https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=FosterDevito009 2026-07-27T15:13:11Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yercaud_Assembly_constituency&diff=546209 2026-05-05T23:59:29Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting a info w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{coord|11.7794|N|78.2034|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 83<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Yercaud.svg<br /> | Existence = <br /> | district = [[Salem district |Salem]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[P. Usharani]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Yercaud<br /> | electors = 272,829 <br /> | reservation = ST<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Yercaud''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Salem district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 21 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 83. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Tribe]]s and comprises [[Yercaud taluk]], [[Vazhapadi taluk]], and portions of [[Salem taluk|Salem]] and [[Attur Taluk, Salem|Attur taluk]]s. It is a part of the wider [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 27 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The constituency has been in existence since 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | S. Andi Goundan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | S. Lakshmana Goundar<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | M. Kolandaisamy Gounder<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | V. Chinnasamy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | V. Chinnasamy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | R. Kaliappan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | Thiruman<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[P. R. Thirugnanam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[C. Perumal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[V. Perumal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[K. T. Elayakannu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[C. Tamilselvan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[C. Perumal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2013^<br /> | [[P. Saroja]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[G. Chitra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=83}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | [[P. Usharani]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.61}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2014 by-election|2014 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.99}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.15}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|72.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.20}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|74.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.29}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|26.24}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Usharani]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Revathi Matheswaran|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Lakshmi|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India) |votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =272829 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yercaud Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a083|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Chitra]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=121,561 |percentage=51.30% |change=+6.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Tamilselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,606 |percentage=40.35% |change=+2.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jothi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,308 |percentage=5.62% |change=+5.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,986 |percentage=1.26% |change=-3.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,979 |percentage=0.84% |change=-0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,955 |percentage=10.95% |change= 3.14% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=236,945 |percentage=83.42% |change= -2.13% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=360|percentage=0.15% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,029 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.12% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Chitra]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=100,562 |percentage=45.18% |change=-12.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Tamilselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,168 |percentage=37.37% |change=+0.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,998 |percentage=8.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,455 |percentage=4.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,136 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon Rasa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,225 |percentage=1.00% |change=-0.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sengottuvel |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,265 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,394 |percentage=7.82% |change= -13.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=222,566 |percentage=85.55% |change= 0.14% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,157 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014 by-election===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2014: Yercaud}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate = Saroja Perumal<br /> |votes = 1,42,771<br /> |percentage = 67.99<br /> |change = +9.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |candidate =Maran V<br /> |votes = 64,655<br /> |percentage = 30.79<br /> |change = -6.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br /> |candidate =Rajendiran A<br /> |votes = 793<br /> |percentage = 0.38<br /> |change = +0.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br /> |candidate =S. A. Palani<br /> |votes = 662<br /> |percentage = 0.32<br /> |change = +0.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 78,116<br /> |percentage = 36.43<br /> |change = +15.50<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 2,14,406<br /> |percentage =89.16<br /> |change = +3.74<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |swing = +9.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Perumal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=104,221 |percentage=58.06% |change=+18.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Tamilselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,639 |percentage=37.13% |change=-5.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,437 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajaselvam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,266 |percentage=1.26% |change=-0 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Maheswaran |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,185 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,744 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,582 |percentage=20.94% |change= 17.32% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=179,492 |percentage=85.41% |change= 12.92% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,158 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.12% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Tamilselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,791 |percentage=42.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Alamelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,684 |percentage=39.33% |change=-25.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ramakrishnan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,740 |percentage=9.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,073 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rajasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,220 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chellammal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,440 |percentage=1.27% |change=-29.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=698 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Kuppayee |party=Independent politician |votes=610 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramar |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,107 |percentage=3.61% |change= -30.39% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=113,626 |percentage=72.49% |change= 11.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,742 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Elayakannu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,319 |percentage=64.35% |change=+30.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,334 |percentage=30.35% |change=+29.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vadivel |party=Independent politician |votes=2,483 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sampathkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=856 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Dhannalakshmi |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=847 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,985 |percentage=34.00% |change= 23.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,950 |percentage=61.10% |change= -2.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,608 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 19.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Perumal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,964 |percentage=45.15% |change=+28.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gunasekaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,570 |percentage=34.26% |change=-38.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugam |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=12,900 |percentage=14.95% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kuppusamy |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,589 |percentage=4.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Eswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=970 |percentage=1.12% |change=-0.23 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,394 |percentage=10.89% |change= -44.68% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,302 |percentage=63.98% |change= 2.70% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,278 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.18% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Perumal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,324 |percentage=72.33% |change=+36.13 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanakodi Vedan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,745 |percentage=16.76% |change=-10.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ponnusami |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,392 |percentage=9.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Periathambi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,111 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Andi |party=Janata Party |votes=449 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,579 |percentage=55.57% |change= 46.72% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=82,021 |percentage=61.28% |change= 1.94% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,647 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 36.13% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Perumal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,355 |percentage=36.20% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dhanakodi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,914 |percentage=27.35% |change=+1.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Thirugnanam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,430 |percentage=18.45% |change=-55.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gunasekaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,012 |percentage=15.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,211 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nallan |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,441 |percentage=8.85% |change= -39.96% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,810 |percentage=59.35% |change= -7.32% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,870 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -38.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181113110352/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 13 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Thirugnanam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,787 |percentage=74.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manickam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,785 |percentage=25.60% |change=-22.47 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,002 |percentage=48.80% |change= 45.52% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,572 |percentage=66.66% |change= 9.18% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,516 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.05% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,869 |percentage=51.35% |change=+9.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natesan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,020 |percentage=48.06% |change=+19.94 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,849 |percentage=3.29% |change= -10.88% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=56,218 |percentage=57.48% |change= 4.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,409 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.06% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kaliappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,219 |percentage=42.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,444 |percentage=28.12% |change=-32.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Chinnaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,302 |percentage=17.36% |change=-21.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Mani |party=Janata Party |votes=5,845 |percentage=12.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,775 |percentage=14.17% |change= -7.44% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=47,810 |percentage=53.37% |change= -7.48% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,099 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.52% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,196 |percentage=60.81% |change=+4.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chinna Gounden |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,818 |percentage=39.19% |change=-4.55 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,378 |percentage=21.61% |change= 9.10% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=48,014 |percentage=60.85% |change= -1.08% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,344 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.55% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chinnasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,124 |percentage=56.25% |change=+8.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnudurai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,537 |percentage=43.75% |change=-8.72 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,587 |percentage=12.51% |change= 7.58% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,661 |percentage=61.92% |change= 17.09% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,302 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kolandaisamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,921 |percentage=52.47% |change=+26.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,048 |percentage=47.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,873 |percentage=4.93% |change= 3.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=37,969 |percentage=44.83% |change= -12.25% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,851 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 26.23% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Yercaud&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Andi Goundan (St) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,864 |percentage=26.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Lakshmana Goundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,747 |percentage=25.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raja Paul David |party=Independent politician |votes=19,576 |percentage=21.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppusami Goundan (St) |party=Independent politician |votes=10,471 |percentage=11.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Goundan (St) |party=Independent politician |votes=8,524 |percentage=9.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Chinnusamy (St) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,768 |percentage=6.34% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,117 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=90,950 |percentage=57.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,323 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Salem district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bardez_taluka&diff=489806 2026-05-05T14:13:45Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Created Some Details W/ Infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Taluka in North Goa, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bardez<br /> | native_name = {{langx|kok|Bardes}}<br /> | settlement_type = [[Taluka]]<br /> | image_map = Bardez.png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Bardez in [[North Goa district]] in Goa<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|15.589407|N|73.818305|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]<br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Mapusa]]<br /> | parts_type = Settlements<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = 1 City &lt;br/&gt; 15 Towns &lt;br/&gt; 28 Villages<br /> | leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]<br /> | leader_name = na<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]<br /> | area_total_km2 = 263.98<br /> | population_total = 237,440<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_urban = 68.69%<br /> | demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy&amp;nbsp;rate]]<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = Rain<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = na<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name3 = na<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 82.55%<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 980<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-03<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 4031XX, 4032XX, 4035XX<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bardez''''' or '''''Bardes''''' (&lt;small&gt;[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]&lt;/small&gt;: {{IPA|/'baːɾdeːs/}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Volume 62|year = 1880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjI7AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Bardes+Goa&amp;pg=PA290}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Tehsil|''taluka'']] of the [[North Goa district]] in the Indian state of [[Goa]].<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The name is credited to the [[Saraswat Brahmin]] immigrants who emigrated to the [[Konkan]] via [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] plains in northern India. Bardez, or more properly ''bara'' (twelve) ''desh'' (country), means &quot;twelve countries&quot; (or territories). The form 'country' probably refers to clan territorial limits, or to the Brahmin ''[[wikt:comunidade#Portuguese|comunidades]]'', of which the twelve are:<br /> # [[Aldona]]<br /> # [[Anjuna]]<br /> # [[Assagao]]<br /> # [[Candolim]]<br /> # [[Moira, Goa|Moira]]<br /> # [[Nachinola]]<br /> # [[Olaulim]]<br /> # [[Pomburpa]]<br /> # [[Saligao]]<br /> # [[Sangolda]]<br /> # [[Serula]]<br /> # [[Siolim]]<br /> [[File:Slope to Bardez, Goa, India.jpg|thumb|left|View of a valley in Bardez]]Bardez is delimited on the north by the [[Chapora River]], on the south by the [[Mandovi River]], on the east by the [[Mapusa River]], which originates in Bardez itself near the capital city of [[Mapusa]], and on the west by the [[Arabian Sea]].<br /> <br /> A native of Bardez is called a ''Bardeskar'' or ''Bardescar'' (&lt;small&gt;[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]&lt;/small&gt;: {{IPA|/'baːɾdeːskaːɾ/}}) in the [[Konkani language]].<br /> <br /> <br /> Bardez is the site of the legislature of Goa, in the southern parish village of [[Penha de França, Goa|Penha de França]] (Britona), in Serula. Other famous sites are the [[Fort Aguada]], the beaches of [[Candolim]], [[Sinquerim]], [[Calangute]], [[Baga (Goa)|Baga]], [[Anjuna]], and [[Vagator]] villages, the hilltop monastery and boarding school of Monte Guirim, which was restored by Padre Luna after Pombal's devastation, the village communities of Salvador do Mundo, Penha da França, Siolim, Moira, Porvorim, Colvale, Saligao, and Sangolda, to name but the most prominent.<br /> <br /> Goa's Indian Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM) and [[St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa|St Xavier's College, Mapusa]] are located in Bardez.<br /> <br /> The village and ''[[Comunidades of Goa|comunidade]]'' of [[Anjuna]] was a prime [[hippie]] destination. Bardes is famous as the birthplace of [[The Reverend|Rev]] Fr [[Agnelo de Souza]], who is expected be recognised for [[saint]]hood in the near future. He is one of the two most prominent religious [[Goan Christians]], the other being St [[Joseph Vaz|Joseph De Vaz]], the &quot;Apostle of [[Ceylon]]&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> As per the 2011 Census of India, Bardez Taluka has a population of 237,440. The sex-ratio of Bardez Taluka is around 980 compared to state average of 973. The literacy rate of Bardez Taluka is 82.55% out of which 84.91% males are literate and 80.15% females are literate. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.50% and 0.70% of the population respectively. 68.70% of the population lives in urban areas. The total area of Bardez is 263.98 sq.km with population density of 899 per sq.km.&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Languages===<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> | thumb = right<br /> | caption = Languages of Bardez Taluka (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;langs&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 68.60 |color1 = salmon<br /> |label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 9.95 |color2 = red<br /> |label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 7.88 |color3 = orange<br /> |label4 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] |value4 = 3.57 |color4 = darkslateblue <br /> |label5 = [[English language|English]] |value5 = 2.04 |color5 = blue<br /> |label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 1.78 |color6 = green<br /> |label7 = Others |value7 = 6.18 |color7 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Majority of the population of Bardez Taluka speak Konkani as their mother tongue.<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 Census of India, 68.60% of the population of Bardez Taluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 9.95% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 7.88% [[Hindi]], 3.57% [[Kannada]], 2.04% [[English language|English]] and 1.78% [[Urdu]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;langs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10202/download/13314/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> {{bar box<br /> | title = Religion in Bardez Taluka (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> | titlebar = #Fcd116<br /> | left1 = Religion<br /> | right1 = Percent<br /> | float = left<br /> | bars = <br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|66.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|25.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|6.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.73}}<br /> | caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> Hinduism is followed by the majority of the population of Bardez Taluka. Christians form a significant minority.<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 Census of India, 66.71% of the population in Bardez Taluka follow Hinduism, 25.60% Christianity, 6.96% Islam and 0.73% follow other religions or did not state religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11372/download/14485/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of towns and villages==<br /> List of towns in Bardez taluka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Villages &amp; Towns in Bardez Taluka of North Goa, Goa|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5610-bardez-north-goa-goa.html|website=Census 2011|publisher=Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{div col|colwidth=50em}}<br /> *[[Mapusa]]<br /> *[[Penha-de-Franca]]<br /> *[[Calangute]]<br /> *[[Socorro, Goa|Socorro]]<br /> *[[Siolim]]<br /> *[[Anjuna]]<br /> *[[Candolim]]<br /> *[[Reis Magos]]<br /> *[[Salvador do Mundo]]<br /> *[[Saligao]]<br /> *[[Aldona]]<br /> *[[Pilerne]]<br /> *[[Nerul,_Goa|Nerul]]<br /> *[[Guirim]]<br /> *[[Colvale]]<br /> *[[Moira, Goa|Moira]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> List of villages in Bardez taluk:<br /> <br /> {{div col|colwidth=50em}}<br /> *[[Arpora]]<br /> *[[Assagao]]<br /> *[[Assonora]]<br /> *[[Bastora]]<br /> *[[Calvim]]<br /> *[[Camurlim]]<br /> *[[Canca, Goa|Canca]]<br /> *[[Corjuem]]<br /> *[[Marna, Goa|Marna]]<br /> *[[Marra, Goa|Marra]]<br /> *[[Moitem]]<br /> *[[Nachinola]]<br /> *[[Nadora]]<br /> *[[Nagoa_(Bardez)|Nagoa]]<br /> *[[Olaulim]]<br /> *[[Oxel]]<br /> *[[Paliem_(Bardez)|Paliem]] <br /> *[[Parra, Goa|Parra]]<br /> *[[Pirna, Goa|Pirna]]<br /> *[[Pomburpa]]<br /> *[[Ponolem]]<br /> *[[Punola]]<br /> *[[Revora]]<br /> *[[Sangolda]]<br /> *[[Sircaim]]<br /> *[[Tivim]]<br /> *[[Ucassaim]]<br /> *[[Verla, Goa|Verla]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> The [[India|Indian]] Netflix original show, ''[[Typewriter (TV series)|Typewriter]]'', is set in Bardez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/930994/typewriter-review-some-thrills-but-not-enough-chills-in-sujoy-ghoshs-netflix-horror-series|title = 'Typewriter' review: Some thrills, but not enough chills in Sujoy Ghosh's Netflix horror series}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-620-Bardez.aspx Cities and villages in Bardez Taluk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408012607/https://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-620-Bardez.aspx |date=8 April 2022 }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051212104508/http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/192/31/1/2/ Goa - Calangute Beach] - Information and Pictures of Calangute Beach in Bardez<br /> <br /> {{Goa topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Goa-geo-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_Kabaddi_League&diff=542934 2026-04-27T02:06:03Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting first article initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sports league in India}}<br /> {{Infobox kabaddi league<br /> | name = Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League <br /> | image =<br /> | imagesize =<br /> | caption =<br /> | organisers =<br /> | country = {{IND}}<br /> | slogan = <br /> | administrator = Sambhav Jain. Rachit Sharma &amp; Aman Saxena <br /> | first = 2024<br /> | upcoming season = <br /> | website = <br /> | latest = 2024<br /> | tournament format = <br /> | participants = <br /> | most raid points = <br /> | most tackle points = <br /> | champions = Lucknow Lions &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Noida News: लखनऊ लॉयंस बनी कबड्डी लीग की चैंपियन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/lucknow-lions-became-champion-of-kabaddi-league-noida-news-c-1-gnd1002-1930370-2024-07-25 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | most successful = <br /> | TV =<br /> |}}<br /> <br /> '''Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League'''(UPKL) is an Indian professional [[Kabaddi]] [[Sports league|League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kabaddi makes fresh beginning with UPKL; Kashi Kings aims to empower youth|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kabaddi-makes-fresh-beginning-with-upkl-kashi-kings-aims-to-empower-youth/amp_articleshow/109954251.cms|access-date=2024-07-05|issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UP Kabaddi League Inaugural Season Set To Kick Off At Noida Indoor Stadium From July 11th 2024|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/up-kabaddi-league-inaugural-season-set-to-kick-off-at-noida-indoor-stadium-from-july-11th-2024/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=TheDailyGuardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League (UPKL) 2024 Auction: Arjun Deswal And Vinay Sold For Highest Price|url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league-upkl-2024-auction-arjun-deswal-and-vinay-sold-for-highest-price-2757832.html/amp|access-date=2024-07-05|website=zeenews.india.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was founded by Sambhav Jain, Rachit Sharma &amp; Aman Saxena in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-06-16|title=उत्तर प्रदेश कबड्डी लीग का पहला सीजन जुलाई में, सामने आई पूरी डिटेल|url=https://www.aajtak.in/sports/news/story/uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-leage-1st-season-will-held-in-july-2024-know-more-details-upkl-tspo-1966630-2024-06-16|access-date=2024-07-05|website=आज तक|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first season is organised with the cooperation of UP Kabaddi Association.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=यूपी में नए कबड्डी लीग की शुरुआत, 11 से 25 जुलाई तक नोएडा स्टेडियम में देखने को मिलेगा एक्शन|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/sports/other-sports/first-season-of-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league-will-start-on-11-july/articleshow/111019328.cms|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UP Kabaddi League 2024: आज से यूपी कबड्डी लीग, गांव-देहात के टैलेंट को मिलेगा एक मंच; सीएम योगी की आने की संभावना |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-noida-indoor-stadium-up-kabaddi-league-from-today-village-and-rural-talent-will-get-a-platform-120-players-will-participate-cm-yogi-adityanath-23756435.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Day 14 Results: Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League |url=https://khelkabaddi.in/day-14-results-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Khel Kabaddi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Seasons 1 ==<br /> The first UPKL mega auction was held on 10 June 2024 at Sarovar Hotel, [[Noida]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-06-14|title=यूपी के इस स्टेडियम में शुरू होने वाली कबड्डी लीग, 120 प्रतिभागी होंगे शामिल|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/noida-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league-2024-upkl-live-streaming-up-noida-stadium-8409980.html|access-date=2024-07-05|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first season of league started on July 11 till July 25 2024 in Noida, [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=UPKL कबड्‌डी लीग की औपचारिक घोषणा:11 से 25 जुलाई तक होंगे मुकाबले, 8 टीम लेगी हिस्सा 10 जून को खिलाड़ियों की नीलामी|work=Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/uttar-pradesh/gautambudh-nagar/news/upkl-kabaddi-league-officially-announced-competitions-will-be-held-from-11th-to-25th-july-8-teams-will-take-part-auction-of-players-on-10th-june-133082337.html|access-date=5 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Varanasi Sports:उत्तर प्रदेश कबड्डी लीग का पहला सीजन 11 जुलाई से, शामिल होगी काशी किंग्स टीम|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/varanasi-sportsfirst-season-of-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league-from-july-11-kashi-kings-team-will-join-varanasi-news-c-20-vns1011-615939-2024-05-28|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=यूपी कबड्डी लीग में आठ टीमें भिड़ेंगी|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/noida/story-eight-teams-will-clash-in-up-kabaddi-league-10088254.html|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Hindustan|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lucknow Lion placed the highest bid, paying 3.10 lakhs for [[Arjun Deshwal|Arjun Deswal]], while Yamuna Yodha paid 3.10 lakhs for Vinay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shamli News: शामली के तीन खिलाड़ियों ने यूपी प्रो-कबड्डी लीग में किया नाम रोशन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shamli/three-players-from-shamli-made-name-in-up-pro-kabaddi-league-shamli-news-c-26-1-aur1003-125481-2024-07-31 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abhijeet Malik was acquired by Sangam Challengers for 2.60 lakhs, Amit Nagar was purchased by Noida Ninja for 1.45 lakhs, and Ashu Singh was purchased by Avadh Ramdoot for 1.5 lakhs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=UPKL 2024 player auction: Know the squads of all teams in Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League|url=https://www.sportsadda.com/kabaddi/news/upkl-2024-player-auction-list-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league|access-date=2024-07-05|website=SportsAdda|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lucknow Lions defeated the Sangam Challengers 59-33 to win the championship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Lucknow Lions Won The Title Of Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League |url=https://khelkabaddi.in/lucknow-lions-won-the-title-of-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Khel Kabaddi |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=The Bridge |date=2024-07-12 |title=Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League 2024: Points table and Standings |url=https://thebridge.in/kabaddi/uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league-2024-points-table-and-standings-48334 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Teams ==<br /> * Awadh Ramdoot&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=r Pradesh Kabaddi League Points Table: Updated UPKL 2024 standings after Lucknow Lions vs JD Noida Ninjas, Match 8 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kabaddi/news-uttar-pradesh-kabaddi-league-points-table-updated-upkl-2024-standings-lucknow-lions-vs-jd-noida-ninjas-match-8 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Brij Stars<br /> * Ganga Kings of Mirzapur<br /> * JD Noida Ninjas<br /> * Kashi Kings<br /> * Lucknow Lions<br /> * Yamuna Yodhas <br /> * Sangam Challengers<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kabaddi competitions in India]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellagiri&diff=546177 2026-04-25T12:36:24Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting some entry from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Telangana, India}}<br /> {{distinguish|Yelagiri}}<br /> '''Yellagiri''' (ఎల్లగిరి) is a village in the [[Choutuppal]] [[mandal]] of [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]] district, in the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. It functions as a [[gram panchayat]] and is part of the rural local administrative structure under the Choutuppal block.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yellagiri · Telangana 508252, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Yellagiri,+Telangana+508252,+India/@17.2662024,78.8367275,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bcb1200ca909c85:0x82f8f348148c51b1!8m2!3d17.2668261!4d78.8389722!16s/m/0gmdxsj?entry=ttu&amp;g_ep=EgoyMDI1MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Yellagiri · Telangana 508252, India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Yellagiri spans an area of approximately 370 hectares. The village lies about 8&amp;nbsp;km from its mandal headquarters, Choutuppal, and roughly 56&amp;nbsp;km from the district headquarters in [[Nalgonda]] (prior to district reorganization, though current district is Yadadri Bhuvanagiri).<br /> <br /> The nearest major city is [[Hyderabad]], located approximately 52&amp;nbsp;km away.<br /> <br /> == Education and health ==<br /> Yellagiri has at least one government primary school serving the local children. For higher education, the nearest colleges, including degree colleges and polytechnic institutes, are located in Choutuppal and Hyderabad. Health facilities are limited within the village; primary health centers and sub-centres are accessed in nearby settlements or Choutuppal.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yellagiri Village |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/andhra-pradesh/nalgonda/choutuppal/yellagiri.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{coord|17|16|03|N|78|50|23|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishore_Kumar_Mohanty&diff=510095 2026-04-25T03:41:03Z

<p>FosterDevito009: new the bio initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Kishore Kumar Mohanty<br /> | office = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | image = <br /> | alongside = [[Parvez Hashmi]]<br /> | constituency = [[Odisha]]<br /> | legislature1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | office1 = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] and Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency]] and [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency]]<br /> | office2 = Chairman of [[Western Odisha Development Council]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1958|12|4|df=yes}}<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2021|12|30 |1958|12|4|df=yes}}<br /> | term_end = 3 April 2012<br /> | term_start = 6 August 2009<br /> | term_end1 = 25 May 2009<br /> | term_start1 = 19 August 2008<br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | spouse = [[Alaka Mohanty]]<br /> | parents = Golok Chandra Mohanty<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kishore Kumar Mohanty''' was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Odisha]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pervez Hashmi, Kishore Kumar Mohanty take oath in Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pervez-hashmi-kishore-kumar-mohanty-take-oath-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/4866972.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 August 2009 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA FROM ODISHA 1952 – 2012 |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/446-448.pdf |website=E-Magazines {{!}} Government Of Odisha}}&lt;/ref&gt; Speaker and Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency]] and [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-08-19 |title=Mohanty elected Orissa speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mohanty-elected-orissa-speaker/story-CawpmtWenpW4ndocpXdNDO.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2008-08-18 |title=Kishore Kumar Mohanty set to become Orissa speaker |url=http://twocircles.net/2008aug18/kishore_kumar_mohanty_set_become_orissa_speaker.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Chairman of [[Western Odisha Development Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kishore Mohanty New WODC Chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/jun/19/kishore-mohanty-new-wodc-chief-626424.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kishore is new WODC chief |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/kishore-is-new-wodc-chief.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He was born on 4 December 1958 in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Kishor Mohanty No More |url=https://tathya.in/kishor-mohanty-no-more/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Tathya |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 December 2021, he died at the age of 63 due to a massive cardiac arrest while attending a meeting in [[Janta Dal United]] Office, [[Jharsuguda]], after that he was rushed to a private hospital where he died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=BJD MLA Kishore Mohanty Dies Of Heart Attack At 63 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-mla-kishore-mohanty-dies-of-heart-attack-at-63/articleshow/88602420.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-12-30 |title=BJD MLA Kishore K Mohanty dies at 63 after massive cardiac arrest |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjd-mla-kishore-k-mohanty-dies-at-63-after-massive-cardiac-arrest/791920/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Print]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=BJD MLA Kishore K Mohanty Dies at 63 After Cardiac Arrest, CM Patnaik Condoles Demise |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bjd-mla-kishore-k-mohanty-dies-at-63-after-cardiac-arrest-cm-patnaik-condoles-demise-4609565.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vikash |title=BJD MLA Kishore Mohanty No More, Condolences Pour In |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/bjd-mla-kishore-mohanty-no-more-condolences-pour-in-167317 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[Odisha TV]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former Speaker and BJD leader Kishore Mohanty passes away at 63 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/dec/31/former-speaker-and-bjd-leader-kishore-mohanty-passes-away-at-63-2401538.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Subadh |date=2021-12-30 |title=Odisha MLA Kishore Mohanty dies of heart attack |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odisha-mla-kishore-mohanty-dies-of-heart-attack/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[Kalinga TV]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His wife [[Alka Mohanty]] succeeded him as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=BJD Fields Late Mla's Wife In Brajrajnagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-fields-late-mlas-wife-in-brajrajnagar/articleshow/91454245.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BJD candidate Alaka Mohanty records landslide victory in Brajrajnagar bypoll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-bjd-candidate-alaka-mohanty-records-landslide-victory-brajrajnagar-bypoll-1958172-2022-06-03 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[India Today]] |date=4 June 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odisha: BJD's Alaka Mohanty wins Brajrajnagar bypoll |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/odisha-bjds-alaka-mohanty-wins-brajrajnagar-bypoll20220603223705/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Naveen Patnaik's BJD wins Brajrajnagar by-poll in Odisha, BJP loses deposit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naveen-patnaik-s-bjd-wins-brajrajnagar-by-poll-in-odisha-bjp-loses-deposit-101654256482059.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], he defeated [[Radharani Panda]], former MLA by 80,152 votes with rate of 49% and margin of 11,634.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BRAJARAJNAGAR ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS |url=https://www.oneindia.com/brajarajnagar-assembly-elections-od-6/ |website=[[Oneindia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/?do=download&amp;r=31447&amp;confirm=1&amp;t=1&amp;csrfKey=ad419d095dc2185cd15a7abb41d9d29a |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honors ==<br /> *In his death, [[Naveen Patnaik]], [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] said &quot;He was an efficient and popular leader of the party&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> *In July 2022, obituaries were also paid to him in the [[Parliament of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SYNOPSIS OF DEBATE |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Synopsis/SynopsisUpload/Session_257/English_180722.pdf |website=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Rajya Sabha proceedings adjourned for today amid ruckus over price rise and GST |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliament-monsoon-session-2022-rajya-sabha-proceedings-adjourned-for-today-amid-ruckus-over-price-rise-and-gst-101658126889709.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Proceedings In Rajya Sabha Adjourned On 1st Day Of Monsoon Session |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceedings-in-rajya-sabha-adjourned-on-1st-day-of-monsoon-session-3168211 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[NDTV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=130 Kishore Kumar Mohanty] at [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6InRFa2Zqb0FJM3VoQnBqaVllRzZhUWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVdtOHdEcmFMdDE0dTJmQjdnOTlDUT09IiwibWFjIjoiN2E1NGZhODUzZmQ4ZTUyYWZlYzcwODkxY2FmNmMzNTg1YzFlNWNkZmM1OTVmOTMxNDEwZTAyMTYyODQ3OGFhOCJ9/Mg==/MQ==/Mw==/QUM= Candidate Details of Kishore Kumar Mohanty] at [[Election Commission of India]]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Kishore Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]<br /> [[Category:2021 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]<br /> [[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]<br /> [[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajay_Kumar_Singh_(Bihar_politician,_Bharatiya_Janata_Party)&diff=485093 2026-04-24T22:08:17Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Created A Biography With Sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ajay Kumar Singh<br /> | office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2000<br /> | term_end = 2020<br /> | predecessor = Raj Nandan Rai<br /> | successor = [[Pramod Kumar Sinha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|2|7}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bettiah]], [[West Champaran]], [[Bihar]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = Heera Singh<br /> | children = 3 daughters<br /> | father = Vishwanath Singh<br /> | education = [[MBBS]]<br /> | source = https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/10.pdf<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ajay Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician who served as a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]] and [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DR. AJAY KUMAR SINGH(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Raxaul(PURVI CHAMPARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1670 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-10-29 |title=Debutant takes on 4-term BJP MLA in Raxaul seat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Debutant-takes-on-4-term-BJP-MLA-in-Raxaul-seat/articleshow/49586858.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ajay Kumar Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAXAUL(EAST CHAMPARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2076|access-date=2020-07-26|website=myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Public Representatives {{!}} Welcome to East Champaran (Motihari) District Web Portal {{!}} An official Web Thresold of East Champaran (Motihari) District Administration {{!}} India|url=https://eastchamparan.nic.in/public-representatives/|access-date=2020-07-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajay Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from East Champaran district]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br /> <br /> {{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharyat&diff=534698 2026-04-23T16:36:04Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting basic post w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{all plot|date=May 2013}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Sharyat<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = Sharyat<br /> | director = [[Viju Mane]]<br /> | producer = Ashwamedh Productions<br /> | writer = Hemant Edlabadkar&lt;br&gt;Viju Mane<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --&gt;<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Neena Kulkarni]]&lt;br&gt;Vidyadhar Joshi&lt;br&gt;[[Santosh Juvekar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Tejashree Pradhan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sampada Joglekar]]<br /> | music = Chinar-Mahesh<br /> | cinematography = Shabbir Naik<br /> | editing = Satish Patil<br /> | studio = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|12|16|India}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sharyat''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]:शर्यत; Meaning: Race) is a 2011 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film directed by Viju Mane, which stars [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], Neena Kulkarni, Vidyadhar Joshi &amp; [[Santosh Juvekar]] in lead roles. The film revolves around how two families fight for ''&quot;Mahadevacha Pujacha Maan&quot;'', which literally translated in [[English language|English]] means &quot;the privilege to hold the [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]] of [[Shiva]]&quot;, (Mahadev is another name for Shiva) by taking part in the [[bullock cart]] race in their village.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> <br /> Dhananjay Rao is considered an ace in the bullock cart race held ever year in his village. He is also the family friend of Gayatri Devi, the wife of the village [[Zamindar]]. Dhananjay has won the race numerous times under the Zamindar's patronage. But one day, Dhananjay suffers an accident during the race due to the fickle-minded antics of another fellow racer Pratap Rao, and the zamindar is paralysed due to the shock he received from Dhananjay's defeat.<br /> <br /> After a few years, Dhananjay, who has quit the race after his defeat, is still the talking point of the village. Some people also say that this would be the last bullock cart race in the village for the privilege of the Puja of Shiva. Meanwhile, the power at the paralysed Zamindar's house went off due to a defective fuse in the fuse box, while two of his aides were in charge of repairing the fuse, the Zamindar, who was left off by his attendant along with his wheelchair near the staircase of the house in order to help the aide, attempts to kill himself by running his wheelchair over the stairs. But at the right moment, Dhananjay enters the scene, and saves him as the lights are turned on again.<br /> <br /> The next day, Gayatri Devi, who is now in charge of the house summons Dhananjay and thanks him for saving her husband's life. She requests him to take part in the race for privilege again, but Dhananjay refuses saying that it is not possible for him to do so as the memories of his defeat still haunts him and as such he has lost all interest in the race.<br /> <br /> In the meantime, Dhananjay gets a threat call written on a note, saying that his brother Sanjay has been held captive by the feisty and cruel owner of a casino as he was cheating in the game of cards and taking away all his money. Dhananjay reaches the site and pleads in front of the manager of the rasino after creating a ruckus at the start, to let his brother Sanjay be freed, but the manager agrees to free him on one condition- Dhananjay has to submit a compensation of one million rupees to him failing which his brother would be bruised and battered and hanged from a net which he termed the &quot;dire consequence&quot; of his cheating.<br /> <br /> He rushes to a nearby Sugar cane mill where Gayatri Devi was monitoring it, and asks her for the money. Gayatri agrees to give him the money under one condition - he has to play the bullock cart race. Seeing no other option open, Dhananjay agrees to her conditions. Dhananjay finally frees Sanjay from the clutches of the Casino owner and coaxes him for his job at the casino.<br /> <br /> After bringing Sanjay to the village, Dhananjay leaves the spot, but he is soon confronted by his arch rival, Pratap Rao, who ridicules him, is humiliated when he learns that he shall be taking part in the race for privilege and is challenged by Dhananjay to defeat him. Dhananjay returns to Gayatri's house at night for dinner, where he is introduced to her daughter Kanchana. On seeing her, Dhananjay's brother Sanjay tries to hide his face from her as he has previously encountered her near a petrol pump, and Kanchana mistook him as a pump attendant and also scolds him for flirting with her. But as the story progresses, Sanjay and Kanchana slowly begin to bond with each other, which ultimately culminates into love.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Pratap Rao tries to device methods of defeating Dhananjay in the race, Dhananjay, in the meantime too, begins his preparation by choosing the perfect pair of bullocks for the race, he begins training the bullocks for the race after getting them and also tries to take good care of them.<br /> <br /> A few days before the race, the two families bring their bullocks in front of the Temple of Shiva to seek blessings, but they are stopped in midway by a policeman who holds in front of them a brown envelope announcing that the race will not be held anymore as per orders received from the headquarters. Gayatri suspects this as foul play by Pratap Rao and hires another trustworthy policeman to know the truth. The policeman enters Pratap Rao's house to know his entire plan. Pratap Rao in an [[inebriated]] state, discloses the entire plan in front of the policeman.<br /> <br /> Next day, Pratap Rao pays a visit to Gayatri's house, but is surprised when he sees the policeman who visited his house last night, standing near Gayatri's house. Realising that it was not possible for him to make Gayatri enter into a compromise, Pratap Rao visits Dhananjay's house in the evening and threatens him that he must lose the race.<br /> <br /> On the day of the race, Gayatri tells Dhananjay Rao that he must win this 12-minute race in just 10 minutes, otherwise he will not be able to see his brother alive again. Dhananjay gets terrorised on hearing this and determined to save his brother from any injury, he begins to run his cart. In the race, he encounters many many obstacles created for him by the devil Pratap Rao, But he finally breaks all obstacles and wins the race in 10 minutes.<br /> <br /> Dhananjay then rushes to the Sugar mill where Sanjay is said to have been held captive. While searching the entire mill, he sees two fat human bodies falling from the first floor, followed by Sanjay jumping from the railing of the mill. He tells Dhananjay, that during the race, these men tried to shoot his bullocks, so he outnumbered them. At the same moment, Gayatri's daughter Kanchana arrives with her mother and discloses their relation to Dhananjay.<br /> <br /> Suddenly, Pratap Rao, humiliated at his defeat enters the scene. He discovered that his wife has told Dhananjay about his plans and he tries to shoot her in front of all. But suddenly a bullock probably angry of Pratap's rude behaviour towards it, knocks him to the floor. After a fight with Dhananjay, Partap is killed by the bullock whom he misbehaved. The story finally ends with Dhananjay, Gayatri Sanjay and Kanchana doing the puja in the temple.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] as Dhananjay Rao<br /> * [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Gayatri Devi<br /> * [[Vidyadhar Joshi]] as Prataprao<br /> * [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Sanjay<br /> * [[Tejashree Pradhan]] as Kanchana<br /> * [[Neha Pendse]] (special appearance in an [[item number]] &quot;Sheelachya Aicha Gho&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Neha Pendse in a still from the Marathi movie 'Sharyat'.|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/regional-movies/Sharyat/articleshow/11105324.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> Soundtrack of the film is scored by Chinar - Mahesh, was released worldwide on 5 December 2011 by Nanubhai of Video Palace. The lyrics were provided by Ashok Bagwe &amp; Viju Mane. The Music score was pleasant and songs like &quot;Mala saang Naa&quot; and &quot;Sheela Chya Aaicha Gho&quot; became instant hit.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sheelachya Aaicha Gho&quot;<br /> | [[Urmila Dhangar, Viju Mane]]<br /> | 4:45<br /> | Ashok Bagwe, Viju Mane<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Raanamadi Ekatach Dultoy&quot;<br /> | Urmila Dhangar, Ashok Bagawe<br /> | 7:11<br /> | Ashok Bagwe, Viju Mane<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sharyat Laagali&quot;<br /> | Sachin Pilgaonkar, Ashok Bagawe <br /> | 3:54<br /> | Ashok Bagwe, Viju Mane<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mala Saang Naa&quot;<br /> | Swapnil Bandodkar, [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], Viju Mane<br /> | 4:40<br /> | Ashok Bagwe, Viju Mane<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aakrit Ghadala&quot;<br /> | Sachin Pilgaonkar, Ashok Bagawe<br /> | 3:21<br /> | Ashok Bagwe, Viju Mane<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Related Pages==<br /> * [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]<br /> * [[Neena Kulkarni]]<br /> * [[Santosh Juvekar]]<br /> * [[Chinar - Mahesh]]<br /> * [[Viju Mane]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Indian films]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digendra_Purkayastha&diff=497030 2026-04-19T05:39:38Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up new pg w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Digendra Purkayastha<br /> | image =<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 1985<br /> | term_end = 1991<br /> | predecessor = [[Sisir Ranjan Das]]<br /> | successor = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]<br /> | constituency = [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]]<br /> | term_start1 = <br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | successor1 = <br /> | constituency1 = <br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | children = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Digendra Purkayastha''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai constituency]] in the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060853/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4000-assam-1985/ ECI 1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1985-91] (in Hindi)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Purkayastha, Digendra}}<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:People from Cachar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]<br /> <br /> {{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmoodabad_Assembly_constituency&diff=515075 2026-04-15T23:07:27Z

<p>FosterDevito009: added a stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Mahmoodabad<br /> | constituency_no = 151<br /> | map_image = 151-Mahmoodabad.svg<br /> | mla = [[Asha Maurya]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | established = 1961<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 263,909 (2012)<br /> | type= SLA<br /> }} <br /> '''Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1962 after the &quot;DPACO (1961)&quot; (delimitation order) was passed in 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;DPACO (1961)&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=DPACO (1961)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-61.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the &quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order&quot; was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 151.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old &amp; New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 18 Jun 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All MLAs from Assembly constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mahmoodabad.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Member list&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wards / Areas==<br /> Extent of Mahmoodabad Assembly constituency is KCs Pahla, Mahmoodabad, Mahmoodabad MB, Paitepur NP, PCs Sadarpur, Bilauli Nan Kari, Rajparapur, Hajipur, Bajehra, Pokhara Kala, Sultanapur, Bhudkuda, Aiwapur, Dharampur, Lalpur, Khapura, Ahibanpur, Angethuwa, Pipari, Dhakhwa, Kodaura &amp; Rasulabad of Sadarpur KC of Mahmoodabad Tehsil.<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || - || - || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Constituency not in existence || &lt;ref name=&quot;1951 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || - || - || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1957 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Shivendra Pratap || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||&lt;ref name=&quot; 1962 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || B. Prasad || [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1967 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Shayam Sundar Lal Gupta]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1969 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ammar Rizvi]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1974 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ram Narain Verma]] || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1977 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ammar Rizvi]] || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1980 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Raja Mohammad Amir Mohammad Khan || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1985 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1989 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Narendra Singh Verma]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1991 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1993 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ammar Rizvi || [[Indian National Congress]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 1996 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Narendra Singh Verma]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2002 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2007 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || &lt;ref name=&quot; 2012 Election Results &quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=18 Jun 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Asha Maurya]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mahmoodabad&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Asha Maurya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:92091}}<br /> |percentage = 41.89<br /> |change = +4.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Narendra Singh Verma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:86869}}<br /> |percentage = 39.51<br /> |change = +0.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Meesam Ammar Rizvi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:35304}}<br /> |percentage = 16.06<br /> |change = -5.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1365}}<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = -0.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5222}}<br /> |percentage = 2.38<br /> |change = +1.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:219853}}<br /> |percentage = 69.66<br /> |change = -2.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mahmoodabad&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Narendra Singh Verma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:81469}}<br /> |percentage = 38.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Asha Maurya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:79563}}<br /> |percentage = 37.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Pradyumn Verma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:45050}}<br /> |percentage = 21.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1896}}<br /> |percentage = 0.91<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1906}}<br /> |percentage = 0.9<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:210660}}<br /> |percentage = 72.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Mahmoodabad&lt;ref name=&quot;2012 Election Results&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Narendra Singh Verma]]<br /> |votes = 86,580<br /> |percentage = 46.59<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ahmad Anshari<br /> |votes = 66,991<br /> |percentage = 36.05<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Mohan Prasad<br /> |votes = 20,458<br /> |percentage = 11.01<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remainder 5 candidates<br /> |votes = 11,791<br /> |percentage = 6.34<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 19,589<br /> |percentage = 10.54<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 185,820<br /> |percentage = 70.41<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot; 2012 Election Results &quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> *[[Sitapur district]]<br /> *[[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> *[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[Vidhan Bhawan]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sitapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]<br /> [[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purbasthali_Assembly_constituency&diff=527338 2026-04-15T11:53:13Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Adding New Biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Purbasthali<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image =<br /> | mla = <br /> | party = <br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = <br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]<br /> | constituency_no = 279<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = <br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = 2011<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Purbasthali Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===1977 - 2006===<br /> Subrata Bhowal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI (M)) won the Purbasthali Assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 defeating his nearest rival Ansar Mondal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. In 1996, Himangshu Dutta of CPI (M) defeated Ansar Mondal of [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1977, [[Manoranjan Nath]] of CPI (M) won the seat defeating Swapan Bhattacharya of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), Mukul Bhattacharya of Congress, Manabendra Kumar Roy of Congress and Rama Devi of [[Janata Party]], in the respective years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp279.htm | title = 279 – Purbasthali Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1951-1972===<br /> In 1972, Nurunessa Sattar of Congress won the Purbasthali assembly seat. Molla Humayun Kabir won the seat in 1971 and 1969. Lalit Mohan Hazra of CPI (M) won it in 1967. Bimalananda Tarkatirtha of Congress won the seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]], [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp| title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections| access-date = 2010-08-29| work = General Election Results and Statistics| publisher = Election Commission of India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp| archive-date = 2010-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Impact of delimitation==<br /> As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, Purbasthali Assembly constituency and [[Nadanghat Assembly constituency]] ceased to exist and in its place [[Purbasthali]] now has two assembly constituencies. 268 [[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency]] covers Nandai, Kankuria, Begpur, Atghoria Simlan, Dhatrigram and Sultanpur gram panchayats of [[Kalna, India|Kalna]] I community development block and Nasratpur, Samudragarh, Bogpur, Sreerampur and Nadanghat gram panchayats of Purbasthali I community development block. 269 [[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency]] covers Purbasthali II community development block, Jahannagar and Dogachia gram panchayats of Purbasthali I CD Block, and Bamunpara, Mamudpur II and Putsuri gram panchayats of [[Manteswar]] CD Block.&lt;ref name=delimitation&gt;{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2010-08-21 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Purbasthali assembly segment was earlier part of [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. As per orders of Delimitation Commission both Purbasthali Dakshin and Purbasthali Uttar are part of [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name =delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Purba Bardhaman topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|23.4679110|N|88.3294300|E|display=title|format=dms|}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]<br /> [[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Padam&diff=498526 2026-04-05T10:46:28Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up the data w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Kumaresh Kumar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = English Padam<br /> | image = English Padam.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | producer = RJM Vasuki<br /> | writer = Kumaresh Kumar<br /> | starring = [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]] &lt;br&gt;[[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]]&lt;br&gt;[[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]] &lt;br&gt;Sreeja Das<br /> | studio = RJ Media Creations<br /> | distributor = RJ Media Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|2017|11|24|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 126 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''English Padam''''' (also known as '''''Aangila Padam''''') is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror comedy]] film directed by Kumaresh Kumar, starring [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1989)|Sanjeev]], [[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]] and [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-10-03 |title=Etectera-Tamil Padam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/snippets-about-tamil-cinema/article7720615.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622053107/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/snippets-about-tamil-cinema/article7720615.ece |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=2016-09-23 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ramki-Sanjeev-Meenakshi's English Padam First Look Poster |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/ramki-sanjeev-meenakshis-english-padam-first-look-poster-4380-slide-31519#IvgiD8M6q8fEfsvC.97 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009124024/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/ramki-sanjeev-meenakshis-english-padam-first-look-poster-4380-slide-31519#IvgiD8M6q8fEfsvC.97 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-07 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2015 |title=Ramki acting in English Film |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ramki-sanjiv-meenakshi-madhumitha-in-english-padam-tamil-news-143255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009130719/http://www.indiaglitz.com/ramki-sanjiv-meenakshi-madhumitha-in-english-padam-tamil-news-143255.html |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |website=India Glitz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Chella is a villager who comes to Chennai to earn money for his sister's marriage. He stays with his uncle. He comes across Meenakshi, a thief, and gradually falls for her. After seeing an advertisement for making easy money by staying in a house for one night, Sanjeev and his uncle go to Kosu Kumar. Kumar takes them to the house owner and tells them that they need to stay in the house for one night so that the owner can sell it, since potential buyers fear the presence of ghost rumors planted by the owner's rivals.<br /> <br /> They stay in the house and encounter strange things. They then discover it is the handiwork of Meenakshi, who is paid by the house owner's rivals. Then Rail Murugan appears, who is actually planning to rent the house to a Marwadi family. Sanjeev, his uncle, Meenakshi and Kumar are cheated by Murugan. They then decide to kill him, without success. Finally, they plan to scare out the Marwadi family. They approach Iruttu Pusari, who is a fake shaman. Iruttu Pusari promises to send ghosts to Seth house.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *[[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]] as Rail Murugan<br /> *[[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]] as Chella<br /> *[[Meenakshi (actress)|Meenakshi]] as Meenakshi (blind parents daughter and an [[UPSC Civil Service Aptitude Test|IAS]]-passed candidate)<br /> *Sreeja Das as Mohana Sundari (Mona)<br /> *Kumaresh Kumar as Kosu Kumar<br /> *[[Singamuthu]] as Chella's uncle<br /> *[[Singampuli]] as Iruttu Pusari<br /> *[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as House Owner<br /> *[[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Bobby<br /> *[[Crane Manohar]] as Iruttu Pusari's assistant<br /> *[[Scissor Manohar]] as Rail Murugan's henchman<br /> *[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Rail Murugan's henchman<br /> *Kadhal Saravanan as Seth<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Ramki escaped unhurt while shooting a car chase sequence when a car lost control and almost hit him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=இங்கிலிஷ் படம் ஷூட்டிங் |url=http://www.thinaboomi.com/gallery/2015/10/10/50231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009160731/http://www.thinaboomi.com/gallery/2015/10/10/50231.html |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Dhina Bhoomi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is titled as ''English Padam''; however, the CBFC certificate says ''Aangila Padam''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ராம்கி நடிக்கும் இங்கிலீஷ் படம் ஆங்கில படமாக மாறியது! |url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009203031/http://kalakkalcinema.com/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80/ |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |publisher=Kalakkal Cinema}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 and opined that &quot;The film is structured as a horror comedy, but be in the writing or in the making, it lacks even the basic level of competence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;t&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=English Padam Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of English Padam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/english-padam/movie-review/61792618.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Maalaimalar]]'' called the film average.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=இங்கிலீஷ் படம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/11/28223214/1131529/English-Padam-Movie-Review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117220736/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/11/28223214/1131529/English-Padam-Movie-Review.vpf |archive-date=17 January 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|6131328}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 comedy horror films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Desert_campaign&diff=462008 2026-03-27T19:57:06Z

<p>FosterDevito009: adjusted details to improve readability for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Campaign fought in Libya and Egypt during WWII}}<br /> {{redirect|Desert Campaign|the Argentine campaign|Desert Campaign (1833–34)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Western Desert campaign<br /> | partof = the [[North African campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]<br /> | image = Men of the Leicestershire Rgt. man a Bren gun near Tobruk.jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.0<br /> | caption = British lookouts during the [[Siege of Tobruk]], August 1941<br /> | date = {{ubl|11 June 1940 – 4 February 1943|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=11|year1=1940|month2=02|day2=04|year2=1943}})}}<br /> | place = [[Western Desert]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Italian Libya|Libya]]<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|24|N|25|E|type:event_region:LY|display= inline}}<br /> | result = Allied victory<br /> | combatant1 = {{ubl|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|{{flagcountry|British Raj}}|{{flagcountry|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan}}|{{flagcountry|Southern Rhodesia}}|{{flagcountry|British Mandate for Palestine}}|{{flag|Transjordan}}|{{flagdeco|Cyrenaica}} [[Libyan Arab Force]]|{{flagcountry|Australia}}|{{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}|{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1928}}|{{flagcountry|Free France}}|{{flagcountry|Greek government-in-exile|state}}|{{flag icon|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslav government-in-exile|Yugoslavia]]}}<br /> | combatant2 = {{ubl|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}|{{flagcountry|Italian Libya}}|{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany|1935}}}}<br /> | commander1 = {{ubl|[[Archibald Wavell]]|[[Claude Auchinleck]]|[[Harold Alexander]]|[[Alan Cunningham]]|[[Neil Ritchie]]|[[Bernard Montgomery]]&lt;!--Please read [[Bharatpedia:Manual of Style/Icons#Icons|Icons]] this before putting out more flags--&gt;}}<br /> | commander2 = {{ubl|[[Ugo Cavallero]]|[[Italo Balbo]]{{KIA}}|[[Rodolfo Graziani]]|[[Italo Gariboldi]]|[[Ettore Bastico]]|[[Curio Barbasetti di Prun|Curio Barbasetti]]|[[Albert Kesselring]]|[[Erwin Rommel]]|[[Georg Stumme]]{{KIA}}}}<br /> | casualties1 = {{ubl|'''North Africa'''|220,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=448}}|35,476 killed{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=448}}}}<br /> | casualties2 = {{ubl|'''North Africa'''|620,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=448}}|32,342 killed{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=448}}}}<br /> | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox North Africa}}{{Campaignbox Western Desert}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Western Desert campaign''' ('''Desert War''') took place in the [[Sahara Desert|deserts]] of [[Egypt]] and [[Libya]] and was the main [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]] in the [[North African campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]. Military operations began in June 1940 with the Italian declaration of war and the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]] from Libya in September. [[Operation Compass]], a five-day raid by the British in December 1940, was so successful that it led to the destruction of the Italian [[Tenth Army (Italy)|10th Army]] (10ª {{lang|it|Armata}}) over the following two months. [[Benito Mussolini]] sought help from [[Adolf Hitler]], who sent a small [[Nazi Germany|German]] force to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] under [[List of Adolf Hitler's directives|Directive 22]] (11 January). The {{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps]]}} ({{lang|de|[[Generalleutnant]]}} [[Erwin Rommel]]) was formally under Italian command, as Italy was the main [[Axis powers|Axis]] power in the Mediterranean and North Africa.<br /> <br /> In the spring of 1941, Rommel led [[Operation Sonnenblume]], which pushed the Allies back to Egypt except for the [[siege of Tobruk]] at the port. At the end of 1941, Axis forces were defeated in [[Operation Crusader]] and retired again to [[El Agheila]]. In early 1942 Axis forces drove the Allies back again, then captured [[Tobruk]] after the [[Battle of Gazala]] but failed to destroy their opponents. The Axis invaded Egypt and the Allies retreated to [[El Alamein]], where the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] fought two defensive battles, then defeated the Axis forces in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in October 1942. The Eighth Army drove Axis forces out of Libya to [[Tunisia]], which was invaded from the west by the Allied [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] in [[Operation Torch]]. In the [[Tunisian campaign]] the remaining Axis forces surrendered to the combined Allied forces in May 1943.<br /> <br /> The British [[Western Desert Force]] (renamed Cyrenaica Command (CYRCOM) and later the Eighth Army) had been reduced in early 1941 to send units to [[Battle of Greece|Greece]], rather than complete the conquest of Libya, just as German troops and Italian reinforcements arrived. British Commonwealth and Empire troops released after the conclusion of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East Africa Campaign]] were sent to Egypt and by summer, the surviving Commonwealth troops had returned from [[Greece]], [[Crete]] and [[Syria]]. From the end of 1941, increasing amounts of equipment and personnel, including US supplies and tanks, arrived for the Eighth Army. The Axis never overcame the supply constraints limiting the size of their land and air forces in North Africa and the desert war became a sideshow for Germany when the expected quick conclusion of [[Operation Barbarossa]], the invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], was not achieved.<br /> {{TOC limit|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> <br /> ===Libya===<br /> <br /> [[Cyrenaica]] (Libya) had been an Italian colony since the [[Italo-Turkish War]] in 1911–1912. With [[Tunisia]], part of [[French North Africa]], to the west, and [[Egypt]] to the east, the Italians prepared to defend both fronts through a North Africa Supreme Headquarters, under the command of the [[List of governors-general of Italian Libya|Governor-General]] of [[Italian Libya]], Marshal of the Air Force, [[Italo Balbo]]. Supreme Headquarters had the [[Fifth Army (Italy)|5th Army]] (General [[Italo Gariboldi]]) and the [[Tenth Army (Italy)|10th Army]] (General [[Mario Berti]]), which in mid-1940 had nine metropolitan divisions of about {{nowrap|13,000 men}} each, three {{lang|it|Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale}} ([[Blackshirt]]) divisions and two [[Italian Libyan Colonial Division|Libyan divisions]], each with an establishment with 8,000 men. Italian army divisions had been reorganised in the late 1930s from three regiments each to two; reservists were recalled in 1939, along with the usual call-up of conscripts.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=38–39, 92}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Ariete tank division on the attack.jpg|thumb|left|{{centre|[[132nd Armored Division &quot;Ariete&quot;]] attacks}}]]<br /> Morale was considered high and the army had recent operational experience. The Italian navy had prospered under the Fascist regime, which had paid for fast, well-built, well-armed ships and a large submarine fleet but it lacked experience and training. The air force had been ready for war in 1936 but by 1939 had stagnated; the British did not consider it capable of maintaining a high rate of operations. The 5th Army, with eight divisions, was based in [[Tripolitania]], the western half of Libya, opposite Tunisia and the 10th Army, with six infantry divisions, held Cyrenaica in the east. When war was declared, the 10th Army sent the [[1st Libyan Division (Italy)|1st Libyan Division]] to the Egyptian frontier from [[Giarabub]] to [[Sidi Omar]] and XXI Corps from Sidi Omar to the coast, [[Bardia]] and Tobruk. The XXII Corps moved south-west of Tobruk to act as a counter-attack force.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=38–39, 92}}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ===Egypt===<br /> <br /> The British had based [[History of modern Egypt|forces in Egypt]] since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the [[Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936]]. The small British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] force garrisoned the [[Suez Canal]] and the Red Sea route. The canal was vital to British communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. In mid-1939, Lieutenant-General [[Archibald Wavell]] was appointed [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (GOC-in-C) of the new [[Middle East Command]], over the [[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II|Mediterranean and Middle East theatres]]. Until the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|Franco-Axis]] armistice, French divisions in Tunisia faced the Italian 5th Army on the western Libyan border. In Libya, the Royal Army had about 215,000 men and in Egypt, the British had about 36,000 troops and another 27,500 men training in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=19, 93}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Mk1CruiserTank.jpg|thumb|{{centre|[[Cruiser Mk I|Cruiser Tank Mk I (A9)]]}}]]<br /> British forces included the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|Mobile Division (Egypt)]] under [[Major-General]] [[Percy Hobart]], one of only two British armoured training formations. In mid-1939 it was renamed the [[Armoured Division (Egypt)]] and on 16 February 1940, it became the 7th Armoured Division. The [[Egypt–Libya border]] was defended by the Egyptian Frontier Force and in June 1940, the headquarters of the [[British 6th Infantry Division|6th Infantry Division]] under Major-General [[Richard O'Connor]] took command in the Western Desert, with instructions to drive back the Italians from their frontier posts and dominate the [[hinterland]] if war began. The 7th Armoured Division, less the 7th Armoured Brigade, assembled at [[Mersa Matruh]] (now Marsa Matruh) and sent the [[7th Support Group]] forward towards the frontier as a covering force, where the [[RAF]] also moved most of its bombers. Malta was also reinforced.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=32, 93, 97–98, 375}}<br /> <br /> The HQ of the 6th Infantry Division, which lacked complete and fully trained units, was renamed the [[Western Desert Force]] on 17 June. In Tunisia, the French had eight divisions, capable only of limited operations and in Syria, three poorly armed and trained divisions, about 40,000 troops and border guards, on occupation duties against the civilian population. Italian land and air forces in Libya greatly outnumbered the British in Egypt but suffered from poor morale and were handicapped by inferior equipment. In [[Italian East Africa]], there were another 130,000 Italian and African troops with 400 guns, 200 light tanks and 20,000 lorries. Italy declared war on 11 June 1940.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=32, 93, 97, 100, 375}}<br /> <br /> ==Prelude==<br /> <br /> ===Terrain===<br /> [[File:The British Army in North Africa 1942 E17825.jpg|thumb|left|{{centre|Ghibli approaches.}}]]<br /> Until 1943 the war was fought in the [[Western Desert (North Africa)|Western Desert]], which was about {{cvt|240|mi}} wide, from Marsa Matruh in Egypt to [[Gazala]] on the Libyan coast, along {{lang|it|[[Litoranea Balbo]]}} ({{lang|it|Via Balbia}}), the only paved road. The [[Erg (landform)|Sand Sea]], {{cvt|150|mi}} inland, marked the southern limit of the desert at its widest points at Giarabub and [[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]]. In British parlance, the term &quot;Western Desert&quot; applied to the desert of Egypt west of the [[Nile]] but also came to describe eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. From the coast, a raised, flat plain of stony desert extends inland about {{cvt|500|ft}} above sea level and runs south for {{cvt|200|–|300|km|order=flip}} from the coast to the edge of the Sand Sea.{{sfn|Luck|1989|p=92}} Scorpions, vipers and flies abound in the region, which was inhabited by a small number of [[Bedouin]] nomads.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|p=116}}<br /> <br /> Bedouin tracks linked wells and the more easily traversed ground; navigation was by sun, star, compass and &quot;desert sense&quot;, good perception of the environment gained by experience. When Italian troops advanced into Egypt in September 1940, the [[Maletti Group]] got lost leaving Sidi Omar, disappeared and had to be found by aircraft. In spring and summer the days are miserably hot and the nights very cold.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=115, 116}} The [[sirocco]] ({{lang|ar|gibleh}} or {{lang|ar|ghibli}}), a hot desert wind, blows clouds of fine sand, which reduce visibility to a few metres and coat eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment; motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil filters and the barren terrain means that supplies for military operations have to be transported from outside.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=149}} German engines tended to overheat and the life of their tanks' engines fell from {{cvt|1400|–|1600|mi}} to {{cvt|300|–|900|mi}} and this problem was made worse by the lack of standard spare parts for the German and Italian motor types.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|p=183}}<br /> <br /> ===Supply===<br /> <br /> ====Axis====<br /> <br /> [[File:Vehicles-are-unloaded-from-an-Italian-Cargo-ship-in-Tunisia-391852476741.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Vehicles are unloaded from an Italian cargo ship in Tunisia.}}]]<br /> Italian supply shipments to Libya went about {{cvt|600|mi|km}} west around [[Sicily]], then approached the coast of Tunisia before going on to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], in order to avoid interference from the British aircraft, ships and submarines based at [[Malta]]. In Africa, supplies had to be hauled huge distances by road or in small [[consignment]]s by coaster. The distance from Tripoli to [[Benghazi]] today is {{cvt|1020|km|mi}} and to [[El Alamein]] was {{cvt|1780|km|mi}}. A third of the Italian merchant marine was in ships berthed in British-controlled ports and was interned after Italy declared war. By September 1942 half of the remainder had been sunk, although much was replaced by new shipbuilding, salvage and transfers of German ships. From June 1940 to May 1943, 16 per cent of supply shipments were sunk.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=361–362}}<br /> <br /> Tobruk was pressed into use in June 1942 but Allied bombing and its long approach route led this effort to be abandoned in August. The Germans assumed that the maximum distance a motorised army could operate from its base was {{cvt|200|mi|km}} but on average about a third of Axis lorries were unserviceable and 35–50 per cent of the fuel deliveries were consumed transporting the remainder to the front. Fuel oil shortages in Italy, the small size of the ports in Libya and the need to meet civilian demand, required the inefficient dispatch of large numbers of small convoys. {{lang|de|[[Oberkommando des Heeres]]}} (OKH, German army high command) concluded that German forces in Libya could not be supplied for a decisive offensive unless Italian forces were withdrawn to Italy, which was politically impossible.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=362}}<br /> <br /> ====British====<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-784-0208-17A, Nordafrika, italienische Panzer.2.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Italian [[Semovente da 75/18|Semovente 75/18]] self-propelled [[assault gun]]}}]]<br /> The geographical position of Italy made it possible for it to close the Mediterranean if war came and force the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] based in Egypt to rely on the Suez Canal. In 1939, Wavell began to plan a base in the Middle East to support about fifteen divisions (300,000 men), six in Egypt, three in Palestine and the rest further afield. Many of the supplies needed by the British were imported from the colonies and the rest obtained locally by stimulating the production of substitutes. The plan for a garrison of nine divisions in Egypt and Palestine was changed to fourteen divisions by June 1941 and then to 23 by March 1942.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=39, 60, 64–65}} Once the Italians declared war in 1940 and until 1943, merchant ships travelled east from Britain around the [[Cape of Good Hope]], which made Egypt as distant as Australia and New Zealand. The [[Middle East Supply Centre]] (MESC) operated in Egypt, Palestine and Syria to co-ordinate imports and create local substitutes for civilian rations and promote agricultural efficiencies. By March 1943 the MESC had replaced about 100 [[liberty ship]] deliveries' worth of imports with increased local production of potatoes, cooking oil, dairy products and fish; cattle drives from Sudan obviated the need for refrigerated shipping.{{sfn|Edgerton|2011|pp=166, 177–178}}<br /> <br /> In 1940, British military forces had a base at the terminus of the Egyptian state railway, road and the port of Marsa Matruh (Matruh) {{cvt|200|mi|km}} west of Alexandria. Construction began on a water pipeline along the railway and the British surveyed sources of water. Wells were dug but most filled with salt water; in 1939 the primary fresh water sources were the [[Roman aqueduct]]s at Marsa Matruh and [[Baggush Box|Maaten Baggush]]. Water-boats from Alexandria and a distillation plant at Matruh increased supply but rigorous rationing had to be enforced and much water had to be moved overland to outlying areas. Not enough vehicles were available in 1939 and lorries were diverted to provide the Armoured Division with a better rear link. Only desert-worthy vehicles could be risked cross-country, which left tanks unable to move far from Matruh which was {{cvt|120|mi|km}} east of the Libyan border.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=67–69}} From the border there was no water at Sollum or for another {{cvt|50|mi|km}} east of Sollum to [[Sidi Barrani]], along a very poor road. An invader would have to move through a waterless and trackless desert to reach the main British force.{{sfn|Raugh|1993|p=67}} In September 1940, the New Zealand Railway Battalion and Indian labourers began work on a coastal railway, which reached Sidi Barrani by October 1941 and Tobruk by December 1942, {{cvt|400|mi|km}} west of El Alamein, carrying {{cvt|4200|LT|t|0}} of water per day.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|p=35}}<br /> <br /> ==1940==<br /> <br /> === Frontier skirmishes ===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Frontier Wire (Libya)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Africa1940.png|thumb|{{centre|North Africa in 1940}}]]<br /> On 11 June 1940, hostilities commenced. British troops were ordered to dominate the frontier and isolate [[Siege of Giarabub|Giarabub]]. They crossed into Libya that night, exchanged fire with Italian troops at Sidi Omar and discovered that some Italians were unaware that war had been declared. On 14 June, the British captured [[Fort Capuzzo]] and Fort Madalena, taking 220 prisoners. Two days later, the British raided a convoy on the [[Tobruk]]–Bardia road, killed 21 Italian soldiers and took 88 prisoners, including {{lang|it|Generale di Brigata}} ([[Brigadier-General]]) [[Romolo Lastrucci]], the 10th Army Chief Engineer. At an engagement near the frontier wire at Nezuet Ghirba, a mixed force of British tanks, artillery and motorised infantry defeated an Italian force of 17 light tanks, four guns and 400 infantry.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=118–119}}{{sfn|Christie|1999|pp=41–43}}<br /> <br /> The British patrolled the frontier area as far west as Tobruk, establishing dominance over the 10th Army.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|p=113}} On 5 August, thirty Italian tanks engaged the [[8th Hussars]] in an inconclusive action and Wavell concluded that vehicle wear made it impractical to continue operations when an Italian offensive loomed. Sand wore out equipment quickly, shortening the track life of tanks. Spare parts ran out and only half the tank strength could be kept operational.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|p=188}} A [[wikt:lull|lull]] fell from August to early September as [[Operation Hats]], a naval operation, reinforced the Mediterranean Fleet and helped to bring an army convoy of tanks and crews via the Cape. The British claimed to have inflicted 3,500 casualties with a loss of 150 men between 11 June and 9 September.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=119, 187, 206}} Further afield, both sides established scouting groups, the [[Long Range Desert Group]] (LRDG) and [[Auto-Saharan Company]] ({{lang|it|Compagnie Auto-Avio-Sahariane}}) which ranged the desert, raided and observed their opponents' dispositions.{{sfn|Macksey|1971|p=33}}<br /> <br /> ==={{lang|it|Operazione}} E===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Italian invasion of Egypt}}<br /> <br /> [[File:AfricaMap1.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Military operations, 13 September 1940 – 7 February 1941}}]]<br /> [[Benito Mussolini]] had no plans to invade Egypt, intending to remain on the defensive in Libya if war came. After the [[fall of France]] in 1940, the 5th Army could send reinforcements east and on 7 August, Mussolini ordered an invasion to occupy Egypt and establish a land connection with Italian East Africa. In August a lull fell on the frontier. Most British armoured units had withdrawn to Marsa Matruh, in order to conserve their ability to defend the port. The 7th Support Group took over and established observation posts from Sollum to Fort Maddalena, ready to delay an Italian offensive and the Hussars reconnoitred further into Libya.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=46, 121}}<br /> <br /> The Libyan divisions lacked the transport necessary to operate with the Maletti Group, which had one medium, two mixed and four light tank battalions on the escarpment and were redeployed to the coast road. On 9 September, the Maletti Group got lost en route to Sidi Omar and [[Rodolfo Graziani]] cancelled a [[Flanking maneuver|flanking move]] and concentrated on the coast road, with five divisions and the Maletti Group; the [[4th CC.NN. Division &quot;3 Gennaio&quot;]] and [[64th Infantry Division &quot;Catanzaro&quot;]] divisions stayed in reserve at Tobruk. The 5th {{lang|it|Squadra}}, a mixed air unit with about 300 serviceable aircraft, airfield equipment and transport, stood by to support the advance and occupy airfields.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=208–210}}<br /> <br /> The Italian invasion of Egypt on 13–18 September began as a limited tactical operation towards Marsa Matruh, rather than the strategic objectives sketched in Rome, due to the chronic lack of transport, fuel and wireless equipment, even with resupply from the 5th Army. Musiad was subjected to a &quot;spectacular&quot; artillery bombardment at dawn, then occupied.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=208–211}} The 1st Libyan Division took [[Sollum]] and the airfield. By evening the [[2nd Libyan Division (Italy)|2nd Libyan Division]], [[63rd Infantry Division &quot;Cirene&quot;]], the Maletti Group from [[Musaid]] and the [[62nd Infantry Division &quot;Marmarica&quot;]] from Sidi Omar, pushed past British harassing parties and converged on [[Halfaya Pass]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=210–211}}<br /> <br /> The British withdrew past Buq Buq on 14 September and continued to harass the Italian advance. They fell back to Alam Hamid the next day and to {{Interlanguage link|Alam el Dab|sv}} on 16 September. An Italian force of fifty tanks attempted a flanking move so the British rearguard retired east of Sidi Barrani, which was occupied by the [[1st CC.NN. Division &quot;23 Marzo&quot;]] and Graziani halted the advance. The British resumed observation and the 7th Armoured Division prepared to challenge an attack on Marsa Matruh.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=210–211}} Despite prodding from Mussolini, the Italians dug in around Sidi Barrani and Sofafi, about {{cvt|80|mi|km}} west of the British defences at Marsa Matruh, repairing roads demolished by the British, cleaning wells and beginning work on a water pipeline from the border, accumulating supplies for the resumption of the advance in mid-December. Egypt broke off diplomatic relations with the Axis and Italian aircraft bombed [[Cairo]] on 19 October.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=207, 46, 121, 211–212, 257–261}}<br /> <br /> British naval and air operations to harass the Italian army continued and caused damage which prisoners reported had lowered morale. Armoured car patrols dominated no man's land but a lack of landing grounds reduced the effectiveness of the RAF and Malta was out of range. [[Operation Compass]], a British counter-attack to an Italian advance on Matruh, planned to destroy Italian forces and most of the WDF was moved up to the port. An additional armoured car company joined reconnaissance operations far behind the front line. The WDF had been reinforced with a new tank regiment with [[Matilda II]] tanks. Rather than wait for the Italians, the British began after about a month to prepare a [[raid (military)|raid]] of 4–5 days' duration on the central group of the Italian encampments and then on Sofafi.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=207, 46}}{{sfn|MacGregor|2006|p=229}}<br /> <br /> ===Operation Compass===<br /> {{Main|Operation Compass}}<br /> <br /> [[File:The British Army in North Africa 1940 E443.2.jpg|thumb|{{left|British [[Light Tank Mk VI|light tanks]] cross the desert in 1940.}}]]<br /> In December 1940, the 10th Army in Egypt had been reinforced with the 1st and 2nd Libyan divisions and [[4th Blackshirt Division (3 January)|4th Blackshirt Division]], in the fortified camps from Sidi Barrani to the Tummars and Maktila. The Maletti Group was based at [[Nibeiwa]], the [[63rd Infantry Division Cirene]] at Rabia and Sofafi, the [[62nd Infantry Division Marmarica]] was on the escarpment from Sofafi to Halfaya Pass and the 64th Infantry Division &quot;Catanzaro&quot; was east of Buq Buq, behind the Nibeiwa–Rabia gap, supported by about 500 aircraft of the {{lang|it|5° Squada}} (General Felip Porro).{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=265–266}} The RAF attacked airfields on 7 December and destroyed 39 aircraft on the ground. Operation Compass (the Battle of Marmarica/Battle of the Camps), began when Selby Force advanced from Matruh to isolate Maktila early on 9 December. The [[4th Indian Division]] and the [[7th Royal Tank Regiment]] (7th RTR) attacked Nibeiwa at dawn and overran the camp, then moved on Tummar West, which fell in the afternoon. A counter-attack from Tummar East was repulsed and the camp taken the next day.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=266–270}}<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Sidi Barrani====<br /> {{main|Battle of Sidi Barrani}}<br /> <br /> A 7th Armoured Division screen to the west prevented the reinforcement of Sidi Barrani and on 10 December, the British cut the coast road and the 7th Armoured Division mopped up around Buq Buq, taking many prisoners. On 11 December, the Italians were defeated at Sidi Barrani; Rabia and Sofafi were abandoned and the 7th Armoured Division pursued along the coast and the escarpment. Late on 14 December, the 11th Hussars cut the Via Balbia between Tobruk and Bardia, captured Sidi Omar on 16 December and forced the Italians to retreat from Sollum and Fort Capuzzo to Bardia, leaving garrisons at Siwa Oasis and Giarabub in the south. From 9 to 11 December, the British took 38,300 prisoners, 237 guns, 73 tanks and about 1,000 vehicles for 624 casualties.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=257–271}}<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Bardia====<br /> <br /> {{main|Battle of Bardia|Siege of Giarabub|Capture of Kufra}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Italian soldiers taken prisoner during Operation Compass.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A column of thousands of ragged looking men, stretching all the way to the horizon|{{centre|Italian soldiers captured during the Battle of Bardia}}]]<br /> Bardia fell between 14 December and 5 January 1941; the British suffered 456 Australian infantry casualties and lost 17 of 23 tanks, for 40,000 Italian casualties and prisoners, more than 400 guns, 130 tanks and hundreds of lorries. At dawn on 21 January, Australian infantry broke into Tobruk and made a path for 18 British I tanks. The Australians pressed on and captured half of the Tobruk defences by nightfall. The Australians took 25,000 prisoners, 208 guns and 87 tanks, for a loss of 355 Australian and 45 British troops.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=282–293}} The 7th Armoured Division drove {{cvt|100|mi|km}} towards [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and the [[Babini Group]] (BCS – {{lang|it|Brigata Corazzata Speciale}} under General [[Valentino Babini]]), with about 300 tanks, at [[Mechili]]. The BCS slipped away and from 26 to 28 January the British tanks bogged down in heavy rain; Derna was abandoned next day. The 7th Armoured Division sent [[Combeforce]], a [[flying column]], to [[Beda Fomm]] and cut off the 10th Army.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=358–359}}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Beda Fomm====<br /> <br /> {{main|Battle of Beda Fomm}}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=right style=&quot;margin:0 0 1em 1em&quot;<br /> |+'''Estimated POW numbers:&lt;br /&gt;Western Desert and Cyrenaica'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(9 December 1940 – 8 February 1941)&lt;/small&gt;{{sfn|CCIS|1941}}<br /> |-<br /> ! Place<br /> ! [[PoW]]<br /> ! Tanks<br /> ! Guns<br /> |-<br /> |Sidi Barrani||align=&quot;right&quot;|38,289||align=&quot;right&quot;|73||align=&quot;right&quot;|297<br /> |-<br /> |Sidi Omar||align=&quot;right&quot;|900||align=&quot;right&quot;|0||align=&quot;right&quot;|8<br /> |-<br /> |Bardia||align=&quot;right&quot;|42,000||align=&quot;right&quot;|130||align=&quot;right&quot;|275<br /> |-<br /> |Tobruk||align=&quot;right&quot;|25,000||align=&quot;right&quot;|87||align=&quot;right&quot;|208<br /> |-<br /> |Mechili||align=&quot;right&quot;|100||align=&quot;right&quot;|13||align=&quot;right&quot;|0<br /> |-<br /> |Derna&lt;br /&gt;Benghazi||align=&quot;right&quot;|2,000||align=&quot;right&quot;|10||align=&quot;right&quot;|24<br /> |-<br /> |Benghazi&lt;br /&gt;Agedabia||align=&quot;right&quot;|25,000||align=&quot;right&quot;|107||align=&quot;right&quot;|93<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''||align=&quot;right&quot;|'''133,298'''||align=&quot;right&quot;|'''420'''||align=&quot;right&quot;|'''845'''<br /> |}<br /> In late January 1941, the British learned that the Italians were evacuating Cyrenaica along the ''Via Balbia'' from Benghazi. The 7th Armoured Division, under Major-General Sir [[Michael O'Moore Creagh]], was dispatched to intercept the remnants of the 10th Army by cutting through the desert south of the [[Jebel Akhdar, Libya|Jebel Akhdar]] via [[Msus]] and Antelat, as the [[6th Australian Division]] pursued the Italians along the coast road north of the Jebel Akhdar. The terrain was hard going for the British tanks and Combeforce (Lieutenant-Colonel [[John Frederick Boyce Combe|John Combe]]), a flying column of wheeled vehicles, was sent on ahead.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=357–358}}<br /> <br /> Late on 5 February, Combeforce arrived at the Via Balbia south of Benghazi and set up roadblocks near Sidi Saleh, about {{cvt|32|km|mi|order=flip}} north of [[Ajdabiya|Ajedabia]] and {{cvt|48|km|mi|order=flip}} south-west of Antelat. The forward elements of the 10th Army arrived thirty minutes later and found the [[Via Balbia]] blocked. The next day the Italians attacked to break through the roadblock and continued to attack into 7 February. With British reinforcements arriving and the Australians pressing down the road from Benghazi, the 10th Army surrendered. From Benghazi–Agedabia, the British took 25,000 prisoners, captured 107 tanks and 93 guns of the totals for Operation Compass of 133,298 men, 420 tanks and 845 guns.{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=358–359}}<br /> <br /> On 9 February, [[Churchill]] ordered the advance to stop and troops to be dispatched to [[Greece]] to take part in [[Operation Marita]] of the [[Greco-Italian War]], since a German attack through [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] was thought imminent. The British were unable to continue beyond [[El Agheila]] anyway, because of vehicle breakdowns, exhaustion and the effect of the much longer supply line from the base in Egypt. A few thousand men of the 10th Army escaped the disaster in Cyrenaica but the 5th Army in Tripolitania had four divisions. The Sirte, Tmed Hassan and [[Buerat]] strongholds were reinforced from Italy, which brought the 10th and 5th Armies up to about 150,000 men. German reinforcements were sent to Libya to form a blocking detachment ({{lang|de|Sperrverband}}) under [[List of Adolf Hitler's directives|Directive 22]] of 11 January. These were the first units of the {{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps]]}} of {{lang|de|Generalleutnant}} (Lieutenant-General) [[Erwin Rommel]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004d|pp=359–362}}<br /> <br /> ==1941==<br /> ===Tobruk===<br /> {{main|British capture of Tobruk}}<br /> <br /> ===Greece===<br /> {{main|Battle of Greece}}<br /> <br /> A week after the Italian surrender at Beda Fomm, the Defence Committee in London ordered Cyrenaica held with the minimum of forces and all spare troops sent to Greece. In the Western Desert Force (now [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]]), the 6th Australian Division was fully equipped and had few losses to replace. The 7th Armoured Division had been operating for eight months, had worn out its mechanical equipment and had withdrawn to refit. Two regiments of the [[2nd Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Armoured Division]] with the WDF were also worn out, which left the division with only four tank regiments. The 6th Australian Division went to Greece in March with an armoured brigade group of the 2nd Armoured Division; the remainder of the division and the new [[9th Australian Division]], minus two brigades and most of its transport, was sent to Greece and was replaced by two under-equipped brigades of the [[7th Australian Division]]. The division took over in Cyrenaica, on the assumption that the Italians could not begin a counter-offensive until May, even with German reinforcements.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=1–2}}{{efn|The 2nd Armoured Division in Cyrenaica had the 3rd Armoured Brigade, with an under-strength light tank regiment, a second regiment using captured Italian tanks and a cruiser tank regiment from mid-March, with worn-out tanks. The 2nd Support Group had only one motor battalion, a field artillery regiment, one anti-tank battery and a machine-gun company; most of the divisional transport had gone to Greece.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=2–3}}}}<br /> <br /> ====Emigré formations====<br /> Following the fall of Greece to the Axis, elements of the Greek armed forces in April and May, including several thousand soldiers, escaped to the British Middle East, primarily through neutral [[Turkey]]. These elements formed the backbone of the [[Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East]], which continued to fight alongside the Allies throughout the remainder of the [[North African Campaign]], under the direct command of the [[Greek government-in-exile]].{{sfn|Athanasiadis|1971|pp=109–111}} At the same time, elements of the [[Royal Yugoslav Army|Yugoslav armed forces]] also managed to escape to Egypt via Greece. The [[Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland|Royal Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland]] in Africa consisted of over 1,000 officers and soldiers of the Royal Yugoslav Army, Air Force, and Navy. These units, particularly the [[No. 230 Squadron RAF#Yugoslav detachment|No. 2 (Yugoslav) Floatplane Squadron]], the Yugoslav-manned [[Orjen-class torpedo boat|''Orjen''-class]] torpedo boats ''Durmitor'' and ''Kajmakčalan'', and the [[Royal Yugoslav Guards Battalion]], participated in the Western Desert campaign.{{sfn|Smetana|2020|p=116}} This was the only part of the Royal Yugoslav Army that remained under the command of the [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]] in Cairo.{{sfn|Freivogel|2022|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2026}}{{sfn|Shores|2014|p=181}}<br /> <br /> ==={{lang|de|Unternehmen Sonnenblume}}===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Operation Sonnenblume}}<br /> <br /> [[File:AfricaMap2.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Operation Sonnenblume, 24 March – 15 June 1941}}]]<br /> In early 1941, after the big British and Commonwealth victory in Cyrenaica, the military position was soon reversed. The best-equipped units in XIII Corps went to Greece as part of [[Operation Lustre]] in the Battle of Greece. [[Adolf Hitler]] responded to the Italian disaster with Directive 22 (11 January) ordering {{lang|de|Unternehmen Sonnenblume}} ([[Operation Sunflower]]), the deployment of a new {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} (DAK) to Libya, as a {{lang|de|Sperrverband}} (barrier detachment). The DAK had fresh troops with better tanks, equipment and air support and was led by General Erwin Rommel, who had enjoyed great success in the Battle of France.{{sfn|Bauer|2000|p=121}} The Axis force raided and quickly defeated the British at El Agheila on 24 March and at [[Brega|Marsa el Brega]] on 31 March, exploited the success and by 15 April, had pushed the British back to the border at Sollum and besieged Tobruk. The new commander of XIII Corps (now HQ Cyrenaica Command) Lieutenant-General [[Philip Neame]], O'Connor and Major-General [[Michael Gambier-Parry]], commander of the 2nd Armoured Division were captured. The Western Desert Force HQ took over under Lieutenant-General [[Noel Beresford-Peirse]], who had been recalled from [[East Africa]]. Apart from an armoured brigade group of the 2nd Armoured Division, which had been withdrawn for the Greek campaign, the rest of the division had been destroyed. Several Axis attempts to seize Tobruk failed and the front line settled on the Egyptian border.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=15–43, 2, 153–159}}<br /> <br /> ===Siege of Tobruk===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Siege of Tobruk}}<br /> <br /> [[File:AWM 020073 2 48th Battalion Tobruk 1941.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Men of 2/48th Australian Battalion occupying a defensive position near Tobruk, 24 April 1941}}]]<br /> Tobruk was defended by a force of about 25,000 troops of the Western Desert Force, well stocked with supplies and linked to Egypt by the Royal Navy. The garrison had armoured cars and captured Italian tanks, which could raid Axis supply convoys as they passed through Tobruk for the frontier, thus preventing the Axis from invading Egypt.{{sfn|Hoffman|2004|p=35}} Rommel attempted to take the port but the 9th Australian Division under General [[Leslie Morshead]], resolutely defended the port. The Italians were slow to provide blueprints for the port's fortifications and several attacks were repulsed. After three weeks Rommel suspended the attacks and resumed the siege.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|pp=39, 42}} Italian infantry divisions took up positions around the fortress while the bulk of the Afrika Korps maintained a mobile position south and east of the port.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=35–43, 153–159}}<br /> <br /> ====Operation Brevity====<br /> <br /> {{Main|Operation Brevity}}<br /> <br /> Operation Brevity (15–16 May) was a limited offensive, to inflict attrition on Axis forces and secure positions for a general offensive towards Tobruk. The British attacked with a small tank-infantry force in three columns, ''Desert'', ''Centre'' and ''Coast''. [[Desert Column]], with British [[cruiser tank]]s, was to advance inland and destroy tanks found en route to [[Sidi Azeiz Airfield|Sidi Aziz]]. Centre Column was to capture the top of the Halfaya Pass, Bir Wair and Musaid, then press on to Fort Capuzzo. Coast Column was to take Sollum and the foot of Halfaya Pass. Sollum, Halfaya Pass and Fort Capuzzo were captured but then the fort was lost to a counter-attack. A German counter-attack on 16 May threatened the force at the top of the pass and a retreat was ordered, covered by Desert Column. The Germans took Musaid back and a general British retreat began, to a line from Sidi Omar to Sidi Suleiman and Sollum, which left only the Halfaya Pass in British hands.{{sfn|Raugh|1993|pp=207–208}} Brevity failed to achieve most of its objectives and only briefly held the Halfaya Pass. The British lost 206 casualties. Five tanks were destroyed and 13 damaged. German casualties were 258 men, three tanks destroyed and several damaged. Italian casualties were 395, of whom 347 were captured.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1999|p=70}} On 12 May, the Tiger convoy lost one ship and arrived in [[Alexandria]], with 238 tanks, to re-equip the 7th Armoured Division and 43 aircraft. On 28 May, planning began for [[Operation Battleaxe]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=159–163}}<br /> <br /> ===={{lang|de|Unternehmen Skorpion}}====<br /> <br /> {{main|Operation Skorpion}}<br /> <br /> During the evening of 26 May, {{lang|de|Kampfgruppe von Herff}} under {{lang|de|Oberst}} [Colonel] [[Maximilian von Herff]] comprising three [[German tanks in World War II|panzer]] battalions, assembled on the coast at the foot of Halfaya Pass and attacked the next morning, intending to bluff the British into retreat.{{sfn|Rommel|1982|p=137}} The pass was defended by the 3rd [[Coldstream Guards]] of Lieutenant-Colonel Moubray and supporting units but the bluff became a genuine attack and secured a commanding position, leaving the British in danger of being surrounded. Brigadier [[William Gott]] authorised a withdrawal and Moubray extricated the battalion. There were no reinforcements nearby and Gott ordered a withdrawal from the pass, which Axis forces re-occupied.{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=162–163}} The Italo-German positions on the border were fortified with barbed wire and minefields and covered by [[5 cm Pak 38|50 mm]] and [[8.8&amp;nbsp;cm Flak 18/36/37/41|88 mm]] anti-tank guns. Behind the new defences the Axis began to accumulate supplies and receive the [[15th Panzer Division]], which began to arrive on 20 May.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|p=68}}<br /> <br /> ====Operation Battleaxe====<br /> <br /> {{Main|Operation Battleaxe}}<br /> <br /> [[File:BattleaxeDay1.PNG|thumb|{{centre|Operation Battleaxe (Day 1)}}]]<br /> Operation Battleaxe, {{nowrap|15–17 June 1941}}, was intended to lift the [[Siege of Tobruk]] and re-capture eastern Cyrenaica. The attack was to be conducted by the 7th Armoured Division and a composite infantry force based on the 4th Indian Division headquarters, with two brigades. The infantry were to attack in the area of Bardia, Sollum, Halfaya and Capuzzo, with the tanks guarding the southern flank. For the first time in the war, a large German force fought on the defensive. The Halfaya Pass attack failed, Point 206 was captured and only one of three attacks on Hafid Ridge had any success. At the end of 15 June, {{nowrap|48 British}} tanks remained operational. On 16 June, a German counter-attack forced back the British on the western flank but was repulsed in the centre. However, the British were reduced to 21 operational [[Cruiser tanks]] and seventeen [[infantry tanks]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=163–169}}<br /> <br /> On 17 June, the British only just evaded encirclement by two Panzer regiments and ended the operation. Despite British overextension, the Germans failed to turn a defensive success into an annihilating victory. Intelligence had provided details of British moves but the RAF had seen German counter-moves and slowed them enough to help the ground forces escape.{{sfn|Porch|2005|pp=233–234}} The British had 969 casualties, 27 cruiser and 64 I tanks were knocked out or broken down and not recovered. The RAF lost 36 aircraft. German losses were 678 men and Italian losses are unknown, with in addition twelve tanks and ten aircraft lost. The British failure led to the sacking of Wavell, the XIII Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Noel Beresford-Peirse and Creagh, the 7th Armoured Division commander. General [[Claude Auchinleck]] took over as the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of Middle East Command. In September, the Western Desert Force was renamed the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004a|pp=169–174}}<br /> <br /> ====Operation Crusader====<br /> {{Main|Operation Crusader}}<br /> <br /> [[File:AfricaMap3.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Operation Crusader, 18 November – 31 December 1941 (enlarges)}}]]<br /> The Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General [[Alan Cunningham]]) conducted [[Operation Crusader]] from 18 November to 30 December, aiming to relieve Tobruk and capture eastern Cyrenaica. The Eighth Army planned to destroy Axis armour before committing its infantry but was repulsed several times, culminating in the defeat of the 7th Armoured Division by the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} at Sidi Rezegh. Rommel ordered the panzer divisions to relieve the Axis positions on the Egyptian border but failed to find the main body of the Allied infantry, which had bypassed the fortresses and headed for Tobruk. Rommel pulled his armour back from the frontier towards Tobruk and achieved several tactical successes, which led Auchinleck to replace Cunningham with Major-General [[Neil Ritchie]]. The Axis forces then withdrew to the west of Tobruk to the Gazala Line and then back to El Agheila, leaving the Axis garrisons at Bardia and Sollum isolated and which surrendered later. The British suffered 17,700 casualties against 37,400 Axis, many of them taken prisoner when the garrisons left behind at Halfaya and Bardia surrendered. Tobruk had been relieved, Cyrenaica recaptured and airfields reoccupied to cover convoys supplying Malta.{{sfn|Carver|2002|p=51}}<br /> <br /> ====Axis supply: 1940–1941====<br /> <br /> [[File:Italian convoy sailing towards North Africa.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Italian convoy sailing towards North Africa}}]]<br /> Axis supplies from Europe to Libya were moved by road and after Operation Compass (December 1940 – February 1941), only Tripoli remained as an {{lang|fr|[[wikt:entrepôt|entrepôt]]}}, with a maximum capacity of four troopships or five cargo ships at once and an unloading capacity of about {{cvt|45000|LT|t|0}} per month. Tripoli to Benghazi was {{cvt|600|mi|km}} along the {{lang|it|Via Balbia}} and only halfway to Alexandria. The road could flood, was vulnerable to the [[Desert Air Force]] (DAF) and using desert tracks increased vehicle wear. The Axis advance of {{cvt|300|mi|km}} to the Egyptian frontier in early 1941 increased the road transport distance to {{cvt|1100|mi|km}}. Benghazi was captured in April; coastal shipping there had a capacity of only {{cvt|15000|LT|t|0}} and the port was within range of the DAF. About {{cvt|1500|LT|t|0}} of supplies per day could be unloaded at Tobruk but lack of shipping made its capture irrelevant.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=182–187}}<br /> <br /> A German motorised division needed {{cvt|350|LT|t|0}} of supplies a day and moving its supplies {{cvt|300|mi|km}} required 1,170 {{cvt|2|LT|t|abbr=on|order=flip}} lorry-loads.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=182–185}} With seven Axis divisions, air force and naval units, {{cvt|70000|LT|t|0}} of supplies were needed per month. The [[Vichy French]] agreed to Axis use of [[Bizerta]] in Tunisia but this did not begin until late in 1942. From February to May 1941, a surplus of {{cvt|45000|LT|t|0}} was delivered; attacks from Malta had some effect but in May, the worst month for ship losses, 91 per cent of supplies actually arrived. Lack of transportation in Libya left German supplies in Tripoli and the Italians had only 7,000 lorries for deliveries to their 225,000 men. A record amount of supplies arrived in June but shortages worsened at the front.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=185–187}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Commonwealth Forces in North Africa E2502.jpg|thumb|{{centre|[[British Indian Army|Indian]] troops man a [[Bren gun]] on an anti-aircraft mounting, Western Desert, 18 April 1941.}}]]<br /> There were fewer Axis attacks on Malta from June and ship losses increased from 19% in July, to 25 per cent in September, when Benghazi was bombed and ships diverted to Tripoli; air supply in October made little difference. Deliveries averaged {{cvt|72000|LT|t|0}} a month from July to October but the consumption of 30 to 50 per cent of fuel deliveries by road transport and truck non-serviceability of 35 per cent reduced deliveries to the front. In November, a five-ship [[convoy]] was sunk during Operation Crusader and ground attacks on road convoys stopped journeys in daylight. Lack of deliveries coupled with the Eighth Army offensive forced a retreat to El Agheila from 4 December, crowding the {{lang|it|Via Balbia}}, where British ambushes destroyed about half of the remaining Axis transport.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=189–190}}<br /> <br /> Convoys to Tripoli resumed and losses increased but by 16 December the supply situation had eased except for the fuel shortage. In December, the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} was restricted to one sortie per day. Vichy sold the Axis {{cvt|3600|LT|t|0}} of fuel, U-boats were ordered into the Mediterranean and air reinforcements were sent from Russia in December. The Italian navy used warships to carry fuel to Derna and Benghazi and made a maximum effort from 16 to 17 December. Four battleships, three light cruisers and 20 destroyers escorted four ships to Libya. The use of an [[wikt:armada|armada]] for {{cvt|20000|LT|t|0}} of cargo ships, depleted the navy fuel reserve and only one more battleship convoy was possible. Bizerta was canvassed as an {{lang|fr|entrepôt}} but it was within range of RAF aircraft from Malta and was another {{cvt|500|mi|km}} west of Tripoli.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=190–192}}<br /> <br /> ==1942==<br /> <br /> ==={{lang|de|Unternehmen Theseus}}===<br /> The Eighth Army advance of {{cvt|800|km|mi|order=flip}} to El Agheila transferred the burden of an over-stretched supply line to the British. In January 1942, the British withdrew from the front to reduce the supply burden and to prepare for [[Operation Acrobat]], a 1941 plan to advance west against Tripolitania. The British overestimated Axis losses during Operation Crusader and believed that they faced 35,000 troops, rather than the true total of 80,000 men and also misjudged the speed of Axis reinforcement from Europe. The Eighth Army expected to be ready by February, well before an Axis attack.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|pp=334–336, 330}} The [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] held the area around El Agheila and from 28 to 29 December was engaged near Ajedabia and lost 61 of 90 tanks, vs. seven German tanks lost.{{sfn|Carver|2002|p=54}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} began Operation Theseus on 21 January and defeated the [[2nd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Armoured Brigade]] [[Defeat in detail|in detail]].{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=135–154}} By 23 January, the brigade was down from 150 to 75 tanks, against a German loss of 29 tanks out of 100. Benghazi fell on 28 January and [[Timimi]] on 3 February. By 6 February, the British were back to the Gazala line, a few miles west of Tobruk, from which the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had retreated seven weeks earlier. The British had 1,309 casualties from 21 January, had 42 tanks knocked out and another 30 damaged or broken down and lost forty field guns.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=139–153}} The commander of XIII Corps Lieutenant-General [[Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen]] resigned over differences with the Eighth Army commander, Neil Ritchie.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=171}}<br /> <br /> ===Battle of Gazala===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Battle of Gazala}}<br /> <br /> [[File:AfricaMap4.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Battle of Gazala, 21 January – 7 July 1942 (click to enlarge)}}]]<br /> By February the front was at the Gazala line, west of Tobruk. In the spring both sides prepared for another battle.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=197–223}} The British planned Operation Buckshot for June to destroy the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} and re-capture Cyrenaica but in early May defensive measures on the Egyptian border took priority, as an Axis attack became imminent.{{sfn|Carver|2002|pp=60–61}}{{efn|Since early 1941, Colonel [[Bonner Fellers]], an American liaison officer, had been free to roam around Egypt and the Eighth Army. Fellers communicated his findings nightly to Washington, using a code which had been broken by Axis cryptanalysts, who provided Rommel with details of the British defence scheme.{{sfn|Pitt|1989|p=194}}}} {{lang|de|Unternehmen Venezia}} (the [[Battle of Gazala]]) from 26 May to 21 June 1942, began when {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} and Italian tanks drove south, around the flank of the Gazala line and were isolated by [[Free French]] and other Allied troops at Bir Hakeim, who intercepted Axis supply convoys.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=223–231}}<br /> <br /> Rommel retreated to a position abutting the British minefields and Ritchie ordered [[Operation Aberdeen]], a counter-attack for 5 June. To the north, the [[32nd Army Tank Brigade]] lost 50 of 70 tanks.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=231–235}} The 7th Armoured Division and the [[5th Indian Infantry Division]] on the eastern flank attacked at {{nowrap|2:50 a.m.}} and met with disaster when the British artillery bombardment fell short of the German anti-tank screen. The 22nd Armoured Brigade lost 60 of 156 tanks and turned away, leaving the [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade|9th Indian Brigade]] stranded.{{sfn|Hinsley|1994|p=373}}{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=232–233}} An afternoon counter-attack by the {{lang|it|Ariete}} and [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|21st Panzer]] divisions and a 15th Panzer Division attack on the Knightsbridge Box overran the tactical HQs of the two British divisions and the 9th Indian Division. The [[10th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and smaller units were dispersed and command broke down. The 9th Indian Brigade, a reconnaissance regiment and four artillery regiments were lost and the British fled from the Gazala Line on 13 June, with only 70 operational tanks.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=233–234}}<br /> <br /> ====Fall of Tobruk====<br /> {{main|Axis capture of Tobruk}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-785-0294-32A, Tobruk, englische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|{{centre|British prisoners go &quot;into the bag&quot;, Tobruk, 1942}}]]<br /> Gott, now a Lieutenant-General and commander of XIII Corps, appointed Major-General [[Hendrik Klopper]] to the command of the [[2nd South African Division]], to defend Tobruk. Along with two South African brigades, were the [[22nd Guards Brigade|201st Guards (Motorised) Brigade]], [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]], 32nd Army Tank Brigade and the [[4th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)|4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade]].{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|p=561}} Tobruk had been besieged for nine months in 1941 but this time the Royal Navy could not guarantee the supply of the garrison and Auchinleck viewed Tobruk as expendable but expected that it could hold out for two months.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|p=559}} On 21 June, 35,000 Eighth Army troops surrendered to Lieutenant-General [[Enea Navarini]], the commander of XXI Corps.{{sfn|Bierman|Smith|2002|pp=178–213}} Auchinleck relieved Ritchie, took over the Eighth Army and stopped the Axis advance at El Alamein, {{cvt|70|mi|km}} from Alexandria; after the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] Auchinleck was also sacked.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=260–277}}<br /> <br /> ===={{lang|de|Unternehmen Herkules}}====<br /> <br /> {{Main|Operation Herkules}}<br /> <br /> Italian plans to invade Malta by sea began during the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] (3 October 1935 – May 1936).{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=64}} An opportunity to capture Malta occurred in April 1941 but [[Battle of Crete|Operation Mercury]] (20 May – 1 June 1941), the invasion of Crete, was conducted first, with such losses of parachute troops and transport aircraft that a second operation in 1941 was impossible. Luftwaffe units apart from {{lang|de|Fliegerkorps X}} then went east for [[Operation Barbarossa]] and by June 1941, the island air defences had recovered. Luftwaffe units returned to the Mediterranean in spring 1942 and managed to neutralise the offensive capacity of the island garrison.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=368}} In April, Hitler and Mussolini agreed to mount {{lang|de|Unternehmen Herkules}}, an Italian-German air and sea invasion. Two {{lang|de|[[Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)|Fliegerkorps]]}} with hundreds of [[Junkers Ju 52]] transport aircraft, gliders (including 24 [[Messerschmitt Me 321]] {{lang|de|Gigants}}) and about 200 {{lang|it|Regia Aeronautica}} transport aircraft were assembled for the invasion.{{sfn|Bekker|1975|p=352}}{{sfn|Green|1970|p=648}}<br /> <br /> The Italian navy assembled an armada of {{lang|de|[[Marinefährprahm]]}} (MFP), converted civilian ships and mine layers and 74 smaller boats. German MFPs, [[Siebel ferry|Siebel ferries]], {{lang|de|Pionierlandungsboote}}, {{lang|de|Sturmboote}}, large inflatable rafts and the {{lang|de|Seeschlange}} (Sea Snake a portable landing bridge), were contributed by the German navy.{{sfn|Marcon|1998|pp=221–224}}{{sfn|Schenk|1990|p=139}}{{efn|The German army had developed {{lang|de|Seeschlange}} as a portable landing bridge and floating roadway, from joined modules which could be towed into place to act as a temporary jetty.{{sfn|Schenk|1990|p=139}}}} Rommel wished to attack, having refitted the force in Libya, to forestall an Eighth Army offensive, which was agreed by Hitler and Mussolini, with the proviso that an advance would stop at Tobruk, ready for the invasion of Malta in August. After the success of {{lang|de|Unternehmen Venezia}} and the capture of Tobruk in June, the advance by the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} kept going after the fall of Tobruk. The pursuit of a defeated enemy had more appeal than the hazards of the Malta operation.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=369}} Herkules was cancelled, in favour of {{lang|de|Unternehmen Aïda}}, an invasion of Egypt to capture the Suez Canal.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=277–278}}<br /> <br /> ===={{lang|de|Unternehmen Aïda}}====<br /> <br /> {{Main|Battle of Mersa Matruh}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Bersaglieri entering Mersa Matruh.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Italian troops entering Mersa Matruh}}]]<br /> {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} advanced into Egypt after the victory at Gazala in pursuit of the Eighth Army, which made a defensive stand at Mersa Matruh. The speed of advance of the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} enabled it to get behind XIII Corps and [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] but the Axis forces were too weak to prevent the British from escaping. XIII Corps withdrew on the evening of 27 June but poor communication left X Corps on its own in the fortress of Mersa Matruh. X Corps broke out the following night but left 6,000 men and a great deal of equipment and supplies behind. The Eighth Army continued to retreat eastwards, colliding with Axis forces several times en route. An attempt to regroup at Fuka was cancelled and Auchinleck ordered a {{cvt|160|km|mi|order=flip}} retreat all the way to El Alamein, {{cvt|100|km|mi|order=flip}} west of Alexandria. The retreat brought the Eighth Army close to its base, which made supply much more efficient and the geographical bottleneck of the [[Qattara Depression]], {{cvt|40|mi|km}} to the south, made an Axis outflanking move much more difficult.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=277–295}} By 25 June, the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} was down to 60 tanks and the Italian XX Corps had only 14 operational tanks. Using supplies captured at Tobruk on the frontier and at Marsa Matruh, the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} reached El Alamein on 30 June. Supplying the Axis forces so far east of Gazala became much harder as most of their supplies still had to come from Tripoli, {{cvt|1400|mi|km}} away.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=375–376}}<br /> <br /> ===First Battle of El Alamein===<br /> <br /> {{Main|First Battle of El Alamein}}<br /> <br /> [[File:1stElAlamein1.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|{{centre|British troops dig in at El Alamein during the battle, 4 July 1942.}}]]<br /> An attempt to drive the Eighth Army out of the Alamein position took place in the First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942). After four days Rommel called off the attempt due to the strength of the Eighth Army defence, depleted Axis supplies and dwindling forces, with German divisions down to 1,200–1,500 men each. By 5 July, the number of serviceable German tanks fell to around thirty. After a lull, the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} planned to attack again, with about fifty German tanks, 2,100 German infantry, 54 Italian tanks and 1,600 Italian troops but the Eighth Army attacked first, at Tel el Eisa from 10 to 14 July, which exhausted both sides.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=376}} The Eighth Army began to attack Italian units, located with information from [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]], at Ruweisat Ridge (14–17 July) and from 21 to 23 July, again at Tel El Eisa on 22 July and Miteirya Ridge (22 and 26 July), after which another lull fell.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=340–357}} The Germans suffered about 10,000 casualties; Italian casualties are unknown but 7,000 Axis prisoners were taken, against 13,250 Eighth Army casualties.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=6}}{{sfn|Barr|2005|p=184}}<br /> <br /> ===Battle of Alam el Halfa===<br /> {{Main|Battle of Alam el Halfa}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Knocked out Panzer III near El Alamein 1942.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Knocked out Panzer III near El Alamein, 1942}}]]<br /> Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Montgomery]] took command of the Eighth Army in mid-August. Rommel tried to destroy the British and reach Cairo before Allied reinforcements, due in September, made an Axis victory in Africa impossible. {{lang|de|[[Panzerarmee Afrika]]}} was in poor condition and the physique of many of the Germans had declined due to climate and battle exhaustion; 19,000 German troops had been in Africa since March 1941. Reinforcements had brought the four German divisions up to 90,000 men, 17,000 men below establishment and 12,600 vehicles. Only 34,000 of these men were fighting troops. The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had accumulated about 200 German and 243 Italian tanks, vs. 700 British tanks. In the Battle of Alam el Halfa ({{lang|de|Unternehmen Brandung}}, 30 August – 5 September), Axis units sought to surround the Eighth Army by advancing around its southern flank.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=377}}<br /> <br /> The British were forewarned by Ultra (decoded German radio messages) and left only patrols in the south. The bulk of the British tanks and guns were concentrated at the Alam el Halfa Ridge, which blocked the Axis advance {{cvt|20|mi}} behind the front. The tanks stayed on the ridge and fought a static defensive engagement, rather than a battle of manoeuvre. Allied aircraft bombed and strafed Axis troops continuously from 30 August to 4 September, which destroyed few tanks but pinned them down and denied fast manoeuvring and concentration to the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}}. Axis attacks on the ridge failed, supplies ran short and Rommel ordered a withdrawal on 2 September.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=378–379}} Late on 3 September, a New Zealand brigade and a British brigade counter-attacked to cut off the Axis retreat but Operation Beresford was a costly failure and by 5 September the Axis retreat was complete.{{sfn|Playfair|2004b|pp=379–392}} The Eighth Army lost {{nowrap|1,750 men}} and 68 tanks; the Axis lost {{nowrap|2,900 men,}} {{nowrap|49 tanks,}} {{nowrap|36 aircraft,}} 60 guns and {{nowrap|400 lorries.}}{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=14}}<br /> <br /> ===Second Battle of El Alamein===<br /> <br /> {{main|Second Battle of El Alamein}}<br /> <br /> [[File:El Alamein 1942 - British tanks.jpg|thumb|{{centre|British tanks moving forwards through gaps in Axis minefields, cleared by Allied engineers and infantry, to engage German and Italian armour}}]]<br /> When the Eighth Army offensive began on 23 October, the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had {{nowrap|104,000 men,}} including {{nowrap|50,000 Germans,}} of whom only {{nowrap|24,173 were}} front line troops. There were {{nowrap|496 Axis}} tanks, {{nowrap|290 of }} which were Italian, {{nowrap|500 guns}} and {{nowrap|850 anti-tank}} guns. The Eighth Army had {{nowrap|195,000 men,}} {{nowrap|1,029 tanks,}} another {{nowrap|1,000 under}} repair, {{nowrap|908 guns}} and {{nowrap|1,451 anti-tank}} guns. The Allied troops were well fed and in good health, whereas the Axis troops were undernourished and susceptible to illness. The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had only {{cvt|180|mi|km}} of fuel per vehicle. By 27 October, the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} was down to {{nowrap|114 German}} tanks and by 2 November the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had expended most of its ammunition and had only {{nowrap|32 German}} and {{nowrap|120 Italian}} tanks left. Rommel decided to retreat but Hitler ordered the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} to stand fast. On 4 November, the Eighth Army broke through Axis defences and Rommel ordered the retreat to begin, abandoning the non-motorized units, particularly Italian formations, in the centre and south.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=381–385}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} had suffered {{nowrap|37,000 casualties,}} {{nowrap|30 per cent}} of the force and had lost {{nowrap|450 tanks,}} and {{nowrap|1,000 guns.}} The Eighth Army suffered {{nowrap|13,500 casualties,}} a far smaller proportion of the force and {{nowrap|500 tanks}} (only {{nowrap|150 of them}} destroyed) and about {{nowrap|110 guns}} (mainly anti-tank guns). The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} was reduced to about {{nowrap|5,000 men,}} {{nowrap|20 tanks,}} {{nowrap|20 anti-tank}} guns and {{nowrap|50 field guns.}}{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=27}} Attempts to encircle the Axis forces at Marsa Matruh failed and the bulk of the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} had escaped by 7 November. The Axis forces retreated along the coast road but lack of tanks and fuel for a mobile defence of the open southern flank, made a stand at the Halfaya Pass or any other position impossible.{{sfn|Lewin|1998|p=190}} Tobruk was retaken by the Eighth Army on 13 November and the Axis retreat continued; Benghazi fell on 20 November and the captured ports were quickly repaired to supply the British advance.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=81–239}}<br /> <br /> ===Battle of El Agheila===<br /> {{main|Battle of El Agheila}}<br /> <br /> [[File:AfricaMap5.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Pursuit of the Axis forces through Egypt and Libya (enlargeable)}}]]<br /> {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} retired to the El Agheila defences (Mersa Brega line) but Axis supply and reinforcement priority was given to the forces opposing the British [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] (Lieutenant-General [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]) and [[Operation Torch]], leaving the Italo-Germans with no capacity to counter-attack. Hitler ordered the Mersa Brega line to be held at all costs but Rommel favoured a fighting retreat to the [[Gabès]] Gap in Tunisia, which would increase the supply distance for the Eighth Army to {{cvt|1500|mi}}. On 24 November, [[Ugo Cavallero]] agreed to withdraw {{cvt|200|mi|km}} west to Buerat, {{cvt|50|mi}} beyond [[Sirte]], if the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} was attacked by a superior force. The Eighth Army reached El Agheila on 15 December and the New Zealand Division was sent to outflank the Marsa Brega line from {{nowrap|14 to 16 December}} as the [[51st (Highland) Division]] attacked frontally and the 7th Armoured Division attacked inland at Bir el Auera. The outflanking move failed with the loss of 18 tanks and the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} retreated behind an obstacle course of deep mine-fields and booby-traps, which slowed the pursuit.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=215–228}}{{sfn|Neillands|2004|pp=212–213}}<br /> <br /> ====Axis supply: 1942====<br /> El Agheila is {{cvt|460|mi}} closer to Tripoli than the Egyptian frontier; the arrival of the second Italian battleship convoy on 6 January 1942 and the discovery of {{cvt|13000|LT}} of fuel at Tripoli, eased the supply crisis, despite the delivery of only {{cvt|50000|LT}} of supplies in January. The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} had room to manoeuvre and a much shorter supply line against an opponent who now had the burden of an over-extended supply line. The arrival of the {{lang|de|Luftflotte II}} in Sicily had also restored Axis air superiority in the region. Rommel asked for another {{nowrap|8,000 lorries}} but this utopian demand was rejected and Rommel was warned that an advance would cause another supply crisis. On 29 January, the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} recaptured Benghazi and next day ammunition supply to the front line broke down. By 13 February Rommel had agreed to stop at Gazala, {{cvt|900|mi}} from Tripoli.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=192–193}}<br /> <br /> Until May, monthly deliveries averaged {{cvt|60000|LT|t|0}}, fewer than the smaller Axis force received from June to October 1941 but sufficient for an offensive. The {{cvt|900|mi|km}} advance to Gazala succeeded because Benghazi was open, reducing the transport distance for about {{nowrap|33 per cent}} of the supplies of the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} to {{cvt|280|mi|km}}. The Italians tried to restrain Rommel by advocating the capture of Malta, which would postpone another offensive in Africa until autumn but agreed to an attack on Tobruk for late May. An advance would stop at the Egyptian frontier, another {{cvt|150|mi|km}} east and the Luftwaffe would redeploy for [[Operation Herkules]]. The capture of Malta would not alter the constraints of port capacity and distance; protecting convoys and a large port close to the front would still be necessary for victory.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=193–195}}<br /> <br /> The capture of Alexandria would have made Malta irrelevant but a defensive strategy would be needed while Benghazi was extended, supplies accumulated and substantial reinforcements brought to Libya. More troops would increase the demand for supplies, which would exceed the capacities of Tripoli and Benghazi and the transport needed to move them. On 26 May, {{lang|de|Unternehmen Venezia}}, the Battle of Gazala, began; Tobruk was captured intact on 22 June and shipping losses barely increased. Deliveries to Libya fell from {{cvt|150000|–|32000|LT|t|0}}, due to a fuel shortage in Italy and the supplies were unloaded at Tripoli, which made the position of the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} untenable. Operation Herkules was postponed; the capture of {{nowrap|2,000 vehicles,}} {{cvt|5000|LT|t|0}} of supplies and {{cvt|1400|LT|t|0}} of fuel at Tobruk enabled the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} to advance another {{cvt|400|mi|km}} by 4 July, when lack of supplies, exhaustion and the rally of the Eighth Army ended the advance.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=195–197}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Italian marines disembarking in Tobruk harbour 1942.jpg|thumb|{{center|Italian marines disembarking in Tobruk harbour, July 1942}}]]<br /> Tobruk could only take {{cvt|20000|LT|t|0}} of supplies a month, was within DAF bomber range and the railway could carry only {{cvt|300|LT|t|0}} per day. Small deliveries could be made to Tobruk, Bardia and Marsa Matruh or be landed at Tripoli and Benghazi, {{cvt|1300|and|800|mi|km}} away. Ship losses in August rose by 400 per cent and deliveries fell by half, to {{cvt|51000|LT|t|0}}. Supplies were diverted back to Tripoli and the [[Battle of Alam Halfa]] consumed {{cvt|10000|LT|t|0}} of fuel. A retreat from El Alamein was forbidden by Hitler and deliveries fell as far fewer ships were sent from Italy. Shipbuilding, repairs and German replacement ships, had limited the net Italian loss of merchant ships to 23 per cent since 1940. On the eve of the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], the railway from Tobruk flooded and {{cvt|10000|LT|t|0}} of supplies were stranded, leaving the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} with only ten per cent of the fuel it needed.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=197–198}}<br /> <br /> ==1943==<br /> <br /> ===Buerat===<br /> Rommel planned to defend the Gabes Gap in Tunisia east of the French pre-war [[Mareth line]] by holding the port of Buerat, while Army Group Africa ({{lang|de|[[Generaloberst]]}} [Colonel-General] [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]), already in Tunisia, confronted the British First Army, which contained the [[II Corps (United States)|II US Corps]] and French troops.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|p=214}} The front was {{cvt|400|mi|km}} from Tobruk and with such supply difficulties, the Eighth Army was unable to use all its strength. Buerat was not strongly defended and despite intelligence on the state of the Axis forces, Montgomery paused until 16 January 1943, when the Eighth Army had a 4:1 superiority in infantry and a 7.5:1 superiority in tanks.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=227–230}} Bombing began on 12 January and [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]] attacked on 15 January, picking its way along the coast road through minefields, demolitions and booby-traps. The [[2nd New Zealand Division]] and the 7th Armoured Division swung inland via [[Tarhuna]], supplied by the [[Royal Army Service Corps]] (RASC) and the [[New Zealand Army Service Corps]]. The Eighth Army needed to capture the port quickly to avoid a supply shortage. Rommel withdrew from Buerat on 15 January, retreated from Tripoli on the night of 22/23 January, after destroying the port and then conducted a delaying action into Tunisia. The 7th Armoured Division entered Tripoli on 23 January; the last elements of {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} reached the Mareth line, another {{cvt|200|mi|km}} west, on 15 February, as LRDG patrols surveyed the defences.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|pp=218–219, 227}}<br /> <br /> ===Tripoli===<br /> {{further|Battle of Tripoli (1943)}}<br /> The main British attack was made along the coast road by the 51st (Highland) Division and an armoured brigade as the 7th Armoured Division advanced via Tarhuna, [[Castel Benito]] and Tripoli. The [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|90th Light Division]] fought delaying actions along the road, which exacerbated the Allied transport difficulties. From 20 to 21 January, the 90th Light Division made a stand at Corradini, having made 109 craters in the road from Buerat to [[Homs]]. The vanguard of the 7th Armoured Division reached the vicinity of Aziza on 21 January and next day the 51st (Highland) Division reached Castel Verde. A race developed and the Germans retired from Tripoli during the night; the 11th Hussars were the first into Tripoli, {{cvt|675|mi}} west of Benghazi, on the morning of 23 January.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=235–237, 232}} Five hours later, a Naval Base Party arrived and surveyed the wreckage of the port. On 26 January, five ships anchored outside the port and began to unload via lighters; on 30 January, {{cvt|3000|LT}} of stores were landed. In March the Eighth Army entered Tunisia and on 9 March, Rommel returned to Germany to communicate to Hitler the realities of conditions in North Africa. Rommel failed to persuade Hitler to allow the Axis forces to be withdrawn and was not allowed to return to Africa, ostensibly on health grounds.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=254–256}}<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> <br /> ===Analysis===<br /> In 1977, [[Martin van Creveld]] wrote that Rommel had claimed that if the supplies and equipment, sent to Tunisia in late 1942 and early 1943, had been sent earlier, the Axis would have won the Desert War. Creveld disagreed, since only the German occupation of southern France after Operation Torch made French merchant ships and [[Toulon]] available for dispatch and Bizerta available for receipt, which did not apply in 1941. The extra distance from Bizerta to the Egyptian border would also have negated the benefit of using a larger port. Axis supply had always been determined by the small size of the ports in Libya, a constraint that could not be overcome and attacks on Axis shipping had compounded chronic supply difficulties. With the German army bogged down in the USSR, there was never sufficient road transport available for the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} and the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}}, despite the relatively lavish scale of transport compared to other fronts.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|p=199}}<br /> <br /> The cancelled attack on Malta in the summer of 1942 had less influence on events than the small size of Tobruk harbour and its vulnerability to air attack. Only a railway, similar to the one built by the British, could have alleviated Axis supply difficulties but lack of time and resources made it impossible to build one. The influence of Axis ship losses on the defeats inflicted on the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} in late 1942 has been exaggerated, because lack of fuel was caused by the chronic difficulty of transporting goods overland, rather than lack of deliveries from Europe. During the Second Battle of El Alamein, {{frac|1|3}} of the fuel destined for the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}}, was stranded at Benghazi. Rommel wrote that Axis supply difficulties, relative to those of the British, determined the course of the military campaign and were a constraint that was insoluble.{{sfn|Creveld|1977|pp=200–201}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--needs a summary of the 8th army, with Monty, as the last para--&gt;Montgomery has been criticised for failing to trap the Axis armies and bring them to a decisive battle in Libya. His tactics have been seen as too cautious and slow, since he knew of the exiguous supply situation of the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} and Rommel's intentions from Axis signals decrypts and other intelligence.{{sfn|Hinsley|1981|p=460}} In 1966, the British official historian [[Ian Playfair]] wrote that the defensive ability of the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} in particular and British apprehensions of another defeat and retreat, would have constrained the freedom of action of any commander. Warfare in the desert has been described as a &quot;quarter-master's nightmare&quot;, given the conditions of desert warfare and the supply difficulties. Montgomery emphasised balance and refrained from attacks until the army was ready; Eighth Army morale greatly improved under his command.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=77, 79}} The Axis forces retreated through Libya into Tunisia and fought the [[Tunisian campaign]], eventually to be trapped between the Anglo-American forces of the First Army to the west and the Eighth Army from the east.{{sfn|Playfair|2004c|pp=81–101, 137–193, 215–239}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Egypt in World War II]]<br /> * [[Egypt–Libya Campaign]]<br /> * [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]<br /> * [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]<br /> * [[List of Italian Army equipment in World War II]]<br /> * [[List of World War II battles]]<br /> * [[Military history of Italy during World War II]]<br /> * [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]<br /> * [[Nazi Germany]]<br /> * [[Timeline of the North African campaign]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> ===Books===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Athanasiadis |first=Giorgis |title=Η Πρώτη Πράξη της Ελληνικής Τραγωδίας |trans-title=The First Act of the Greek Tragedy |date=1971 |language=Greek |publisher=Eleutheri Ellada |oclc=66166774}} <br /> * {{cite book |first=Niall |last=Barr |title=Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein |location=Woodstock, NY |publisher=Overlook Press |year=2005 |orig-year=2004 |isbn=978-1-58567-738-2}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Eddy |last=Bauer |editor-first=Young |editor-last=Peter |title=The History of World War II |year=2000 |orig-year=1979 |location=London |publisher=Orbis |edition=rev. |isbn=978-1-85605-552-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bekker |first=Cajus |title=The Luftwaffe War Diaries |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-306-80604-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Bierman |last2=Smith |first2=Colin |title=The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II |publisher=Viking |year=2002 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-03040-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/battleofalameint00bier |via=Archive Foundation}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Dilemmas of the Desert War: The Libyan Campaign 1940–1942 |last=Carver |first=M. |author-link=Michael Carver, Baron Carver |year=2002 |orig-year=1986 |publisher=Batsford |location=Staplehurst |edition=Spellmount |isbn=978-1-86227-153-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and other Figures, 1492–2015 |year=2017 |publisher=McFarland |edition=4th |isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |title=The German Army 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure |publisher=Stein and Day |year=1978 |location=Briarcliff Manor, NY |isbn=978-0-8128-2468-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Creveld |first=M. van |author-link=Martin van Creveld |title=Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton |year=1977 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29793-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Edgerton |first=D. |title=Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War |year=2011 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=978-0-713-99918-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Freivogel |first=Zvonimir |date=2022 |title=Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1918–1945 |location=Zagreb |publisher=Despot Infinitus |isbn=978-953-8218-72-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Green |first=William |title=Warplanes of the Third Reich |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-385-05782-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 |last1=Greene |first1=J. |last2=Massignani |first2=A. |year=2002 |orig-year=1998 |publisher=Chatham |location=Rochester |edition=pbk. |isbn=978-1-86176-190-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=J. |last2=Massignani |first2=A. |series=Great Campaigns |title=Rommel's North Africa campaign: September 1940 – November 1942 |year=1999 |publisher=Da Capo |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-1-58097-018-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Hinsley|1981}}|last1=Hinsley |first1=F. H. |last2=Thomas |first2=E. E. |last3=Ransom |first3=C. F. G. |last4=Knight |first4=R. C. |series=History of the Second World War |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations |volume=II |location=London |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-11-630934-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Hinsley |first=F. H. |series=History of the Second World War |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged) |location=London |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1994 |orig-year=1993 |edition=2nd rev. pbk. |isbn=978-0-11-630961-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Hoffman |first=K. |title=Erwin Rommel |year=2004 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-1-85753-374-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Lewin |first=Ronald |year=1998 |orig-year=1968 |title=Rommel As Military Commander |publisher=B&amp;N Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7607-0861-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/rommelasmilitary0000lewi |via=Archive foundation}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Luck |first=Hans von |author-link=Hans von Luck |title=Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck |year=1989 |location=New York |publisher=Dell (Random House) |isbn=978-0-440-20802-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Compton |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Compton Mackenzie |title=Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence |volume=I |publisher=Chatto &amp; Windus |location=London |year=1951 |oclc=1412578}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Macksey |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |series=Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century |number=Battle Book 22 |title=Beda Fomm: Classic Victory |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1971 |oclc=473687868}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Andrew |last=MacGregor |title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War |publisher=Praeger Security International General Interest |location=Santa Barbara, CA |year=2006 |orig-year=2006 |isbn=978-0-275-98601-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr |via=Archive foundation}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Marcon |first=Tullio |title=I Muli del Mare |trans-title=The Sea of Donkeys |language=it |publisher=Albertelli |location=Parma |year=1998 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-88-87372-02-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Mead |title=Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II |year=2007 |publisher=Spellmount |location=Stroud |isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Robin |last=Neillands |title=Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945 |publisher=John Murray |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7195-5647-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Pitt |first=Barrie |title=Crucible of War: Western Desert 1941 |volume=I |year=1989 |publisher=Paragon House |edition=New |isbn=978-1-55778-232-8}}<br /> * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004d}}|first1= I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=G. M. S. |last2=with Stitt |first3=Brigadier C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4= S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |volume=I |publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |year=2004d |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1954 |isbn=978-1-84574-065-8 |name-list-style=amp}}<br /> * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004a}}|first1= I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |first2=F. C. |last2=with Flynn |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941) |volume=II |publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |year=2004a |orig-year=HMSO 1956 |isbn=978-1-84574-066-5 |name-list-style=amp}}<br /> * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004b}}|first1= I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |first2= F. C. |last2= with Flynn |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |volume=III |publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |year=2004b |orig-year=1960 |isbn=978-1-84574-067-2 |name-list-style=amp}}<br /> * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004c}}|first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |first2=C. J. C. |last2=and Molony |first3= F. C. |last3=with Flynn |first4=T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |volume=IV |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1966 |year=2004c |location=London |publisher=HMSO |edition=pbk. repr. Naval &amp; Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=978-1-84574-068-9 |name-list-style=amp}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Porch |first=Douglas |author-link=Douglas Porch |title=Hitler's Mediterranean Gamble |year=2005 |orig-year=2004 |publisher=Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson |edition=Cassell Military Paperbacks |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-36705-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Raugh |first=H. E. |title=Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship |year=1993 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0-08-040983-2}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Erwin |last=Rommel |editor-last=Liddell Hart |editor-first=Basil |editor-link=Basil Liddell-Hart |title=The Rommel Papers |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1982 |location=New York |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-306-80157-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Schenk |first=Peter |title=Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-85177-548-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Shores|2014}} |last=Shores |first=Christopher |last2=Massimello |first2=Giovanni |last3=Guest |first3=Russell |last4=Olynyk |first4=Frank |last5=Bock |first5=Winfried |date=2014 |title=A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945: North African Desert, February 1942 – March 1943 |volume=II |location=London |publisher=Grub Street |isbn=978-1-91-069097-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Smetana |first=Vit |editor-last=Geaney |editor-first=Kathleen |date=2020 |title=Exile in London: The Experience of Czechoslovakia and the Other Occupied Nations, 1939–1945 |location=Charles University in Prague |publisher=Karolinum Press |isbn=978-8-02-463701-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=B. A. |last=Watson |title=Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 |publisher=Stackpole |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8117-3381-6 |orig-year=1999}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Journals===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=Jack |first2=Alessandro |last2=Massignani |title=The Summer of '42: The Proposed Axis Invasion of Malta |journal=Command Magazine |location=Conshohocken, PA |issue=20 |date=Jan–Feb 1993 |issn=1059-5651 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Jenner |first=C. J. |title=Turning the Hinge of Fate: Good Source and the UK–US Intelligence Alliance, 1940–1942 |year=2008 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=165–205 |publisher=[[Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations]] ([[Oxford University Press]]) |location=London |issn=0145-2096 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00688.x |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |year=1946 |author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell |title=Despatch on Operations in the Middle East from August, 1939 to November, 1940 |publisher=War Office |location=London |ref=none}} {{London Gazette |issue=37609 |date=13 June 1946 |supp=y |pages=2997–3006 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |year=1946 |title=Despatch on Operations in the Western Desert From 7th December, 1940 to 7th February 1941 |publisher=War Office |location=London |ref=none}} in {{London Gazette |issue=37628 |date=26 June 1946 |supp=y |pages=3261–3269 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |year=1946 |title=Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 7th February, 1941 to 15th July 1941 |publisher=War Office |location=London |ref=none}} in {{London Gazette |issue=37638 |date=3 July 1946 |supp=y |pages=3423–3444 |ref=none}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Reports===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite report |title=Battle Report: Alam Halfa |first1=G. P. B. |last1=Roberts |author-link=George Philip Bradley Roberts |last2=Bayerlein |first2=Fritz |author-link2=Fritz Bayerlein |editor-last=Liddell Hart |editor-first=Basil |editor-link=Basil Liddell Hart |year=1956 |publisher=Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/hart/hart.asp |access-date=5 November 2007 |oclc=464601329 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084922/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/hart/hart.asp |archive-date=21 October 2007 |url-status=dead |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite report |url=http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/wwii/marine1/1296ii.pdf |title=German Experiences in Desert Warfare during World War II |volume=II |publisher=Historical Division, European Command |last=Toppe |first=Alfred |orig-year=~1947 |year=1990 |location=Washington: US Marine Corps |website=The Black Vault |id=FMFRP 12-96-II |access-date=15 October 2013 |ref=none}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Theses===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite thesis |first=Howard R. |last=Christie |title=Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940 |degree=MA |year=1999 |publisher=US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |id=A116763 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 |access-date=16 February 2015 |oclc=465212715 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216220301/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 |url-status=dead}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Websites===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite archive |ref={{harvid|CCIS|1941}}<br /> |item=Appendix E, H.Q. Cyrenaica Command Intelligence Summary No. 6 (23 Feb 41) |collection=War Office, WO 169/1258 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=23 February 1941 |institution=The National Archives }}<br /> * {{cite web |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |website=The History of the British 7th Armoured Division |title=Engagements, 1942 |year=2001 |url=http://desertrats.org.uk/battles1942.htm |access-date=20 February 2015 |ref=none}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> ===Books===<br /> * {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Bierman |last2=Smith |first2=Colin |title=War without Hate: The Desert Campaign of 1940–1943 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |orig-year=2002 |edition=New |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-14-200394-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=War Diaries 1939–1945 |last=Alanbrooke |first=Field Marshal Lord |author-link=Alan Brooke |year=2002 |orig-year=1957 |editor1-last=Danchev |editor1-first=Alex |editor2-last=Todman |editor2-first=Daniel |publisher=Phoenix Press |location=London |edition=rev. |isbn=978-1-84212-526-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Beaumont |first=Joan |year=1996 |title=Australia's War, 1939–1945 |location=Melbourne |publisher=Allen &amp; Unwin |isbn=978-1-86448-039-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Antony |last=Brett-James |url=http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC |access-date=19 February 2016 |title=Ball of Fire: The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War |publisher=[[Gale &amp; Polden]] |year=1951 |location=Aldershot |oclc=4275700 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327021347/http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{cite book |author-link=Michael Carver, Baron Carver |last=Carver |first=Field Marshal Lord |title=El Alamein |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=2000 |orig-year=1962 |location=Ware |isbn=978-1-84022-220-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Carver |first=Field Marshal Lord |title=Tobruk |publisher=[[Pan Books]] |year=1964 |oclc=819671105}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Winston S. |last=Churchill |author-link=Winston Churchill |series=The Second World War |title=Their Finest Hour |volume=II |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location= Boston |year=1986 |orig-year=1949 |isbn=978-0-395-41056-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston S. |series=The Second World War |title=The Grand Alliance |volume=III |year=1985 |orig-year=1950 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-395-41057-8}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Churchill|first1=Winston S. |last2=Gilbert |first2=Martin |title=The Churchill War Papers |year=1993 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=London |isbn=978-0-393-01959-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor-first1=I. C. B. |editor-last1=Dear |editor-first2=M. R. D. |editor-last2=Foot |title=The Oxford Companion to World War II |series=Mazal Holocaust Collection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |orig-year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-280666-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Glassop |first=Lawson |title=We were the Rats |year=1992 |orig-year=1944 |location=Sydney |publisher=Angus &amp; Robertson |edition=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-014924-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Frank |last=Harrison |title=Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed |publisher=Brockhampton Press |location=London |year=1999 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=978-1-86019-986-8}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Jentz |first=Thomas L. |title=Panzer Truppen: The Complete Guide to the Creation &amp; Combat Employment of Germany's Tank Force 1933–1942 |volume=I |year=1996 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |isbn=0-88740-915-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Jentz |first=Thomas L. |title=Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds |year=1998 |publisher=Schiffer |isbn=978-0-7643-0226-8}}<br /> * {{cite book |author-link=Jon Latimer |last=Latimer |first=Jon |title=Alamein |location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7195-6203-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Jon |last=Latimer |author-link=Jon Latimer |series=Campaign |title=Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's Whirlwind Offensive |number=73 |publisher=Osprey |year=2000 |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85532-967-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |title=Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-275-98287-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Long |first=Gavin | author-link = Gavin Long|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070200/ |access-date=13 December 2015 |series=[[Official History of Australia in the Second World War]] Series 1 (Army) |volume=I |title=To Benghazi |year=1961 |orig-year=1952 |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |location=Canberra |oclc=314648263}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=C. E. |last=Lucas-Phillips |title=Alamein |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |year=1962 |oclc=3510044}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Maughan |first=Barton |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070202/ |series=Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 (Army) |volume=III |title=Tobruk and El Alamein |year=1966 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |oclc=954993}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Mellenthin |first=Major General F. W. von |title=Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armour in the Second World War |edition=First |orig-year=1956 |location=New York |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-345-24440-6|title-link=Panzer Battles (book)}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Erwin |last=Rommel |author-link=Erwin Rommel |editor-last=Pimlott |editor-first=John |title=Rommel: In His Own Words |location=London |publisher=Greenhill Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-85367-185-2}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale |volume=I |trans-title=The Italian Air Force in WWII |last=Santoro |first=G. |year=1957 |orig-year=1950 |publisher=Edizione Esse |location=Milano-Roma |edition=2nd |url=http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/libribyavia_aeronautica_italiana.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031015410/http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/libribyavia_aeronautica_italiana.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 December 2015 |oclc=900980719}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale |volume=II |trans-title=The Italian Air Force in WWII |last=Santoro |first=G. |year=1957 |publisher=Edizione Esse |location=Milano-Roma |edition=1st |url=http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/libribyavia_aeronautica_italiana.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031015410/http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/libribyavia_aeronautica_italiana.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=31 October 2011 |access-date=17 December 2015 |oclc=60102091}}<br /> * {{cite book |first=Ian W. |last=Walker |title=Iron hulls, Iron hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa |publisher=Crowood |year=2003 |location=Marlborough |isbn=978-1-86126-646-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Ronald |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |title=Alam Halfa and Alamein |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Alam.html |location=Wellington, NZ |publisher=Historical Publications Branch |year=1967 |oclc=504337535}}<br /> <br /> ===Reports===<br /> * {{cite report |series=USAWC Strategy Research Project |title=Discarded Victory: North Africa, 1940–1941 |last=Thompson |first=D. H. |year=2002 |publisher=US Army War College |location=Carlisle Barracks, PA |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a404277.pdf |access-date=9 July 2015 |oclc=50872739 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093859/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a404277.pdf |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite report |last=Tosch |first=D. F. |series=Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph |title=German Operations in North Africa: A Case Study of the Link Between Operational Design and Sustainment |type=Report |url=http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/2194/rec/11 |year=1987 |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies US Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |access-date=28 March 2015 |docket=ADA 184732 |oclc=17455859}}<br /> <br /> ===Theses===<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Dando |first=N. |title=The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 |type=PhD |url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |year=2014 |publisher=Plymouth University |access-date=25 March 2015 |oclc=885436735 |archive-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004183311/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=LaFace |first=J. L. |series=Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies |title=Tactical Victory Leading to Operational Failure: Rommel in North Africa |type=Monograph |year=2001 |publisher=[[United States Army Command and General Staff College]], [[School of Advanced Military Studies]] |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |url=http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/305/rec/1 |access-date=28 March 2015 |docket=ADA 397473 |oclc=831724060}}<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Snead |first=L. R. |series=Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies |title=Wavell's Campaigns in the Middle East: An Analysis of Operational Art and the Implications for Today |date=6 May 1994 |type=Monograph |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/1328/rec/2 |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |access-date=9 March 2015 |docket=ADA 284720 |oclc=831935679 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062551/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll3/id/1328/rec/2 |url-status=dead }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|World War II in North Africa|Western Desert Campaign}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080115063731/http://www.afrikakorps.org/ AFRIKAKORPS.org/AANA Research Group]<br /> * [//upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/a/a4/Battle_report_of_Panzerarmeeafrika_for_28_June_1942.jpg Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K.T.B. 812 page 1]<br /> * [[commons:File:Battle report of Panzerarmeeafrika for 29 June 1942.jpg|Panzer Army Africa Battle Report dated 29 June 1942 K.T.B. 812 page 2]]<br /> * [http://rommelsriposte.com/2008/07/16/supply-statistics-for-north-africa/ Crusader Project, Axis supply statistics for North Africa]<br /> <br /> {{World War II}}<br /> {{Tobruk in the Second World War}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Western Desert campaign| ]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving Italy]]<br /> [[Category:Egypt in World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Libya in World War II]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of Italy during World War II]]<br /> [[Category:North African campaign]]<br /> [[Category:Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Western Desert (Egypt)]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_House&diff=539451 2026-03-24T04:29:15Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting initial post initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Vaigai-Tamil Nadu House<br /> | former_names = Madras House<br /> | address = No.6 Kautilya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|28|35|57.7|N|77|11|56.3|E}}<br /> | completion_date = 1962<br /> | owner = Government of Tamil Nadu<br /> | number_of_rooms = 49<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Podhigai-Tamil Nadu House<br /> | address = No.9. Tikendrajit Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|28|34|59.6|N|77|11|26.7|E}}<br /> | inauguration_date = 16 September 2004<br /> | owner = Government of Tamil Nadu<br /> | number_of_rooms = 73<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tamil Nadu House''' ({{Langx|ta|தமிழ்நாடு இல்லம்}}) is the Guest House of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in [[New Delhi]]. Tamil Nadu House has 2 premises: Vaigai-Tamil Nadu House and Podhigai-Tamil Nadu House. It has Business Centre, Fitness Centre, Auditorium in its premises. Vaigai Tamil Nadu House has 49 rooms and Podhigai Tamil Nadu House has 73 rooms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Protocol and Accommodation |url=https://tnhouse.tn.gov.in/tnguesthouse |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Tamil Nadu House {{!}} NewDelhi :: தமிழ்நாடு இல்லம் {{!}} புது டெல்லி |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The First one '''Vaigai-Tamil Nadu House''' was built in the year 1962. It was originally called  ‘Madras House’. It is located at No.6 Kautilya Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]]. It is located on a plot of land about 1.757 acres. The nearby buildings are Gujrat Bhavan, Arunachal Bhavan.&lt;ref name=about&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Tamil Nadu House |url=https://tnhouse.tn.gov.in/tnguesthouse |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Tamil Nadu House {{!}} NewDelhi :: தமிழ்நாடு இல்லம் {{!}} புது டெல்லி |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Second one '''Podhigai-Tamil Nadu House''' is at No.9 Tikendrajit Marg, Chanakyapuri. It was inaugurated on 16 September 2004. It is located on a plot of land about 1.966 acres. The nearby buildings are Uttarakhand Sadan, NEC House, Tripura Bhavan.&lt;ref name=about/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Resident Commissioners represent the Government of Tamil Nadu in New Delhi. And the Resident Commissioners administrates the Tamil Nadu House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resident Commissioners |url=https://tnhouse.tn.gov.in/tnguesthouse |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Tamil Nadu House {{!}} NewDelhi :: தமிழ்நாடு இல்லம் {{!}} புது டெல்லி |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{Official website|https://tnhouse.tn.gov.in/}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:State governments' houses in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Official residences in India]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Tamil Nadu]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010%E2%80%9311_East_Bengal_FC_season&diff=482318 2026-03-21T18:30:02Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Created Basic Stub Needs Work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian football club season}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Original research|date=August 2021}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox football club season<br /> | club = [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | season = [[2010–11 I-League|'''2010–11''']]<br /> | manager = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]]<br /> | mgrtitle = Head-Coach<br /> | chairman = Dr Pranab Dasgupta<br /> | chrtitle = President<br /> | stdtitle = Ground<br /> | stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Barasat Stadium]]&lt;br /&gt;[[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> | league = [[I-League]]<br /> | league result = '''[[2010–11 I-League|Runners-up]]'''<br /> | league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]<br /> | league2 result= '''Champions'''<br /> | cup1 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]<br /> | cup1 result = '''[[2010 Indian Federation Cup|Champions]]'''<br /> | cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]<br /> | cup2 result = '''[[2010 Durand Cup|Semi-Finals]]'''<br /> | cup3 = Platinum Jubilee Cup<br /> | cup3 result = '''Champions'''<br /> | cup4 = [[IFA Shield]]<br /> | cup4 result = '''[[2011 IFA Shield|Group Stage]]'''<br /> | cup5 = [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Super Cup]]<br /> | cup5 result = '''[[2010 Indian Super Cup|Runners-up]]'''<br /> | cup6 = [[AFC Cup]]<br /> | cup6 result = '''[[2011 AFC Cup|Group Stage]]'''<br /> | league topscorer = [[Tolgay Ozbey]] ('''17''')<br /> | season topscorer = [[Tolgay Ozbey]] ('''37''')<br /> | highest attendance= <br /> | lowest attendance = <br /> | average attendance= <br /> |pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br /> |pattern_la1 = <br /> |pattern_ra1 =<br /> |pattern_sh1 =<br /> |pattern_so1 = _2 gold stripes<br /> |leftarm1 = FFDF00<br /> |body1 = FFDF00<br /> |rightarm1 = FF0000<br /> |shorts1 = 000000<br /> |socks1 = FF0000<br /> |pattern_b2 = _EastBengal_10_11_Away <br /> |pattern_la2 =<br /> |pattern_ra2 =<br /> |pattern_sh2 = _red_stripes_adidas<br /> |leftarm2 =ffffff<br /> |body2 =ffffff<br /> |rightarm2 =ffffff<br /> |shorts2 =000000<br /> |socks2 =ffffff<br /> | prevseason = [[2009–10 East Bengal F.C. season|2009–10]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2011–12 East Bengal F.C. season|2011–12]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 2010–11 season is [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal Football Club]]'s 4th season in the [[I-League]], and also marks the club's 91st season. East Bengal will seek to win their first league trophy for 6 seasons, competing in the [[2010–11 I-League|I-League]], the [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] and the [[2011 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]].<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> <br /> ===Current squad===<br /> For the 2010–11 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/club/currentSquad.asp |title=Official list |access-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230012614/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/club/currentSquad.asp |archive-date=2011-12-30 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Fs start}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=1|pos=GK|nat=India|name=[[Abhra Mondal]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=22|pos=GK|nat=India|name=[[Naseem Akhtar]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=21|pos=GK|nat=India|name=[[Sandip Nandy]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=31|pos=GK|nat=India|name=[[Jayanta Pal]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=2|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=29|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Saumik Dey]]}}[Captain]<br /> {{Fs player|no=26|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=37|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Rajib Ghosh (footballer)|Rajib Ghosh]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=3|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Nirmal Chettri]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=5|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Sunil Kumar Thakur]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=34|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Sukamal Santra]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=16|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Gurwinder Singh]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=33|pos=DF|nat=India|name=Saikat Saha Roy}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=8|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Noaba Singh]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=4|pos=DF|nat=Nigeria|name=[[Uga Samuel Okpara]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=19|pos=DF|nat=India|name=[[Syed Rahim Nabi]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=7|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Harmanjyot Singh Khabra]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Biswarup Deb]]}}<br /> {{Fs mid}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=9|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Alvito D'Cunha]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=24|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Aseem Koraliyadan]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=32|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Lalchuan Awma]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=14|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Mehtab Hossain]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=12|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Reisangmei Vashum]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=11|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Sanju Pradhan]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=17|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Sushanth Mathew]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=42|pos=MF|nat=India|name=[[Bishwajit Natta]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=18|pos=MF|nat=Nigeria|name=[[Penn Orji]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=23|pos=FW|nat=India|name=[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=25|pos=FW|nat=India|name=[[Bikash Narjinary]] ''(Currently on loan to [[Southern Samity]])''}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=20|pos=FW|nat=Australia|name=[[Tolgay Ozbey]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=6 |pos=FW|nat=India|name=[[Baljit Sahni]]}}<br /> {{Fs end}}<br /> <br /> *'''Coach''': [[Trevor Morgan (footballer)|Trevor Morgan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news/index.asp#774 |title=East Bengal Club, Official announcement |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230012755/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/news/index.asp#774 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/07/16/2028399/breaking-news-east-bengal-appoint-former-bolton-playerGoal.com News]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''Asst coach''': [[Tushar Rakshit]]<br /> *'''Goalkeeper coach''': [[Atanu Bhattacharya]]<br /> *'''Team doctor''': Dr. S R Dasgupta<br /> *'''Team manager''': Swapan Ball, Gopal Ghosh<br /> <br /> ===Transfers===<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> '''In:'''<br /> {{Fs start|hidenote=y}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=India|name=[[Reisangmei Vashum]]|pos=FW|other= Free from {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=India|name=[[Sushanth Mathew]]|pos=DF|other= Free from {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahindra United]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=India|name=[[Naoba Singh]]|pos=DF|other= Free from {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=India|name=[[Penn Orji]]|pos=MF|other= Free from {{flagicon|India}} [[JCT FC|JCT]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=BRA|name=[[Alexandro da Silva Santos]]|pos=FW|other= Free from {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Citizen AA]]}}<br /> {{Fs end}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> '''Out:''' <br /> {{Fs start|hidenote=y}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|name=[[Baichung Bhutia]]|pos=FW|other= On loan {{flagicon|India}} [[United Sikkim FC]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|name=Budhiram Tudu|pos=FW|other= On loan {{flagicon|India}} [[United Sikkim FC]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|name=[[Bengaicho Beokhokhei Singh]]|pos=FW|other= On loan {{flagicon|India}} [[United Sikkim FC]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=IND|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]|pos=GK|other= On loan {{flagicon|India}} [[Pailan Arrows]]}}<br /> {{Fs player|no=-|nat=BRA|name=[[Alexandro da Silva Santos]]|pos=FW|other= Released}}<br /> {{Fs end}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Stadiums==<br /> East Bengal F.C. have been using both the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and the [[East Bengal Ground]] sense Salt Lake Stadium opened in 1984. As of today the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] is used for East Bengal's [[I-League]], [[AFC Cup]], and [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] games. The [[East Bengal Ground]] is used for the [[Calcutta Football League]] matches.<br /> <br /> ==Kit==<br /> *Main Sponsor: [[Kingfisher]] (Parent Company [[United Breweries Group]] is 50% stake holder in the club).<br /> *Co-sponsor: Tower Group<br /> *Co-sponsor: [[Saradha Group]]<br /> <br /> {| border-&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto&quot;<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> |pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br /> |pattern_la = <br /> |pattern_ra =<br /> |pattern_sh =<br /> |pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br /> |leftarm = FFDF00<br /> |body = FFDF00<br /> |rightarm = FF0000<br /> |shorts = 000000<br /> |socks = FF0000<br /> |title=Home<br /> }}<br /> |<br /> |{{Football kit<br /> |pattern_b = _EastBengal_10_11_Away<br /> |pattern_la = <br /> |pattern_ra = <br /> |pattern_sh =<br /> |pattern_so = _red_stripes_adidas<br /> |leftarm = ffffff<br /> |body = ffffff<br /> |rightarm = FFFFFF<br /> |shorts = 000000<br /> |socks = FFFFFF<br /> |title = Away<br /> }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Competitions==<br /> <br /> ===Overall===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:200px;&quot; | Competition<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:170px;&quot; | First match<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:170px;&quot; | Last match<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center; width:130px;&quot; | Final position<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Calcutta Football League]]<br /> |31 August 2010<br /> |14 December 2010<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;|Champions<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]<br /> |21 September 2010<br /> |2 October 2010<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;|[[2010 Indian Federation Cup|Champions]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Durand Cup]]<br /> |30 October 2010<br /> |4 November 2010<br /> |Semi-Finals<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Platinum Jubilee Cup<br /> |12 November 2010<br /> |14 November 2010<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;|Champions<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Super Cup]]<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;|1 December 2010<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot;|[[2010 Indian Super Cup|Runners-up]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[I-League]]<br /> |4 December 2010<br /> |1 June 2011<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot;|[[2010–11 I-League|Runners-up]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[IFA Shield]]<br /> |12 March 2011<br /> |25 March 2011<br /> |[[2011 IFA Shield|Group-Stage]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[AFC Cup]]<br /> |2 March 2011<br /> |10 May 2011<br /> |[[2011 AFC Cup|Group Stage]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> {{Fb overview<br /> |c=3<br /> |c1=[[Calcutta Football League]] <br /> |w1=14|l1=1|d1=1|f1=49|a1=9<br /> |c2=[[2010 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] <br /> |w2=5|l2=0|d2=0|f2=8|a2=2<br /> |c3=Platinum Jubilee Cup<br /> |w3=1|l3=0|d3=1|f3=4|a3=3<br /> |c4=[[2010 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]<br /> |w4=2|l4=1|d4=0|f4=6|a4=3<br /> |c5=[[2010 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]] <br /> |w5=0|l5=1|d5=0|f5=1|a5=3<br /> |c6=[[2010–11 I-League|I-League]] <br /> |w6=15|l6=5|d6=6|f6=44|a6=21<br /> |c7=[[2011 IFA Shield|IFA Shield]]<br /> |w7=1|l7=2|d7=1|f7=5|a7=5<br /> |c8=[[2011 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]] <br /> |w8=0|l8=3|d8=3|f8=9|a8=17<br /> |u=1 June 2011<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===Calcutta Football League===<br /> {{Main|Calcutta Football League}}<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 1<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 31 August 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 5–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/august9_2010.html#keb_mdac<br /> |team2 = Mohammedan AC<br /> |goals1 = Budhiram Tudu {{goal|3}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|14}}&lt;br /&gt;Bikash Narzinary {{goal|39||64||66}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee =<br /> |motm = Bikash Narzinary (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 2<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 3 September 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept1stweek_2010.html#eb_wbp<br /> |team2 = WB Police<br /> |goals1 = [[Penn Orji]] {{goal|78||88}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee =<br /> |motm = [[Penn Orji]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 3<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 9 September 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 4–1<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept3rdweek_2010.html#keb_bnr<br /> |team2 = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway|BNR]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Ekene Ikenwa]] {{goal|4||39}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|34}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Mehtab Hossain]] {{goal|58}}<br /> |goals2 = Michael {{goal|6}}<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee =<br /> |motm = [[Naoba Singh]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 4<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 13 September 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 5–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept4thweek_2010.html#keb_msc_match<br /> |team2 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|6}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{sentoff|2|33|34}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|47||50}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Saumik Dey]] {{goal|58}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|76}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = Tushar Kanti Guha<br /> |motm = [[Mehtab Hossain]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 5<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 16 September 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 3–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept5thweek_2010.html#keb_peer<br /> |team2 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Ekene Ikenwa]] {{goal|8}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Harmanjot Khabra]] {{goal|36}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Nirmal Chettri]] {{goal|87}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Reisangmei Vashum]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 6<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 7 October 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct3rdpart_2010.html#eastbengal_port<br /> |team2 = Calcutta Port Trust<br /> |goals1 = Saikat Saha Roy {{goal|56}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|67}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = Saikat Saha Roy (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 7<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 9 October 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 6–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct4thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_rail<br /> |team2 = Eastern Railway<br /> |goals1 = [[Ekene Ikenwa]] {{goal|3||36||45||79|pen}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|90||90+2}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Ekene Ikenwa]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 8<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 12 October 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 3–1<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct4thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_george<br /> |team2 = [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]<br /> |goals1 = Budhiram Tudu {{goal|10}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Sushanth Mathew]] {{goal|12}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|57}}<br /> |goals2 = Deepak Dolui {{goal|47}}<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Penn Orji]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 9<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 20 October 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct6thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_tolly<br /> |team2 = [[Tollygunge Agragami]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Penn Orji]] {{goal|25}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = Nasibul Haq (Tollygunge Agragami)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 10<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 23 October 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 5–2<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct7thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_kms<br /> |team2 = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha F.C.|Kalighat MS]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Ekene Ikenwa]] {{goal|39}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|43|pen|45}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|50||84}}<br /> |goals2 = Prasenjit Neogi {{goal|6}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Christopher Chizoba]] {{goal|58|pen}}<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Christopher Chizoba]] (Kalighat M)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 11<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 25 October 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 3–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct8thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_rfc<br /> |team2 = Railway FC<br /> |goals1 = [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|4}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|47}}&lt;br /&gt;Budhiram Tudu {{goal|64}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Penn Orji]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 12<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 18 November 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 3–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov7thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_kalighat<br /> |team2 = Kalighat Club<br /> |goals1 = [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|25||31}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|87}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Tolgay Ozbey]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 13<br /> |result = D<br /> |date = 21 November 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 1–1<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov9thpart_2010.html#chirag_eastbengal<br /> |team2 = [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|8}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Arnab Mondal]] {{goal|26}}<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Arnab Mondal]] (Chirag United)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 14<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 23 November 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 3–2<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov10thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_southern<br /> |team2 = [[Southern Samity]]<br /> |goals1 = Budhiram Tudu {{goal|40}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Mehtab Hossain]] {{goal|71}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] {{goal|46}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Marcos Alexandro de Carvalho Pereira|Marcos Pereira]] {{goal|56}}<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance =<br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = [[Mehtab Hossain]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[Kolkata Derby|15]]<br /> |result = W<br /> |date = 26 November 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov11thpart_2010.html#eb_mb_match<br /> |team2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |goals1 = [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|12||59}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> |attendance = 100,000 (est.)<br /> |referee = Gamini Nivon Roesh<br /> |motm = [[Penn Orji]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 16<br /> |result = L<br /> |date = 14 December 2010<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |report = https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/dec6thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_aryan2<br /> |team2 = [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]<br /> |goals1 = Rajib Ghosh {{goal|5}}<br /> |goals2 = Snehasish Dutta {{goal|60||91}}<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |stadium = [[East Bengal Ground]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee = <br /> |motm = Snehasish Dutta (Aryan)<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===Federation Cup===<br /> {{main|2010 Indian Federation Cup}}<br /> ;Group A<br /> {{:2010 Indian Federation Cup|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=EBG}}<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 21 September 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 3–1<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept6thweek_2010.html#keb_air_fed<br /> | team2= [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|25||55|pen}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|63}}<br /> | goals2= Bijith Setty {{goal|89|pen}}<br /> | location= [[Cuttack]]<br /> | stadium= [[Barabati Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 23 September 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 2–1<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept7thweek_2010.html#keb_hal_fed<br /> | team2= [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]<br /> | goals1= [[Penn Orji]] {{goal|13}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|33}}<br /> | goals2= Hamza {{goal|9}}&lt;br /&gt;Sreekant {{sentoff|2|55|65}}<br /> | location= [[Cuttack]]<br /> | stadium= [[Barabati Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 25 September 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept8thpart_2010.html#keb_pfc<br /> | team2= [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]<br /> | goals1= [[Penn Orji]] {{goal|67}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Cuttack]]<br /> | stadium= [[Barabati Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Semi Final<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 29 September 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept9thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_churchill<br /> | team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|11}} {{penmiss}} &lt;small&gt;22'&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Cuttack]]<br /> | stadium= [[Barabati Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= [[2010 Indian Federation Cup Final|Final]]<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 2 October 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct2ndpart_2010.html#eastbengal_mohunbagan_fed_final<br /> | team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{penmiss}} &lt;small&gt;21'&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|53}}<br /> | goals2= [[Muritala Ali]] {{sentoff|2|70|88}}<br /> | location= [[Cuttack]]<br /> | stadium= [[Barabati Stadium]]<br /> | referee= Dinesh Nair<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===Durand Cup===<br /> {{main|2010 Durand Cup}}<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 30 October 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 4–1<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/oct9thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_air<br /> | team2= [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|42||71}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Ekene Ikenwa]] {{goal|89}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|90+2}}<br /> | goals2= Yusuf Tijani {{goal|13}}<br /> | location= [[Delhi]]<br /> | stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 1 November 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 2–1<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov1stpart_2010.html#eastbengal_salgaocar<br /> | team2= [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | goals1= [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|62|pen}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|68}}<br /> | goals2= [[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|29}}<br /> | location= [[Delhi]]<br /> | stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Semi Final<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 4 November 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 0–1<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov2ndpart_2010.html#chirag_eastbengal<br /> | team2= [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] {{goal|87}}<br /> | location= [[Delhi]]<br /> | stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===Platinum Jubilee Cup===<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Semi Final<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 12 November 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov5thpart_2010.html#keb_msc<br /> | team2= [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br /> | goals1= [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|92|pen}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= Rathin Mukherjee<br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Final<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 14 November 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> |score= 3–3<br /> |aet=yes<br /> |report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/nov6thpart_2010.html#eastbengal_mohunbagan_75<br /> |team2=[[Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |goals1=[[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|45+1}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|76||101}}<br /> |goals2=Satish Kumar {{goal|55}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] {{goal|67}}&lt;br /&gt;Harpreet Singh {{goal|115}}<br /> |penaltyscore=3–2<br /> |penalties1 = <br /> * [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{pengoal}}<br /> * [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{pengoal}}<br /> * [[Sushanth Mathew]] {{pengoal}}<br /> * [[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]] {{penmiss}}<br /> * Biswajit Natta {{penmiss}}<br /> |penalties2 = <br /> * {{penmiss}} [[Souvik Chakrabarti]]<br /> * {{penmiss}} [[Snehasish Chakraborty]]<br /> * {{pengoal}} Rahul Kumar<br /> * {{pengoal}} Dipendu Duwary<br /> * {{penmiss}} Gouranga Dutta<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= Barun Saha<br /> | motm= [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] (East Bengal)<br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===Super Cup===<br /> {{Main|2010 Indian Super Cup}}<br /> <br /> Last year's Federation Cup Champion [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] faced last year's I-League Champion [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] in the [[2010 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]].<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= <br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 1 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] <br /> | score= 3–1<br /> | report= https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/dec1stpart_2010.html#dempo_eastbengal<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|34||38||50}}<br /> | goals2= [[Penn Orji]] {{goal|23}}<br /> | location= [[Gurgaon]]<br /> | stadium= [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===I League===<br /> {{Main|2010–11 I-League}}<br /> <br /> ====League table====<br /> {{:2010–11 I-League|showteam=EB}}<br /> <br /> ====Results summary====<br /> {{Fb_rs |hw=11 |hd=1 |hl=1 |hgf=30 |hga=9 |aw=4 |ad=5 |al=4 |agf=14 |aga=12 }}<br /> {{Fb_rs_footer|u=1 June 2011|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/east-bengal-club-fc/ Soccerway] |date=June 2011}}<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 1<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 4 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2010/12/04/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/ongc/1044752/<br /> | team2= [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|88}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 2<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 8 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]<br /> | score= 0–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2010/12/08/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/1044758/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|53}}<br /> | location= [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]<br /> | stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 3<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 12 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 4–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2010/12/12/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/aiff-xi/1044765/<br /> | team2= [[Indian Arrows|AIFF XI]]<br /> | goals1= [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|49||71}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|66}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|79}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 4<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 17 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]<br /> | score= 0–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2010/12/17/india/i-league/jagajit-cotton-textile-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/1044772/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= [[Uga Okpara]] {{goal|37}}<br /> | location= [[Ludhiana]]<br /> | stadium= [[Guru Nanak Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 5<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 22 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2010/12/22/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/1044779/<br /> | team2= [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|60}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 6<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 29 December 2010<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 6–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2010/12/29/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/air-india/1044793/<br /> | team2= [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]<br /> | goals1= [[Saumik Dey]] {{goal|10}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|34||90}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|43||48}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Mehtab Hossain]] {{goal|90}}<br /> | goals2= E. Mputu {{goal|55}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 7<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 4 January 2011<br /> | team1= [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]<br /> | score= 1–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/04/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/1044805/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Henry Ezeh]] {{goal|75}}<br /> | goals2= [[Uga Okpara]] {{goal|18}}<br /> | location= [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra|Kolhapur]]<br /> | stadium= [[Rajarshi Shahu Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 8<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 8 January 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/08/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/pune-fc/1044807/<br /> | team2= [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|63}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 9<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 14 January 2011<br /> | team1= [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]<br /> | score= 0–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/14/india/i-league/chirag-united-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1044815/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 10<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 18 January 2011<br /> | team1= [[Viva Kerala F.C.|Viva Kerala]]<br /> | score= 0–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/18/india/i-league/viva-kerala/east-bengal-club-fc/1044786/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|42}}<br /> | location= [[Kozhikode]]<br /> | stadium= [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 11<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 22 January 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/22/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-sc/1044821/<br /> | team2= [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]<br /> | goals1= [[Penn Orji]] {{goal|35}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 12<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 29 January 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 2–2<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/29/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/1044828/<br /> | team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | goals1= [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|51|pen}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|70}}<br /> | goals2= [[Kayne Vincent]] {{goal|68||90}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= [[Kolkata Derby|13]]<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 6 February 2011<br /> | team1= [[Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | score= 1–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/02/06/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/east-bengal-club-fc/1044841/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Jose Ramirez Barreto]] {{goal|29}}<br /> | goals2= [[Sanju Pradhan]] {{goal|8|pen}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 14<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 12 February 2011<br /> | team1= [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]<br /> | score= 1–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/02/12/india/i-league/ongc/east-bengal-club-fc/1044842/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Badmus Babatunde]] {{goal|53}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra|Kolhapur]]<br /> | stadium= [[Rajarshi Shahu Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 15<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 26 February 2011<br /> | team1= [[Indian Arrows|AIFF XI]]<br /> | score= 1–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/02/26/india/i-league/aiff-xi/east-bengal-club-fc/1044856/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Milan Singh]] {{goal|8}}<br /> | goals2= [[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|19}}<br /> | location= [[Gurgaon]]<br /> | stadium= [[Tau Devi Lal Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 16<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 6 March 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–2<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/03/06/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mumbai-fc/1044891/<br /> | team2= [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]<br /> | goals1= Biswarup Dey {{goal|90}}<br /> | goals2= [[Henry Ezeh]] {{goal|11}}&lt;br /&gt;Ebi Sukore {{goal|24}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 17<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 9 March 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 3–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/03/09/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/jagajit-cotton-textile-fc/1044863/<br /> | team2= [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]<br /> | goals1= [[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|28||73}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|76}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 18<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 4 April 2011<br /> | team1= [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]<br /> | score= 0–3<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/04/04/india/i-league/air-india/east-bengal-club-fc/1044884/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|72||89||90+1}}<br /> | location= [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra|Kolhapur]]<br /> | stadium= [[Rajarshi Shahu Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= [[Kolkata Derby|19]]<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 9 April 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 2–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/04/09/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1044875/<br /> | team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|5}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|54}}<br /> | goals2= [[Surkumar Singh]] {{goal|48}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 20<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 18 April 2011<br /> | team1= [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]<br /> | score= 2–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/04/18/india/i-league/pune-fc/east-bengal-club-fc/1044899/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Mandjou Keita]] {{goal|32}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Shanmugam Venkatesh]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | goals2= [[Uga Okpara]] {{goal|18}}<br /> | location= [[Pune]]<br /> | stadium= Balewadi Stadium<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 21<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 22 April 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 3–0<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/04/22/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/viva-kerala/1044905/<br /> | team2= [[Viva Kerala F.C.|Viva Kerala]]<br /> | goals1= [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] {{goal|17}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Penn Orji]] {{goal|19}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Sushil Kumar Singh]] {{goal|41}}<br /> | goals2= <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 22<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 15 May 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 3–2<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/05/15/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/dempo-sports-club/1044849/<br /> | team2= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]<br /> | goals1= [[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|47}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|50||57}}<br /> | goals2= [[Ranti Martins]] {{goal|7}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Roberto Mendes Silva]] {{goal|90|pen}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 23<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 19 May 2011<br /> | team1= [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | score= 3–2<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/05/19/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/1044881/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Rino Anto]] {{goal|33}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Cajetan Fernandes]] {{goal|79}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Yusif Yakubu]] {{goal|85}}<br /> | goals2= [[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|10|pen}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|16}}<br /> | location= [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]<br /> | stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 24<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 22 May 2011<br /> | team1= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | score= 2–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/05/22/india/i-league/churchill-brothers-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1044913/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie]] {{goal|30||58}}<br /> | goals2= [[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|78}}<br /> | location= [[Margao, Goa|Margao]]<br /> | stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 25<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 28 May 2011<br /> | team1= [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]]<br /> | score= 1–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/05/28/india/i-league/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-sc/east-bengal-club-fc/1074761/<br /> | team2= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | goals1= [[Xavier Vijay Kumar]] {{goal|84}}<br /> | goals2= [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] {{goal|76}}<br /> | location= [[Bangaluru]]<br /> | stadium= [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= 26<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 1 June 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 2–1<br /> | report= https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2011/06/01/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/chirag-united-sc/1044919/<br /> | team2= [[United S.C.|Chirag United]]<br /> | goals1= [[Sushanth Mathew]] {{goal|19}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Tolgay Ozbey]] {{goal|38}}<br /> | goals2= [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|65}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===IFA Shield===<br /> {{main|2011 IFA Shield}}<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 12 March 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–2<br /> | report= https://web.archive.org/web/20120207181737/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2011/march8thpart_2011.html#southern_eastbengal<br /> | team2= [[Southern Samity]]<br /> | goals1= [[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]] {{goal|2}}<br /> | goals2= [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]] {{goal|43||90+2}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= D<br /> | date= 20 March 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 1–1<br /> | report= https://web.archive.org/web/20111013185453/http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2011/march14thpart_2011.html#eastbengal_mohammedan_shield<br /> | team2= [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br /> | goals1= [[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|86}}<br /> | goals2= [[Christopher Chizoba]] {{goal|63|pen}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= L<br /> | date= 23 March 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 0–1<br /> | report= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/IFA-Shield-Churchill-Brothers-beat-East-Bengal-1-0/articleshow/7777006.cms<br /> | team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | goals1= <br /> | goals2= Bineesh Balan {{goal|60}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> {{footballbox collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> | result= W<br /> | date= 25 March 2011<br /> | team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br /> | score= 3–1<br /> | report= https://web.archive.org/web/20111013112951/http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2011/march17thpart_2011.html#ifa_shield_2011<br /> | team2= [[Shandong Taishan F.C.|Shandong Luneng]]<br /> | goals1= [[Baljit Sahni]] {{goal|41}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Reisangmei Vashum]] {{goal|77}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> | goals2= Mi-Hao-Ling {{goal|22}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]<br /> | referee= <br /> }}<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ===AFC Cup===<br /> {{main|2011 AFC Cup}}<br /> <br /> ====Group stage====<br /> {{:2011 AFC Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group H|showteam=KEB}}<br /> <br /> ====Fixtures &amp; results====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> |result = D<br /> |date= 2 March 2011<br /> |time= 17:00 [[UTC+05:30]]<br /> |team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |score= 4–4<br /> |report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214323/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&amp;compID=412&amp;matchId=3512 Report]<br /> |team2= {{flagicon|THA}} [[Chonburi F.C.|Chonburi]]<br /> |goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey|Ozbey]] {{goal|8||22}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Baljit Sahni|Sahni]] {{goal|74}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|R. Singh]] {{goal|82|pen.}}<br /> |goals2= [[Pipob On-Mo|Pipob]] {{goal|29||47}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Adul Lahso|Adul]] {{goal|43}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Ekaphan Inthasen|Ekaphan]] {{goal|53}}<br /> |stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> |attendance= 2,000<br /> |referee= [[Hettikamkanamge Perera]] ([[Football Federation of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]])<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> |result = L<br /> |date= 16 March 2011<br /> |time= 16:00 [[UTC+07:00]]<br /> |team1= [[Persipura Jayapura]] {{flagicon|IDN}}<br /> |score= 4–1<br /> |report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183815/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&amp;compID=412&amp;matchId=3511 Report]<br /> |team2= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |goals1= [[Titus Bonai|Bonai]] {{goal|16}} &lt;br&gt;[[Boaz Solossa|B. Solossa]] {{goal|19}} &lt;br&gt;[[Stevie Bonsapia|Bonsapia]] {{goal|62}} &lt;br&gt;[[Lukas Mandowen|Mandowen]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> |goals2= [[Tolgay Ozbey|Ozbey]] {{goal|22}}<br /> |stadium= [[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]], [[Jakarta]]<br /> |attendance= 700<br /> |referee= [[Vo Minh Tri]] ([[Vietnam Football Federation|Vietnam]])<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> |result = L<br /> |date= 13 April 2011<br /> |time= 20:00 [[UTC+08:00]]<br /> |team1= [[South China AA|South China]] {{flagicon|HKG}}<br /> |score= 1–0<br /> |report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183805/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&amp;compID=412&amp;matchId=3508 Report]<br /> |team2= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |goals1= [[Mateja Kežman|Kežman]] {{goal|69}}<br /> |goals2= <br /> |stadium= [[Hong Kong Stadium]], Hong Kong<br /> |attendance= 7,366<br /> |referee= [[Sgt. Win Cho]] ([[Myanmar Football Federation|Myanmar]])<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> |result = D<br /> |date= 26 April 2011<br /> |time= 15:00 [[UTC+05:30]]<br /> |team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |score= 3–3<br /> |report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183854/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&amp;compID=412&amp;matchId=3506 Report]<br /> |team2= {{flagicon|HKG}} [[South China AA|South China]]<br /> |goals1= [[Tolgay Ozbey|Ozbey]] {{goal|20||90+4|pen.}} &lt;br&gt; [[Baljit Sahni|Sahni]] {{goal|69}}<br /> |goals2= [[Kwok Kin Pong]] {{goal|58}} &lt;br&gt; [[Cheng Lai Hin]] {{goal|87}} &lt;br&gt; [[Li Haiqiang]] {{goal|90+3}}<br /> |stadium= [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]{{efn|Kingfisher East Bengal v South China moved to [[Barabati Stadium]] at [[Cuttack]] due to the state assembly elections which would mean lack of security personnel for the match in [[Kolkata]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.the-afc.com/en/tournaments/clubs/afc-cup/34485-east-bengal-v-south-china Victory or it’s ‘bye-bye’ Bengal]&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |attendance= 3,000<br /> |referee= [[Kadhum Auda]] ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> |result = L<br /> |date= 3 May 2011<br /> |time= 19:00 [[UTC+07:00]]<br /> |team1= [[Chonburi F.C.|Chonburi]] {{flagicon|THA}}<br /> |score= 4–0<br /> |report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214333/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&amp;compID=412&amp;matchId=3504 Report]<br /> |team2= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |goals1= [[Ney Fabiano]] {{goal|45+1}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Therdsak Chaiman|Therdsak]] {{goal|49}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Pipob On-Mo|Pipob]] {{goal|51||69}}<br /> |goals2= <br /> |stadium= [[Institute of Physical Education Chonburi Campus Stadium|IPE Chonburi Stadium]], [[Chonburi (city)|Chonburi]]<br /> |attendance= 6,897<br /> |referee= [[Fan Qi (referee)|Fan Qi]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China P.R.]])<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round= Group Stage<br /> |result = D<br /> |date= 10 May 2011<br /> |time= 17:00 [[UTC+05:30]]<br /> |team1= [[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] {{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |score= 1–1<br /> |report= [https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183922/http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&amp;compID=412&amp;matchId=3502 Report]<br /> |team2= {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Persipura Jayapura]]<br /> |goals1= [[Baljit Sahni|Sahni]] {{goal|46}}<br /> |goals2= [[Titus Bonai|Bonai]] {{goal|3}}<br /> |stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> |attendance= 400<br /> |referee= [[Ali Shaban]] ([[Kuwait Football Association|Kuwait]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> <br /> === Appearances ===<br /> :Players with no appearances are not included in the list.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size:90%&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;22&quot; |Appearances for East Bengal in 2010–11 season<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |No.<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:165px;&quot; |Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |CFL<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |I League<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |Fed Cup<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |Durand Cup<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |Jubilee Cup<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |Super Cup<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |IFA Shield<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |AFC Cup<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;&quot; |Total<br /> |-<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> !Apps<br /> !Starts<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;22&quot; |Goalkeepers<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> |GK<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Sandip Nandy]]<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> |23<br /> |23<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> !41<br /> !40<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> |GK<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Jayanta Paul]]<br /> |10<br /> |9<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> !16<br /> !14<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |GK<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Nassim Akhtar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !3<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |GK<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Abhra Mondal]]<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !6<br /> !5<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;22&quot; |Defenders<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Naoba Singh]]<br /> |10<br /> |10<br /> |22<br /> |21<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> !45<br /> !43<br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Saumik Dey|Soumik Dey]]<br /> |9<br /> |9<br /> |21<br /> |21<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> !42<br /> !42<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}}<br /> |[[Uga Okpara]]<br /> |10<br /> |10<br /> |20<br /> |20<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> !42<br /> !42<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Gurwinder Singh]]<br /> |8<br /> |8<br /> |20<br /> |19<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |4<br /> |4<br /> !37<br /> !35<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Ravinder Singh (footballer)|Ravinder Singh]]<br /> |8<br /> |6<br /> |17<br /> |7<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> !39<br /> !21<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Syed Rahim Nabi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |10<br /> |8<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> !14<br /> !11<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Nirmal Chettri|Nirmal Chhetri]]<br /> |8<br /> |8<br /> |10<br /> |7<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> !28<br /> !25<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Sunil Thakur<br /> |7<br /> |5<br /> |7<br /> |5<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> !21<br /> !17<br /> |-<br /> |26<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> !9<br /> !8<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Saikat Saha Roy<br /> |6<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> !17<br /> !15<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Rajib Ghosh (footballer)|Rajib Ghosh]]<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !5<br /> !4<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;22&quot; |Midfielders<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Mehtab Hossain]]<br /> |14<br /> |12<br /> |23<br /> |23<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> !51<br /> !49<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}}<br /> |[[Penn Orji]]<br /> |13<br /> |11<br /> |23<br /> |23<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> !49<br /> !47<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Sanju Pradhan]]<br /> |14<br /> |7<br /> |19<br /> |17<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |6<br /> |2<br /> !51<br /> !33<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Sushant Matthews<br /> |5<br /> |4<br /> |17<br /> |15<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> !36<br /> !28<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Harmanjot Khabra]]<br /> |11<br /> |9<br /> |10<br /> |8<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> !30<br /> !26<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Reisangmei Vashum|Reisengmei Vashum]]<br /> |9<br /> |8<br /> |7<br /> |6<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> !28<br /> !25<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Beikhokhei Beingaichho|Beikhokhei]]<br /> |6<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !9<br /> !6<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Alvito D'Cunha]]<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !9<br /> !4<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Aseem Kutty<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !3<br /> !2<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Lalchuanwama<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !2<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |42<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Biswajit Natta<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !3<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Sukamal Santra<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !1<br /> !0<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Surojit Roy<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !1<br /> !0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;22&quot; |Forwards<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> |[[Tolgay Özbey|Tolgay Ozbey]]<br /> |10<br /> |7<br /> |23<br /> |22<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> !47<br /> !42<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]]<br /> |13<br /> |10<br /> |16<br /> |13<br /> |5<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |5<br /> |4<br /> !47<br /> !40<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Baljit Singh Sahni|Baljit Singh Saini]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |14<br /> |11<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |6<br /> |0<br /> !23<br /> !14<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Sushil Kumar]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |6<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> !11<br /> !7<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Budhiram Tudu<br /> |12<br /> |8<br /> |5<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !25<br /> !12<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}}<br /> |[[Ekene Ikenwa]]<br /> |11<br /> |8<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !17<br /> !8<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|BRA}}<br /> |[[Alexandro da Silva Santos|Leko]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |5<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> !9<br /> !6<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Biswarup Deb<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !4<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Bikash Narzinary<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !5<br /> !3<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Goal scorers ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;14&quot; |Goals for East Bengal in 2010–11 season<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Rank<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Name<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |CFL<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |I League<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Fed Cup<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Durand Cup<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Jubilee Cup<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Super Cup<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |IFA Shield<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |AFC Cup<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;&quot; |Total<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |20<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|AUS}}<br /> |Tolgay Ozbey<br /> |8<br /> |17<br /> |4<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |5<br /> !37<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |18<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}}<br /> |Penn Orji<br /> |9<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> !16<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |23<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Robin Singh<br /> |6<br /> |6<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !15<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |6<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Baljit Singh Saini<br /> |<br /> |6<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> !11<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |10<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}}<br /> |Ekene Ikenwa<br /> |8<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !9<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |6<br /> |12<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Reisengmei Vashum<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> !4<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Sanju Pradhan<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !4<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Budhiram Tudu<br /> |4<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !4<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |9<br /> |2<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Ravinder Singh<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}}<br /> |Uga Okpara<br /> |0<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Mehtab Hossain<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Bikash Narzinary<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> !3<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |13<br /> |7<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Harmanjot Khabra<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !2<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Alvito D'Cunha<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !2<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |MF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Sushant Matthews<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !2<br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Soumik Dey<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !2<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |17<br /> |3<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Nirmal Chhetri<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Sushil Kumar<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Syed Rahim Nabi<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Rajib Ghosh<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> |DF<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Saikat Saha Roy<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> |FW<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |Biswarup Deb<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |0<br /> !1<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Own Goals''<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> !0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Total<br /> !49<br /> !44<br /> !8<br /> !6<br /> !4<br /> !1<br /> !5<br /> !9<br /> !126<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{East Bengal F.C.}}<br /> {{2010–11 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2010-11 East Bengal F.C. season}}<br /> [[Category:2010–11 I-League by team|East]]<br /> [[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clock_Tower_of_Haridwar&diff=494686 2026-03-20T04:31:43Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up some article w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Clock Tower of Haridwar<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | image = Clock Tower of Haridwar.tif<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = &lt;!-- or |alt= --&gt;<br /> | image_caption = Clock Tower of Haridwar: view from steps of Har Ki Pauri (2023)<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_mark = <br /> | pushpin_label = <br /> | pushpin_relief = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_mapsize = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|29|57|23.5|N|78|10|16.8|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> | former_names = <br /> | alternate_names = Raja Birla Tower, Ghantaghar<br /> | etymology = <br /> | status = <br /> | cancelled = <br /> | topped_out = <br /> | building_type = [[Clock tower]]<br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | classification = <br /> | location = Malviya Island<br /> | address = <br /> | location_town = [[Har Ki Pauri]], [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]]<br /> | location_country = [[India]]<br /> | grid_name = <br /> | grid_position = <br /> | altitude = <br /> | current_tenants = <br /> | namesake = <br /> | groundbreaking_date = <br /> | construction_start_date = <br /> | construction_stop_date = <br /> | topped_out_date = <br /> | completion_date = 1938<br /> | opened_date = <br /> | inauguration_date = <br /> | relocated_date = <br /> | renovation_date = <br /> | closing_date = <br /> | demolished_date = <br /> | cost = <br /> | ren_cost = <br /> | client = <br /> | owner = <br /> | landlord = &lt;!-- or |management= or |operator= or |governing_body= --&gt;<br /> | affiliation = <br /> | height = {{convert|66|ft}}<br /> | architectural = <br /> | tip = <br /> | antenna_spire = <br /> | roof = <br /> | top_floor = <br /> | observatory = <br /> | diameter = <br /> | circumference = <br /> | weight = <br /> | other_dimensions = <br /> | structural_system = <br /> | material = <br /> | size = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | elevator_count = <br /> | grounds_area = <br /> | architect = [[Baldeo Das Birla|Raja Baldev Das Birla]]<br /> | architecture_firm = <br /> | developer = <br /> | engineer = <br /> | structural_engineer = <br /> | services_engineer = <br /> | civil_engineer = <br /> | other_designers = <br /> | quantity_surveyor = <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | awards = <br /> | designations = <br /> | known_for = *Landmark of Har Ki Pauri<br /> *Observation point for [[Har Ki Pauri#Ganga Aarti|Ganga Aarti]] and [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Kumbh Mela]]<br /> | ren_architect = <br /> | ren_firm = <br /> | ren_engineer = <br /> | ren_str_engineer = <br /> | ren_serv_engineer = <br /> | ren_civ_engineer = <br /> | ren_oth_designers = <br /> | ren_qty_surveyor = <br /> | ren_contractor = <br /> | ren_awards = <br /> | parking = <br /> | public_transit = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Clock Tower of Haridwar''', also known as the '''Raja Birla Tower''', is a landmark freestanding [[clock tower]], built by [[Baldeo Das Birla|Raja Baldev Das Birla]] in 1938 in [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. Each of its four sides has a clock, with [[Roman numerals]] representing hours and dots depicting the minutes. The structure marks a good location from which to watch the evening [[arti (Hinduism)|prayers]] at [[Har Ki Pauri]]. <br /> <br /> The surrounding area has been used as a media platform for the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Kumbh Mela]]. Prior to the 2021 Kumbh Mela artist [[Harshvardhan Kadam]] painted it in red and gold [[murals]] to express Hindu mythological stories based on the writings and ideas of the [[Vaimānika Shāstra]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Clock Tower of Haridwar, India. also known as the Raja Birla Tower and Ghantaghar, was built by [[Baldeo Das Birla|Raja Baldev Das Birla]], the founder of the [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Group]],&lt;ref name=Raichaudhury2010&gt;{{cite book |last1=Raichaudhury |first1=Anjan |title=Managing new ventures: concepts and cases in entrepreneurship |date=2010 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-203-4156-2 |page=32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFqQSBbn_x0C&amp;pg=PA32 |language=en |chapter=2. Identifying and evaluating opportunities |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205144200/https://books.google.com/books?id=sFqQSBbn_x0C&amp;pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1938.&lt;ref name=Singh2021&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Yatindra Pal |title=Clock towers of India |date=2021 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-9-35427-256-1 |pages=40–41 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI0TEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA40 |language=en |chapter=18. Haridwar |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131033520/https://books.google.com/books?id=MI0TEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA40 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many clock towers were built in India before it was common to own a watch.&lt;ref name=Singh2021.About&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Yatindra Pal |title=Clock towers of India |date=2021 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-9-35427-256-1 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI0TEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 |language=en |chapter=About the clock towers of India |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307105603/https://books.google.com/books?id=MI0TEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tower daily evening Hindu prayers at Har Ki Pauri are easily seen from the tower.&lt;ref name=Guide2011&gt;{{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2011 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4053-8847-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi4PbmKuE70C&amp;pg=PT365 |language=en |page=365 |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204040223/https://books.google.com/books?id=yi4PbmKuE70C&amp;pg=PT365 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Singh2001&gt;{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Khushwant |title=Sights and Sounds of the World |date=2001 |publisher=Books Today |isbn=978-81-87478-25-6 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdhlAAAAMAAJ |language=en |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207013558/https://books.google.com/books?id=fdhlAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010 a platform was constructed close to the tower from which nearly 300 media personnel watched the main bathing day of the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Kumbh Mela]] that year.&lt;ref name=Pokharial&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pokharial 'Nishank' |first1=Ramesh |title=Maha Kumbh Biggest Planet Event (A Managerial Perspective) |date=2022 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5599-132-4 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYBbEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT134 |language=en |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209015710/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYBbEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT134 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tower is on Malviya Island, named after [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]],&lt;ref name=Dash2017&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dash |first1=Trilochan |title=The Four Dhamas of the Himalayas: Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunetri |date=2017 |publisher=Soudamini Dash |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgneDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |language=en |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050326/https://books.google.com/books?id=GgneDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; opposite the steps of Har Ki Pauri in Haridwar.&lt;ref name=Betts&gt;{{cite book |last1=Betts |first1=Vanessa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77D8AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA94 |title=Indian Himalaya Footprint Handbook |last2=McCulloch |first2=Victoria |date=2014 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-907263-88-0 |page=94 |language=en |chapter=83. Haridwar, Rishikesh and around |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204033719/https://books.google.com/books?id=77D8AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA94 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The structure is freestanding and {{Convert|66|ft}} high.&lt;ref name=Singh2021/&gt; It has four sides, each with a clock face, that use Roman numerals to represent the hours and dots to depict the minutes.&lt;ref name=Singh2021/&gt; The surrounding island has marble flooring, is shaped like a boat, and has its own ''[[ghat]]'' (steps) to enter the river [[Ganges]].&lt;ref name=Sharma1979/&gt; Until 1979 it was connected to other local bathing spots by three bridges.&lt;ref name=Sharma1979&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Man Mohan |title=Of Gods and Glaciers: On &amp; Around Mt. Rataban |date=1979 |publisher=Vision Books |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnkFAAAAMAAJ |language=en |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209015706/https://books.google.com/books?id=QnkFAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prior to the 2021 Kumbh Mela, the artist [[Harshvardhan Kadam]] painted the tower with red and gold [[murals]] to express mythological stories based on the work and ideas of the [[Vaimānika Shāstra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;visit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Places to Visit in Haridwar |url=https://www.indianvisit.com/uttarakhand/haridwar/tourist-attraction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226183034/https://www.indianvisit.com/uttarakhand/haridwar/tourist-attraction.html |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganga2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |date=27 January 2020 |title=Murals at Har Ki Pauri and Chandi Ghat |url=https://nmcg.nic.in/Newsletter/Jan-Feb2020/index.html#p=8 |journal=Ganga Yatra |page=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209085942/https://nmcg.nic.in/Newsletter/Jan-Feb2020/index.html#p=1 |archive-date=9 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The work was part of the Haridwar Mural Project, in collaboration with the [[Namami Gange Programme]] and art retailer Mojarto: a venture to find non-traditional platforms to display religious art in Haridwar and to safeguard the river Ganges.&lt;ref name=visit/&gt;&lt;ref name=Ganga2020/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Ganga Dashara Festival, 2005 at Har ki Pauri, Haridwar.jpg|Clock tower (2005) <br /> File:Har Ki Pauri l Haridwar.jpg|Clock Tower (unpainted) view from Har Ki Pauri (2010) <br /> File:Rishikesh haRishikeshridwar (595).JPG|Clock face (2012) <br /> File:Har Ki Pauri Haridwar.jpg|Clock Tower during evening prayers (2013) <br /> File:Har ki paiddi, Haridwar.jpg|Clock Tower during evening prayers (2021 Kumbh Mela) <br /> File:Har Ki Pauri and Clock Tower of Haridwar.jpg|Clock Tower (2023) <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> *{{YouTube|T-0Y_MYQSek| Indian Mythological Imagery On Historic Clock Tower}}<br /> *{{cite web |title=EP-5: Haridwar Mural Project {{!}} Transforming 66 Ft Tall Clock Tower With Art - Mojarto Blogs |url=https://blog.mojarto.com/ep-5-haridwar-mural-project-transforming-66-ft-tall-clock-tower-with-art/ |date=26 June 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Clock Tower of Haridwar}}<br /> [[Category:Clock towers in India]]<br /> [[Category:History of Haridwar]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Haridwar]]<br /> [[Category:1938 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1938]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Towers completed in 1938]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahar_Khan&diff=520003 2026-03-19T21:51:11Z

<p>FosterDevito009: added a stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ruler of Mewat}}<br /> {{For|19th century Jat king|Nahar Singh}}<br /> {{Mcn|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Raja Bahadur Nahar Khan<br /> | title = [[Raja]]<br /> | succession = [[Wāli]]-e-[[Mewat]]<br /> | reign = 1372-1402<br /> | coronation = <br /> | predecessor = Post Established<br /> | successor = [[Khanzada Bahadur Khan]]<br /> | issue = *[[Khanzada Bahadur Khan]]<br /> *[[Malik Alaudin Khan]]<br /> *Shah Mehmood Khan<br /> *Pir Shahab Khan<br /> *Malik Haroon Khan<br /> *Siraj Khan<br /> *Fateh Khan<br /> *Noor Khan<br /> *Nizam Khan<br /> | royal house = [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Khanzada]]<br /> | father = Raja Lakhan Pal<br /> | mother = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = |<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Raja '''Bahadur Nahar Khan''' was the ruler of [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Mewat]] and the progenitor of [[Khanzada]] clan who were themselves a sub-clan of [[Jadaun (clan)|Jadon Rajput]]. His original name was '''Sambhar Pal'''. He and his brother Sopar Pal (who later became Chhaju Khan) embraced Islam during the era of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CoI1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=14 May 2024 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C5RAAAAYAAJ |access-date=9 August 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also known as ''Wali-e-Mewat Raja Bahadur Nahar Khan''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> He was the son of [[ Jadaun| Jadaun Rajput]] [[Raja]] Lakhan Pal of [[Kotla, Nuh|Kotla Fort]] and great-grandson of Raja Adhan Pal (who was 4th in descent from Raja Tahan Pal).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی |url=http://archive.org/details/20200823_20200823_1256 |title=تاریخِ میو اور داستانِ میوات |date=2020-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Powlett40&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/gazetteerofulwur00powliala#page/40/mode/2up/search/taman|title=Gazetteer of Ulwur|author=Major P.W. Powlett|year=1878|pages=40–41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tahan Pal, who founded [[Timangarh]], was the eldest son of [[Vijayapala|Maharaja Bijai Pal]] (founder of [[Bijai Garh]] and Maharaja of [[Karauli]]), who was 88th in descent from [[Krishna]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_032.gif Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 26 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/panjabcastes00ibbe#page/181/mode/1up/search/khanzada Panjab castes&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی |url=http://archive.org/details/20200823_20200823_1256 |title=تاریخِ میو اور داستانِ میوات |date=2020-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=September 2025|reason=Lineage from Krishna is not mentioned in any of the citations}}<br /> <br /> == Conversion to Islam ==<br /> [[Tughlaq dynasty]] ruled during 14th century and at one point of time, the local leaders were asserting their independence to a greater extent. Sambhar Pal had risen to prominence during the period. Coercive and co-optative tactics were used by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] to tackle such uprisings. Unable to achieve his objectives through forceful tactics, the Tughlaq Sultan then sought a peaceful resolution with Sambhar Pal, who, in a gesture of goodwill, embraced [[Islam]], assuming the name Nahar Khan in 1359. His lineage continued to be known as Khanazadas. &lt;ref name=&quot;SM&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mayaram |first1=Shail |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12730-1 |pages=26, 37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&amp;q=Nahar+Khan+Islam+Tughlaq&amp;pg=PA26 |access-date=9 August 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AA93&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Aijazuddin |title=Social Structure and Regional Development: A Social Geography Perspective : Essays in Honour of Professor Moonis Raza |date=1993 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-182-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRZHAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Nahar+Khan+brother |access-date=9 August 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kunwar Sambhar Pal and his brother Kunwar Sopar Pal, the sons of Raja Lakhan Pal, were in service of [[Sultan]] Firuz Shah Tughlaq of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. They were accompanying the Sultan in one of his hunting expedition, where the Sultan was attacked by a tiger. Kunwar Sambhar Pal saved the Sultan by killing the tiger single-handedly. Sultan Firuz gave them the title of '''Bahadur [[Khan (title)|Khan]]''' for his bravery.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoI1901&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Founder of Khanzada community==<br /> Nahar Khan had nine sons, his descendants are known as [[Khanzada]] who were originally [[Hindu]] [[Jadaun]] [[Rajput]].{{verification needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Wali of Mewat ==<br /> Raja Nahar Khan of Kotla was a high ranking [[Nobility|noble]] in the royal court of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. In 1372, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] granted him the Lordship of [[Mewat]]. He established a hereditary polity in Mewat and proclaimed the title of Wali-e-Mewat. After his ascension to the throne in 1372, the people of [[Mewat]] began to gradually convert to [[Islam]]. Later his descendants affirmed their own sovereignty in Mewat. They ruled Mewat till 1527. The last [[Khanzada]] ruler of Mewat was [[Hasan Khan Mewati]], who died in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] against the invading Mughal forces of [[Babur]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Delhi Power Struggle ==<br /> In 1388, Raja Nahar Khan aided [[Abu Bakr Shah]], grandson of the late Emperor [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], in expelling from [[Delhi]] Abu Bakr's uncle [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]] and in establishing the former on the throne. In a few months, however, Abu Bakr had to give away before Nasiruddin, and he then fled to Raja Nahar's stronghold in [[Mewat State]], where he was pursued by Nasiruddin. After a struggle Abu Bakr and Raja Nahar surrendered, and Abu Bakr was placed in confinement for life in the fort of [[Meerut]], but Raja Nahar received a robe and was allowed to depart.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Timur's Invasion of India ==<br /> In 1398 during [[Timur]]'s Invasion of Delhi, Nahar Khan withdrew to his Kotla Tijara and watched the development of events from there. [[Mewat State]] during this time was flooded with fugitives fleeing from Delhi and [[Khizr Khan]], (the future Sultan of Delhi), was one of those who took shelter in Mewat. After defeating Nasiruddin, Timur sent two envoys to [[Mewat State]] who invited the Wali of Mewat for a meeting with him. Nahar accepted this invitation and both met in 1398. As a gesture of goodwill and symbol of friendship Raja Nahar Khan gifted Timur two white parrots, which Timur praised highly. [[Timur]] himself, made prominent mention of the conduct of Nahar Khan during the Invasion of India in 1398 AD. Timur states that he sent an embassy to Nahar Khan at Kotila, to which a humble reply was received. Raja Nahar sent as a present two white parrots that belonged to the late Emperor. Timur remarks that these parrots were much prized by him.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> In 1402, Nahar Khan was killed in an ambush by his in-laws of [[Kishangarh Bas]]. After his death, his son [[Khanzada Bahadur Khan|Raja Bahadur Khan]] succeeded him as Wali-e-Mewat.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> He had nine sons, namely [[Khanzada Bahadur Khan|Wali-e-Mewat Raja Bahadur Khan]], [[Malik Alaudin Khan]], Shah Mehmood Khan, Pir Shahab Khan, Malik Haroon Khan, Siraj Khan, Fateh Khan, Noor Khan and Nizam Khan. He was the progenitor of [[Khanzada Rajput]] community. [[Hasan Khan Mewati]], [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], [[Nawab Feroz Khan]], [[ Fateh Naseeb Khan|Khan Bahadur Fateh Naseeb Khan]], [[Abdul Kadir Khanzada]], [[Tufail Ahmad Khan]], [[Suhaib Ilyasi]], [[Abdul Aleem Khanzada]] and [[Shahzeb Khanzada]] are his direct descendants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Haveli Naharwali]], in Kucha Sadullah Khan of [[Chandani Chowk]] in [[Old Delhi]], is said to be originally owned by him,&lt;ref name=kuchkat1&gt;[https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jCDl9CGtowdefkZgFdYD8L/Heritage--The-Old-Delhi-dictionary.html Heritage | The Old Delhi dictionary], Livemint, 2 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; which later came in the ownership of family of former president of Pakistan, [[Pervez Musharraf]], where he was born and his grandfather sold it to Prem Chand Gola after whom this area is now called Gola Market.&lt;ref name=gola1&gt;[http://www.the-south-asian.com/June2001/General_Musharraf's_Haveli.htm Haveli Naharvali], the-south-asian.com, June 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-bef|before= '''Post established'''}} <br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Mewat State|Wali-e-Mewat]] |years=1372 &amp;ndash; 1402}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Khanzada Bahadur Khan]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Khanzadas of Mewat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Islam in India]]<br /> [[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiribam_Assembly_constituency&diff=465246 2026-03-17T10:41:16Z

<p>FosterDevito009: basic expanded page for clarity additionally and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jiribam<br /> | mla = [[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Manipur]]<br /> | district = [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:29426}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2027|6}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jiribam Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Imphal East district]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Winner !! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. Bijoy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || S. Bijoy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Devendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Devendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Th. Debendra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Th. Debendra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Ashangbam Biren || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Th. Debendra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Thoudam Debendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Thoudam Debendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Achab Uddin]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Achab Uddin]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|46.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.47}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|59.27}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|65.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.90}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.86}}<br /> }}<br /> === 2022 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=12,313 |percentage=46.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Budhachandra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,897 |percentage=44.65% |change=30.70% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makakmayum Abbas Khan |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,113 |percentage=4.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badrur Rahman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=746 |percentage=2.80% |change=-25.71% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=579 |percentage=2.17% |change=0.48% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=416 |percentage=1.56% |change=-5.63% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=26,648 |percentage=90.56% |change= 9.30% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,426 |change =4.23% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Independent politician |swing= 10.51% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2017 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,189 |percentage=35.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Debendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,539 |percentage=28.50% |change=-15.24% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Ranabir Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,199 |percentage=13.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Biren Singh |party=North East India Development Party |votes=2,812 |percentage=12.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mathiudin Kamei |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,163 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habib Ali |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=649 |percentage=2.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=389 |percentage=1.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,650 |percentage=7.19% |change=1.59% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=22,940 |percentage=81.26% |change= 3.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,232 |change =13.72% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.05% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2012 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Debendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,424 |percentage=43.75% |change=10.28% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Biren Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,346 |percentage=38.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Dipti |party=Independent politician |votes=1,862 |percentage=9.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mhod. Jalaluddin |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=996 |percentage=5.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leetkhongam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=627 |percentage=3.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,078 |percentage=5.60% |change=0.16% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,256 |percentage=77.56% |change= 2.09% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,825 |change =-3.34% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.28% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2007 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Debendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,488 |percentage=33.47% |change=1.85% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Biren Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,434 |percentage=28.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Dipti |party=Independent politician |votes=4,188 |percentage=21.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Engmoi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,417 |percentage=12.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Jabbar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=319 |percentage=1.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lienkholal Dulen |party=Independent politician |votes=209 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Gokulananda |party=Independent politician |votes=184 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singson Letjam |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=147 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,054 |percentage=5.44% |change=0.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,386 |percentage=75.48% |change= 3.40% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,684 |change =5.07% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.85% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2002 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Debendra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,527 |percentage=31.62% |change=2.08% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashangbam Biren |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=4,588 |percentage=26.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Habib Ali |party=Samata Party |votes=3,786 |percentage=21.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Dipti |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=2,388 |percentage=13.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ketrebam Sarat |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=728 |percentage=4.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tahemang Panmei |party=Independent politician |votes=465 |percentage=2.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=939 |percentage=5.37% |change=-24.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,482 |percentage=72.08% |change= -11.50% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,444 |change =4.22% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= -17.09% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2000 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashangbam Biren |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=10,911 |percentage=59.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Debendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,438 |percentage=29.54% |change=-19.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Dipti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,061 |percentage=11.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,473 |percentage=29.73% |change=27.65% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=18,410 |percentage=79.11% |change= -4.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,455 |change =7.71% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.56% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1995 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Debendra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,706 |percentage=48.70% |change=-0.07% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Biren Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,334 |percentage=46.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ningtangpau |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=835 |percentage=4.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=372 |percentage=2.08% |change=-23.96% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,875 |percentage=83.57% |change= 4.08% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,777 |change =3.63% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.07% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1990 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Debendra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,069 |percentage=48.77% |change=-9.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Habib Ali |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,760 |percentage=22.73% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Z. Biren |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,280 |percentage=19.82% |change=18.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leihaorambam Projit |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=1,436 |percentage=8.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,309 |percentage=26.04% |change=3.29% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,545 |percentage=79.50% |change= 0.84% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,015 |change =29.91% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.27% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1984 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,172 |percentage=58.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bijoy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,360 |percentage=35.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Jabar Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=3.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Brajamani |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=205 |percentage=1.66% |change=-2.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chongtham Rinachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=116 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,812 |percentage=22.75% |change=-13.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,358 |percentage=78.66% |change= 3.07% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,176 |change =14.59% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.40% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1980 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,731 |percentage=65.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bijoy |party=Janata Party |votes=3,003 |percentage=29.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Brajamani |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=415 |percentage=4.03% |change=-7.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saikhom Tombi |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=138 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,728 |percentage=36.24% |change=33.39% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,287 |percentage=75.59% |change= 0.21% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,117 |change =25.78% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 30.53% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1974 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bijoy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,843 |percentage=34.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,611 |percentage=32.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpamshyamkishore |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=921 |percentage=11.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalro Tuolor |party=Independent politician |votes=899 |percentage=11.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iskandar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=664 |percentage=8.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Brajamani |party=Independent politician |votes=148 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Bihari Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=60 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=232 |percentage=2.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,146 |percentage=75.38% |change= 75.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,224 |change =-10.15% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1972 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box unopposed candidate with party link |candidate=S. Bijoy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=(UNCONTESTED) #VALUE! |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,492 |change =-26.37% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1967 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Jiribam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. B. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,536 |percentage=37.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Hrangchal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,301 |percentage=19.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,844 |percentage=15.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. T. Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=1,593 |percentage=13.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damkhosat |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=7.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Bardhan |party=Independent politician |votes=563 |percentage=4.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. I. J. Sharma |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=275 |percentage=2.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,235 |percentage=18.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,981 |percentage=73.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,965 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Imphal East district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}<br /> {{coord|24.79|93.13|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Imphal East district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Jiribam district]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shajarur_Kanta_(1974_film)&diff=472701 2026-03-07T06:34:12Z

<p>FosterDevito009: slightly improve layout based on references also and corrected details after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Shajarur Kanta<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Manju Dey]]<br /> | producer = [[Manju Dey]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | based_on = ''[[Shajarur Kanta]]'' by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]<br /> | starring = Shyamal Ghosal&lt;br /&gt;Satindra Bhattacharya&lt;br /&gt;Shailen Mukherjee&lt;br /&gt;[[Pahari Sanyal]]&lt;br /&gt;Tarun Kumar&lt;br /&gt;Sambhu Bhattachayra&lt;br /&gt;[[Gita Dey]]<br /> | music = [[Sudhin Dasgupta]]<br /> | cinematography = Anil Gupta&lt;br /&gt;Jyoti Laha<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Star Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1974|09|27|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shajarur Kanta''''' is a 1974 [[Byomkesh Bakshi]] film based on the novel of the same name by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film303020.htm|title=SHAJARUR KANTA - 1974 film information|work=citwf}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was directed and produced by actress-turned-director [[Manju Dey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/shajarur-kanta-movie/14187|title=About Shajarur Kanta|work=Gomolo|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724033214/http://www.gomolo.com/shajarur-kanta-movie/14187|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * Shyamal Ghosal as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/shajarur-kanta-movie-cast-crew/14187|title=Cast &amp; Crew of Shajarur Kanta (1974 - Bengali)|work=Gomolo|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020456/http://www.gomolo.com/shajarur-kanta-movie-cast-crew/14187|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=RadioBanglaNet|date=2018-04-05|title=It's Shajarur Kanta this Time|url=http://radiobanglanet.com/shajarur-kanta-time/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=RadioBanglaNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Shailen Mukherjee as [[Ajit Kumar Banerjee (writer)|Ajit Kumar Banerjee]]<br /> * Satindra Bhattacharya<br /> * [[Pahari Sanyal]]<br /> * Tarun Kumar<br /> * Sambhu Bhattachayra<br /> * [[Gita Dey]]<br /> * [[Manju Dey]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Shajarur Kanta<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Sudhin Dasgupta]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1974<br /> | recorded = 1974<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre =<br /> | length =<br /> | label =<br /> | producer = Star Productions<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Songs<br /> | extra_column = Playback<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]]<br /> | all_music = [[Sudhin Dasgupta]]<br /> <br /> | title1 = Bidhatar Ei Jagate<br /> | extra1 = [[Manna Dey]]<br /> | length1 = 3:06<br /> }}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Songs Download, Bengali MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Bengali Songs | url=http://play.raaga.com/bengali/album/Sajarur-Kanta-songs-B0000894 | access-date=2025-01-02 | website=play.raaga.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]<br /> * [[Abar Byomkesh]]<br /> * [[Byomkesh Phire Elo]]<br /> * [[Satyanweshi (film)|Satyanweshi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|5291186}}<br /> <br /> {{Byomkesh Bakshi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 crime drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 films]]<br /> [[Category:1974 Bengali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on works by Saradindu Bandopadhyay]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Bengali-film-stub}}<br /> {{1970s-crime-drama-film-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uthami_Petra_Rathinam&diff=542893 2026-03-05T17:30:56Z

<p>FosterDevito009: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Uthami Petra Rathinam<br /> | image = Uthami Petra Rathinam poster.jpg<br /> <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[M. A. Thirumugam]]<br /> | producer = E. Radhakrishnan<br /> | writer = [[Aaroor Dass]]<br /> | starring = [[K. Balaji]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]]&lt;br /&gt; [[P. Kannamba]]<br /> | cinematography = C. V. Moorthi<br /> | editing = M. A. Thirumugam &lt;br /&gt; M. G. Balu Rao &lt;br /&gt; M. A. Mariyappan<br /> | music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]<br /> | studio = Amara Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|1960|4|1|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 149 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Uthami Petra Rathinam''''' ({{Translation|A Precious Gem}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[M. A. Thirumugam]] and written by [[Aaroor Dass]]. The film stars [[K. Balaji]], [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]] and [[P. Kannamba]], with [[T. K. Ramachandran]], [[M. N. Rajam]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UTHTHAMI PETRA RATHINAM (1960) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b78225559 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704110324/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b78225559 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on 1 April 1960, and failed at the box office.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> <br /> Thematically, it is about the problems between the rich and the poor and a rich man’s daughter falling in love with a poor boy whose father works for the rich man. Others eye the rich man's property. How these problems are solved forms the rest of the story.<br /> {{more plot|date=April 2023}}<br /> The story concerns the problems between a rich man and the poor and the rich man's daughter falling in love in with the poor boy, whose father works for the rich man. The other eye the property and the women and how these problems are solved.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 August 2014 |title=Blast form the Past&amp;nbsp;– Utthami Petra Rathinam 1960 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/utthami-petra-rathinam-1960/article6275448.ece |access-date=2016-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127004946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/utthami-petra-rathinam-1960/article6275448.ece |archive-date=27 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[K. Balaji]]<br /> * [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]]<br /> * [[T. K. Ramachandran]]<br /> * [[M. N. Rajam]]<br /> * [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]<br /> * [[P. Kannamba]]<br /> *[[S. V. Subbaiah]]<br /> * [[Pandari Bai]]<br /> * [[Nagesh]]<br /> *[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]]<br /> * [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]<br /> * [[P. D. Sambandam]]<br /> * [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was produced by Amara Productions and presented by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]], and directed by his brother [[M. A. Thirumugam]]. There was a dance sequence by a [[Sukumari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] and lyrics were penned by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]], [[A. Maruthakasi]] and Subbu Arumugam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;– Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=192 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Annan Manam Polae&quot; || [[A. P. Komala]]|| Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 03:50<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Lalla Lalla Lallalaa&quot; (Jacket Vaali Billaa) || [[A. L. Raghavan]] &amp; S. V. Ponnusamy || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 03:25<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Poovintri Manamethu&quot; || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] &amp; [[P. Leela]] || A. Maruthakasi || 02:50<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aasaiyaale Maadapura&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan &amp; [[P. Susheela]] || A. Maruthakasi || 03:34<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Annamma Ennamma Sollure&quot; || S. C. Krishnan &amp; [[Jikki]] || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 03:10<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Irukka Konjam Idam&quot; || T. M. Soundararajan || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass || 04:54<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thediduthe Vanaminke&quot; || [[P. B. Srinivas]] || A. Maruthakasi || 03:04<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Thediduthe Vaanaminke&quot;&amp;nbsp;– Female || P. Susheela || A. Maruthakasi || 02:38<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aadalum Paadalum&quot; || S. Janaki || Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Uthami Petra Rathinam'' was released on 1 April 1960,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=3 April 1960 |title=உத்தமி பெற்ற ரத்தினம் |url=https://ibb.co/z4J2t5N |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221110653/https://ibb.co/z4J2t5N |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; delayed from November 1959.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=1 November 1959 |title=உத்தமி பெற்ற ரத்தினம் |url=https://ibb.co/0f6m9kD |url-status=usurped |magazine=Deepavali Malar |language=ta |publisher=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064708/https://ibb.co/0f6m9kD |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to historian [[Randor Guy]], &quot;In spite of the formidable cast, interesting onscreen narration and pleasing music, the film did not do well mainly because of the complicated and somewhat familiar storyline&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> {{M. A. Thirumugam}}<br /> [[Category:1960 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1960 films]]<br /> [[Category:1960 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasrani_(film)&diff=470655 2026-03-03T21:33:44Z

<p>FosterDevito009: minor cleanup layout based on references also and updated info to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2007 film directed by Joshiy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Nasrani<br /> | image = Nasrani.jpg<br /> | writer = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]<br /> | starring = [[Mammootty]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vimala Raman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kalabhavan Mani]]&lt;br&gt;[[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]]<br /> | director = [[Joshi (director)|Joshiy]]<br /> | producer = Rajan Thaliparambu (Doha)<br /> | music = [[Bijibal]] (music)&lt;br&gt;[[Ouseppachan]] (score)<br /> | cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]<br /> | editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]<br /> | distributor = [[Marikkar Films]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|10|12}}<br /> | budget = <br /> | runtime = 150 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> }}<br /> '''''Nasrani''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2007|2007]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[political thriller]] film directed by [[Joshiy]], produced by Rajan Thaliparambu, written by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] and starring [[Mammootty]]. The film tells the story of an Achayan from a [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Orthodox]] family in Central [[Travancore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.deepika.com/bigscreen/BigScreenNews.aspx?NewsID=2962|title=Deepika.com Cinema News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103050700200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101043710/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/30/stories/2007103050700200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2007|title=Treat in store for film buffs|date=30 October 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ramzan Box-office results|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramzan-box-office-results-news-malayalam-kkfuzycgcjisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207043314/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramzan-box-office-results-news-malayalam-kkfuzycgcjisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2015|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]] won the Asianet Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role. The film was a hit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-16 |title=Malayalam Top Ten: Year of failures |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2007/malayalam-top-ten-291207.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816220528/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2007/malayalam-top-ten-291207.html |archive-date=16 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The story begins on the eve of the wedding of David John Kottarathil and Sara Eapen. The two were childhood sweethearts, both hailing from rich planter families in the affluent town of [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]. While both families are celebrating in their own homes, Sara's father Eapen is visibly disturbed. He has just received a phone call from Alice, his mistress, who is demanding public acknowledgement of their relationship. She wants to attend the wedding of David and Sara, as a means to achieve this. Eapen, who is a rich planter, is at risk of losing his good name in society, despite having generously provided for Alice and their daughter thus far. He offers to pay for her silence with a bigger bungalow and his estates in a far-away town of Chikmaglur. He requests John Kottarathil, his best friend - whose son is set to marry Sara the next day - to accompany him while talking to his mistress. John requests the help of M C Paul, a rising politician and Eapen's brother-in-law to aid in the negotiation. The trio meet the mistress to discuss terms, but in a fit of rage, a drunk Eapen ends up shooting her. Eapen also tries to kill his illegitimate daughter, the nine year old Annie but John stops him. In the struggle that follows, Eapen is also shot. John looks at Paul for assistance, but is met with a helpless silence.<br /> <br /> Ten years later, John is retelling this story to the jailor Rajeevan, who points out that John's defense in court was half-hearted and that he seems uninterested in parole despite possibly being eligible for it. John confirms this, saying he feels guilty for Eapen's death, although it was a genuine accident while saving Annie. Further, he reveals that Paul had requested that his presence at the scene of crime be kept a secret, lest it should affect his image and political prospects.<br /> <br /> The marriage of David and Sara never happened, primarily because Sara's mother is against her marrying David, whose father John was responsible for Eapen's death. She even believes John supported Eapen's affair with Alice. Meanwhile, David and Sara are still in love and observe their &quot;anniversary&quot; in a romantic manner, supported by his driver and right-hand man Suku. DK, as David is known, is a rich planter and the Secretary of the Cosmo Club - the hangout of the rich and famous in the town of Kottayam. He has a close gang of friends at the club, which includes Rajagopal Kartha, Superintendent of Police, Kottayam and several businessmen. Sara is a lecturer at the local college.<br /> <br /> M.C Paul has grown in stature as a politician, having served as the Revenue Minister of the state and undisputed leader of the Malankara Congress party. He now aims to launch his son Dr. Benny Paul, who is a prominent youth leader. He has his eye on the Assembly seat in Kaduthuruthy constituency in Kottayam, which was vacated by incumbent Ummachan following allegations of corruption. Despite his popularity, Benny is facing a potential scandal related to the recent suicide of Archana, a student of the [[Government Medical College, Kottayam|Kottayam Medical College]]. He publicly denies any relationship with her, but this is contested by Annie - Eapen's illegitimate daughter who is now under David and Sara's care. Annie was Archana's best friend and knew of her affair with Benny.<br /> <br /> Benny is found dead in his home the next day, and Annie is believed to have killed him. She confides in David, stating that despite intending to kill Benny for denying his relationship with Archana, she arrived at his home only to find him dead already from a stab wound. David realizes that the Police-Politician nexus has already decided to frame Annie for the crime and also learns of evidence fabricated for the purpose. He uses his influence and resources to keep her away from the reach of the law until he can clear her name by finding the real culprit. He loses some of his closest friends in the process.<br /> <br /> The rest of the action-thriller is about his quest to prove Annie's innocence and exposing the false idols in socio-politics in the town of Kottayam and the state itself.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Mammootty]] as David John Kottarathil / DK<br /> * [[Vimala Raman]] as Sara Eapen, DK's fiancée and lover<br /> * [[Muktha Elsa George|Muktha]] as Annie, Sara's halfsister<br /> * [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Sukumaran / Suku, DK's driver and friend<br /> * [[Biju Menon]] as Xavier Paul / Sevichan<br /> * [[Lalu Alex]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Rajagopal, DK's friend<br /> * [[Bharat Gopy]] as Adv. Narayanan Swami, DK's friend and clubmate<br /> * [[Vijayaraghavan]] as M. C. Paul, Xavier's father <br /> * [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Kunjachan, DK's friend and clubmate<br /> * [[Captain Raju]] as Kottarathil John, DK's father<br /> * [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Zayed, DK's friend and clubmate<br /> * [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as Dr. Benny Paul, Xavier's brother and M. C. Paul's younger son<br /> * [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Ummachan, politician <br /> * [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Father Pulikkoottil, DK's mentor<br /> * [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Thampi / Thampichayan, DK's friend and clubmate<br /> * [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as CPO Aboobacker<br /> * [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Thampan Joseph<br /> * [[Rizabawa]] as Plappallil Eapen, Sara and Annie's father<br /> * [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Jail Superintendent Rajeevan, a friendly and kindhearted officer <br /> * [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Club Attender PP<br /> * [[Babu Namboothiri]] as Mannanthala Varghese, M. C. Paul's P.A<br /> * [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Mother Superior, DK's Aunt and John's elder sister<br /> * [[Sukumari]] as Annamma Chettathi, DK's housemaid<br /> * [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Kochammini, Eapen's wife and Sara's mother<br /> * [[Bindu Panicker]] as M. C. Paul's wife<br /> * [[Zeenath]] as jail inmate<br /> * [[Biju Pappan]] as Unni, Sevichan's friend<br /> * [[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as Archana Shankar, Annie's friend<br /> * [[Anil Murali]] as club visitor <br /> * [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as advocate, DK's friend<br /> * [[Ponnamma Babu]] as wedding guest <br /> * [[Santhosh Jogi]] as Chundan Baiju<br /> * [[Reshmi Boban]] as Alice, Eapen's second wife and Annie's mother<br /> * [[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri]] as M. C. Paul's relative <br /> * Jeeja Surendran as jail inmate<br /> * Althara as Roma, college student <br /> * [[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Biju, channel reporter (cameo)<br /> * [[P. Sreekumar]] as jailor Chandran Pillai<br /> * Aniyappan as Kuriyachan <br /> * Nandhu Pothuval as watchman Vavachan<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film is produced by Rajan Doha under the banner of Horizon Entertainment. The locations of the film included [[Kottayam]], [[Pala, Kerala|Palai]], [[Neriamangalam]] and [[Vagamon]].<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The film's soundtrack contains two songs, both composed by [[Bijibal]] and lyrics by [[Anil Panachooran]]. The film's background score is done by [[Ouseppachan]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Eeran Meghame&quot;<br /> | [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;Kaanana Nizhalin&quot;<br /> | [[Pradeep Palluruthy]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|1028559}}<br /> <br /> {{Joshiy}}<br /> {{Ranjith}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nasrani (Film)}}<br /> [[Category:2007 films]]<br /> [[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian political thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Idukki]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Ernakulam]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitaah&diff=466018 2026-03-03T11:49:58Z

<p>FosterDevito009: corrected citations for clarity and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Pitaah<br /> | image = Pitaah.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<br /> | producer = Avinash Adik<br /> | writer = Mahesh Manjrekar&lt;br&gt;K. K. Singh (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]<br /> | story = Teja<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --&gt;<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Jackie Shroff]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nandita Das]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Om Puri]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mink Brar]]<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Anand Raj Anand]]&lt;br&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br&gt;[[Rahul Ranade]]<br /> | cinematography = Vijay Kumar Arora<br /> | editing = V. N. Mayekar<br /> | studio = Aryamann Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|01|04|India}}<br /> | runtime = 127 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/pitaah-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntazndk|title=Pitaah|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]]<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Pitaah''''' ({{translation|''Father''}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and produced by Avinash Adik. Inspired by the 1989 novel ''[[A Time to Kill (Grisham novel)|A Time to Kill]]'', which was also adapted into a [[A Time to Kill (1996 film)|1996 film of the same name]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahesh-manjrekar-inspired-by-john-grishams-novel/articleshow/1033590853.cms#:~:text=The%20film%2C%20the%20director%20states%2C%20has%20been,Grisham%20novel%20titled%20A%20Time%20To%20Kill.|title=Mahesh Manjrekar inspired by John Grisham's novel|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=6 January 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/28sd11.htm|title=Pitaah &amp;#91;A Time To Kill&amp;#93;|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; it stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Nandita Das]] and [[Om Puri]].<br /> <br /> The film was released on 4 January 2002 and [[box-office bomb|bombed at the box office]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=638|title=Pitaah - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> A small town in rural India gets to witness a confrontation between two fathers, one a rich, powerful, and cruel Zamindar Thakur Avadh Narayan Singh who wants the man who filed a police complaint against his two sons to be killed immediately. The other is Rudra, a poor laborer employed by Avadh, who wants justice when he finds out that his nine-year-old daughter, Durga, has been beaten and brutally raped by Avadh's sons, Bachhu, and Bhola.<br /> <br /> His quest for justice is made harder due to a corrupt doctor, willing to change his medical report after he is bribed appropriately; and Police Inspector, Ramnarayan Bhardwaj, who is willing to drop any charges against Avadh's sons provided he gets his &quot;dues&quot; from the Thakur. These hardships force Rudra to take matters into his own hands and he kills the Thakur's sons when they arrive for their court date.<br /> <br /> Rudra confronts the Thakur and apologises for his actions, he agrees to surrender himself to the police in return for his family's safety. However, Avadh refuses to give in and Rudra kills his men. The Thakur is eventually killed by Rudra's wife Paro. Rudra then surrenders himself to the police and is given a six-month sentence. He is eventually released and reunites with his family, finally at peace.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Rudra<br /> * [[Jackie Shroff]] as Ramnarayan Bharadwaj, police officer (daroga)<br /> * [[Nandita Das]] as Paro<br /> * [[Om Puri]] as Thakur Avadh Narayan Singh<br /> * [[Mita Vasisht]] as Thakurain<br /> * Anupama Verma as Thakur's daughter<br /> * [[Siddharth Ray]] as Bacchu, Thakur's eldest son<br /> * [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Bhola, Thakur's youngest son<br /> * [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Shiva<br /> * [[Salil Ankola]] as Krishna, Shiva's Son and Thakur's daughter's love interest<br /> * [[Atul Kale]] as Villager Bhudhwa<br /> * [[Anjan Srivastav]] as Senior Doctor Nekchand<br /> * [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Junior Doctor Dayal<br /> * [[Shivaji Satam]] as Railway Station Master Rana Jung Bahadur<br /> * [[Mink Brar]] as Naina<br /> * Tanvi Hegde as Durga, 'Muniya' (Rudra's daughter)<br /> * Sagar Thawani as Lav, Durga's brother<br /> * Samrat Thawani as Kush, Durga's brother<br /> * [[Kalpana Pandit]] as [[item number|Special Appearance]] (Song 'Meri Jawani')<br /> * Nilesh Diwekar as Bheema<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The film's music was composed by [[Anand Raj Anand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/08mr.htm|title=''Pitaah'' is pitiful; ''Raaz'' has no secrets|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 December 2001|first=Sukanya|last=Verma}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s)<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Pitaah&quot;<br /> | [[Udit Narayan]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Rama Bachaye&quot;<br /> | [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | &quot;Sau Baar Janam Nahi&quot;<br /> | [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | &quot;Meri Jawani&quot;<br /> | [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | &quot;Humko To Ishq&quot;<br /> | [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | &quot;Putra Pratishtha&quot;<br /> | [[Rahul Ranade]], Ravindra Saathe<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that &quot;. in short, pitaah is such a monotonous monotone about the strength of a father, it sends you rushing for a break. this, despite the snatches of seasoned performances by both sanjay dutt and nandita das&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pitaah-a-faint-picture-of-fatherhood/articleshow/861038071.cms|title=''Pitaah'': A faint picture of fatherhood|date=6 January 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that &quot;''Pitaah'' does not live up to the mark&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/04pitaah.htm |title=Where's the heart|last=Pant|first=Seema|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 January 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=0305455}}<br /> {{Mahesh Manjrekar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Films about rape in India]]<br /> [[Category:2002 action drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shankarrao_Kale&diff=465562 2026-02-26T11:08:58Z

<p>FosterDevito009: reworked lead per standard format and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Shankarrao Kale<br /> | image = Kamaveer Shankarrao Kale.jpg<br /> | caption = Kale in sugar factory office<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1921|04|06|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Mahegaon Deshmukh, [[Maharashtra, India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2012|11|05|1921|04|06|df=y}}<br /> | occupation = Farmer, politician, social activist<br /> | spouse = Sushilamai Kale<br /> | office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1972<br /> | term_end1 = 1980<br /> | predecessor1 = N.T. Gunjal<br /> | successor1 = Babasaheb alias Prabhakar Appasaheb Thube<br /> | office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1991<br /> | term_end2 = 1996<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Bhimrao Badade]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shankarrao Devram Kale''' (1921-2012) was an Indian politician and an important figure in the Sahakar chalval co-operative movement in Maharashtra's [[Ahmednagar district]]. He was a State Minister in the Cabinet of the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, [[Sharad Pawar]]. He also represented the Kopargaon Loksabha constituency from 1991 to 1996 for the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Congress Leader Shankarrao Kale Dead<br /> |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/congress-leader-shankarrao-kale-dead/780088|newspaper=Outlook|date=6 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He worked for the welfare of farmers and workers. Ganpatrao Autade established Kopargaon Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd in 1953 at Kolpewadi, [[Ahmednagar]] district, [[Maharashtra]]. Shri Kale was one of the founding board of directors. He took the cooperative movement to the top in [[Ahmednagar]] district and [[Maharashtra]] state as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Founder Karmaveer Shankarrao Kale Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana|url=https://www.karmaveerkalesugar/}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> He died on 5 November 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congress leader Shankarrao Kale passes away |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/congress-leader-shankarrao-kale-passes-away_809615.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * MLA Ashutosh Kale [https://www.ashutoshkale.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710184305/http://ashutoshkale.com/ |date=10 July 2025 }}<br /> * Karmaveer Shankarrao Kale Cooperative Sugar factory [https://www.karmaveerkalesugar.com]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Shankarrao, Kopargaon}}<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:1921 births]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi people]]<br /> [[Category:2012 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinesh_Gopalsamy&diff=497183 2026-02-20T14:15:39Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up a post and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Tamil actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Dinesh Gopalsamy<br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | othername = Dinesh<br /> | education = <br /> | alma mater = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2010–present<br /> | height = <br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]|2013|2021|end=Separation}}<br /> | relatives = Gopalsamy (Father) &lt;br&gt; Amsaveni (Mother)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dinesh Gopalsamy''' is an Indian [[Tamil people|Tamil]] actor. He made his film debut in ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]''. Then, he debuted in the TV series ''Mahan'' aired on 2010. He became popular by acting in the TV series '' [[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]] '' and '' [[Nachiyarpuram (TV series)|Nachiyarpuram]] ''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web | url = https://zeenews.india.com/television/real-life-couple-rachita-dinesh-pair-up-for-zee-tamils-nachiyarpuram-2217582.html|title=Real life couple Rachita-Dinesh pair up for Zee Tamil's' Nachiyarpuram '| work = | publisher = zeenews.india.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/serial-actors-rachita-and-dinesh-interview | title = ''Everybody Asks How To Color ..!'' – Rachita | work = | publisher = cinema.vikatan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal==<br /> He made his film debut in 2014 '' [[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]].'' He married actress [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]], who co-starred in the 2011 TV series ''[[Pirivom Santhippom (TV series)|Pirivom Sandippom]]'' in 2016 and in '' [[Mr &amp; Mrs Khiladis]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/58628/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/New-Serial-in-Zee-tamil.htm | title = பூவே பூச்சூடவா – புத்தம் புதிய தொடர் | work = | publisher = [[Dinamalar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; They separated in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dinesh-about-rachitha-mahalakshmi-separation-divorce-bigg-boss-tamil-7-tamil-news-345945#:~:text=Dinesh%20added%20%22We%20have%20been,several%20times%20to%20no%20avail.|title=Dinesh finally opens up on heartbreak due to separation from wife Rachitha Mahalakshmi|date=22 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> ===TV Serials===<br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Series/Shows<br /> ! Character<br /> ! Channel<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''Mahan'' || [[Raghavendra Tirtha]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Star Vijay]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Pirivom Santhippom (TV series)|Pirivom Sandhippom]]''|| Karthik ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Puthu Kavithai]]'' || Dhanush ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2017–2019 || ''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]'' || Siva ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Zee Tamil]] || Replace by Karthick Vasudevan<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''[[Sembaruthi]]''<br /> |Siva <br /> | Special Appearance<br /> |-<br /> | 2019–2020 || ''[[Nachiyarpuram (TV series)|Nachiyarpuram]]'' || Karthik || <br /> |-<br /> | 2022–2023 || ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]'' || JK || [[Star Vijay]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2022–2023 || ''[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]'' || Siva || [[Zee Tamil]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|Kizhakku Vaasal]]'' || Arjun Dayalan ||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[Star Vijay]] || Replaced by Sasindhar Pushpalingam<br /> |-<br /> | 2023–2024 ||''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]'' || Contestant ||3rd Runner-up<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''Anda Ka Kasam'' <br /> |Participant<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> {|class='wikitable'<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Movies <br /> ! Role <br /> |-<br /> |2014||''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]''<br /> |Ashraf<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalsamy, Dinesh}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._R._Eswaran&diff=471606 2026-02-19T12:40:27Z

<p>FosterDevito009: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician and entrepreneur}}<br /> {{pp-pc1}}<br /> {{COI|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = E. R. Eswaran<br /> | image = E R Eswaran.png<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|6|30|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Kokkarayanpettai, [[Pallipalayam]], [[India]]<br /> | residence = [[Chennai]]<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 11 May 2021<br /> | term_end = <br /> | constituency = [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]<br /> | predecessor = Pon. Saraswathi<br /> | office1 = General Secretary, [[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]<br /> | occupation = Politician, entrepreneur<br /> | constituency1 = <br /> | term_start1 = 21 March 2013<br /> | predecessor1 = ''position established''<br /> | successor =<br /> | office2 = General Secretary, [[Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | term2 = 15 February 2009 — 21 March 2013<br /> | president2 = [[Best Ramasamy]]<br /> | party = [[File:Kmdkflag.gif|20px]] [[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]]<br /> | website = [http://www.kmdk.in]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''E. R. Eswaran''' is an Indian politician and entrepreneur from [[Tamil Nadu]]. {{As of|2013|3|21}} he is the [[General Secretary]] of the [[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi]] party and as of 2021, is a Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]] constituency.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Eswaran was born at Kokarayanpettai, near [[Thiruchengode]] in the [[Namakkal]] district of Tamil Nadu. His family are involved in agriculture.&lt;ref name=autobio&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.kongusingam.com/english/index.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121013014413/http://www.kongusingam.com/english/index.html| archive-date = 2012-10-13| title = E.R.ESWARAN Official Website of General Secretary}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525082338/http://www.kongusingam.com/english/index.html |date=25 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He received a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree from Government Engineering College, Salem. He then began his business in [[Assam]] and later moved on to [[Chennai]] where he entered the construction and infrastructure business. He soon &quot;established himself as one of the premier builders in Chennai, promoting many apartments and townships&quot;. He also has business interests in the manufacture and export of clothing, which has caused him to travel abroad extensively.&lt;ref name=autobio /&gt;<br /> <br /> He is fluent in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English and [[Hindi]].&lt;ref name=autobio /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Association with Kongu organisations==<br /> He was secretary of &quot;Kongu Nanbargal Sangam&quot; around 2001.&lt;ref&gt;http://kongunanbargalsangam.com/html/history.asp{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> On 21 March 2013, Eswaran was one of the founders of Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi, and is General Secretary of the party. He is member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Tiruchengode constituency. The presence of KMDK in DMK-led alliance has worked in favour of DMK. E.R. Eswaran won by a margin of 2,862 votes in Tiruchengode.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dmk-bags-four-ally-kmdk-one-in-namakkal-district/article34468039.ece| title = DMK bags four, ally KMDK one in Namakkal district - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]}} &lt;/ref&gt; He contested the May [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha Elections]] as a KMDK candidate from the [[Coimbatore]] constituency&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Gounder-consolidation-could-pose-headache-to-major-parties/articleshow/4557663.cms|title=Gounder consolidation could pose headache to major parties &amp;#124; Chennai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; and came third, securing more than one hundred thousand votes. He also came third in the 2009 by election for the Thondamuthur Assembly Constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/Political_detail.asp?news_id=7103|title=Latest Tamilnadu, Indian Political News, Headlines, Information Online|website=[[Dinamalar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kmdk.in/|title=KMDK - கொங்குநாடு மக்கள்‌ தேசிய கட்சி &amp;#124; Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|website=www.kmdk.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/11/07152145/Private-and-government-togethe.html |title=தனியாரோடு சேர்ந்து மாதிரி பள்ளிகளை அரசு உருவாக்க வேண்டும்: கொங்குநாடு மக்கள் கட்சி வலியுறுத்தல் &amp;#124;&amp;#124; Private and government together to create model schools kongunadu makkal katchi emphasis |accessdate=2015-03-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183605/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/11/07152145/Private-and-government-togethe.html |archivedate=2 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Need-funds-for-linking-rivers-KMDK-chief/articleshow/37928766.cms|title=Need funds for linking rivers: KMDK chief &amp;#124; Coimbatore News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> For Lok sabha elections 2014, he contested [[Pollachi]] Constituency as the KMDK candidate with BJP alliance. E.R. Eswaran secured 2,76,118 votes.<br /> <br /> ==Electoral Career==<br /> === Lok Sabha Elections Contested ===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;style=&quot;font-size: 95%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Vote %<br /> ! Opposition Candidate<br /> ! Opposition Party<br /> ! Opposition vote %<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election]] || [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]|| [[Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam|KNMK]] || {{Lost}} ||15.57|| [[P. R. Natarajan]]|| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] ||35.64<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election]] || [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || {{Lost}} ||27.62|| [[C. Mahendran]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] ||41.72<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections ===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;style=&quot;font-size: 95%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Vote %<br /> ! Opposition Candidate<br /> ! Opposition Party<br /> ! Opposition vote %<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sulur Assembly constituency|Sulur]]|| [[Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam|KNMK]] || {{Lost}} ||34.88|| [[K. Thinakaran]]|| [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]] ||52.29<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || {{Won}} ||44.60|| Pon. Saraswathi|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] ||43.04<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Eswaran, E.R.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi politicians]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mizo_National_Front&diff=481330 2026-02-15T07:40:08Z

<p>FosterDevito009: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Political party in India}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian political party<br /> |abbreviation = MNF<br /> |party_logo = Flag Of MNF.jpg<br /> |colorcode = {{party color|Mizo National Front}}<br /> |president = [[Zoramthanga]]<br /> |foundation = {{Start date and age|1961|df=y}}<br /> |founder = [[Laldenga]]<br /> |headquarters = Zarkawt, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]<br /> |eci = State Party&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |alliance = <br /> *[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2014-2023) <br /> ([[Lok Sabha|National level]]) (2025-Present)&lt;br /&gt;([[Autonomous District Council|Autonomous Councils]])<br /> *[[Indian National Congress|INC+]] (2021-2025)&lt;br /&gt;([[Autonomous District Council|Autonomous Councils]])<br /> |loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> |rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> |ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Christian right]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=You are being redirected... | url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/mnf-govt-in-mizoram-to-take-oath-amidst-christian-rituals/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204091215/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/mnf-govt-in-mizoram-to-take-oath-amidst-christian-rituals/ | access-date=2025-07-13 | archive-date=2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Zo people#Geography|Zo Unification]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/politics/mizoram-ahead-of-polls-mnfs-renewed-call-for-zo-unification-creates-political-flutter| title=Mizoram-ahead of polls mnf renewed call for zo unification creates political-flutter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Anti-CAA]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/people-of-mizoram-oppose-citizenship-bill-zoramthanga-tells-modi.html|title=People of Mizoram oppose Citizenship Bill: Zoramthanga tells Modi|date=15 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |Political position=[[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=You are being redirected... | url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/mnf-govt-in-mizoram-to-take-oath-amidst-christian-rituals/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204091215/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/mnf-govt-in-mizoram-to-take-oath-amidst-christian-rituals/ | access-date=2025-07-13 | archive-date=2024-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |youth = Mizo National Youth Front<br /> |women = Mizo National Women Front<br /> |website = {{URL|https://mnfparty.org/}}<br /> |symbol = [[File:Election Symbol Star.svg|100px]]<br /> |party_name = Mizo National Front<br /> |colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> |state_seats_name = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |state_seats = {{Composition bar|10|40|hex={{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> |rajyasabha_leader = [[K. Vanlalvena]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Mizo National Front''' ({{small|[[Abbreviation|abbr.]]}} '''MNF''') is a regional [[political party]] in [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. MNF emerged from the '''Mizo National Famine Front''', which was formed by [[Pu Laldenga]] to protest against the inaction of the [[Government of India]] towards the [[Mautam#1959 mautam famine|1959 famine]] in the [[Mizo people|Mizo]] areas of the [[Assam]] state. It staged a [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|major uprising]] in 1966, followed by years of underground activities. In 1986, it signed the [[Mizoram Accord, 1986|Mizoram Accord]] with the Government of India, renouncing secession and violence. The MNF then began contesting elections and has formed state government in Mizoram three times. It is currently the state's opposition party, with its president, [[Zoramthanga]], as the Former [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu Net Desk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-12-15|title=Who is Zoramthanga, the newly elected CM of Mizoram|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-elections-2018/who-is-zoramthanga-the-newly-elected-cm-of-mizoram/article25751510.ece|access-date=2021-10-12|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origin==<br /> In 1958, the Mizo Hills were devastated by the [[Mautam]], a cyclic phenomenon where the flowering of bamboo plants result in a plague of crop-eating rats, in turn causing a famine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Das Gupta|first=Malabika|title=Hunger, Governance Failure and Its Outcome: An Analysis of the Historical Experience of the Mizo Hills District of Undivided Assam|date=2017|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-6274-2_18|work=Inequality, Poverty and Development in India|series=India Studies in Business and Economics |pages=351–362|editor-last=De|editor-first=Utpal Kumar|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6274-2_18|isbn=978-981-10-6273-5|access-date=2021-10-12|editor2-last=Pal|editor2-first=Manoranjan|editor3-last=Bharati|editor3-first=Premananda|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nag|first=Sajal|date=2001|title=Tribals, Rats, Famine, State and the Nation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4410428|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=36|issue=12|pages=1029–1033|jstor=4410428 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Earlier in 1955, Mizo Cultural Society was formed, with Laldenga as its secretary. In March 1960, the name of the Mizo Cultural Society was changed to 'Mautam Front'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Sati|first1=Vishwambhar Prasad|title=Geostrategic Location, Political History and Development|date=2017|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-45623-2_3|work=A Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction|pages=31–33|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-45623-2_3|isbn=978-3-319-45622-5|access-date=2021-10-12|last2=Vangchhia|first2=Lalrinpuia|series=SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the famine of 1959–1960, this society took lead in demanding relief and attracted the attention of all sections of the people. In September 1960, the Society adopted the name Mizo National Famine Front (MNFF).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-11|title=What is the Mizo National Front?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/mizo-national-front-mnf-mizoram-results-5488114/|access-date=2021-10-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dommen|first=Arthur J.|date=1967|title=Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642421|journal=Asian Survey|volume=7|issue=10|pages=726–739|doi=10.2307/2642421|jstor=2642421 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; The MNFF gained considerable popularity as a large number of Mizo Youth assisted in transporting rice and other essential commodities to interior villages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goswami|first=Namrata|date=2009|title=The Indian Experience of Conflict Resolution in Mizoram|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700160902907118|journal=Strategic Analysis|language=en|volume=33|issue=4|pages=579–589|doi=10.1080/09700160902907118|s2cid=154851791 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Underground movement==<br /> {{Main|Mizo National Front uprising}}<br /> The MNFF, which was originally formed to help ease the immense sufferings of the people during the severe Mautam Famine in Mizoram, was converted into Mizo National Front (MNF) on 22 October 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;goswami2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Goswami|first1=Namrata|date=2009|title=The Indian Experience of Conflict Resolution in Mizoram|journal=Strategic Analysis|volume=33|issue=4|pages=579–589|doi=10.1080/09700160902907118|s2cid=154851791}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first OB leaders elected were, President [[Laldenga]], Vice President JF Manliana, General Secy. R. Vanlawma, and Treasurer Rochhinga and the ways in which the Indian authority of the day handled the famine left the people disillusioned. The wave of secessionist and armed insurrection was running high among the Mizos. In 1966, MNF led [[March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising|a major uprising]] against the government, but failed to gain administrative control of the Mizo district.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The secessionist movement held on for about two decades. During that time, they invaded [[Burma]] claiming [[Chin State]] and [[Tahan]] belong to Mizoram since most of the resident in Tahan are Mizo.&lt;ref name=&quot;nunthara&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Nunthara|first1=C.|date=1981|title=Grouping of Villages in Mizoram: Its Social and Economic Impact|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=16|issue=30|pages=1237, 1239–1240|jstor=4370043}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Dewen|first1=L.J.M.|date=2009|title=The Mizo People: Problems and Future|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-NYYZ200904005.htm|journal=South Asian Studies Quarterly|volume=4|page=5|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022222905/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-NYYZ200904005.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Peace settlement===<br /> {{main|Mizoram Accord, 1986}}<br /> This chapter of insurgency finally came to a close with the signing of the [[Mizoram Accord, 1986|Mizoram Accord]] on 30 June 1986 between the underground government of the Mizo National Front and the Government of India. Under the terms of the peace accord, Mizoram was granted statehood in February 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;sharma&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=S.K.|date=2016|title=Lessons from Mizoram Insurgency and Peace Accord 1986|url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/lessons-from-mizoram-insurgency-and-peace-accord-1986.pdf|website=www.vifindia.org|publisher=Vivekananda International Foundation|accessdate=24 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political party==<br /> In [[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|the resulting election]], the Congress won, and the MNF would be in opposition until 1998. In 1990, Laldenga died, and was replaced by his former secretary and Finance Minister, [[Zoramthanga]]. In 1998 and 2003 MNF won the state assembly elections, and Zoramthanga was chief minister for 10 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;anisha&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Anisha|date=11 November 2013|title=Mizoram assembly polls 2013: A brief profile on Pu Zoramthanga|newspaper=One India News|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/mizoram-assembly-polls-2013-brief-profile-on-pu-zoramthanga-1339392.html|access-date=20 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2003 elections MNF won 21 out of 40 seats in the state assembly, and got 132 505 votes (31.66%).&lt;ref name=&quot;zee2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Neha Attre|date=9 November 2013|title=Mizoram CM candidate profile - Pu Zoramthanga|newspaper=Zee News|url=http://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections-2013/mizoram-polls/mizoram-cm-candidate-profile-pu-zoramthanga_888811.html|access-date=20 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party was routed by the Congress in the [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008 state election]], winning just 3 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2008 Elections Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_MZ2008.pdf|publisher=ECI|access-date=21 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It contested the 2013 state elections in alliance with the [[Mizoram People's Conference]], and won 5 seats to the Congress's 34.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu Net Desk&quot;/&gt; In [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|the 2018 state assembly elections]], the MNF won 26 seats and returned to government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=MNF sweeps Mizoram, northeast now 'Congress-mukt'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 December 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mnf-sweeps-mizoram-north-east-now-congress-mukt/articleshow/67053567.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party lost power to the [[Zoram People's Movement]] during [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|the 2023 state assembly elections]].<br /> <br /> ==Role in the national elections==<br /> For the [[2014 Lok Sabha elections]], it formed an alliance called United Democratic Front with seven other parties including BJP, to contest the only seat in Mizoram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/regional-india/triangular-contest-for-lone-mizoram-seat/|title=Triangular contest for lone Mizoram seat|date=2014-03-18|newspaper=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; The MNF has been part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] since 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Devesh|date=2014-05-20|title=BJP + 29 Parties = National Democratic Alliance|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/bjp-29-parties-national-democratic-alliance-562972|access-date=2021-10-12|website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=BJP-led northeast alliance stays off border row {{!}} India News – The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-led-northeast-alliance-stays-off-border-row/articleshow/84875804.cms|access-date=2021-10-12|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === Mizoram Legislative Assembly ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Party leader<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Seats won<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Change in seats<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Vote %<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Vote swing<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Mizo National Front}}; color:white&quot; | Outcome<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Laldenga]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|24|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 24<br /> | 43.31%<br /> | New<br /> | {{yes2|Government}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|14|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{decrease}} 10<br /> | 35.29%<br /> | {{decrease}} 8.02%<br /> | {{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Zoramthanga]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|14|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{steady}}<br /> | 40.41%<br /> | {{increase}} 5.12%<br /> | {{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|21|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 7<br /> | 24.99%<br /> | {{decrease}} 15.42%<br /> | {{yes2|Government}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|21|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{steady}}<br /> | 31.69%<br /> | {{increase}} 6.70%<br /> | {{yes2|Government}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|3|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{decrease}} 18<br /> | 30.65%<br /> | {{decrease}} 1.04%<br /> | {{partial|Others}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 2<br /> | 28.65%<br /> | {{decrease}} 2.00%<br /> | {{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|26|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 21<br /> | 37.70%<br /> | {{increase}} 9.05%<br /> | {{yes2|Government}}<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |{{Composition bar|10|40|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}}<br /> | {{decrease}} 16<br /> | 35.10%<br /> | {{decrease}} 2.6%<br /> | {{no2|Opposition}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == List of Chief Ministers ==<br /> [[File:The Chief Minister, Mizoram, Shri Zoramthanga calls on the Union Minister for Health &amp; Family Welfare, Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss to discuss various issues related to Health in the State, in New Delhi on September 08, 2006 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|{{small|Zoramthanga, Party President and former Chief Minister of Mizoram.}}]]<br /> {{main|List of chief ministers of Mizoram}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+ List of Chief Ministers of Mizoram<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#70A548;color:white;&quot;|Name<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#70A548;color:white;&quot;|Tenure<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#70A548;color:white;&quot;|Length<br /> |-<br /> | [[Laldenga]]<br /> | 21 August 1986 – 7 September 1988<br /> | {{age in years and days|1986|8|21|1988|9|7}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|[[Zoramthanga]]<br /> | 3 December 1998 – 4 December 2003<br /> | rowspan=3|15 years, 0 days<br /> |-<br /> | 4 December 2003 – 11 December 2008<br /> |-<br /> | 15 December 2018 – 5 December 2023<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Current Party Officers ==<br /> [[File:Mizo National Front Office.JPG|200px|thumb|MNF Office]]<br /> <br /> As of the latest party election in 2019, the officers are:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-11-28|title=Mizoram CM elected unopposed as MNF president|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mizoram-cm-elected-unopposed-as-mnf-president-119112801102_1.html|access-date=2021-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+ Current Party Officers<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#70A548;color:white;&quot;|Position<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#70A548;color:white;&quot;|Officer<br /> |-<br /> | President<br /> | [[Zoramthanga]]<br /> |-<br /> | Senior Vice President<br /> | [[Tawnluia]]<br /> |-<br /> | Vice Presidents<br /> | [[Vanlalzawma]] and [[Lalthlengliana]]<br /> |-<br /> | Treasurer<br /> | K. Vanlalauva<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Mizoram People's Conference]]<br /> * [[Zoram Nationalist Party]]<br /> * [[Zoram People's Movement]]<br /> * [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> * [[Political parties in Mizoram]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/mizoram/documents/papers/mizoram_accord_1986.htm Peace Accord 1986]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040806232658/http://www.mizoram.nic.in/mp.htm MPs of Mizoram] (archived 6 August 2004)<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTfJgMRyMAE Mizo National Front campaign song recorded 1993] (video on [[YouTube]])<br /> <br /> {{Mizoram}}<br /> {{Indian political parties}}<br /> {{North-East Democratic Alliance}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mizo National Front| ]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1961]]<br /> [[Category:1961 establishments in Assam]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._K._Dey&diff=450249 2026-02-08T19:50:12Z

<p>FosterDevito009: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1906–1989)}}<br /> {{More citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = S. K. Dey<br /> | image = File:Surendra Kumar Dey Lok Sabha image.gif<br /> | caption = Dey in 1962<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]<br /> | term_start = May 1962<br /> | term_end = May 1967<br /> | predecessor = N K Somani<br /> | successor = <br /> | office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]<br /> | term_start1 = 31 January 1957<br /> | term_end1 = 1 March 1962<br /> | predecessor1 = Surinder Kumar Dey<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1906|09|13|df=y}}<br /> | birth_name = Surinder Kumar Dey<br /> | birth_place = Sylhet District, [[Bengal Presidency]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1989|05|24|1906|09|13|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | website = <br /> | profession = Politician, social engineer, author<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Surendra Kumar Dey''' (13 September 1906 – 24 May 1989)&lt;ref name=&quot;Lok_Sabha&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=18 July 1989 |title=Lok Sabha Debates (Fourteenth Session, Eighth Lok Sabha)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2864/1/lsd_08_14_18-07-1989.pdf |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |volume=51|issue=1 |pages=3–4 |doi= |access-date=15 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian politician, administrator, and author who served as the first [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] Minister for Community Development, [[Panchayati raj|Panchayati Raj]], and Cooperation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2922.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707080938/https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/councilofministers/english/1_Upload_2922.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-07 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=cabsec.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He held positions in both houses of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]: [[Rajya Sabha]] (1957–1962) and [[Lok Sabha]] (1962–1967).<br /> <br /> He was involved in government initiatives related to the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj system]], a governance model emphasizing [[decentralization]] at village level.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Keep your passion, and career entwined | url = https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/hans-editorial-/keep-your-passion-career-entwined-940792 | date = 2025-02-13 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250213232250/https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/hans-editorial-/keep-your-passion-career-entwined-940792 | archivedate = 2025-02-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Dey was born on 13 September 1906, in the [[Sylhet District|Sylhet district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]], present-day Bangladesh. He studied engineering at [[Purdue University]] and the [[University of Michigan]] in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 18, 1989 |title=&quot;Lok Sabha Debates (Fourteenth Session, Eighth Lok Sabha).&quot; p 3-4 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2864/1/lsd_08_14_18-07-1989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812085152/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2864/1/lsd_08_14_18-07-1989.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2024 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=eparlib.nic.in |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Dey began his career as the Honorary Technical Advisor to the [[Government of India|Government of India's]] Ministry of Rehabilitation from 1948 to 1951. During his time as a technical advisor, he worked on rehabilitation efforts for displaced persons from [[Pakistan]] following the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 August 1951 |title=The Gazette of India, 18 August 1951 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1951/O-2307-1951-0033-107853.pdf |accessdate=18 October 2025 |publisher=Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Ministerial tenure ===<br /> He was appointed Minister for Cooperation &amp; Panchayati Raj under Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He implemented the Community Development Program (1953), which led to the creation of Community Development Blocks across the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dey |first=S. K. |title=Community Development: A Chronicle, 1954-1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was a member of the [[Balwantrai Mehta Committee|Balwant Rai Mehta Committee]] (1957), which recommended the formation of a three-tier [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj]] system in India.<br /> <br /> ===Rural township===<br /> In 1949, Dey proposed the idea of an [[Agro-Industrial Complex|agro-industrial]] township for rural development. The model combined agriculture and industrial activities, with the township receiving support through goods and services from surrounding villages. It was designed as a cooperative and largely self-sufficient system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://allreviewjournal.com/assets/archives/2018/vol3issue2/3-4-69-291.pdf|title=SK DEY’S contribution to the Indian political thought|last=Anupama|first=Arya|date=2018|journal=International Journal of Academic Research and Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This model materialized as the ''Mazdoori Manzil'' project in 1950, in [[Nilokheri]], [[Haryana]], and was designed to rehabilitate 7,000 refugees from Pakistan.<br /> <br /> After observing the [[Nilokheri]] model&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Government of India. *Report of the Study Team on Community Projects and National Extension Service (Balwantrai Mehta Committee Report)*. New Delhi: Ministry of Community Development and Cooperation, 1957.&lt;/ref&gt;, Prime Minister Nehru suggested that similar townships be replicated throughout India.&lt;ref name=&quot;deybook2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Dey was influenced by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Sriniketan]] experiment in rural development and the Gandhian idea of rural construction, which stressed self-sufficiency and manual labour. His ideas combined aspects of [[Liberalism]], [[Marxism]], and [[Gandhism]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Panchayati Raj==<br /> Dey served on the [[Balwantrai Mehta Committee|1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee]], which was formed to assess the Community Development Program. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The committee examined the program’s effectiveness in mobilizing local initiatives and building institutions capable of sustaining rural economic and social development. It concluded that community development was effective only when local communities actively participated in planning, decision-making, and implementation, thereby emphasizing the need for a strong Panchayati Raj system. The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee recommended a developmental role for Panchayati Raj institutions in rural development, considering them essential to the success of community development and national extension programs.<br /> <br /> Dey attributed philosophical connotations to Panchayati Raj, which he explained in his book ''Panchayat-i-Raj: A Synthesis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;deybook2&quot;&gt;https://www.worldcat.org/title/10211322&lt;/ref&gt; In his book, Dey described Panchayati Raj as a connecting mechanism between local and national governance, advocating an integrated approach linking the Gram Sabha and the Lok Sabha and stating that democratic processes should extend from Parliament to the village assembly. Dey urged state governments to prioritize establishing PRIs in their respective states.<br /> <br /> Dey’s support for decentralized governance coincided with a period when political and administrative support for the institutionalization of Panchayati Raj increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;ruralmin2&quot;&gt;https://rural.nic.in/en/about-us/history/panchayati-raj&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;epw2&quot;&gt;https://www.epw.in/journal/1992/26/review-rural-affairs-review-issues-specials/understanding-panchayati-raj.html&lt;/ref&gt; The recommendations of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee&lt;ref name=&quot;deybook2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;niti2&quot;&gt;https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_edu.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; preceded legislative action by state governments to establish Panchayati Raj Institutions more systematically.<br /> <br /> By the [[1960s]], all states had enacted legislation for PRIs (Panchayati Raj Institutions), leading to the establishment of over 217,300 [[Panchayats]].<br /> <br /> ===Other achievements===<br /> Dey was involved in establishing the [[National Development Council (India)|National Development Council]] and guided [[Kurukshetra]], a publication of the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.livelihoods.net.in/sites/default/files/sk_dey-_march_-_12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814120300/http://www.livelihoods.net.in/sites/default/files/sk_dey-_march_-_12.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Kapil |date=January 2007 |title=A Journal on Rural Development |url=http://yojana.gov.in/CMS/(S(ljl0xm55p2phhl551l1ji1jc))/pdf/Kurukshetra%5CEnglish%5C2007/JAN_VOL55_NO%203.pdf |journal=Kurukshetra |volume=3 |pages=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814103958/http://yojana.gov.in/CMS/(S(ljl0xm55p2phhl551l1ji1jc))/pdf/Kurukshetra%5CEnglish%5C2007/JAN_VOL55_NO%203.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Former Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise) |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/mpterms.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161226/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/mpterms.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=164.100.47.5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dey published ''Community Development: The Quest'' in 1960&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dey |title=Community Development |date=1960 |publisher=Kitab Mahal}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, S. K.}}<br /> [[Category:Karnal]]<br /> [[Category:1906 births]]<br /> [[Category:1989 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br /> [[Category:Indian agnostics]]<br /> [[Category:Asian democratic socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Army trials]]<br /> [[Category:Indian socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali writers]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Rajya Sabha]]<br /> [[Category:Purdue University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deva_Prasad_Sarbadhikari&diff=496388 2026-02-07T18:40:09Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up first stub and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{one source|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person <br /> | name = Deva Prasad Sarbadhikari <br /> | native_name = দেবপ্রসাদ সর্বাধিকারী <br /> | image = Devaprasad_Sarbadhikari.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = &lt;!-- other than just name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = 1862<br /> | birth_place = [[Radhanagore|Radhanagar]], [[Khanakul]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> | death_date = 11 August 1935 (aged 73)<br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | alma mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta University]]<br /> | occupation = lawyer, politician educationist, writer<br /> | awards = <br /> | parents = Suya Kumar Sarbadhikari (father) &lt;br&gt; Hemlata Sarbadhikari (mother)<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> Sir '''Deva Prasad Sarvadhikari''' (or '''Deba Prasad Sarbadhikary''') (1862 – 11 August 1935) was an Indian lawyer, educationist and a vice chancellor of Calcutta University.<br /> <br /> Sarvadhikari came from a wealthy family of Radhanagar in Bengal and was the son of Dr. Soorji Coomar Sarvadhikari, G.M.C.B., Rai Bahadur, who was a naval surgeon in British employment during the 1857 rebellion. Sarvadhikari was educated at the [[The Sanskrit College and University|Sanskrit College]], the Hare School and [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] receiving an MA in 1882 and a BL 1883. He then became a solicitor in 1888. He became a fellow of the University of Calcutta and was a representative at the Congress of the Universities of the Empire held in London in 1911. He was give honorary degrees by the Universities of St Andrews and Aberdeen. In 1914, he succeeded Sir [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Ashutosh Mukerjee]] as vice-chancellor and served until 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=85–87|url=https://archive.org/details/secondsupplement00luckrich/page/123/mode/1up| title=Second supplement to Who's who in India: brought up to 1914| year=1914|place=Lucknow|publisher=Newul Kishore Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarbadhikari, Deba Prasad}}<br /> [[Category:1862 births]]<br /> [[Category:1935 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:Lawyers from British India]]<br /> [[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali knights]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biswajit_Chakraborty&diff=491959 2026-02-06T06:08:22Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up basic article w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Biswajit Chakraborty 2024.jpg<br /> | caption = Biswajit Chakraborty in 2024<br /> | birth_date = 29 October 1948<br /> | education = Education in Civil engineering <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 1987 till now<br /> }}<br /> '''Biswajit Chakraborty''' (born 29 October 1948)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmio.in/people/7328-biswajit-chakraborty|title=Biswajit Chakraborty - FILMIO.IN|website=FILMIO.IN|access-date=2017-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729155737/http://www.filmio.in/people/7328-biswajit-chakraborty|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian film actor who appears predominantly in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movies. He was born in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. His debut movie was ''[[Sunya Theke Suru]]'' directed by [[Ashoke Viswanathan]]. He has acted in more than a 100 movies including ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'', ''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]'', ''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]'' and [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh|Kahaani 2]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Language<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> ||''[[Dard (2024 film)|Dard]]'' || || Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> ||''[[Datta (2023 film)|Datta]]''<br /> || || Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> ||''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''|| ||Bengali||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Tonic review: Paran Bandopadhyay's screen presence makes this film worth a watch |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/tonic-42425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226124719/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/tonic-42425 |url-status=live |archive-date=26 December 2021 |work=Cinestaan |date=25 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Lover''|| ||Bengali||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lover Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/lover/movieshow/86475405.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Abalamban''|| ||Bengali||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Abalamban Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/abalamban/movieshow/86287100.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Tui Aamar ''|| ||Bengali||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tui Aamar Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/tui-aamar/movieshow/86474549.cms |access-date=26 December 2021 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''Beg For Life''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''Hullor''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''[[Asur (film)|Asur]]''||Governor||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''Drishti''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Prem Amar 2]]''||Joy's father||Bengali||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Adrit Roy on a heart-warming, mishti-themed love story called Mithai |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/adrit-roy-on-a-heart-warming-mishti-themed-love-story-called-mithai/cid/1802768 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=6 January 2021}} &quot; ''Biswajit (Chakraborty) sir played my father in [[Prem Amar 2]]'' &quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> ||''[[Jaanbaaz]]'' || ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Parineeta (2019 film)|Parineeta]]''||Mehul's dad||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> ||''[[Sotoroi September]]'' || ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Bagh Bondi Khela''||The owner of Baagh's house||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> ||''[[Biday Byomkesh]]'' ||Maheedar Chowdhury||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 <br /> |''[[Dotara (film)|Dotara]]'' || || Bengali<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''[[Raja Rani Raji]]''||Isha's Father||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Dharasnan''||Hara Babu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |title=Dharasnan review: When an exploited woman turns into an exploiter |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/dharasnan-36246 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228181804/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/dharasnan-36246 |url-status=live |archive-date=28 December 2021 |work=Cinestaan |date=1 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Shoma |title='I was the busiest director in the 1990s and early 2000s' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/busiest-director-1990s-early-2000s-1502631415.html |work=The Statesman |date=5 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> ||''[[Byomkesh Gotro]]'' ||Maheedar Chowdhury||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''Valentines Day''||Aniket||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |''[[Jio Pagla]]''||Landlord||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''Life Ek Songram''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]''||Santu's Dad||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||Archive footage<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/watch-the-official-trailer-of-upcoming-film-char-diker-galpo-dgtlv-1.710974 Chardiker Golpo]<br /> |Thakur Moshai (Priest)<br /> |Bengali<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''[[Shob Bhooturey]]''||Poritosh Mukherjee||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Abir and Sohini get chatty about their next film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/abir-and-sohini-get-chatty-about-their-next-film/articleshow/60322380.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 September 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''||Dr. Chowdhury||[[Hindi language|Hindi]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''The Hungry Stones''||Wazir Khan||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||Short film<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''Mandobasar Gappo''||Sreeporna's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> ||''[[Ei To Jeebon]]''||Pooja's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> ||''[[Double Feluda]]''||Suprakash Chowdhury a.k.a. Mr. Dastur||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A fitting tribute |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/a-fitting-tribute-1482960034.html |work=The Statesman |date=28 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> ||''[[Kahaani 2|Kahaani 2 : Durga Rani Singh]]''||Lalbazar [[Police Inspector]]||[[Hindi]]||[[Bollywood]] debut<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]''||Police Inspector||Bengali||Special Appearance<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> ||''[[Kelor Kirti]]''||Haranath Mittir||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Power (2016 film)|Power]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> ||''[[Ki Kore Toke Bolbo]]''||[[Barrister]]||Bengali||Special Appearance<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> ||''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''||Aditya's Father||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> ||''[[Shajarur Kanta]]''||Nripati Laha||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> ||''[[Jamai 420]]''||Father||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> ||''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]''||Dhirendra Chowdhury||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> ||''[[Byomkesh Phire Elo]]''||Benimadhav||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Game (2014 film)|Game]]''||Abhimanyu's Dad||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]''||Police Officer||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> ||''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]''||Santu's Dad||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> ||''[[Half Serious]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> ||''[[Deewana (2013 film)|Deewana]]''||Abhi's Father||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy]]''||Hrishikesh Banerjee||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Paglu 2]]''||Dev's Dad||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Awara (2012 film)|Awara]]''||Upendra Narayan / Surya's Elder Brother||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Hemlock Society]]''||[[Police Inspector]]||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''Goray Gandogol''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Abar Byomkesh]]''||Maheedar Chowdhury||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]''||Brigaider Yudhajit Sarkar||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[100% Love (2012 film)|100% Love]]''||Abhi's Grandfather||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> ||''[[Khokababu]]''||Khoka's Dad||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Gosain Baganer Bhoot''||Headmaster||Bengali<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Romeo (2011 film)|Romeo]]''||Dibakar||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Jai Baba Bholenath''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Mone Pore Ajo Sei Din]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Someday Somewhere''||Mridul Roy||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Teen Tanaya''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Jaani Dekha Hawbe''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Hello Memsaheb''||[[Principal (education)|Principal]]||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Urochithi''||Mohit Dasgupta||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Ajob Prem Ebong...''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Icche]]''||Jayanti's Father||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Shotru]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Necklace]]''||Col. Bose||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Bye Bye Bangkok]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Egaro]]''||Club [[Chairman]]||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''Takhon 23''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Fighter (2012 film)|Fighter]]''||Suriya's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Baishe Srabon]]''||Public Prosecutor||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> ||''[[Katakuti]]''||Medical Super at Asylum||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''Bandhu Tomar''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Notobor Notout]]''||Corbett||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''Rose Crazy Rose''||Mashai||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Kellafate]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]''||Manoj Sarkar||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''Prem By Chance''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Pratidwandi]]''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''||Anadi Babu||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Target (2010 film)|Target]]''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Le Chakka]]''||Abir's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Ganer Opare]]''||Pradyumna Lahiri||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''Bodhoshattva''||[[Film producer|Producer]] Roy||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''[[Handa and Bhonda]]''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> ||''Mon Je Kore Uru Uru''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''[[Prem Amar]]''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''[[Cross Connection]]''||Emon's Father||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]''||Anna's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''Living Beyond The Line''|| ||Bengali / [[English language|English]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''Madly Bengali''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''Smritimedur''||Abani Babu||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]''||Abir's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''[[Antaheen]]''||Mr. Saha||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ||''Hashi Kushi Club''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |''[[Jackpot (2009 film)|Jackpot]]''||Inspector||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Pakhi (film)|Pakhi]]''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]''||Hiralal Somani||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]''||Ria's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Chaturanga]]''||Man||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Bandhan (2008 TV series)|Bandhan]]''||Actor||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||TV series<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Bor Asbe Ekhuni]]''||Mithli's Father||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> ||''[[Tolly Lights]]''|| ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> ||''Dus Din Pore''||Man||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> ||''[[Chander Bari]]''||Man||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> ||''[[Mahaguru (2007 film)|Mahaguru]]''||Abhimanyu's Relative||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> ||''[[Abhimanyu (2006 film)|Abhimanyu]]''||Actor||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> ||''[[The Bong Connection]]''||Andy's Relative||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> ||''[[Bibar]]''||Principal||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> ||''Priyotoma''||Jeet's Realetive||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> ||''Shubhodristi''|| ||Bengali||<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> ||''[[Antarmahal]]''||Priest||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> ||''Abar Asbo Phire''||Actor||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> ||''[[Bandhan (2004 film)|Bandhan]]''||Jeet's Realetive||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> ||''[[Kalo Chita]]''||Man||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> ||''[[Hemanter Pakhi]]''||The Actor||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> ||''Sunya Theke Shuru''||Actor Babu||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> ||''[[Papi (1990 film)|Papi]]''||The Man||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]||[[Tollywood (Bengali cinema)|Tollywood]] debut<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Television series==<br /> * [[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena|Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Asena]] (19 September 2009 to 3 August 2014)<br /> * [[Soudaminir Sansar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=TV show 'Soudaminir Sansar' to end soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-soudaminir-sansar-to-end-soon/articleshow/80746103.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 February 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (17 June 2019 to 2021)<br /> * [[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]] (4 January 2021 to 9 June 2023)<br /> * Didi No.1 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wedding drama in Zee Bangla's Didi No. 1 |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/wedding-drama-zee-banglas-didi-no-1-160426 |website=Tellychakkar.com |access-date=26 April 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ranga Bou]] (12 December 2022 to 16 December 2023)<br /> * [[Sandhya Tara]] (11 June 2023 to present)<br /> * Shyama (11 September 2023 to 3 December 2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=Tumpa Ghosh and Honey Bafna starrer 'Shyama' to launch soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tumpa-ghosh-and-honey-bafna-starrer-shyama-to-launch-soon/articleshow/102377504.cms? |access-date=2023-08-04 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Anurager Chhowa]] (2023)<br /> *[[Ke Prothom Kache Eshechi]] (2024)<br /> *[[Abar Proloy]] (2023)<br /> *[[Mittir Bari]] (2025) as Shyam Sundar Sen aka Triple S<br /> *[[Jowar Bhanta]] (2025–present)<br /> *[[O Mor Dorodiya]] (2025–present)<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | West Bengal Tele Academy Awards<br /> | Best Actor ''(Supporting role)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tele Academy Awards 2022 Winners: মিঠাই -সিদ্ধার্থ থেকে জুন আন্টি! দেখুন টেলি আকাদেমিতে অ্যাওয়ার্ডসে কারা পেলেন সেরার সেরা পুরস্কার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/mithai-soumitrisha-adrit-ushasie-aindrila-ambarish-and-others-gets-awards-see-west-bengal-tele-academy-awards-2022-winner-list-award-given-mamata-banerjee-soc-352738-2022-03-11 |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|2270922}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Biswaj}}<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali male actors]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanyukt&diff=532993 2026-02-04T03:37:40Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting first info w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian soap opera television series}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | alt_name = Our Perfect Place<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = [[Indian soap opera]]&lt;br&gt;Family drama<br /> | creator = Atul Sharma<br /> | based_on = <br /> | director = Amarpreet Chhabra<br /> | writer = Atul Sharma / Reshma Khan<br /> | creative_director = Renu Rana<br /> | presenter = <br /> | judges = <br /> | starring = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | opentheme = <br /> | num_seasons = 01<br /> | num_episodes = 184<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | producer = SA RE GA MA<br /> | location = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = <br /> | company = Saregama Productions<br /> | channel = [[Zee TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2016|09|06|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2017|05|19|df=yes}}<br /> | music = [[Dhrubajyoti]], [[Debojit Saha]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sanyukt''' (English: ''Our Perfect Place)'' is an Indian/Hindi family drama television series, which premiered on [[Zee TV]] from 6 September 2016 to 19 May 2017 and 28 March 2020, on [[Zee World]]. The series is aired every Monday - Sundays. The series is produced by Saregama Productions of Rahul Tewari. <br /> it replaces [[Meri Saasu Maa]]. It was replaced by [[Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi]] after its completion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zee TV's Sanyukt to go off air |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zee-tvs-sanyukt-go-air-170421 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The story of the show is about an extended family and the trials and tribulations between each family member. The show revolves around the lives of the Mehta family clan, their relationships with each other, their joys, sorrows and eventually their love for each other. Govardhan Mehta is a simple and traditional man, lives with his family.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Ila Mehta<br /> * [[Kiran Kumar]] as Govardhan Mehta<br /> * [[Maninder Singh (actor)|Maninder Singh]] as Rahul Mehta<br /> * Suraj Kakkar as Sameer Mehta<br /> * Harsh Vashisht as Parimal Mehta<br /> * Mohit Sharma as Niranjan Mehta<br /> * Simran Khanna as Tanuja Shah<br /> * [[Priyanka Purohit]] as Hetal Shah<br /> * [[Namrata Thapa]] as Gayatri Mehta<br /> * Urvashi Sharma as Rita Mehta<br /> * Sharad Joshi as Uday Mehta<br /> * Mahima Nayak as Prachi<br /> * [[Rishika Mihani]] as Maya<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanyukt}}<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Zee TV original programming]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025%E2%80%9326_FC_Goa_season&diff=483467 2026-02-02T14:17:56Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Created A Post First Draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025–26 season of FC Goa}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox football club season<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | club = [[FC Goa]]<br /> |season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]<br /> | owner = [[FC Goa#Ownership|Goan Football&lt;br&gt; Club Pvt. Ltd]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=About Us: FC Goa |url=https://fcgoa.in/about |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=fcgoa.in |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225648/https://fcgoa.in/about |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chrtitle = President<br /> | chairman = Akshay Tandon<br /> | mgrtitle = Head Coach<br /> | manager = {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Márquez]]<br /> <br /> | stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]] &lt;br&gt;('''Capacity''' : 19,000&lt;ref name=&quot;FC-Goa-(Thendi kalagalVenue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile/venue/ |title=FC Goa Home Ground Venue – Indian Super League |access-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428214420/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile/venue |archive-date=28 April 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;) <br /> | league = [[Indian Super League]]<br /> | league result = ''pre-season''<br /> | cup1 = [[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]<br /> | cup1 result = '''[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|Champions]]'''<br /> | cup2 = [[AFC Champions League Two|ACL Two]]<br /> | cup2 result = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|Group stage]]<br /> |league topscorer = <br /> |season topscorer =<br /> |highest attendance = <br /> |lowest attendance = <br /> |average attendance = <br /> | largest win = 3–0 vs {{nowrap|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]}}&lt;br&gt;([[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|AIFF Super Cup]])<br /> | largest loss = 0–4 vs {{fbaicon|KSA}} [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] &lt;br&gt;([[AFC Champions League Two|ACL Two]])<br /> <br /> | pattern_la1 = _goa2425h<br /> | pattern_b1 = _goa2425h<br /> | pattern_ra1 = _goa2425h<br /> | pattern_sh1 = <br /> | pattern_so1 = _bluetop<br /> | leftarm1 = F16623<br /> | body1 = F16623<br /> | rightarm1 = F16623<br /> | shorts1 = 0000C8<br /> | socks1 = F16623<br /> | pattern_la2 = _goa2425a<br /> | pattern_b2 = _goa2425a<br /> | pattern_ra2 = _goa2425a<br /> | pattern_sh2 =<br /> | pattern_so2 = _bluetop<br /> | leftarm2 = 00D0FE<br /> | body2 = 00D0FE<br /> | rightarm2 = 00D0FE<br /> | shorts2 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks2 = FFFFFF<br /> | pattern_la3 = _goa2425t<br /> | pattern_b3 = _goa2425t<br /> | pattern_ra3 = _goa2425t<br /> | pattern_sh3 = <br /> | pattern_so3 = <br /> | leftarm3 = 7D0519<br /> | body3 = 7D0519<br /> | rightarm3 = 7D0519<br /> | shorts3 = 7D0519<br /> | socks3 = 7D0519<br /> <br /> |prevseason = [[2024–25 FC Goa season|2024–25]]<br /> |nextseason = [[2026–27 FC Goa season|2026–27]]<br /> | updated = 24 December 2025<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2025–26 '''[[FC Goa]] season is the club's [[List of FC Goa seasons|12th season]] since its establishment in 2014 as well as their 12th season in [[2025–26 Indian Super League]]. In addition to the league, they will also compete in the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]] and [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|2025–26 ACL Two]].<br /> <br /> ==Team management==<br /> ===Current technical staff===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Orange ; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; | Role<br /> !colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Orange; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Orange; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; | Refs.<br /> |-<br /> |Head coach<br /> |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Márquez]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Manolo returns to FC Goa after official India exit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/manolo-returns-to-fc-goa-after-official-india-exit/articleshow/122666806.cms |website=Times of India|date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 Jul 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Assistant coach<br /> |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Benito Montalvo]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gouramangi Singh]]}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Former India international Gouramangi Singh joins FC Goa as Assistant Coach|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-appoint-gouramangi-singh-assistant-coach|website=fcgoa.in|date=13 July 2022|access-date=13 July 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713182519/https://fcgoa.in/media/news/fc-goa-appoint-gouramangi-singh-assistant-coach|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |Goalkeeping coach<br /> |{{flagicon|ESP}} Marc Gamon<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Strength &amp; conditioning coach<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Head of performance analysis<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Joy Gabriel M.<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Management===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Orange; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; | Position<br /> !colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Orange; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; | Name<br /> |-<br /> |CEO <br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Ravi Puskur<br /> |-<br /> |Head of technical operations<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Jonathan D'Souza<br /> |-<br /> |Technical director <br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Derrick Pereira]]<br /> |-<br /> |Team manager <br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Dion Pinto <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> {{Main|List of FC Goa players}}<br /> ===First-team squad===<br /> {{updated|17 September 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Squad<br /> | url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile<br /> | publisher = [[Indian Super League]]<br /> | access-date = 28 October 2020<br /> | archive-date = 28 October 2020<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182250/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/496-fc-goa-profile<br /> | url-status = live<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{fs start}}<br /> {{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sandesh Jhingan]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=4|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Pol Moreno]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=9|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Javier Siverio]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammad Yasir]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Lara Sharma]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ayush Chhetri]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sahil Tavora]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Boris Singh Thangjam]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Jerry Lalrinzuala]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Seriton Fernandes]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Udanta Singh Kumam]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Prachit Vishwas}} <br /> {{fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Harsh Patre]]}}<br /> {{Fs mid}}<br /> {{fs player|no=26|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Borja Herrera]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Aakash Sangwan]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nim Dorjee Tamang]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=34|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Iker Guarrotxena]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ronney Willson Kharbudon}}<br /> {{fs player|no=42|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brison Fernandes]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Muhammed Nemil]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Bob Jackson}}<br /> {{fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Hrithik Tiwari]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=71|nat=SRB|pos=FW|name=[[Dejan Dražić]]}}<br /> {{fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Abdul Rabeeh]]}}<br /> {{fs end}}<br /> <br /> ==Friendlies==<br /> FC Goa will play [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] in a friendly at Kolkata on Sept 9, ahead of their 2025–26 [[AFC Champions League Two]] Campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Marcus Mergulhao|website= Twitter|title= Mohun Bagan vs Goa (Friendly) |url=https://x.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1963248013045809216?t=4UkTb_of-ml6VINBxmYfoQ&amp;s=19 |access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|9|9|df=y}}<br /> |time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |score = 0–0<br /> |team2 = [[FC Goa]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Kolkata]],}} {{nowrap|[[West Bengal]]}}<br /> |stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |report = <br /> |referee =<br /> |result = D<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Competitions==<br /> === Overall record ===<br /> {{Fb overview2 <br /> |c=3<br /> <br /> |c1=[[2025–26 Indian Super League|ISL]] |fm1=December 2025 |lm1= |sr1=[[Indian Super League#Matchday 1|Matchday 1]] |fp1= |w1=0 |d1=0 |l1=0 |f1=0 |a1=0<br /> <br /> |c2=[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two|ACL2]] |fm2=13 August 2025 |lm2={{nowrap|24 December 2025}} |sr2={{nowrap|[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two#Qualifying play-offs|Preliminary stage]]}} |fp2={{nowrap|[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]]}} |w2=1 |d2=0 |l2=6 |f2=5 |a2=15<br /> <br /> |c3=[[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] |fm3={{nowrap|26 October 2025}} |lm3= 7 December 2025 |sr3=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group Stage]] |fp3= '''[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|Champions]]''' |w3=3 |d3=1 |l3=1 |f3=8 |a3=3<br /> <br /> |u= 24 December 2025<br /> |s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/india-fc-goa/31405/ Soccerway]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Indian Super League===<br /> {{Main|2025–26 Indian Super League}}<br /> ==== League table ====<br /> {{2025–26 Indian Super League points table|showteam=GOA}}<br /> ==== Results summary ====<br /> {{Fb_rs<br /> |hw=0|hd=0|hl=0|hgf=0|hga=0<br /> |aw=0|ad=0|al=0|agf=0|aga=0}}<br /> {{Fb_rs footer | u= | s=[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League] <br /> | date=}}<br /> ==== Matches ====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> ===AIFF Super Cup===<br /> {{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}<br /> ;Group stage<br /> {{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group B|showteam=GOA}}<br /> {{Further information|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage}}<br /> ==== Matches ====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group Stage]]<br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|10|26|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Goa<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *{{nowrap|[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|45}}}}<br /> *[[Dejan Dražić|Drazic]] {{goal|66}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Venkatesh Ramachandran<br /> |motm = [[Dejan Dražić|Dejan Drazic]] (Goa)<br /> |attendance = 327<br /> |report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57389 I-League]&lt;br&gt;[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57389_Match_Summary_V1_1761496166.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group Stage]]<br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|10|29|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Goa<br /> |score = 3–0 <br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|4}}<br /> *[[Borja Herrera|Borja]] {{goal|38||42}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Ashwin<br /> |motm = [[Borja Herrera]] (Goa)<br /> |attendance = 893<br /> |report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57392 I-League]&lt;br/&gt;[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57392_Match_Summary_V1_1761753938.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group Stage]]<br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|11|01|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Goa<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|North East]]}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Sahil Tavora|Sahil]] {{goal|72}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> *[[Chema (footballer, born 1997)|Chema]] {{goal|68}}<br /> *Robin Yadav {{goal|77}} <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Crystal John<br /> |motm = Dipesh Chauhan (NorthEast United)<br /> |attendance = 1,723<br /> |report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57394 I-League]&lt;br/&gt;[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57394_Match_Summary_V1_1762013073.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> ;Knockout stage<br /> {{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Knockout stage{{!}}2025–26 AIFF Super Cup knockout stage}}<br /> {{#lst:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Bracket}}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Knockout stage|Semi-final]]<br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|12|4|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Goa<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Brison Fernandes|Brison]] {{goal|20}}<br /> *[[David Timor|Timor]] {{goal|23}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> *[[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]] {{goal|59}} <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Pratik Mondal<br /> |motm = [[David Timor]] (Goa)<br /> |attendance = 5,000<br /> |report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=58109 I-League]&lt;br/&gt;[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/58109_Match_Summary_V2_1764867092.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible<br /> |round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final|Final]]<br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|12|7|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br /> |score = 0–0<br /> | aet = Yes<br /> |penaltyscore= 5–6<br /> |team2 = Goa<br /> |penalties1 =<br /> *[[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Miguel Figueira|Miguel]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{penmiss}}<br /> *[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|A. Ali]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Hamid Ahadad|Ahadad]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|PV Vishnu]] {{penmiss}}<br /> |penalties2 = <br /> *{{penmiss}} [[Borja Herrera|Borja]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Dejan Dražić|Dejan]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[David Timor|Timor]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Harish Kundu<br /> |motm = [[Hrithik Tiwari]] (Goa)<br /> |attendance = 9,400<br /> |report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=59672 I-League]&lt;br/&gt;[https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/59672_Match_Summary_V1_1765127946.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]<br /> |result = D<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === AFC Champions League Two ===<br /> {{Main|2025–26 AFC Champions League Two}}<br /> <br /> ==== Matches ====<br /> {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br /> <br /> ;Qualifying play-offs <br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> | round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two#Qualifying play-offs|Preliminary stage]]<br /> | date = 13 August 2025<br /> | time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = Goa {{fbaicon|IND}}<br /> | score = 2–1<br /> | team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|OMN}} [[Al-Seeb Club|Al-Seeb]]}}<br /> | report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/club/afc_champions_league_two.html/news/ps-fc-goa-ind-2-1-al-seeb-club-oma-2<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|24}} <br /> *[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|52}} <br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Nasser Al-Rawahi|Nasser]] {{goal|60}} <br /> | stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> | location = {{nowrap|[[Goa]], India}} <br /> | attendance = 12,314<br /> | referee = [[Zhang Lei (referee)|Zhang Lei]] ([[China Football Association|China]])<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> ;Group stage&lt;br&gt;([[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group D]])<br /> {{2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group tables|Group D|show_matches=yes<br /> |teamwidth=240|showteam=GOA}}<br /> {{Further information|2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage}}<br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> |round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]] <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|9|17|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = {{nowrap|Goa {{fbaicon|IND}}}}<br /> |score = 0–2 <br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|IRQ}} [[Al-Zawraa SC|Zawraa]]}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> |goals2 = <br /> *[[Reziq Bani Hani|Bani Hani]] {{goal|44}}<br /> *[[Nizar Al-Rashdan|Al-Rashdan]] {{goal|90+5}}<br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Goa]], India}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Baraa Aisha ([[Palestine Football Association|Palestine]])<br /> |attendance = 8,756<br /> |report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597746<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> |round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]] <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|10|1|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = {{nowrap|[[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]] {{fbaicon|TJK}}}}<br /> |score = 2–0<br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|IND}} Goa}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Rustam Soirov|Soirov]] {{goal|46}}<br /> *[[Reza Dehghani|Dehghani]] {{goal|74}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Hisar (Tajikistan)|Hisor]], Tajikistan}}<br /> |stadium = [[Hisor Central Stadium]]<br /> |referee = [[Thoriq Alkatiri]] ([[Football Association of Indonesia|Indonesia]])<br /> |attendance = 5,750<br /> |report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597748<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> |id = GOA v NSR<br /> |round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]] <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|10|22|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = {{nowrap|Goa {{fbaicon|IND}}}}<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|KSA}} [[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]]}}<br /> |goals1 = <br /> *[[Brison Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{goal|41}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> *[[Ângelo Gabriel|Ângelo]] {{goal|10}}<br /> *[[Haroune Camara|Camara]] {{goal|27}}<br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Goa]], India}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Adel Al-Naqbi ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|United Arab Emirates]])<br /> |attendance = 14,389<br /> |report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597751<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> |round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]] <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|11|6|df=y}}<br /> |time = 00:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = {{nowrap|[[Al-Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] {{fbaicon|KSA}}}}<br /> |score = 4–0 <br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|IND}} Goa}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Abdulrahman Ghareeb|Ghareeb]] {{goal|35||53}}<br /> *[[Mohammed Maran|Maran]] {{goal|65}}<br /> *[[João Félix]] {{goal|84}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia}}<br /> |stadium = [[King Saud University Stadium|Al-Awwal Park]] <br /> |referee = Kim Hee-gon ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br /> |attendance = 6,736<br /> |report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597753<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> |round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]] <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|11|26|df=y}}<br /> |time = 21:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = {{nowrap|[[Al-Zawraa SC|Zawraa]] {{fbaicon|IRQ}}}}<br /> |score = 2–1 <br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|IND}} Goa}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Kadhim Raad|Raad]] {{goal|38}}<br /> *[[Hasan Abdulkareem|Abdulkareem]] {{goal|65}}<br /> |goals2 = <br /> *[[Dhurgham Ismail|Ismail]] {{goal|51|o.g.}}<br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Baghdad]], Iraq}}<br /> |stadium = [[Al Zawraa Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Firdavs Norsafarov ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])<br /> |attendance = 8,322<br /> |report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597755<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{Football box collapsible <br /> |round = [[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two group stage#Group D|Group Stage]] <br /> |date = {{Start date|2025|12|24|df=y}}<br /> |time = 21:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Goa {{fbaicon|IND}}<br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |team2 = {{nowrap|{{fbaicon|TJK}} [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]]}}<br /> |goals1 =<br /> *[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|8}}<br /> |goals2 =<br /> *[[Paul Komolafe|Komolafe]] {{goal|53}}<br /> *[[Amirbek Dzhuraboev|Dzhuraboev]] {{goal|56|pen.}}<br /> |location = {{nowrap|[[Goa]], India}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |referee = Ammar Mahfoodh ([[Bahrain Football Association|Bahrain]])<br /> |attendance = 1,083<br /> |report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league-two/20252026/2597756<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Portal bar|Association football|India}}<br /> *{{Official website|https://fcgoa.in/}}<br /> *[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-goa FC Goa]<br /> {{FC Goa}}<br /> {{2025–26 in Indian football}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 FC Goa season}} <br /> <br /> [[Category:FC Goa seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season by team|Goa]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts&diff=477815 2026-01-31T10:37:16Z

<p>FosterDevito009: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|16th to 18th century conflicts in India}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Mughal–Portuguese conflicts<br /> | image = Hugli Battle.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = [[Siege of Hooghly]]<br /> | partof = [[Portuguese presence in Asia]]<br /> | date = 1535–1693 &lt;br&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1535|year2=1693}})<br /> | place = [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Mughal India|India]]<br /> | result = <br /> | combatant1 = {{plainlist |<br /> *{{flag|Portuguese Empire|1521}}<br /> }}<br /> | combatant2 = {{plainlist |<br /> *{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> *'''Supported by:'''<br /> *[[Janjira State]]}}<br /> | commander1 = {{plainlist |<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Vasco Pires de Sampayo<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} João de Sousa<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Nuno Velho Pereira<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Ayres Telles de Menezes<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Dom Pedro de Almeida<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Martim Afonso de Melo<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} [[Jerónimo de Azevedo]]<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Luiz de Brito<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Luiz de Mello e Sampayo<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} António Telles de Menezes<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Dom Braz de Castro<br /> *{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque<br /> }}<br /> | commander2 = {{plainlist |<br /> *{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Qutub ud-Din Khan<br /> *{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Caliche Mahamed<br /> *{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Qasim Khan Juvayni]]<br /> *{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Aurangzeb|Prince Muhi-al-Din]]<br /> *{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Matabar Khan}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}<br /> <br /> '''Mughal–Portuguese conflicts''' refers to the various armed engagements between the forces of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in India and the [[Mughal Empire]], between the 16th century and the 18th century.<br /> <br /> The Mughal Empire came into direct contact with the Portuguese Empire in 1573 after [[Akbar]] annexed [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], which bordered the Portuguese territories of [[Diu, India|Dio]], [[Daman, India|Damaon]] &amp; [[Bassein (Vasai)]] near [[Portuguese Bombay]]. The Portuguese governor António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Moghal Empire.&lt;ref name=melo&gt;João Vicente Melo: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jHFuEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mughals%20cartaz&amp;pg=PA10 Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, c. 1580–1615]'', Springer Nature, 2022, p. 10.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatic blunders, {{cns|Portuguese support of the [[Maratha Empire]]|date=June 2024}} or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute.<br /> <br /> Despite occasional incidents, Mughal-Portuguese relations were usually pragmatic in practice, as the Moghals prioritised land and Portuguese authorities the sea. Starting in 1573, the Mughals agreed not to harbour pirate fleets, welcomed Portuguese ambassadors and [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] missions in [[Agra]] and in return the Portuguese Crown granted a single naval license or [[cartaz]] each year to the [[Mughal emperors]], who in effect tacitly acknowledged Portuguese naval supremacy.&lt;ref name=melo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=v9vzDQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mughals%20daman&amp;pg=PA112 Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 11 South and East Asia, Africa and the Americas (1600-1700)]'', BRILL, 2016, p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=matthew/&gt;<br /> <br /> Conflict with the Portuguese also caused the Mughal Empire to favour relations with the [[English East India Company]], who were allowed to open a trading post at [[Surat]], in the hopes that the [[Kingdom of England|English]] might be of assistance against the Portuguese.&lt;ref&gt;João Vicente Melo: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jHFuEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mughals%20siege%20daman&amp;pg=PA219 Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, c. 1580–1615]'', Springer Nature, 2022, p. 219.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early engagements 1535-1573==<br /> Between the signing of the Treaty of Bassein in 1534 and the annexation of Gujarat in 1573, the Portuguese occasionally engaged invading Mughal troops in defense of their territory or in support of the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Siege of Verivene, 1535===<br /> At the request of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Portuguese governor of India [[Nuno da Cunha]] dispatched Vasco Pires de Sampayo at the head of a naval squadron with 250 soldiers to recover the fort of Verivene by the mouth of the [[Indus River]], which had been taken by the Mughals.&lt;ref name=danvers407-408/&gt; An attack was made one morning, but before the Portuguese could land their artillery the Mughals abandoned the fort during the night and it was recovered for Gujarat the following day.&lt;ref name=danvers407-408&gt;Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India, A.D. 1481-1571, Being A History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire, W.H. Allen &amp; Company, limited, 1894, pp. 407-408.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Siege of Daman, 1565===<br /> [[File:A Mughal nobleman on horseback, a Mughal miniature, c.1656-1661.jpg|thumb|17th century sketch of a Mughal horseman.]]<br /> <br /> When the Mughals invaded the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]] in 1565, 3000 Mughal horsemen invaded the Portuguese territory of Daman.&lt;ref name=coutoviii39-43/&gt; After receiving reinforcements from Goa, [[Chaul]] and [[Bassein (Vasai)|Bassein]], the captain of Daman João de Sousa marched north beyond the [[Daman Ganga River]] with a force of 600 [[arquebusiers]], 120 horse cavalry and some field guns to Pernel, where the Mughals had set up camp but the Mughals immediately withdrew, leaving behind all their material, which was captured.&lt;ref name=coutoviii39-43&gt;Diogo do Couto: ''Ásia'', VIII, pp. 39-43.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gujarat campaigns, 1569===<br /> In 1569, Nuno Velho Pereira was dispatched from Daman with a naval squadron to clear the [[Gulf of Khambhat|Gulf of Cambay]] of Portuguese enemies.&lt;ref name=danvers543-544/&gt; He burnt two settlements, ships, captured prisoners and later attacked a Mughal stronghold three leagues away from Daman at Pernel, which was abandoned after six days of artillery bombardment and razed.&lt;ref name=danvers543-544/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ayres Telles de Menezes helped Rustum Khan resist a Mughal siege on [[Bharuch]] with a squadron of seven ships.&lt;ref name=danvers543-544/&gt; Rustum Khan offered to become a tributary vassal of Portugal in exchange but after the Mughals were driven off Rustum Khan repudiated his part of the agreement.&lt;ref name=danvers543-544&gt;Danvers, volume I, 1894, pp. 543-544.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Portuguese Discoveries and Empire Flag.svg|thumb|Portuguese naval and war banner featuring the [[Order of Christ Cross|Cross of the Order of Christ]].]]<br /> <br /> While the siege of Bharuch was ongoing, the captain of Daman sailed to Surat and confiscated two large merchant ships loaded by the lord of Surat ''Agaluchem'' without the authorization of the Portuguese viceroy of India.&lt;ref name=danvers543-544/&gt; They were valued at 100,000 [[Ducat|ducats]].&lt;ref name=danvers543-544/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Siege of Surat, 1572 ==<br /> In 1572, the [[Mughal Empire]] annexed [[Gujarat]] and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a ''[[cartaz]]'' (permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|pp=256–257}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to pursue diplomacy to resolve their conflict. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=259}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Siege of Daman, 1581==<br /> {{Main article|Siege of Daman (1581)}}<br /> <br /> In 1580, Diogo Lopes Coutinho de Santarém at the head of a force of eight ships had a village near [[Surat]] burned, after its garrison had killed six Portuguese who had gone ashore.&lt;ref name=&quot;danvers&quot;&gt;Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India, A.D. 1571-1894, Being A History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire'', W.H. Allen &amp; Company, limited, 1894, pp.42-43&lt;/ref&gt; At the request of the Mughal governor of Surat ''Caliche Mahamed'', the Mughal governor of [[Bharuch]] Qutub ud-Din Khan (''Cutubidicam'' in Portuguese&lt;ref name=&quot;couto&quot;/&gt;) joined forces into an army of 15,000 men, [[War elephant|war elephants]] and a cannon to attack Daman.&lt;ref name=&quot;couto&quot;&gt;Diogo do Couto: ''Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto'', volume 20, decade I, part I, Regia Officina Typographica, 1786 edition, pp.184-198.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Portuguese reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea while the Mughals attacked the surrounding territory of Daman. Despite their numerical advantage, facing stiffer resistance than anticipated the Mughals hesitated in assaulting the unwalled city and withdrew their army after six months of maneuvers and skirmishes.<br /> <br /> ==Battle of Valsad, 1582==<br /> [[File:Officer of the Mughal Army, c.1585 (colour litho).jpg|thumb|Mughal officer with matchlock, c. 1585.]]<br /> <br /> Wishing to undertake the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], Emperor [[Akbar]]'s aunt [[Gulbadan Begum]] gifted [[Valsad]] to the Portuguese in 1572 while waiting for a Portuguese naval pass at Surat so as to ensure a safe passage.&lt;ref name=malekandathil/&gt;&lt;ref name=monserrate&gt;Antonio Monserrate: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6IqJm7qEuIkC&amp;dq=bulsar%20portuguese%201582&amp;pg=RA1-PA166 The Commentary of Father Monserrate: S. J., on His Journey to the Court of Akbar]'' p. 166.&lt;/ref&gt; Upon her return and no longer needing to be on good terms with the Portuguese she demanded that Valsad be retaken and troops were dispatched from Surat to occupy the town but they were routed by the Portuguese with considerable loss.&lt;ref name=malekandathil&gt;Pius Malekandathil: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=viUlDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mughals%20daman&amp;pg=PA252 The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India]'', Taylor &amp; Francis, 2016, pp. 252-253.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=monserrate/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Luso-Mughal War 1613-1615==<br /> <br /> The years up to 1613 were marked by affinity between the Mughal capital and the capital of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese State of India]].&lt;ref&gt;Jorge Flores: ''The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir’s Court and Household'', BRILL, 2015, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[Battle of Swally]] however, the Mughals allowed the [[East India Company]] to set up a trading post at Surat and as reprisal the Portuguese seized the imperial Mughal merchant ship ''[[Rahīmī|Rahimi]]'', belonging to Emperor [[Jahangir]]'s mother [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], worth 200,000 pounds and carrying 700 persons.&lt;ref name=findly&gt;Ellison Banks Findly: ''Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India'', Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 130-131.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume=II|date=1897 |pages=229 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=130}} Although she was carrying the necessary [[Cartaz|Portuguese pass]] and did not violate any terms applied on it, still, out of greed/anger at the new Mughal friendship with the English, the Portuguese acted &quot;contrary to their pass&quot; and carried off &quot;the Rahimi&quot; with all of her richly laden cargo, worth 100,000 pounds, equivalent to today's currency, half a billion rupees, and the approximately 700 passengers still on board to Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=191, 192, 203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeronimo de Azevedo]] celebrated the capture of the Rahimi as &quot;worthy prey that was brought and for giving the Mughals a cause of sorrow.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When it became clear that the Portuguese had no intention of returning the Queen Mother's ship, Jahangir sent Muqarrab Khan, his governor, to stop all shipping activities at Surat, the major Indian fort for seagoing trade and to lay siege to the Portuguese town of [[Daman and Diu|Daman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Alexander |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70311 |title=Tuzuk-i-jahangiri Or Memoirs Of Jahangir Vol.1 |date=1909 |pages=255}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In response to the Rahimi seizure, the Mughal launched. combined land and naval campaign against Portuguese outposts in Surat and Cambay, spearheaded by Khwaja Jahan; The Mughal forces, capitalizing on their numerical strength and control over Gujarat, besieged Portuguese fortifications, severed their trade routes, and captured goods and personnel. Logistically, the Mughals deployed local garrisons and coastal vessels to blockade Portuguese supply lines, leveraging their dominance over the region’s hinterland.&lt;ref name=&quot;JASB1896&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SatChandra2005&quot; /&gt; Jahangir also threaten to launch attacks against Portuguese controlled settlements across the [[Konkan]] coast.&lt;ref name=DaurilJahangir&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alden |first=Dauril |title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780804722711 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC |access-date=2025-11-26|pages=163-165 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 1614, Jahangir escalated the conflict as he ordered the imperial forces to besiege several colonies and ports of the Portuguese, including Daman. Facing with this development, the Portuguese tried to negotiate peace by compensation for the Emperor for the goods and ships they had seized. However, Jahangir out right rejected the offer, as he declared that all of the realm will be no longer subjected to the Portuguese. The Emperor followed this by expelling all the Portuguese from the imperial court and imprison two Jesuits.&lt;ref name=bpage398&gt;{{cite book<br /> | publisher = Brill<br /> | year = 2022<br /> |title = Merchant Cultures: A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800<br /> | page = 58<br /> | isbn =9789004506572<br /> | editor1 = Cátia A.P. Antunes<br /> | editor2 = Francisco Bethencourt<br /> |url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Merchant_Cultures/mplcEAAAQBAJ?hl=en<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to this conflict, all the trading activities of the Portuguese in India ceased to exist, while the English gained favor in the court of Mughal.&lt;ref name=EllisonBanks&gt;{{cite book<br /> | publisher = [[Oxford University]] press<br /> | year = 1993<br /> |title = Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India<br /> | pages = 130-131<br /> | isbn = 9780195360608<br /> | author1 = Ellison Banks Findly<br /> |url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nur_Jahan/ugxFjVDk3I8C?hl=en<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The territory of Daman was invaded by a Mughal detachment from [[Surat]] and in mid 1614 they clashed with reinforcements dispatched from Goa under the command of Luiz de Brito, who forced the Mughals to withdraw.&lt;ref name=bocarro301-314&gt;António Bocarro: ''Década 13 da História da Índia'', parte I, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1876, pp. 301-314.&lt;/ref&gt; The city of [[Bharuch]] was then sacked and the surrounding region pillaged by the forces of Brito.&lt;ref name=bocarro301-314/&gt; Portuguese trade with the Mughal Empire ceased during the conflict, providing the English East India Company with an unexpected windfall.&lt;ref name=findly/&gt;<br /> <br /> By mid-1615, the Portuguese, overwhelmed by sustained Mughal pressure and unable to secure reinforcements, surrendered, releasing the Rahimi’s passengers and cargo and accepting Mughal trade terms. This resounding victory solidified Mughal authority along the Gujarat coast, diminished Portuguese regional influence, and set a precedent for asserting Mughal dominance in dealings with European powers.&lt;ref name=&quot;JASB1896&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal<br /> | last = Anonymous<br /> | title = The Mughal-Portuguese Conflict in Gujarat<br /> | journal = Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal<br /> | volume = 65<br /> | issue = 1<br /> | year = 1896<br /> | pages = 54–56<br /> | url = https://www.hathitrust.org/<br /> | access-date = 2025-09-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SatChandra2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book<br /> | last = Chandra<br /> | first = Satish<br /> | title = Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II<br /> | publisher = Har-Anand Publications<br /> | year = 2005<br /> | isbn = 978-81-241-1066-9<br /> | page = 165<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAACAAJ<br /> | access-date = 2025-09-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jesuit church in Agra was closed.&lt;ref name=findly/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:D. Jerónimo de Azevedo, no Lyvro das Plataformas das Fortalezas da India.jpg|thumb|Viceroy of India Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo.]]<br /> <br /> the Portuguese Viceroy of India [[Jerónimo de Azevedo|Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo]] compensated the Mughals and reestablished bilateral relations. Azevedo then sent Jerónimo Xavier, grandnephew of Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] to negotiate peace. However, the Portuguese envoy was unable to extract promise from Jahangir to expel the English and the Dutch from India due to the emperor being so impressed by the outcome of the two english victories against the Portuguese in naval battle in Surat in 1614 and 1615, and also probably because Jahangir started to favor [[Thomas Roe]], the English envoy at the Mughal court.&lt;ref name=DaurilJahangir /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Mughal-Arakan conflict 1614-1616 and 1666==<br /> Between 1614-1616, Mughal Subahdar of Bengal [[Qasim Khan Chishti]] faced a combined attack of Arakanese and Portuguese forces. Because of a rift between these forces, Qasim Khan managed to thwart the expedition.&lt;ref name=bpediaQasimKhan&gt;{{cite book |last=Karim |first=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Qasim Khan Chisti |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qasim_Khan_Chisti |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 January 1666 AD, the allied forces of the [[Portuguese Empire]] and Arakan [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] were defeated by the Mughal forces under the command of [[Buzurg Umed Khan]], the son of Mughal Subedar [[Shaista Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]] |url=https://archive.org/details/mittabadider-mukhush-unmuchon/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/page/n85/mode/2up |script-title=bn:বাংলার ইতিহাস: মুসলিম বিজয় থেকে সিপাহী বিপ্লব পর্যন্ত [১২০০-১৮৫৭ খ্রিঃ] |publisher=বড়াল প্রকাশনী |date=August 1999 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=182–183 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Luso-Mughal Crisis, 1630==<br /> A crisis between the Portuguese State of India and the Mughal Empire erupted in March 1630 when captain Dom Francisco Coutinho de Ocem captured two large Mughal trade ships in the Surat harbour for lacking [[Cartaz|cartazes]], one of which belonged to [[Shah Jahan]]. Another large Mughal trade ship was apprehended by Dom Francisco in September, however a treaty was negotiated in November and further conflict averted.&lt;ref&gt;Jorge Flores: ''Nas Margens do Hindustão: O Estado da Índia e a Expansão Mogol ca. 1570-1640'', Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2015, pp. 359-370.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Siege of Hooghly, 1632==<br /> {{Main article|Siege of Hooghly}}<br /> In 1578, the Portuguese merchant Pedro Tavares had obtained authorization from the Mughal Court for Portuguese merchants to settle at [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]]. Although the city came to contain a large community of Portuguese traders, churches and monasteries, it was not officially part of the Portuguese Empire.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;It was the preserve of the deserters, renegades and offenders of various sorts.&quot; in Jayanta Kumar Ray: ''Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World'', Pearson Education India, 2007, p.13.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Having received complaints of illegal Portuguese activities in the region and angered that the Portuguese did not support his revolt, [[Shah Jahan]] ordered the destruction of Hooghly. Although the city was unwalled and defended by no more than 300 Portuguese it was only taken after a three-month siege and its inhabitants taken captive to Agra. The viceroy of India interceded on behalf of the Portuguese traders and they were allowed to resettle in Bengal the following year.&lt;ref&gt;Jayanta Kumar Ray: ''Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World'', Pearson Education India, 2007, p.13.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Luso-Mughal War 1638-1639==<br /> [[File:Fortes de Damão.jpg|thumb|The forts of Daman.]]<br /> {{Main article|Siege of Daman (1638–1639)}}<br /> <br /> After being appointed viceroy of the Deccan, Prince [[Aurangzeb]] determined to attack Daman. In late 1638 a Mughal army of 10,000 to 40,000 men invaded Portuguese territory and set up camp at Magravará, two miles from the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;machado&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sir Charles Fawcett: ''The Travels of the Abbarrn India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674'' Hakluyt Society, London, 1947, p.167.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea and the Portuguese conducted limited attacks against the Mughals. Although the siege was closely fought, on the evening of January 5, 1639, the Portuguese captain of the city nevertheless offered [[William Methwold]] refreshments when his ship docked there.&lt;ref name=&quot;review&quot;&gt;''The Calcutta Review'', Volume 75, 1882, p.87.&lt;/ref&gt; Because the Mughals were unable to cut the naval supply lines to Daman, the Portuguese were able to continuously reinforce the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;review&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Unable to break through Portuguese defenses despite their numerical superiority, the Mughals requested peace through the Governor of [[Surat]] Mir Musa, with the help of the president of the [[English East India Company]] factory at Surat, and later lifted the siege, having lost between 700 and 7000 men in the action.&lt;ref name=&quot;machado&quot;&gt;Ignacio Barbosa Machado: ''Fastos Politicos, e Militares da Antigua, e Nova Lusitania'', Officina de Ignacio Rodrigues, 1745, pp.681-682,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;commissariat&quot;&gt;M. S. Commissariat: ''Mandelslo's Travels In Western India'', Asian Educational Services, 1995, p.57.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == 1665-1666 conflicts in Bengal ==<br /> On November 9, 1665, Mughal naval commander Abul Hussain (also known as Ibn Husain), under orders from Bengal Subahdar [[Shaista Khan]], launched an expedition from Dhaka against the pirate stronghold of [[Sandwip]] Island, ruled independently by the 80-year-old Dilawar Khan (Raja Dilal) for nearly 50 years. In the initial engagement, Dilawar's forces wounded Hussain, who hesitated to pursue the ruler into the island's jungles and withdrew to Noakhali after spotting an approaching Arakanese relief fleet that ultimately retreated without clashing. Shaista Khan swiftly reinforced the Mughals with 141 additional boats, 1,500 musketeers and gunners, and 400 cavalry under commanders Jamal Khan, Serandaz Khan, Qaramal Khan, and Muhammad Beg. On November 18, the bolstered fleet renewed the assault, capturing Dilawar's son Sharif Khan (after wounding him) and, following severe fighting, Dilawar himself along with his followers; the defenders were then imprisoned and sent to Jahangirnagar (Dhaka). This &quot;long and bloody&quot; victory, aided by Dutch military support and recent Portuguese defections from Arakanese service, secured Sandwip as a vital naval base for the impending Chittagong campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. N. H. |title=Chittagong District Gazetteer |publisher=Dhaka |year=1970 |pages=82–84 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304141335/https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer |archive-date=2024-03-04 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |volume=3 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar &amp; Sons |location=Calcutta |year=1919 |pages=226–228 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36055 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Shafaat |title=Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660–1677 |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=13 |pages=1–22 |date=1934 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140983 |via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1666, [[Shaista Khan]] led the campaign to Chittagong and expelled the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and Magh defender with 300 flotillas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lal Mehta |first1=Jaswant · |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |year=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |isbn=9781932705546 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=en |format=Hardcover}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Luso-Mughal War, 1692-1693==<br /> [[File:Fortaleza de bacaim.jpg|thumb|The Portuguese [[Fort Vasai|fortress of Bassein]].]]<br /> {{main article|Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)}}<br /> While at war with the [[Maratha Empire]], a Mughal army sought to pass through Portuguese territory near Bassein, however this was refused by the Portuguese.&lt;ref name=lobato&gt;Alexandre Lobato: Relações Luso-Maratas 1658-1737, Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, Lisboa, 1965, pp. 35-36.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Mughal general Matabar Khan accused the Portuguese of favouring the Marathas and harbouring the families of their officers, in 1692 he invaded Portuguese territory and pillaged the region of Bassein.<br /> <br /> By diplomatic means however, the Portuguese viceroy Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque got Emperor Aurangzeb to order the cessation of hostilities.&lt;ref name=lobato/&gt; Matabar Khan was instructed to return any prisoners of war and compensate the Portuguese with 200,000 rupees.<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> Conflict with the Portuguese caused the Mughal Empire to gradually turn to the English East India Company for trade.<br /> <br /> Portuguese maritime supremacy was complete as far as the Mughals were concerned, as the Mughals paid the Portuguese tolls to sail the Indian Ocean.&lt;ref name=matthew&gt;K. M. Mathew: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&amp;dq=mughals%20cartaz&amp;pg=PA138 History of the Portuguese Navigation in India 1497-1600]'', Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 138.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As a land-based power, the Mughals did not wish to hostilize the Portuguese because it could result in reprisals against Mughal merchant ships and most importantly disturb the naval [[Hajj]] pilgrimage route from Surat to Mecca, which they sought to present themselves as sponsors and protectors of.&lt;ref name=matthew/&gt; Mughal trade ships were still required to acquire Portuguese naval licenses to sail the Indian Ocean and they cost between 3000 and 8000 ''mahmudis''.&lt;ref name=matthew/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Monika Sharma: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rwjQBQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=mughals%20cartaz&amp;pg=PT67 Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat]'' p. .&lt;/ref&gt; They also sought the sympathy of the Portuguese to check the activities of the Marathas in the [[Konkan]].&lt;ref&gt;A. R. Kulkarni: &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=yjXJOFEIIMkC&amp;pg=PA115 Portuguese in the Deccan Politics: A Study of New Marathi Documents From Lisbon]&quot; in Teotonio R. De Souza: ''Indo-Portuguese History: Old Issues, New Questions'', Concept Publishing Company, 1985, p. 115.&lt;/ref&gt; The Portuguese sought to preserve their territory in India against the Mughals.<br /> <br /> Although open conflicts tended to be avoided, the Portuguese Viceroy of India covertly supported the Marathas against the Mughals and promoted anti-Mughal alliances in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] with [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]].&lt;ref&gt;Sanjay Subrahmanyam: ''The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012, p. 157.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the Maratha conquest of Konkan and Gujarat in the 18th century, contact between Portuguese India and the by then declining Mughal Empire ceased.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Military history of Portugal]]<br /> *[[Portuguese India]]<br /> *[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]<br /> *[[Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts]]<br /> **[[Portuguese conquest of Daman]]<br /> *[[Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> *[[Mughal weapons]]<br /> *[[Mughal artillery]]<br /> **[[Prangi]]<br /> *[[Mughal conquest of Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |publisher=American Oriental Society|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society<br /> |volume=108 |number=2 |date=April–June 1988 |pages=227–238|doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |url-access=subscription }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |year=1997 |title=Akbar and His India |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-563791-5}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of Portugal]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India]]<br /> [[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_Royal_Indian_Open&diff=482378 2026-01-23T16:55:14Z

<p>FosterDevito009: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{TennisEventInfo|2012|Royal Indian Open|<br /> | date=5 November – 11 November<br /> | surface=Deco Turf ([[Hardcourt|Hard]])<br /> | location=[[Pune]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/WTA-event-returns-to-Pune/article12560127.ece | title=WTA event returns to Pune | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=17 October 2012 | accessdate=9 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; India<br /> | champs={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Elina Svitolina]]<br /> | champd={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nina Bratchikova]] / {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Oksana Kalashnikova]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2012 [[Royal Indian Open]]''' was a tournament organized for female professional [[tennis players]], played on outdoor [[hard court]]s. The event is classified as a [[2012 WTA Challenger Series|WTA Challenger Series]] tournament. It took place in [[Pune]], India between 5 and 11 November 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/page/WTA125s/0,,12781,00.html|title=WTA 125s|publisher=WTA Tour|accessdate=20 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021092843/http://www.wtatennis.com/page/WTA125s/0,,12781,00.html|archive-date=2012-10-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==WTA entrants==<br /> <br /> ===Seeds===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;70&quot;| Country<br /> ! width=&quot;175&quot;| Player<br /> ! Rank&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> ! Seed<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|RUS}}<br /> |[[Nina Bratchikova]]<br /> |90<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|JPN}}<br /> |[[Misaki Doi]]<br /> |104<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|CRO}}<br /> |[[Donna Vekić]]<br /> |114<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|CZE}}<br /> |[[Eva Birnerová]]<br /> |125<br /> |4<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|JPN}}<br /> |[[Kimiko Date-Krumm]]<br /> |128<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|GER}}<br /> |[[Andrea Petkovic]]<br /> |140<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|UKR}}<br /> |[[Elina Svitolina]]<br /> |148<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> |{{flag|THA}}<br /> |[[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]<br /> |151<br /> |8<br /> |}<br /> * &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Rankings are as of 29 October 2012.<br /> <br /> ===Other entrants===<br /> The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:<br /> * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerna Bhambri]]<br /> * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale]]<br /> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andrea Petkovic]]<br /> * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prarthana Thombare]]<br /> <br /> The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:<br /> * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Stephanie Bengson]]<br /> * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nidhi Chilumula]]<br /> * {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]]<br /> * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rishika Sunkara]]<br /> <br /> ==Champions==<br /> <br /> ===Singles===<br /> {{main|2012 Royal Indian Open – Singles}}<br /> *{{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Elina Svitolina]]''' def. {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]], 6–2, 6–3<br /> <br /> ===Doubles===<br /> {{main|2012 Royal Indian Open – Doubles}}<br /> *{{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Nina Bratchikova]]''' / {{flagicon|GEO}} '''[[Oksana Kalashnikova]]''' def. {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Julia Glushko]] / {{flagicon|THA}} [[Noppawan Lertcheewakarn]], 6–0, 4–6, [10–8]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121214214323/http://royalindianopen.com/ Official website]<br /> <br /> {{2012 WTA Challenger Series}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2012 WTA 125K series|Royal Indian Open]]<br /> [[Category:2012 in Indian tennis|Royal Open]]<br /> [[Category:Royal Indian Open]]<br /> [[Category:2012 in Indian women's sport]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shershah_Engineering_College&diff=534898 2026-01-19T13:30:56Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting initial post from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Government engineering college in Rohtas, Bihar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox college<br /> | name = Shershah Engineering College Sasaram<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2016}}<br /> | image = Shershah College of Engineering Logo.jpg<br /> | type = Public Engineering Institution, Undergraduate<br /> | address = SEC Sasaram Campus, Buxar-Chausa-Sasaram Rd, Barki Kharari, Kargahar, [[Sasaram]], [[Rohtas district]]<br /> | administrative_staff = 50<br /> | faculty = 30<br /> | principal = Dr. Manish Kumar<br /> | students = 1200<br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | postalcode = 821113<br /> | campus = Rural<br /> | colours = Blue<br /> | mascot = Shershah Suri<br /> | motto = &quot;From darkness, lead me to light&quot;<br /> | other_name = SCE Sasaram<br /> | academic_affiliation = [[Bihar Engineering University]]<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = 50px<br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | website = {{url|https://www.scesasaram.in/}}<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24.849|84.131|display=title,inline}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Shershah Engineering College Sasaram''' ('''SEC''') is a government engineering college managed by the [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]]. It is approved and recognized by [[AICTE]] and is affiliated with [[Bihar Engineering University]] in [[Patna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/EngineeringDetails.aspx?CollCode=124 |title=New Official Website of Aryabhatta Knowledge University |publisher=Akubihar.ac.in |date= |access-date=2016-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160418/jsp/bihar/story_80655.jsp |title=Six new cheers for engineer aspirants |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421065400/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160418/jsp/bihar/story_80655.jsp |archive-date=2016-04-21}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Departments ==<br /> SCE offers undergraduate courses in four streams of engineering:&lt;ref&gt;akubihar.org&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2| Course<br /> ! Seats available (for each)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|B.Tech.<br /> | [[Mechanical Engineering]]<br /> | rowspan=5|60 (Normal Entry Seats) +3 (Tuition Fee Waiver seats)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Computer Science and Engineering]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Civil Engineering]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | [[ VLSI ]] <br /> |-30<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Computer Science Engeenering - 90 <br /> Electrical and electronic engineering- 60<br /> VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) - 30<br /> Civil Engineering - 60<br /> Mechanical Engineering - 60<br /> Mining Engeenering - 60 <br /> Seats remaining by JEE mains and BCECE is filled by lateral entry<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> === Admission ===<br /> From 2019 onwards admissions are taken by national level exam [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE(Mains)]] merit list. Students desirous to take admission must appear in IIT-JEE (mains) exam that is conducted by [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA).<br /> <br /> Earlier admissions were taken by the BCECE exam conducted by BCECE BOARD, the Bihar government.<br /> <br /> The Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board conducts a two-stage entrance test followed by counseling. In the first stage, candidates are screened according to their educational qualifications related to the ISC or relevant exams, after which candidates attempt to write papers in their particular subjects of interest.<br /> <br /> A qualifying cutoff mark based on category and subject group is calculated for each candidate, with successful candidates undertaking the BCECE second stage examination. Based on the Merit List of the second stage, successful candidates then have to go through a counseling stage.<br /> <br /> A B.Sc. degree/diploma in engineering is necessary for lateral entry in the second year and should be on the Merit list of BCECE(LE). Diploma students are more preferred over B.Sc. students in BCECE Lateral Entry Exam.&lt;ref&gt;bceceboard.com&lt;/ref&gt; Campus facilities<br /> <br /> The campus is situated at near Badki Kharari, Sasaram. State Highway (also known as the sasaram - Karahgar highway locality) on the outskirts of Rohtas district, {{cvt|10|km}} from the main town, Sasaram.<br /> <br /> == Library ==<br /> Shershah Engineering College Sasaram maintains a library.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of institutions of higher education in Bihar]]<br /> * [[Education in Bihar]]<br /> * [[Education in India]]<br /> {{Portal|Education|Engineering|India}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ BCECE Board website]<br /> * [[Bihar Engineering University|Bihar Engineering University website]]<br /> * [http://dst.bih.nic.in/ DST, Bihar website]<br /> <br /> {{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}<br /> {{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]<br /> [[Category:Rohtas district]]<br /> [[Category:Dehri]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]<br /> [[Category:2016 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airspace&diff=456727 2026-01-12T12:24:59Z

<p>FosterDevito009: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Aerospace}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Use British English|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> [[File:FIR France.svg|thumb|[[Flight information region|Flight information regions]] in [[France]]]]<br /> '''Airspace''' is the portion of the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] controlled by a [[country]] above its territory and [[territorial waters]] that fall under the country's sovereignty and regulatory control. <br /> <br /> Internationally, allocation and management of airspace is coordinated by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO), which was established through the Chicago Convention in 1947 to unify air traffic. ICAO organizes airspace into [[Flight information region|Flight Information Regions]] (FIRs) and provides classification guidelines. National authorities, such as the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]], [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|CAA]], or [[European Union Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]] implement rules and regulations for [[air traffic control]], [[Special use airspace|special-use airspace]], and enforcement within their own FIRs.<br /> <br /> Airspace can be used for both [[Civil aviation|civilian flight]] and for defense or military operations, and countries are responsible for protecting their own airspace using measures such as [[Quick Reaction Alert|air policing.]] Legal and technical challenges include the vertical boundary between airspace and outer space and temporary restrictions such as [[NOTAM|NOTAMs]] or [[Temporary Flight Restriction|TFRs]].<br /> <br /> == Legal framework and ownership ==<br /> On 4 April 1947, the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) was established through the [[Convention on International Civil Aviation|Chicago Convention]], aimed at unifying and coordinating international air travel.&lt;ref name=&quot;icao-convention&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Convention on International Civil Aviation |url=https://www.icao.int/publications/pages/doc7300.aspx |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization |id=Doc 7300}}&lt;/ref&gt; ICAO provides regulations and guidance for countries concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, [[flight inspection]], prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international [[civil aviation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Wragg |first=David W. |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |page=165}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sovereign airspace refers to airspace owned by a country. By law, a country has the right to airspace above its land and waters up to 12 miles from their coast (if present). Beyond 12 miles, airspace is considered international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Understanding airspace {{!}} UK Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.caa.co.uk/commercial-industry/airspace/airspace-change/understanding-airspace/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.caa.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; ICAO divides airspace into [[Flight information region|Flight Information Regions (FIR)]] which are sections of airspace dedicated to a specific country. A country is responsible, within its own FIR(s), to provide air traffic control services and regulation for flight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Traffic Control Service {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/air-traffic-control-service |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flight Information Region (FIR) {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/flight-information-region-fir |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is usually done using a national regulator, such as the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]], [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|CAA]], or [[European Union Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]], which are able to create their own regulations while still abiding by ICAO guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Convention on International Civil Aviation |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2015/volume-15-ii-102-english.pdf |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=UN |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some countries may have multiple FIRs, for example, the United States has sole jurisdiction in 24 FIRs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2013 |title=Current FIR Status |url=https://www2023.icao.int/safety/FITS/Lists/Current%20FIR%20Status/Exort%20to%20excel.aspx#InplviewHash10605b1c-0271-4939-82e9-03ca84139646=SortField%3DLocation%255fx0020%255fIndicator-SortDir%3DAsc |access-date=12 August 2025 |website=[[ICAO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A country may, by international agreement, assume responsibility for providing [[Air traffic control|air traffic control services]] in parts of international airspace, which then becomes part of their FIR.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Legal Principles Governing the Control of National Airspace and Flight Information Regions and their Application to the Eastern Mediterranean |url=https://erpic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/the-legal-principles-governing-the-control-of-national-airspace-and-flight-information-regions-and-their-application-to-the-eastern-mediterranean-2009.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621091927/https://erpic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/the-legal-principles-governing-the-control-of-national-airspace-and-flight-information-regions-and-their-application-to-the-eastern-mediterranean-2009.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Certain FIRs are dedicated oceanic sectors which support and control air traffic crossing large oceans such as the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], which is made up of 7 FIRs controlled by countries like the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and [[Canada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=North Atlantic Operations - Airspace |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/north-atlantic-operations-airspace |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is no international agreement on the vertical extent of sovereign airspace,&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris &amp; Harris 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Alexandra |last2=Harris |first2=Ray |date=2006 |title=The need for air space and outer space demarcation |journal=Space Policy |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |bibcode=2006SpPol..22....3H |doi=10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.11.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; although most countries use the [[Kármán Line]], 100km (62mi), as the legal distinction between airspace and outer space.&lt;ref name=&quot;Byers &amp; Boley 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Byers |first1=Michael |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/who-owns-outer-space/960CCB0464744F845B09434D932699EC |title=Who Owns Outer Space?: International Law, Astrophysics, and the Sustainable Development of Space |last2=Boley |first2=Aaron |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108597135 |page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-09-24 |title=Who owns outer space? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34324443 |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. S. Sanz Fernández de Córdoba&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Sanz Fernández de Córdoba |first=Dr. S. |date=2004-06-24 |title=The 100&amp;nbsp;km Boundary for Astronautics |url=https://www.fai.org/page/icare-boundary |access-date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Fédération aéronautique internationale}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, descending [[Space Shuttle]]s flew closer than {{convert|80|km|0|abbr=on}} over other nations, such as Canada, without requesting permission first.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=White |first=Robert E. |title='Space Weapons Ban: Thoughts on a New Treaty |url=http://inesap.org/bulletin20/bul20art08.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515202422/http://www.inesap.org/bulletin20/bul20art08.htm |archive-date=15 May 2008 |access-date=27 July 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:US Overflight Fee Map.png|thumb|upright=2|alt=Map of approximately the Northern Hemisphere from Japan &amp; New Guinea (left edge) to the middle of North Atlantic Ocean. The map shows yellow over the continental U.S. and Bahamas, Alaska (and much of the Bering Sea), and a yellow circle around Bermuda. Most of the Northern Pacific is colored blue along with a small section in the middle of the Gulf of Mexico, and the western half of the North Atlantic from roughly the latitude of Maine to the northern edge of the Leeward Islands (or Puerto Rico).|The [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) of the United States provides air traffic control services over U.S. territory and over international waters where it has been delegated such authority by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]. This map depicts [[Freedoms of the air#First freedom|overflight]] fee regions. The yellow regions are where the U.S. provides ''enroute'' ATC services (mostly over land territory). The blue regions are where the U.S. provides ''oceanic'' ATC services over international waters.]]<br /> <br /> === Private air rights ===<br /> <br /> The boundary between public airspace and private [[air rights]] is defined by national or local law.<br /> <br /> In the United States, the 1946 Supreme Court decision ''[[United States v. Causby]]'' overturned the [[common law]] doctrine that private property rights extend indefinitely upwards, instead ruling that they end 300 feet above the highest terrain (including buildings), the lower limit of the &quot;public highway&quot; defined by Congress in the [[Air Commerce Act of 1926]]. The [[Federal Aviation Administration]] regulates the construction and marking of structures taller than 200 feet near airports and 500 feet generally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-updates-airspace-obstructions-standards |title=FAA Updates Airspace Obstructions Standards |date=December 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> Airspace is divided into classes, which dictate what services are provided in different areas. The classes are defined by ICAO, but countries are free to allocate different sections of airspace to different classes as they wish. There are 7 classes, A-G, with progressively less strict restrictions. This classification system was adopted by ICAO on 12 March 1990.&lt;ref&gt;ICAO's airspace classification scheme is defined in ICAO Annex 11: Air Traffic Services, Chapter 2, Section 2.6, available at {{cite web |title=ICAO Annexes - All Documents |url=http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/ICAO%20Annexes/Forms/AllItems.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407130450/http://www.icao.int/safety/ism/ICAO%20Annexes/Forms/AllItems.aspx |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2014-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Classification of Airspace {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/classification-airspace |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Class<br /> !Permitted [[Flight rules (disambiguation)|flight rules]]<br /> ![[Controlled airspace|Controlled]]<br /> !Separation provided<br /> !Services provided<br /> !Radio required<br /> !Requires ATC clearance to enter<br /> |-<br /> |A<br /> |Only [[Instrument flight rules|IFR]]<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |All aircraft are separated from all others<br /> |Air traffic control service to all flights<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |B<br /> |[[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |All aircraft are separated from all others<br /> |Air traffic control service to all flights<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |C<br /> |[[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |IFR flights separated from all others. VFR flights receive [[Flight information service|traffic information]] on IFR flights.<br /> |Air traffic control service to all flights<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |D<br /> |[[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |IFR flights separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information on VFR flights. VFR flights receive traffic information on all other flights.<br /> |Air traffic control service to all flights<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |E<br /> |[[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |IFR flights separated from other IFR flights. <br /> |Air traffic control service to IFR flights, traffic information to all flights when practical<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{maybe|Yes for IFR, no for VFR}}<br /> |-<br /> |F<br /> |[[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |None provided<br /> |Participating IFR flights receive air traffic advisory service. Flight information service to all flights when practical (if available).<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |G<br /> |[[Instrument flight rules|IFR]] and [[Visual flight rules|VFR]]<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |None provided<br /> |Flight information service to all flights when practical (if available).<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;font-size:80%&quot; | Class F airspace is rarely used and is considered by ICAO to be a temporary measure before it can be replaced by an alternative classification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Easy Access Rules for Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA) - Revision from December 2024 — Available in pdf, online &amp; XML format {{!}} EASA |url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/document-library/easy-access-rules/online-publications/easy-access-rules-standardised-european |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.easa.europa.eu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the CAA previous classified certain routes where air traffic control only provided an advisory service as Class F, before they were later reclassified as class E in 2014 after an official review.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2014 |title=REPLACEMENT OF CLASS F AIRSPACE IN UK FIRs |url=https://www.caa.co.uk/media/e1kgslrm/20140715decisionletter_final.pdf |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=CAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Source: Classification of Airspace, SKYbrary Aviation Safety&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Classification of Airspace {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/classification-airspace |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Controlled vs uncontrolled ===<br /> <br /> ==== Controlled airspace ====<br /> {{Main|Controlled airspace}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Airspace classes (United States).svg|thumb|[[United States]] implementation of ICAO airspace classification]]<br /> [[Controlled airspace]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.faraim.org/aim/aim-4-03-14-131.html |title=AIM Section 2. Controlled Airspace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010704/http://www.faraim.org/aim/aim-4-03-14-131.html |archive-date=7 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; exists where it is deemed necessary that [[air traffic control]] has some form of positive executive control over aircraft flying in that airspace (however, air traffic control does not necessarily control traffic operating under [[visual flight rules|visual flight rules (VFR)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.faraim.org/aim/aim-4-03-14-707.html |title=Pilot/Controller Glossary – VISUAL FLIGHT RULES |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218033959/http://www.faraim.org/aim/aim-4-03-14-707.html |archive-date=18 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; within this airspace). Controlled airspace consists of [[Airspace class|classes]] A-E.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Special types of controlled airspace, such as Control Zones (CTR) and Aerodrome Traffic Zones (ATZ) exist to protect aircraft in the vicinity of an airport, typically when arriving or departing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/aerodrome-traffic-zone-atz |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Control Zone (CTR) {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/control-zone-ctr |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Uncontrolled airspace =====<br /> {{Main|Uncontrolled airspace}}<br /> <br /> [[Uncontrolled airspace]] is airspace in which an [[Air Traffic Control|air traffic control]] (ATC) service is not deemed necessary or cannot be provided for practical reasons. Uncontrolled airspace consists of classes F and G.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A [[flight information service]] may still be provided to participating aircraft in some areas, depending on practicality and availability.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Brendan |date=2017-05-10 |title=The hidden secrets of UK airspace: Airspace classifications |url=https://nats.aero/blog/2017/05/hidden-secrets-uk-airspace-airspace-classifications/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=NATS Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Special use airspace ===<br /> {{Main|Special use airspace}}<br /> <br /> [[Special use airspace]] (SUA) is airspace designated for operations that may cause limitations on other, uninvolved aircraft and exist to allow countries to separate certain areas of airspace that could be dangerous to flights within them. SUA may be controlled or uncontrolled, and does not have any specific classes associated with it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Special Use Airspace (SUA) {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/special-use-airspace-sua |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Special Use Airspace |url=https://www.faa.gov/Air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap3_section_4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717222805/https://www.faa.gov/Air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap3_section_4.html |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=www.faa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> SUA includes:<br /> <br /> * [[Prohibited airspace]] is areas where flight is prohibited, usually for safety reasons.<br /> * [[Restricted airspace]] is areas where flight is restricted or subject to limitations, and may require permission to enter.<br /> <br /> ==== Temporary restrictions ====<br /> Airspace may be temporarily restricted for safety. This may be via a [[NOTAM]] or [[Federal Aviation Regulations|temporary flight restriction]] (TFR) for a variety of reasons, such as protecting major sporting events, natural disaster areas, air shows, or VIP movements.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flight School 101 - What is a NOTAM? - Aviator Flight Training College |url=http://www.aviator.edu/129/section.aspx/72/post/flight-school-101-what-is-a-notam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050309/http://www.aviator.edu/129/section.aspx/72/post/flight-school-101-what-is-a-notam |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Aviator Flight Training College}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Temporary Flight Restrictions |url=https://nbaa.org/aircraft-operations/airspace/alerts/notams-and-tfrs/temporary-flight-restrictions/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=NBAA - National Business Aviation Association |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the UK, airspace can be temporarily restricted by using a prohibited area, restricted area, or danger area—which designates areas where dangerous activities to flight may be taking place.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airspace restrictions {{!}} UK Civil Aviation Authority |url=https://www.caa.co.uk/commercial-industry/airspace/event-and-obstacle-notification/airspace-restrictions/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.caa.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danger Areas |url=https://infringements.caa.co.uk/tutorial/danger-areas/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=CAA Infringement Tutorial |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Defense ==<br /> [[File:Passenger aircraft interception emergency training (6).jpg|thumb|A [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] on QRA takes off to conduct training intercepting a passenger aircraft.]]<br /> In countries with an established [[military]], airspace is usually defended to protect national sovereignty. While military flights have to share airspace with civilians, they may use [[Military training route|military training routes]] or other special use airspace to protect civilian flights from dangerous activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Defence |url=https://www.nats.aero/services-products/customers/defence/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=NATS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === NATO Air policing ===<br /> {{Further|Quick Reaction Alert}}<br /> [[NATO]] conducts air policing missions to protect sovereign European airspace from both enemy military aircraft and civilian aircraft that fail to identify themselves, fail to communicate with air traffic control, or don't follow a flight plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NATO-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=NATO Air Policing |url=https://www.ac.nato.int/page5931922/-nato-air-policing}}&lt;/ref&gt; They do this by keeping [[fighter aircraft]] in a 24/7 state of [[Quick Reaction Alert|quick reaction alert]], ready to be scrambled at any time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quick reaction alert |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/overview/quick-reaction-alert/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Royal Air Force |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For example, the [[Royal Air Force]] maintains four [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Eurofighter Typhoons]] at 24/7 readiness: two at [[RAF Coningsby]] and two at [[RAF Lossiemouth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Some NATO states do not have the capability to conduct QRA over their own territory, such as in the Baltic and Icelandic areas, so other NATO countries provide aircraft to cover instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Belgium, Netherlands to take turns in policing BENELUX airspace |url=http://www.airn.nato.int/archive/2016/belgium--netherlands-to-take-turns-in-policing-benelux-airspace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051848/http://www.airn.nato.int/archive/2016/belgium--netherlands-to-take-turns-in-policing-benelux-airspace |archive-date=2017-03-29 |access-date=2017-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irish ministers under pressure to clarify 'secret deal' for RAF to defend Ireland's airspace in an emergency |url=https://news.sky.com/story/irish-ministers-under-pressure-to-clarify-secret-deal-for-raf-to-defend-irelands-airspace-in-an-emergency-12879084 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Sky News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, the quick reaction alert mission is referred to as Aerospace Control Alert, after having been renamed from Air Sovereignty Alert in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=3 October 2011 |title=New name, same mission |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Pages/2011/October%202011/October%2003%202011/NewName,SameMission.aspx |magazine=Air Force Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of aerospace control alert missions in the U.S. are carried out by the [[Air National Guard]] using the [[F-15 Eagle]] and [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] jets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air sovereignty alert: America's security blanket |url=http://www.hsdl.org/?view&amp;did=697707 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143306/http://www.hsdl.org/?view&amp;did=697707 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=December 2010 |title=Adm. James Winnefeld, the new NORAD and NORTHCOM boss, closely monitors what's needed to defend North America |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2010/December%202010/1210sovereignty.aspx |magazine=Air Force Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Air defense identification zones (ADIZ) ===<br /> {{Main|Air defense identification zone}}<br /> <br /> An [[air defense identification zone]] is a region of airspace where a country identifies, locates, and controls aircraft to protect [[national security]], which, in many cases, can cover airspace outside of the country's sovereign airspace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abeyratne&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Abeyratne |first=Ruwantissa |date=2011-09-13 |title=In search of theoretical justification for air defence identification zones |url=http://aviationdevelopment.org/eng/sites/default/files/2011111501_Publication.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Transportation Security |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1007/s12198-011-0083-2 |issn=1938-7741 |s2cid=153873530 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709162934/http://aviationdevelopment.org/eng/sites/default/files/2011111501_Publication.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/air-defense-identification-zone-adiz |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt; A country may impose limitations on aircraft within them, such as requiring a flight plan to be filed.<br /> <br /> In 2013, [[China]] established an [[Air Defense Identification Zone (East China Sea)|ADIZ in the East China Sea]], drawing criticisms from neighbouring countries and the United States, as it overlaps existing zones and imposes requirements on both civilian and military aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJNov13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Page |first=Jeremy |date=Nov 27, 2013 |title=The A to Z on China's Air Defense Identification Zone |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/11/27/the-a-to-z-on-chinas-air-defense-identification-zone/ |access-date=29 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobSec2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Defense Identification Zone |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/adiz.htm |access-date=29 November 2013 |publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com2&quot;&gt;Rick Gladstone and Matthew L. Wald (27 November 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/asia/chinas-move-puts-airspace-in-spotlight.html China's Move Puts Airspace in Spotlight] ''[[The New York Times]]''&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2010, China has been planning to establish an ADIZ over the [[South China Sea]], which would raise tensions in the [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|existing territorial disputes]]. However, as of 2025, no ADIZ has been created.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 November 2020 |title=Why is There No South China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone? |url=http://www.scspi.org/en/dtfx/why-there-no-south-china-sea-air-defense-identification-zone |website=SCSPI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Chan |first=Minnie |date=31 May 2020 |title=South China Sea airspace control plan in works by Beijing, PLA source says |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3086679/beijings-plans-south-china-sea-air-defence-identification-zone |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Russia|Russian]] aircraft are frequently tracked by the [[United States]] entering their [[Alaska]] ADIZ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Abeyratne2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Abeyratne |first=Ruwantissa |date=2011-09-13 |title=In search of theoretical justification for air defence identification zones |url=http://aviationdevelopment.org/eng/sites/default/files/2011111501_Publication.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Transportation Security |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1007/s12198-011-0083-2 |issn=1938-7741 |s2cid=153873530 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709162934/http://aviationdevelopment.org/eng/sites/default/files/2011111501_Publication.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; often triggering QRA responses of American fighters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2025 |title=NORAD detects and tracks Russian aircraft operating in the Alaskan Air Defense Identification Zone |url=https://www.norad.mil/Newsroom/Press-Releases/Article/4314460/norad-detects-and-tracks-russian-aircraft-operating-in-the-alaskan-air-defense/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US says Russian military aircraft detected in Alaskan air defense zone |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/us-says-russian-military-aircraft-detected-in-alaskan-air-defense-zone/3486259 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Violations and incidents ===<br /> An airspace violation occurs when an aircraft enters controlled or national airspace without authorisation. Such incidents may be accidental, such as navigation or communication errors, or they may be deliberate, such as military reconnaissance or probing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airspace Infringement {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/airspace-infringement#:~:text=Airspace%20infringement%20occurs%20when%20an,not%20contained%20in%20the%20clearance. |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[Cold War]], aircraft such as [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]] were shot down due to misidentification as enemy military aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Korean Air Lines flight 007 {{!}} Missiles, Investigation, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-Air-Lines-flight-007 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, a Chinese high altitude [[2023 Chinese balloon incident|balloon entered US airspace]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-03 |title=Chinese spy balloon over US is weather device says Beijing |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64515033 |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; allegedly for intelligence gathering, and was subsequently shot down by an American jet, increasing tensions between the two countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |last2=Payne |first2=Stetson |last3=Rogoway |first3=Tyler |date=2023-02-04 |title=F-22 Shoots Down Chinese Spy Balloon Off Carolinas With Missile (Updated) |url=https://www.twz.com/f-22-shoots-down-chinese-spy-balloon-off-carolinas-with-missile |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August and September 2025, Russia [[Violations of non-combatant airspaces during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|repeatedly flew drones and aircraft]] into [[NATO]] airspace, prompting NATO to launch [[Operation Eastern Sentry]] after an [[NATO Article 4|Article 4]] declaration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=NAVO gaat oostflank versterken na binnendringen Russische drones in Polen |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13965/artikel/2582171-navo-gaat-oostflank-versterken-na-binnendringen-russische-drones-in-polen |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=nos.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Modernization ==<br /> <br /> === Performance-based navigation ===<br /> {{Main|Performance-based navigation}}<br /> <br /> [[Performance-based navigation]] (PBN) is a type of navigation that allows aircraft to use GPS and other satellite navigation instead of only ground-based stations like [[VHF omnidirectional range|VORs]] which improves airspace safety, capacity, and efficiency.&lt;ref&gt;ICAO. ''Doc 9613, Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual'', 2008. {{ISBN|978-92-9231-198-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) and Area Navigation (RNAV) |url=https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816160826/https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aim_html/chap1_section_2.html |archive-date=16 August 2025 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.faa.gov |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ICAO and national authorities such as the FAA are gradually redesigning controlled and uncontrolled airspace to support [[Required navigation performance|Required Navigation Performance]] (RNP) and [[Area navigation|Area Navigation]] (RNAV) routes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Performance based navigation {{!}} Heathrow |url=https://www.heathrow.com/company/local-community/noise/airspace-modernisation/performance-based-navigation |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Heathrow Airport |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; This changes allow for more efficient flight paths and reduce the need of maintaining specific physical sensors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Performance Based Navigation (PBN) {{!}} SKYbrary Aviation Safety |url=https://skybrary.aero/articles/performance-based-navigation-pbn |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=skybrary.aero}}&lt;/ref&gt; Projects led by service providers such as [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Aerospace]] have demonstrated how PBN procedures can be used to optimize traffic flows and reduce noise in congested areas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hughes Aerospace PBN Executive Summary |url=https://www.faasafety.gov/files/events/GL/GL15/2024/GL15127506/Hughes_Aerospace_PBN_Executive_Summary.pdf |website=FAA Safety}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as the [[Naples Airport (Florida)|Naples Municipal Airport]] in Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Layden |first=Laura |date=April 1, 2024 |title=Hughes Aerospace working to improve SWFL airplane traffic |url=https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/2024/04/01/naples-airport-authority-hears-update-on-hughes-aerospace-study/73060107007/ |access-date=October 6, 2025 |newspaper=Naples Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Layden |first=Laura |date=May 1, 2025 |title=Naples Airport to start testing new flight procedures |url=https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/2025/05/01/naples-airport-to-start-testing-new-flight-procedures/83385627007/ |access-date=October 6, 2025 |newspaper=Naples Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Index of aviation articles]]<br /> * [[Air sovereignty]]<br /> * [[Flyover rights]]<br /> * [[Space law]]<br /> * [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]<br /> * [[Air traffic control]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Wiktionary}}<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [https://www.openflightmaps.org/ open flightmaps]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130207075314/http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ATpubs/AIM/aim0301.html U.S. airspace, as described in the Aeronautical Information Manual]<br /> * [http://soaringweb.org/Airspace Worldwide Soaring Turnpoint Exchange: Airspace] (publicly contributed data)<br /> * [http://3dairspace.org.uk Airspace data] in [[Google Earth]] Format (KML)<br /> * {{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/connected-aerospace/airbus-proposes-blueprint-integrating-autonomous-aviation |title= Airbus Proposes Blueprint For Integrating Autonomous Aviation |date= 18 September 2018 |author= Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week &amp; Space Technology}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Air traffic control]]<br /> [[Category:General aviation]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adil_Zainulbhai&diff=466795 2025-12-31T10:27:35Z

<p>FosterDevito009: minor correct details and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Chairman of Network18 Group, Capacity Building Commission, and Quality Council of India}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Adil Zainulbhai<br /> | occupation = Chairman of [[Network18]] &lt;br&gt; Chairman of [[Quality Council of India]] (QCI) &lt;br&gt; Chairman of Capacity Building Commission (CBC).&lt;br&gt; Chairman, BoG, [[IIT Ropar]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[IIT Bombay]]&lt;br&gt; [[Harvard Business School]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br /> <br /> '''Adil Zainulbhai''' is the chairman of [[Network18 Group]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-12-06|title=I think once the trend reverses itself, it reverses for the better, says Arun Jaitley|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Z9hK8etaUiLIm1B5xoEzAL/I-think-once-the-trend-reverses-itself-it-reverses-for-the.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the mass media subsidiary of the conglomerate [[Reliance Industries]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Sanjay K.|date=12 June 2021|title=Network 18 shelves cartoonist Manjul's contract|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/media-house-network-18-shelves-contract-of-popular-cartoonist-manjul/cid/1818571|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the chairman of [[Quality Council of India]] (QCI) from 2014 till 2022,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=2021-04-02|title=Centre embarks on major reform drive in bureaucracy and civil services|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-embarks-on-major-reform-drive-in-bureaucracy-and-civil-services/article34225484.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been appointed as the chairman of the Capacity Building Commission (CBC), a commission set up by the government for its &quot;Mission Karmayogi&quot; project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-04-02|title=Capacity Building Commission formed, Adil Zainulbhai appointed as chairman|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/capacity-building-commission-formed-adil-zainulbhai-appointed-as-chairman-121040200231_1.html|access-date=2021-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Zainulbhai sits on the boards of Reliance Industries, [[Larsen &amp; Toubro]] and [[Cipla]] as independent director,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ganesan|first=Ranjita|date=2014-09-20|title=Adil Zainulbhai: The makeover man|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/adil-zainulbhai-the-makeover-man-114091901141_1.html|access-date=2021-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is a member of the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]–based US-India Strategic Partnership Forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-05-20|title=QCI Chairman Adil Zainulbhai, others join USISPF Board|work=[[Business Standard]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/qci-chairman-adil-zainulbhai-others-join-usispf-board-119052000517_1.html|access-date=2021-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Zainulbhai graduated from [[IIT Bombay]] with a degree in [[mechanical engineering]], and attended the [[Harvard Business School]] for a post-graduate degree in management. He has been granted a position in the advisory board for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] and is the president of Harvard Business School alumni association in India. Zainulbhai joined [[McKinsey &amp; Company]] in 1979 in the United States where he headed the company's Washington office and initiated its [[Minneapolis]] office. In 2004, he returned to India after being appointed as the chairman of McKinsey India. In the company, he was closely associated with and was the [[protégé]] of [[Rajat Gupta]], the first foreign born head of the company. Zainulbhai resigned from McKinsey in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Zainulbhai, Adil}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partur&diff=464021 2025-12-12T06:46:44Z

<p>FosterDevito009: brief rework content to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Partur<br /> | nickname = Partur<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19|35|28|N|76|12|58|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Jalna district|Jalna]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal governance in India|Municipal council]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 439<br /> | population_total = 35883&lt;ref name=Census2011&gt;{{cite web|title=Partur City Population|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802762-partur-maharashtra.html|publisher=Census2011|accessdate=11 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 431501<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 912484-XXXXXX<br /> | registration_plate = MH-21<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Partur''' is a town with [[municipal council]] in [[Jalna district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br /> <br /> Earlier, it was known as '''Pralhadpur,''' but the name was later changed to Partur due to misspelling.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Partur is located at {{Coord|19.35|N|76.12|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Partur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Partur]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 439&amp;nbsp;metres (1440&amp;nbsp;feet). Godavari is a major river that flows through various villages of Partur. Near Dudhana river [[Upper Dudhana Dam]]. Bageshvari Sugar Factory, Warfal in Partur. The main source of income is [[agriculture]]. Most of the people in this area are [[Farmer|farmers]]. Major crops are cotton, arhat, sorghum, wheat, sugar cane.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Religion===<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]],&lt;ref name=Census2011/&gt; Partur Municipal Council has a population of 35,883 of which 18,401 are males while 17,482 are females.<br /> <br /> The Literacy rate of Partur city is 79.52%, lower than [[Maharashtra]] state average of 82.34%. In Partur, male literacy is around 86.03% while female literacy rate is 72.72%.&lt;ref name=Census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> In Partur, 14.13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Partur has Female Sex Ratio is of 950 higher than state average of 929.&lt;ref name=Census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 10.57% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 3.77% of total population in Partur.&lt;ref name=Census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Partur&lt;ref name=Census2011/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|55.79}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|37.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|blue|5.43}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Sikh]]s|yellow|0.26}}<br /> {{bar percent|No Religion|black|0.13}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions&lt;br /&gt;<br /> †&lt;small&gt;Includes [[Christians]](0.07%)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official language of the town. Marathi is also the most commonly spoken language in the town, [[Urdu]] is the second most spoken language followed by Hindi.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> ===Rail===<br /> [[Partur railway station]] (Code: '''PTU''') is located on the Kacheguda-Manmad line under Nanded Division of [[South Central Railway ]](SCR) jurisdiction. Partur is well connected through rail with Mumbai, Nashik, Pune, Aurangabad, Jalna, Hyderabad, Nanded, Nagpur, Manmad, Latur, Parbhani, Parli Vaijnath, Osmanabad, Mudkhed, Adilabad, Basar, Nizamabad, Daund etc. Ajanta Express between Secunderabad and Manmad is the most prestigious train passing through this station. The Nanded (NED)-Amritsar Sachkhand Express and Madurai-Manmad Express (now Rameswaram-Okha Exp) do not stop at Partur.<br /> The revenue collection of the Partur railway station is highest among the taluka/tehsil level railway stations on the manmad secunderabad railway line.<br /> <br /> ===Road===<br /> Partur is well connected to Pune, Aurangabad, Akola, Nanded, Latur, Hyderabad through state road transport. Partur depot of state transport corporation was the most profitable in the year 2010.<br /> And also Partur is now connected to NH548C.<br /> <br /> ===Air===<br /> The nearest airports are Chikalthana Airport located at Aurangabad Airport (120&amp;nbsp;km) and Nanded Airport (145&amp;nbsp;km).<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] known as JNVs are a system of alternate schools for gifted students in India is situated in Partur.<br /> <br /> Several other schools are listed below:<br /> <br /> ===Marathi &amp; Semi English Medium School===<br /> #Lal Bahadur Shastri High School.<br /> #Swami Vivekanand High School.<br /> #Zila Parishad High School.<br /> #Yoganand high School.<br /> #Lalbahadur Shastri Kanya High School.<br /> #Adarsh primary School<br /> <br /> ===Urdu Medium School===<br /> #Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar Urdu Primary School.<br /> #Abdul Wahed Bapu Deshmukh High School (Warphal 5&amp;nbsp;km away from Partur) <br /> #Al-Huda Urdu School.<br /> #Dr. Zakir Hussain High School<br /> #Dr. Zakir Hussain Primary School<br /> <br /> ===English Medium School===<br /> #Vivekananda English School &amp; Public School<br /> #Swami Vivekanand Primary School<br /> #Bright Star English Primary &amp; High School<br /> #Maharana Primary School<br /> #Universal peace English school<br /> #New Era international English School<br /> #Dnyanlata Public School<br /> <br /> ===Colleges===<br /> #Shivraj Arts, Commerce and Science College Partur ([http://www.bamua.digitaluniversity.ac Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad])<br /> #Lal Bahadur Shastri Arts, Commerce and Science jr. College. ([https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/ State Board] )<br /> #Lal Bahadur Shastri Arts, Commerce and Science Sr. College. ([http://www.bamua.digitaluniversity.ac Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad])<br /> #Bhanudasrao Chavan Arts, Commerce and Science College.([http://www.bamua.digitaluniversity.ac Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad])<br /> #Sharda Nursing College Partur<br /> #Yoganand jr. college. ([http://www.bamua.digitaluniversity.ac Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad])<br /> #Dr. Zakir Hussain Junior College<br /> #Rajkunwar Jr College Partur ([https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/ State Board] )<br /> <br /> ==Banks==<br /> Partur is the important financial hub in Jalna district. State Bank of India is one of the oldest Nationalised bank in City. Many other Banks provides financial services to farmers, businessmen and the residents of the town.<br /> <br /> List of the banks in Partur is as follows: <br /> # [[State Bank of India]]<br /> # Bank of Maharashtra<br /> # [[Canara Bank]]<br /> # [[Maharashtra Gramin Bank]]<br /> # [http://www.sangliurbanbank.in Sangali Urban Co-Operative Bank Ltd.]<br /> # [http://www.deendayalbank.co.in Dinadayal Nagri Sahakari Bank Ltd.]<br /> # [[Axis Bank|Axis Bank Limited]]<br /> # [[ICICI Bank]]<br /> # The Jalna District Central Cooperative Bank Ltd. Piartur <br /> There are 5-6 [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]] operating in the city.<br /> <br /> ===Multistate===<br /> # Vijaya Urban Multistate Co-operative Credit Society Ltd, Majalgoan<br /> #[http://www.dnyanradhamultistate.com Dnyanradha Multistate Co.Opp.Credit Society, Beed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918125519/http://www.dnyanradhamultistate.com/ |date=18 September 2016 }}<br /> #Shubh Kalyan MultiState Co-Op Credit Society Ltd, Havargoan<br /> #Shri Padmavati Mata Multistate Co-Op Credit Society Ltd, Rahuri<br /> #[http://rajarshishahuurban.com/ Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Multistate Urban Credit Co-Operative Society Ltd, Majalgaon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808075658/http://rajarshishahuurban.com/ |date=8 August 2018 }}<br /> Icici bank, which is a leading private sector Bank, provides all types of loan to its customers<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Jalna district topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Jalna district]]<br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFFI_Satyajit_Ray_Lifetime_Achievement_Award&diff=503420 2025-12-09T03:46:09Z

<p>FosterDevito009: new some pg v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film festival award}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name =IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | subheader = International honor for contributions to [[World cinema]]<br /> | awarded_for = &quot;Outstanding contribution to the growth and development of World cinema&quot;<br /> | sponsor = [[International Film Festival of India]]<br /> | firstawarded = 1999<br /> | lastawarded = 2025<br /> | reward = [[₹]]10,00,000/-<br /> | former name =IFFI Lifetime Achievement Award<br /> | holder_label = <br /> | holder =<br /> | award1_type = Most recent winner<br /> | award1_winner = [[Rajinikanth]]<br /> | award2_type = First winner<br /> | award2_winner =[[Bernardo Bertolucci]]<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award''' (formerly '''IFFI Lifetime Achievement Award''') is an international honor instituted by the [[International Film Festival of India]]. The recipient is honored for their &quot;outstanding contribution to the growth and development of World cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/iffi-2021-martin-scorsese-to-receive-satyajit-ray-lifetime-achievement-award/cid/1839691|title=Three Satyajit Ray classics that still inspire Martin Scorsese |author=Shayeree Ghosh|date= 19 November 2021|access-date=20 November 2021|website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> The award was first instituted in the year 1999 from the [[30th International Film Festival of India|30th IFFI]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Devipriya|date=January 1999|title=30th IFFI Stars|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30IIFA.pdf|work=30th International Film Festival of India '99|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=23 March 2018|page=150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130012630/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30IIFA.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[52nd International Film Festival of India|52nd]] edition in 2021, on the occasion of the birth centenary of [[Satyajit Ray]], the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] in recognition of the [[auteur]]’s legacy, &quot;The IFFI Lifetime Achievement award&quot; was rechristened to &quot;IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/iffi-2021-martin-scorsese-to-receive-satyajit-ray-lifetime-achievement-award/cid/1839691|title=Three Satyajit Ray classics that still inspire Martin Scorsese |author=Shayeree Ghosh|date= 19 November 2021|access-date=20 November 2021|website=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Phillip Noyce]], a film and television director from Australia was the recipient of the award in the 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ltaawards:variety&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/robbie-williams-better-man-iffi-goa-1236206303/ |title= Robbie Williams Film 'Better Man' to Open India's IFFI Fest, Phillip Noyce Set for Lifetime Honor |author= Naman Ramachandran |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date= 11 November 2024 |access-date= 11 November 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recipients ==<br /> <br /> The Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award is a prestigious honor given at India's International Film Festival of India (IFFI) to acclaimed filmmakers for their significant contributions to world cinema, named after the legendary Indian director. Instituted in 1999 and renamed in 2021 for Ray's birth centenary, past recipients include Martin Scorsese, Wong Kar-wai,Dilip Kumar, Phillip Noyce and in 2025 the great Indian Actor Rajnikanth.<br /> <br /> == Erstwhile Lifetime Achievement Award (1999–2020) ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot; |Edition<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot; |Awardee<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot; |Nationality<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot; |Craft<br /> |- <br /> |[[30th International Film Festival of India|30th]]<br /> | [[Bernardo Bertolucci]]<br /> | Italian<br /> | Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor<br /> |-<br /> |[[34th International Film Festival of India|34th]]<br /> | [[Liv Ullmann]]<br /> | Norwegian<br /> | Film director, and actress<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[38th International Film Festival of India|38th]]<br /> | [[Dilip Kumar]]<br /> | Indian<br /> | Actor<br /> |-<br /> | [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> | Indian<br /> | Singer<br /> |- <br /> |[[42nd International Film Festival of India|42nd]]<br /> | [[Bertrand Tavernier]]<br /> | French<br /> | Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor<br /> |- <br /> |[[43rd International Film Festival of India|43rd]]<br /> | [[Krzysztof Zanussi]]<br /> | Polish<br /> | Film director, producer, and screenwriter<br /> |- <br /> |[[44th International Film Festival of India|44th]]<br /> | [[Jiří Menzel]]<br /> | Czech<br /> | Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor<br /> |- <br /> |[[45th International Film Festival of India|45th]]<br /> | [[Wong Kar-wai]]<br /> | Hong Kong<br /> | Film director, producer, screenwriter<br /> |- <br /> |[[46th International Film Festival of India|46th]]<br /> | [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]<br /> | Russian<br /> | Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor<br /> |- <br /> |[[47th International Film Festival of India|47th]]<br /> | [[Im Kwon-taek]]<br /> | South Korean<br /> | Film director<br /> |- <br /> |[[48th International Film Festival of India|48th]]<br /> | [[Atom Egoyan]]<br /> | Canadian<br /> | Film director<br /> |-<br /> |[[49th International Film Festival of India|49th]]<br /> | [[Dan Wolman]]<br /> | Israeli / Palestinian<br /> | Film director<br /> |-<br /> |[[50th International Film Festival of India|50th]]<br /> | [[Isabelle Huppert]]<br /> | French<br /> | Actress<br /> |-<br /> |[[51st International Film Festival of India|51st]]<br /> | [[Vittorio Storaro]]<br /> | Italian<br /> | Cinematographer<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award (since 2021) ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot;|Edition<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot;|Awardee<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot;|Nationality<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;&quot;|Craft<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=2|[[52nd International Film Festival of India|52nd]]<br /> | [[Martin Scorsese]]<br /> | American <br /> | Film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor<br /> |-<br /> | [[István Szabó]]<br /> | Hungarian <br /> | Film director<br /> |- <br /> | [[53rd International Film Festival of India|53rd]]<br /> | [[Carlos Saura]]<br /> | Spanish<br /> | Film director, producer, photographer, and actor<br /> |-<br /> | [[54th International Film Festival of India|54th]]<br /> | [[Michael Douglas]]<br /> |American<br /> |Film director, producer and Actor <br /> |-<br /> | [[55th International Film Festival of India|55th]]<br /> | [[Phillip Noyce]]<br /> | Australian <br /> | Film and television director <br /> |-<br /> | [[56th International Film Festival of India|56th]]<br /> | [[Rajnikanth]]<br /> | Indian <br /> | Actor <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]<br /> {{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{IFFI Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award}}<br /> [[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]<br /> [[Category:International Film Festival of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Festivals in Goa]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashoknagar,_Madhya_Pradesh&diff=487951 2025-11-29T12:32:36Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Created The Stub V1</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Ashoknagar District}}<br /> {{More footnotes needed|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Ashoknagar&lt;ref&gt;Ashok Nagar in http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang =<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |photo1a = Railway Station in Ashoknagar.png<br /> |photo2a = Administrative Building Ashoknagar mp.png<br /> | spacing = 3<br /> | position =<br /> | color_border = white<br /> | color = black <br /> | size = 250<br /> | foot_montage =}}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Ashoknagar Railway Station&lt;br&gt; Collector Office Ashoknagar <br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = [[File:Vindyvashni.jpg|thumb]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Ashok nagar in the Central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24|34|48|N|77|43|48|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bundelkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Ashoknagar district|Ashoknagar]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = Great Emperor [[Ashoka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ashoknagar.nic.in/gloriousfacts.htm |title=Official Website of District Ashoknagar (MP) |access-date=27 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911044429/http://ashoknagar.nic.in/gloriousfacts.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | government_type = Municipality Council<br /> | governing_body = BJP&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pradeshtoday.com/newsdetails.php?news=Minister-of-Municipal-Council-of-Mayors-9-of-corporations-focused-BJP&amp;nid=104351 Pradesh Today] {{dead link|date=December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title = Chairwoman<br /> | leader_name = Smt. Sushila Sahu<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 57.3<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 499<br /> | population_total =81,828&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802408-ashoknagar.html Census 2011. Town data] &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 473331&lt;ref name=&quot;pincode&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pin-code.net/in-loc/ashoknagar-pin-code/404938/|title=Ashoknagar Pin code|publisher=pin-code.net|accessdate=15 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | registration_plate = MP-67&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.findandtrace.com/trace-find-vehicle-number-owner-registration/MP-67 Trace Vehicle Number MP-67- Owner Info &amp; address]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://ashoknagar.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bundelkhandi]] (partly)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ashoknagar''' (also '''Ashok Nagar''') is a city and a municipality council&lt;ref&gt;Look for Ashoknagar Nagar Palika in http://mpsbb.info/NagarpalikaParishadList.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707010415/http://mpsbb.info/NagarpalikaParishadList.aspx |date=7 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Ashoknagar District]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of central [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Ashoknagar District]]. Earlier it was part of [[Guna district]]. Ashoknagar is well known for its Grain Mandi and &quot;Sharbati Gaihu&quot;, a type of wheat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/11756354/KRISHI-UPAJ-MANDI-ASHOKNAGAR-M-P|title=Krishi Upaj Mandi Ashoknagar M.P. - Ashok Nagar|website=wikimapia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nearest city [[Guna, India|Guna]] 46&amp;nbsp;km from the city. Ashoknagar was formerly known as Pachar. The railway line passes from the middle of the city. Ashoknagar has a railway station and Two Bus stations. Ashoknagar is connected to the main cities of Madhya Pradesh by road and railway.<br /> <br /> Ashoknagar is located in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh, between the [[River Sindh|rivers Sindh]] and the [[Betwa River|Betwa]]. It comes under the northern part of Malwa plateau, though main part of its district lies in the Bundelkhand Plateau. The eastern and western boundaries of the district are well defined by the rivers. The Betwa flows along the eastern boundary separating it from Sagar District and [[Lalitpur District, India]] of Uttar Pradesh. The Sindh is the main river flowing along the western boundary. [[Chanderi]], a part of Ashoknagar, is famous for its brocades and muslins, especially for its handwoven Chanderi sarees. Ashoknagar is situated on the [[Kota-Bina]] railway section of Western Central Railway. <br /> Ashoknagar district has boundary to the border of UP in the east, about 87&amp;nbsp;km from [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]] in Uttar Pradesh. Ashoknagar is approximately 190&amp;nbsp;km away from the capital of the state [[Bhopal]], 360&amp;nbsp;km from [[Indore]], 153&amp;nbsp;km from Jhansi and about 250&amp;nbsp;km from [[Gwalior]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> It is believed that [[Asoka|Great Emperor Asoka]], while on his trip to conquer [[Ujjain]], had spent a night in Ashoknagar and hence the name.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mponline.in/about/districts/Ashoknagar.html Madhya Pradesh Travel Guide | Top Tourist Places in Madhya Pradesh – MPOnline.in About] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227182752/http://www.mponline.in/about/districts/Ashoknagar.html |date=27 December 2014 }}. Mponline.in. Retrieved 19 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.veethi.com/places/madhya-pradesh-ashoknagar-district-117.htm Ashoknagar District]. Veethi.com (15 June 2012). Retrieved 19 September 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> History of the town goes back around the ancient Indian Mahabharat, according to many early historians, Ashoknagar town was a part of [[Chedi Kingdom]] along with Chanderi.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}<br /> <br /> Rather than this, In the 19th and early 20th century, the town being a part of Ishagarh District of Scindhiyas of [[Gwalior]].<br /> In the late 20th century, Ashoknagar was known as ''PACHHAR''. Later on it was renamed by MP government as Ashoknagar.<br /> Ashokanagar used to be a town of guna district. it became district in 2003.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Ashoknagar (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011.co.in&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802408-ashoknagar-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Ashoknagar Municipality City Population Census 2011-2022 &amp;#124; Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|81.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|8.07}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|9.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|<br /> [[Sikhism|Sikhs]]|blue|0.65}}}}<br /> <br /> The female-to-male ratio in Ashoknagar stands at 900 females per 1000 males compared to the 2001 census figure of 879 per 1000. The average national female-to-male ratio in India is 940 per 1000 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> The city lies in the Bundelkhand region and follows traditional Indian culture. Ashoknagar is famous for the [[Jain]] temple called Trikaal Choubeese, where the idols of past, present, and future [[Thirthankar]]s, as described in the Jain religion, have been kept. The district is also famous for a small town called '[[Chanderi]]', which is about 60&amp;nbsp;km from Ashoknagar. Chanderi was earlier, at the time of Mahabharata, known as &quot;Chendi&quot;. Chendi Naresh Shishupal was its ruler, who was then killed by Lord Krishna&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ashoknagar.nic.in/gloriousfacts.htm. |title= Official Website of District Ashoknagar (MP)|website=ashoknagar.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911044429/http://ashoknagar.nic.in/gloriousfacts.htm |archive-date=11 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Chanderi, ancient sculptures have been discovered in large numbers. Thubonji Sidhdha Kshetra is another one of the pilgrim center for Jains. It is about 32&amp;nbsp;km from Ashoknagar. In the south, about 35&amp;nbsp;km from Ashoknagar, is the famous Karila Mata Mandir, which is known to be the birthplace of [[Luv Kush|Luv and Kush]], sons of [[Lord Rama]] and [[Sita|Sita Mata]]. A huge fair is organized every year on Rangpanchmi in which the Rai Dance is performed by the Bedni women. Tumen is also a famous historical pilgrim center situated at Triveni known for Mata [[Vindhyavasini]] temple. There are many more places of religious importance in the district of Ashoknagar.<br /> <br /> Chanderi is a [[tehsil]] of the Ashoknagar district and is a famous historical &amp; tourist palace. The main occupation of the people of Chanderi is handicraft. Chanderi [[Sari|sarees]] are famous all over the world. These are made by cotton and silk by hand through ''Khatka''. Khatka is a self made machine for preparing sarees. Another famous place in Ashoknagar district is Sri Anandpur, the world headquarters of the ''Sri Advaith Paramhansa Sect''. Disciples from across the globe visit Anandpur twice a year during [[Baisakhi]] and [[Guru Purnima]] to seek blessings from the gurus.<br /> [[Kadwaya]], a small village in the district is also famous for the ancient [[Lord Shiva|Shiv]] Mandir, Garhi and Mata Mandir.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Ashoknagar is situated at the average elevation of 507 metres(1640&amp;nbsp;ft) above sea level. It is in the plateau region and has an agricultural topography. The plateau is an extension of the Deccan Traps, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. In this region, the main classes of soil are black, brown and bhatori (stony) soil. The volcanic, clay-like soil of the region owes its black colour to the high iron content of the basalt from which it is formed. The soil requires less irrigation because of its high capacity for moisture retention. The other two soil types are lighter and have a higher proportion of sand. The year is popularly divided into three seasons: summer, the rains, and winter. Summer extends over the months of Chaitra to Jyestha (mid-March to mid-May). The average daily temperature during the summer months is 35&amp;nbsp;°C, which typically rises to around 46&amp;nbsp;°C on a few days. The rainy season starts with the first showers of Aashaadha (mid-June) and extends to the middle of Ashvin (September). Most of the rain falls during the southwest monsoon spell, and ranges from about 100&amp;nbsp;cm in the west to about 165&amp;nbsp;cm in the east. Ashoknagar and surrounding areas receive an average of 140&amp;nbsp;cm of rainfall a year. The growing period lasts from 90 to 150 days, during which the average daily temperature is below 30&amp;nbsp;°C, but seldom falls below 20&amp;nbsp;°C. Winter is the longest of the three seasons, extending for about five months (mid-Ashvin to Phalgun, i.e., October to mid-March). The average daily temperature ranges from 15&amp;nbsp;°C to 20&amp;nbsp;°C, though on some nights it can fall as low as 5&amp;nbsp;°C. Some cultivators believe that an occasional winter shower during the months of Pausha and Maagha—known as Mawta—is helpful to the early summer wheat and germ crops.[5]<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> The climate of Ashoknagar is [[sub-tropical]]. In summers, the temperature reaches 47&amp;nbsp;°C, while dropping to 4&amp;nbsp;°C in the winter. Rainfall is adequate and sometimes less.<br /> <br /> == Tumen Temple ==<br /> '''[[Tumen, Madhya Pradesh|TUMEN]]'''<br /> <br /> There are a number of tourist spots in Ashoknagar Town, including:<br /> vindyvashni temple and many other temple here [[Tumen, Madhya Pradesh|tumen]]<br /> [[File:Vindyvashni.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==Jain Temples==<br /> <br /> Ashoknagar district is one of the largest district on the basis of Jain population in India after [[Sagar district|Sagar]], [[Tikamgarh]], and [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]].<br /> The Seven Super designed Jain Temples lie in the center of the Town. These are:<br /> <br /> * Trikal Chaubisi – &quot;Shanti Nagar&quot;<br /> *Gaon Ka mandir – Purana Bazar<br /> *Shri Chandra prabhu Jain Mandir<br /> *Subhash gunj Jain Mandir<br /> *Swaadhyay Jain Mandir – Mahavir Colony<br /> *Shri [[Parasnath]] Jain Temple- Soni Colony<br /> *Shri Adinath Jain Mandir<br /> *Shri Swetambar Jain Mandir, Bajariya Mohalla<br /> <br /> ==Other interesting places==<br /> <br /> * Tulsi Sarovar – Huge natural water lake. Boating at evening.<br /> * Amai Dam<br /> * Sankat Mochan<br /> There are four Temples of lord [[Hanumana]] lies at all four Outskirts of the main city.<br /> *Shri Taare Waale Balaji Temple in Aajad Mohalla<br /> * Nehru Bal Udhyan<br /> * Tulsi Sarovar Park<br /> Along with the above-mentioned locations, there are many other tourist spots in the outskirts of Ashoknagar.<br /> <br /> ===Chanderi===<br /> The Chanderi Fort is situated on a hill 71 meters above the town. The fortified walls were constructed mainly by the Muslim rulers of Chanderi. The main entrance to the fort is through a series of three gates, the uppermost of which is known as Hawa Paur and the lowermost is called the Khuni Darwaja, or the ''gate of blood''. The peculiar name is derived from the fact that criminals were executed at this point by hurling them from the battlements above, breaking their bodies into pieces to the ground. Within the fort there are only two ruined buildings: the Hawa and Nau-Khanda Mahals built by Bundela Chiefs. A rest house on the northern ridge provides a view of the town below by the countryside.<br /> <br /> ===Chanderi Fort===<br /> To the southwest of Fort there is a curious gateway called ''katti-ghatti'' built through the hillside. It is 59 meters long, 12 meters broad and 24.6 meters high. In its center, the rock has been sculpted into the shape of a gate, with a pointed arch, and flanked by sloping towers.<br /> <br /> ===Kaushak Mahal===<br /> The Kaushak Mahal of Chanderi is also known as Tawarikh-i-Ferishta. According to history, in 1445 AD Mehmood Shah Khilji of Malwa was passing through Chanderi, when he ordered a seven-storied palace to be built there, which came to be Kaushak Mahal. It is an imposing building of some grandeur, though standing in a half-ruined condition. To the south, east and north of the Kaushak Mahal, well maintained palaces of Ramnagar, Panchamnagar and Singhpur are situated respectively. All were built by Bundela chiefs of Chanderi in the 18th century.<br /> <br /> ===Shri Anandpur===<br /> Shri Anandpur is a religious place, which is the part of Issagarh Tehsil, about 30&amp;nbsp;km from the district center of Ashoknagar. The institution is influenced by &quot;Advait Mat&quot;. The founder of this institution was Shri Advait Anand Ji. He is also known as Maharaj Shri Paramhans Dayal Ji.<br /> The place is surrounded with greenery. The Ashram is situated near Vindhyachal Mountain range and is the center of attraction for its glorious architecture and pollution free environment.<br /> The development of Anandpur started away back in 1939 and continued till 1964. The institution was established as &quot; Shri Anandpur Trust&quot; on 22 April 1954 and this trust is running a charity hospital which is a main attraction point for the locals where they can get good medical facility free. Most of its development took place during Shri Padshahi Ji Maharaj IV &amp; Shri Padshahi Ji Maharaj V.<br /> Shri Anand Shanti Bhavan is the main part of the sacred place, is constructed with pure white marble. The pillar can be seen from a long distance away from the building.<br /> The Satsang Bhavan is a huge place of Shri Anandpur. It is the centre of attraction for the devotees. In Shri Anandpur the facilities of Hospital, School, Post Office etc. are present too.<br /> <br /> ===Kadwaya===<br /> Kadwaya a small village of ISAGARH tehsil of district ashoknagar having number of temples. One of these temples has been constructed in the 10th century in [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachhapaghata]] style of architecture. It has garbha-griha (sanctum), antaral and mandapa.<br /> Another old temple of Kadwaya is known as Chandal math. As per history, it was built to house Matta Mourya, members of Shaiva sect. <br /> During Akbar's reign Kadwaya was the headquarters of Gwalior's sarkar. Kadwaya is alSo the birthplace of pandit late ramvali sharma who served till death for the socio, political and economic development of the village. Besides this KADWAYA GADI(buried fort) is the site of world heritage.<br /> it is also famous for mata BIJASEN TEMPLE. it is said that one cures there defected eyes, by her blessings.<br /> total population of kadwaya is approx. 3000.<br /> <br /> ===Thubonji Sidhdha Kshetra===<br /> <br /> In Thubonji Sidhdha Kshetra, there are a group of 26 temples imparting the message of peace, nonviolence &amp; non-affection ness to pilgrims. This sacred place Thuvonji came to knowledge during the period of famous businessman Padashah. It is believed that when Padashah put his metal Tin here, it got converted into Silver. <br /> Temple No. 15 is the main among them known as big temple, with 28 feet high miraculous colossus of Lord Adinath in standing posture, installed by Vikram Samvat in 1672.<br /> <br /> '''Atishay''' – It is said that sound of various musical instruments is heard at the night as the gods from heaven come here for prayers &amp; worships. It is also said that after the completion of this high colossus, initially devotees were unable to install it in the standing posture. At that night, Head of the Construction saw a dream that worshipping the colossus will only allow it to be installed in the standing posture, accordingly in the next morning colossus was worshipped and then Head of the Construction alone was able to place the high colossus in standing posture. The public present at that time saw this miracle with wonder.<br /> <br /> There are number of Jain temples are also present in the Kshetra :<br /> <br /> * '''Lord parsvanath Jain Temple''' – There is a magnificent 15 feet high colossus of Lord Parsvanath (23rd Teerthankar) installed in V.S. 1864. The colossus have a very artistic serpent hood over the head as well as in both the sides of the colossus. <br /> * '''Lord Shantinath Jain temple''' – 18 feet high standing posture of Lord Shantinath (16th Teerthankar) is the principal deity in the temple.<br /> * '''Ajitnath Jain Temple''' – Principal deity is the Lord Ajitnath(2nd Teerthankar). <br /> * '''Adinath Jain Temple''' – It is also a magnificent and vast temple having 16 feet high colossus of Lord Adinath. This was installed by Savasingh of Chanderi in V.S. 1873. He also completed the famous Choubeesee Mandir of Chanderi <br /> * '''Chandraprabhu Jain Temple''' – Lord Chandraprabhu (8th Teerthankar) is the principal deity in the temple, 1.5 feet sitting(Padmasana) statue of the Lord is the idol in the temple.<br /> <br /> Other temples are also worth being seen.{{original research inline|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> '''Museum''' – Some ancient idols are kept there, among them a standing 12 feet high idol.<br /> <br /> ==Employment==<br /> In Ashoknagar, the occupation of the people is mostly agricultural. People are associated with grain merchandising. [[Textiles]] business is also very active. In recent times, Commodity Exchange Market has also grown along with [[logistics|logistic]] business.<br /> Ashoknagar is famous for its market which includes textiles, automobiles, utensils, cement works, groceries, gold and ornaments and almost all other things. <br /> It is a business hub, people from all around the division come over here for the trade.<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> Ashoknagar has road and rail connections to the main cities of the state and nation. [[Ashoknagar railway station]] is the part of [[Kota-Bina]] railway section of West Central Railway. The nearest airports to Ashoknagar are [[Bhopal Airport]] and [[Gwalior Airport]].<br /> <br /> The roads inside the city are however quite wide, but are not in good paved condition.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> Thus, during rainy seasons there is a chance of lot of accidents occurring.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> A major issue is of the dust on the city's roads, it is such that there is a great chance of spreading diseases like severe cough and a lot more dust causing diseases.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> Ashoknagar is situated on the state highway 20 (SH 20) with local connections to Guna, SH 10 to Vidisha and Shivpuri and connections on to Indore, Bhopal and Gwalior. <br /> SH 20 as [[GUNA]]-[[ISHAGARH]] road towards north, is about 3&amp;nbsp;km inside the city, while SH 19 is about a single km at thobon/Chanderii road.<br /> Rather than this, There are some shorter city roads are also has links to nearer villages and towns, such as Pachaadi Kheda Road, Mohri road, Aron road, Kolua road, Pawargarh road, Kabira road etc.<br /> <br /> Ashoknagar is 44&amp;nbsp;km from the NH-3 Agra Bombay highway and one hour drive away from the NH-76.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071019094657/http://www.ashoknagar.nic.in/ Ashok Nagar District : Government of Madhya Pradesh : District Administration : District At a Glance : Tourist Places : Profile]<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130129072940/http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:7910793 MSN]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130717141839/http://asknonline.com/ asknonline.com] <br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070413034723/http://www.jainteerth.com/teerth/Thuvonji.asp Jain, Jain Teerth, JainTeerth.com: A portal dedicated to jain teerth, contain detail of jain teerths in india and abroad, jainism, digamber jain teerth, shwetamber jain teerth, jain art, jain culture, jain philosophy, jain history, jain atchitecture, jain, Thuvonji, Thubonji, Thuvon, Thubon, Thuvon ji, Atishaya Kshetra, Place of Miracles, Chanderi, Guna, M.P., Madhya Pradesh, Bhagwan Adinath, parsvanath Jinalaya, Shantinath Jinalaya, Ajitnath Jinalaya, Bhagwan Rishabhadeo, Choubeesee Mandir, Bhagwan Chandraprabhu, Khandargiri]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326183523/http://gpcashoknagar.nic.in/ Government Polytechnic College, Ashok Nagar (M.P.)]<br /> '''Railway Time Table'''<br /> * [http://indiarailinfo.com/search/ashok-nagar-askn-to-bina-bina/1614/0/475 Trains from Ashok Nagar/ASKN to Bina Junction/BINA]<br /> * [http://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/ASKN Trains passing through Ashok Nagar ClearTrip.Com]<br /> * [http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/ashok_nagar-askn-railway-station.html Ashok Nagar (ASKN), Ashok Nagar Railway Station MakeMyTrip.Com]<br /> <br /> {{Gwalior Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ashoknagar| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ashoknagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> [[ml:അശോക് നഗർ]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Spirits&diff=542647 2025-11-05T15:46:46Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting first pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian alcoholic beverages company}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | Owner = <br /> | name = United Spirits<br /> | logo = United-spirits-logo_2.png<br /> | caption = <br /> | trading_name = <br /> | former type = <br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | traded_as = {{Bse|532432}}&lt;br /&gt; {{NSE|UNITDSPR}}<br /> | industry = [[Drink industry]]<br /> | fate = <br /> | predecessor = McDowell and Company<br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|1826}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | founder = Angus McDowell<br /> | location_city = UB Tower, No. 24, Vittal Mallya Road, [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | locations = &lt;!-- Number of locations, stores, offices, etc. --&gt;<br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | key_people = Praveen Someshwar (MD &amp; CEO)&lt;br&gt;Prathamesh Mishra (MD of Diageo Korea &amp; Japan)<br /> | products = [[Alcoholic beverage]]s: [[Distilled beverage|spirits]], [[beer]] and [[wine]]<br /> | production = <br /> | revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|12069|c}} (2025)<br /> | operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2243|c}} (2025)<br /> | net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1582|c}} (2025)<br /> | assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|13248|c}} (2025)<br /> | equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|8104|c}} (2025)<br /> | num_employees = 3,200 (2022)<br /> | parent = [[Diageo]] (54.8%)&lt;ref name=AboutUs/&gt;<br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.diageoindia.com/}}<br /> | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Audited financial results for the quarter and financial year ended 31 March 2025 |url=https://www.diageoindia.com/~/media/Files/D/Diageo-V2/Diageo-India/news-and-media/press-release/2025/audited-financial-results-for-the-quarter-and-financial-year-ended-31-march-2025.pdf |publisher=United Spirits Limited |access-date=28 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Audited financial results for the quarter and financial ended 31st March 2025 |url=https://www.diageoindia.com/~/media/Files/D/Diageo-V2/Diageo-India/investors/financials/results-reports-and-presentations/results-fy2025.pdf |publisher=United Spirits Limited |access-date=28 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | bodystyle = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''United Spirits Limited''' is an Indian [[alcoholic beverage]]s company, and the world's second-largest [[liquor|spirits]] company by volume.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=M Padmakshan |agency=ET Bureau |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/news/28421797_1_usl-diageo-united-spirits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025061810/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/news/28421797_1_usl-diageo-united-spirits |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2013 |title=USL's now world's No 2 spirit co, replaces Pernod |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a subsidiary of [[Diageo]], and headquartered at UB Tower in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. USL exports its products to over 37 countries.&lt;ref name=AboutUs&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx |title=About Us &gt; USL at a Glance |publisher=Unitedspirits.in |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807131113/http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the official website of the company, as of March 2013, USL has more than 140 liquor brands, of which 15 brands each sell more than one million cases annually while 3 brands each sell more than 10 million cases annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx |title=United Spirits Limited (USL) - Who We Are &amp;#124; About Us |publisher=Unitedspirits.in |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=7 August 2015 |archive-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807131113/http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The company originated as a trading company called McDowell and Company (also known as McDowell &amp; Co, McDowell or McDowell's), founded in India in 1826 by Angus McDowell, a Scot.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121110/jsp/frontpage/story_16181340.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727143725/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121110/jsp/frontpage/story_16181340.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2013 |title=Diageo bottles Mallya genie |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He set up a [[warehouse]] near [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], Madras (now [[Chennai]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |title=UB Group supplement with April 2011 issue |publisher=Ambrosia |date=April 2011 |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003020055/http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company imported liquor, tobacco products, and other consumer goods into India to serve the needs of British people stationed there.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot;/&gt; McDowell &amp; Company Limited was incorporated as a company in 1898, with an initial capital of {{INRConvert|8|l|year=1898}} as 4,000 [[preferred shares]] and 4,000 [[common shares]] of {{INRConvert|100|year=1898}} each. The company's principal shareholders were A.M. Hooper, G.D. Coleman, and G.A. Ruppell.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Vittal Mallya]]-run United Breweries Group bought McDowell and Company in 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia3&quot;/&gt; In 1959, Mallya established the company's first distillery at [[Cherthala]], [[Kerala]] on the banks of the [[Vembanad (lake)|Vembanad lake]]. McDowell's began bottling Bisquit Brandy and Dorville French Brandy, from imported [[concentrate]]s, becoming the first company to manufacture [[Indian Made Foreign Liquor]] (IMFL). The company opened India's first [[distillation]] plant to manufacture extra-neutral alcohol (ENA) at Cherthala in 1961. The plant began bottling products for Herbertsons Limited of the Anglo Thai Group that same year. The company launched Golden Grape Brandy, its first original product, in 1962. The company launched [[McDowell's No.1|McDowell's No.1 Brandy]] in 1963–64 when their contract with Herbertsons expired. In the early 1960s, the company acquired Carew &amp; Co and Phipson &amp; Co, manufacturers of rum, gin, and other hard liquors in 1963–64.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The company launched [[McDowell's No.1]] whisky in 1968, and commissioned new distilleries in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] ([[Goa]]), and Hathidah ([[Bihar]]) over the next few years. In the late 1970s, distilleries were acquired in [[Udaipur]], [[Alwar]], Mirganj, and [[Serampore]], and a plant was built in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The company bought out Herbertsons in 1973. Mallya's son, [[Vijay Mallya]], took over as director of McDowell's the same year and assumed chairmanship of UB Group and McDowell's after Vittal Mallya died in 1983. McDowell's moved its headquarters from Madras to [[Bangalore]] in 1987. The company established a technical center for product and process development research in Bangalore in 1989. [[McDowell's No.1 Rum]] was launched in 1990. McDowell's acquired the spirits business and manufacturing facility of Forbes Campbell &amp; Company Limited. McDowell's formed United Distillers India Limited, India's first joint venture in the alcoholic beverages industry, with [[United Distillers]] of the United Kingdom in 1991–92. McDowell's [[Signature (whisky)|Signature whisky]] was launched in 1994. In 1995, Carew Phipson Limited, Consolidated Distilleries Ltd, and several other companies were merged into McDowell's, as S.S. Gandhi handed the reigns of the company to Vijay Rekhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot;/&gt; The company was incorporated as McDowell Spirits Ltd in 1999. The name was changed to McDowell &amp; Company Ltd on 1 April 2000. McDowell Alcobev became a wholly owned subsidiary of McDowell &amp; Company in 2002. In the same year, the company acquired Phipson Distillery, McDowell International Brands Ltd, and most of Triumph Distilleries &amp; Vinters Pvt Ltd. McDowell launched Derby Special Whisky in 2003 and Old Cask rum in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/United-Spirits-Ltd/532432 United Spirits Ltd Background details about Company Profile]. Indiainfoline.com. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 March 2005, McDowell &amp; Company entered into an agreement with Jumbo World Holdings Limited (JWHL) in [[Dubai]] to acquire [[Shaw Wallace]].&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050322/asp/business/story_4522815.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130712061013/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050322/asp/business/story_4522815.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2013 |title=Mallya bottles Shaw Wallace |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=22 March 2005 |access-date=9 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphindia2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080425/jsp/business/story_9185627.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130712061151/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080425/jsp/business/story_9185627.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2013 |title=Shaw Wallace braces for final battle |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 April 2008 |access-date=9 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The board of Shaw Wallace approved the merger of the company with USL and fixed the appointed date of the merger as 1 April 2008 subject to approvals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/30/stories/2007113057352000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202131538/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/30/stories/2007113057352000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2007 |title=Shaw Wallace board okays merger with USL |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=9 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, McDowell &amp; Co Limited, Herbertsons Limited, Triumph Distillers and Vintners Private Limited, Baramati Grape Industries India Limited, Shaw Wallace Distilleries Limited and four other companies are merged to form United Spirits Limited. Bouvet Ladubay, a subsidiary of France-based [[Taittinger]] was acquired the same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> The UB Group purchased [[Whyte &amp; Mackay]] in May 2007 for £595 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6659779.stm |title=Whisky giant sold to billionaire |work=BBC News |date=16 May 2007 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; USL also acquired Liquidity Inc., makers of [[Pinky Vodka]], in 2007. USL launched Black Dog 18 YO and Four Seasons Barrique Reserve in 2009–10, and McDowell's No 1 Platinum, 100% grain-based whisky, in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambrosiaindia1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, eclipsed Diageo as the world's largest spirits company by volume sold. Later that year, then President and MD Vijay Rekhi stepped down.<br /> <br /> On 27 May 2013, [[Diageo]] acquired a 10% stake in United Spirits at a cost of {{INRConvert|20927196000}}. It also separately acquired an additional 58,668 shares for {{INR}} 85,778,082.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stockmarketwire.com/article/4626872/Diageo-increases-stake-in-United-Spirits.html |title=Diageo increases stake in United Spirits |publisher=Stock Market Wire |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 July 2013, Diageo bought an additional 14.98% of the company for {{INRConvert|31.35|b}}. Diageo acquired an additional 21.77 million shares at a cost of {{INRConvert|1440}} per share in an off-market deal from United Spirits' promoters, raising its holdings to 25.02 percent of the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/united-spirits-hits-record-high-on-change-of-guard-113070500225_1.html |title=United Spirits hits record high on change of guard |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/diageo-unitedspirits-idINWLB003V220130704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514041307/http://in.reuters.com/article/diageo-unitedspirits-idINWLB003V220130704 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2016 |title=Diageo winds up with 25 pct stake in United Spirits |work=Reuters |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following that purchase, Diageo held 36.3&amp;nbsp;million shares in USL, acquired at a cost of {{INRConvert|52358.5|m}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130705/jsp/business/story_17083393.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727143731/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130705/jsp/business/story_17083393.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2013 |title=Diageo ends with 25% in United Spirits |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; making it the largest shareholder.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/215630410 |title=Diageo completes stake acquisition in United Spirits |publisher=Big News Network |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under pressure from Diageo, some substantial changes to the management structure of the firm began to take place in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Kurian, B., and Dhamija, A., [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-rejigs-executive-payrolls-as-Diageo-tightens-leash/articleshow/21792773.cms Mallya rejigs executive payrolls as Diageo tightens leash], [[Times of India]], 13 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Diageo's shareholdings rose to 54.8% of USL.&lt;ref name=AboutUs/&gt;<br /> <br /> In early 2014, Whyte &amp; Mackay, which had been purchased by UB Group in 2007, was sold to [[Philippines]]-based [[Emperador Inc.|Emperador]] for £430 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-27340535|title=BBC News – Philippines firm Emperador buys Whyte &amp; Mackay for £430m|work=BBC News|date=9 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 5 November 2017, the [[Paradise Papers]], a set of confidential [[electronic document]]s relating to [[offshore investment]], revealed that United Spirits with three other subsidiaries based in the UK were allegedly involved with diverting funds amounting to $1.5 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Tandon|first1=Suneera|title=The Indian superstars of tax haven leaks: Amitabh Bachchan and Vijay Mallya|url=https://qz.com/1121170/from-paradise-papers-to-the-panama-leaks-amitabh-bachchan-and-vijay-mallya-are-never-missing/|access-date=9 November 2017|work=[[Quartz India]]|date=7 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107103322/https://qz.com/1121170/from-paradise-papers-to-the-panama-leaks-amitabh-bachchan-and-vijay-mallya-are-never-missing|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Technical centre==<br /> The USL technical centre was opened in 1989 in Bangalore, and is recognised by the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|Department of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research]] (DSIR) as an in-house [[Research &amp; development|Research &amp; Development]] laboratory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About us &gt; Technical Center|url=http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx|work=United Spirits Limited|access-date=27 July 2013|archive-date=7 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807131113/http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==United Spirits brands==<br /> USL manufactures [[Indian whisky]], [[Scotch whisky]], [[brandy]], [[rum]], [[vodka]], [[gin]] and [[wine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Brands |url=http://unitedspirits.in/usl-brands.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920224309/http://unitedspirits.in/usl-brands.aspx |archive-date=2012-09-20 |access-date=27 July 2013 |work=United Spirits Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> ;Indian whisky<br /> * [[Antiquity (whisky)|Antiquity]] <br /> * [[Bagpiper (whisky)|Bagpiper]] <br /> * [[McDowell's No.1]]<br /> * McDowell's No.1 Platinum<br /> * McDowell's Single Malt&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ub-global.com/mcdowells_single_malt.html UB Global] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120904/http://www.ub-global.com/mcdowells_single_malt.html |date=14 December 2013 }}. UB Global. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Royal Challenge]]<br /> * Royal Challenge American Pride<br /> * [[Signature (whisky)|Signature]]<br /> ;Scotch whisky<br /> * [[Black Dog (whisky)|Black Dog]]<br /> <br /> {{col-break}}<br /> ;Wine<br /> * Bouvet Ladubay<br /> * [[Four Seasons Wines|Four Seasons]]<br /> ;Vodka<br /> * [[Pinky Vodka|Pinky]]<br /> * [[Romanov (vodka)|Romanov]]<br /> * [[White Mischief (liquor)|White Mischief]]<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> ; Brandy<br /> * Honey Bee<br /> * McDowell's VSOP<br /> <br /> ;Rum<br /> * [[McDowell's No.1 Celebration]]<br /> <br /> ;Gin<br /> * Blue Riband<br /> <br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Distillery locations==<br /> USL owns several distilleries throughout India, and also owns one unit in Nepal. Besides these, USL also has several contract and associate distilleries in India, and one in Nepal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx#seventh |title=About Us &gt; Distilleries |publisher=Unitedspirits.in |access-date=27 July 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807131113/http://unitedspirits.in/aboutus.aspx#seventh |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> ;Operational USL owned units<br /> * Malkajgiri, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] <br /> * Nacharam, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] <br /> * Bethora-[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], Goa<br /> * Kumbalgodu, [[Bangalore]], Karnataka<br /> * Aurangabad, [[Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Baramati]], Maharashtra<br /> * [[Nasik]], Maharashtra<br /> * [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]]<br /> * [[Nimapara]], [[Odisha]]<br /> * Pioneer Distillery, [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]] <br /> * [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]]<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> ;Contract and associate units <br /> * Rhizome Distilleries Pvt. Ltd ([[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]])<br /> * Esveear Dist (Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh)<br /> * Continental Distillery ([[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh)<br /> * North East Distilleries Pvt Ltd ([[Guwahati]], [[Assam]])<br /> * Surma Distillery Pvt Ltd ([[Silchar]], Assam)<br /> * M T M Wines &amp; Bottlers Pvt Limited (Naharlagun, [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) <br /> * Aegis Beverages (P) Ltd ([[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], Chhattisgarh)<br /> * Khemani Distilleries Pvt Ltd ([[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]])<br /> * Saraya Industries Ltd ([[New Delhi]])<br /> * Mandovi Distilleries &amp; Breweries Pvt Ltd (Goa)<br /> * A B Sugars Ltd (Haryana)<br /> * Sir Shadilal Distillery &amp; Chemical Works (Haryana)<br /> * Trishul Bottlers ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])<br /> * Ajantha Bottlers &amp; Blenders Pvt Ltd (Ranchi, Jharkhand)<br /> * Ambient Liquors Pvt Ltd (Jharkhand)<br /> * Karnataka Breweries &amp; Distilleries Ltd (Bangalore, Karnataka)<br /> * Seven Seas Distillery Pvt Ltd ([[Mannuthy]], [[Thrissur]], Kerala)<br /> * Ajantha Distilleries ([[Nagpur]], Maharashtra) <br /> * Rainbow Distilleries Pvt Ltd (Nagpur, Maharashtra) <br /> * Jubilant Organosys Limited (Pune, Maharashtra)<br /> * Ravi-Kumar Distillery (Pondicherry)<br /> * Vinbros Dist (Pondicherry)<br /> * Mount Distillery ([[Sikkim]]) <br /> * Golden Midas Dist ([[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]])<br /> * Shiva Distillery ([[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu)<br /> * Gemini Distilleries (Tripura) Pvt Ltd ([[Tripura]]) <br /> * United Brothers Distilleries Private Limited (Naharlagun, [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) k<br /> * Himalayan Distillery Pvt Ltd (Nepal)<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official website|http://www.diageoindia.com/}}<br /> <br /> {{portalbar|Liquor}}<br /> {{United Spirits}}<br /> {{Nifty 200 companies}}<br /> [[Category:Diageo]]<br /> [[Category:United Spirits]]<br /> [[Category:United Breweries Group]]<br /> [[Category:Distilleries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Drink companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Alcoholic drink companies]]<br /> [[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1826]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]<br /> [[Category:1826 establishments in British India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1826]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) franchise owners]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._R._Ramanan&diff=531301 2025-10-22T13:01:21Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Adding Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian meteorologist}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> <br /> '''S R Ramanan''' is an Indian [[meteorologist]]. He worked as the Director of Cyclone warning centre in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu|Indian state of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR G|url = http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/td_rcchennai.htm|website = www.imdchennai.gov.in|accessdate = 2015-11-20|archive-date = 17 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117084445/http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/td_rcchennai.htm|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-interview-with-weather-forecaster-ramanan/article7927328.ece|title=Rain man Ramanan|author=Srinivasa Ramanujam|work=The Hindu|date=28 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015|archive-date=2 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202045035/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-interview-with-weather-forecaster-ramanan/article7927328.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-25/news/68561033_1_weather-forecast-rain-forecast-weatherman|title=Rains give weatherman a hero's status in Tamil Nadu|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144029/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-25/news/68561033_1_weather-forecast-rain-forecast-weatherman|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He serves on the advisory committee of the centre for [[climate change]] and adoption research, [[Anna University|Anna University, Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Academics|url = https://www.annauniv.edu/CCAR/permanent.html|website = www.annauniv.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-20|archive-date = 16 February 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140216143035/http://www.annauniv.edu/CCAR/permanent.html|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became popular in social media. Ramanan retired in July 2016 after 36 years as a weatherman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramanan-director-of-area-cyclone-warning-centre-in-Chennai-retires/articleshow/51630613.cms|title=Ramanan, director of area cyclone warning centre in Chennai, retires - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 March 2016 |access-date=2016-03-31|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402111806/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ramanan-director-of-area-cyclone-warning-centre-in-Chennai-retires/articleshow/51630613.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> <br /> Ramanan is a post graduate in physics from [[Annamalai University]]. He got his PhD from the Madras University in the field of Agricultural Climatology.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}<br /> Ramanan is a HSC from Aruna Higher secondary school, Eraiyur Village.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> He joined the Meteorological Department of India in 1980. He worked as a forecaster in the Northern Hemisphere Analysis centre in New Delhi and at Aviation Meteorological Office of Chennai Airport. He was actively involved during the installation of Automatic Message Switching System in 1995 and was promoted to Director in the 2002{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}. He joined the Area Cyclone Warning Centre at the Regional Meteorological centre at Chennai. He is a recipient of the &quot;For the sake of Honour Award&quot; from [[Rotary International]] in 2006. He represented India in 1998 in Japan regarding preparation of inventory for greenhouse gases. He represented the country regarding Synergised Standard Operating Procedures for coastal hazards in Bangkok during May 2013.<br /> <br /> ==Retirement==<br /> Ramanan retired from Regional Meteorological centre on 31 March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=K|first1=Lakshmi|title='Rain man' Ramanan to retire on March 31|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rain-man-ramanan-to-retire-on-march-31/article8407316.ece|website=The Hindu|date=28 March 2016 |accessdate=9 May 2017|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223054511/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rain-man-ramanan-to-retire-on-march-31/article8407316.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> * [http://www.niqr.in/ramanan.html NIQR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923161339/http://www.niqr.in/ramanan.html |date=23 September 2017 }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanan, S. R.}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian meteorologists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanher_Dam&diff=455795 2025-10-05T16:28:41Z

<p>FosterDevito009: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox dam<br /> | name = Kanher Dam<br /> | image = Sajjangadh Road 2 Near Satara,Maharashtra, India.jpg<br /> | image_caption = From south<br /> | name_official = Kanher Dam<br /> | dam_crosses = Wenna river<br /> | location = Satara <br /> | dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]<br /> | dam_length = {{convert|1954|m|abbr=on}}<br /> | dam_height = {{convert|50.34|m|abbr=on}}<br /> | dam_width_base = <br /> | dam_width_crest = <br /> | dam_volume = {{convert|6308|km3|abbr=on}}<br /> | spillway_type = <br /> | spillway_capacity = <br /> | construction_began = <br /> | opening = 1986<br /> | cost = <br /> | owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | res_name = <br /> | res_capacity_total = {{convert|271680|km3|abbr=on}}<br /> | res_catchment = <br /> | res_surface = {{convert|18.63|km2|abbr=on}}<br /> | res_max_depth = <br /> | plant_operator = <br /> | plant_turbines = <br /> | plant_capacity = <br /> | plant_annual_gen = <br /> | plant_commission = <br /> | plant_decommission = <br /> | location_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | location_map_caption = <br /> | location_map_size = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|17|44|8|N|73|54|55|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = <br /> | extra = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kanher Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on Wenna river near [[Satara (city)|Satara]] in state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Specifications==<br /> The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|50.34|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1954|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|6308|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|286000.00|km3|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Purpose==<br /> * Irrigation<br /> * Hydroelectricity<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Dams in Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Satara district topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dams in Satara district]]<br /> [[Category:Dams completed in 1986]]<br /> [[Category:1986 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan-occupied_Kashmir&diff=445712 2025-09-28T11:18:06Z

<p>FosterDevito009: rd</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Kashmir#Terminology]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from non-neutral title}}<br /> {{R to section}}<br /> }}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jai_Hind_(newspaper)&diff=448169 2025-09-27T20:47:05Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Improved readability and structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian newspaper}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox newspaper<br /> | name = Jai Hind <br /> | logo = JaiHindLogo.jpg<br /> | logo_size = 220px<br /> | image = JaiHind(newspaper)Cover.jpg<br /> | image_size = 240px<br /> | caption = <br /> | type = Daily [[newspaper]]<br /> | format = [[Broadsheet]]<br /> | founded = 1948 <br /> | ceased_publication = <br /> | owners = Jaihind Group <br /> | publisher = Jaihind Group <br /> | editor = <br /> | chief_editor = <br /> | staff_writers = <br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | political_position =Center <br /> | headquarters = [[Rajkot]], [[India]]<br /> | publishing_country = [[India]]<br /> | oclc = <br /> | ISSN = <br /> | circulation = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://jaihindnewspaper.com}}<br /> | free = {{URL|http://www.jaihindnewspaper.com/epaper/index}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Jai Hind''''' is a newspaper published daily in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NATARAJAN&quot;&amp;gt;Natarajan, J. (1955): [https://books.google.com/books?id=g1c-DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;dq=%22Jai+Hind%22+rajkot+1948&amp;amp;pg=PT355 &quot;History of Indian Journalism. Part II. Of the Report of the Press Commission&quot; (newspapers in Gujerati)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; from [[Rajkot]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;HighCourtofGujarat&quot;&amp;gt;''Legitquest'': [https://www.legitquest.com/case/indukumar-shankerlal-saherwalla-and-anr-v-state/15c5e1 &quot;Indukumar Shankerlal Saherwalla and Anr v. State&quot; (verdict by the High Court of Gujarat At Ahmedabad)]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Gujarat]], India and owned by Jai Hind Publications.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[[Registrar of Newspapers for India|RNI]] | Reg. No.1608/1957 | Name: JAI HIND | Link: http://rni.nic.in/registerdtitle_search/registeredtitle_ser.aspx&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> It is circulated in Rajkot, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Porbandar, Bhavnagar, Amreli, Surendranagar and Kutch regions of Gujarat, India. N. L. Shah (Babubhai or Babulal) was the founder of ''Jai Hind''.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Newspapers&quot;&amp;gt;''Newspapers Club'', 19 July 2013: [http://newspapersclub.com/jai-hind/ &quot;Jai Hind&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829171156/http://newspapersclub.com/jai-hind/ |date=29 August 2021 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was the first daily [[Media in Gujarati language|Gujarati newspaper]] to be published from Rajkot.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}<br /> <br /> ''Jai Hind'' was founded in 1948 in Rajkot,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NATARAJAN&quot; /&amp;gt; and an [[Ahmedabad]] edition began in 1962.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;''Epaper hub'': [http://www.epaper-hub.com/india/jai-hind.aspx &quot;JAI HIND DAILY NEWSPAPER&quot;]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Newspapers&quot; /&amp;gt; It is the first newspaper in Gujarati to have introduced modern printing technology and speedy distribution system of the newspaper.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} It was also the first daily newspaper in Gujarat to have simultaneous editions from two centers.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}<br /> <br /> == Legal disputes ==<br /> In 1950, the Chief Secretary from the Government of Saurashtra issued an order to the effect that the content of several newspaper, including ''Jai Hind'', dealing with the disturbances in Rajkot that year, should be submitted by the papers before publication to the District Magistrate for scrutiny. The legality of this order was rejected by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad on 11 September 1950.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;HighCourtofGujarat&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Official website|http://www.jaihindnewspaper.com/ }} {{in lang|gu}}<br /> <br /> {{Newspapers in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language newspapers published in India]]<br /> [[Category:Publications with year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Rajkot]]<br /> [[Category:Mass media in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:1948 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Newspapers established in 1948]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{india-newspaper-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022%E2%80%9323_Kerala_Women%27s_League&diff=482982 2025-09-11T01:20:43Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Created New Post Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Football league season}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox football league season<br /> | season = 2022–23<br /> | dates = 10 August – 15 October 2022<br /> | winners = Lords FA (1st title)<br /> | matches = <br /> | total goals = <br /> | average goals = <br /> | best player = [[Indumathi Kathiresan]]<br /> | league topscorer = [[Win Theingi Tun]]&lt;br /&gt;(51 goals)<br /> | biggest home win = Lords FA 33–1 Kadathanad Raja FA (17 September)<br /> | biggest away win = Emirates SC 0–15 Lords FA (19 August)&lt;br /&gt;Emirates SC 0–15 [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)]] (11 September)<br /> | highest scoring = Lords FA 33–1 Kadathanad Raja FA (17 September)<br /> | prevseason = [[2021–22 Kerala Women's League|2021–22]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2023–24 Kerala Women's League|2023–24]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | teams = 10<br /> | relegation = <br /> | confed_cup = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2022–23 Kerala Women's League''' season was the fourth season of the [[Kerala Women's League]], the top division of the women's football league in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The season featured 10 teams with [[Kozhikode]] and [[Kochi]] as the venues. The season began on 10 August 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/kerala-womens-league-to-start-tomorrow-gokulam-to-face-fc-kerala-in-opening-match-1.7770968 | title=Kerala Women's League to start tomorrow, Gokulam to face FC Kerala in opening match | date=9 August 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|title=കേരള വനിതാ ലീഗിന്റെ ലോഗോ പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു |date=30 October 2021 |url=https://fanport.in/football/women-football/kerala-womens-league-logo/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=fanport.in|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kerala Women's League |url=https://theawayend.co/kerala-womens-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=9 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{location map+|Kerala|width=330|float=right|caption=Locations of the 2020–21 Kerala Premier League teams|alt=Locations of the 2020–21 Kerala Premier League teams|places={{location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.25 |long=75.77 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;position:relative;&quot;&gt;{{nowrap|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Women]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=left}}<br /> {{location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.100606|long=76.155375|label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;position:relative;&quot;&gt;{{nowrap|[[Manjeri]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |Kerala |lat=9.979064 |long=76.288102 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;position:relative;&quot;&gt;{{nowrap|[[Kochi]]}}&lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.673525 |long=75.634625 |label= &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;position:relative;&quot;&gt;{{nowrap|Kadathanad Raja FA}}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{Location map~ |Kerala |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=11.008267 |long=74.718018 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;{{nowrap|'''Manjeri Teams'''}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|[[Kerala United FC]]}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|[[Luca Soccer Club]]}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}<br /> {{Location map~ |Kerala |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=9.894017 |long=74.718018 |label=&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:80%;&quot;&gt;{{nowrap|'''Kochi Teams'''}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|Don Bosco FA}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|Kerala Blasters FC}}&lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;|position=right}}}}<br /> <br /> == Teams &amp; locations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No.<br /> !Team<br /> !Location<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |BASCO Womens<br /> |[[Othukkungal]], [[Malappuram]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Don Bosco FA<br /> |[[Ernakulam]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Emirates SC<br /> |[[Kattakada]], [[Trivandrum]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala FC]]<br /> |[[Kozhikode]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Lords FA<br /> |[[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam]]<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Luca Soccer Club]]<br /> |[[Manjeri]], [[Malappuram]]<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Kadathanad Raja FA<br /> |[[Vadakara]], [[Kozhikode]]<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Kerala Blasters FC Women<br /> |[[Kochi]], [[Ernakulam]]<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |[[Kerala United FC]]<br /> |[[Manjeri]], [[Malappuram]]<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |SBFA Poovar<br /> |[[Poovar]], [[Trivandrum]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Personnel and sponsorship ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No.<br /> !Team<br /> !Coach<br /> !Captain<br /> !Sponsor<br /> !Remarks<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |BASCO Womens<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Don Bosco FA<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Baby Josh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Emirates SC<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Britto<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Adithya PV<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala FC]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya P.V.]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Kashmina<br /> |Gokulam Group<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Lords FA<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bentla Dcouth]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Luca Soccer Club]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Abreco<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Kadathanad Raja FA<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Kerala Blasters FC Women<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Shereef Khan A.V<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Priyangka<br /> {{flagicon|IND}} Malavika<br /> |Byju's<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2022/Jul/26/kerala-blasters-fc-announcelaunch-of-senior-womens-team-2480869.html | title=Kerala Blasters FC announce launch of senior women's team - the New Indian Express | date=7 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |[[Kerala United FC]]<br /> | <br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Sandra K<br /> |Micro Health Laboratories [https://microhealthcare.com/]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |SBFA Poovar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Venues ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No.<br /> !Location<br /> !Stadium<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Kozhikode]]<br /> |[[EMS Stadium]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Ernakulam]]<br /> |[[Maharaja's College Stadium]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Official partners ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No.<br /> !Section<br /> !Partners<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Sponsor<br /> |Ramco Cements<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Equipment<br /> |[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Medical<br /> |[[Medical Trust Hospital]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Radio<br /> |[[Red FM 93.5|RED FM]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Broadcast<br /> |Sportscast India<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Promo content<br /> |Reel Tribe<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Standings ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !width=&quot;175&quot;|Team!!width=&quot;20&quot;|Pld!!width=&quot;20&quot;|W!!width=&quot;20&quot;|D!!width=&quot;20&quot;|L!!width=&quot;20&quot;|GF!!width=&quot;20&quot;|GA!!width=&quot;20&quot;|GD!!width=&quot;20&quot;|Pts<br /> |- <br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]<br /> |9||9||0||0||93||3||+90||'''27'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |Lords FA<br /> |9<br /> |7<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |110<br /> |14<br /> | +96<br /> |'''22'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Kerala Blasters FC Women|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> |9||7||1||1||60||13||+47||'''22'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Basco Womens]]<br /> |9||5||0||4||24||17||+7||'''15'''<br /> |- <br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Don Bosco FA]]<br /> |9||4||1||4||23||28||-5||'''13'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]<br /> |9||4||0||5||22||27||-5||'''12'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Luca Soccer Club|Luca]]<br /> |9||3||1||5||8||34||-26||'''10'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Emirates SC]]<br /> |9||3||0||6||13||57||-44||'''9'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[Kadathanad Raja FA]]<br /> |9||1||0||8||12||91||-79||'''3'''<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot; |[[SBFA Poovar]]<br /> |9||0||0||9||3||84||-81||'''0'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{colorbull|#ccffcc|round|size=100}} Promotion to [[Indian Women's League]]<br /> <br /> ==Final==<br /> <br /> {{Football box<br /> | date = {{Start date|2022|10|15|df=y}} <br /> | team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]<br /> | team2 = Lords FA<br /> | score = 2–5<br /> | report = https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2022/10/15/lorda-fa-stun-gokulam-kerala-emerge-kwl-champions.html<br /> | goals1 = <br /> *[[Vivian Adjei|Adjei]] {{goal|22}}<br /> *Berth {{goal|85}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> *[[Win Theingi Tun]] {{goal|27||40||53||88}}<br /> *[[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi]] {{goal|90+}}<br /> | stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Kozhikode]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Season statistics ==<br /> <br /> === Goal scorers ===<br /> :''As of 18 September 2022''<br /> ''Note:'' Only top 10 players with most goals scored have been listed below. List of Goal Scorers in Kerala Women's League 2022-23.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: &quot;center&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Player<br /> !Club<br /> !Goals<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Win Theingi Tun]]<br /> |Lords FA<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |51<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi Karthiresan]]<br /> |Lords FA<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |33<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |3<br /> |{{Flagicon|Ghana}} [[Vivian Adjei]]<br /> |Gokulam Kerala<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |15<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |4<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Malavika P<br /> |Kerala Blasters<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |10<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |5<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} P. Reshma<br /> |Don Bosco FA<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |9<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flagicon|Nepal}} Deepa Neupane<br /> |Don Bosco FA<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |7<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Baby Lalchhandami<br /> |Kerala United<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |8<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Soniya Jose<br /> |Gokulam Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |9<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Sauparnika T.<br /> |Basco FC<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |7<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flagicon|India}} Harmilan Kaur<br /> |Gokulam Kerala<br /> |-<br /> |{{Flagicon|India}} Nidhiiya Sreedharan<br /> |Kerala Blasters<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Top assists===<br /> :''As of 18 September 2022''<br /> ''Note:'' Only top 10 players with most goals scored have been listed below. List of Goal Scorers in Kerala Women's League 2022-23.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: &quot;center&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Player<br /> !Club<br /> !Assists<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Win Theingi Tun]]<br /> |Lords FA<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |31+<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |{{Flagicon|India}} [[Indumathi Kathiresan|Indumathi Karthiresan]]<br /> |Lords FA<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot; |15+<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |3<br /> |{{Flagicon|Ghana}} [[Vivian Adjei]]<br /> |Gokulam Kerala<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |7+<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |4<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}} Malavika P<br /> |Kerala Blasters<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |5+<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Clean sheets ===<br /> <br /> :''As of 14 August 2022''<br /> ''Note:'' Only top 5 goalkeepers with most clean sheets have been listed below.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:&quot;center&quot;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Player<br /> !Club<br /> !Clean sheets<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> | align=&quot;Left&quot; |{{flagicon|IND}} Nisari K<br /> | align=&quot;Left&quot; |Kerala Blasters<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |2<br /> | align=&quot;Left&quot; |{{flagicon|IND}} Arathi<br /> | align=&quot;Left&quot; |Kerala United<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |1<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;Left&quot; |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sowmiya Narayansamy]]<br /> | align=&quot;Left&quot; |Gokulam Kerala<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=col|Award<br /> !scope=col|Player<br /> !scope=col|Team<br /> |-<br /> |'''Best Goalkeeper'''<br /> |Varsha EM<br /> |Luca SC<br /> |-<br /> |'''Best Defender'''<br /> |Femina Raj V<br /> |Gokulam Kerala<br /> |-<br /> |'''Top Scorer'''<br /> |Win Theingi Tun<br /> |Lord’s FA<br /> |-<br /> |'''Player of the Tournament'''<br /> |Indumathi Kathiresan<br /> |Lord’s FA<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Women's League}}<br /> {{2022–23 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Kerala Women's League}}<br /> [[Category:Kerala Women's League]]<br /> [[Category:2022–23 in Indian football leagues]]<br /> [[Category:2022–23 in Asian women's association football leagues]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankevalia&diff=463764 2025-07-03T15:41:42Z

<p>FosterDevito009: quick refine details to improve readability further and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> '''Ankevalia''' is a village in [[Limbdi]] Taluka of [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] district, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is about four miles north of Limbdi and ten miles north-east of [[Bhoika]] and nine miles south-east of [[Wadhwan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_393.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 5, page 385 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2019-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> It was a separate tribute paying state under the Bhoika ''thana'' during British period. The talukadars were [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 167 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=2019-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22|50|N|71|27|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Surendranagar district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Surendranagar-geo-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming_in_India&diff=538950 2025-06-24T14:02:00Z

<p>FosterDevito009: starting initial stub v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox sport overview<br /> | title = Swimming in India<br /> | image = Gold medal winners of India Men’s, 4x100m Medley in Swimming, at the 12th South Asian Games-2016, in Guwahati on February 10, 2016.jpg<br /> | caption = Gold medal winners of Indian men's 4x100m medley in swimming, at the 12th South Asian Games 2016<br /> | union = [[Swimming Federation of India]]<br /> | country = <br /> | sport = <br /> | noncountry = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | first = <br /> | registered = <br /> | clubs = <br /> &lt;!-- COMPETITIONS --&gt;<br /> | national_list = <br /> | club_list = <br /> | intl_list = <br /> &lt;!-- Best Fighter --&gt;<br /> | Name =<br /> &lt;!-- AUDIENCE RECORDS --&gt;<br /> | match = <br /> | league = <br /> &lt;!-- FAN GROUPS --&gt;<br /> | fan_org =<br /> }}<br /> '''Swimming''' is widely practiced in India, but only leisurely and not commonly as a professional sport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Shuvaditya |title=The Shallow Waters of Indian Aquatics and How To Break the Surface Tension |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/indian-aquatics-swimming-lack-of-medals-in-commonwealth-games-2022-what-needs-to-be-done |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=TheQuint |date=11 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dh /&gt;<br /> <br /> Swimming sport in India is administered by the [[Swimming Federation of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Shruti |title=Swimming Federation Of India: History, Achievements And Challenges |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/sports/swimming-federation-of-india-history-achievements-and-challenges |access-date=13 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; SFI was formed by the merger of the National Swimming Association (NSA) and the Indian Swimming Federation (ISF).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swimming in India - Indian Swimming - Swimming Sport in India |url=https://www.iloveindia.com/sports/swimming/index.html |website=www.iloveindia.com |access-date=14 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Indian swimmer Srihari Nataraj won silver in the 50m backstroke event at the 30th [[Mare Nostrum]] swimming tour at the Canet-en-Roussillon, France.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sportstar |first1=Team |title=Indian sports wrap, May 26: Srihari wins silver in Mare Nostrum swimming |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-sports-news-results-scores-may-26-schedule-latest-updates-highlights/article68217742.ece |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Sportstar |date=26 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> In 2020 SFI prepared a plan for the long-term development of the sport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Swimming Federation of India firms up long-term development plan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/swimming-federation-of-india-firms-up-long-term-development-plan/story-3PJN5Y8pOVrqinQZF3X7yK.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A workshop was organised in 2021 with Dr. Genadijus Sokolovas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Different strokes: How a top US trainer is aiming to change Indian swimming |url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/swimming/story/_/id/30972568/how-top-us-trainer-g-sokolovas-aiming-change-indian-swimming |website=ESPN |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en |date=27 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Expecting many Indian swimmers to achieve 'A' standard in 2024 Olympics: Sports science expert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/expecting-many-indian-swimmers-to-achieve-a-standard-in-2024-olympics-sports-science-expert/articleshow/81229383.cms |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, the [[Inspire Institute of Sport]] launched the Mizuho High Performance Swimming Programme in partnership with [[Mizuho Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inspire Institute Of Sport Launches Flagship Swimming Programme In Partnership With Mizuho Bank |url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/inspire-institute-of-sport-launches-flagship-swimming-programme-in-partnership-with-mizuho-bank |website=The CSR Universe |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Olympics==<br /> Sajan Prakash and Srihari Nataraj achieved direct qualification for the [[Tokyo 2020 Olympics]], a feat never achieved by any Indian swimmer before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indian swimming records: Srihari Nataraj, Richa Mishra among best - full list |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-national-swimming-records |access-date=13 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhinidhi Desinghu, the youngest member of the Indian Olympic contingent, and Srihari Nataraj will represent India in swimming at the [[2024 Paris Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Who Is Dhinidhi Desinghu - 14-Year-Old Indian Swimming Sensation Ready To Make Waves At Paris Olympics |url=https://www.india.com/sports/who-is-dhinidhi-desinghu-14-year-old-indian-swimming-sensation-ready-to-make-waves-at-paris-olympics-7063010/ |website=www.india.com |access-date=14 July 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Asian Games==<br /> India has won one gold in the Asian Games, which was bagged by Sachin Nag in the 100m freestyle at the inaugural edition in New Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rayan |first1=Stan |title=India lags behind in swimming, but a few young stars are training hard to make it to the Olympics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/india-lags-behind-in-swimming-but-a-few-young-stars-are-training-hard-to-make-it-to-the-olympics/article32928131.ece |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=24 October 2020 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country has won two silver and 6 bronze overall, the latest being Sandeep Sejwal's bronze in the 2014 Asiad in Incheon, South Korea.&lt;ref name=dh&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiran |first1=Sidney |title=Swimming against tide |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/swimming-against-tide-2-1244045.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; India sent a 23-member contingent, including 9 women to the 2023 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Swimming Federation of India names a strong 23-member contingent for 19th Asian Games Hangzhou, China |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/swimming-federation-of-india-names-a-strong-23-member-contingent-for-19th-asian-games-hangzhou-china-8817600/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 July 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sportstar |first1=Team |title=India swimming squad for 2022 Asian Games: Squad details, team news, previous performance |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-swimming-squad-2023-asian-games-hangzhou-2022-sfi-trials-aquatics-team-news/article67197295.ece |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=Sportstar |date=23 September 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian swimmers qualified for the finals of three events&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Asian Games 2023: India's men swimmers qualify for final of three events|url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-2023-india-s-men-swimmers-qualify-for-final-of-three-events-123092500209_1.html |access-date=14 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and set seven national records in Hangzhou, but did not win any medals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Atmadip |title=Asian Games: Indian swimmers end Hangzhou campaign with seven national records |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/asian-games-indian-swimmers-end-hangzhou-campaign-with-seven-national-records/articleshow/104061915.cms? |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Commonwealth games==<br /> India has won one bronze at the Commonwealth Games.&lt;ref name=dh /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Medal table==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! Tournament <br /> ! Gold<br /> ! Silver<br /> ! Bronze<br /> ! Total <br /> |-<br /> |[[Swimming at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |6<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> |[[Swimming at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> ! Total<br /> ! 1<br /> ! 2<br /> ! 7<br /> ! 9<br /> |}<br /> * Updated till 5 August 2024<br /> <br /> ==National award recipients==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10%&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:30%&quot; | Recipient<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:19%&quot; | Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16%&quot; | Gender<br /> |- {{anchor|SwimmingAA}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1961<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bajarangi |Prasad|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1966<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Rima |Dutta|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1967<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Arun |Shaw|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1969<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Baidyanath |Nath|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1971<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhanwar |Singh|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1973<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Dhanvir |Khatau|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Manjari |Bhargava}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1974<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Avinash B. |Sarang|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Smita |Desai|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1975<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|M. S. |Rana|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1982<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Persis |Madan|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1983<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Anita |Sood}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1984<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Khajan |Singh}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1988<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Wilson |Cherian|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1990<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bula |Choudhury}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1996<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|V. |Kutraleeswaran|link=Kutraleeswaran}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Bhanu |Sachdeva|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1999<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Nisha |Millet}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2000<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|J. |Abhijith|nolink=1}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2000<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sebastian |Xavier}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2005<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Shikha |Tandon}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Female<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2010<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Rehan |Poncha}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Virdhawal |Khade}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sandeep |Sejwal}}<br /> | Arjuna Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|Sushil|Kohli|nolink=1}}<br /> | Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2014<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{sortname|K. P.|Thakkar|nolink=1}}<br /> | Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE8F0;&quot; | {{sortname|Sachin|Nag}}{{sup|{{Hash}}}}<br /> | Dhyan Chand Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Nihar|Ameen}} {{sup|+}}<br /> | Dronacharya Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|S. Pradeep|Kumar|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}<br /> | Dronacharya Award || Male<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E9D4C9 | {{sortname|Tapan Kumar|Panigrahi|nolink=1}} {{sup|+}}<br /> | Dronacharya Award || Male<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Key<br /> |-<br /> |{{legend|#E9D4C9| + Indicates a Lifetime contribution honour|outline=orange|border=1px solid red}}<br /> |{{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Indicates a posthumous honour|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Swimming Federation of India - Governing Body of Aquatic Sports |url=https://www.swimming.org.in/ |website=Swimming Federation Of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Sport in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Swimming in India]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhalawar_district&diff=460871 2025-05-05T19:28:24Z

<p>FosterDevito009: reworked page and cleaned formatting after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Jhalawar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox district<br /> | name = Jhalawar district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | total_type = Total<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |size = 250<br /> |photo1a = Jhalrapatan Padam Nath Temple.jpg<br /> |photo1b = Gagron fort.JPG<br /> |photo2a = The Fort in Chachorni.jpg<br /> |photo2b = Garh Palace,Jhalawar,Rajasthan, India. 02.jpg<br /> |photo3a = Grassland of Aklera, India on 15 August 2008.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Jhalrapatan]] Sun Temple, Gagron Fort from the [[Kali Sindh River]], Garh Palace in [[Jhalawar]], fields in [[Aklera]], Fort in Chachorni<br /> | image_map = Jhalawar in Rajasthan (India).svg<br /> | map_caption = Location of Jhalawar district in Rajasthan<br /> | coordinates = 24.597349, 76.160980<br /> | coor_pinpoint = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = <br /> | subdivision_name2 = <br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Jhalawar]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 6928<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 1,411,129<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> | population_urban = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = <br /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br /> | demographics1_info1 = <br /> | demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br /> | demographics1_info2 = <br /> | leader_title = District Collector<br /> | leader_name = Shri Ajay Singh Rathore (IAS)<br /> | leader_title1 = <br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = <br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank_info_sec1 = <br /> | blank_name_sec2 = <br /> | blank_info_sec2 = <br /> | website = <br /> | official_name = <br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative division|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Kota division|Kota]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jhalawar district''' is one of the 50 [[districts of Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in western [[India]]. The historical [[Jhalawar|city of Jhalawar]] is the administrative headquarters of the Jhalawar district. The district is bounded on the northwest by [[Kota district]], on the northeast by [[Baran district]], on the east by [[Guna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state, on the south by [[Rajgarh district]] and [[Agar Malwa district]] of Madhya Pradesh state and on the west by [[Ratlam district]] and [[Mandsaur district]] of Madhya Pradesh state. The district occupies an area of 6,219&amp;nbsp;km². The district is part of [[Kota Division|Kota division]].<br /> To know more about [[Jhalawar|Jhalawar City]].<br /> <br /> ==Origin of name==<br /> The name of the district is derived from the erstwhile princely state of Jhalawar (which literally means the abode of the [[Jhala (clan)|Jhalas]], a [[Rajput]] clan).<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The territory of the present district belonged to the [[princely state]] of [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] till [[India's independence]] in 1947.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The district lies in the [[Hadoti]] region in southeast Rajasthan, on the edge of [[Malwa Plateau]]. The [[Kali Sindh River]] flows northward through the center of the district.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Jhalawar one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).&lt;ref name=brgf/&gt; It is one of the twelve districts in Rajasthan currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).&lt;ref name=brgf&gt;{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Divisions==<br /> The district is divided into eight sub-divisions by the government of Rajasthan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Blocks/Tehsils/Panchayats |url=https://jhalawar.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jhalawar/en/about-jhalawar/blocks-tehsils-panchayats.html |website=jhalawar.rajasthan.gov.in |publisher=Govt of Rajasthan |access-date=16 June 2021 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jhalawar]]<br /> *Aklera<br /> *Asnawar<br /> *Gangdhar<br /> *[[Bhawani Mandi]]<br /> *[[Pirawa]]<br /> *Khanpur<br /> *Manohar Thana.<br /> <br /> ==Tehsils==<br /> There are 12 tehsil headquarters in Jhalawar district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tehsils |url=https://jhalawar.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jhalawar/en/about-jhalawar/blocks-tehsils-panchayats.html# |website=jhalawar.rajasthan.gov.in |access-date=16 June 2021 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tehsils of district are:<br /> *Aklera<br /> *Asnawar<br /> *Gangdhar<br /> *Jhalrapatan<br /> *Khanpur<br /> *Manoharthana<br /> *Pachpahar<br /> *[[Pirawa]]<br /> *Sunel<br /> *[[Raipur, Jhalawar|Raipur]]<br /> *Bakani<br /> *Dag<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,53,651|13=1911|14=3,01,449|15=1921|16=2,99,617|17=1931|18=3,30,140|19=1941|20=3,74,596|21=1951|22=4,05,036|23=1961|24=4,91,872|25=1971|26=6,23,763|27=1981|28=7,84,998|29=1991|30=9,56,971|31=2001|32=11,80,323|33=2011|34=14,11,129|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]&lt;/ref&gt;|align=center}}<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Jhalawar district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|brown|0.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.20}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Jhalawar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,411,129,&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Jhalawar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1056/download/3238/DH_2011_0831_PART_A_DCHB_JHALAWAR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; roughly equal to the nation of [[Swaziland|Eswatini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Swaziland 1,370,424}}&lt;/ref&gt; or the US state of [[Hawaii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php <br /> |title=2010 Resident Population Data <br /> |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau <br /> |access-date=2011-09-30 <br /> |quote=Hawaii 1,360,301 <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php <br /> |archive-date=2013-10-19 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; This gives it a ranking of 349th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; The district has a population density of {{convert| 227 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.57%.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; Jhalawar has a [[sex ratio]] of 945 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt; and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 62.13%. 16.25% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.26% and 12.91% of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=districtcensus/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Languages in Jhalawar district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 44.46 |color1 = orange<br /> |label2 = [[Harauti language|Harauti]] |value2 = 20.34 |color2 = salmon<br /> |label3 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]] |value3 = 18.91 |color3 = mediumvioletred<br /> |label4 = Sondwari |value4 = 14.24 |color4 = orchid<br /> |label5 = Others |value5 = 2.05 |color5 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 44.46% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 20.34% [[Hadauti language|Harauti]], 18.91% [[Malvi language|Malvi]] and 14.24% Sondwari as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Official website|http://jhalawar.rajasthan.gov.in}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Jhalawar district<br /> |North = [[Kota district]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Baran district]]<br /> |East = [[Guna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Rajgarh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |South = [[Shajapur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Ratlam district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |West = [[Mandsaur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |Northwest = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Jhalawar district}}<br /> {{Districts of Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|24|36|N|76|09|E|region:IN-RJ_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jhalawar district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Districts in Kota division]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinkitam&diff=472838 2025-03-11T02:27:15Z

<p>FosterDevito009: general improve content as per guidelines further and corrected details for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Tinkitam<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27|14|0|N|88|19|32|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal corporation]] <br /> | governing_body = [[Nagar Palika]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], Mangar, [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate =SK <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tinkitam''' is a small town in [[Namchi district|Namchi]], [[India]]. The town is located 45&amp;nbsp;minutes from the district headquarters [[Namchi]]. The town is being promoted as a tourist destination. Mount [[Kanchenjanga]] is near the town.<br /> <br /> The local area contains rare species of [[orchid]]s and [[Paphiopedilum Faireanum]] and other orchids of the [[Cypripedioideae]] genus, also called &quot;lady's slipper&quot;. Most orchids near this village are terrestrial, blooming in October and November. Nearby are the [[Temi Tea Garden]]s, the only [[tea]] estate of [[Sikkim]]. Tinkitam offers a view of a dormant [[volcano]] that one can come across during the trek from [[Damthang]] to [[Tendong National Park]].<br /> <br /> The economy of this town mainly concerns its [[cardamom]] plantations. Locals are mostly of [[Bhutia]] and [[Nepali people|Nepali]] ancestry. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] is the predominant language. The town has a temperate climate.<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> Tinkitam was the birthplace of Indian [[Association football|football]] captain [[Baichung Bhutia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://isikkim.com/2012-12-baichung-bhutia%E2%80%99s-father-passes-away-today-6-3/|title=isikkim.com - Resources and Information.|website=ISikkim.com|access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many members of his family continue to live in the village.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.northeasttoday.in/sports-news/bhaichung-bhutias-father-passes-away/# |title=Bhaichung Bhutia's Father Passes Away &amp;#124; Northeast Today |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217235047/http://www.northeasttoday.in/sports-news/bhaichung-bhutias-father-passes-away/# |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It is also the birthplace of the first female IAS officer from South Sikkim who is an Economic (Hons) graduate from St.Stephens (Delhi University), Tshering Yangden Bhutia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://civillist.ias.nic.in/YrCurr/QryProcessCL.asp|title=Civil List of IAS Officers|website=CivilList.IAS.nic.in|access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also the birthplace of Norbu Dadul Bhutia who was the first elected Zilla Adhyakshya of South Sikkim after the State of Sikkim enacted the Sikkim Panchayat Act in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Sikkim+PR+Act.pdf|title=Sikkim Panchayat Act, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * ''Tinkitam's Little Buddha''; Deepak Sharma; ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''; pg 10; Sunday, 27 November 2005.<br /> <br /> {{South Sikkim district |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Namchi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{sikkim-geo-stub}}</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unity_Centre_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_of_India_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)&diff=451127 2024-10-25T02:37:52Z

<p>FosterDevito009: Content updated and refined</p> <hr /> <div>{{about||the Ajmer splinter group|Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Ajmer group)|the D. V. Rao-led splinter group|Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (D. V. Rao)}}<br /> {{One source|date=January 2011}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian Political Party<br /> | party_name = <br /> | abbreviation = UCCRI(ML)<br /> | colorcode = Red<br /> | party_logo = [[Image:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|150px|center]]<br /> |founder = [[T. Nagi Reddy]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Moni Guha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Shamsher Singh Sheri]]<br /> |peasants = [[Wahikar Union]]<br /> | predecessor =<br /> [[Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries|APCCCR]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Revolutionary Communist Unity Centre (Marxist–Leninist)|RCUC(ML)]]&lt;br&gt;[[Punjab Communist Revolutionary Committee|PCRC]]<br /> |successor= <br /> [[Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Harbhajan Sohi)|Sohi faction]]&lt;br&gt;[[Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Ajmer group)|Ajmer faction]]&lt;br&gt;[[Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (D. V. Rao)|DV faction]]&lt;br&gt;[[Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India|CCRI]]&lt;br&gt;[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti|CPI(ML) Janashakti]]<br /> | ideology = [[Communism]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Maoism|MLMTT]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist)''' was created through the merger of [[Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]], Northern Zone Committee [[RCUC(M-L)]], West Bengal Communist Unity Centre and West Bengal Co-ordination Committee of Revolutionaries (WBCCR). The formation took place at a unity conference in April 1975. The unity conference adopted a resolution on martyrs, programme, path, method of work, constitution and a statement on unification. The unity conference elected a Central Committee with [[Devullapali Venkatewra Rao|'''Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao''']] as its secretary. UCCRI(ML) had as its ambition to unite all communist revolutionary forces, including people within the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] (CPI(ML)) fold. UCCRI(ML) started publishing the SPARK as its central organ.<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> <br /> Shortly after the formation of UCCRI(ML), the [[The Emergency (India)|State of Emergency]] was proclaimed by the [[Indira Gandhi]] regime. UCCRI(ML) was proscribed and forced underground.<br /> <br /> There was a decision on behalf of the Kerala Communist Unity Centre to merge with UCCRI(ML) in June 1975, but that organization suffered internal splits and the merged was cancelled.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> In July 1976 [[T. Nagi Reddy]], who had been the most important leader of the party, died. His death became a severe set-back for UCCRI(ML). In August the same year the organization suffered a split. A conflict had emerged in the CC, and D. V. Rao had been removed from the post of secretary. D. V. Rao accused three other CC members (led by a CC member from the NZC) of having formed a &quot;rival centre&quot;, and suspended them unilaterally. In the split the Northern Zone Committee (i.e., [[Rajasthan]]) and Bengal Committee had broken away, along with the &quot;rival centre&quot;. The break-away group later developed a pro-Albanian line.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> D. V. Rao returned to [[Andhra Pradesh]] and rallied the Andhra organization around him. D. V. Rao pushed through a merger of the [[Punjab Communist Revolutionary Committee]] with the UCCRI(ML) in June 1976. He resurrected a Central Committee including himself, the PCRC secretary Harbhajan Sohi and two leaders from Andhra (Madhu and Anand), which was to function until a regular conference would be held.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> UCCRI(ML) of D. V. Rao later evaluated the split in the following way:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;From whatever the discussion that had taken place, we can draw some conclusions.<br /> <br /> 1. Excepting on two issues, there reflected no divergencies in the CC on political positions adopted by Com. D. V. Rao in the course of whole development.<br /> <br /> 2. Com. D. V. Rao viewed the whole course of development like this: The NZC and its allies did not accept the line with convictions and genuinity. This was the basic cause for the split. They were manipulators, careerists and doubtful elements. They were incorrigible. Hence the split was unavoidable sooner or later.&lt;ref&gt;Unity Centre 1989, p. ?&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Branches were started in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Kerala]]. In 1978 a group from the Debra area of [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]] joined UCCRI(ML) after some rounds of discussions with the CC. The convenor of the erstwhile Maharashtra State Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (which had left [[All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]] after the expulsion of [[Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]]) joined UCCRI(ML), leading to the formation of a unit in [[Maharashtra]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> UCCRI(ML) split for the second time in September 1979 when the Punjab committee, under the leadership of Harbhajan Sohi, broke away. HBS had developed a criticism of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Three Worlds Theory]]. D. V. Rao, on the other hand, defended the Three Worlds Theory and the new leadership of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. The Punjab committee came to establish a parallel [[Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Harbhajan Sohi)|UCCRI(ML)]].{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> Ahead of the 1980 elections, UCCRI(ML) reviewed their stand towards participation. UCCRI(ML) always saw the issue of elections as a tactical issue. Initially the party had taken the policy of non-participation. But in 1980 UCCRI(ML) came out with an appeal to &quot;defeat pro-super power reactionary forces in elections&quot;. An article written by D. V. Rao in the January 1980 issue of Proletarian Line (the central organ of UCCRI(ML) at the time) proposed the following:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;We have been treating and are treating the participation or boycott... as a form of struggle and our practice is the same. We do not think that &quot;boycott&quot; can be the slogan of present day.... In the same way it is too premature to think of candidates in the prevailing situation in which the defective nature of electoral system is one. In these conditions our participation will be one of taking measures to advance the revolutionary movement by utilizing this opportunity. The people are being mobilised to see the real face of contesting parties who have not been serving them in any way what so ever.&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> Keeping all the points in view, we appeal to the people to defeat the game of the two super powers in general and Soviet Union in particular. We appeal to people to defeat the game of landlords who are trying to survive by diverting the agrarian revolutionary movement. Almost all the election parties are connected with these forces in one way or the other.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The article continues; &quot;Since pro-super power and reactionary forces in general and pro-Soviet forces in particular pose the main danger to our country we will mobilse all those forces who are opposed to them and see that they are strengthened so that they are able to defeat them as far as possible. In this connection, we ask the people to differentiate between genuine and fake anti-Soviet, democratic forces.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the actual electoral campaign, however, the new policy was not consistent. In [[Andhra Pradesh]] the party promoted non-participation, in reality a boycott, whereas the party supported certain candidates in [[West Bengal]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. In the aftermath of the elections, a split surged with D. V. Rao leaving the party with a group of followers in Andhra. D. V. Rao set up his own [[Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) (D.V. Rao)|UCCRI(ML)]]. After D. V. Rao's departure, Anand became the new CC Secretary of the remaining UCCRI(ML).<br /> <br /> In 1988 Anand broke away from UCCRI(ML) after a long period of dissent in the organization. The rift between Anand and other surged in the preparations to hold a party conference. Anand was able to win over the [[Maharashtra]] unit. Anand also reopened relations with Sohi's UCCRI(ML). After the split, the faction of Anand together with Sohis faction created the [[Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India]] together with three other groups the same year.<br /> <br /> The remaining UCCRI(ML) faction, led by Viswam and Madhu, merged into the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti]] in 1992. Madhu signed the merger agreement on behalf of UCCRI(ML).<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> * Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist), ''Indian Revolutionary Movement&amp;nbsp;– Some Lessons and Experiences; Political, Organisational and Movement Review 1967-88; Adopted by the First Regular Central Conference of UCCRI(ML), April 1989''. Vijayawada: Red Flag Publications, 1989<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist)}}<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1975]]<br /> [[Category:1975 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct communist parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1992]]<br /> [[Category:1992 disestablishments in India]]</div>

FosterDevito009 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canara_pearlspot&diff=492851 2024-07-23T13:48:48Z

<p>FosterDevito009: put up basic entry basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of fish}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | status = EN<br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name = IUCN&gt;{{cite journal | author = Ali, A. | year = 2011 | title = ''Etroplus canarensis'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2011 | page = e.T169618A6655376 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T169618A6655376.en | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = Etroplus canarensis Day 89.jpg<br /> | image_caption = illustration by [[Francis Day]] (1878)<br /> | taxon =Etroplus canarensis<br /> | authority = [[Francis Day|F. Day]], 1877<br /> }}<br /> The '''Canara pearlspot''' ('''''Etroplus canarensis'''''), also known as '''banded chromide''' or '''Canara pearlspot cichlid''', is an [[Endangered species|endangered]] species of [[cichlid]] endemic to South [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=FishBase&gt;{{FishBase species |genus= Etroplus|species= canarensis| month = February | year = 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Habitat and distribution ==<br /> It belongs to a small genus of species of cichlids from Asia, and unlike other members of the genus ''[[Etroplus]]'' it does not occur in [[brackish water]]s, being found in freshwater only.&lt;ref name=FishBase/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Size ==<br /> It reaches a length of {{convert|11.5|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|TL]].&lt;ref name=FishBase/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In the aquarium==<br /> It is a much sought out cichlid, somewhat rare in hobby [[aquarium]]s. In the recent past there have been some reports of breeding in captivity.{{fact|date=September 2022}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.cichlid-forum.com/profiles/species.php?id=1343 E canarensis] cichlid-forum.com<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q326550}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Etroplus|Canara pearlspot]]<br /> [[Category:Cichlid fish of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Fish of India]]<br /> [[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br /> [[Category:Fish described in 1877]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Francis Day]]</div>

FosterDevito009