana were effectively reduced to feudal lords who accepted the British as the paramount power. Thus Hastings redrew the map of India to a state which remained more or less unaltered until the time of [[Lord Dalhousie]].{{sfn|Hunter|1907|p=203}} The British recognised [[Pratap Singh (Raja of Satara)]], a direct descendant of [[Shivaji]] as the ceremonial head of the Maratha Confederacy. [[Raghuji Bhonsle III]], then not even ten years old, was appointed as the ruler of Nagpur under British guardianship. The Peshwa adopted a son, [[Nana Sahib]], who went on to be one of the leaders of the [[Rebellion of 1857]].{{sfn|Hunter|1907|p=203}} After 1818, Mountstuart Elphinstone reorganized the administrative divisions for revenue collection,{{sfn|Kulkarni|1995|p=98}} thus reducing the importance of the [[Patil (title)|Patil]], the [[Deshmukh]], and the [[Deshpande]].{{sfn|Kulkarni|1995|pp=98–99}}

The new government felt a need to communicate with the local [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking population; Elphinstone pursued a policy of planned standardization of the Marathi language in the Bombay Presidency starting after 1820.{{sfn|McDonald|1968|pp=589–606}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Third Anglo-Maratha War}}
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]

==Notes==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{Citation|title=Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages|first1=S.R|last1=Bakshi|first2=O.P.|last2=Ralhan|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7625-806-7|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZPmLzgkF0UC&q=9788176258067}}
* {{Citation|title=A Military History of Britain: from 1775 to the Present|first=Jeremy|last=Black|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=978-0-275-99039-8|location=Westport, Conn.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNVtQY4sXYMC&q=9780275990398}}
* {{Citation|title=Hobson-Jobson: a Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|first1=Sir Henry|last1=Yule|first2=Arthur Coke|last2=Burnell|editor=William Crooke|publisher=J. Murray|year=1903|location=London|oclc=4718658|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&q=killadar+etymology}}
* {{Citation|title=Wellington's Campaigns in India|first=Reginald George|last=Burton|year=1908|oclc=13082193|location=Calcutta|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Za0AAAAMAAJ&q=Wellington%27s+campaigns+in+India}}
* {{Citation|title=The Mahratta And Pindari War|first=Reginald George|last1=Burton|year=1910|location=Simla|publisher=Government Press|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284400/mode/2up}}
* {{Citation|title=The Tiger Hunters|first=Reginald George|last=Burton|publisher=Hutchinson|year=1936|location=London|oclc=6338833}}
* {{Citation|title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India|volume=1: 1707–1803|first=G.S.|last=Chhabra|publisher=Lotus Press|year=2005|isbn=81-89093-06-1|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&q=9788189093068}}
* {{Citation|title=A History of the Mahrattas|first=James Grant|last=Duff|volume=2|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|location=London|oclc=61585379|year=1921|editor=[[Stephen Meredyth Edwardes]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_Pc4ZQMoy0C&q=A+history+of+the+Mahrattas,+Volume+2&pg=PA1}}
* {{Citation|title=A Brief History of Ancient and Modern India According to the Syllabus Prescribed by the Calcutta University|first=Romesh Chunder|last=Dutt|publisher=S.K. Lahiri & Company|year=1908|location=Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wqAAAAYAAJ}}
* Finn, Margot C. "Material turns in British history: I. Loot." ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 28 (2018): 5-32. [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10051412/1/LootfinalacceptedversionfordepositFinn20181%20Finn.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120112447/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10051412/1/LootfinalacceptedversionfordepositFinn20181%20Finn.pdf |date=2021-01-20 }}
* {{Citation|title=District Gazetteers: Indore Gazetteer of India|volume=17 of Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers, Madhya Pradesh (India)|author=Government of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1827|location=Bhopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation|title=Land Acquisition Act|last=Government of Maharashtra|year=1961|location=Bombay|url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/data/gr/english/1961/01/24/20061116122835001.pdf|access-date=2010-09-22|archive-date=2011-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021751/http://maharashtra.gov.in/data/gr/english/1961/01/24/20061116122835001.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Citation|title=Political and Military Events in British India: From the Years 1756 to 1849|volume=1 Political and Military Events in British India: From the Years 1756 to 1849|first=William|last=Hough|publisher=W.H. Allen & Company|year=1853|location=London|oclc=5105166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI0cAAAAMAAJ|hdl=2027/mdp.39015026640402|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Citation|title=A Brief History of the Indian Peoples|first=Sir William Wilson|last=Hunter|year=1907|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|oclc=464656679|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koUqAAAAYAAJ|hdl=2027/uc1.$b196576|hdl-access=free}}
* {{Citation|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India.|volume=2 of Imperial Gazetteer of India, Great Britain. India Office Gazetteers of British India, 1833–1962|first=Sir William Wilson|last=Hunter|editor1=James Sutherland Cotton|editor2=Sir Richard Burn|editor3=Sir William Stevenson Meyer|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1909|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT0KAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation|title=A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon|last=Murray|first=John|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|year=1901|location=Calcutta|oclc=222574206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFYoAAAAYAAJ&q=battle+of+kirkee+loss}}
* {{Citation|title=A History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day|first=Thomas|last=Keightley|publisher=Whittaker|year=1847|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYAfAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Citation|title=The Calcutta Review|volume=119|first=Madhav Rao Venayek|last=Kibe|year=1904|location=Calcutta; London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGQoAAAAYAAJ|access-date=September 10, 2010}}
* {{Citation|title=The Satara Raj, 1818–1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture|first=Sumitra|last=Kulkarni|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1995|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-581-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&q=9788170995814}}
* {{Citation|title=History of India|first=Sir Roper|last=Lethbridge|publisher=Brown & Co.|year=1879|location=Calcutta|oclc=551701397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ctx4pwLrIoC}}
* {{Citation|title=The Modernizing of Communication: Vernacular Publishing in Nineteenth Century Maharashtra|first=Ellen E.|last=McDonald|publisher=University of California Press|oclc=483944794|location=Berkeley|year=1968}}
* {{Citation|title=Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India|location=Madison|oclc=53790277|first=Philip F|last=McEldowney|year=1966|publisher=University of Wisconsin|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html|access-date=2010-09-23|archive-date=2012-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515114520/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|title=Husain: Riding The Lightning|last=Nadkarni|first=Dnyaneshwar|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=81-7154-676-5|location=Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVK6d5CXq5MC&q=holkar+narmada+valley}}
* {{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA79|year=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}
* {{Citation|title=Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement|first=Om|last=Prakash|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=2002|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-261-0938-8}}
* {{Citation|title=Power and Criminality: a Survey of Famous Crimes in Indian History|first=S. Venugopala|last=Rao|publisher=Allied Publishers|year=1977|oclc=4076888|location=Bombay|isbn=9780883869949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9q8EAAAAMAAJ&q=balaji+pant+natu+spy}}
* {{Citation|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India: pt. II. Descriptive Articles on the Principal Castes and Tribes of the Central Provinces|volume=4 of The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|first=Robert Vane|last=Russell|publisher=Macmillan and Co., Limited|location=London|oclc=8530841|year=1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGXhAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|title=Issues in Modern Indian History: for Sumit Sarkar|first1=Sumit|last1=Sarkar|first2=Biswamoy|last2=Pati|editor=Biswamoy Pati|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7154-658-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2Yn4LlujqsC&q=9788171546589}}
* {{Citation|title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History|first=Karl J.|last=Schmidt|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, N.Y.|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56324-334-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzmkFXSgxqgC&q=9781563243349}}
* {{Citation|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96|volume=2 of Anglo-Maratha Relations, Sailendra Nath Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1994|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-7154-789-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=9788171547890}}
* {{Citation|title=History of India|first=David|last=Sinclair|publisher=Christian Knowledge Society's Press|location=Madras|year=1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1gOAAAAQAAJ&q=history+of+india+david+sinclair}}
* {{citation|title=RRB Technical Cadre|first=V.V.K|last=Subburaj|publisher=Sura Books|year=2000|location=Chennai|isbn=81-7254-011-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9RePB4CK3oC}}
* {{Citation|title=Comrades in Arms – A War Book for India|first=John|last=Travers|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Bombay|year=1919|oclc=492678532|url=https://archive.org/details/comradesinarms030578mbp}}
* {{citation|title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India|volume=30|last=United Service Institution of India|year=1901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Trr2oCgPThAC|access-date=September 26, 2010}}
* {{Citation|year=1930|author=United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals|title=Court of Customs and Patent Appeals Reports|volume=18|location=Washington|oclc=2590161|publisher=Supreme Court of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIcdAAAAMAAJ&q=E.+F.+BENDLER}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|title=Shivaji and His Times|publisher=MC Sarkar & Sons|location=Calcutta|year=1919|oclc=459363111|pages=482–85|first=Sir Jadunath|last=Sarkar}}
* {{Citation|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|first=J. L|last=Mehta|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2005|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|location=Berkshire, UK; Elgin, Ill.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=9781932705546}}
*https://sites.google.com/vvdatalink.com/vv-datalink/knowledge/history/indian-history/mordern-history/anglo-maratha-wars {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125033212/https://sites.google.com/vvdatalink.com/vv-datalink/knowledge/history/indian-history/mordern-history/anglo-maratha-wars |date=2022-01-25 }}


{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire|Anglo-Maratha War 3]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Anglo-Maratha War 3]]
[[Category:1817 in India]]
[[Category:1818 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1817]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1818]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]

Mosab Hassan Yousef

2025-12-26T20:25:36Z

FranceGqd9358746: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Palestinian-born American author}}
{{pp|ecp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mosab Hassan Yousef
| image = Mosab Hassan Yousef (2) (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Yousef at the 2019 [[Budapest Demographic Summit]]
| native_name = مصعب حسن يوسف
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ramallah]], [[West Bank]]<ref name=dt08/>
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_names =
| citizenship = United States
| occupation = Spy, advocate, author
| employer = [[Shin Bet]] (1997–2007)
| organization = [[Hamas]] (1987–2007)
| known_for = Covert defection to [[Israel]] in 1997 and conversion to [[Christianity]] from [[Islam]] in 1999
| notable_works = ''Son of Hamas'' (2010), ''[[The Green Prince (film)|The Green Prince]]'' (2014)
| father = [[Hassan Yousef (Hamas leader)|Sheikh Hassan Yousef]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2023}}

'''Mosab Hassan Yousef'''{{Efn|{{langx|ar|مصعب حسن يوسف}}}} is an American author and former [[Palestinian militant|militant]] who defected to [[Israel]] in 1997, thereafter working as an Israeli spy for the [[Shin Bet]] until he moved to the [[United States]] in 2007. His father is [[Hassan Yousef (Hamas leader)|Hassan Yousef]], a co-founder of the Palestinian [[Islamism|Islamist]] organisation [[Hamas]]. A [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' bestselling author]], he is known for his outspoken criticisms of Hamas, the [[Palestinian nationalism|pro-Palestinian]] movement and [[Islam]]'s treatment of non-Muslims.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dawson |first=Danielle |date=2024-05-17 |title=The group also condemned the university's actions against pro-Palestinian protestors over the last few weeks. |url=https://fox5sandiego.com/news/local-news/faith-leaders-urge-ucsd-to-bar-islamophobic-speakers-from-campus/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=[[KSWB-TV]] |quote=…a controversial speaker known for anti-Muslim rhetoric |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525012550/https://fox5sandiego.com/news/local-news/faith-leaders-urge-ucsd-to-bar-islamophobic-speakers-from-campus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":6" />

The Shin Bet considered Yousef to be Israel's most valuable source within the Hamas leadership: the information he supplied allowed Israel to successfully thwart dozens of [[Palestinian suicide attacks]] against civilians and prevent the assassinations of many Israeli civilians and soldiers; exposed numerous Hamas cells; and assisted Israeli authorities in hunting down Palestinian militants. His efforts also culminated in the incarceration of his father, who had served as a leading figure for Hamas operations from the [[West Bank]].<ref name="h24">{{cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |date=2010-02-24 |title=Haaretz exclusive: Hamas founder's son worked for Shin Bet for years |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/haaretz-exclusive-hamas-founder-s-son-worked-for-shin-bet-for-years-1.266204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811121417/https://www.haaretz.com/2010-02-24/ty-article/haaretz-exclusive-hamas-founders-son-worked-for-shin-bet-for-years/0000017f-ef55-d8a1-a5ff-ffdfa4d20000 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2014-07-28 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news |date=2010-01-03 |title=Hamas leader disowns son |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35651699 |access-date=2013-04-23 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> In March 2010, Yousef published his autobiography, titled ''Son of Hamas''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yousef |first1=Mosab Hassan |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781414333076/mode/2up |title=Son of Hamas |last2=Brackin |first2=Ron |publisher=SaltRiver an imprint of [[Tyndale House]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4143-3307-6 |publication-place=[[Carol Stream, Illinois]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

In 1999, Yousef converted from [[Islam]] to [[Christianity]], being formally baptised in 2004, but did not disclose this fact to the public until 2008 due to fears that his family members in [[Ramallah]] would become [[Apostasy in Islam by country#Palestine|targets for religious persecution]] by Islamist groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hinton |first=Carla |date=2009-06-10 |title=Son of Islamic radical shares his Christian conversion story at Emmanuel Baptist Church |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/nation-world/2009/10/06/son-of-islamic-radical-shares-his-christian-conversion-story-at-emmanuel-baptist-church/61347418007/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[The Oklahoman]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dt08" /> In 2007, he left the West Bank and moved to the [[United States]] where he applied for [[Asylum in the United States|political asylum]] and had his request granted by American authorities in 2010 following Shin Bet handler [[Gonen Ben Itzhak]] testifying on his behalf.<ref name="asylum-granted" /> Yousef has compared Islam to Nazism,<ref name=":0" /> has said he has "zero respect for anyone who identifies as Muslim", and accused Muslims of using Palestine as "a device against Israel".<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Why the son of the Hamas co-founder stands firmly with Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805288 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205232939/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805288 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Palestinian students and community leaders at university campuses have accused him of Islamophobia, and his speeches have [[2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses|attracted protests]] both in support of and opposition to his controversial views.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Acevedo |first=Laura |date=2024-05-15 |title=Tensions high at competing Israel, Palestine rallies at UC San Diego |url=https://www.10news.com/news/local-news/tensions-high-at-competing-israel-palestine-rallies-at-uc-san-diego |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[KGTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Michelle |date=2024-12-05 |title=Nothing prepared me for the disgrace that was the Oxford Union Israel debate |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/opinion-nothing-prepared-me-for-the-disgrace-that-was-the-oxford-union-israel-debate/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Jewish News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Hope |date=2024-11-22 |title=Pro-Israel Speaker Dismisses Palestinian Ethnicity as 'Narrative of Victimhood' |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/pro-israel-speaker-mosab-hassan-yousef-palestine-hamas |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[Princeton Alumni Weekly]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and family ==
Mosab Hassan Yousef was born in [[Ramallah]], in the [[West Bank]]. His father, [[Sheikh Hassan Yousef]], is a [[Hamas]] co-founder who spent many years in [[Incarceration facility (Israel)|Israeli prisons]] as a result of his militant activities.<ref name="dt08">{{cite news |last1=Elsworth |first1=Catherine |last2=Wheeler |first2=Carolynne |date=2008-08-25 |orig-date=2008-08-24 |title=Mosab Hassan Yousef, Son of Hamas Leader, Becomes a Christian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/2613399/Mosab-Hassan-Yousef-son-of-Hamas-leader-becomes-a-Christian.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227072405/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/2613399/Mosab-Hassan-Yousef-son-of-Hamas-leader-becomes-a-Christian.html |archive-date=27 February 2009 |access-date=2010-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=[[London]] |postscript=. Print edition: 25 August 2008 page 14. Originally published online 24 August 2008; timestamp of edition archived 25 August 2008 – 27 February 2009: "Last Updated: 2:21PM BST 24 Aug 2008". Timestamp of edition archived since 10 February 2010: "24 August 2008 • 2:19pm".}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703915204575103481069258868|title=They Need to Be Liberated From Their God'; The 'Son of Hamas' author on his conversion to Christianity, spying for Israel, and shaming his family |last=Kaminski |first=Matthew |date=5 March 2010 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=7 March 2010}}</ref> His grandfather was an [[imam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-31 |title=From 'Son Of Hamas' To Agent Of Shin Bet |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/03/31/125211864/from-son-of-hamas-to-agent-of-shin-bet |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> He is the oldest of five brothers and three sisters; in 2019, one of his brothers, Suheib Yousef, also left Hamas.<ref name="dt08" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Eglash |first=Ruth |date=2019-07-08 |title=Son of Hamas leader calls the militant movement a 'racist terror organization' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/son-of-hamas-leader-calls-the-militant-movement-a-racist-terror-organization/2019/07/04/7dc9f84e-9e42-11e9-9ed4-c9089972ad5a_story.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yousef |first1=Mosab Hassan |title=Son of Hamas |last2=Brackin |first2=Ron |publisher=SaltRiver an imprint of [[Tyndale House]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4143-3307-6 |publication-place=[[Carol Stream, Illinois]] |pages=5, 13, 253}}</ref>

He has described his upbringing as traditional, noting that he initially supported Hamas's political stance before his later break with the group's methods. In an interview, Yousef stated he was raped when he was approximately 5-6 years old, and he did not speak up about it due to fear of an [[honor killing]]; he also stated that having to heal on his own from the rape was "a hell of a journey".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |date=2014-05-16 |title=The 'Son of Hamas' returns to Tel Aviv |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-son-of-hamas-returns-to-tel-aviv/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Holden |first=Stephen |date=2014-09-11 |title=A Spy Shaped by Manipulation and Shame |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/12/movies/the-green-prince-about-a-hamas-son-recruited-by-israel.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Dusty May |date=2024-04-30 |title=Hamas founder's son delivers chilling testimony to Jordan Peterson |url=https://www.christianpost.com/voices/hamas-founders-son-chilling-testimony-to-jordan-peterson.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Christian Post |language=en}}</ref> Growing up, Yousef has said he wanted to be a "fighter" because that was expected of Palestinian children in the [[West Bank]].<ref name="cnn-transcript">{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/02/ampr.01.html|title=An Israeli-Hamas Double Agent Speaks about Career in Intelligence|date=2 March 2010|publisher=CNN|access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref> Yousef was first arrested by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] when he was ten, during the [[First Intifada]], for throwing rocks at [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli soldiers]] and/or settlers.<ref name="cnn-transcript" />{{Clarification needed|reason=It’s unclear whether he accepts he threw stones at soldiers or “settlers” in this interview. Either would be understandable and completely line with the standard history of the First Intifada.|date=December 2024}} As his father's eldest son, he was seen as his heir apparent.<ref name="dt08" />

=== Defection to Israel ===
Yousef said he saw the light after a stint in an Israeli jail during the mid-1990s. At [[Megiddo Prison]], he witnessed Hamas inmates leading a brutal year-long campaign to weed out supposed Israeli collaborators. "During that time, Hamas tortured and killed hundreds of prisoners," he said, recalling vivid memories of needles being inserted under fingernails and bodies charred with burning plastics. Many, if not all, had nothing to do with Israeli intelligence. "I will never forget their screams," he continued. "I started asking myself a question. What if Hamas succeeded in destroying Israel and building a state. Will they destroy our people in this way?"<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-22 |title=Hamas founder's son: Israel should kill leaders after ceasefire |url=https://nypost.com/2021/05/22/hamas-founders-son-israel-should-kill-leaders-after-ceasefire/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Yousef said that his doubts about [[Islam]] and Hamas began forming when he realized Hamas' brutality, and that he hated how Hamas used the lives of suffering civilians and children to achieve its goals.<ref name="dt08" /> Yousef was held by [[Shin Bet]] agents in 1996. While in prison, he decided to accept a Shin Bet offer to become an informant, on the basis that,<blockquote>Mosab observed firsthand the craziness of the cycle of violence. Mosab began to question who his real enemies were: the Hamas leaders who tortured their fellow Palestinian prisoners, or the Shin Bet, who arrested and imprisoned him. Over the 16 months that Mosab was in prison, the answer became clear, and this persuaded Mosab to go undercover for the Shin Bet. Gonen, whose code name was "Captain Loai," became Mosab's handler. Mosab's reports led to the arrests of several high-ranking Palestinian figures. As we worked together to prevent the deaths of hundreds of Israelis and Palestinians, the two of us became friends.<ref>{{cite news |author=Amanpour |first=Christiane |author-link=Christiane Amanpour |date=2010-03-02 |title=An Israeli-Hamas Double Agent Speaks about Career in Intelligence |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/02/ampr.01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929184903/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/ampr/date/2010-03-02/segment/01 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2010-07-28 |work=[[CNN]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Yitzhak |first1=Gonen ben |last2=Yousef |first2=Mosab Hassan |date=2010-06-30 |title=Why Deport a Friend to Middle East Peace? |url=http://sonofhamas.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/the-heart-of-the-matter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185609/https://sonofhamas.wordpress.com/2010/07/10/the-heart-of-the-matter/ |archive-date=2023-12-08 |access-date=2014-07-28 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref></blockquote>

==Espionage career==
Beginning with his release from prison in 1997, Yousef was considered the Shin Bet's most reliable source in the Hamas leadership, earning himself the nickname "The Green Prince" – using the color of the [[Islamist]] group's flag, and "prince" because of his pedigree as the son of one of the movement's founders. The intelligence he supplied to Israel led to the exposure of many Hamas cells, as well as the prevention of dozens of [[Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]] and assassination attempts on Jews. He has said that he did not inform for money, but rather that his motivations were ideological and religious, and that he only wanted to save lives.<ref name="dt">{{cite news |last=Sherwell |first=Philip |author2=Nick Allen |date=2010-02-27 |title='I saved Shimon Peres from plot' says son of Hamas founder |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/7332932/I-saved-Shimon-Peres-from-plot-says-son-of-Hamas-founder.html |access-date=2010-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London}}</ref>

Yousef says he supplied intelligence only on the condition that the "targets" would not be killed, but arrested. This led to the detention of several key Palestinian leaders, including Ibrahim Hamid, a Hamas commander in the West Bank, and [[Marwan Barghouti]]. Yousef also claims to have thwarted a 2001 plot to assassinate [[Shimon Peres]], then [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel|foreign minister]] and later [[President of Israel]]. According to his former Shin Bet officer, "Many people owe him their lives and don't even know it."<ref name="dt"/> Former Shin Bet Deputy Chief [[Gideon Ezra]] said "there are hundreds of collaborators like him. He is not unusual. He just decided to write a book about it", though many other Israeli officials have also praised his work.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Strochlic |first1=Nina |date=2014-08-05 |title=When the Son of Hamas Spied for Israel |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/when-the-son-of-hamas-spied-for-israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714095727/https://www.thedailybeast.com/when-the-son-of-hamas-spied-for-israel/ |archive-date=2024-07-14 |access-date=2024-12-14 |newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref>

Yousef's brother Ouwais denounced a ''[[Haaretz]]'' report about his brother's activities, saying: "It was full of lies; it's all lies." Ouwais also revealed that the last contact between his family and Mosab took place more than a year before the news of his spying.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |last=Flower |first=Kevin |date=2010-03-05 |title=Report: Hamas founder's son worked for Israel |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/ampr/date/2010-03-05/segment/01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929184854/https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/ampr/date/2010-03-05/segment/01 |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-12-14 |work=[[CNN]] |publisher=}}</ref> The ''Haaretz'' report on Yousef was described by Hamas MP Mushir al-Masri as "psychological war being waged against the Palestinian people... [it] did not deserve a response".<ref name="cnn" /> Sheikh Hassan Yousef, Mosab's father, while in an Israeli prison, disowned his son for spying for Israel.<ref name="MSNBC" />

In May 2016, talking to a ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' conference in New York, Yousef said that at one point, he was simultaneously working for and being paid by Israel, the United States, the Palestinian Authority, and Hamas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-22 |title='Son of Hamas' tells JPost conference: Islam is the problem |url=https://www.jpost.com/annual-conference/son-of-hamas-tells-jpost-conference-islam-is-the-problem-454703 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Conversion to Christianity and loss of faith==
Yousef met a British missionary in 1999 who introduced him to Christianity.<ref name="dt08" /> Between 1999 and 2000, Yousef gradually embraced Christianity. In 2005, he was secretly [[baptize]]d in [[Tel Aviv]] by an unidentified Christian tourist. He left the West Bank for the United States in 2007, and lived some time in [[San Diego]], [[California]], where he joined the Barabbas Road Church.<ref name="dt08" />

In August 2008, Yousef publicly revealed his Christianity, and renounced Hamas and the Arab leadership, thereby endangering himself and exposing his family in Ramallah to persecution by Hamas and other Islamist groups.<ref name="dt08" /> Yousef has also claimed that his aim was to bring peace to the Middle East; he hopes to return to his homeland when there is peace.<ref name="dt08" />

However, in a December 2025 interview with English journalist and television host [[Piers Morgan]], he stated that he no longer identifies as a Christian. He described his 2005 baptism as "symbolic" and said that although he is influenced by the [[teachings of Jesus]], he has neither attended church nor prayed during the same approximately 15-year period in which he has practiced [[yoga]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2024 |title=They Will KILL Me! Son of Hamas Founder Turned Israeli Agent on Islam 'Identity Crisis' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxBjMWN28AU&t=1934s |access-date=18 December 2025 |website=YouTube |publisher=Piers Morgan Uncensored |quote=At 32:14, Piers Morgan asks Mosab Hassan Yousef whether he is now a Christian.}}</ref>

==Political asylum in the United States==
For a time, Yousef was threatened with [[deportation]] from the U.S., after his request for [[Asylum in the United States|political asylum]] was denied, since statements in his book about working for Hamas were interpreted as "[[Providing material support for terrorism|providing material support]] to a [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|U.S.-designated terrorist organization]]", despite Yousef's explanation that they were "intended to undermine the group". His case then proceeded to the deportation stage, despite Yousef's advocates' warning that he would likely be executed by the [[Palestinian Authority]] if deported to the [[West Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Leila |first=Hilary |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=179493 |title=Israel informant risks deportation |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref>

On 24 June 2010, Shin Bet handler [[Gonen Ben Itzhak]], who for 10 years worked with Yousef under the [[cryptonym]] "Loai", revealed his own identity in order to testify on behalf of Yousef at an immigration hearing in [[San Diego]]. Ben Itzhak described Yousef as a "true friend", and said, "he risked his life every day in order to prevent violence".<ref>{{cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/haaretz-exclusive-hamas-founder-s-son-worked-for-shin-bet-for-years-1.266204 |title=Haaretz exclusive: Hamas founder's son worked for Shin Bet for years |newspaper=Haaretz |date=24 February 2010 |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |date=2010-05-13 |title=Shin Bet agent discusses his 'special relationship' with a Hamas spy |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2010-05-13/ty-article/shin-bet-agent-discusses-his-special-relationship-with-a-hamas-spy/0000017f-e3f8-d38f-a57f-e7fa57f30000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114050349/https://www.haaretz.com/2010-05-13/ty-article/shin-bet-agent-discusses-his-special-relationship-with-a-hamas-spy/0000017f-e3f8-d38f-a57f-e7fa57f30000 |archive-date=2023-11-14 |access-date=2024-12-15 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref> Partially as a result of this, [[Executive Office for Immigration Review|Immigration Court]] Judge Richard J. Bartolomei Jr. ruled on 30 June 2010 that Yousef would be allowed to remain in the United States after being fingerprinted and passing a routine background check.<ref name="asylum-granted">{{cite news |last=Darcé |first=Keith |date=2010-06-30 |title='Son of Hamas' wins asylum fight |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/jun/30/hamas-founders-son-granted-asylum-san-diego/ |access-date=2011-03-13 |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|San Diego Union-Tribune]]}}</ref> On 23 October 2023, Yousef stated that he holds [[Citizenship of the United States|United States citizenship]] while speaking to American journalist [[Jake Tapper]] in a televised interview.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tapper |first=Jake |author-link=Jake Tapper |date=2023-10-23 |title=Hear from Hamas founding leader's son, who became a spy for Israel |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/23/israel-spy-hamas-founding-leader-son-gaza-lead-vpx.cnn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620180809/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/23/israel-spy-hamas-founding-leader-son-gaza-lead-vpx.cnn |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

== Views on Islam and Muslims ==
In 2016, Yousef said [[Islam]] as a whole is comparable to [[Nazism]], and must be defeated.<ref name=":0" /> At a 2012 event, Yousef said "Islam is not a religion of peace." Yousef tweeted "If I have to choose between 1.6 billion Muslims and a cow, I will choose the cow."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Elhanan |date=2012-06-20 |title=Islam is 'a religion of war,' says son of Hamas founder on a visit to his 'beloved Israel' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/son-of-hamas-to-his-father-leave-the-movement-youve-created-a-monster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715091147/https://www.timesofisrael.com/son-of-hamas-to-his-father-leave-the-movement-youve-created-a-monster/ |archive-date=2024-07-15 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> He has stated: "I have zero respect for any individual who identifies as a Muslim."<ref name=":1" /> In 2021, the [[Council on American–Islamic Relations]] accused Yousef of being [[Islamophobic]], citing several past statements.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Meador |first=Marissa |date=2024-03-26 |title=Hillel postpones speaker event criticized as Islamophobic due to security concerns |url=https://www.idsnews.com/article/2024/03/hillel-postpones-speaker-event-criticized-as-islamophobic-due-to-security-concerns |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423064746/https://www.idsnews.com/article/2024/03/hillel-postpones-speaker-event-criticized-as-islamophobic-due-to-security-concerns |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[Indiana Daily Student]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Amidst the [[Gaza war]] following the [[October 7 attacks]] of [[Israelis]] by [[Palestinians]], Yousef said the cause of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] was not primarily driven by the occupation of the West Bank since 2000, or an argument over the distribution of land among peoples, but the "Islamic, religious identity" of Hamas, about which he said "you cannot weaponize your Islamic, religious identity against a religious minority and expect to get away with it. I have to call them out."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Galula |first=Natan |date=2024-04-24 |title=Son of Hamas' Mosab Hassan Yousef: 'If we finish Rafah, we finish Hamas' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/son-of-hamas-mosab-hassan-yousef-if-we-finish-rafah-we-finish-hamas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715091145/https://www.timesofisrael.com/son-of-hamas-mosab-hassan-yousef-if-we-finish-rafah-we-finish-hamas/ |archive-date=2024-07-15 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref>

In March 2024, [[Indiana University]] [[Hillel International|Hillel]] invited Yousef to speak, provoking a backlash from student groups who accused Yousef of Islamophobia.<ref name=":1" /> The event was postponed.<ref name=":1" /> In April 2024, [[Students Supporting Israel]] hosted Yousef at [[Columbia University]], amid allegations by opposing student groups that Yousef "promoted Islamophobia".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forgash |first=Emily |title=University's treatment of student-sponsored speakers sparks debate on free speech principles |url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/04/17/universitys-treatment-of-student-sponsored-speakers-sparks-debate-on-free-speech-principles/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref>

In May 2024, Yousef spoke at [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]], where he said that Egypt should open up the Gaza-Egypt border so that the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] could "burn" the city of [[Rafah]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Olsen |first=Alexander |date=2024-05-19 |title=Tritons For Israel hosts Mosab Hassan Yousef, disowned son of Hamas co-founder |url=https://ucsdguardian.org/2024/05/19/tritons-for-israel-hosts-mosab-hassan-yousef-disowned-son-of-hamas-co-founder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115010139/https://ucsdguardian.org/2024/05/19/tritons-for-israel-hosts-mosab-hassan-yousef-disowned-son-of-hamas-co-founder/ |archive-date=2024-11-15 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=[[The UCSD Guardian]]}}</ref> At the event, Yousef said he never advocated for killing Muslims. The speech was protested by students who accused Mosab Hassan Yousef of [[Islamophobia]].<ref name=":4" />

The next day, Yousef tweeted a photo of a Muslim religious leader on campus with the sentence, "Can someone do me a favor and remove him from campus so the students can focus on their education?" An open letter signed by Christian and Muslim religious leaders claimed the tweet was a threat and incitement to violence, though no threats or violence occurred.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=To: The UCSD Administration, the San Diego County Board of Supervisors, the San Diego City Council, and the San Diego Sheriff's Department |url=https://fox5sandiego.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/05/Emergency-Letter-in-Support-of-Imam-Taha-Hassane-2.pdf}}</ref>

Yousef admits that his views on Islam have caused him issues:<ref name=":2" />
{{Blockquote|text=Most people don't want to face the truth. When I touch the religious and ideological aspect of the conflict, which is fundamental – I cannot ignore it – when I say Islam is a problem, many Jewish organizations say: Wait a moment, he will be considered an Islamophobe, that's not how we want to represent ourselves.|author=}}

== Controversy over authenticity of beliefs ==
[[Walid Shoebat]], a former Muslim who became a [[Christian Zionism|Christian Zionist]], has argued that Yousef presents different versions of his beliefs depending on whether he interacts with Anglophone or Arabic media.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Sturm |first1=Tristan |last2=Frantzman |first2=Seth |date=May 2015 |title=Religious Geopolitics of Palestinian Christianity: Palestinian Christian Zionists, Palestinian Liberation Theologists, and American Missions to Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24585898.pdf |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=433–451 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2014.971768 |jstor= 24585898}}</ref>

According to Shoebat, Yousef has promoted [[Liberation theology#Palestinian|Palestinian liberation theology]]– which is anti-Israel– on ''[[Al Arabiya|Al-Arabiya]]'' and the Arabic show ''Daring Question''. He wore a [[Palestinian keffiyeh|keffiyeh]] during his interview with ''Daring Question'', and on ''Al-Arabiya'' he stated "we will have our victory against Israel" and that "Israel is the problem and as an occupation it needs to end".<ref name=":7" />

Also, according to ''[[Arutz Sheva]]'' (''Israel National News''), Yousef, interviewed on ''[[Al Hayat TV|Al-Hayat TV]]'', stated:
{{Blockquote|text=I do not encourage anyone to give information to Israel or collaborate with Israel. If anyone hears me right now and they are in relation to Israeli security I advise them to work for the interest of their own people – number one – and do not work with the [Israeli] enemy against the interest of our people. They should collaborate with the Palestinian Authority only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ronen |first=Gil |date=12 May 2011 |title='Son of Hamas' a Phony? |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/144127 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Israel National News |language=en}}</ref>}}

==Autobiography and documentaries==
Yousef's co-authored autobiography, ''Son of Hamas: A Gripping Account of Terror, Betrayal, Political Intrigue, and Unthinkable Choices'', written with the assistance of Ron Brackin, was published in March 2010.<ref name="h24" /><ref name="h-harel">{{cite news |last=Harel |first=Amos |date=24 February 2010 |title=When Palestinians keep Israelis safe |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/when-palestinians-keep-israelis-safe-1.266192 |access-date=28 July 2014 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> ''Son of Hamas'' was on [[The New York Times Best Seller list]] for two weeks in March 2010.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Hardcover Nonfiction Books – Best Sellers – Books – March 28, 2010 – The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2010/03/28/hardcover-nonfiction/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Yousef collaborated with US-based actor and film producer Sam Feuer in the production of two films: a feature film adaptation of Yousef's book ''Son of Hamas'' and documentary ''[[The Green Prince (film)|The Green Prince]]'', and a historical depiction of the life of the Muslim prophet [[Muhammad]] based on the accounts of eighth-century historian [[Ibn Ishaq]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Melanie Lidman |date=21 June 2012 |title=Former Hamas man to 'tell truth' about Muhammad |url=https://www.jpost.com/Features/InThespotlight/Article.aspx?id=274511 |access-date=28 July 2014 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> A documentary adaptation of ''Son of Hamas'' titled ''The Green Prince'', directed and written by Nadav Schirman, premiered at the 2014 [[Sundance Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Tatiana Siegel |date=4 December 2013 |title=Sundance Film Festival Unveils 2014 Competition Lineup |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sundance-film-festival-unveils-2014-662009 |access-date=28 July 2014 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> where it won the Audience Award for World Cinema: Documentary. ''The Green Prince'' will be re-made into a live-action feature film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Debra Kamin |date=13 April 2014 |title='The Green Prince' to Be Remade as Feature Film |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/the-green-prince-to-be-remade-as-feature-film-1201156548/ |access-date=28 July 2014 |newspaper=Variety}}</ref>

===Published works===
*{{cite book |last=Hassan Yousef |first=Mosab |title=Son of Hamas: A Gripping Account of Terror, Betrayal, Political Intrigue, and Unthinkable Choices |location=Carol Stream, Illinois |publisher=[[Tyndale House|Tyndale Momentum]] |edition=First |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4143-3307-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781414333076}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hassan Yousef |first1=Mosab |title=From Hamas to America: My Story of Defying Terror, Facing the Unimaginable, and Finding Redemption in the Land of Opportunity |last2=Becket |first2=James |location= |publisher=Forefront Books |edition=1st |date=2024 |isbn=978-1637633182 }}

==See also==
* [[Hasbara|Public diplomacy of Israel]]
* [[Israeli public diplomacy in the Gaza war]]
* [[Red Prince]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons Category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181623/http://www.sonofhamas.com/ Archived copy of defunct official website of the book (February 1, 2014)]
*[http://www.jihadica.com/mosab-hassan-yousef-receives-death-sentence-from-the-global-islamic-media-front/ al-Qaida's reaction] to Mosab's [[Apostasy in Islam|Apostasy]] (August 2008)
*[http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=47356 Magazine article from Haaretz] (Feb. 2010)
*[http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2010/March/Son-of-Hamas-Journey-from-Terror-to-Freedom/ Interview on CBN] with Pat Robertson
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2010/03/100303_mosab_hassan_yousef.shtml Interview with BBC]'s Lyse Doucet and other reactions from Israel/Palestine
*Mosab very outspoken on BBC Arabic (12 March 2010): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vp7bl-6OqDI arabic 30min]; [http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2416.htm engl. subtitle 5min]
*more details : [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20100323/transcript-mosab-hassan-yousef-on-terrorism-christianity/pageall.html transcript of a teleconference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161841/https://www.christianpost.com/article/20100323/transcript-mosab-hassan-yousef-on-terrorism-christianity/pageall.html |date=24 February 2021 }} with Christian journalists (18 March)
*[http://www.worldmag.com/articles/16566 Mosab wants to create a 'movement' in the Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731131103/http://www.worldmag.com/articles/16566 |date=31 July 2012 }}
*[http://www.ccfon.org/mediacentre.php?avid=315&avap=1 23min HARDtalk on BBC ]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(14 May 2010)
*[https://www.haaretz.com/magazine/friday-supplement/the-handler-1.290215 Long Interview] in Haaretz with Captain Loai, Mosab's Shin Bet-Handler (14 May 2010); [http://www.newsweek.com/id/238085 Similar to Newsweek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521143604/http://www.newsweek.com/id/238085 |date=21 May 2010 }} (17 May 2010)
* {{Cite web|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/11245832/Palestinian-state-is-a-fantasy-says-son-of-Hamas-founder.html|title = Palestinian state is a 'fantasy', says son of Hamas founder|date = 22 November 2014|website = Telegraph|publisher = |last = Turner|first = Camilla}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portalbar|Biography|Palestine|Israel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yousef, Mosab Hassan}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American former Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Autobiographers]]
[[Category:Former Muslim critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Hamas members]]
[[Category:Palestinian spies]]
[[Category:Palestinian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Palestinian former Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Palestinian memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century Palestinian writers]]
[[Category:Palestinian people imprisoned by Israel]]
[[Category:Arab supporters of Israel]]
[[Category:People from Ramallah]]
[[Category:People of the Shin Bet]]

Kedgaon, Ahmednagar district

2025-12-23T07:36:48Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kedgaon
| other_name = Nagar Kedgaon
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = KedgaonVesh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Village gate, 2009
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.43|N|74.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmednagar District|Ahmednagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 45000
| population_as_of = 2006
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 414005
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0241
| registration_plate = MH 16
sex_ratio =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kedgaon''' is part of Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation divided by the Nagar-Pune highway in [[Ahmednagar district]] in [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]. Its population is 75,000. Kedgaon is around 3 km from [[Ahilyanagar railway station]] and 5 km from Ahmednagar ST (state transport) old bus-stand. The village has a famous Durga/[[Renuka]] goddess temple. People from all religions visit this temple to celebrate [[Navratri]] festival. Kedgaon is included in Ahmednagar city municipal corporation and most of its citizens speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

==Images of the place ==

<gallery>
Image:KedgaonGate.jpg|Gate to enter Kedgaon - year 2000
Image:KedgaonDevi.jpg|Renuka/Durga Goddess
Image:KedgaonDeviEntrance.jpg|Renuka/Durga Goddess Temple Entrance
Image:KedgaonDeviInside.jpg|Renuka/Durga Goddess Temple
</gallery>

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/nagarick/sets/72157617563239902/ Pictures of Kedgaon]
* [http://ahmednagar.gov.in/ Official Website of Ahmednagar]

[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

{{Ahmednagar-geo-stub}}

Sthavira Nikāya

2025-12-22T18:53:34Z

FranceGqd9358746:

{{Short description|Early Buddhist school}}
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
The '''Sthavira Nikāya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: "Sect of the Elders"; {{zh|t=上座部|p=Shàngzuò Bù}}; {{CJKV|v=Trưởng lão bộ}}) was one of the [[early Buddhist schools]]. They split from the majority [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s at the time of the [[Second Buddhist Council]].<ref>Harvey, Peter (2013). ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.).'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90.</ref>

==Scholarly views==
===Origin===
The Sthavira Nikāya was one of the [[early Buddhist schools]]. The Sthavira Nikāya was separated from the majority [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s during the [[Second Buddhist Council]] resulting in the first schism in the [[Sangha]].<ref>Harvey, Peter (2013). ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.).'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90.</ref>

The Mahāsāṃghika ''Śāriputraparipṛcchā'', a text written to justify this school's departure from the disciplinary code of the elder monks, asserts that the council was convened at Pāṭaliputra over matters of Vinaya, and it is explained that the schism resulted from the majority (Mahāsaṃgha) refusing to accept the addition of rules to the Vinaya by the minority (Sthaviras).{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=48}} The Mahāsāṃghikas therefore saw the Sthaviras as being a breakaway group which was attempting to modify the original Vinaya.{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=64}} However, this text is not fully accepted by some Buddhist schools, such as the [[Theravada|Theravāda]], which instead claim that it was the Mahāsāṃghika who altered the original rules.

Scholars have generally agreed that the matter of dispute was indeed a matter of Vinaya, and have noted that the account of the Mahāsāṃghikas is bolstered by the Vinaya texts themselves, as Vinayas associated with the Sthaviras do contain more rules than those of the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya.{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=48}}

Some scholars therefore agree that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is the oldest,{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=48}} although some other scholars think that it is not the case.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-07 |title=Why the Mahāsaṅghika is not the earliest Vinaya |url=https://discourse.suttacentral.net/t/why-the-mahasa-ghika-is-not-the-earliest-vinaya/7458 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Discuss & Discover |language=en}}</ref> According to Skilton, future scholars may determine that a study of the Mahāsāṃghika school will contribute to a better understanding of the early Dharma-Vinaya than the Theravāda school.{{sfn|Skilton|2004|p=64}} According to [[Bhante Sujato]], there is no strong evidence that the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya is the oldest; both the Mahāsāṃghika and Theravāda Vinayas developed in parallel from shared ancient sources, each containing both older and later elements. Declaring one as definitively “the earliest” is an oversimplification not supported by the academic evidence.<ref name=":0" />

===Language===
The Tibetan historian [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] (1290–1364) wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas used [[Prakrit]], the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins]] used Sanskrit, the Sthaviras used [[Paisaci|Paiśācī]], and the [[Saṃmitīya]] used [[Apabhraṃśa]].{{sfn|Yao|2012|p=9}}

===Legacy===
The Sthaviras later divided into other schools such as:

* [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]]
* [[Vatsīputrīya]]
* [[Vibhajyavāda]] (Pali: ''Vibhajjavāda'')

The Vibhajyavāda branch gave rise to a number of schools such as:{{sfn |Sujato|2006|p=61}}

* [[Mahīśāsaka]]
* [[Dharmaguptaka]]
* [[Kāśyapīya]]
* [[Tamrashatiya|Tāmraparnīya]], later called "[[Theravada|Theravāda]]"

==Relationship to Theravāda==

===Scholarly accounts===
The Theravāda school of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southeast Asia]] has identified itself exclusively with the Sthaviras, as the Pali word ''thera'' is equivalent to the Sanskrit ''sthavira''.{{sfn |Skilton|2004|p=66-67}} This has led early Western historians to assume that the two parties are identical.{{sfn |Skilton|2004|p=66-67}} However, this is not the case, and by the time of [[Ashoka]], the Sthavira sect had split into the Sammitīya, [[Pudgalavada|Pudgalavāda]], Sarvāstivāda, and the Vibhajyavāda schools.{{sfn |Skilton|2004|p=66-67}}

The Vibhajyavāda school is believed to have split into other schools as well, such as the Mahīśāsaka school and the ancestor of the Theravāda school.{{sfn |Skilton|2004|p=66-67}} According to [[Damien Keown]], there is no historical evidence that the Theravāda school arose until around two centuries after the Great Schism which occurred at the Third Council.{{sfn|Keown|2003|p=279-280}}

===Theravādin accounts===
Starting with the ''[[Dīpavaṃsa]]'' chronicle in the 4th century, the Theravādins of the [[Mahavihara|Mahāvihāra]] in Sri Lanka attempted to identify themselves with the original Sthavira sect.{{sfn |Morgan|2010|p=113}} The Theravādin ''Dīpavaṃsa'' clarifies that the name ''Theravāda'' refers to the "old" teachings, making no indication that it refers to the Second Council.{{sfn |Williams|2004|p = 56-57}} Similarly, the name ''Mahāsāṃghika'' is in reference to those who follow the original [[Vinaya]] of the undivided Saṃgha.{{sfn |Williams|2004|p = 56-57}} The ''Dīpavaṃsa'' chronicle lauds the Theravāda as a "great [[banyan]]" and dismissively portrays the other early Buddhist schools as thorns (''kaṇṭaka'').{{sfn|Morgan|2010|p=113}} ''Dīpavaṃsa'', 4.90–91 says:
:These 17 sects are schismatic,
:only one is non-schismatic.
:With the non-schismatic sect,
:there are eighteen in all.
:Like a great banyan tree,
:the Theravāda is supreme,
:The Dispensation of the Conqueror,
:complete, without lack or excess.
:The other sects arose
:like thorns on the tree.
:— ''Dīpavaṃsa'', 4.90–91{{sfn |Sujato|2006|p=i}}

According to the ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'', a Theravādin source, after the [[Second Buddhist Council|Second Council]] was closed those taking the side of junior monks did not accept the verdict but held an assembly of their own attended by ten thousand calling it a Mahasangiti (Great Convocation) from which the school derived its name Mahāsāṃghika. However, such popular explanations of ''Sthavira'' and ''Mahāsāṃghika'' are generally considered folk etymologies.{{sfn |Williams|2004|p = 56-57}}

[[Bhante Sujato]] explains the relationship between the Sthavira sect and the Theravāda:
{{quote|The term ''sthavira'' (meaning "elder") is the Sanskrit version of the term better known today in its Pali version ''thera'', as in ''Theravāda'', the "Teaching of the Elders." The original Sthaviras, however, are by no means identical with the modern school called Theravāda. Rather, the Sthaviras are the ancestor of a group of related schools, one of which is the Theravāda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|authorlink=Bhante Sujato|title=Why Devadatta Was No Saint|url=http://santifm.org/santipada/2010/why-devadatta-was-no-saint}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Early Buddhist schools]]
* [[Schools of Buddhism]]
* [[Buddhist councils]]

==References==
; Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

; Bibliography
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation|last1=Hirakawa|first1=Akira|last2=Groner|first2=Paul|title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1998|ISBN=9788120809550}}.
* {{Citation|last=Dutt|first=Nalinaksha|title=Buddhist Sects in India|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2007|ISBN=978-8120804289}}.
* {{Citation|last=Keown|first=Damien|authorlink=Damien Keown|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|year=2003|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|ISBN=978-0198605607}}.
* {{Citation |last=Morgan|first=Diane|title=Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|year=2010|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]]|ISBN=978-0313384523}}.
* {{Citation|last=Skilton|first=Andrew|title=A Concise History of Buddhism|year=2004|publisher=Windhorse Publications|ISBN=978-0904766929}}.
* {{Citation |last=Sujato|first=Bhante|authorlink=Bhante Sujato|title=Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools|publisher=Santi Forest Monastery|year=2006|url=https://sites.google.com/site/sectsandsectarianism/home}}.
* {{Citation |last=Williams|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Williams (philosopher)|title=Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Vol. 2.|year=2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|ISBN=978-0415332262}}.
* {{Citation|last=Yao|first=Zhihua|title=The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|ISBN=978-0415544382}}.

{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Sects__Sectarianism_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf ''Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools'', Santi Forest Monastery, 2006] by Bhikkhu Sujato.

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sthavira nikaya}}
[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Sthaviravāda]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]
[[ko:상좌부]]

Border Personnel Meeting Point

2025-12-20T13:18:02Z

FranceGqd9358746: creating some article basic info

{{short description|India-China army consultation locations}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
[[File:The Indo-China Conference hall (Indian side, BSF maintained).jpg|thumb|The Indo-China Conference hall at Nathu La]]
'''Border Personnel Meeting Points''' are locations along the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|disputed Sino-Indian territories]] on the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) where the armies of both countries hold ceremonial and practical meetings to resolve border issues and improve relations. While border meetings have been held since the 1990s, the first formal Border Personnel Meeting point was established in 2013. There are five meeting points: two in the Indian [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Ladakh]], one in [[Sikkim]], and two in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India's Central and Eastern sectors.

India has identified the specific [[Patrol Point]]s with the specified route and the maximum depth up to which Indian troops usually patrol into the disputed territory on LAC. Patrolling points provide a truer sense of the extent of India's limits of actual control.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Subramanian|first1=Nirupama|last2=Kaushik|first2=Krishn|date=2020-09-20|title=Month before standoff, China blocked 5 patrol points in Depsang|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/month-before-standoff-china-blocked-5-patrol-points-in-depsang-6602896/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2020-07-13|title=Patrolling Points: What do these markers on the LAC signify?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-do-patrolling-points-pps-on-lac-signify-6496840/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=India-China LAC Standoff: Know what are patrolling points and what do they signify|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-china-lac-standoff-know-what-are-patrolling-points-and-what-do-they-signify/2018462/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:India disputed areas map.svg|thumb|Map showing [[List of disputed territories of India|disputed territories of India]]]]
[[File:Xinjiang prfc map2alt.png|thumb|Map of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas shown in blue]]
[[File:Xizang prfc map.png|thumb|Map of [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas shown in blue]]
The border between [[China]] and [[India]] is {{convert|3488|km}} in length{{r|ndtv1}} and often in sparsely populated areas. Its exact location has never been formally defined and is thus vague and in dispute. Both governments patrol up to where they each believe the border lies. Indian and China began discussing the border in the 1980s.{{r|cd1}}

One aspect of an initiative of Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to improve Indo-Chinese relations and reduce border tension was the creation of formal locations to hold Border Personnel Meetings.{{r|ndtv1}} Border Personnel Meeting points were established after the signing of a Border Defense Cooperation Agreement in October 2013.{{r|ie1}} The first three formal BPM Points were opened shortly after the agreement. Two additional locations were opened in 2015.{{r|ht1}}

Sino-Indian dispute is seen as the territory slicing aspect, one of many components, of [[China's salami slicing|China's salami slice strategy]].<ref name=terri1>[https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/wider-connotations-of-chinese-salami-slicing/ Wider connotations of Chinese ‘salami slicing’], Asia Times, 22 October 2020.</ref>

==BPM usage and types ==
{{ see also | Borders_of_India#Ceremony | l1= Border ceremonies of India | Wagah-Attari border ceremony | l2= Attari-Wagah Indo-Pak border ceremony }}

To facilitate cooperation and peace at the disputed border through consultation and interaction, the armies of both countries, the [[Indian Army]] and China's [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA), hold meetings near the border called Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs). These meeting have been held since 1995.{{r|sify1}} Formal meeting points are at fixed locations and have infrastructure. Before they were used, meetings were not in permanent locations and could have been on either the Indian or Chinese side of the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).{{r|oi1}}

{{ anchor | Type | Ceremony | Ceremonial BPM | Border ceremony }}
There are two types of BPMs. A ceremonial BPM is used for cultural exchange to build friendship and otherwise improve to bilateral defense relations between the two armies. Ceremonial BPMs have been held on [[New Year's Day]] (January 1),{{r|n18}} India's [[Republic Day]] (January 26), Harvest Festival (April 14),{{r|dc1}} May 15, [[PLA Day]], which commemorates the establishment of the Chinese PLA (August 1), and [[Indian Independence Day]] (August 15).{{r|sify1}} These meetings include the playing of each country's [[national anthem]] and saluting of their respective flags, and ceremonial addresses by representative of both armies.{{r|dc1}}

A BPM Flag Meeting is a meeting between the armies "used to resolve local issues like patrols inadvertently crossing over and prevents flare-ups".{{r|ndtv1}}

==Summary of BPM point locations==

BPM points at mountain passes along the border, from west to east, are:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Location NW to SE
|-
! BPM point (pass and sector) !! Indian State/UT !! Chinese Prefecture (within [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]) || Formal Opening Date || Prior First Use || Details
|-
| [[Daulat Beg Oldi|DBO]]-[[Tianwendian|TWD]]|| [[Ladakh]] || [[Ngari Prefecture]] || Aug 2015 || Unknown || [[Karakoram Pass]] is also in this area.
|-
| [[Spanggur Gap]] ([[Chushul]]-Moldo) || [[Ladakh]] || [[Ngari Prefecture]] || 2013–2014 || Unknown || [[Moldo]] ({{lang-zh|莫爾多}}) post of the [[Indian Army]], coordinates {{coord|33.5575|N|78.732|E||display=inline}}. Spanggur ({{lang-zh|斯潘古爾}}) post of the [[People's Liberation Army]] of [[China]], coordinate: {{coord|33.566|N|78.591|E||display=inline}}. This is near the [[Rezang La]].
|-
| [[Nathu La]] || [[Sikkim]] || [[Shigatse]] || 2013–2014 || <2006 ||
|-
| [[Bum La Pass]] ([[Tawang]]) || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Nyingchi]] || 2013–2014 || <2006 ||
|-
| [[Kibithu]] ([[Walong Advanced Landing Ground|Walong]]) || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Nyingchi]] || May 2015 || Nov 2006 || India's last village and border post on LAC is at [[Kaho, India|Kaho]] pass/village.
|}

==Details of BPM point locations==

===Spanggur or Chushul-Moldo===

The Spanggur Meeting Point at [[Spanggur Gap]], is also known as [[Chushul]]-Moldo Meeting Point,{{r|de1}} has a meeting hut there.{{r|iam1}} The meeting point and a nearby 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] [[Rezang_La#War_memorials|memorial]] are tourist attractions.{{r|eland}} Chushul, 10 km east of meeting point at Spanggur Gap, is in the [[Leh district]] of the Indian state of [[Ladakh]] region.{{r|fp1|ti1}}

===Nathu La===
[[Nathu La]] is a mountain pass in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] and once part of the historic [[Silk Road]].{{r|ndtv1|ti1}} It is also one of three open trading border posts between China and India. Along with Bum La Pass, it was one of the first two informal locations used in the first decade of BPMs.{{r|oi1}}

===Bum La Pass===
[[Bum La Pass]] is a mountain pass in the [[Tawang district]] of the Indian state [[Arunachal Pradesh]],{{r|ti1|ndtv1}} {{convert|42|km}} north of the town of [[Tawang]] at an altitude of {{convert|15,134|ft}}.{{r|ti2}} Fierce fighting took place there during the 1962 border war when China invaded India through the pass.

Ceremonial meetings were held there every year on August 15 (Indian Independence Day) from 2006 to 2016. The Chinese did not participate in 2017 due to a [[2017 China–India border standoff|border standoff]] in [[Doklam]].{{r|voga1}} Both armies resumed meeting on October 30, their first since the conflict ended on August 28.{{r|ti2}} Along with Nathu La, it was one of the first two informal locations used in the first decade of BPMs.{{r|oi1}}

===Kibithu===
[[Kibithu]] is in the [[Anjaw District]] of the Indian State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and opened in May 2015.{{r|ht1}} The first meeting there between the Indian and Chinese military occurred in conjunction with Prime Minister Modi's China visit of May 14–16.{{r|ndtv1}} At this meeting, Modi and Chinese [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]] [[Li Keqiang]] agreed to open additional meeting points to improve bilateral defense relations.{{r|ht1}} The first BPM was held here in 2006, well before the location was formalized as a meeting point. That meeting coincided with the first visit to India by Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] and at the time was the third "informal" meeting point.{{r|oi1}} The exact meeting point is at [[Kaho, India|Kaho]] pass on LAC, which is India's last village and pass, there is ITBP post north of Kaho. The Kaho village itself is north of Kibithu and Walong AGL base. All of these are on the bank of [[Lohit River]], a left bank tributary of [[Brahmaputra]], which flows north to south from China to India.

===Daulat Beg Oldi - Tianwendian===
[[Daulat Beg Oldi]] is in the [[Ladakh]] region and opened in 2015.{{r|ht1}} [[Tianwendian]], a Chinese military camp is on the Chinese side near [[Depsang Plains]] in the region of [[Aksai Chin]], an area controlled by China but claimed by [[India]]. It is the highest meeting point.{{r|n18}}

The first meeting at this location was held on 1 August 2015 ([[PLA Day]]). The events included a Chinese cultural program and other ceremonies meant to improve relations. Later in the month, India hosted a delegation from the PLA on the occasion of [[Indian Independence Day]] and celebrated with traditional songs and dances from Indian culture, [[Gatka]] martial arts, and motorcycle acrobatics performed by the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals]].{{r|ie1}} The first ceremonial BPM ever held on [[New Year's Day]] was here in 2016.{{r|n18}}

A meeting hut was constructed approximately a year after the meeting point was opened.{{r|iam1}}

The meeting point is at an especially sensitive location as it was the region of many Chinese incursions.{{r|fp1}} The meeting point is at an elevation of {{convert|16,000|ft}} and hosts one of the highest airstrips in the world.{{r|fp1}} It is the northernmost meeting point.{{r|ie1}} A three-week long confrontation occurred here in 2013 when China objected to Indian fortifications at [[Chumur]].{{r|ndtv1}} The airstrip was unused from the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 India-Pakistan war]] until 2008 when India sought to show its ability to respond to threats in the remote region and landed an [[Antonov-32]] transport plane there. Five years later, India sent another transport, a [[C-130J Super Hercules]] to the base. India considers this location strategically important as a point from which to control the [[Karakoram Highway]] between [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], Pakistan and China's [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. Such control would be important in the event of a war between India and China.{{r|fp1}}

===Proposed meeting points===

In 2014, establishment of a meeting point at [[Lipulekh Pass]] in [[Uttarakhand]], {{convert|35|km}} from the Chinese town of [[Burang Town|Burang]], close to [[Changla]] was discussed.{{r|ti1}}

In April 2016, discussions began on creating a meeting point in middle sector of the border, possibly in the [[Himachal Pradesh]] (either [[Kaurik]] or [[Shipki La]]) - [[Uttarakhand]] (either [[Pulam Sumda]] or [[Barahoti]]) region on the Indian side in a site logistically convenient for both sides.{{r|ht1}} Discussions occurred in [[Beijing]] between Indian defense minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] and Chinese military and civilian leadership.{{r|it1}}

===BOM points map ===

{{OSM Location map
|float =
|height= 500
|width= 1000
| coord = {{coord|31.3|87.0}}
| mark-coord = {{coord|33.5575 |78.732 }} |label =Moldo/Chushul |label-pos = left | mark-size = 5| mark = Green pog.svg
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|33.566 |78.791 }} |label1=Spanggur-China |label-pos1 = right | mark-size1 = 5
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|27.386844 |88.831142}} |label2=Nathu La |label-pos2 = left | mark-size2 = 10| mark2 = Yellow pog.svg
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|27.723611 |91.891667}} |label3=Bum La Pass |label-pos3 = bottom| mark-size3 = 10| mark3 = Yellow pog.svg
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|28.284167 |97.015556}} |label4=Kibithu |label-pos4 = left | mark-size4 = 10| mark4 = Green pog.svg
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|35.3769 |78.0417 }} |label5= Daulet Beg Oldi - Tianwendian |label-pos5 = right | mark-size5 = 10| mark5 = Yellow pog.svg
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|30.23408 |81.028805}} |label6=Lipulekh Pass |label-pos6 = right | mark-size6 = 10| mark6 = Blue pog.svg | label-color6 = blue
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|31.354035 |79.212855}} |label7=proposed |label-pos7 = right | mark-size7 = 10| mark7 = Blue pog.svg | label-color7 = blue
| zoom = 6 
| caption = '''Border Personnel Meeting points''' (locations in China in red, locations on LAC in yellow, locations in India in green, proposed/discussed expressed in blue) Borders present/absent as per OSM editors.
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Line of Actual Control]]
* [[Line of Control]]
* [[McMahon Line]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
* [[Sino-Indian relations]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name=ndtv1>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-china-activate-5th-border-meeting-point-at-16000-feet-1202883|title=An Airstrip at 16,000 Feet Becomes Meeting Point Between India and China|date=Aug 1, 2015|first=Sudhi|last=Ranjan Sen|newspaper=NDTV|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=cd1>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-09/15/content_21853082.htm/|title=Border 'confrontation' reports dismissed|date=Sep 15, 2015|first=Jingxi|last=Mo|newspaper=ChinaDaily.com.cn|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=ti1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-soldiers-prevent-Chinese-troops-from-constructing-road-in-Arunachal/articleshow/44953671.cms|title=Indian soldiers prevent Chinese troops from constructing road in Arunachal|date=Oct 28, 2014|accessdate=Nov 11, 2017|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

<ref name=ti2>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-chinese-troops-hold-ceremonial-border-meet-in-arunchal/articleshow/61347258.cms|title=Indian, Chinese troops hold ceremonial border meet in Arunchal|date=Oct 30, 2017|accessdate=Nov 19, 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Fajat|last=Pandit}}</ref>

<ref name=ie1>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/new-border-meeting-point-at-daulat-beg-oldie-in-ladakh-sector/|title=New Indo-China border meeting point at Daulat Beg Oldie in Ladakh sector|date=Aug 15, 2015|first=Adil|last=Akhzer|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=ht1>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-china-discussing-new-meeting-point-for-military-personnel/story-dWDw1Syu7t3Lv0nGfDeNyO.html|title=India, China discussing new meeting point for military personnel|date=Jan 12, 2016|first=Sutirtho|last=Patranobis|newspaper=Hindustan Times|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=it1>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/india-china-look-at-new-border-meeting-point-as-parrikar-visits-318419-2016-04-17|title=India, China look at new border meeting point as Parrikar visits|date=April 17, 2016|first=Ananth|last=Krishnan|newspaper=indiatoday|access-date=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=fp1>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/new-border-meeting-venue-china-extends-olive-branch-india-ladakh-will-last-2375730.html|title=New border meeting venue: China extends an olive branch to India in Ladakh, but will it last?|date=Aug 2, 2015|first=Rajeev|last=Sharma|newspaper=Firstpost|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="de1">{{cite news|title=Sino-Indian Troops Meet At Two BPMs; Reiterate Call For Peace|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2015/kashmir20151001a.html|accessdate=November 19, 2017|work=The Daily Excelsior|date=October 1, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="eland">{{cite web|title=Ladhaka Tours|url=https://www.elandholidays.com/ladhakh-tours/amazing-himalayan-trails-with-loc.php|website=elandholidays.com|accessdate=November 19, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="iam1">{{cite news|title=India, China hold meet in Ladakh on Independence Day|url=http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/|accessdate=November 19, 2017|work=India at Melbourne|date=August 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030357/http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="oi1">{{cite news|title=India, China on with Border Personnel Meeting|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/11/15/india-china-go-ahead-with-kibithu-border-personnel-meeting-1163597704.html|accessdate=November 19, 2017|work=oneindia|date=November 15, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="voga1">{{cite news|title=Chinese Army Declines invitation of Indian Army on Independence Day to Participate in Border Personnel's Meeting at Arunachal Border|url=http://www.voiceofgreaterassam.com/chinese-army-declined-invitation-of-indian-army-on-indian-independence-day-to-participate-in-border-personnels-meeting-at-arunachal-border/|accessdate=November 24, 2017|work=Voga News|date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120161637/http://www.voiceofgreaterassam.com/chinese-army-declined-invitation-of-indian-army-on-indian-independence-day-to-participate-in-border-personnels-meeting-at-arunachal-border|archive-date=November 20, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="sify1">{{cite web|title=Bonhomie, friendship between Indian and Chinese border personnel at Nathu La|url=http://www.sify.com/news/bonhomie-friendship-between-indian-and-chinese-border-personnel-at-nathu-la-news-national-mipr4qjgajesi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044429/http://www.sify.com/news/bonhomie-friendship-between-indian-and-chinese-border-personnel-at-nathu-la-news-national-mipr4qjgajesi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2017|website=sify.com|accessdate=November 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="dc1">{{cite news|last1=Yusuf|first1=Jameel|title=India, China officials meet on Ladakh border, pledge to maintain LAC sanctity|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140416/india-china-officials-meet-on-ladakh-border-pledge-to-maintain-lac-sanctity.html|access-date=November 24, 2017|work=Deccn Chronicle|date=April 14, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name=n18>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-chinese-armies-decide-to-improve-ties-at-functional-level-1184462.html|title=Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level|website=News18|date=January 2, 2016 |accessdate=September 14, 2017}}</ref>

</references>

{{China–India relations}}
{{Borders of China}}
{{Borders of India}}

[[Category:China–India border crossings]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]