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Phantom Studios

2026-05-07T22:50:11Z

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{{Short description|Indian film production and distribution company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Phantom Studios
| logo = Phantom Films logo.jpeg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| foundation = 2010 (founding) 2022 (revival)
| predecessors = [[AKFPL]] Vistaar Religare Film Fund
| founders = [[Madhu Mantena]] [[Anurag Kashyap]] [[Vikas Bahl]] [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| defunct = 2018 (founding)
| successors = [[Good Bad Films]] [[Vikas Bahl|Good Co.]] [[Vikramaditya Motwane|Andolan Films]] 
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| key_people = Srishti Behl (CEO) [[Madhu Mantena]] Sheetal Talwar
| products = [[Films]], content creation, OTT series
| services = [[Film production]] [[Film distributor|Film distribution]], OTT series
| owner = Mad Man Films Pvt Ltd<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-23 |title=Madhu Mantena buys Anurag Kashyap, Vikramditya Motwane, Vikas Bahl's shares in Phantom Films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhu-mantena-buys-anurag-kashyap-vikramditya-motwane-vikas-bahl-s-shares-in-phantom-films-101611390211847.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| parent =
| divisions =
| homepage = [http://www.phantoms.in/ Phantom Studios]
}}

'''Phantom Studios''' (formerly '''Phantom Films''') is an [[India]]n film [[Production company|production]] and [[Film distributor|distribution company]] established by [[Madhu Mantena]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Vikas Bahl]], and [[Vikramaditya Motwane]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-01 |title=Phantom Films' gets revived by new owners, Madhu Mantena and Sheetal Talwar - Exclusive! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/phantom-films-gets-revived-by-new-owners-madhu-mantena-and-sheetal-talwar-exclusive/articleshow/89925411.cms |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was founded in 2011 by all four of them, and was cited as the "directors' company". In March 2015, [[Reliance Entertainment]] picked up 50% stake in the company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-09 |title=Reliance Entertainment 'blazes trail' with Phantom Films |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/deals/story/reliance-entertainment-phantom-films-production-distribution-142203-2015-03-09 |access-date= |website=Business Today}}</ref>

The company made its debut in the film industry with its first production, ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013). Directed by Motwane, the period romance featured actors [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]] in the lead roles. The film was a collaboration with [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], serving as a co-producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-20 |title=Friends with benefits |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/friends-with-benefits-4/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Next year, the company co-produced the romantic comedies ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]'', starring [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and directed by [[Vinil Mathew]], and ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'', directed by Vikas Bahl and starring [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Lisa Haydon]]. Both films were critical and commercial successes, with the latter also winning the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Phantom Films partners Paranormal Activity makers |work=business-standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/phantom-films-partners-paranormal-activity-makers-114090300996_1.html}}</ref> It was followed by the thrillers ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'', starring [[Rahul Bhat]] and [[Ronit Roy]] and directed by Anurag Kashyap, and ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'' (2015), directed by Navdeep Singh and starring [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Neil Bhoopalam|Neil Bhopalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2015-03-09 |title=Reliance Entertainment, Phantom Films Sign Joint Venture Deal |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/global/reliance-entertainment-phantom-films-sign-joint-venture-deal-1201448712/ |access-date= |website=Variety}}</ref> The company went on to produce other critically acclaimed projects like ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016), starring [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]] which was directed by [[Abhishek Chaubey]], and ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' (2021), starring Ranveer Singh and [[Deepika Padukone]] which was directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-01 |title=Phantom Films' gets revived by new owners, Madhu Mantena and Sheetal Talwar - Exclusive! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/phantom-films-gets-revived-by-new-owners-madhu-mantena-and-sheetal-talwar-exclusive/articleshow/89925411.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In March 2022, the company was renamed to "Phantom Studios" with Srishti Behl at the helm as the CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-02-20 |title=Tamil Blockbuster 'Love Today' Gets Bollywood Remake From Phantom, AGS (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/love-today-bollywood-remake-1235528678/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Variety}}</ref> The company co-produced the Amazon Prime period drama series ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-25 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane says his next film 'Jubilee' is a love-letter to Bollywood |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vikramaditya-motwane-says-his-next-film-jubilee-is-a-love-letter-to-bollywood/articleshow/98991421.cms |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The company partnered with [[AGS Entertainment]] and co-produced the 2025 Hindi remake of the 2022 Tamil blockbuster ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'', which was titled ''[[Loveyapa]]'' and starred [[Junaid Khan (actor)|Junaid Khan]] and [[Khushi Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-20 |title=Tamil-blockbuster 'Love Today' to be remade in Hindi, Phantom Studios and AGS Entertainment join hands for the same |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tamil-blockbuster-love-today-to-be-remade-in-hindi-phantom-studios-and-ags-entertainment-join-hands-for-the-same/articleshow/98085417.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Establishment==
Phantom Films was founded in 2011 by [[Madhu Mantena]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Vikas Bahl]], and [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], and was cited as the "directors' company".<ref>{{cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=24 November 2011 |title=Kashyap conjures up Phantom Films |url=http://www.screendaily.com/kashyap-conjures-up-phantom-films/5034959.article |publisher=Screen Daily}}</ref> The idea to start their own production house came to mind because of their "constant struggle in convincing producers" every time to believe in the kind of cinema they make.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2013 |title=Phantom in conversation with team box office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/phantom-in-conversation-with-team-box-office-india/ |access-date=14 April 2015 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-date=21 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421122612/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/phantom-in-conversation-with-team-box-office-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sanjai |first=P.R. |date=8 March 2015 |title=Reliance Entertainment partners Anurag Kashyap's Phantom Films |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/zm5DuMi4iGAT8NAuuKGzFO/Reliance-Entertainment-partners-Anurag-Kashyaps-Phantom-Fil.html |access-date=27 March 2015 |work=Mint}}</ref>

==Films==
The company's first film was Motwane's period romance [[Lootera]], starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]]. Based on [[O. Henry]]'s short story, [[The Last Leaf]], the film received high critical acclaim upon release, with particular praise directed towards Sinha and Singh's performance.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2013 |title=Lootera: a slow pace romantic saga worth watching, say critics |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Lootera-a-slow-pace-romantic-saga-worth-watching-say-critics/Article1-1087457.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706104951/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Lootera-a-slow-pace-romantic-saga-worth-watching-say-critics/Article1-1087457.aspx |archive-date=6 July 2013 |access-date=30 December 2013 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Phantom films then went on to collaborate with [[Karan Johar]]'s [[Dharma Productions]] to produce the romantic comedy [[Hasee Toh Phasee]]. Starring [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and, the film was directed by the debutant [[Vinil Mathew]]. It was followed by the Vikas Bahl-directed comedy-drama [[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]], starring [[Kangana Ranaut]] and Lisa haydon. The film was a critical and commercial success, it also won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=6 March 2014 |title='Queen' Review Roundup: Watch it for Kangana's Superb Performance |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/542085/20140306/queen-movie-reviews-critics-kangana-ranaut-songs.htm |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2014 |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2014 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014#.U2tUa_mSySo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508150134/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014#.U2tUa_mSySo |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards' winners: 'Haider' wins five, Kangana Ranaut's 'Queen' two |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'', a drama thriller was the next production venture of Phantom, directed by Anurag Kashyap starring [[Rahul Bhat]] and [[Ronit Roy]], which premiered in the Director's Fortnight section of the 2013 [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=27 December 2014 |title=Ugly is a commercial film: Anurag Kashyap |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ugly-is-a-commercial-film-anurag-kashyap-114122000294_1.html |access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, the company produced Anushka Sharma's [[NH10 (film)|NH10]], which was directed by [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]] and the coming of age comedy [[Hunterrr]] was directed by [[Harshavardhan Kulkarni|Harshvardhan Kulkarni]], starring [[Gulshan Devaiah]] and [[Radhika Apte]]. Both films proved to be a success by critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2013 |title=Anushka Sharma turns producer with NH10 |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/anushka-sharma-turns-producer-with-nh-10-1204737.html |access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2015 |title=Hunterrr and NH10 score well |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/hunterrr-and-nh10-score-well-8768.html |access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> [[Bombay Velvet]] which was directed by Anurag Kashyap, a [[Historical drama|period film]] set in Bombay in the 1960s was next on the release radar, based on the [[Princeton University]] Historian [[Gyan Prakash]]'s book Mumbai Fables the film stars [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Anushka Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2015 |title=Bombay Velvet is Ranbir Kapoor's biggest career disaster |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-bombay-velvet-anurag-kashyap-253566-2015-05-18 |access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2015 |title='Bombay Velvet' fades against 'Piku' |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bombay-velvet-fades-against-piku/article7224212.ece?w=ma446 |access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref> Neeraj Ghaywan's [[Masaan]] was Phantom's fourth release of the year, the film marked [[Vicky Kaushal]]'s debut where he starred alongside [[Richa Chadda]]. The film won the [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI Award]] and the Promising Future award at the [[2015 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2015 |title='Masaan' to release in India on July 24 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/masaan-to-release-in-india-on-july-24/article7255001.ece |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> Phantom Films continued exploring genres with Vikas Bahl's [[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]] (2015), starring [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Shahid Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2015 |title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama still raking in moolah |work=The Free Press Journal |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/pyaar-ka-punchnama-still-raking-in-moolah/ |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2015 |title=Did 'Pyaar ka Punchnama 2' prove detrimental to 'Shaandaar' and 'Main Aur Charles'? |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-did-pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-prove-detrimental-to-shaandaar-and-main-aur-charles-2140648 |access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref>

In February 2016, Phantom Films announced that they will co-produce three Gujarati films with [[CineMan Productions|Cine Man Productions]], a Gujarat-based production company co-founded by [[Abhishek Jain]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2016 |title=Cineman and Phantom Films to co-produce three Gujarati films |work=Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/cineman-and-phantom-films-to-co-produce-three-gujarati-films/ |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> Phantom's first release that year was [[Udta Punjab]], a crime drama from the director [[Abhishek Chaubey]] starring Kareena Kapoor, Shahid Kapoor, Alia Bhatt and [[Diljit Dosanjh|Dilijit Dosanjh]], the film documents the [[substance abuse]] endemic in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The film generated controversy when the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] demanded extensive [[Censorship in India|censorship]] before its theatrical release, citing that the portrayal of Punjab in it was negative<ref>{{cite news |last=Parussini |first=Gabriele |date=9 June 2016 |title=How the Movie Udta Punjab Sparked a Debate About Drug Use in India |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/06/09/how-the-movie-udta-punjab-sparked-a-debate-about-drug-use-in-india/ |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> after the producers of the film filed a lawsuit against the board, the [[Bombay High Court]] cleared the film for exhibition with only 1 scene getting trimmed out in the final draft.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 June 2016 |title=Udta Punjab row: Bombay HC clears film with just one cut, tells CBFC not to act like grandmother |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/udta-punjab-censor-board-cuss-word-cbfc-bombay-high-court-anurag-kashyap2850443/ |access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> It was followed by [[Raman Raghav 2.0]], a thriller directed by Anurag Kashyap based on the notorious serial killer [[Raman Raghav]], starring [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and Vicky Kaushal. The film premiered at the 2016 [[Sydney Film Festival]] and the [[2016 Cannes Film Festival]], in the Director's Fortnight section to receive a positive response.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2016 |title=Raman Raghav 2.0 to compete at Sydney Film Festival |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/raman-raghav-20-to-compete-at-sydney-film-festival/article8590299.ece |access-date=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2016 |title=Anurag Kashyap's Raman Raghav 2.0 lands a big punch in Cannes |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-s-raman-raghav-2-0-lands-a-big-punch-in-cannes/story-3zEr4grsXrd7d2dGHL7ZhN.html |access-date=19 May 2016}}</ref> The company's final release of the year was the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]] [[Wrong Side Raju]] starring Pratik Gandhi and Asif Basra which was directed by Mikhil Musale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-18 |title=10 Gujarati films to watch during the lockdown |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/10-gujarati-movies-to-watch-during-the-lockdown-6404083/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-08 |title=Gujarat's actors give a thumbs up to Wrong Side Raju |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/wrong-side-raju-loved-by-actors/articleshow/54177801.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In March 2017, Phantom released [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]'s survival drama film [[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]] starring [[Rajkumar Rao]] and [[Geetanjali Thapa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sanyukta |date=2017-07-20 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane: Phantom is working on a horror slate right now |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikramaditya-motwane-phantom-is-working-on-a-horror-slate-right-now/articleshow/59674100.cms |access-date= |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> This was followed by the release of [[Mukkabaaz]] in 2018, starring [[Viineet Kumar|Vineet Kumar Singh]] and [[Zoya Hussain]] which was directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-01 |title=Mukkabaaz song Paintra: Is Anurag Kashyap the best among his peers? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mukkabaaz-song-paintra-is-anurag-kashyap-the-best-among-his-peers/story-bpIj2BZ7B6zKcSIUNgmRoN.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The company went on to release 3 movies later that year, starting with [[Akarsh Khurana]]'s [[High Jack (film)|High Jack]] starring [[Sumeet Vyas]] and [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-19 |title=Release of Sumeet Vyas-starrer High Jack postponed; CBFC refers film to revision committee, reveals Phantom Films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/release-of-sumeet-vyas-starrer-high-jack-postponed-cbfc-refers-film-to-revision-committee-reveals-phantom-films-4438679.html |access-date= |website=Firstpost}}</ref> then they released [[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]] starring [[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor|Harshvardhan Kapoor]] and [[Nishikant Kamat]] directed by Vikramaditya Motwane,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-18 |title=Bhavesh Joshi Superhero teaser: Can Harshvardhan Kapoor pull off an intriguing vigilante drama? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhavesh-joshi-superhero-teaser-harshvardhan-kapoor-5142552/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> and an other Kashyap's release Manmarziyaan starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-27 |title=Manmarziyaan, featuring Abhishek Bachchan, Taapsee Pannu and Vicky Kaushal, to now release on 14 September |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manmarziyaan-featuring-abhishek-bachchan-taapsee-pannu-and-vicky-kaushal-to-now-release-on-14-september-4834621.html |access-date= |website=Firstpost}}</ref> That year Phantom also released the neo-noir crime-thriller series [[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]] starring [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] which was co-directed by Anurag Kashyap and Vikramaditya Motwane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-06 |title=Sacred Games: How India's first Netflix original came together |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-how-india-s-first-netflix-original-came-together/story-qDGceqq9SR4jStYluu1vhM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Patrick Graham's [[Ghoulies (film series)|Ghoul]] a mini thriller series on [[Netflix]] starring [[Radhika Apte]] and [[Manav Kaul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-09 |title=After Sacred Games, Phantom Films to release horror series Ghoul on Netflix |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/after-sacred-games-anurag-kashyaps-phantom-films-horror-series-ghoul-netflix-5252218/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2019, Phantom released [[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]] starring [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]] which was directed by [[Vikas Bahl]] which was followed by [[Makarand Mane|Makrand Mane]]'s [[Youngraad]] starring Chaitanya Deore and Shireen Patil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-13 |title=Hrithik Roshan's Super 30 to release on July 26 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-super-30-release-july-26-5536021/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In 2020, they released a comedy-drama; [[Ghoomketu]] starring [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Ragini Khanna]] which was directed by Pushpendra Nath Misra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Deeksha |date=2020-05-09 |title=Ghoomketu Release Date: Nawazuddin's Film 'Ghoomketu' to Get Online Release, Amitabh Will Be Seen in Special Appearance, Anurag Kashyap Plays Cop in Film |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/nawazuddin-siddiqui-starrer-ghoomketu-online-release-on-22-may |access-date= |website=TheQuint}}</ref> The company also worked on [[83 (film)|83]] starring Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone which was directed by Kabir Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Ranveer Singh's '83' movie to premiere on TV: Check timings, date and channel |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/ranveer-singhs-83-movie-to-premiere-on-tv-check-timings-date-and-channel-323514-2022-02-22 |access-date= |website=Business Today}}</ref> The company was also a co-producer for the 2023 series called ''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]'' which was co-produced with [[Reliance Entertainment]] starring [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[Aparshakti Khurana]] which was directed by Vikramaditya Motwane<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-17 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane's 'Jubilee', starring Prosenjit Chatterjee, Aparshakti Khurana and Aditi Rao Hydari, to premiere on April 7 |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikramaditya-motwanes-jubilee-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-c-and-aditi-rao-hydari-to-premiere-on-april-7/article66630611.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-04-03 |title=Prasenjit Chatterjee, Aditi Rao Hydari, Aparshakti Khurana, Vikramaditya Motwane on Prime Video's Period Bollywood Series 'Jubilee' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/prasenjit-chatterjee-aditi-rao-hydari-aparshakti-khurana-vikramaditya-motwane-prime-video-jubilee-1235571529/ |access-date= |website=Variety}}</ref> and they worked on the Hindi remake of the Tamil film ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today (2022)]]'' with [[AGS Entertainment|AGS entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradeep Ranganathan's Love Today to be remade in Hindi. Details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pradeep-ranganathans-love-today-to-be-remade-in-hindi-details-inside-2337252-2023-02-20 |access-date= |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Dissolution==
{{Main|Me Too movement (India)#Phantom Films}}
After an 8-year-long run, the company announced its dissolution on 5 October 2018<ref name="toi22">{{cite news |last=Shaikh |first=Samina |date=6 October 2018 |title=EXCLUSIVE! Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Vikas Bahl and Madhu Mantena dissolve their production company |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-anurag-kashyap-vikramaditya-motwane-vikas-bahl-and-madhu-mantena-dissolve-their-production-company/articleshow/66092937.cms |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> due to internal disputes about the alleged [[MeToo movement|MeToo]] allegations on Bahl by a former Phantom employee, which was reported in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pathak |first=Ankur |date=6 October 2018 |title='Queen' Director Vikas Bahl Sexually Assaulted Me, Phantom Films Did Nothing: Survivor Speaks Out |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/10/06/queen-director-vikas-bahl-sexually-assaulted-me-phantom-films-did-nothing-survivor-speaks-out_a_23552623/ |access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> The other three founders, Mantena, Kashyap and Motwane, all issued statements on Twitter confirming the company's disbanding and moving on to independent projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2018 |title=Phantom Films Dissolved; Anurag Kashyap Says, 'All Dreams Come to an End'! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/phantom-films-dissolved-anurag-kashyap-says-all-dreams-come-to-an-end-278047.html}}</ref>

==Revival==
In January 2021, Madhu Mantena and Sheetal Talwar bought out [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Vikas Bahl]] and [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]'s stakes in Phantom to become equal shareholders in the company with Reliance Entertainment. However, shortly before the release of ''[[83 (film)|83]]'', they sold their shares back to Reliance, making it the sole shareholder of Phantom, and left the company. In March 2022, Mantena and Talwar acquired the Phantom Films as well as its film and television library and some film properties from Reliance. They later brought on Srishti Behl to lead the team as CEO and took on a new persona as Phantom Studios.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vicky |date=1 March 2022 |title=Phantom Films' gets revived by new owners, Madhu Mantena and Sheetal Talwar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/phantom-films-gets-revived-by-new-owners-madhu-mantena-and-sheetal-talwar-exclusive/articleshow/89925411.cms |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The team co-produced the Hindi remake of the 2022 Tamil blockbuster ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'', ''[[Loveyapa]]'' (2025), starring [[Junaid Khan (actor)|Junaid Khan]] and [[Khushi Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=19 February 2023 |title=Tamil Blockbuster 'Love Today' Gets Bollywood Remake From Phantom, AGS |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/love-today-bollywood-remake-1235528678/ |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films produced===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Cast
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |2013
|''[[Lootera]]''
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
|[[Ranveer Singh]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|Co-produced with [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
|[[Vinil Mathew]]
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|Co-produced with [[Dharma Productions]]
|-
|''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|[[Vikas Bahl]]
|[[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Lisa Haydon]]
|Co-produced with [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]
|-
|''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''
|[[Anurag Kashyap]]
|[[Rahul Bhat]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Girish Kulkarni]], [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]], [[Vineet Kumar Singh]], [[Surveen Chawla]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
|[[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]]
|[[Anushka Sharma]], [[Neil Bhoopalam]]
|Co-produced with [[Clean Slate Films]]
|-
|''[[Hunterrr]]''
|[[Harshavardhan Kulkarni]]
|[[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Radhika Apte]]
|Co-produced with Tailormade Films
|-
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
|Anurag Kashyap
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]], Anushka Sharma, [[Karan Johar]]
|
|-
|''[[Masaan]]''
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|[[Richa Chadda]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Shweta Tripathi]], [[Vicky Kaushal]]
|Co-produced with [[Drishyam Films]], Macassar Productions, [[Sikhya Entertainment]], [[Pathé]] and [[Arte France Cinéma]]
|-
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|Vikas Bahl
|[[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Pankaj Kapur]]
|Co-produced with Dharma Productions
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Udta Punjab]]''
|[[Abhishek Chaubey]]
|[[Kareena Kapoor]], Shahid Kapoor, [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|Co-produced with Balaji Motion Pictures
|-
|''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
|Anurag Kashyap
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], Vicky Kaushal, [[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
|
|-
|''[[Wrong Side Raju]]''
|[[Mikhil Musale]]
|[[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Asif Basra]], [[Kavi Shastri]]
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film
Co-produced with [[CineMan Productions]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |2017
|''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''
|Vikramaditya Motwane
|[[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Geetanjali Thapa]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Mukkabaaz]]''
|Anurag Kashyap
|Vineet Kumar Singh, [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Jimmy Shergill]]
|Co-produced with [[Reliance Entertainment]] and [[Colour Yellow Productions]]
|-
|''[[High Jack (film)|High Jack]]''
|Akarsh Khurana
|[[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]], [[Sonnalli Seygall]]
|
|-
|''[[Youngraad]]''
|Makrand Mane
|[[Vitthal Patil]], Chaitanya Deore
|
|-
|''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]''
|Vikramaditya Motwane
|[[Harshvardhan Kapoor]], Priyanshu Painyuli, [[Nishikant Kamat]]
|
|-
|''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
|Anurag Kashyap
|[[Taapsee Pannu]], Vicky Kaushal, [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
|Co-produced with Colour Yellow Productions
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
|Vikas Bahl
|[[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Mrunal Thakur]]
|Co-produced with [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]] and Reliance Entertainment
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020
|''[[Ghoomketu]]''
|Pushpendra Nath Misra
|Nawazuddin Siddiqui, [[Ragini Khanna]], Anurag Kashyap
|Co-produced with [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Sony Pictures Networks Productions]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |2021
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|[[Ranveer Singh]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Saqib Saleem]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]], [[Hardy Sandhu]], [[Ammy Virk]]
|Co-produced with Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, KA Production, Vibri Media and Reliance Entertainment
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
|''[[Loveyapa]]''
|[[Advait Chandan]]
|[[Khushi Kapoor]], [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]], Grusha Kapoor, [[Ashutosh Rana]], Tanvika Parlikar, [[Kiku Sharda]]
|Co-produced with [[AGS Entertainment]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |2026
| ''Laikey Laikaa''
| Saurabh Gupta
| Rasha Thadani, [[Abhay Verma]]
| Co-produced with N2O Films
|-
| rowspan="1" |2027
|''Bhangra Da Queen''
| Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
| [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Ammy Virk]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| Co-produced with [[Amazon MGM Studios]] and [[Saffron Magicworks]]
|}

===Films distributed===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Director
!Cast
|-
|2014
|''[[Katiyabaaz]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Deepti Kakkar, Fahad Mustafa
|Loha Singh, Ritu Maheshwari
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Abhishek Sharma (director)|Abhishek Sharma]]
|[[Manish Paul]], [[Sikander Kher]], [[Pradhuman Singh Mall]], [[Mia Uyeda]], [[Piyush Mishra]]
|-
|''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]]
|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. Ntr]], [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
|}

===Series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="80%"
!Year
!Series
!Director(s)
!Original
network
!Cast
!Notes
|-
|2018 – 2019
|''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]''
|Anurag Kashyap
Vikramaditya Motwane
| rowspan="2" |[[Netflix]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Radhika Apte]]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]''
|Patrick Graham
|[[Radhika Apte]], [[Manav Kaul]]
|Co-produced with [[Blumhouse Productions|Blumhouse Television]] and Ivanhoe Pictures
|-
|2023
|''[[Jubilee (TV series)|Jubilee]]''
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
|Co-produced with [[Reliance Entertainment]] and Andolan Films
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Film/Series
! Ceremony
! Category
! Receipt
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Lootera]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Playback Singer (Female)
|[[Monali Thakur]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="bigaward2">{{cite web |title=Winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013 |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/ |access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=Indicine}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Romantic Role
|[[Sonakshi Sinha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|Big Star Entertainment awards]]
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film
|[[Parineeti Chopra]]
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Indicine |date=2014-12-19 |title=Winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2014 |url=https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2014/ |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film
|[[Sidharth Malhotra|Siddarth Malhotra]]
|-
|Best Song of the Year (Jury Prize)
|[[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Chinmayi Sripaada]], [[Vishal Dadlani]] & [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
| rowspan="18" |[[Queen (2013 film)|''Queen'']]
| rowspan="3" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|Best film
|[[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], Phantom Films
| rowspan="18" |<ref name="62ndfinal22">{{cite web |date=24 February 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards for 2014 (Press Release) |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |access-date=25 March 2015 |work=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 March 2015 |title=62nd National Film Awards' winners: 'Haider' wins five, Kangana Ranaut's 'Queen' two |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="ff152">{{cite news |date=31 January 2015 |title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/46080277.cms |access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |date=14 January 2015 |title=Highlights: 21st Life OK Screen Awards: Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra win Best Actor, 'Queen' Best Film |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="screen22">{{cite news |date=8 January 2015 |title=21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards nominations |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/ |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2014 |title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2014 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215100048/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7635 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=14 January 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2015 |title='2 States', 'Haider' lead IIFA 2015 nominations, Aamir and SRK pitted for best actor |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-2-states-haider-lead-iifa-2015-nominations-aamir-and-srk-pitted-for-best-actor-2077364 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Vikas Bahl
|-
|Best Editing
|Anurag Kashyap, [[Abhijit Kokate]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]
|Best film
|Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Phantom Films
|-
|Best actress in a lead role
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]
|-
|Best Screenplay
|Vikas Bahl, Chaitally Parmar, Parvee Shaikh
|-
|Best Editing
|Anurag Kashyap, [[Abhijit Kokate]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best film
|Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Phantom Films
|-
|Best actress
|Kangana Ranaut
|-
|Best Editing
|Anurag Kashyap, Abhijit Kokate
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[Bobby Singh (cinematographer)|Bobby Singh]], [[Siddharth Dhawan|Siddhanth Dhawan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
|Best Feature Film
|Vikas Bahl, Phantom Films
|-
|Best actress
|Kangana Ranaut
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Awards]]
|Best film
|Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Phantom Films
|-
|Best Director
|Vikas Bahl
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Stardust Awards|Stardust awards]]
|Best film
|Anurag Kashyap, Vikramaditya Motwane, Phantom Films
|-
|Best Director
|Vikas Bahl
|-
|Best actress
|Kangana Ranaut
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ugly (film)|''Ugly'']]
|[[Deauville Asian Film Festival]]
|Jury award
|Anurag Kashyap
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-23 |title=Ugly - An emotional story in the garb of a thriller |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ugly-an-emotional-story-in-the-garb-of-a-thriller/articleshow/45603771.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival|Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival]]
|Best director
|Anurag Kashyap
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]
|Best Performance in a negative role
|[[Darshan Kumar|Darshan Kumaar]]
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2016 |title=IIFA 2016: Here's A Complete List of the Winners |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/06/26/iifa-2016-heres-a-complet_n_10678778.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912060805/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/06/26/iifa-2016-heres-a-complet_n_10678778.html |archive-date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="big152">{{cite episode |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015 nominations |series=Big Star Entertainment Awards |network=Sony TV |date=31 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 February 2018 |title=TOIFA 2016: Complete list of Nominations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/TOIFA-2016-Complete-list-of-Nominations/articleshow/51250278.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218221634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/TOIFA-2016-Complete-list-of-Nominations/articleshow/51250278.cms |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="starg152">{{cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=Nominations for 10th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7741 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711120004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7741 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=5 June 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|Big Star Entertainment awards]]
|Most entertaining film
|[[Anushka Sharma]], [[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]]
|-
|[[Screen Awards|Screen awards]]
|Best action
|Georg Armin Sauer
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards|Star Dust awards]]
|Best Performance by an Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Darshan Kumar|Darshan Kumaar]]
|-
|Filmmaker of the year
|[[Navdeep Singh (director)|Navdeep Singh]]
|-
|''[[Bombay Velvet]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Special Effects
|Anish H Mulani
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |''[[Masaan]]''
|Producers Guild Awards
|Best Debut Director
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| rowspan="14" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of winners of the 61st Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/full-list-of-winners-of-the-61st-britannia-filmfare-awards-11841.html |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2016 |title=63rd National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51582021.cms |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2016 Complete Winners List: Who won what? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941 |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Rebecca Ford |author2=Rhonda Richards |date=23 May 2015 |title=Cannes: 'Son of Saul,' 'Masaan' Take Fipresci Prizes |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-son-saul-masaan-take-797339 |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Screen Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/screen-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1263815 |access-date=23 July 2018 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]
|Best Debut actor
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2015 Cannes Film Festival]]
|UN Certain Regard FIPRESCI Prize
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|-
|UN Certain Regard Avenir Prize
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Debut Director
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jagran Film Festival]]
|Special Jury Award
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|Best Debut Film of a Director
|Neeraj Ghaywan
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|Most Promising Debut Actor
|Vicky Kaushal
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|Performer of the Year (Female)
|[[Richa Chadha]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Debut Actor
|Vicky Kaushal
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Sanjay Mishra
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shweta Tripathi]]
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Neeraj Ghaywan
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|''Shaandaar'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|Big Star Entertainment awards]]
|Most Entertaining Dance
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015: And the winners are... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/big-star-entertainment-awards-2015-and-the-winners-are-deepika-padukone-sonam-kapoor-varun-dhawan-bhumi-pednekar-sanah-kapoor-piku-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-salman-khan-376969-2015-12-14 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor (Film) Debut (Female)
|Sana Kapoor
|-
| rowspan="13" |''[[Udta Punjab]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]
|Best actor in a leading role
|[[Shahid Kapoor]]
| rowspan="13" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=IIFA 2017 Nominations Revealed. Aamir Khan's Dangal Ignored |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iifa-2017-nominations-revealed-aamir-khans-dangal-ignored-1695888 |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-22 |title=Big ZEE Entertainment Awards: Nominations list |work=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/ |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Urmimala |title=Big Zee Entertainment Awards 2017 winners list: Alia Bhatt, Shahid Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Sushant Singh Rajput are the big winners of the night |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/big-zee-entertainment-awards-2017-winners-list-alia-bhatt-shahid-kapoor-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-sushant-singh-rajput-are-the-big-winners-of-the-night/ |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |title=62nd Filmfare Awards: Here is the full nominations list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-nominations-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-954211-2017-01-10 |access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-29 |title=62nd Filmfare Awards 2017: Complete winners' list |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/62nd-filmfare-awards-2017-winners-list/articleshow/56541241.cms |access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2016-12-05 |title=Star Screen Awards 2016 winners list: Pink wins big, Big B-Alia get best actor and actress award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/22nd-star-screen-awards-2016-pink-amitabh-bachchan-alia-bhatt-355663-2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205140546/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/22nd-star-screen-awards-2016-pink-amitabh-bachchan-alia-bhatt/1/826924.html |archive-date=5 December 2016 |access-date=2018-03-31 |website=[[India Today]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2016-12-19 |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 – Bollywood Hungama |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/ |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyengar |first=Aarti |title=Stardust Awards 2016 FULL winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan win BIG |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/stardust-awards-2016-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-chopra-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-win-big/ |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2017-03-02 |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2017 – Bollywood Hungama |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-zee-cine-awards-2017/ |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-12 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2017: Salman Khan to Alia Bhatt, Amitabh Bachchan to Anushka Sharma – Who won what? |work=Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2017-salman-khan-to-alia-bhatt-amitabh-bachchan-to-anushka-sharma-who-won-what-2350749 |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|Best actress in a leading role
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best debut actor
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Kanika Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|Big Star Entertainment awards]]
|Most Entertaining Film Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Most Entertaining Film Actor
|[[Shahid Kapoor]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best actor
|[[Shahid Kapoor]]
|-
|Best debut actor
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|-
|Best actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best costume design
|Payal Saluja
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|Best actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|Best Screenplay
|Abhishek Chaubey, Sudip Sharma
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|Best Performance by an Actor
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2016 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Manoj Bajpayee honoured at Asia Pacific Screen Awards |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-manoj-bajpayee-honoured-at-asia-pacific-screen-awards-4393574/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127125953/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-manoj-bajpayee-honoured-at-asia-pacific-screen-awards-4393574/ |archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Wrong Side Raju]]''
|[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]
|Best Gujarati Film
|[[Abhishek Jain]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=64th National Film Awards Winners: Sonam Kapoor starrer 'Neerja' wins Best Hindi Feature Film, Akshay Kumar declared Best Actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/64th-national-awards-sonam-kapoor-starrer-neerja-wins-best-hindi-feature-film-akshay-kumar-declared-best-actor/articleshow/58062574.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|''Trapped'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Actor
|[[Rajkummar Rao]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare awards 2018: Full list of winners with nominees |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-with-nominees/1023391/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205073932/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-with-nominees/1023391/ |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2018 |title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Complete winners' list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/62582673.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180205074042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/62582673.cms |archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Best Editing
|Nitin Baid
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Super 30 (film)|''Super 30'']]
|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Best Song Engineer (Recording & Mixing)
|Vijay Dayal
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 12th Smule Mirchi Music Awards 2020 |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/nominations-hindi-2020/ |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=Mirchi Music Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Zee Cine Awards 2020 |url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/zee-cinema-awards-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517013652/https://www.zeecineawards.com/zee-cinema-awards-2020/ |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=Zee Cine Awards}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2019 |title=Kids have chosen their favourites at Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards 2019 |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2019/12/30/kids-have-chosen-their-favourites-at-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-2019/ |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=The Live Nagpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=IIFA Awards 2020: Here's the complete winner list |url=https://www.masala.com/news-2/complete-winner-list-of-iifa-awards-2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2020: Here are the nominations! |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/Xl-zhxEAACIAaNIf/iifa-awards-2020-here-are-the-nominations |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=International Indian Film Academy Awards}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best actor
|Hrithik Roshan
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[83 (film)|83]]
| rowspan="3" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]
|Best Lyrics
|[[Kausar Munir]]
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Kabir Khan's '83' scores a big nominations at IIFA 2022 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kabir-khans-83-scores-a-big-nominations-at-iifa-2022-10509691.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=IIFA Awards 2022: Shershaah, 83 lead with most nominations, including Best Film, Actor |url=http://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-awards-2022-shershaah-83-lead-with-most-nominations-including-best-film-actor-167851 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=News9live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=Pankaj Tripathi wasn't sure he won IIFA award for 83 or Ludo: 'Was overwhelmed' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pankaj-tripathi-did-not-know-if-he-won-iifa-award-for-83-or-ludo-asked-media-after-event-101655443242449.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranveer Singh Kisses Wife Deepika Padukone As He Receives Best Actor Award For '83' |work=outlookindia |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ranveer-singh-kisses-wife-deepika-padukone-as-he-receives-best-actor-award-for-83--news-220017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Movies |first=Rediff |title=An Award-Winning Night For Vaani and Sharvari |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/an-award-winning-night-for-vaani-and-sharvari/20221017.htm |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Rediff}}</ref>
|-
|Best Story - Adapted
|Kabir Khan, Sanjay Puran Singh Chauhan
|-
|Best Sound Mixing
|Ajay Kumar P.B., Manik Batra
|-
|
|Best Supporting Actor / Actress
|[[Tahir Raj Bhasin]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Actor
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|-
|Best Lyrics
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|Indian Film Festival Of Melbourne]]
|Best Actor of the Year
|[[Ranveer Singh]]
|-
|Best Movie of the Year
|Kabir Khan, Kabir Khan Films
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|Best Editing
|Aarti Bajaj, Phantom Films, Netflix
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite news |date=7 September 2018 |title=News18 iReel Awards: Vikramaditya Motwane's Sacred Games Wins Best Drama |website=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/news18-ireel-awards-vikramaditya-motwanes-sacred-games-wins-best-drama-1870719.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221448/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/news18-ireel-awards-vikramaditya-motwanes-sacred-games-wins-best-drama-1870719.html |archive-date=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=8 December 2018 |title=''Sacred Games'', ''Miss Sherlock'' Win Asian Academy Creative Awards |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/sacred-games-miss-sherlock-asian-academy-creative-awards-1203085018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430205659/https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/sacred-games-miss-sherlock-asian-academy-creative-awards-1203085018/ |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018: Complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402154836/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2019-09-21 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Sacred Games loses at International Emmy Awards 2019: How the cast of Netflix Original predicted win on The Brand New Show |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sacred-games-loses-at-international-emmy-awards-2019-how-the-cast-of-netflix-original-predicted-win-on-the-brand-new-show-7701831.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124623/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sacred-games-loses-at-international-emmy-awards-2019-how-the-cast-of-netflix-original-predicted-win-on-the-brand-new-show-7701831.html |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Gold Awards 2019 Oct 29, 2019 Full Episode |url=https://www.zee5.com/hi/tvshows/details/gold-awards-2019/0-6-2183/kubra-sait-wins-ott-best-female-actor-in-negative-role-gold-awards-2019/0-1-283273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124632/https://comingsoon.zee5.com/comingsoon/index.php |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=Zee5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101163542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms |archive-date=1 January 2021 |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 December 2019 |title=Sacred Games only Indian show on New York Times' list of 30 best international TV series of the decade |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-only-indian-show-on-new-york-times-list-of-30-best-international-tv-series-of-the-decade/story-XILMv5eggyPT2GZyhYCfgM.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101163451/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sacred-games-only-indian-show-on-new-york-times-list-of-30-best-international-tv-series-of-the-decade/story-XILMv5eggyPT2GZyhYCfgM.html |archive-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Direction (Fiction)
|Anurag Kashyap, Phantom Films, Netflix
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Cinematography
|Sylvester Fonseca, Swapnil S. Sonawane
|-
|Best Background Music
|Alokananda Dasgupta
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://phantoms.in/}}
{{Anurag Kashyap}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct film and television production companies]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment]]

Charter Act 1813

2026-05-07T18:54:57Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: made some article added tags

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = East India Company Act 1813{{efn|name=st|The citation of this act by this [[short title]] was authorised by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the [[Short Titles Act 1896]]. Due to the repeal of those provisions it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the [[Interpretation Act 1978]].}}
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act for continuing in the ''East India'' Company, for a further Term, the Possession of the ''British'' Territories in ''India'', together with certain exclusive Privileges; for establishing further Regulations for the Government of the said Territories, and the better Administration of Justice within the same; and for regulating the Trade to and from the Places within the Limits of the said Company's Charter.
| year = 1813
| citation = [[53 Geo. 3]]. c. 155
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 22 July 1813
| commencement = 22 July 1813{{efn|The [[Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793]].}}
| repeal_date =
| amendments = {{ubli|[[Lascars Act 1823]]|[[East India Company's Service Act 1823]]|[[East India Officers' Act 1826]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1878]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1890]]}}
| related_legislation = {{ubli|[[East India Company Act 1793]]}}
| repealing_legislation = [[Government of India Act 1915]]
| status = Repealed
| original_text = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j6M3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA681
| use_new_UK-LEG = no
}}

The '''East India Company Act 1813'''{{efn|name=st}} ([[53 Geo. 3]]. c. 155), also known as the '''Charter Act 1813''', was an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] that renewed the charter issued to the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], and continued the [[Company rule in India|Company's rule in India]]. However, the Company's commercial monopoly was ended, except for the [[tea]] and opium trade and the trade with [[China]], this reflecting the growth of [[British Raj|British power in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PETITION OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY FOR THE RENEWAL OF THEIR CHARTER. (Hansard, 22 February 1813) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1813/feb/22/petition-of-the-east-india-company-for |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PETITIONS RESPECTING THE RENEWAL OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY'S CHARTER. (Hansard, 22 February 1813) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1813/feb/22/petitions-respecting-the-renewal-of-the |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PETITION FROM THE EAST INDIA COMPANY RESPECTING THEIR ACCOUNT WITH THE PUBLIC. (Hansard, 22 February 1813) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1813/feb/22/petition-from-the-east-india-company |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> Napoleon’s [[Berlin Decree]] of 1806 and the [[Milan Decree]] of 1807 established the [[Continental System]] across Europe as it barred the import of British goods into Europe. Due to these restrictions, the British traders pressed for the dissolution of the East India Company’s trade monopoly and sought greater access to Asian markets, which was the circumstance leading to the passing of this Act. India was made into a source of raw materials as well as a market for Britain’s finished products, through the economic and cultural changes brought about by this Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahawar |first=Sneha |date=2022-07-08 |title=The Charter Act, 1813 |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/charter-act-1813/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Contents ==
The act expressly asserted [[the Crown]]'s sovereignty over [[British India]], allotted 100,000 [[rupees]] annually for the improvement of literary and scientific knowledge, and allowed the Bishop of Calcutta authority over the Anglican Church in India. The power of the provincial governments and courts in India over European British subjects was also strengthened by the act, and financial provision was also made to encourage a revival in [[Indian literature]] and for the promotion of science.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Constitutional History of India 1600–1935|url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi00berr|author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith|first=Arthur Berriedale|last=Keith|publisher=Methuen|location=London|year=1936|pages=[https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi00berr/page/128 128–129]}}</ref>

The act, renewing the East India Company's commercial and administrative authority in India, marked a significant moment in the evolution of British colonial policy. While it did not introduce specific educational reforms, the charter's renewal intensified debates about the Company's responsibilities toward Indian subjects, setting the stage for the act's explicit educational provisions. These discussions, shaped by figures like Charles Grant and evangelical groups such as the Clapham Evangelical Movement, highlighted the potential of cultural and educational interventions to strengthen British governance. The charter maintained religious neutrality, reflecting a cautious approach to cultural assimilation that influenced subsequent policies.<ref name="Viswanathan">{{cite book |last=Viswanathan |first=Gauri |title=Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-07102-4 |pages=32–38}}</ref>

===Key outcomes===
The act, while primarily focused on renewing the East India Company's trade monopoly, indirectly catalyzed positive developments in colonial governance by sparking debates that reshaped British policy in India. One key outcome was the increased attention to the Company's moral and administrative obligations, prompted by parliamentary and evangelical scrutiny in Britain. These discussions encouraged British officials to consider education as a tool for fostering cultural alignment with British values, laying the groundwork for the 1813 Charter's allocation of 100,000 rupees annually for Indian education.<ref name="Viswanathan"/> This shift promised long-term benefits, such as the promotion of English literary studies, which aimed to create a class of Indian intermediaries who could facilitate colonial administration through shared cultural values.<ref name="Viswanathan"/> The charter's renewal also strengthened parliamentary oversight of the Company, enhancing accountability and encouraging policies that addressed Indian welfare, albeit within a colonial framework. By maintaining religious neutrality, the charter avoided alienating India's diverse religious communities, fostering stability that enabled later educational reforms to proceed without significant resistance. By promoting Missionary activity, the British Parliament was afraid that it might increase resistance to governance as the revolt of 1813 in Vellore was attributed to proselytizing activities.<ref name="Viswanathan"/>

=== Missionary activity and its influence ===
The act played a pivotal role in debates over missionary activity in India, reflecting tensions between evangelical aspirations and the East India Company's pragmatic governance. Evangelical groups, notably the Clapham Sect, pushed for missionary efforts to spread Christianity and Western moral values <ref name="Viswanathan"/> Charles Grant, a prominent Company official and evangelical, argued that education, rather than direct proselytization, could achieve cultural influence while respecting the Company's policy of religious neutrality.<ref name="Viswanathan"/> The charter's renewal did not authorize missionary activities, as the Company feared provoking unrest among Indian communities sensitive to religious interference. Instead, it indirectly shaped a secular approach to education, where English literature was promoted as a "neutral" vehicle for imparting British values, sidestepping overt religious conversion.<ref name="Viswanathan"/> Viswanathan highlights that this compromise emerged from evangelical pressures but aligned with the Company's need to maintain control, illustrating how missionary advocacy influenced the trajectory of colonial education policy without directly altering the 183 Charter's provisions.<ref name="Viswanathan"/>

The Company's charter had previously been renewed by the [[East India Company Act 1793]] ([[33 Geo. 3]]. c. 52), and was next renewed by the [[Government of India Act 1833]] ([[3 & 4 Will. 4]]. c. 85).

It effectively turned Indians into consumers of British machine-made goods and led to the decline of indigenous Indian industries, particularly textiles.

A paper by Clingingsmith and Williamson challenges the traditional "nationalist critique" of colonial economic policy regarding Indian deindustrialization.<ref name="Williamson2007" /> Based on new relative price evidence, they argue that local factors like the decline of the Mughal Empire and climate shocks affecting grain prices played a more significant role in the timing and pace of deindustrialization than British "free trade" policy alone.<ref name="Williamson2007">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Jeffrey G. |date=2007 |title=India's deindustrialization under British rule: New ideas, new evidence |website=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]]|url=https://www.nber.org |doi=10.3386/w10586 |access-date=1 December 2025|quote=We document trends in the ratio of export to import prices (the external terms of trade) from 1800 to 1913, and that of tradable to non-tradable goods and own-wages in the tradable sectors going back to 1765. With this new relative price evidence in hand, we ask how much of the de-industrialization was due to local supply-side influences (such as the demise of the Mughal empire) and how much to world price shocks (such as world market integration and rapid productivity advance in European manufacturing), both of which had to deal with an offset...}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bagchi |first=A. K. |date=1976 |title=Deindustrialization in gangetic Bihar, 1809-1901 |journal=Essays in Honour of Prof. S.C. Sarkar |publisher=People's Publishing House}}</ref>

== Key Mechanisms and Impacts of Deindustrialization (Pre-1813 and Post-1813) ==

Based on the Clingingsmith and Williamson (2004) paper, the textile deindustrialization had distinct phases:

== Primary Mechanisms of Deindustrialization ==

=== Mughal Decline Phase (c.1750-1810) ===
* Collapse of the Mughal empire created political instability and weakened central administration, which severely damaged agricultural productivity through increased revenue farming and higher effective rent burdens on peasants.
* Grain prices soared dramatically as agricultural productivity declined, rising by 30 percent or more during the 1740s and 1750s.
* Nominal wages in manufacturing rose substantially to maintain subsistence levels as food prices increased, causing the manufacturing wage to more than double between 1765 and 1810, which eroded India's cost competitiveness in world textile markets.
* India's share of key Atlantic economy markets declined significantly before factory production emerged - from 38 percent in West African trade during the 1730s to 22 percent in the 1780s, and in European markets from over 20 percent in the 1720s to about 6 percent in the 1780s.
* English defensive legislation between 1701 and 1722 barred Indian textiles from the English domestic market while keeping the Atlantic economy as a competitive zone.

=== Post-1813 Globalization Phase (c.1810-1860) ===
* Rapid factory-based productivity growth in Britain drove down global textile prices dramatically - Britain's terms of trade fell 40 percent between 1801-1810 and 1841-1850, meaning manufactured export prices dropped sharply relative to raw material imports.
* After 1813, British factory-made textiles invaded the Indian domestic market, a market that India had supplied for centuries, taking away the local market that handloom producers had previously dominated.
* Transport revolution and declining trade barriers further lowered the relative price of manufactures in India while raising export commodity prices, creating "Dutch disease" effects where import-competing manufacturing slumped while export sectors boomed.
* Financial transfers from India to Britain totaled significant sums (peaking at over £1 million annually in 1784-1792) but represented less than 2 percent of either economy's industrial output, making them a minor factor compared to other forces.

=== Employment and Output Impacts ===

* India's share of world industrial output collapsed from approximately 25 percent in 1750 to only 2 percent by 1900.
* The manufacturing workforce share likely declined from 15-18 percent in 1800 to about 10 percent by 1900.
* In Gangetic Bihar, the population dependent on industrial employment fell from approximately 19-29 percent in 1809-1813 to just 8.5 percent by 1901, with cotton spinning accounting for the vast majority of this decline.
* Available cotton yarn for handloom production plummeted from 419 million pounds in 1850 to 240 million in 1870 and 221 million by 1900, indicating near-complete collapse of hand spinning followed by steep decline in hand weaving.
* India transformed from supplying all domestic textile needs and maintaining flourishing exports at the century's start to absorbing over 40 percent of total British cloth exports by 1900.

=== Living Standards and Wage Effects ===

* Real wages measured against grain prices fell approximately 51 percent for unskilled labor between 1600 and 1938, with 48 percentage points of this decline occurring by 1850.
* While mid-18th century South Indian real wages were comparable to those in southern England, a substantial living standard gap opened during the late 18th and 19th centuries.

=== Comparative Perspective ===

* India's terms of trade improvement was modest compared to other peripheral regions - rising only 28.6 percent between 1800-1804 and 1855-1859 (under 0.5 percent annually), while Egypt's rose 2.7 percent annually, the Ottoman Empire's 2.4 percent annually, and Latin America's 1.7 percent annually
* India's world manufacturing output share fell 6.9 percentage points between 1750-1830, substantially more than China (3 percentage points) or the rest of the periphery (2.6 percentage points), suggesting domestic supply-side factors like Mughal decline played a uniquely important role.
The result was the widespread decline of traditional Indian crafts and industries, causing economic distress, ruralization/de-urbanization and forcing many artisans to abandon their ancestral professions turning to agriculture and pay heavy taxes that, in the absence of protection by law, led to their exploitation by unscrupulous moneylenders and in many cases, loss of land and poverty. This transformation solidified India's role as an economic colony of industrial England and reinforced social ills that accompany poverty.
== Significance ==
The Charter Act 1813 is significant in the constitutional and educational history of British India:

* It ended the [[East India Company]]'s trade monopoly over India, except for trade in tea and trade with China, thereby opening Indian markets to private British merchants.
* For the first time, the British Parliament '''explicitly asserted the sovereignty of the Crown''' over British India, making the Company a mere administrative agent of the Crown.
* It allocated a sum of '''rupees one lakh annually''' for the revival and promotion of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India — laying the foundation for modern education in India.
* Christian missionaries were permitted to enter India and carry out educational and missionary activities, which had significant long-term cultural and social consequences.
* It required the Company to maintain separate '''ecclesiastical establishments''' in India, marking the beginning of official British support for the Church in India.
* The act strengthened parliamentary control over the Company by requiring the Board of Control to submit detailed financial statements to Parliament.

== Limitations ==
The act had several significant drawbacks:

* The Company retained its monopoly over the highly profitable '''China trade and tea trade''', limiting the extent of free trade.
* The provision for promoting Indian education was minimal — only one lakh rupees annually — and remained largely unspent for years due to disagreements over the medium of instruction.
* The act made no provision for Indian representation in governance, leaving the Indian population entirely excluded from legislative and administrative processes.
* The '''jurisdictional conflicts''' between the Supreme Court and the Company's courts remained unresolved, continuing to create legal confusion.
* The act did not address the growing problem of Indian debt and the financial instability of the Company's administration.

== Subsequent developments ==
The whole act was repealed by section 130 of, and the fourth schedule to, the [[Government of India Act 1915]] ([[5 & 6 Geo. 5]]. c. 61), which came into force on 1 January 1916.<ref>{{Cite legislation UK|act=Government of India Act 1915|type=act|year=Geo5/5-6|chapter=61}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[East India Company Act]]
*[[Regulating Act 1773]]
*[[East India Company Act 1784]]
*[[William Pitt the Younger]]
*[[Charter Act 1793]]
*[[Government of India Act 1833]]
*[[Government of India Act 1858]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=ID5pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1121 East India Company Act 1813]. Printed by George Eyre and Andrew Strahan, Printers to the King's most Excellent Majesty. London. 1813.
*The Statutes: Second Revised Edition. 1889. Volume 3. Pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=jg1AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA811 811] to 820.
*The Statutes: Revised Edition. 1877. Volume 5. Pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=_cYrPDIeQLQC&pg=PA278 278] to 287.
*Andrew Lyon. A Guide to the Law of India. 1872. Pages 20, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kl4TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA67 67], 92 and 103. 1873. Volume 2. Pages 108, 112 and [https://books.google.com/books?id=0CsbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA295 295] to 298.
*The Law Relating to India, and the East-India Company. Fourth Edition. Wm H Allen & Co. London. 1842. Pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=QqI-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA167 167] to 199.

== External links ==
* {{UK-LEG|asmade=yes}}

{{UK legislation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1813]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India]]
[[Category:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament]]
[[Category:1813 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1813 in India]]
[[Category:East India Company Acts]]

Jayalakshmi Gujjal

2026-05-02T16:07:03Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: started a info and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Jayalakshmi Gujjal''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 1999 from Hospet Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hospet-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 1999 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/1999-election-results.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

Gujjal is from [[Hospet]], Karnataka.

Gujjal first became an MLA winning the [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Hospet Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress. She polled 47,220 votes and defeated her nearest rival, G Shankargoud of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 11,205 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Hospet 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/karnataka/hospet/43/21884/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/karnataka/hospet/43/21884/143 |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujjal, Jayalakshmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Ballari district]]

Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1978–79

2026-04-30T03:43:14Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: started some data first draft

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indians in Pakistan in 1978–79
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| team2_name = Pakistan
| from_date = 27 September
| to_date = 19 November 1978
| team1_captain = [[Bishan Singh Bedi]]
| team2_captain = [[Mushtaq Mohammad]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] (447)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Zaheer Abbas]] (583)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] (8)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] (17)
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Surinder Amarnath]] (100)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Zaheer Abbas]] (91)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] (4)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Hasan Jamil]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}

The [[India national cricket team]] toured [[Pakistan]] during the 1978–79 cricket season. They played three [[Test cricket|Test]] matches against the [[Pakistan cricket team]], with Pakistan winning the series 2–0. The tour also featured three [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches. In the third match, India's captain, [[Bishen Bedi]], conceded the game in protest against [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] short-pitched bowling. It was the first time an international cricket match had ended in this way.<ref name="OTD">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149140.html |title=Three cricketers go to prison |access-date=3 November 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="sc">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17117/scorecard/64167/Pakistan-vs-India-3rd-ODI-india-in-pakistan-odi-series/ |title=3rd ODI, India tour of Pakistan at Sahiwal, Nov 3 1978 |access-date=3 November 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> India also played six tour matches, all of which were [[First-class cricket|first-class]] fixtures.

== Background ==
This was going to be the first tour for either sides [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 1960–61|in 17 years]]. India were touring Pakistan only for the second time and first after [[Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1954–55|1954–55]]. India was set to tour Pakistan sometime in the mid-1960s, but wars between the two countries in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and political instability in both countries in the mid-1970s scrapped any possibility of an immediate future series. However, in early 1978, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] and [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] finally penned down the dates during which the tour would take place: from 27 September till 19 November 1978. Before the tour, 15 Tests were played between the teams, with India winning two, Pakistan one and the rest ending in [[Result (cricket)#Draw|draws]].<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web |last1=Paracha |first1=Nadeem F. |title=After the 17-year-itch: The historic 1978 Indo-Pak cricket series |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1222441 |website=DAWN.COM |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127051840/https://www.dawn.com/news/1222441 |archive-date=27 November 2015 |language=en |date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

== Touring party ==
[[Fatehsinghrao Gaekwad]] was named India's tour manager on 27 August 1978; [[P. R. Man Singh]] was named his deputy. [[Bishan Singh Bedi]]'s retention as captain was announced on 30 August and the squad was named on 19 September, following a camp in [[Bangalore]] between 5 and 14 September of 25 probables. [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] was dropped from the squad, which included three uncapped players — [[Kapil Dev]], [[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]] and [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]].<ref name="tct">{{cite web |title=Test Cricket Tours - India to Pakistan 1978-79 |url=http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_2630698.html |publisher=test-cricket-tours.co.uk |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303112443/http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_2630698.html |archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> India went with the famed [[Spin bowling|spin]] quartet comprising Bedi, [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]], [[E. A. S. Prasanna]] and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S. Venkataraghavan]], who had by now 700 Test wickets between them.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paracha |first1=Nadeem F. |title=After the 17-year-itch: The historic 1978 Indo-Pak cricket series |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1222441/after-the-17-year-itch-the-historic-1978-indo-pak-cricket-series |website=DAWN.COM |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127051838/http://www.dawn.com/news/1222441/after-the-17-year-itch-the-historic-1978-indo-pak-cricket-series |archive-date=27 November 2015 |language=en |url-status=live |date=26 November 2015}}</ref> The party flew to [[Karachi]] on 24 September before the first match starting on 27 September.<ref name="tct"/>

The squad included:<ref name="tct"/>
* [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mohinder Amarnath]]
* [[Surinder Amarnath]]
* [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]]
* [[Chetan Chauhan]]
* [[Kapil Dev]]
* [[Anshuman Gaekwad]]
* [[Karsan Ghavri]]
* [[Syed Kirmani]]
* [[E. A. S. Prasanna]]
* [[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]]
* [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]]
* [[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
* [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S. Venkataraghavan]]
* [[Gundappa Viswanath]]

== Tour matches ==
=== Three-day: Banks XI v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–29 September 1978
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = Banks XI

| score-team1-inns1 = 309/1[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (103 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 165[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Abdur Raqib (cricketer)|Abdur Raqib]] 1/48 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 212/3[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (65 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Javed Miandad]] 87[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 1/31 (7 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 180/4d (62 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 72*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Abdur Raqib (cricketer)|Abdur Raqib]] 2/76 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 124/2 (25 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Wasim Raja]] 58
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] 2/24 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_BANKS-XI_27-29SEP1978.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]
| umpires = [[Mahboob Shah]] and [[Shujauddin Siddiqi]]
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and decided to bat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Banks v Indians |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38587.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018165046/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38587.html |archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>
| rain =
| notes = [[Javed Miandad]] (Pak) passed 8,000 runs in first-class matches.
}}

=== Combined XI v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–6 October 1978
| team1 = Combined XI
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 268/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (72 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Zaheer Abbas]] 75
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 3/61 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 303/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (85.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Surinder Amarnath]] 71
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anwar Zeb]] 2/39 (9.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 201 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Wasim Raja]] 45
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[E. A. S. Prasanna]] 3/51 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 130/8 (50 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 44
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anwar Khan (cricketer)|Anwar Khan]] 6/42 (22 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_COMB-XI_04-06OCT1978.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Peshawar Club Ground]], [[Peshawar]]
| umpires = [[Agha Saadat Ali]] and [[Shakoor Rana]]
| motm =
| toss = Combined XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shafiq Ahmed]] (Combined XI) passed 8,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan v Indians |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38589.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026051356/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38589.html |archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>
}}

=== Three-day: Patron's XI v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 8–10 October 1978
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = Patron's XI

| score-team1-inns1 = 258/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (107 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chetan Chauhan]] 83
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Saleem Altaf]] 2/24 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 199 (71.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Haroon Rasheed]] 59
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[E. A. S. Prasanna]] 6/35 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 188/6 (94 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 53[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Iqbal Qasim]] 2/18 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PATRON-XI_08-10OCT1978.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pindi Club Ground]], [[Rawalpindi]]
| umpires = [[Azhar Hasan]] and [[Khalid Aziz (umpire)|Khalid Aziz]]
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sadiq Mohammad]] (Patron's XI) passed 16,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCP Patron's XI v Indians |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38591.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402224849/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38591.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
}}

=== Three-day: Combined Universities v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–25 October 1978
| team1 = Combined Universities
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 156 (58.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashraf Ali (cricketer, born 1958)|Ashraf Ali]] 39
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] 4/47 (18.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 149 (56.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] 47[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amin Lakhani]] 6/58 (25.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 185 (80.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ashraf Ali (cricketer, born 1958)|Ashraf Ali]] 51
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 4/45 (22.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 193/8 (76 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Surinder Amarnath]] 72
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Amin Lakhani]] 6/80 (34 overs)

| result = Indians won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_COMB-UNIV_23-25OCT1978.html Scorecard]
| venue = Jahanzeb Polo Ground, [[Multan]]
| umpires = [[Aslam Khokhar]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm =
| toss = Combined Universities won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Haroon Rasheed]] (Combined Universities) passed 4,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref name="Univ">{{cite web |title=Universities and Young Pakistan v Indians |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38601.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210103920/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38601.html |archive-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>
*[[Amin Lakhani]] (Combined Universities) claimed [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]]s in both innings.<ref name="Univ"/>
}}

=== Three-day: Punjab v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 5–7 November 1978
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (Pakistan)|Punjab]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 250/1[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (74 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Anshuman Gaekwad]] 126[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mohammad Nazir]] 1/69 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 242/4[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (76 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Talat Ali]] 107
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 1/39 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 230 (83 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 95
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammad Nazir]] 4/77 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 93 (21.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jamshed Hussain]] 37
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 5/39 (10 overs)

| result = Indians won by 145 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PNJB_05-07NOV1978.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bahawal Stadium]], [[Bahawalpur]]
| umpires = [[Amanullah Khan (umpire)|Amanullah Khan]] and Salahuddin Ahmed
| motm =
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Asad Mahmood (Punjab) made his debut in first-class matches.<ref name="Punjab">{{cite web |title=Punjab v Indians |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38619.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004170159/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38619.html |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>
*[[Mohinder Amarnath]] (Indians) passed 5,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref name="Punjab"/>
}}

=== Three-day: Sind v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–11 November 1978
| team1 = [[Sindh cricket team|Sind]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 224 (73.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 107
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S. Venkataraghavan]] 6/62 (26.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 286/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (100 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Surinder Amarnath]] 144
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Naeem Ahmed]] 4/95 (29 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 34/1 (16 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 17[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 1/13 (4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_SIND_09-11NOV1978.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niaz Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]
| umpires = [[Athar Zaidi]] and Iqbal Athar
| motm =
| toss = Sind won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Anshuman Gaekwad]] (Indians) passed 4,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sind v Indians |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38623.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402223327/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38623.html |archive-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
}}

== Test series ==
===First Test===
{{Test match
| date =16–21 October 1978
| team1 ={{cr-rt|Pakistan}}
| team2 ={{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 =503/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (152 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Zaheer Abbas]] 176
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]] 4/130 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =462/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (142.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Gundappa Viswanath]] 145
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Mushtaq Mohammad]] 4/55 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =264/4d (71.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Asif Iqbal (Pakistani cricketer)|Asif Iqbal]] 104
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Surinder Amarnath]] 1/5 (1.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =43/0 (19 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Chetan Chauhan]] 30[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Iqbal Qasim]] 0/0 (4 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]]
| umpires =[[Khalid Aziz (umpire)|Khalid Aziz]] (Pak) and [[Shakoor Rana]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63217.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| motm=
| notes = This was the first Test played at this venue.<ref name="Wisden1stTest">{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN v INDIA |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-india-152186 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kapil Dev]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*[[Javed Miandad]] (Pak) passed 1,000 runs in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |title=India in Pakistan 1978/79 (1st Test) |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38596.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102001158/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38596.html |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>
*[[Zaheer Abbas]] and Javed Miandad's first innings partnership of 255 runs for the fourth wicket was the highest for any wicket by either team against each other.<ref name="Wisden1stTest"/>
*19 October was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
*[[Gundappa Viswanath]] became the first India cricketer to make [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] against [[List of International Cricket Council members|every Test-playing nation]] at the time.<ref name="Wisden1stTest"/>
}}

=== Second Test===
{{Test match
| date =27 October–1 November 1978
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =199 (56.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 76
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 4/46 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =539/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (133 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Zaheer Abbas]] 235
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Bishan Singh Bedi]] 2/130 (34 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =465 (170.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 97
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Imran Khan]] 3/110 (42.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =128/2 (20.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Majid Khan (cricketer, born 1946)|Majid Khan]] 38
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 1/39 (6 overs)

| result =Pakistan won by 8 wickets
| venue =[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires =[[Mahboob Shah]] (Pak) and [[Shujauddin Siddiqi]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63218.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| motm=
| notes = 30 October was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
*[[Zaheer Abbas]] (Pak) passed 2,000 runs in Tests.<ref>{{cite web |title=India in Pakistan 1978/79 (2nd Test) |url=http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38603.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503122240/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38603.html |archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref>
}}

=== Third Test ===
{{Test match
| date =14–19 November 1978
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =344 (115.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 111
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 4/89 (31.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =481/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (141 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Javed Miandad]] 100
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] 3/97 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =300 (82 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 137 (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 5/70 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =164/2 (24.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Javed Miandad]] 62
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Mohinder Amarnath]] 1/35 (5.5 overs)

| result =Pakistan won by 8 wickets
| venue =[[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]
| umpires =[[Mahboob Shah]] (Pak) and [[Shujauddin Siddiqi]] (Pak)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63219.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=
| notes = 16 November was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
}}

== ODI series ==

===First ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 1 October 1978
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}

| score1 = 170/7 (40 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 51 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 3/34 (8 overs)

| score2 = 166/8 (40 overs)
| runs2 = [[Majid Khan (cricketer, born 1946)|Majid Khan]] 50 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 2/38 (8 overs)

| result = India won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-1978-79-62330/pakistan-vs-india-1st-odi-64165/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ayub National Stadium]], [[Quetta]]
| umpires = [[Mahboob Shah]] (Pak) and [[Shujauddin Siddiqi]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Surinder Amarnath]], [[Chetan Chauhan]] and [[Kapil Dev]] (all Ind) made their ODI debuts.
}}

=== Second ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 October 1978
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}

| score1 = 79 (34.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 34[[not out|*]] (85)
| wickets1 = [[Hasan Jamil]] 3/18 (8 overs)

| score2 = 83/2 (16.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Zaheer Abbas]] 48 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 1/10 (0.5 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17117/scorecard/64166/pakistan-vs-india-2nd-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1978-79 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot|Jinnah Stadium]], [[Sialkot]]
| umpires = [[Agha Saadat Ali]] (Pak) and [[Shakoor Rana]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Hasan Jamil]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] (Ind), and [[Azmat Rana]] (Pak) made their ODI debuts.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 November 1978
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 205/7 (40 overs)
| runs1 = [[Asif Iqbal (Pakistani cricketer)|Asif Iqbal]] 62 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S. Venkataraghavan]] 2/34 (8 overs)

| score2 = 183/2 (37.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anshuman Gaekwad]] 78[[not out|*]] (115)
| wickets2 = [[Asif Iqbal (Pakistani cricketer)|Asif Iqbal]] 1/44 (8 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by concession
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17117/scorecard/64167/pakistan-vs-india-3rd-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1978-79 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Zafar Ali Stadium]], [[Sahiwal]]
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[Khizer Hayat]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Asif Iqbal (Pakistani cricketer)|Asif Iqbal]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = The match was conceded by India after a number of short-pitched balls were not called [[Wide (cricket)|wide]].
*[[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62330.html Tour page] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK Tour page] at ESPNcricinfo archive

{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1978-79}}
[[Category:1978 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1978 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Pakistan|1978-79]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1975–76 to 1980]]

Harsha Vardhan

2026-04-27T06:40:26Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: started some details more to come

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{About|the actor||Harsh Vardhan (disambiguation){{!}}Harsh Vardhan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harsha Vardhan
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1997–present
}}

'''Harsha Vardhan''' is an Indian actor and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films and television shows.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Writer-Harshavardhan-turns-director/articleshow/44003432.cms|title=Writer Harshavardhan turns director|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2 February 2017|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020155/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Writer-Harshavardhan-turns-director/articleshow/44003432.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is known for his performance in television shows such as ''[[Ruthuragalu]]'' and [[Amrutham (TV series)|''Amrutham'']] and has appeared in more than seventy five films in a variety of roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://requestcinemas.blogspot.com/2010/08/interview-w-harshavardhan.html|title=Interview w/ HarshaVardhan|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-date=13 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013162002/http://requestcinemas.blogspot.com/2010/08/interview-w-harshavardhan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Acting roles
!Year
!Title
!Role
!class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2001
|''[[Chirujallu]]''
|Harsha
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Aithe]]''
|Chotu
|Bilingual film
|-
|2004
|''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]''
|Prakash Rao's goon
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''
|Harsha
|
|-
|''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]''
|Rajesh
|
|-
|''[[Athadu]]''
|Harsha
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]''
|Auto driver
|
|-
|''[[Veedhi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]]''
|Pournami's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Game (2006 film)|Game]]''
|Harsha
|
|-
|
|''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|Stalin Friend’s
|
|-

|2007
|''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (2007 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''[[Three (2008 film)|Three]]''
|Psychiatrist
|
|-
| ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|''[[Indumathi (film)|Indumathi]]''
| Anand
|
|-
|''[[Diary (2009 film)|Diary]]''
|
|
|-
|''Adugu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]''
|Vidhya's brother
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]''
|Arshad
|
|-
|''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''
|Ali
|
|-
|''[[Gaayam 2]]''
|Harsha
|
|-
|''[[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2011
|''[[Vykuntapali]]''
| KKR alias Kakarlapudi Krishna Ram
|
|-
|''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Gaganam]]'' || Srinivas || Bilingual film
|-
|''[[Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju|KSD Appalaraju]]''
|Pushpanand
|
|-
|''Vankai Fry''
|
|
|-
|''[[Golconda High School]]''
|
|
|-
|''Bhale Mogudu Bhale Pellam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|''Kulu Manali''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ayyare]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shiva Manasulo Shruti|SMS]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Lovely (2012 film)|Lovely]]''
|Akash's brother
|
|-
|''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Chal Chal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dalam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
| ''[[Hrudayam Ekkadunnadi]]'' || Manmadha ||
|-
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|Chandrasekhar's friend
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali (2014 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|Venkatesh
|
|-
|''[[Aagadu]]''
|Chenna Kesavulu
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Kodipetta]]''
|Kumar
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]''
|Ria's Uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Manamantha]]''
|Viswanath
|
|-
|''[[Oopiri]]''
|Police Inspector
|Uncredited
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Veedevadu]]''
| Sub-Inspector Hyder
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Pantham]]''
|Anand Surana's Staff
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
|CI Srinu
|
|-
|''[[118 (film)|118]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramloo]]''
|Kashiram
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2021
|''[[Alludu Adhurs]]''
|Psychiatrist
|
|-
|''[[Zombie Reddy]]''
|Pratap Reddy
|
|-
|[[Check (film)|''Check'']]
|Astrologer
|
|-
|[[Akshara (film)|''Akshara'']]
|Raghava Master
|
|-
|''[[Ek Mini Katha]]''
|G. Satya Kishore
|
|-
|[[Maestro (2021 film)|''Maestro'']]
|Dr. Swamy
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=2021-03-30 |title=Nithiin's first look from Andhadhun Telugu remake 'Maestro' OUT on birthday |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/nithiin-first-look-from-maestro-andhadhun-telugu-remake-out-on-birthday-twitter-reactions-694342 |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=India TV News}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
|Bhoomi's client
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-23|title=Varudu Kaavalenu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-shaurya-5-upcoming-projects-of-the-actor-to-be-excited-for/photostory/80411165.cms|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2021 film)|''Pushpaka Vimanam'']]
|Sundar's neighbour
|
|-
|''[[Raja Vikramarka (2021 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]''
|Muddu Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Senapathi]]''
|Paramjyothi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
|Manager Chandra Mohan
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nani and Nazirya Nazim's film titled as "Ante Sundaraniki": Title poster out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-and-nazirya-nazims-film-titled-as-ante-sundharaniki-title-poster-out/articleshow/79336276.cms|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]''
|Dr. Daiva Prasad
|
|-
|''[[HIT: The Second Case]]''
|Ram Prasad Koduri
|
|-
|''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
|Jailer
|
|-
|''[[Boyfriend for Hire]]''
|Arjun’s uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[Ravanasura (film)|Ravanasura]]''
|Prosecutor
|
|-
|''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''
|Mohanthi
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2024
|''[[Naa Saami Ranga]]''
|SI Thirupatayya
|
|-
|''[[Sundaram Master (film)|Sundaram Master]]''
|MLA
|
|-
|''[[Satyabhama (2024 film)|Satyabhama]]''
|Anand Rao
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Satyabhama 2024 Film: Kajal Aggarwal is Back in Action |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/satyabhama-2024-film-a-fierce-cop-seeks-truth-and-redemption |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sarangadhariya (film)|''Sarangadhariya'']]
|Murthy
|
|-
|''[[Veeranjaneyulu Viharayatra]]''
|Paramahamsa
|
|-
|''[[Maruthi Nagar Subramanyam]]''
|[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]
|
|-
|''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]''
|Sudhakar (Sudha)
|
|-
|''[[Mechanic Rocky]]''
|Natraj / Vivek
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2025
|''[[Neeli Megha Shyama]]''
|Viplav
|
|-
|''[[Court (2025 film)|Court]]''
|Adv. Damodhar
|
|-
|''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
|Meghana’s boss
|
|-
|''[[Paradha]]''
|Madhav
|
|-
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Chaitanya’s brother-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
|College Principal
|
|-
|''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''
|Patwari Ranga Rao
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2026
|''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
|Narayana
|
|-
|''[[Mrithyunjay]]''
|Jay’s boss
|
|-
|''[[Hey Balwanth]]''
|PVB
|
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Vishwambhara]]}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2007 || ''[[Aithe|50 Lakh]]'' || Chotu || [[Hindi]]
| rowspan="3"|Bilingual films
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]'' || Srinivas || rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Dalam|Koottam]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' || Kalai ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Poorna: Courage Has No Limit]]'' || [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Veedevadu|Yaar Ivan]]'' || Sub-Inspector Hyder
| Tamil
| Bilingual film
|-
|}

=== Other crew positions===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Other credited roles
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|[[Visakha Express (film)|''Visakha Express'']]
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|''[[Three (2008 film)|3]]''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|2009
|[[Drona (2009 film)|''Drona'']]
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|[[Manam (film)|''Manam'']]
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|Won – [[Santosham Best Dialogue Award]]
|-
|''[[Chinnadana Nee Kosam]]''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Thikka]]''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|2017
|[[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']]
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Mama Mascheendra]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending|align=left|''Googly''}} {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Also composer; filming<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harsha Vardhan and Sreemukhi's upcoming film 'Good Bad Ugly' rebooted to 'Googly', first copy ready|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/harsha-vardhan-and-sreemukhis-upcoming-film-good-bad-ugly-rebooted-to-googly-first-copy-ready/articleshow/62790478.cms|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Times of India|last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television performances
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|1997–2001
|''[[Ruthuragalu]]''
|Harish
|[[DD Saptagiri]]
|
|-
|2003–2007
|''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]''
|Icchapurapu Amrutha Rao
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Also writer and director
|-
|
|''Kasturi''
|
| [[Star Maa]]
|
|-
|2000–2001
|[[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|''Santhi Nivasam'']]
|
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|-
|
|''Aalu Baalu''
|Banginapalli Bala Murali Krishna
|
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Amrutham Dhvitheeyam]]''
|Icchapurapu Amrutha Rao
| rowspan="2" |[[ZEE5]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Lol Salaam]]''
|G. P. Ramakrishna
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Save the Tigers]]''
|Ram Mohan
| rowspan="2" |[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Miss Perfect]]''
|Gokul
|
|-
|2025
|[[Touch Me Not (TV series)|''Touch Me Not'']]
|
|[[JioHotstar]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1350569}}
* {{Twitter|harshazoomout}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vardhan, Harsha}}
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]

Dominic Sangma

2026-04-19T19:46:51Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: made first article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dominic Sangma
| image =
| alma_mater = Satyajit Ray Film & Television Institute
| years_active = 2015 to present
| notable_works = ''[[Ma.Ama]]'' , ''[[Rapture (2023 film)|Rapture]]''
}}

'''Dominic Sangma''' is a filmmaker based in the Northeastern Indian state [[Meghalaya]]. He made the films ''[[Ma.Ama]]'' and ''[[Rapture (2023 film)|Rapture]]''. ''Ma.Ama'' won the Best Film Award in [[Garo people|Garo]] language in the [[66th National Film Awards]]. His feature film ''Rapture'' won many awards at film festivals and awards, held in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Abdul |date=2019-11-15 |title=Chinese producer helps make award-winning Garo language film |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2019/11/chinese-producer-helps-make-award-winning-garo-language-film/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Rapture: Indian independent cinema at its finest, Dominic Sangma's film has more courage and creativity than the entire mainstream combined |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/rapture-rimdogittanga-indian-independent-cinema-at-its-finest-dominic-sangma-9523468/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Known for his work that deeply reflects the culture, history, and folklore of his region, Sangma's films often explore themes of identity, spirituality, and the human experience, particularly through the lens of his Garo community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indulge |first=Team |date=2024-08-23 |title=Meghalaya filmmaker Dominic Sangma on his film 'Rapture' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Aug/23/meghalaya-filmmaker-dominic-sangma-on-his-film-rapture |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
A graduate of the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] in [[Kolkata]], Sangma's career began with a focus on documentary filmmaking, but he quickly transitioned into fiction films that capture the essence of his heritage. His debut feature film, ''Ma'ama'' (2018), received international recognition for its portrayal of loss and the quest for understanding the afterlife. The film was screened at multiple film festivals and won several awards, establishing Sangma as a significant voice in Indian [[Independent film|independent cinema]].

Sangma's storytelling style combines poetic visuals, minimalistic dialogues, and a focus on natural soundscapes, drawing inspiration from the [[slow cinema]] movement. His work is often marked by an intimate connection with nature and the spiritual elements of Garo traditions, creating a cinematic experience that is both immersive and contemplative.

He continues to work on projects that highlight the rich, diverse culture of Meghalaya and has become a prominent figure in promoting and representing Northeastern Indian cinema on global platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyajit Ray Film & Television Institute |url=https://srfti.ac.in/?page_id=16 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=srfti.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Abdul |title=Meghalaya filmmaker's Rapture bound for Cannes |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/meghalaya-filmmakers-rapture-bound-for-cannes/cid/1686836 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-07-11 |title='Rapture' reflects my own experience as a kid, says director Dominic Sangma |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/07/rapture-reflects-my-own-experience-as-a-kid-says-director-dominic-sangma/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Collaboration with China and other global partners ==
[[File:Dominic Sangma Xu Jianshang.jpg|thumb|300px|Dominic Sangma with Chinese producer Xu Jianshang at Guwahati International Film Festival in Guwahati. Photo by: [[Abdul Gani]]]]
Dominic Sangma's journey into international collaboration began with his diploma film, ''Rong'kuchak'' (Echoes), which was showcased at the student film festival at the [[Beijing Film Academy]]. It was there that Chinese producer Xu Jianshang, who was also studying at the academy, discovered Sangma's work and was instantly drawn to his storytelling style. This initial connection laid the foundation for a unique collaboration, leading Jianshang and Sangma to co-produce his debut feature film, ''[[Ma.Ama]]''. Their partnership continued with their second film, ''[[Rapture (2023 film)|Rapture]]'', which delves into the realm of magic realism, marking a shift from the personal to the imaginative in Sangma’s storytelling.

''Rapture'' received support from international film funds, including Hubert Bals, Visions Sud Est, and the [[Doha Film Institute]]. The film is produced by Sangma's Anna Films in collaboration with Xu Jianshang and Sun Li from China, along with Indian producers Anu Rangachar, Harsh Agarwal, Aditya Grover, and Stephen Zacharias. Additionally, Eva Gunme R. Marak, a patron of Northeast Indian arts based in Meghalaya, played a significant role in the project. This diverse production team highlights Sangma's commitment to fostering cross-cultural collaborations while bringing Northeast Indian narratives to a global audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2018-11-16 |title=Ma.Ama, the result of a unique Indo-China partnership |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mother-of-my-dreams/article25517803.ece |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2023-11-03 |title=Dominic Sangma On Fear Of Outsiders In Rare India-China Collaboration 'Rapture' – APSAs & Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/mumbai-film-festival-asia-pacific-screen-awards-dominic-sangma-rapture-1235591738/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2024-07-31 |title='Rapture' wins Best Cinematography award at Malaysia film festival |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/rapture-wins-best-cinematography-award-at-malaysia-film-festival/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2019-06-12 |title=This Man's Brilliant Stories Took Him from a Meghalaya Village to Cannes Film Festival! |url=https://thebetterindia.com/185859/cannes-film-festival-meghalaya-india-dominic-sangma/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release in France ==
Sangma's 'Rapture' was released in over 100 theatres across France in May 2024. The release was announced by Capricci Cinema in collaboration with Anna Films Shillong. The film explores the deep cultural and spiritual realms of the Garo community, captivating audiences worldwide and highlighting the rich heritage and traditions of [[Northeast India]] on an international platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Garo film released across 100 theatres in France |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/garo-film-released-across-100-theatres-in-france/articleshow/110161255.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film people from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

P. Ananda Kumar

2026-04-17T06:55:38Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: added new biography...

{{Short description|Indian molecular biologist and biotechnologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{notability|bio|date=April 2015}}
'''P. Ananda Kumar''' is an Indian plant molecular biologist and biotechnologist.<ref>[http://www.nrcpb.org/content/dr-p-ananda-kumar P.Ananda Kumar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903075902/http://www.nrcpb.org/content/dr-p-ananda-kumar |date=3 September 2014 }} at National Research Center on Plant Biotechnology</ref>

==Education==

Born in a small village [[Kuchipudi]], near [[Tenali]], [[Guntur]] district of [[South Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] Dr Kumar studied in the local S K V High School,<ref>SKV High School; http://skvhighschool.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231025005/http://skvhighschool.com/ |date=31 December 2018 }}</ref> VSR and NVR College, Tenali<ref>VSR & NVR College: http://www.vsrnvr.ac.in/</ref> and Siver Jubilee Government College, Kurnool.<ref>SJGC: http://www.sjgckurnool.in/</ref> He acquired M.Sc degree in Botany from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]].<ref>[http://bioasia.in/speaker-profile/pdf/2010/p-a-kumar.pdf P.Ananda Kumar] speaker profile at BioAsia.</ref> He joined Agricultural Research Service in 1978<ref>ICAR: http://www.icar.org.in/</ref> He started his research career at [[Central Tobacco Research Institute]], [[Rajahmundry]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ctri.org.in/ | title=CTRI Rajahmundry | access-date=7 January 2014 | archive-date=28 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428094304/http://www.ctri.org.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Before Joining ARS, he briefly served [[Central Rice Research Institute]], Cuttack as CSIR Junior Research Fellow from January 1978 to June 1978.

==Career==

Kumar moved to the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], [[New Delhi]] in 1979 and started working in the area of Plant Nitrogen Metabolism. His research contributions lead to the finding that the photorespiratory nitrogen cycle is an open process.<ref>Singh et al., 1985. Photorespiratory nitrogen cycle-A critical evaluation. Physiologia Plantarum 66: 169-176</ref> He discovered that nitrate reductase enzyme derives its reducing power from [[photorespiration]], considered a wasteful process by many plant physiologists.<ref>Kumar et al., 1988, Glycine supports in vivo reduction of nitrate in barley leaves. Plant Physiology 88: 1486-1488</ref> Kumar acquired Ph.D degree in [[plant physiology]] for his research on photorespiratory ammonia assimilation in crop species. Kumar worked as [[Alexander von Humboldt]] Fellow in the University of [[Hannover]], [[Germany]] in 1991 and 1992. [[Chloroplast]] targeting of [[cyanobacterial]] nitrate reductase was achieved in order to link nitrate reduction to photosynthetic electron transport.<ref>Kumar et al., 1993. Integration of a cyanobacterial protein involved in nitrate reduction into isolated Synechococcus but not into pea thylakoid membranes. European Journal of Biochemistry 214: 533-537</ref>

===Biotechnology===
Having acquired experience in molecular biology, Kumar started working on transgenic crops for insect resistance at Biotechnology Centre of IARI.<ref>Bt brinjal: http://www.livemint.com/Politics/vaCgPllEBDAnLEM8dR0GVL/Genetic-history.html</ref><ref>Pioneer of Bt brinjal: http://www.environmentportal.in/files/Bt%20Brinjal_2.pdf</ref> He developed Bt brinjal and field-tested it in 1995.<ref>Bt brinjal: Kumar et al., 1998 Insect-resistant transgenic brinjal plants. Molecular Breeding 4: 33-37</ref> The "Event 142" that expresses a Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Fa1 is highly effective against Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer. The Event 142 was licensed to private companies for commercialization. Another "Event 25" was developed in tomato for protection against Tomato Fruit Borer (''Helicoverpa armigera'').<ref>Bt tomato: Mandaokar et al., 2000, Transgenic tomato plants resistant to fruit borer. Crop Protection 19: 307-312</ref> Event 25 was also licensed to a private company. He also worked in the areas of ''Bacillus thuringiensis'', gene discovery, tissue specific promoters, protein purification and functional genomics of cotton, Ragi and brinjal.

===Bt Genes===
Dr Kumar constructed three codon modified genes encoding insecticidal proteins of ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' (Bt) viz., CryAc-F, Cry1Fa1 and Cry2Aa. Indian patents were granted for the first two genes.<ref>India Patent Number: 242768, 2010; http://ipindia.ni.in{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>India Patent number: 237912, 2010; http://ipindia.nic.in</ref> The patent application for ''cry2Aa'' gene was published in 2011. Several genetically modified events were generated in major crops by scientists in public research institutions and private companies. These events are currently being tested for biosafety under the GMO regulatory System of India.<ref>Bt brinjal BRL I: http://igmoris.nic.in/field_trials2009.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053007/http://igmoris.nic.in/field_trials2009.asp |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Genomics===
Dr Kumar also works in the area of plant genomics. He collaborated with Canadian institutions to sequence the Flax genome.<ref>Flax genome: Wang et al.,2012. The genome of flax (Linum usitatissimum) assembled de novo from short shotgun sequence reads. The Plant Journal 72: 461-473.</ref> Extensive work was carried out to unravel the genomics of cotton in relation to fibre development and the effect of abiotic and biotic stresses on cotton boll development.<ref>Cotton genomics: Padmalatha et al., 2012. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of cotton under drought stress reveal significant down-regulation of genes and pathways involved in fibre elongation and up-regulation of defense responsive genes. Plant Molecular Biology 78: 223–246</ref>

===NRCPB (NIPB)===
Dr Kumar was Director of National Research Centre for Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB) located on the campus of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. It is currently known as National Institute for Plant Biotechnology<ref>NRCPB: http://www.nrcpb.org/content/dr-p-ananda-kumar {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903075902/http://www.nrcpb.org/content/dr-p-ananda-kumar |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> NRCPB reached great heights during his tenure (2007-2012). The institute unveiled genome sequences of tomato, Pigeonpea and Linseed. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) was given impetus and several technologies were commercialized. The institute was conferred with 'Sardar Patel Best ICAR Institution Award' by ICAR and 'Mahindra Krishi Sansthan Award' by Mahindra and Mahindra.

===SPBB===
Dr Kumar is Secretary of the Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology (SPBB). Currently he is Vice-President of the SPBB. The society publishes a highly rated journal 'Journal of plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology' in collaboration with Springer.<ref>SPBB: http://spbbindia.org/about_us.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903052646/http://spbbindia.org/about_us.php |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref>

Dr Kumar organized a highly successful international conference at New Delhi (21–24 February 2012) on behalf of SPBB.<ref>Conference: http://www.spbbindia.org/icpbfs.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721115427/http://www.spbbindia.org/icpbfs.asp |date=21 July 2012 }}</ref> The conference was inaugurated by Prof. M.S. Swaminathan and attended by more than 600 national and international delegates.<ref>ICPBFS: http://www.icar.org.in/node/4318</ref> Currently, Dr. Kumar is the Vice-President of SPBB.

===ANGRAU===
Dr Kumar took over the responsibility of heading the 'Institute of Biotechnology' located in Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Hyderabad, India, as Director in August 2013.

===IIRR (DRR)===
Dr Kumar moved back to [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] after the university deputation was completed. He joined [[Directorate of Rice Research]] at Hyderabad in April 2015. The institute is currently known as Indian Institute of Rice Reseaech.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.drricar.org/ | title=Home}}</ref> His research focuses on the root genomics of rice under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phule |first=Amol S. |last2=Barbadikar |first2=Kalyani M. |last3=Madhav |first3=M. S. |last4=Senguttuvel |first4=P. |last5=Babu |first5=M. B. B. Prasad |last6=Ananda Kumar |first6=P. |date=2018-08-23 |title=Genes encoding membrane proteins showed stable expression in rice under aerobic condition: novel set of reference genes for expression studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1406-9 |journal=3 Biotech |language=en |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=383 |doi=10.1007/s13205-018-1406-9 |issn=2190-5738 |pmc=6107477 |pmid=30148033}}</ref>

===Director, IIRR===
Dr Kumar has taken charge of Director, IIRR with effect from 1 July 2017. He superannuated from ICAR service on 30 November 2017.<ref>Retirement: http://www.icar-iirr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=25&lang=en</ref>

===Humboldt Fellow===
After retirement, Dr Kumar joined the Institute of Botany, Leibniz University, Hannover as Alexander von Humboldt Senior Fellow. He worked on regeneration ''in vitro'' of a single cell C4 plant species ''Bienertia sinupersici''. He successfully regenerated it via somatic embryogenesis.

===Scientist Emeritus===
Dr Kumar joined ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) as Scientist Emeritus on October 1, 2018 to continue his research on genomics of rice under aerobic conditions.

===Editor===
Dr Kumar is the Production Editor of the Journal of Rice Research published by the Society for Advancement of Rice Research, India.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Journal | url=https://sarr.co.in/journal/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809134218/http://sarr.co.in/journal/ | access-date=2025-11-26 | archive-date=2022-08-09}}</ref>

===Historian===
Dr Kumar is an avid scholar and student of Indian history. He started writing on post-Kakatiya period of medieval Indian history in 2021. He published three books, one in Telugu and two in English.

1. ముసునూరి నాయకులు-వారసులు (in Telugu). Ananda Publications, Hyderabad; 2021.
2. Musunuri Nayaks: A Saga of National Resurgence published by [[Motilal Banarsidass]], New Delhi; 2024.
3. Pemmasani Nayaks: Vanguard of Vijayanagara, Ananda Publications, Hyderabad, 2025.

==Awards and honours==

* Young Scientist Award – INSA-1987.<ref>INSA Award: http://www.insaindia.org/youngmedal.php {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131011230428/http://www.insaindia.org/youngmedal.php |date=11 October 2013 }}</ref>
* Prof Hiralal Chakavarty Award – ISCA
* National Bioscience Award – DBT
* Recognition Award – NAAS-2007.<ref>NAAS Award: {{cite web |url=http://naasindia.org/award.html |title=NAAS - awards |accessdate=2015-11-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105033326/http://naasindia.org/award.html |archivedate=2015-11-05 }}</ref>
* [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award|VASVIK Award]];– VASVIK Foundation-2000.<ref>VASVIK Award: http://www.vasvik.org/agricultural_sciences%20_&_technology.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823010251/http://www.vasvik.org/agricultural_sciences%20_%26_technology.html |date=23 August 2017 }}</ref>
* Fellow – [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]].<ref>NAAS Fellowship: {{cite web |url=http://naasindia.org/fellowships.html |title=NAAS - fellowships |accessdate=2015-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127230718/http://naasindia.org/fellowships.html |archivedate=2015-01-27 }}</ref>
* Fellow - [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref>NASI Fellowship: http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044126/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* Fellow - Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences - 2016.<ref>AP Acedemy Fellowship: http://apas.org.in/elected-fellows-of-apas-during-the-year-2016.html</ref>
* Fellow – Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Germany - 1991 and 2018
* Dodla Raghava Reddy Medal - Plant Protection Association of India - 2016.
* Sardar Patel Best ICAR Institution Award - NRCPB (as Director)
* Mahindra Krishi Samriddhi Award - NRCPB (as Director)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, P. Ananda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]

C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib

2026-04-16T19:57:04Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: made first bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and government official}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| name = C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao
| image = The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award – 2006 to Shri Colathur Rama Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib, a distinguished bureaucrat, in New Delhi on March 20, 2006.jpg
| caption = President Dr. [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] presenting the [[Padma Vibhushan]] to Krishnaswamy Rao in 2006
| birth_name = Colathur Rama Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[British India]]<ref>{{cite book|title=India International Centre Quarterly, Volume 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3xDAAAAYAAJ|page=189|publisher=India International Centre|year=2007|quote=C.R. KRISHNASWAMY RAO SAHIB was born in Chennai in 1927, joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1950 and became a member of the Andhra Pradesh cadre.}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|02|12|1927|02|02}}<ref name=obit>{{cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cr-krishnaswamy-rao-sahib-passes-away/article4409702.ece |title=NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH : C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-02-13 |access-date=2013-02-14}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| order =
| office = 15th [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
| term_start = 30 April 1981
| term_end = 8 February 1985
| predecessor = [[S S Grewal]]
| prime_minister = [[Indira Gandhi]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| successor = [[P. K. Kaul]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| salary =
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| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse = Lalitha
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2006), Great Maratha Award (2009)
| signature = C.R.Krishnaswamy_Rao_signature.jpg
| signature_alt = CRK Rao sign
| website =
}}

'''Colathur Rama Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib''' (2 February 1927 – 12 February 2013)<ref name=obit/> was an Indian [[civil servant]] who served as [[Cabinet Secretary of India|15th Cabinet Secretary of India]] from 1981-1985. He also served as the Secretary to Prime Minister [[Charan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cabinet Secretaries|url=http://cabsec.nic.in/about_cabinet.php|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310080436/http://cabsec.nic.in/about_cabinet.php|archive-date=10 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> when [[Indira Gandhi]] became the Prime Minister of [[India]]. He was awarded the second highest civilian honor of India, [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2006, besides the ''Great Maratha Award'' in 2009.<ref name="maratha award">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/03/stories/2009050360010400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507173747/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/03/stories/2009050360010400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 May 2009 | title=Less scope for young bureaucrats to contribute to policy-making | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 May 2009 | access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> His maternal grandfather was [[R. Ramachandra Rao]], Collector of Nellore, who helped [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] during the latter's formative years.

==Life==
Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib was born in a prominent [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family on 2 February 1927 in [[Madras]], [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency, Issue 9|year = 1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykHVAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Pearl Press|page=246|quote= Rao Sahib; Belongs to the Desastha Madhwa Community.}}</ref> The family is connected to [[Arni Jagir]] family, Rao Sahib belongs to the junior branch of the Colathur family. Rao Sahib became a family title when the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] conferred it on his ancestor Vedaji Bhaskar Rao Pant. His maternal grandfather was [[R. Ramachandra Rao]], Collector of Nellore, who helped [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] during the latter's formative years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Feature Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buROw5DD6wsC&pg=PA137|page=137|author=N. Meera Raghavendra Rao|date = 12 September 2012|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn = 9788120345799|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref> Rao Sahib attended [[P.S. Higher Secondary School]] before receiving [[Bachelor of Science]] in physics from the [[Presidency College, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India International Centre Quarterly, Volume 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3xDAAAAYAAJ|page=189|publisher=India International Centre|year=2007}}</ref> Rao Sahib joined [[Indian Administrative Service]] on 1 February 1950.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil List of the Indian Administrative Service, Volume 28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9rstzteqBEC|publisher=The Ministry|year=1983|page=2}}</ref>

==Accolades==
He was also a great [[visionary]]. [[Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam]] credits him with propelling the idea of Integrated Guided Missile Programme of India during the 1980s, when there was tremendous criticism from the Armed forces that, not a single missile had been successfully developed so far.<ref>{{cite news|title=APJ Abdul Kalam credits Indira Gandhi for Agni-V missile success story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/apj-abdul-kalam-hails-indira-gandhi-for-agni-v-success-100264-2012-04-25|access-date=21 June 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Address to the Civil Service Officers 7th Civil Service Day|url=http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content_front.jsp?menuid=28&menuname=Speeches%20/%20Lectures&linkid=68&linkname=Recent&content=2063&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-|publisher=Abdul Kalam|date=21 April 2012|access-date=21 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212656/http://www.abdulkalam.com/kalam/jsp/display_content_front.jsp?menuid=28&menuname=Speeches%20%2F%20Lectures&linkid=68&linkname=Recent&content=2063&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=-|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{cquote|That was the time, Shri Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib made a remark which is still ringing in my mind. He said "Hon'ble Minister sir, I heard all the discussion. But I would like to convey one thing. The time has come, we have to take a decision, exploring new path with courage. We should not be mixed-up with the past. Presently, we are seeing a committed passionate leadership for the missile programme. I consider that all the missiles should be developed, simultaneously in an integrated way." ..... The total orders to the production agency for Prithvi, Agni, Akash missiles and the BrahMos first of its kind supersonic cruise missile are valued over 93 lakh crore. Such is the power of single vision of our political and bureaucratic leadership.
| author = [[Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, C. R. Krishnaswamy}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Rai Sahibs]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

List of incidents of cow vigilante violence in India

2026-04-15T14:23:45Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Starting some article added tags

{{short description|none}}
Cow vigilante violence refers to violence against those who are perceived to engage in cattle theft or slaughter. It is seen mainly in India, where cows are considered sacred to the Hindu majority. Many of the lynchings have been attributed to cow vigilantes who have taken it upon themselves to enforce laws against cow slaughter. In some states, the protection of cows, which are considered sacred in Hinduism, has been a significant issue, leading to violent actions against those suspected of harming or consuming cows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Supriya |date=2017-07-24 |title=The Meaning of India's 'Beef Lynchings' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/07/india-modi-beef-lynching-muslim-partition/533739/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

==Summary==
A number of incidents of violence have occurred. According to a June 2017 [[Reuters]] report, citing a data journalism website, a total of "28 Indians – 24 of them Muslims – have been killed and 124 injured since 2010 in cow-related violence".<ref name=":0" /> The frequency and severity of cow-related violence have been described as "unprecedented".<ref name=":0" /> The report stated that "Almost all of the 63 attacks since 2010 involving cow-related violence were recorded after Modi and his Hindu nationalist government came to power in 2014".<ref name=":0" />

== Targeting of Minorities ==
A significant number of the victims of these lynchings have been Muslims, as well as Dalits (members of the lowest caste in India’s traditional hierarchy). This has raised concerns about rising religious and caste-based intolerance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ayyub |first=Rana |date=2019-06-28 |title=What a Rising Tide of Violence Against Muslims in India Says About Modi's Second Term |url=https://time.com/5617161/india-religious-hate-crimes-modi/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Syedda |date=2020-06-07 |title=India: First mob lynching of Modi Era - THE INDIA OBSERVER |url=https://www.theindiaobserver.com/india-first-mob-lynching-of-modi-era/,%20https://www.theindiaobserver.com/india-first-mob-lynching-of-modi-era/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2020-03-01 |title=Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/india-delhi-after-hindu-mob-riot-religious-hatred-nationalists |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Before 1800s==
Cow slaughter has been punishable by death in many instances in Indian history. Under the [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior state]], people were executed for killing cows.<ref name="McLane2015p276">{{cite book|author=John R. McLane|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7023-3|pages=276–283}}</ref>

The "Holi Riot" of 1714 in [[Gujarat]] was in part cow-related.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ishrat Haque|title=Glimpses of Mughal Society and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8KbEa118soC&pg=PA92 |year=1992|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-81-7022-382-5|page=92}}</ref> A Hindu had attempted to start the spring festivities of [[Holi]] by burning a public [[Holika]] bonfire, a celebration that his Muslim neighbors objected to. The Muslims retaliated by slaughtering a cow in front of Hindu's house.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><ref name="Ghurye1968p305">{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/305 305]–306}}</ref> The Hindus gathered, attacked the Muslims, seized the Muslim butcher's son and killed him.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><ref name="Ghurye1968p305"/> The Muslims, aided by the Afghan army, sacked the neighborhood, which led Hindus across the city to retaliate. Markets and homes were burnt down. Many Hindus and Muslims died during the Holi riot.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/> The cycle of violence continued for a few days devastating the neighborhoods in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="Hasan2005p133">{{cite book|author1=Mushirul Hasan|author2=Asim Roy|title=Living Together Separately: Cultural India in History and Politics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5v56AAAAMAAJ |year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566921-3|pages=132–133, 135–139, 143–145}}</ref> The cow-related violence and riots repeated in the years that followed,<ref>{{cite book|author=Partha Sarathy Ghosh|title=BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sy-KAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-253-9|pages=155–156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James Campbell |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume IV: Ahmedabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xYIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA256 |year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|page=256}}</ref> though the only documented 18th-century riots in Ahmedabad are of 1714.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/>

==19th century==
According to Mark Doyle, the first cow protection societies on the Indian subcontinent were started by Kukas [Namdharis], a reformist group seeking to return Sikhism to the Hindu religion and rejecting core Sikh values such as not worshipping idols and animals.<ref name=doyle249>{{cite book|author=Mark Doyle|title=Communal Violence in the British Empire: Disturbing the Pax|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK2tDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-6826-4|pages=249 note 16}}</ref> The Namdharis were agitating for cow protection after the British annexed Punjab. In 1871, states Peter van der Veer, Namdharis killed Muslim butchers of cows in [[Amritsar]] and [[Ludhiana]], and viewed cow protection as a "sign of the moral quality of the state".<ref name="Veer1994p90">{{cite book|author=Peter van der Veer|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|pages=90–91}}</ref> According to Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf, Namdharis were agitating for the well-being of cows in the 1860s, and their ideas spread to Hindu reform movements.<ref name=metcalf152>{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ| year=2012|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-139-53705-6|pages=152–153}}</ref>

According to Judith Walsh, widespread cow protection riots occurred repeatedly in [[British India]] in the 1880s and 1890s. These were observed in regions of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], Bihar, [[Bengal]], [[Bombay Presidency]] and in parts of South [[Myanmar]] (Rangoon). The anti-Cow Killing riots of 1893 in Punjab caused the death of at least 100 people.<ref name=yang576>{{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Anand A. | title=Sacred Symbol and Sacred Space in Rural India: Community Mobilization in the "Anti-Cow Killing" Riot of 1893 | journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=22 | issue=4 | year=1980 | doi=10.1017/s0010417500009555 | pages=576–596| s2cid=143728142 }}</ref><ref name=Judith>{{cite book|author=Judith E. Walsh|title=A Brief History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekF9X3OwwMC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0825-4|pages=161–162}}</ref> The 1893 cow killing riots started during the Muslim festival of Bakr-Id, the riot repeated in 1894, and they were the largest riots in British India after the 1857 revolt.<ref name=doyle157>{{cite book|author=Mark Doyle|title=Communal Violence in the British Empire: Disturbing the Pax|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK2tDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-6826-4|pages=157–161}}</ref>

Riots triggered by cow-killings erupted in [[Lahore]], [[Ambala]], [[Delhi]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Bihar]] and other places in the late 19th century. In Bombay alone, several hundred people were killed or injured in cow-related violence in 1893, according to Hardy.<ref name="Hardy1972p140">{{cite book|author=P. Hardy|title=The Muslims of British India|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsofbritish0000hard |url-access=registration|year= 1972|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-09783-3|pages= [https://archive.org/details/muslimsofbritish0000hard/page/140 140]–141}}, Quote: "This assertiveness expressed itself in violent defense of the cow. (...) In the early nineties [1890s], rioting spread to the United Provinces and Bihar and in August 1893 there was a major disturbance in Bombay, in which several hundred people were killed or injured."</ref> One of the issues, states Walsh, in these riots was "the Muslim slaughter of cows for meat, particularly as part of religious festivals such as Bakr-Id".<ref name=Judith/> The cow protection-related violence were a part of larger communal riots, religious disputes, and class conflicts during the colonial era.<ref name=Judith/>

Elsewhere, in 1893 there were riots in [[Azamgarh]] and [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The Azamgarh riots were born out of administrative disputes regarding cow slaughter. Reportedly an inexperienced British officer (Henry Dupernex) ordered Muslims to register with the police, if they wished to slaughter cows for [[Eid al-Adha]]. Many of the Muslims interpreted the order as an invitation to sacrifice.<ref name=Groves>{{cite journal|title=Law, Religion and Public Order in Colonial India: Contextualising the 1887 Allahabad High Court Case on 'Sacred' Cows|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|author=Matthew Groves|pages=96–97}}</ref>

In the town of Mau, there were riots in 1806, states John McLane, that had led to Sadar Nizamat Adawlat to prohibit cow sacrifices in 1808.<ref name=mclane314/> The Hindus had interpreted this to mean a prohibition to all cattle slaughter. In early 19th-century the prohibition was enforced in a manner Hindu interpreted it. In the 1860s, the interpretation changed to Muslim version wherein cattle sacrifice was banned in 1808, but not cattle slaughter. This, states McLane, triggered intense dissatisfaction among Hindus.<ref name=mclane314/><ref name="Coplandp59">{{cite journal | last=Copland | first=Ian | title=What to do about cows? Princely versus British approaches to a South Asian dilemma | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=68 | issue=1 | year=2005 | doi=10.1017/s0041977x05000030 | pages=59–76| s2cid=159537827 }}</ref> Mau, with nearly half of its population being Muslim, resisted Hindu interpretation. When a "local Muslim ''zamindar'' (landowner) insisted on sacrificing an animal for his daughter's wedding", a group of local Hindus gathered to object, according to McLane.<ref name=mclane314/> Four thousand men from [[Ballia district]] and two thousand from [[Ghazipur district]] joined the Hindus in Mau to stop the sacrifice in 1893. They were apparently motivated by the belief that cows had not been killed in Mau since Akbar's time, but the British were now changing the rules to allow cow killing in new locations. The cow-protecting Hindus attacked the Muslims and looted a bazaar in Mau. The British officials estimated seven Muslims were killed in the riots, while locals placed the toll at 200.<ref name=mclane314>{{cite book|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|author=John R. McLane| publisher= Princeton University Press | isbn= 978-1-4008-7023-3| pages=314–315|date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

==20th century==
Cattle protection-related violence continued in the first half of the 20th century. Examples of serious cow protection agitation and riots include the 1909 Calcutta riot after Muslims sacrificed a cow in public, the 1912 Faizabad riots after a Maulvi taunted a group of Hindus about a cow he was with, the 1911 Muzaffarpur riot when in retribution for cow slaughter by Muslims, the Hindus threatened to desecrate a mosque.<ref name="Thursby1975p80">{{cite book|author=Gene R. Thursby|title=Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928|url=https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-04380-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur/page/80 80]–83}}</ref> In 1916 and 1917, over the Muslim festival of Eid-ul-Adha, two riots broke out in Patna with widespread rioting, looting and murders in major cities of Bihar. The British officials banned cow slaughter during Muslim Id festival of sacrifice. According to British colonial records, Hindu crowds as large as 25,000 attacked Muslims on Id day, violence broke out at multiple sites simultaneously, and civil authorities were unable to cope with.<ref name="Thursby1975p80"/> Many serious anti cow slaughter and cow protection-related riots broke out between 1917 and 1928 across India particularly on Muslim festival of sacrifice, from Punjab through Delhi to Orissa, leading to the arrests of hundreds.<ref name="Thursby1975p80"/>

In the 1920s, over 100 riots, 450 deaths and 5,000 injuries were recorded in [[Bengal]] which was divided in 1947 into [[East Pakistan]] and [[West Bengal]]. Two primary causes of the violence, states Nitish Sengupta, were Hindus [[Durga Puja]] processions playing music which continued as they passed near Muslim mosques, and Muslims killing cows in open during [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-ul-Adha]].<ref name="Sengupta2011p347">{{cite book|author=Nitish K. Sengupta|title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC |year=2011|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|pages=347–348}}</ref>

In 1946, rumors spread in Bengal that Hindus had secretly conspired to stop cow sacrifice on Eid-ul-Adha by bringing in Sikhs and arms into their homes. On the day of Islamic festival of sacrifice (September 1946), states Batabyal, the rumor spread among the Bengali Muslims congregated in mosques. The crowd coming out of the mosques then raided a large number of Hindu homes trying to find the arms and the Sikhs. Violence continued for about a week with "frequent instances of stray killings" and looting.<ref>{{cite book|author=R Batabyal|title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96_LRi9O06oC|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9|pages=279–280}}</ref>

After the 1947 Partition of the Indian subcontinent into Pakistan and India, frequent riots and fatal violence broke in newly created India over cow slaughter. Between 1948 and 1951, cow slaughter led to a spate of riots broke out in Azamgarh, Akola, Pilbhit, Katni, Nagpur, Aligarh, Dhubri, Delhi and Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/313 313]–314}}</ref> Riots triggered by slaughter of cows continued in rural and urban locations of India in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/335 335]–344}}</ref> According to Ian Copland and other scholars, it was the practical stop of cow sacrifice ritual as Islamic festivals after 1947 that largely led to a reduction in riots from the peak observed just before India's independence.<ref name="Copland2013p237">{{cite book|author1=Ian Copland|author2=Ian Mabbett|author3=Asim Roy, Kate Brittlebank and Adam Bowles|title=A History of State and Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWcZulI5tL0C&pg=PA238| year=2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-45950-4|pages =237–239}}</ref> The riots, the add, re-emerged in the 1960s, when a new generation of Muslims born after the independence reached adolescence, who were less aware of the trauma of religious violence in India of the 1940s, began to assert their rights.<ref name="Copland2013p237"/>

In 1966, 100 members of Indian parliament signed a petition for a nationwide ban on cow slaughter. Hindu ''sadhus'' (monks) gathered in Delhi to protest against cow slaughter, launched ''go-raksha'' (cow protection) agitation and demanded a ban. During a huge procession that was walking towards the parliament to press their demand, before they could reach the parliament, some people began a disturbance and rioting started.<ref>{{cite book|author=Indrani Jagjivan Ram|title=Milestones: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYCynd34aIwC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08187-5|pages=215–218}}</ref> These riots killed eight people.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} Indira Gandhi, the newly nominated Prime Minister, continued her father's policy of no national ban on cow slaughter.<ref name="Kalhan1997">{{cite book|author=Promilla Kalhan|title=Gulzarilal Nanda: A Life in the Service of the People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuhcRfddkQMC |year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-693-1|pages=54–57, 120–131}}</ref>

==21st century==
===2002===
In 2002, five Dalit youths were killed by a mob in [[Jhajjar district]], [[Haryana]] after accusations of cow slaughter. The mob were reportedly led by members of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], according to Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/asia6.html|title=World Report 2003 - India|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35516.htm |title= India: International Religious Freedom Report 2004; BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR|year=2004|author=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref> According to People's Union for Democratic Rights, the Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Gauraksha Samiti have defended violent vigilantism around cow protection as sentiments against the "sin of cow-slaughter" and not related to "the social identity of the victims".<ref>{{citation |author=People's Union for Democratic Rights |chapter=Dalit Lynching at Dulina: Cow-Protection, Caste and Communalism |editor=Ujjwal Kumar Singh |title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7829-884-9 |page=155}}, Quote: "It needs to be recalled that the very first response of the VHP and the Gauraksha Samiti was to glorify the killings as just retribution for the sin of cow-slaughter. The social identity of the victims appeared unimportant, except that they were possibly cow-slaughterers".</ref> Various groups, such as the families of the Dalits victims of cow-related violence in 2002, did not question the legitimacy of cow protection but questioned instead the false allegations.<ref>{{citation |author=People's Union for Democratic Rights |chapter=Dalit Lynching at Dulina: Cow-Protection, Caste and Communalism |editor=Ujjwal Kumar Singh |title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7829-884-9 |pages=155}}, Quote: "Noticeably none of the groups concerned, including the state, disputed that the response of the mob was a completely understandable response to cow-slaughter. The emphasis was rather on the truth value of the allegation itself. It is evident that the issue of cow-protection is central to an understanding of the incident."</ref>

=== 2005 ===
In March, 2005 a Muslim cattle trader and his son, Hajabba and Hasanabba were stripped and assaulted in outskirts of [[Udupi]] by [[Cow vigilante violence in India|Cow vigilante]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-14 |title=Coastal Karnataka: Communal cauldron |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/communal-cauldron/article23594934.ece |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|10 June 2012

|Joga, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
|0
|2
|Villagers led by activists of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and the Goshala Sangh, set a factory, two houses on fire following reports of cow slaughter in factory premises.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cow-slaughter-reports-trigger-violence-in-punjab-town/article3512572.ece|title=Cow slaughter reports trigger violence in Punjab town|last=Pandher|first=Sarabjit|date=2012-06-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== 2013 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|20 August 2013
|[[Chandan Nagar, Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|
|35
|Communal tensions rise over recovery of cow carcass; 35 including 25 policemen, were injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/27-policemen-among-35-injured-in-indore-violence.html|title=27 policemen among 35 injured in Indore violence|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>
|-
|30 August 2013
|[[Rewari]], [[Haryana]]
|
|
|Mobs on a rampage at two places in the state; torch 65 vehicles, attack police after intercepting trucks carrying cattle and cow flesh. State-owned buses, 50 police and other vehicles set on fire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/mobs-against-cow-slaughter-attack-vehicles-police-1074519.html|title=Mobs against cow slaughter attack vehicles, police|website=Firstpost|date=31 August 2013|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>
|}

===2014===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|14 August 2014

|[[Haryana]]
|0
|2
|Muslim meat sellers beaten up in Delhi border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dotodatabase.com/view/muslim-meat-sellers-beaten-up-in-delhi-border|title=DOTO - Documentation Of The Oppressed|website=dotodatabase.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124808/http://dotodatabase.com/view/muslim-meat-sellers-beaten-up-in-delhi-border|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|23 August 2014
|[[Pumpwell]], [[Karnataka]]
|
|3
|Three men were transporting 13 cattle when a drunk mob attacked them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/67695-mangalore-inebriated-sadists-brutally-attack-youth-while-transporting-cattle|title=Mangalore: Inebriated sadists brutally attack youth while transporting cattle|date=2014-08-24|website=Coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India, Coastal Karnataka|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref>
|-
|7 October 2014
|[[Gujarat]]
|0
|5
|Alleged cow slaughter; Police and Muslims clashed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dotodatabase.com/view/alleged-cow-slaughter--police-and-muslims-clashed|title=DOTO - Documentation Of The Oppressed|website=dotodatabase.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155125/http://dotodatabase.com/view/alleged-cow-slaughter--police-and-muslims-clashed|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|8 October 2014
|[[Bihar]]
|0
|1
|Rumors of beef related issue on the occasion of Bakr-Eid that led to communal tension.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dotodatabase.com/view/rumour-led-to-communal-tension|title=DOTO - Documentation Of The Oppressed|website=dotodatabase.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155133/http://dotodatabase.com/view/rumour-led-to-communal-tension|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|11 October 2014
|[[Bihar]]
|0
|2
|Following rumors of a severed cow head being found at a temple across the town communal tension arises in [[Kishanganj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dotodatabase.com/view/communal-tensions-in-kishanganj|title=DOTO - Documentation Of The Oppressed|website=dotodatabase.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-01|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801160556/http://dotodatabase.com/view/communal-tensions-in-kishanganj|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===2015===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|30 May 2015
|[[Rajasthan]]
|1
|
|A 60-year-old man who ran a meat shop was beaten to death by a mob with sticks and iron rods.<ref name="HRW16">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/india-cow-protection-spurs-vigilante-violence|title=India: 'Cow Protection' Spurs Vigilante Violence|date=27 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2 August 2015
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|3
|
|According to Human Rights Watch, "purported animal rights activists allegedly belonging to People for Animals" beat three men to death, after the victims were found carrying buffaloes.<ref name="HRW16" />
|-
|28 September 2015
|Bisahda village, [[Dadri|Dadri, Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|1
|A mob of villagers attacked the home of a Muslim man [[2015 Dadri lynching|Mohammed Akhlaq]], with sticks and bricks, who they suspected of stealing and slaughtering a stolen cow calf, in Bisahda village near [[Dadri]], Uttar Pradesh. 52 year-old Mohammad Akhlaq Saifi (Ikhlaq according to some sources) died in that attack and his son, 22-year-old Danish was seriously injured.<ref name="AlJ-Rumors2">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/indian-mob-kills-man-cow-slaughter-rumour-150930193719666.html|title=Indian mob kills man over beef eating rumour|date=1 October 2015|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|9 October 2015
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1
|
|A [[List of Hindu organisations|right-wing Hindu]] mob in Udhampur district threw gasoline bombs at an 18-year-old trucker. The mob had incorrectly suspected the trucker of transporting beef.<ref name="HRW16"/>
|-
|14 October 2015
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|1
|4
|A mob beat a 22-year old to death, and injured four others, after suspecting them of transporting cows. Police immediately arrested the victims of the attack, accusing them of cow slaughter.<ref name="HRW16"/> Later police said they would investigate if [[Bajrang Dal]] was behind the attack.
|-
|9 December 2015
|Bhanukeri Village, [[Karnal|Karnal, Haryana]]
|1
|
|One killed as cow vigilante group opens fire at 40 migrant workers<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/cow-vigilante-team-shoots-dead-migrant-in-karnal/story-UosGda1irUJaruKHOxUbQL.html|title='Cow vigilante' team shoots dead migrant in Karnal|date=2015-12-09|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===2016===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|14 January 2016
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|0
|2
|A Muslim couple was beaten up inside a train by members of Gau raksha samithi in Khikriya railway station in [[Harda]], Madhya Pradesh on suspicion of carrying a bag containing beef.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35320637|title=India muslim couple attacked over rumours of carrying beef|work=BBC}}</ref>
|-
|18 March 2016
|[[Jharkhand]]
|2
|
|In the [[2016 Jharkhand mob lynching|Jharkhand lynching]], two Muslim cattle traders were attacked, allegedly by cattle-protection vigilantes in Balumath forests in Latehar district in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/03/19/cattle-traders-killed-ranchi_n_9504182.html|title=Muslim Cattle Traders Beaten To Death In Ranchi, Bodies Found Hanging From A Tree|work=Huffington Post India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/jharkhand/another-dadri-like-incident-two-muslims-herding-cattle-killed-in-jharkhand_1867361.html|title=Another Dadri-like incident? Two Muslims herding cattle killed in Jharkhand; five held|date=19 March 2016|work=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/5-held-in-jharkhand-killings-section-144-imposed-in-the-area-1218536.html|title=5 held in Jharkhand killings, section 144 imposed in the area|date=19 March 2016|work=News18|archive-date=8 April 2016|access-date=22 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408070702/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/5-held-in-jharkhand-killings-section-144-imposed-in-the-area-1218536.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The attackers killed Mazlum Ansari, aged 32, and Imteyaz Khan, aged 15, who were found hanging from a tree.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/03/19/cattle-traders-killed-ranchi_n_9504182.html|title=Muslim Cattle Traders Beaten To Death In Ranchi, Bodies Found Hanging From A Tree|last1=Hebbar|first1=Prajakta|date=19 March 2016|access-date=19 March 2016|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>
|-
|11 July 2016
|[[Gujarat]]
|0
|4
|A group of six men attacked four Dalit men after finding them skinning a dead cow. The four were chained to a car, stripped, and beaten with iron rods.<ref name="HRW16"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/four-dalit-men-stripped-beaten-by-cow-protection-vigilantes-in-gujarat/story-vGhVgYXeHa0h8DwIiXfqQN.html|title=Four Dalit men stripped, beaten by cow protection vigilantes in Gujarat|date=12 July 2016|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|17 July 2016
|[[Karnataka]]
|0
|4
|4 dalits including a physically challenged person were beaten up by [[Bajrang Dal]] activists in [[Chikkamagalur]] district of Karnataka on suspicion of eating beef.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/four-dalit-youths-beaten-up-for-eating-beef-in-karnataka-1273298.html|title=Four dalit youths beaten up for eating beef in Karnataka|work=News18}}</ref>
|-
|30 July 2016
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|
|A Muslim family was attacked by a mob on allegation of cow slaughter in [[Muzaffarnagar]], Uttar Pradesh. The victims were arrested on charges of cow slaughter but no case was registered against the members of the mob.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/muzaffarnagar-cow-slaughter-mob-attacks-muslim-family-no-police-case-filed-yet-beef-ban-uttar-pradesh-2948874/|title=Muzaffarnagar: mob attacks muslim family over cow slaughter, two days on no police case filed yet|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

===2017===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|5 April 2017
|[[Rajasthan]]
|1
|6
|In the [[2017 Alwar mob lynching|Alwar lynching]], Pehlu Khan, a dairy farmer from Nuh district of Haryana, was murdered by a group of 200 cow vigilantes affiliated with right-wing Hindutva groups in Alwar, Rajasthan, India. Six others who were with Pehlu Khan were also beaten by the cow vigilantes.<ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |date=5 April 2017 |title=Hindu Cow Vigilantes in Rajasthan, India, Beat Muslim to Death |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/world/asia/india-cow-mob-hindu-vigilantes.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604135330/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/05/world/asia/india-cow-mob-hindu-vigilantes.html |archive-date=2023-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-39511556|title=Beaten to death for being a dairy farmer|date=8 April 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref> The state government initially charged the victims with "cruelty to animals" under the state law prohibiting cattle slaughter.<ref name="HRW16"/>
|-
|20 April 2017
|[[Assam]]
|2
|
|Two men, in their 20s, were allegedly killed by a mob of cow vigilantes, after being accused of trying to steal cows for slaughter.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
|-
|24 April 2017
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|0
|5
|A family of five, including a 9-year-old girl, were attacked and injured; police arrested 11 so-called cow vigilantes in connection with the attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/cow-protection-vigilantes-held-jammu-kashmir-170424081028194.html|title=Cow-protection vigilantes held in Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> A video of the attack showed the assailants demolishing the shelter of the family; policemen were visible in the video, apparently unable to intervene.<ref name="HRW16"/>
|-
|23 April 2017
|[[Delhi]]
|0
|3
|Three men transporting buffaloes were injured after being beaten by a group stating they were members of the animal rights activist group [[People for Animals]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/three-men-transporting-buffaloes-beaten-up-in-delhi-by-animal-rights-activists/story-OxCMIKq2Oce9XtVfi7IzDI.html|title=3 men transporting buffaloes beaten up in Delhi by 'animal rights activists'|last1=Pratap Singh|first1=Karn|date=24 April 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="HRW16"/>
|-
|23 June 2017
|Delhi-Ballabhgarh train
|1
|3
|Four Muslims were lynched allegedly over rumors of eating beef.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tughlakabad-men-fall-prey-beef-rumour-one-lynched-three-injured-731955|title=Four men went Eid shopping; beef rumor consumed one, three hospitalized|access-date=23 June 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/eid-shopping-1-lynched-3-beaten-delhi-ballabhgarh-train-984303-2017-06-23|title=Man lynched, 3 thrashed over rumours of beef eating on Delhi-Ballabhgarh train route|access-date=23 June 2017|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> According to the police, the victims had arguments over meat with their co-passengers who attacked them with knife.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-one-lynched-three-injured-on-suspicion-of-consuming-beef-near-delhi-387752|title=One lynched, three injured on suspicion of consuming beef near Delhi|access-date=23 June 2017|publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref>
|-
|1 May 2017
|[[Assam]]
|2
|
|Two Muslim men were lynched in [[Nagaon district]] of Assam on suspicion of stealing cows. While the police managed to rescue the men, both of them died of their injuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mob-lynches-two-cattle-thieves-in-assam-4634703/|title=Two 'cattle thieves' lynched in Assam|date=1 May 2017|access-date=23 June 2017|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|12 May 2017 – 18 May 2017
|[[Jharkhand]]
|9
|2
|At least nine people were killed, including 4 [[Muslim]] cattle traders, in four different incidents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/142683/jharkhand-mob-lynching-aftermath/|title=Aftermath of Jharkhand mob lynching is reflective of the State's brewing political turmoil|last1=Mahaprashasta|first1=Ajoy Ashirwad|date=2 June 2017|work=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)]]|access-date=2 October 2017|quote=Days after nine people were killed in four different incidents of mob lynching in the Kolhan division of Jharkhand}}</ref>
|-
|22 June 2017
|[[West Bengal]]
|3
|
|Three Muslim men were lynched in [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur]] for allegedly trying to steal cows. A police complaint was made by the mother of the deceased Nasir Haque. According to the Superintendent of Police Amit Kumar Bharat Rathod, the police arrested 3 people and were conducting further investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/west-bengal-three-men-beaten-to-death-in-dinajpur-district-for-allegedly-stealing-cows-4720031/|title=Three men beaten to death in West Bengal's Dinajpur district for allegedly stealing cows|date=24 June 2017|access-date=24 June 2017|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|27 June 2017
|[[Jharkhand]]
|0
|1
|Usman Ansari, a 55-year-old Muslim dairy owner, was beaten up and his house set on fire by a mob in [[Giridih district]]. According to the police, a headless carcass of a cow was found near his house. The police said that they were forced to perform a [[Baton charge|''lathi''-charge]], and to fire in the air, to rescue the victim, who was later treated in hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/muslim-dairy-owner-beaten-up-house-set-on-fire-in-jharkhand-on-suspicion-of-cow-slaughter/story-pX2HEA3mWercRLn5DqHPzL.html|title=Muslim dairy owner beaten up, house set on fire in Jharkhand on suspicion of cow slaughter|date=28 June 2017|access-date=29 June 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|29 June 2017
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|
|Alimuddin, alias Asgar Ansari, was beaten to death by a mob in the village of Bajartand, allegedly for carrying beef. According to Additional Director General of police RK Mallik, the murder was premeditated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/man-accused-of-carrying-beef-killed-in-jharkhand-police-says-premeditated-murder-1718626|title=Man Accused Of Carrying Beef Killed In Jharkhand, Police Says 'Premeditated Murder'|access-date=29 June 2017|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
|-
|10 November 2017
|[[Alwar|Alwar, Rajasthan]]
|1
|1
|Two cattle traders named Ummar Khan and Tahir Khan were allegedly thrashed and fired at by cow vigilantes. Ummar died on the spot due to bullet wounds, while Tahir was admitted to hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/cow-vigilantes-strike-again-in-alwar-gun-down-man-transporting-cattle-no-fir-yet-1574297.html|title=Cow Vigilantes Gun Down Man in Alwar, Throw Body on Tracks to Show it as Accident|work=News18|access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/alwar-muslim-man-transporting-in-cows-shot-dead-allegedly-by-gau-rakshaks/304232|title=Alwar: Muslim Man Transporting Cows Shot Dead Allegedly By 'Gau Rakshaks'|work=Outlook India|access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41966562 Muslim man lynched], BBC, 13 November 2017</ref>
|}

===2018===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|13 June 2018
|[[Jharkhand|Dullu, Jharkhand]]
|2
|
|Sirabuddin Ansari (35) and Murtaza Ansari (30) lynched in Jharkhand over alleged cattle theft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-muslims-lynched-in-jharkhand-on-suspicion-of-cattle-theft/story-I62BE5BsRWrMhXqZLTFMpO.html|title=Two Muslim men lynched in Jharkhand's Godda on suspicion of cattle theft|date=2018-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-jharkhand-men-lynched-for-stealing-cattle/article24157702.ece|title=Two lynched in Jharkhand for stealing cattle|date=2018-06-13|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|14 June 2018
|[[Bareilly|Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|
|Meat Seller Thrashed by UP Police for 'Cow Slaughter' Dies in AIIMS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/meat-seller-thrashed-by-up-police-for-cow-slaughter-dies-in-aiims|title=Meat Seller Thrashed by UP Police for 'Cow Slaughter' Dies in AIIMS|website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|20 June 2018
|[[Hapur|Hapur, Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|
|45-year-old Qasim lynched in UP over cow slaughter rumour <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/45-year-old-lynched-in-up-over-cow-slaughter-rumour/articleshow/64657036.cms|title=45-year-old lynched in UP over cow slaughter rumour | Meerut News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 June 2018 }}</ref> This incident was at the center of a sting operation conducted by [[NDTV India|NDTV]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-to-take-up-hapur-lynching-on-petition-over-ndtv-expose-in-which-accused-boast-on-camer-1896418|title=Supreme Court To Take Up Hapur Lynching On Petition Over NDTV Expose|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref> The Chief Justice of India agreed to hear the case based on the sting operation footage.<ref name=":12" />
|-
|20 July 2018
|[[Rajasthan]]
|1
|
|31 year old Rakbar Khan was lynched by a mob on allegation of cattle smuggling in [[Alwar]], Rajasthan. A police officer was suspended for delaying medical treatment to the victim as he tried to arrange shelter for the cows before taking injured Rakbar to the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cow-vigilantes-strike-in-alwar-again-kill-youth/articleshow/65086684.cms|title=Cow vigilantes strike in Alwar again, kill youth|work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|30 August 2018
|Lakshmanpur village, [[Bairampur, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|0
|1
|70 year old Kailash Nath Shukla was taking his cattles to another village for treatment, on his way a mob stopped him and assaulted him badly and threw him in a gutter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inuth.com/india/cow-vigilantes-strike-again-thrash-70-year-old-up-man-whos-taking-his-cow-to-a-vet/|title=In UP, Cow Vigilantes Attack 70-Year-Old Man Who Was Taking His Cow To A Vet|date=3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|3 December 2018
|[[Bulandshahr|Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh]]
|2
|
|A protest against illegal cow slaughter erupted into riots resulting in the death of two; a police officer named Subodh Kumar Singh and a protesting youth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-police-inspector-killed-in-clashes-in-bulandshahr-1401348-2018-12-03|title=UP cop, civilian killed in clashes over illegal cow slaughter in Bulandshahr|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46427370|title=Policeman killed in 'cow slaughter' protest|date=2018-12-03|work=BBC News}}</ref> Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] described the violence as an 'accident' and denied the occurrence of lynchings in [[Uttar Pradesh]] even though the DGP hinted about the possibility of a larger conspiracy behind the incident aimed at inciting communal violence in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/no-lynching-up-bulandshahr-accident-yogi-adityanath-1405003-2018-12-08|title=Bulandshahr: Yogi terms violence an accident|work=India Today}}</ref>
|}

===2019===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|7 April 2019
|[[Bishwanath Chariali]], [[Assam]]
|
|1
|A Muslim man was harassed, humiliated, insulted and beaten by the mobs over beef. The mob suspected 68-year-old Shaukat Ali of selling beef and cornered him, thrashed him, and proceeded to force-feed him pork.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/assam-mob-attack-shaukat-ali|title=Shaukat Ali's Humiliation and the Dehumanisation of the Human Condition|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref>
|-
|11 April 2019
|[[Gumla]], [[Jharkhand]]
|1
|3
|A 50-year-old Christian man was killed and three other were assaulted and beaten by a mob.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mob-lynches-villager-for-allegedly-cutting-dead-bull-in-jharkhand-s-gumla/story-0VTjAEJvf5IKNMlM70QrlL.html|title=Mob lynches villager for allegedly cutting dead bull in Jharkhand's Gumla|date=2019-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-gumla-based-old-man-dead-in-mob-lynching-three-villegers-badly-injured-19125741.html|title=Mob Lynching: झारखंड के गुमला में मॉब लिंचिंग, वृद्ध को पीटकर मार डाला; तीन घायल|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>
|-
|16 May 2019
|[[Bhaderwah]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1
|
|A Muslim man, Nayeem Ahmed Shah, 50, was shot in the head and died on the spot while another, Yasin Hussain, was injured by "cow vigilantes" over cow-smuggling while families of both denied any animal was carried out by any of them. Soon after the killings protests erupted, with protesters demanding justice while damaging five vehicles, setting afire a three-wheeler. Police used batons, tear gas and imposed curfew to prevent the religious riots. Police arrested two people in connection with the arson incident and 7 were being detained for questioning.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/muslim-man-killed-in-new-suspected-india-cow-lynching|title=Muslim man killed in new suspected India 'cow lynching'|date=2019-05-16|website=The Straits Times|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nayeem-ahmad-shah-who-was-killed-by-cow-vigilantes-in-jammus-bhaderwah-was-carrying-no-animal-during-attack-claims-relative-6646081.html|title=Nayeem Ahmad Shah, who was killed by cow vigilantes in Jammu's Bhaderwah, was carrying no animal during attack, claims relative|website=Firstpost|date=16 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/man-shot-dead-in-jk-cow-vigilantes-blamed/article27153409.ece|title=Man shot dead in J&K, cow vigilantes blamed|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=2019-05-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|22 May 2019
|[[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh]]
|
|4
|A couple and two men were thrashed by a group of vigilantes for allegedly carrying beef in an auto-rickshaw at a village in Madhya Pradesh. In a video of the incident shot by an eyewitness on a mobile phone, the assailants also forced one of the men to beat up the woman accompanying them. The woman was seen being hit repeatedly with a slipper on the head and covered with a piece of cloth, as she curled up on the gravel and endured the blows in silence from the attacker.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/may/25/madhya-pradesh-three-muslims-thrashed-made-to-chant-jai-sri-ram-for-allegedly-carrying-beef-1981655.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525154301/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/may/25/madhya-pradesh-three-muslims-thrashed-made-to-chant-jai-sri-ram-for-allegedly-carrying-beef-1981655.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 25, 2019|title=Three Muslims thrashed, made to chant 'Jai Shri Ram' in MP for allegedly carrying beef, miscreants arrested|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/woman-thrashed-3-tied-to-tree-beaten-over-beef-rumour-in-madhya-pradesh-2042812|title=On Video, Woman Among 3 Thrashed Over Beef Rumour In Madhya Pradesh|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newswing.com/mob-lynching-beating-three-including-women-name-goraksha-video-viral/110909/|title=मॉब लिंचिंग : गोरक्षा के नाम पर महिला समेत तीन की पिटाई, वीडियो वायरल|date=25 May 2019|website=newswing.com|access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> The police learned of the incident after "two" days that was also only because of viral videos on Twitter and other social media sites.<ref name=":22" /> Police arrested both suspects and victims as according to police, victims did not sustain any "serious" injuries and the cow vigilantes had informed them that victims were allegedly carrying 150 kg of red meat in an auto rickshaw and a two-wheeler from Khairi village, police seized the meat, the three-wheeler and the scooter and sent them to Judicial Custody for Allegedly Carrying Red Meat as possession, transportation or sale of beef is illegal in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/muslim-youths-thrashed-seoni-madhya-pradesh-suspicion-of-beef|title=MP Gau Raksha Attack: Cops Arrest Both Accused and Victims|date=2019-05-25|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Five suspects were also arrested under IPC Sections 143, 148, 149, 341, 294, 323 and 506 and also Section 25 of the Arms Act.<ref name=":32" /> The incident and the behavior of the police faced wide condemnation and backlash by some Indian politicians and people.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/muslims-thrashed-gau-rakshaks-jai-shree-ram-slogans-1534302-2019-05-25|title=3 Muslims thrashed by gau rakshaks, made to shout Jai Shree Ram slogans|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-05-27|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
|1 June 2019
|[[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|4
|Four including two Muslim labourers were beaten by Mob for allegedly eating meat. Surviving labourers said they were eating vegetarian food. Police started their investigation to arrest the attackers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/four-workers-beaten-up-in-india-for-eating-meat-1.64325346|title=Four workers beaten up in India for eating meat|website=gulfnews.com|date=June 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/crime/article/mercilessly-thrashed-for-eating-meat-near-place-of-worship-labourers-claim-they-were-having-vegetarian-food/429423|title=Mercilessly thrashed for 'eating meat near place of worship', labourers claim they were having vegetarian food {{!}} Crime News|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=June 2019 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref>
|-
|3 June 2019
|[[Bhabhua]], [[Bihar]]
|
|1
|The driver of a truck carrying bones was attacked a mob. Police reached the spot on time and rescued him from lynching. Cow vigilantes opposed the police action and demanded they hand over the driver, also threatening the police officer would be removed from service and face dire consequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-police-save-man-from-being-lynched-by-cow-vigilantes/story-lAManm3g4HeeSHbJSbUJOO.html|title=Bihar police save man from being lynched by cow vigilantes|date=5 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|25 June 2019
|[[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
|
|2
|Two men were beaten and thrash by cow vigilantes in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]. The men were admitted to a civil government hospital in Gurugram and later referred to Rohtak Medical College.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/cow-vigilantes-gurugram-1556251-2019-06-26|title=Cow vigilantes in Gurugram thrash 2 on suspicion of carrying beef|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/2-men-beaten-up-by-cow-vigilantes-for-allegedly-transporting-beef-in-gurugram-119062700258_1.html|title=2 men beaten up by cow vigilantes for allegedly transporting beef in Gurugram|date=27 June 2019|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>
|-
|18 July 2019
|[[Baniapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baniapur]], [[Bihar]]
|3
|
|Three men were lynched and beaten by a mob and on referred them to a hospital at [[Chhapra]], where doctors on inspection declared them as dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/bihar-three-men-lynched|title=Bihar: Three Men Beaten to Death by Lynch Mob|website=thewire.in|publisher=The Wire|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bihar-chhapra-mob-lynching-three-men-thrashed-to-death-by-mob-in-baniyapur-village-in-saran-district-trio-was-suspected-of-stealing-cattle-7021891.html|title=Three men thrashed to death by mob in Baniyapur village in Bihar's Saran district; trio was suspected of stealing cattle|website=firstpost.com|date=19 July 2019|publisher=First Post|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|9 August 2019
|[[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|1
|A driver was assaulted by five persons, including a woman, they broke the windows of the vehicle, overturned it and disrupting traffic, who were later arrested by the police. The driver was transporting carcasses of dead cattle to disposal plant in Chhajarsi village but the cow vigilantes were spreading fake news about cow slaughter to the crowd which created ruckus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/five-arrested-for-causing-violence-in-name-of-cow-slaughter/story-DbusyScpguoBukvbkzIgdN.html|title=Five arrested for causing violence in name of cow slaughter in Greater Noida|date=2019-08-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref>
|-
|23 September 2019
|[[Khunti]], [[Jharkhand]]
|1
|2
|Three tribal men were beaten by Bajrang dal people on the suspicion of selling beef in Khunti. Among three one was dead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-villagers-blame-bajrang-dal-workers-for-khunti-lynching-1602356-2019-09-23|title=Jharkhand: Villagers blame Bajrang Dal workers for Khunti lynching|first1=Satyajeet|last1= Kumar|date=September 23, 2019|website=India Today|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/jharkhand-mob-lynching-three-people-beaten-by-a-mob-of-villagers-one-person-killed-2105415|title=झारखंड में फिर मॉब लिंचिंग: प्रतिबंधित मांस बेचने के शक में 3 लोगों को बुरी तरह पीटा, एक की मौत|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/months-after-tabrez-ansari-lynching-mob-kills-jharkhand-man-over-suspicion-of-cow-slaughter-2319151.html|title=Months After Tabrez Ansari Lynching, Mob Kills Jharkhand Man Over Suspicion of Cow Slaughter|website=News18|date=23 September 2019|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-again-a-man-is-lynched-two-injured-over-suspicion-of-cow-slaughter-6019451/|title=Jharkhand again: A man is lynched, two injured over suspicion of cow slaughter|date=23 September 2019|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|21 November 2019
|[[Cooch Behar]]
|2
|
|Thirteen persons have been arrested for their alleged involvement in the lynching of two men on suspicion of cattle smuggling in West Bengal's Cooch Behar district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/13-arrested-for-lynching-2-youths-in-cooch-behar-2137181|title=13 Arrested For Lynching Of 2 Men In Cooch Behar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/police-arrests-14-after-two-lynched-in-west-bengal-over-suspicion-of-cattle-theft-2396165.html|title=Police Arrests 14 After Two Lynched in West Bengal Over Suspicion of Cattle Theft|date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== 2020 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|15 June 2020
|[[Mangalore|Mangalore, Karnataka]]
|0
|1
|The driver identified as Mohd Hanif was tied with the tempo on which he was carrying the cattle and beaten by a mob of cow vigilantes on the roadside. The vigilantes also damaged the tempo. Reportedly, the men belonged to Bajrang Dal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim Driver Transporting Cattle Brutally Thrashed in Mangalore by Cow Vigilantes|url=https://www.iamc.com/muslim-driver-transporting-cattle-brutally-thrashed-in-mangalore-by-cow-vigilantes/|access-date=2020-06-22|language=en-US|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623023019/https://www.iamc.com/muslim-driver-transporting-cattle-brutally-thrashed-in-mangalore-by-cow-vigilantes/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=[WATCH] Vigilantes stop tempo carrying cattle, brutally thrash driver in Karnataka's Mangaluru|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/crime/article/vigilantes-stop-tempo-carrying-cattle-brutally-thrash-driver-in-karnataka-s-mangaluru/606791|access-date=2020-06-22|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=15 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=कर्नाटक: भैंसो को ले जा रहे पशु व्यापारी पर बजरंग दल के कार्यकर्ताओं का जानलेवा हमला,टेम्पो को पहुंचाया भारी नुकसान|url=https://www.reportlook.com/karnataka-bajrang-dal-activists-attack-on-animal-trader-carrying-buffalo-heavy-damage-to-tempo/|access-date=2020-06-22|website=reportlook.com|language=en-US|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625212205/https://www.reportlook.com/karnataka-bajrang-dal-activists-attack-on-animal-trader-carrying-buffalo-heavy-damage-to-tempo/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== 2021 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|23 May 2021
|[[Moradabad|Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
|0
|1
|Mohammad Shakir was allegedly transporting buffalo meat on a scooter when a group stopped him and demanded ₹50,000 from him. Afterwards, he was beaten with sticks. The police later filed an FIR against the victim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Meat Trader Attacked in UP, Police File FIR Against Him |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/muslim-meat-trader-attacked-in-up-police-file-fir-against-him |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|4 June 2021
|[[Mathura|Mathura, Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|7
|A 50-year-old truck driver, identified as Mohammad Shera, was shot dead and his seven associates assaulted by a mob alleging that the victims were smuggling cows.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-06|title=50-year-old man shot dead by cow vigilantes in Mathura|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mathura-mob-kills-50-year-old-over-allegations-of-cattle-smuggling/cid/1817929|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605222259/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mathura-mob-kills-50-year-old-over-allegations-of-cattle-smuggling/cid/1817929|archive-date=2021-06-05|access-date=2021-06-17|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
|12 June 2021
|[[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia, Assam]]
|1
|
|28-year-old Sarat Moran was tied in an open field and killed by a mob which suspected him of attempting to steal a cow from a cowshed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-06-13|title=Man lynched over cow theft suspicion in Assam's Tinsukia, 12 nabbed|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/man-lynched-over-cow-theft-suspicion-in-assam-s-tinsukia-12-nabbed-1814269-2021-06-13|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-17|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613120635/https://www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/man-lynched-over-cow-theft-suspicion-in-assam-s-tinsukia-12-nabbed-1814269-2021-06-13 |archive-date=13 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-12|title=Mob lynches man on suspicion of being cow thief in Assam|work=Press Trust of India|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/12491454_Mob-lynches-man-on-suspicion-of-being-cow-thief-in-Assam.html|access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref>
|-
|14 June 2021
|[[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh, Rajasthan]]
|1
|1
|Babu Bheel and his associate were carrying bulls in a truck and were assaulted by suspected cow vigilantes with sticks and other weapons. According to preliminary investigation, the bulls were purchased for farm use.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title='Cow vigilantes' lynch MP man transporting cattle in Rajasthan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cow-vigilantes-lynch-mp-man-transporting-cattle-in-rajasthan-7359292/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615004154/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cow-vigilantes-lynch-mp-man-transporting-cattle-in-rajasthan-7359292/|archive-date=2021-06-15|access-date=2021-06-17|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|23 June 2021
|Jammu and Kashmir
|1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=J&K man 'returning home with buffalo' lynched, locals blame cow vigilantes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-man-returning-home-with-buffalo-lynched-locals-blame-cow-vigilantes-7371290/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== 2023 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|07 Mar 2023
|[[Chhapra]]
|1
|1
|A 47 years old man and his nephew was attacked by sharp object and lynched in Chhapra Bihar on the suspicion of carrying Beef.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim man lynched on suspicion of carrying beef|url=https://www.siasat.com/bihar-muslim-man-lynched-to-death-on-suspicion-of-carrying-beef-2543678/|access-date=2023-03-08|website=www.siast.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|10 June 2023
|[[Nashik]]
|1
|
|A 23-year-old man named Lukman Ansari was reportedly lynched by a group of cow vigilantes, commonly known as ‘gau rakshaks,’ in Maharashtra’s Nashik district.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Sonam Saigal |title=Nashik police probing why lynching victim bought cattle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nashik-police-probing-why-lynching-victim-bought-cattle/article66972411.ece |access-date=25 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616004132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nashik-police-probing-why-lynching-victim-bought-cattle/article66972411.ece |archive-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

|-
|16 Feb 2023
|[[Bhiwani district]]
|2
|2
|[[2023 Bhiwani killings ]], Nasir (age 25), and Junaid, (age 35), residents of Bharatpur district were allegedly kidnapped and subsequently killed by cow vigilantes affiliated with the Bajrang Dal in Haryana.

|}

===2024===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 8rem;" |Date
! scope="col" style="width: 10rem;" |Location
! data-sort-type="number" |Dead
! data-sort-type="number" |Injured
! class="unsortable" |Description
|-
|7 June 2024
|<bdi>[[Raipur]], Chhattisgarh</bdi>
|3
|
|Hindutva mob attacked and lynched cattle transporters, leaving two dead on spot and one after 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-06-18 |title=10 days after Raipur cattle transporter attack, lone survivor dies; no arrests yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/18/10-days-after-raipur-cattle-transporter-attack-lone-survivor-dies-no-arrests-yet |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|15 June 2024
|[[Medak]], Telegana
|
|12
|Hindutva vigilante groups attacked and protested cattle transporters, leaving 12 people injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communal Clashes in Telangana After Hindutva 'Cow Vigilantes' Disrupt Cattle Transport Before Bakrid |url=https://thewire.in/politics/communal-clashes-in-telangana-after-hindutva-cow-vigilantes-disrupt-cattle-transport-before-bakrid |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>
|-
||23 Aug 2024
|[[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
|1
|
|A class 12 student Aryan Misha was killed by 5 men after mistaking for buying beef .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/haryana-faridabad-student-cow-vigilantes-smuggler-dead-b2605992.html|title=Schoolboy chased for 30km and shot dead by 'cow protection' vigilantes in India|date=3 September 2024 |publisher=independen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/cctv-shows-student-being-chased-by-cow-vigilantes-before-being-shot-dead-833312|title=CCTV Shows Student Being Chased By Cow Vigilantes Before Being Shot Dead |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|27 Aug 2024
|[[Charkhi Dadri]], Haryana
|1
|2
|A mob attacked ragragpickers in Hansawas Khurd village and alleged that they were consuming beef. Sabir Malik a 26-year-old migrant worker from West Bengal was allegedly beaten to death while his uncle Aseeruddin survived after escaping.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Migrant worker from West Bengal lynched in Haryana over beef rumours|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/migrant-worker-west-bengal-lynched-haryana-beef-rumours-9543392/|access-date=2024-09-05|website=www.indianexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|30 Aug 2024
|[[Igatpuri]] [[Nashik district]]
|
|1
|A 72-years old Haji Ashraf Munyar, a resident of [[Jalgaon district]], was travelling to his daughter's house in [[Kalyan]] was allegedly assaulted by his co-passengers in an express train on suspicion that he was carrying beef.<ref>{{cite news|title=Elderly man slapped, abused on train over suspicion of carrying beef in Maharashtra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/elderly-man-slapped-abused-on-train-over-suspicion-of-carrying-beef-in-maharashtra/article68590137.ece|website=www.thehindu.com|date= 31 Aug 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Incidents statistics by year
!Year
!Incidents
!Total number killed
!Total number wounded
|-
|2012
|1
|
|2
|-
|2013
|2
|
|35
|-
|2014
|5
|
|13
|-
|2015
|6
|8
|5
|-
|2016
|5
|2
|10
|-
|Jan 2017–June 2017
|11
|18
|20
|-
!2010–June 2017
[[Reuters]] report<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-06-28 |title=Protests held across India after attacks against Muslims |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN19J2BQ/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
!63
!28
!124
|-
|29 June 2017–
December 2017
|2
|2
|1
|-
|2018
|6
|7
|1
|-
|2019
|10
|6
|18
|-
|2020
|1
|0
|1
|-
|2022
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2023
|1
|0
|1
|-
|2024
|5
|4
|12
|-
!Total
!83
!43
!157
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite news |last=Prakash |first=Smita |date=2019-01-01 |title=Narendra Modi condemns mob lynchings while asking whether it started in 2014 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-condemns-mob-lynchings-while-asking-whether-it-started-in-2014/article25882792.ece |access-date=2024-07-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}

[[Category:Vigilantism]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Lynchings in India]]

Satna Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:17Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added First Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Satna
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 63
| map_image = 63-Satna.svg
| mla = [[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Shankar Lal Tiwari
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Satna district|Satna]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
}}
'''Satna Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018_Constituencies">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Shiv Nand
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shiv Nand
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sukhendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Parekh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kanta
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Arun Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Lalta Prasad Khare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Brinjendra Pathak
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Sayeed Ahmed
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |Shankar Lal Tiwari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Satna<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70638}}
|percentage = 39.61
|change = +2.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ganesh Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66597}}
|percentage = 37.35
|change = +7.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shiva Ratnakar Chaturvedi]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:33567}}
|percentage = 18.82
|change = -2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vindhya Janta Party
|candidate = Hari Om Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:1644}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:888}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4041}}
|percentage = 2.26
|change = -5.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:178327}}
|percentage = 72.51
|change = +2.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Satna<ref name="election2018_report">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:60105}}
|percentage = 37.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shankarlal Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:47547}}
|percentage = 29.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pushkar Singh Tomar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:35064}}
|percentage = 21.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Ramoram Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:7984}}
|percentage = 4.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:973}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12558}}
|percentage = 7.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:161387}}
|percentage = 69.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Satna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.58|80.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Solo Boy

2026-04-12T21:06:41Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added New Page Basic Info

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by P. Naveen Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Solo Boy.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = P. Naveen Kumar
| writer = P. Naveen Kumar
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Sevenhills Satish
| starring = {{plain list|
* Gautham Krishna
* Shweta Avasthi
* Ramya Pasupuleti
}}
| cinematography = Thrilok Siddu
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| studio = Sevenhills Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Solo Boy''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by P. Naveen Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=Bigg Boss fame Gautam Krishna's First Look From Solo Boy out |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-fame-gautam-krishnas-first-look-from-solo-boy-out-881364 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars Gautham Krishna, Shweta Avasthi and Ramya Pasupuleti in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Solo Boy Movie Review: Entertainer With Touching Message |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/solo-boy-movie-review-entertainer-touching-message-425556 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-07-03 |title='Solo Boy' gears up for July 4 release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/solo-boy-gears-up-for-july-4-release-984882 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Krishna, a young successful businessman shares his journey to a new fresher student of his previous college.

Krishna, a young middle-class boy, fell in love with Priya on his first day of engineering college. Their bond gradually became stronger. Krishna's parents were also awared about their relationship. But, because of his low salary and middle-class background, Priya broke up with Krishna. Krishna became frustrated and depressed for many days.
After getting inspiration from his father, he made a fresh start.
He met a girl, named Shruti in his company. They first became friends and then lovers. After talking with their parents, they married each other. On his friend's marriage ceremony, Krishna introduced his wife with Priya, his ex-girlfriend. Priya became jealous after seeing them together. Krishna cleared all misconceptions of his wife, Shruti regarding his relationship with Priya. The happy family was going smoothly. But, Krishna's father become ill and almost 1 crore rupees was spent on his treatment. Krishna and his wife lost all their properties and took many loans also. Unfortunately, he died. Shruti couldn't manage and tolerate all these difficult situations. So, she decided to take divorce.

Regardless all these harsh incidents, Krishna thought about his father's inspiration and started a new journey. He decided to make his own company.
Krishna first became a delivery boy to make his livelihood. After getting awared about the difficulties of farmer in selling their products at appropriate price, he decided to launch an app which would help both farmers and customers. But, there were many hurdles on his way. Due to his hardwork, he abled to overcome all those difficulties. After seeing his dedication towards his work, a businessman agreed to give funds to Krishna. But, his friend lied him and sold the app to another businessman at a cost of 20 crore rupees. Still, he didn't lose his confidence. Police arrested him in the case of fraud. When Krishna's wife knew all these incidents, she collected proofs against Krishna's friend and that fraud businessman. She bailed out Krishna from jail. But, Krishna didn't file any case against his friend as he had accompanied him in his all harsh conditions. After getting funds from his old college friends, only because of his dedication and hardwork, finally he launched his app named 'One Touch App'. He celebrated his success with his family members, employees, friends and also forgave his old friend, who had sold her previous app. Krishna became a billionaire and publishers started publishing his journey in books, i.e. 'Delivery Boy to Billionaire'.

Now, after explaining his story to that student, he goes for his speech and motivated all students. He mainly credits this success to his parents, who supported him throughout his life. At last, but not the least, he declared to divide his net worth, i.e. 3500 crores among all employees of his company and signs off.

== Cast ==
* Gautham Krishna as Krishnamurthy
* Shweta Avasthi as Shruthi
* Ramya Pasupuleti as Priya
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Krishnamurthy's father
* Anitha Chowdhary as Krishnamurthy's mother
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]
* [[R. K.|RK Mama]]
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]]
* Arun Kumar
* Bhadram
* Viren Thambidorai
* Ping Pong Surya
* Lab Sharath

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by [[Judah Sandhy]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Krishnudikentho Priyamaina
| length1 = 3:24
| lyrics1 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| title2 = Solo Boy Title Song
| length2 = 4:40
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title3 = Padipoyaaney
| length3 = 3:44
| lyrics3 = Purna Chari
| extra3 = Judah Sandhy
| title4 = Musire Chikatlu
| length4 = 3:12
| lyrics4 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title5 = Nee Thodu Nuvve
| length5 = 2:25
| lyrics5 = Gautham Krishna
| extra5 = Ritesh G Rao
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Solo Boy'' was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-06-07 |title=Solo Boy: జూలై 4న గౌతమ్ 'సోలో బాయ్'! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/solo-boy-movie-release-gautham-krishna-2025-810228.html |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and premiered on 26 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=మూడు వారాలకే ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చిన తెలుగు సినిమా {{!}} Solo Boy Movie OTT Streaming Now {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/solo-boy-movie-ott-streaming-now-2516932 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and opined that the film "thrives on its emotional core and relatability".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-04 |title=Solo Boy: A heartfelt middle-class saga that strikes an emotional chord |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/solo-boy-a-heartfelt-middle-class-saga-that-strikes-an-emotional-chord-985172 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "''Solo Boy'' is a film that almost works. It has its heart in the right place and some truly honest passages, but its ambitions get the better of its craft".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-06 |title=Solo Boy movie review: A grounded struggler tale let down by simplification |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/06/solo-boy-movie-review-a-grounded-struggler-tale-let-down-by-simplification |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31242102|Solo Boy}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

Sanatan Sardar

2026-04-12T00:31:53Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added The Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician and tribal leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanatan Sardar
| office = Minister of Water Resources, Government of Bihar
| term_end = 1987
| term_start = 1985
| office2 = Member of Legislative Assembly, Government of Bihar
| term2 = 1977-82 ([[Janata Dal]]), 1982-85 ([[Bhartiya Janata Party]]), 1985-90 ([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
| constituency2 = Potka
| birth_place = Roladih, [[Potka block|Potka]], Bihar, India
| death_date = 10 October 2013
| death_place = Roladih, [[Potka block|Potka]], Jharkhand, India
| death_cause = TBA
| occupation = Politician, Tribal Leader, Farmer
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
}}

'''Sanatan Sardar''' was a veteran Indian politician and a tribal leader. Sardar was a minor irrigation minister from 1985 to 1987 in undivided Bihar, he thrice represented Potka as [[Janata Dal]] (1977–82), [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1982–85) and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (1985–90) MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-10 |title=Former Bihar Minister Sanatan Sardar dies after prolonged ailment |url=https://avenuemail.in/former-bihar-minister-sanatan-sardar-dies-after-prolonged-ailment/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Veteran leader Sanatan Sardar was born in Roladih village in [[Potka block]] of the district, in a [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribal family. Sardar left behind his wife, two sons, two daughters and four grandchildren.

He was teacher by profession and served Potka High School as headmaster before venturing into active politics.

== Political journey ==
Sanatan Sardar was an honest and sincere leader and played an important role in the progress of Potka. Sardar represented Potka as [[Janata Dal]] MLA (1977–82) and later as [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA (1982–85) and in his last term he represented the constituency as [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] MLA (1985–90). He was also a minister for minor irrigation in erstwhile [[Bihar]] in 1985–87.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Oct 11, 2013 |title=Sanatan Sardar: Ex-Bihar minister passes away {{!}} Ranchi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ex-bihar-minister-passes-away/articleshow/23926445.cms |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Despite holding a high position in the erstwhile Bihar government, he never traveled in a car or any luxury vehicle, he always preferred to walk on foot. Even till his last breath he lived in a small mud house.

== Death ==
Veteran tribal leader and three-term MLA from [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]] reserve seat, Sanatan Sardar died on Thursday, 10 October 2013 after prolonged illness.

The 78-year-old Sardar died at his ancestral house in Roladih village in [[Potka block]] of the district. Sardar was suffering from heart disease and fluctuating blood sugar levels, and was admitted to [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|RIMS]] for treatment. The politicians across party-line expressed condolence on the demise of the veteran leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Tribal leader Sanatan Sardar passes away after prolonged illness |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/tribal-leader-sanatan-sardar-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

''"Sanatanji was a down to earth person. I pray to God to give strength to his family to overcome this grief,"'' said district [[Congress president]], [[Ravinder Jha]] following his return from the last rites of the departed leader.

Political fraternity of the city has expressed deep sorrow over his demise. When contacted senior Congress leader SRA [[Rizwi Chabban]] said, ''his death is a huge loss to people of the State''.

His last journey was taken out from his residence in Potka in which several party leaders and well wishers participated.

== See also ==
*[[Potka]]
*[[Amulya Sardar]]
*[[Maneka Sardar]]
*[[Sanjib Sardar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Sanatan}}
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Bhumij people]]
[[Category:Adivasi politicians]]

Bairi Sal (ruler)

2026-04-10T14:12:28Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Created new info initial version...

{{short description|Maharawal of Jaisalmer (1864–1891)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Bairi Sal
| title = [[Chhatrala Yadupati]] Rukn-ud-Daula Maharajadhiraja Raj-Rajeshwar Parama Bhattarak Muzaffar Jang Bijaimand
| succession = [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| reign = {{circa|1864}}– 10 March 1891
| predecessor = Ranjit Singh
| successor = [[Shalivahan Singh]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1848}}
| death_date = 10 March 1891
| house = {{flagicon image|Jaisalmer_Flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| father = Kesari Singh
| dynasty = [[Bhati]]
}}
'''Bairi Sal''' was the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] from 1864 until his death in 1891.

== Early life and family ==
He was born in 1848 to Kesari Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JAISALMER |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718093208/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-date=2017-07-18 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=329 |language=en}}</ref> His father was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Nachna, Rajasthan|Nachna]] and a Rajvi of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Herbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hYVyPVmrqkC |title=The Mayo College, "the Eton of India": A Record of Twenty Years, 1875-1895 |date=1897 |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company |pages=240 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120390 |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Jaisalmer |date=1961 |pages=43–44}}</ref> He married, amongst others, in 1857, a daughter of Amar Singh, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Mahajan; a daughter of Shivdan Singh, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Daspan]]; and, in 1873, a daughter of [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai Singh II]], [[Maharawal]] of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
On the death of his elder brother, Ranjit Singh, in 1864, he succeeded him as the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9Ck1BUI_JUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref> He was adopted by the widows of his deceased brother.<ref name=":3" /> But he refused to sit on the [[throne]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] and requested that someone else be selected, as he felt he would never be happy as the ruler of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":3" /> In view of this, and owing to his minority, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] permitted the question of installation to remain in abeyance.<ref name=":3" /> Sixteen months later, he had overcome his diffidence and was formally installed as [[Maharawal]] on 19 October 1865.<ref name=":3" />

During his minority, his father, Kesari Singh, managed the affairs of state.<ref name=":3" /> Upon the death of Kesari Singh, Chattar Singh continued administering the affairs of state.<ref name=":3" /> He was granted an imperial flag in honour of [[Queen Victoria]] being proclaimed [[Empress of India]] at the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 1 January 1877.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauji |first=Purushottama Viṣrama |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03015 |title=Imperial Durbar Album |date=1911 |publisher=Lakshmi Arts, Bombay |pages=86–88}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 10 March 1891.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref> His widows, with the consent of the [[British government of India|Government of India]], adopted Sham Singh, who succeeded him as the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]] under the [[regnal name]] [[Shalivahan Singh]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer]]

Chickpete Sachagalu

2026-04-07T23:27:33Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: made basic info basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chickpete Sachagalu
| image = Chickpete Sachagalu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Nagendra Magudi
| writer = Richard Louis (dialogue)
| screenplay = K S Ravindra [[S. Narayan]]
| story = S. Narayan
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Narayan
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] [[S. Narayan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Rockline Ganesh
| editing = P. R. Sounder Rajan
| music = S. Narayan
| studio = Cheluvambika Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|1|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chickpete Sachagalu''''' is a 2009 Indian Kannada-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by Nagendra Magudi and starring [[Jaggesh]] and [[S. Narayan]].

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date= October 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaggesh]] as Jaggi
*[[S. Narayan]] as Nani
*Ashwini<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/didnt-ask-didnt-tell/articleshow/22040426.cms|title=Didn't ask, didn't tell|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=22 September 2009|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026054026/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/didnt-ask-didnt-tell/articleshow/22040426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Manasi
* Saritha Jain
* [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Chandrashekhar
* Lingenahalli Sureshchandra
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
}}

==Production==
No media updates were given for this film due to the criticisms [[S. Narayan]] received for ''[[Chaitrada Chandrama]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/no-media-please/articleshow/22252072.cms|title=No media, please|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=8 January 2009|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026054027/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/no-media-please/articleshow/22252072.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 9 January 2009 alongside ''[[Kempa (film)|Kempa]]'', ''Anu'' and ''Taxi No. 1''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2009/four-kannada-film-release-090109.html|title=Today is 'good Friday' for Kannada films|date=9 January 2009|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|first=Shekhar H.|last=Hooli|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026092127/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2009/four-kannada-film-release-090109.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office failure.{{Cn|date=November 2024}}

A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "''Chickpete Sachagalu'' is a good time-pass film, if you have the will to forgive all the small and big mistakes in the narration. Watch it for a few laughs but without any big expectation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/watch-chickpete-sachagalu-for-a-few-laughs-kannada-film-review_10205|title=Watch 'Chickpete Sachagalu' for a few laughs|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|date=10 January 2009|via=India Forums|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026054029/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/watch-chickpete-sachagalu-for-a-few-laughs-kannada-film-review_10205|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Chitraloka'' wrote that "''Chickpete Sachagalu'' is a laugh riot which is very good entertainment offering in the new year".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/754-chickpete-sachagalu-review.html|title=CHICKPETE SACHAGALU MOVIE REVIEW|url-status=dead|date=9 January 2009|work=Chitraloka|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210233240/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/754-chickpete-sachagalu-review.html}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "But that is not the end of S Narayan; he is present throughout he is present throughout the film as one of the two leading men, the other being Jaggesh. Together they dish out the silliest, nonsensical and stale comic scenes to the viewers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chikkapete-sachagalu-non-stop-nonsense/articleshow/22248095.cms|title=Chikkapete Sachagalu: Non-stop nonsense|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=10 January 2009|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026054025/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chikkapete-sachagalu-non-stop-nonsense/articleshow/22248095.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Jaggesh and Narayan make a good combination and have tried every trick in the book to make people laugh" and added that "''Chickpete Sachagalu'' may not be the best comedy film but it's time pass fare".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/2009/jan/09review-chickpete-sachagalu.htm|title=Chickpete Sachagalu is time pass |date=9 January 2009|work=[[Rediff.com]]|language=en|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027065402/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/2009/jan/09review-chickpete-sachagalu.htm |archive-date=27 October 2023|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14143552}}

{{S. Narayan}}
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Chola invasion of Kedah

2026-04-05T18:34:30Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{Short description|Invasion in 1068}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Chola invasion of Kedah
| partof = [[South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I]]
| image = Bodh Gaya - Wat Thai - City on Fire (9228326130).jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Painting from [[Wat Buppharam, Penang|Wat Thai]], [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]], depicting of the Chola raid in Kedah
| date = 1025–1068 CE
| place = Known as Kadaram by Chola (now modern-day [[Kedah]])
| result = Chola victory<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Michael |date=December 2010 |title=Book Review: Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/084387141002200220 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=352–354 |doi=10.1177/084387141002200220 |s2cid=127026949 |issn=0843-8714|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia {{!}} ISEAS Publishing |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1210 |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=bookshop.iseas.edu.sg |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spencer |first=George W. |date=May 1976 |title=The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/politics-of-plunder-the-cholas-in-eleventhcentury-ceylon/926938631DA4BF69B0DED43421E08658 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=405–419 |doi=10.2307/2053272 |jstor=2053272 |s2cid=154741845 |issn=1752-0401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
}}

The Tamil ''[[Epigraphy|prasaśti]]'' of [[Virarajendra Chola]] records about a [[Amphibious warfare|naval invasion]] of the early Ancient Kedah called "''Kadaram''"<ref name="yes">{{cite book|author1-link=John N. Miksic|author1=Miksic, John Norman |author2=Yian, Goh Geok |title=Ancient Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&q=Kedah+was+previously+known+as+Kadaram&pg=PA397|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-73554-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Zain |first=Sabri |title=Kedah: The Birthplace of Malay Civilisation |url=https://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/early2.htm |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> (now modern-day [[Kedah]] in [[Malaysia]]) named by the medievals and ancient Tamils,<ref name="yes" /> and also the [[Cholas]] in 1068. Sources assert that the expedition was undertaken to help a Kadaram prince who had approached Virarajendra Chola for assistance in procuring the throne. The kingdom of Kadaram is believed to be the same as the [[Srivijaya]] empire although some scholars disagree.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=271-272}}

== Sources ==
The most detailed source of information on the campaign is the Tamil stele of [[Rajendra Chola I]].{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=211}} The stele states:
{{blockquote|(Who) having despatched many ships in the midst of the rolling sea and having caught Sangrāma-vijayōttunga-varman, the king of Kadāram, together with the elephants in his glorious army, (took) the large heap of treasures, which (that king) had rightfully accumulated; (captured) with noise the (arch called) Vidhyādharatorana at the "war gate" of his extensive city, Śrī Vijaya with the "jewelled wicket-gate" adorned with great splendour and the "gate of large jewels"; Paṇṇai with water in its bathing ghats; the ancient Malaiyūr with the strong mountain for its rampart; Māyuriḍingam, surrounded by the deep sea (as) by a moat; Ilangāśōka (i.e. Lankāśōka) undaunted in fierce battles; Māpappālam having abundant (deep) water as defence; Mēviḷimbangam having fine walls as defence; Vaḷaippandūru having Viḷappandūru (?); Talaittakkōlam praised by great men (versed in) the sciences; Mādamālingam, firm in great and fierce battles; Ilāmuridēśam, whose fierce strength rose in war; Mānakkavāram, in whose extensive flower gardens honey was collecting; and Kadāram, of fierce strength, which was protected by the deep sea{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=211}}<ref name="majumdar">{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East|volume=2: Suvarnadvipa|first=R. C.|last=Majumdar|place=Dacca|year=1937|publisher=Ashok Kumar Majumdar|pages=167–190}}</ref>}}

The Thiruvalangadu plates, from the fourteenth year of Rajendra Chola I, mentions his conquest of Kadaram but does not go into the details.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=211}} The first attempt by someone from outside India to identify the places associated with the campaign was made by [[epigraphy|epigraphist]] [[E. Hultzsch]], who had published the stele in 1891.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=212}} Hultzsch identified the principalities mentioned in the inscription with places ruled by the [[Pandyan Dynasty]].{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=212}} In 1903, he rescinded his theory and stated that the stele described Rajendra Chola I's conquest of [[Bago, Burma|Bago]] in [[Burma]].{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=212}} [[George Coedès]]' ''Le Royaume de Sri Vijaya'' published in 1918 after several years of research, rejected both the theories and provided the first convincing description of Rajendra Chola I's conquest of Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=213}}

== Background ==
The reasons of this naval expedition are unclear, the historian [[Nilakanta Sastri]] suggested that the attack was probably caused by Srivijayan attempts to throw obstacles in the way of the Chola trade with the East (especially China), or more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra to extend his ''[[Digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]]'' to the countries across the sea so well known to his subject at home, and therefore add luster to his crown.<ref name=cholasi>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=Cholas I}}</ref> Another theory suggests that the reasons for the invasion was probably motivated by geopolitics and diplomatic relations. King [[Suryavarman I]] of the [[Khmer Empire]] requested aid from Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty against [[Tambralinga]] kingdom.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336">Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318–336, Brill Publishers</ref> After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman.<ref name="Kenneth R. Hall 1975 pp. 318-336"/><ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342">[[R. C. Majumdar]] (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338–342, Artibus Asiae Publishers</ref>

==Invasion==
Malaiyur in Malaysia, with "its strong mountain", has been identified with [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] in today [[Jambi]] province in [[Batanghari]] river valley, where a strong principality flourished at that time. Other suggestion is the southern part of the [[Malay peninsula]]{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=215}} gets raided by the cholas. Mayirudingam is believed to be the same as Ji-lo-ting listed by the Chinese writer Chau Ju-Kua among the dependencies of Sri Vijaya and is identified with the city of [[Chaiya]] in the centre of the Malay peninsula.<ref name=cholasi />
The land of Ilangasoka ([[Langkasuka]]) mentioned in the inscriptions has been located on the east coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and is believed to be the same as the province of Ling-ya-sseu-kia mentioned in Chau Ju-Kua's list.Talaittakkolam is believed to be the same as Takkola mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] as a trading [[Emporium (antiquity)|emporion]] on the [[Golden Chersonese]], and identified with [[Trang Province|Trang]] or the modern-day city of [[Takuapa]] in the [[Isthmus of Kra]].{{sfn|Sastri|2000|p=216}}<ref name="linehan">{{cite journal |url=http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/172/JB0024_ISPP.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The Identifications of Some of Ptolemy's Place Names in the Golden Khersonese |author=W. Linehan |date=1951 |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=xxiv |issue=III |pages=86–98 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225121127/http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/172/JB0024_ISPP.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2017-02-25 }}</ref><ref name=Arokiaswamy2000>{{cite book | last = Arokiaswamy| first = Celine W.M.| title = Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines| year = 2000| location = Manila s.n.| page = 46}}</ref> and at last Kadaram, All these cities were raided and sacked by the [[Cholas|Chola empire]].{{sfn|Sastri|2000|pp=217-218}}

== Aftermath ==
This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|invaded by Chola Empire]], a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025.<ref name="C. Majumdar 1961 pp. 338-342" /> The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the [[Khmer Empire]] and [[Kahuripan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA76 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |page=76 |author-link=Rila Mukherjee |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729231954/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA76 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Continued commercial contacts with the [[Mid-Imperial China|Chinese Empire]] enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. As Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital [[Angkor]] hosts majestic monuments—such as [[Angkor Wat]] and [[Bayon]]. <ref>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935, p. 709.</ref> However, the Chola raids on ports within the Srivijaya network around 1025 CE were short-term naval expeditions primarily aimed at capturing tribute and asserting Chola naval power <ref>{{cite web|title=The real reason why the Cholas invaded Kedah’s waters|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2021/07/28/the-real-reason-why-the-cholas-invaded-kedahs-waters|website=Free Malaysia Today|date=28 July 2021|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>. In Kedah, which was ruled by the local House of Merong, and in the Srivijaya Empire, whose rulers were considered god-kings, the raids caused temporary disruption but did not result in permanent Chola control. Following the decline of Chola influence in the 12th century due to internal conflicts and the resurgence of the Pandya dynasty, these regions gradually regained autonomy and continued under their respective local dynasties <ref>{{cite web
|last=Tan
|first=Ah Kow
|title=The real reason why the Cholas invaded Kedah’s waters
|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2021/07/28/the-real-reason-why-the-cholas-invaded-kedahs-waters
|website=Free Malaysia Today
|date=28 July 2021
|access-date=6 April 2026
}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book | first= K. A. Nilakanta| last=Sastri| author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri | orig-year= 1935| year= 2000| title= The Cōlas| publisher= [[University of Madras]] | location= Madras}}

[[Category:1068 in Asia]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Naval history of India]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Chola Empire]]

Appalanaidu Kalisetti

2026-04-04T03:24:11Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Created initial bio initial version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Appalanaidu Kalisetti
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
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| death_date =
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| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Bellana Chandra Sekhar]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| other_party =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| website = [https://www.tekmegha.com/appalanaidukalisetti]
| footnotes =
| date =

|
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}}

'''Appalanaidu Kalisetti''' is an Indian politician and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S013.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="eci"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

{{Improve categories|date=June 2024}}
{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Karanthai

2026-03-28T23:53:47Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: started some stub from scratch

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'''Thirupanamoor''' and '''Karanthai''' are twin villages about 19 km from [[Kanchipuram]]. They host historically important [[Jain]] temples containing historical inscriptions.<ref>R. Umamaheshwari, Reading History with
the Tamil Jainas, A Study on Identity, Memory, and Marginalisation, Springer/Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2017 p. 153-165</ref> There is a population of local Jains in these and nearby villages.<ref name="NX1">{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/feb/28/tamil-nadu-village-prays-for-safe-return-of-pilot-abhinandan-1944821.html | title=Tamil Nadu village prays for safe return of pilot Abhinandan | newspaper=The New Indian Express | date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

Thirupanamoor village has a Jain temple dedicated to Lord [[Pushpadanta]] that houses a rare gilded plaster image of him, with hundreds of brass images and a library. It is believed to have been the home of Acharya [[Akalanka]] Deva. The temple has footprints of Jain munis Dharmasagar, Sudharmasagar and Gajapati Sagar, who attained ''[[sallekhana]]''. The village is the ancestral home of Wing Commander [[Abhinandan Varthaman]] and his father, retired Air Marshal Simhakutty Varthaman.<ref name="NX1" />
[[File:Thirupanamur Digambar Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|Thirupanamur Digambar Jain Temple]]
[[File:Karandai Digambar Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|Karandai Digambar Jain Temple complex]]

The Samadhi of Acharya [[Akalanka]] Deva: Between Thirupanamoor and Karanthai lies a memorial with ''chhatris'' with footprints of ancient Jain sages including the samadhi of [[logician]] and [[Sanskritist]] Acharya Akalanka Deva, who is known for his discussion of [[Anekantavada]]. He was the founder of the Deva Sangha order of Digambar monks.

Karanthai has a complex of well known Jain temples.<ref>R. Umamaheshwari, Tiruppanamur-Karandai Revisit: Late February and Early March 2015, Community Narratives, Inscriptional Records: A Chronicle of Journeys Through Tamil Jaina Villages, Springer, 2018 p. 172</ref> This was once a site where Jain munis resided, and hence it is termed Munigiri. This is also the site associated with famed Jain logician Acharya [[Akalanka]] (720-780), and hence is also called Akalankabasti.<ref>Tamilnadu Digambar Jain Tirthakshetra Sandarshan, Bharatvarshiya Digambar Jain Tirtha Samrakshini MahaSabha, 2001, p. 51-52</ref> The Jain complex has three temples. The main temple is dedicated to Lord [[Kunthunath]], believed to have been established by [[Pallava]] ruler Nandivarma circa 806-896 AD. The Mahavira temple to the south is from the 12th century. The [[Rishabhanatha|Adinath]] temple, and the adjacent shrine of Goddess Kushmandini ([[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]]) is from the 15th century. A [[Brahmadeva|Brhmadeva]] shrine lies to the southwest.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamilnadu-favtourism.blogspot.com/2017/02/kunthunathar-jain-temple-karanthai.html | title=Kunthunathar Jain Temple, Karanthai | date=12 February 2017 | publisher=tamilnadu-favtourism.blogspot.com}}</ref>

A ''[[panchakalyanaka]]'' was conducted there in 1991 and in 2017 to install new Jain images.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jains-celebrate-life-of-tirthankara-through-pancha-kalyana-fest/articleshow/57242182.cms | title=Jains celebrate life of Tirthankara through 'Pancha Kalyana' Fest | newspaper=Times Of India | date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Every year in Falguna month, a ''brahmostavam'' is celebrated. Special worship is conducted on Akshaya Tritiya, Mahavir Jayanti, Diwali, Jinaratri and Vasant Panchami.

The Karanthai complex is famous for its Vijayanagar period murals.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Directive-to-Endowments-department-on-renovation-of-temples/article16855158.ece | title=Directive to Endowments department on renovation of temples | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/targets-of-destruction/article2109633.ece | title=Targets of destruction | first=T. S. | last=Subramanian | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 June 2011}}</ref>

Karandai was the village of the author of classic Tamil text ''[[Naṉṉūl]]'', Pavanandi. The Dharumasagar library contains historical manuscripts. It was set up by Jeevabandhu T. S. Sripal in 1930s who was from Thirupanamoor.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

This is also the hometown of [[Abhinandan Varthaman]].{{fact|date=November 2025}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
*[[Jainism in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Kanchipuram#Jainism|Kanchipuram Jainism]]
*[[Mandalapuruder]]
*[[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]]
*[[Trilokyanatha Temple]] in Thiruparthikundram, [[Kanchipuram]]
*[[Thiruvannamalai]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:9th-century Jain temples]]

Saattai

2026-03-28T15:04:05Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: added a post

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by M. Anbazhagan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saattai
| image = Saattai poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[M. Anbazhagan]]
| producer = [[Shalom Studios|John Max]] [[Prabhu Solomon]]
| writer = M. Anbazhagan
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Samuthirakani]]|[[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]]|[[Mahima Nambiar]]||[[Thambi Ramaiah]]}}
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[M. Jeevan]]
| editing = R. Nirmal
| studio = [[Shalom Studios]]
| distributor = Photo Factory (P). Ltd
| released = {{Film date|2012|9|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 2hrs 30mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Saattai''''' ({{translation|Whip}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (modern genre)|drama film]] written and directed by [[M. Anbazhagan]]. The film features [[Samuthirakani]], [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]], [[Mahima Nambiar]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in pivotal roles. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[D. Imman]]. The shooting took place in NLC and [[Tiruvannamalai|Thiruvannamalai]]. The film is the first installment of the film series and was followed by a spin-off, ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016), and a sequel ''[[Adutha Saattai]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saattai/movie-review/16486832.cms |title=Saattai |publisher=Times of India |date=21 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> The movie was officially remade in Kannada in 2020 as ''[[Drona (2020 film)|Drona]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/drona/amp_movie_review/74508613.cms |title=Drona Movie Review: This commercial film gets too preachy at times |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dayalan is a newly appointed teacher of a government school in Vanthaarangudi village near Thiruvannamalai city. He is unhappy with the education system and is also worried about the pitiable condition of education of government schools. After joining the school, he tries to change the school's environment. This is not welcome by Singaperumal, who is Assistant Head Master (AHM). Dayalan's decision for the change does not go well with the other teachers and students, but his good moves were slowly noticed by Pandian, the Head Master (HM), who is Singaperumal's senior. Slowly, Dayalan gets popular among the class students. In between, there is love between Pazhanimuthu "Pazhani" and Arivazhagi. Pazhani's father is also a teacher in the same school. Singaperumal was waiting for a turn to take revenge on Dayalan. In this situation, Arivazhagi was sexually abused by a teacher and she tries committing suicide by consuming poison. Singaperumal files a case against Dayalan as the culprit. After Arivazhagi opens the statement to the police that a teacher abused her, Dayalan was released. Dayalan organizes an inter-school competition between schools. Dayalan's school gets first place because of Arivazhagi's and Pazhani's hard work. After that, Dayalan gets attacked by mobs arranged by Singaperumal. Dayalan gets admitted in the hospital. All of the students and teachers go to the hospital to see him and they were denied to see him by the hospital authorities as he is in very critical condition. Then arrives his wife and inspires the students to study for the coming exams. Students study well and they top their district, and the movie ends with Dayalan giving the responsibility of HM to Singaperumal, who reforms and apologizes to him. The movie ends with Dayalan going to the next village to reform another government school.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Dayalan
* [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]] as Pazhanimuthu "Pazhani"
* [[Mahima Nambiar]] as Arivazhagi
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as M. Singaperumal, Assistant HM
* [[Junior Balaiah]] as Pandian, Head Master
* [[Swasika]] as Dayalan's wife
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Murugan
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Baskar, Private School Coach
* [[Jeeva Ravi|Ravi]] as Pazhani's father and working staff member
* Hello Kandasamy as Deaf man
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saattai
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = 14 January 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Manam Kothi Paravai]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The music for the film is by [[D. Imman]]. [[Yugabharathi]] has penned the lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3874030.ece |title=Audio Beat: Saattai |work=The Hindu |date=8 September 2012 |access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> The guitar interlude at the beginning of "Adi Raangi" is based on the guitar tune that occurs throughout "Nenjodu Cherthu" from ''[[Yuvvh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxeWnxEK_Ok|title=Saattai - Adi Raangi Video | Imman|date=16 December 2014|via=YouTube|time=0:11-0:18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APJxwxZuA0E|title=Nenjodu Cherthu Music Video | Yuvvh | Nivin Pauly | Nazriya Nazim | Malayalam Pop Music|date=5 April 2012|via=YouTube|time=0:07}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jada Jada Jaada
| extra1 = Ramesh Vinayagam, Sai Venkat, Haripriya
| length1 = 04:08
| title2 = Sahaayane
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 04:16
| title3 = Andhurundai Kannazhagi
| extra3 = Chitty, Thanjai Radhika, Srik
| length3 = 04:32
| title4 = Adi Raangi
| extra4 = Santhosh Hariharan, [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
| length4 = 04:22
| title5 = Nanbaa Vaa Nanbaa
| extra5 = [[Saisharan]]
| length5 = 04:02
| title6 = Dayas Insight
| extra6 = Elisabeth Mani
| length6 = 03:25
| title7 = Serene Grace
| extra7 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| length7 = 04:01
| title8 = Sahaayane (Karaoke Version)
| extra8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 04:16
| title9 = Adi Raangi (Karaoke Version)
| extra9 = Instrumental
| length9 = 04:16
}}

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/saattai/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549796343/channelid-10000000000820000/starttime-201511011000 |title=Saattai Movie on Star Vijay |work=The Times of India |date=1 November 2015 |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
[[Sify]]'s critic described the film as a "decent entertainer which harps loudly on the message it wants to convey", noting that director M Anbazhgan "has neatly worked the film around [Samuthira]kani’s character but at times it becomes too preachy and sentimental".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saattai-review-tamil-15008228.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309092913/http://www.sify.com/movies/saattai-review-tamil-15008228.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-03-09 |title=Movie Review : Saattai |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2013-05-15}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> M. Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 and claimed that ''Saattai'' was a "commercial potboiler dressed up as arty fare". The reviewer further wrote: "Anbazhagan's intentions are quite commendable [...] but the sad thing is that he goes about this task with less subtlety and more sermonizing, with the result that the scenes where he wishes to make a point come across as totally preachy".<ref>{{cite web |author=Suganth M |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saattai/movie-review/16486832.cms |title=Saattai movie review |work=The Times of India |date=2012-09-21 |access-date=2013-06-18}}{{Rating|4 |5}}</ref> Similarly, Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "The aim is lofty, the theme, noble. It is in execution that director Anbazhagan falters a little". She concluded that the film was "at times obviously sermonising" but "still [...] worthy of notice".<ref>{{cite news |first=Malathi |last=Rangarajan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/saattai-cracking-the-whip-differently/article3926157.ece |title=Saattai: Cracking the whip differently |work=The Hindu |date=2012-09-22 |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{main|Adutha Saattai}}

==Spin-off==
{{main|Appa (2016 film)}}

In September 2015, [[Samuthirakani]] chose to postpone the production of his ''Kitna'', after the lead actress [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] got an offer to appear in [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016). He chose instead to use his time directing and producing a sequel to his earlier film, ''Saattai'' (2012), and revealed that the film would be titled ''Appa''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Samudrakanis-Next-Saatai-2/2015/09/17/article3031723.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120154033/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Samudrakanis-Next-Saatai-2/2015/09/17/article3031723.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2015 |title=Samudrakani's Next, 'Saatai 2' |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He revealed that the film would bear no resemblance to the first film, but would be a spiritual sequel and would revolve around the education system like the previous film. He initially approached Anbazhagan to direct the film, but the director's commitments to making ''[[Rupai (film)|Rupai]]'' produced by [[Prabhu Solomon]], meant that Samuthirakani directed the film himself. Samuthirakani also revealed that the film's plot line had been taken from a real-life incident, which happened when choosing a school for his son.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/samuthirakani-confirms-directing-saattai-2/ |title=Samuthirakani confirms directing Saattai 2 |author=Only Kollywood |work=Only Kollywood}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
||[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]]<ref name="TNSFA">[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece],''The Hindu'' 14 July 2017</ref>
|Shalom Studios
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2404818}}
* {{official website|http://www.saattaimovie.com/#/home|name=www.saattaimovie.com}}

{{Prabhu Solomon}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bangladesh Chhatra League

2026-03-23T13:44:58Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{short description|Student wing of the Awami League}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
| name = Bangladesh Chhatra League
| native_name = বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগ
| colorcode= red
| logo = Logo of Bangladesh Chhatra League.svg
| caption = Bangladesh Chhatra League Badge
| flag = [[File:বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগের পতাকা.svg|200px]]
| logo2 =
| caption2 =
| leader =
| deputy leader =
| president = [[Saddam Hussain (Chhatra League)|Saddam Hussain]]
| secretary general =Sheikh Wali Asif Enan
| slogan = ''[[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]], Joy Bangabandhu'' ('Victory to [[Bengal]], victory to [[Bangabandhu]]')
| treasurer =
| national secretary =
| national treasurer =
| regional vice-chair =
| executive director =
| political director =
| finance director =
| website director =
| spokesperson =
| field director =
| honorary chair =
| honorary president =
| founded = {{start date and age|1948|01|04|df=yes}}
| dissolved = {{start date and age|2024|10|23|df=yes}} (Banned)
| split from =
| preceded by = [[East Pakistan Students' League]]
| merged into =
| succeeded by =
| headquarters =
| membership =
| ideology = {{hlist|[[Mujibism]]| [[Bengali nationalism]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/chhatra-league-was-the-main-foot-soldier-of-fascism-cas-press-secretary |title=Chhatra League was the main foot soldier of fascism: CA's press secretary |date=9 November 2024 |website=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] |agency=[[Bdnews24.com]] |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>}}
| position =
| colours =
| mother party =
| state party =
| international =[[International Union of Students]]
| national = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| newspaper =
| magazine =
| website =
}}

'''Bangladesh Chhatra League''',{{efn|~{{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগ|Baṅladeś Chatrōlig|Bangladesh Students' League}}, Bangla pronunciation: {{IPA|bn|ˈbɑŋlɑd̪eːʃ ˈʧʰɑːt̪roliɡ}}:{{small|abbr.}} '''BCL'''/'''BSL'''}} simply '''Chhatra League''' ({{IPA|bn|বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগ}}), is the student wing of the [[Awami League|Bangladesh Awami League]], founded by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on 4 January 1948. Historically involved in major movements such as the [[Bengali language movement|1952 Language Movement]], [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Liberation War]] and [[1990 Bangladesh mass uprising|1990 Anti-Authoritarian Movement]], the organisation later became notorious for widespread violence, including killings, drugs dealing, extortion, and alleged forced prostitution.{{efn|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/father-demands-justice-after-beating-to-death-of-student-in-dhaka |title=Father demands justice after student beaten to death in Bangladesh |author1=Rebecca Ratcliffe |author2=Redwan Ahmed |date=2019-10-10 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2019-10-17 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204182323/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/father-demands-justice-after-beating-to-death-of-student-in-dhaka |archive-date=4 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49979097 |title=Killing of Bangladesh student triggers protests |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2019-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924014934/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49979097 |access-date=2019-10-17 |archive-date=24 September 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_bangladesh-student-killing-sparks-university-protests/6177190.html |title=Bangladesh Student Killing Sparks University Protests |work=[[Voice of America]] |language=en |access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name="ds11Oct2019">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/spotlight/news/terror-rising-1811842 |title=Terror Rising |date=2019-10-11 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/10/father-demands-justice-after-beating-to-death-of-student-in-dhaka |title=Father demands justice after student beaten to death in Bangladesh |author1=Rebecca Ratcliffe |author2=Redwan Ahmed |date=2019-10-10 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2019-10-17 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49979097 |title=Killing of Bangladesh student triggers protests |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2019-10-08 |access-date=2019-10-17 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="na29Sep2022">{{cite news |date=29 September 2022 |title=Women leaders seek probe into allegations |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/182330/women-leaders-seek-probe-into-allegations |access-date=29 September 2022 |newspaper=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Debdutta |title=From fighting for freedom to several rape allegations & now a ban. All about Bangladesh Chhatra League |url=https://theprint.in/world/from-fighting-for-freedom-to-violence-rape-allegations-now-a-ban-fall-of-bangladesh-chhatra-league/2326938/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |work=[[The Print]] |date=24 October 2024}}</ref>}}

The [[Yunus ministry|interim government of Bangladesh]] banned the organisation on 23 October 2024 under the [[Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=What is happening at the quota-reform protests in Bangladesh? |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/what-is-happening-at-the-quota-reform-protests-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Ruma |date=2024-10-24 |title=Bangladesh bans student wing of ousted Sheikh Hasina's party |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-bans-student-wing-ousted-sheikh-hasinas-party-2024-10-24/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> citing its alleged involvement in terrorism and human rights violations, including the [[July massacre|suppression]] of protests during the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|2024 July Revolution]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=23 October 2024 |title=Govt bans Chhatra League |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/7gocxbtqu6 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ban" />

[[Saddam Hussain (Chhatra League)|Saddam Hussain]], the current president of BCL, is facing criminal investigations for his alleged involvement in the [[July massacre]], with a warrant issued for his arrest. Most of the top members of the organisation, including its president and general secretary, went into hiding following the [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|resignation and ousting]] of Awami League chief [[Sheikh Hasina]] as the Prime Minister of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Chhatra League leaders Saddam, Inan, Shayan among 128 expelled by DU |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/chhatra-league-leaders-saddam-inan-shayan-among-128-expelled-du-1095796 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Attempt to murder case filed against BCL president Saddam, 65 others |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/attempt-murder-case-filed-against-bcl-president-saddam-65-others-951146 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
On 4 January 1948, the East Pakistan Muslim Chhatra League was established by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at a meeting in [[Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall]] at the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ইতিহাসের পাতায় বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগ |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/211608/%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97 |access-date=2023-03-27 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn}}</ref> Naeemuddin Ahmed was the first convener of BSL,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |title=The Unfinished Memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-906358-1 |location=Karachi |pages=93–94}}</ref> while [[Khaleque Nawaz Khan]] was the founder general secretary of the Chhatra League.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |title=The Unfinished Memoirs |date=2012 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-906358-1 |location=Karachi |page=135}}</ref>

The Chhatra League played an important role in the [[Bengali language movement|Bengali Language Movement]] of 1952 through breaking curfews with their protests.<ref name=":0" />

The Chhatra League led student protests against the Shariff Commission recommendations in the [[1962 East Pakistan Education movement]].<ref name=":0" />

The organisation's name was changed to the Bangladesh Chhatra League after the Independence of Bangladesh in 1971.

During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the Bangladesh Chhatra League was a key player, but in 1972, it broke up into two factions based on their allegiance to Shekh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>{{Cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Information on the Bangladesh Chhatra League |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab6390.html |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> The group was a pioneer in the [[1952 language movement|1952 Language Movement]], the 1954 general election victory of the [[United Front (East Pakistan)]], the anti-Aiyub movement in 1958, the education movement in 1962, the [[Six point movement|Six-Point movement]] in 1966, the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising]], and the [[1970 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhatra League's 74th founding anniversary today |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/159049/chhatra-leagues-74th-founding-anniversary-today |access-date=2022-12-11 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref>

During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, members of the Chhatra League were recruited into the [[Mujib Bahini]] (also known as the Bengal Liberation Force),<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mujib Bahini during Liberation War |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/special-issues/victory-day-2021-50-years-of-bangladesh/the-mujib-bahini-during-liberation-war-1639581890 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> an armed group trained by India's foreign intelligence agency, the [[Research and Analysis Wing]]. However, their exact involvement in the war is disputed, with [[Zafrullah Chowdhury]] stating, "The Mujib Bahini did not fight the liberation war."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Taib |last2=Islam |first2=Khadimul |date=16 December 2014 |title='Mujib Bahini didn't fight liberation war' |url=http://newagebd.net/77152/mujib-bahini-didnt-fight-liberation-war/#sthash.ZMNsQNLM.dpbs |newspaper=New Age |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005221540/http://newagebd.net/77152/mujib-bahini-didnt-fight-liberation-war/#sthash.ZMNsQNLM.dpbs |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, [[A. K. Khandker]] was sued for accusing the Mujib Bahini of hooliganism and looting during the war in his book ''1971: Bhetore Baire''.<ref>{{cite news |title=AK Khandker sued for 'Mujib Bahini's looting' claim |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/ak-khandker-sued-for-mujib-bahinis-looting-claim-41063 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref>

On 23 October 2024, the [[government of Bangladesh]] banned the organisation with designation of the organisation as a terrorist organisation under [[Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Interim govt bans Chhatra League |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bcl-banned-terrorist-organisation-asif-mahmud-974416 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt bans Chhatra League |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/govt-bans-chhatra-league-3734816 |work=The Daily Star |date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/bangladesh-government-cracks-down-on-student-wing-of-sheikh-hasinas-awami-league-bans-it-under-anti-terror-law/articleshow/114516054.cms |title=Bangladesh government bans student wing of Sheikh Hasina's Awami League under anti-terror law |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Ban ===
[[File:Instant celebrations followed the designation of Bangladesh Chhatra League as a terrorist organization in Sholoshohor, Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Celebration following ban and designation of BCL as a terrorist organization in [[Chittagong–Cox's Bazar line#History|Sholoshohor]], [[Chittagong]]]]
On 23 October 2024, [[Yunus ministry|Bangladesh's interim government]] officially banned the organisation in response to acts of violence committed by its members and leaders from 2008 to 2024. The decision followed the BCL's involvement in violent incidents during the [[Student–People's uprising]]. The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]' [[Public Security Division]] issued a gazette notification announcing the ban, invoking provisions of the [[Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009|Anti-Terrorism Act of 2009]], with specific reference to the group's role in the [[July massacre]].<ref name='Ban'>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2024 |script-title=bn:এস.আর.ও. নং ৩৬৯-আইন/২০২৪।--"বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগ" নামীয় ছাত্র সংগঠনকে নিষিদ্ধ সত্ত্বা হিসাবে তালিকাভুক্ত করা প্রসঙ্গে। |url=https://www.dpp.gov.bd/upload_file/gazettes/56064_75537.pdf |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh) |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Structure ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|'''Motto'''
|Education, Peace, Progress
|-
|'''Unit number'''
|111{{efn|Main unit being the [[University of Dhaka]] Unit}}
|-
|'''Organizational Guardian'''
|[[Sheikh Hasina]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Rasel |script-title=bn:৭৩ বছরে ছাত্রলীগ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/politics/article1844068.bdnews |access-date=2021-01-29 |work=bdnews24.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Role in the 1971 Liberation War ==
[[File:Sheikh Hasina at Bangladesh Chhatra League Conference Inauguration, Suhrawardy Udyan, Dhaka, 2022-12-06 (PID-0019631).jpg|thumb|[[Sheikh Hasina]], inaugurates Bangladesh Chhatra League Conference in 2022.]]
The Bangladesh Chhatra League (BCL), the student wing of the [[Awami League]], played a significant organizational and mobilizing role during the events leading up to and throughout the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Liberation War]]. As one of the largest student political bodies in East Pakistan, the BCL contributed to mass mobilization, resistance coordination, and youth participation in the war effort.<ref>{{cite web |title=Student Politics and the Liberation Movement |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/student-politics-liberation-war |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>

=== Political Activism Prior to 1971 ===
From the 1950s onward, BCL was active in major political movements such as the [[Bengali Language Movement|Language Movement of 1952]], the [[Six point movement|Six-Point Movement]], the 1962 Education Movement, and the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|1969 uprising in East Pakistan]]. The organization played an important role in mobilizing students against the military regimes of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Role of Students in the 1969 Uprising |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/01/18/students-and-the-1969-movement |publisher=BDNews24 |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref> Following the [[1970 Pakistani general election|1970 general election]] and the Awami League’s victory, BCL activists organized rallies, strikes, and campus-based political campaigns supporting Bengali autonomy.

=== Response to Operation Searchlight ===
When the Pakistan Army launched [[Operation Searchlight]] on 25 March 1971, BCL leaders and activists were among those targeted in the initial attacks on student dormitories at the [[University of Dhaka]], including [[Jagannath Hall]] and [[Iqbal Hall]] (now Shaheed Sergeant Zahurul Haq Hall).<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhaka University Under Attack in 1971 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-228632 |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref> Surviving activists played a key role in early resistance activities by organizing local defense efforts, disseminating information, and establishing links with emerging guerrilla groups.

=== Participation in the Mukti Bahini ===
A large number of BCL activists joined the [[Mukti Bahini]] as guerrilla fighters, intelligence operatives, and logistics personnel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Students in the Mukti Bahini |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/12/14/students-and-the-war |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref> They served in several sectors, particularly [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector 2]] in the Dhaka–Cumilla region, [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector 7]] in the Rajshahi region, and [[Sector 9]] in the Khulna–Barishal region. BCL networks facilitated the recruitment of youth fighters and helped maintain communication between resistance groups and the [[Government of Bangladesh in exile|Mujibnagar Government]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukti Bahini Organisation and Youth Participation |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2012/03/independence-day/pg20.htm |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>

=== Intelligence, Logistics, and Communication ===
BCL members contributed significantly to underground operations by delivering intelligence reports to sector commanders, maintaining safe houses across Dhaka, Sylhet, and Khulna, transporting weapons and medical supplies, and guiding guerrilla units through urban and rural areas. These activities were essential in sustaining resistance networks after the collapse of regular administrative institutions.

=== Role in Publicity and International Outreach ===
BCL volunteers assisted in producing underground leaflets and bulletins and contributed to programming for the [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]], which broadcast patriotic content to mobilize public support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Broadcasting the Liberation Struggle |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/12/14/students-and-the-war |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref> Some activists also collaborated with Indian youth groups and political organizations to raise international awareness of atrocities committed in East Pakistan.

=== Casualties and Martyrdom ===
Many Chhatra League activists were killed during the conflict, particularly in the March 1971 military crackdown at the University of Dhaka and in subsequent combat operations. Numerous BCL members have been recognized officially as freedom fighters and martyrs.

=== Post-Independence Influence ===
Following independence, former BCL activists rose to prominent positions within the [[Awami League]], the national government, academia, and civil society. The organization continues to highlight its participation in the Liberation War as a significant part of its political heritage.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCL’s Liberation War Legacy |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/history-bangladesh-chhatra-league |publisher=The Business Standard |access-date=2025-02-13}}</ref>

==Violence and terrorism==
=== Sexual misconduct and violence against women ===
Since the 1990s, the Chhatra League has faced numerous allegations regarding rape, sexual violence, and the use of fear to suppress women.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Zyma |last1=Islam |first2=Md Shahnawaz |last2=Khan Chandan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/spotlight/fear-part-the-curriculum-1528483 |title=Fear, a part of the curriculum |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="thedailystar.net">{{cite news |first=Meer Ahsan |last=Habib |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/rape-impunity-and-power-then-and-now-1442611 |title=Rape, impunity and power—then and now |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> In 1998, the celebration of rape by leaders at [[Jahangirnagar University]] triggered the [[1999 JU Anti-Rape Movement]], resulting in the expulsion of the unit's general secretary and his followers.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/>

In 2015, activists were implicated in the mass sexual harassment of women during [[Pohela Boishakh]] celebrations at [[Dhaka University]], where police allegedly failed to intervene despite witnessing the assaults.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/04/15/boishakh-celebration-women-harassed-near-tsc |title=Boishakh celebration: Women harassed near TSC |date=2015-04-15 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/outrage-over-sex-assault-77496 |title=Outrage over sex assault |date=2015-04-16 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2019/04/14/4-years-on-no-progress-in-pohela-boishakh-sexual-harassment-trial |title=4 years on, no progress in Pohela Boishakh sexual harassment trial |date=2019-04-14 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/04/19/chhatra-league-reins-in-its-women |title=Chhatra League reins in its women |date=2015-04-19 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

Further incidents include the 2020 gang rape of a woman at [[Murari Chand College]] hostel, confirmed by DNA evidence;<ref name="The Daily Star">{{Cite news |date=2020-09-28 |title=BCL reign over MC College: Crimes thrive on factional politics |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/bcl-reign-over-sylhet-mc-college-crimes-thrive-factional-politics-1968633 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2020-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Husband held hostage, wife gang-raped before 'BCL men's room' in college hostel |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-and-law/husband-held-hostage-wife-gang-raped-before-bcl-mens-room-in-college-hostel |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en |access-date=2020-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gang rape at MC College hostel: Case filed against 6 BCL men, 3 others |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-and-law/gang-rape-at-mc-college-hostel-case-filed-against-6-bcl-men-3-others |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en |access-date=2020-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-27 |title=MC College rape: Court records victim's statement |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/mc-college-rape-court-records-victims-statement-1968373 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=2020-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-30 |title=DNA report confirms MC College gang rape |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/11/30/dna-report-confirms-mc-college-gang-rape |access-date=2020-11-30 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=DNA report shows involvement of accused in MC College gang rape |url=https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/dna-report-shows-involvement-of-accused-in-mc-college-gang-rape-1606728196 |access-date=2020-11-30 |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=en}}</ref> the alleged gang rape of a tourist in [[Cox's Bazar]];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/tourist-raped-coxs-bazar-2924216 |title=Tourist raped in Cox's Bazar |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> and sexual assaults at the [[University of Chittagong]], where investigations were reportedly obstructed by political figures.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/cu-sexual-assault-fingers-pointed-bcl-men-3076216 |title=CU sexual assault: Fingers pointed at BCL men |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CU sexual assault: Arrestees are BCL activists, supporters, Rab says |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/cu-sexual-assault-rab-arrests-4-direct-involvement-3077221 |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=The Daily Star |date=23 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two other students demand justice for previous incidents |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/y0gpn1sihj |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, allegations of a "sex trade" ring run by BCL leadership surfaced at [[Eden Mohila College]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2022 |script-title=bn:সুন্দরীদের বাছাই করে ব্যবসা, ইডেন কলেজ ছাত্রলীগ নেত্রীর অভিযোগ |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/959627.details |newspaper=[[Banglanews24.com]] |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926135519/https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/959627.details |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2022 |title=Women leaders seek probe into allegations |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/182330/women-leaders-seek-probe-into-allegations |newspaper=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929214139/https://www.newagebd.net/article/182330/women-leaders-seek-probe-into-allegations |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Homicides and physical assaults ===
The organization has been linked to several high-profile murders and violent attacks. In 2012, 24-year-old tailor [[Murder of Biswajit Das|Biswajit Das]] was hacked to death by BCL activists near Jagannath University; eight members were eventually sentenced to death.<ref name="ds3Jun2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/21-bcl-men-indicted |title=21 BCL men indicted |date=3 June 2013 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref><ref name="bdn18Dec2013">{{cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/eight-to-die-for-biswajit-murder |title=Eight to die for Biswajit murder, 13 get life |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref><ref name="livemint">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/jmtTMbVQ4hRsD3YibeglWO/Bangladesh-sentences-eight-students-to-death-for-murder.html |title=Bangladesh sentences eight students to death for murder |date=18 December 2013 |newspaper=[[LiveMint]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25431557 |title=Bangladesh sentences eight students to death for murder |date=18 December 2013 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/8-awami-activists-get-death-for-murder-of-hindu-man/article5474260.ece |title=8 Awami activists get death for murder of Hindu man |date=18 December 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> In October 2019, [[Murder of Abrar Fahad|Abrar Fahad]], a student at [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology|BUET]], was tortured and beaten to death by BCL leaders in his dormitory, leading to death sentences for 20 convicts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abrar Fahad: Killing of Bangladesh student triggers protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49979097 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203203527/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-49979097 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=9 October 2019 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 held over Buet student Abrar murder |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/6-identified-and-4-held-dmp-says-for-buet-student-abrar-death-1810567?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008022202/https://www.thedailystar.net/city/6-identified-and-4-held-dmp-says-for-buet-student-abrar-death-1810567?amp |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=8 October 2019 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref name="Cause of death">{{cite news |date=7 October 2019 |title=Autopsy report: Abrar was beaten to death |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2019/10/07/autopsy-report-says-abrar-was-beaten-to-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008011421/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2019/10/07/autopsy-report-says-abrar-was-beaten-to-death |archive-date=8 October 2019 |access-date=8 October 2019 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Buet student beaten to death: Critical FB post costs him his life? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/buet-student-beaten-death-critical-fb-post-costs-his-life-1810798 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015121326/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/buet-student-beaten-death-critical-fb-post-costs-his-life-1810798 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=8 October 2019 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Abrar murder: 3 more Buet students arrested |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/10-remanded-buet-student-abrar-murder-case-1810987 |access-date=8 October 2019 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>

Other fatal incidents include the 2022 killing of courier [[Killing of Nahid Hossain|Nahid Hossain]] during clashes in Dhaka's New Market area,<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=নিজস্ব |date=28 April 2022 |script-title=bn:ডেলিভারিম্যান নাহিদ হত্যায় গ্রেপ্তার পাঁচজন রিমান্ডে |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-22 |title=A murder Most foul |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/murder-most-foul-3009636 |access-date=2022-04-22 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref> and the 2024 mob lynching of [[Killing of Tofazzal Hossain|Tofazzal Hossain]] at Dhaka University's Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Youth suspected of theft beaten to death at DU |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/youth-beaten-death-du-after-being-suspected-thief-944861 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspected thief killed in 'mass beating' at DU |url=https://www.thesouthasiantimesbd.com/crimes-law/news/23585 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=The South Asian Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Six DU students accused of Tofazzal murder belong to Chhatra League |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/491187 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 September 2024 |script-title=bn:ঢাবিতে তোফাজ্জল হত্যায় আটক পাঁচজনই ছাত্রলীগের নেতা-কর্মী |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/education/492399 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=[[Jaijaidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mob lynching at DU: 6 students, including ex-BCL leader, arrested |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/mob-lynching-du-5-students-including-ex-bcl-leader-arrested-945391 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Internal factionalism also resulted in violence, such as the 2018 shooting during a leadership clash at [[Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]].<ref name="shot 2018">{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/142409 |title=Student shot during BCL infighting at SUST |date=21 March 2018 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206050619/https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/142409 |archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

On 12 December, 2025, [[Osman Hadi|Sharif Osman Hadi]] , the founder of [[Inqilab Moncho]] and an independent candidate for the [[Dhaka-8]] constituency, was shot by assailants associated with the Chhatra League.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-18 |title=Osman Hadi attempted murder How weapon was moved to Narsingdi |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/crime-and-law/59hpt5cor0 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> He later died from his injuries on 18 December 2025 while undergoing treatment at [[Singapore General Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inqilab Mancha spokesperson Sharif Osman Hadi dies |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/399048/inqilab-mancha-osman-hadi%E2%80%99s-surgery-in-singapore |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Political violence and suppression ===
The BCL was frequently accused of using violence to suppress student protests and opposition movements. During the [[2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement]], members were filmed attacking protesters with hammers and sticks at Rajshahi University, drawing criticism for police inaction.<ref name="rajshahi_police_2018_07_09_dailystar_net">{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rajshahi-police-saw-nothing-1602220 |title=Rajshahi police saw nothing! |date=9 July 2018 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="injured_quota_protester_2018_07_08_dhaka_tribune">{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/07/08/injured-quota-reform-activist-tariqul-being-moved-to-dhaka-for-treatment |title=Injured quota protester Tariqul moved to Dhaka |date=8 July 2018 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> Shortly after, during the [[2018 Bangladesh road safety protests]], helmeted BCL members allegedly assaulted journalists and demonstrators.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2018/08/04/live-students-block-streets-in-uttara |title=Minute by the minute: Saturday's protest ends with violence in Jigatola |date=4 August 2018 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=2018-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/5-photojournalists-hurt-in-bcl-men-attack-science-lab-dhaka-student-protest-for-safe-roads-1616251 |title=5 photojournalists hurt in 'BCL attack' |date=5 August 2018 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2018-08-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/160959 |title=6 photojournalists injured in attacks by 'BCL' |date=5 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206050600/https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/160959 |archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] also noted attacks by BCL affiliates on journalists covering the 2020 Dhaka city elections.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://rsf.org/en/bangladesh |title=Tougher politics, more press freedom violations |date=29 April 2020 |work=Reporters Without Borders |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429101439/https://rsf.org/en/bangladesh |access-date=2020-09-12 |archive-date=29 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, BCL leaders threatened and attacked [[2021 Bangladesh Anti-Modi Protest|anti-Modi protesters]], contributing to clashes that resulted in multiple fatalities.<ref>{{cite news |title=DU BCL president threatens to 'peel off the skin' of anti-Modi protesters on campus |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/du-bcl-president-threatens-peel-the-skin-anti-modi-protesters-campus-2063041 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Clashes break out in Baitul Mukarram area |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/clashes-break-out-at-baitul-mukarram-area |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5 shot dead during clashes in Brahmanbaria |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/5-shot-dead-during-clashes-brahmanbaria-2067741 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> The violence culminated during the [[Student–People's uprising|2024 Student-People's uprising]], where BCL members worked alongside law enforcement to suppress the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|quota reform movement]]. The ensuing [[July massacre|crackdown]] allegedly resulted in over a thousand deaths and thousands of injuries, leading to the organization's ban under anti-terrorism laws.<ref>{{cite web |last1=প্রতিবেদক |first1=নিজস্ব |script-title=bn:চট্টগ্রামে ছাত্রলীগের সঙ্গে আন্দোলনকারীদের সংঘর্ষে নিহত ২ |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/youth/education/campus/news-598771 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] Bangla |language=bn |date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref name='1000 death'>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/more-than-1000-killed-bangladesh-violence-since-july-health-ministry-chief-says-2024-08-29/#:~:text=DHAKA%2C%20Aug%2029%20(Reuters),history%20since%20its%201971%20independence. |title=More than 1,000 killed in Bangladesh violence since July, health ministry chief says |website=[[Reuters]] |date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="shohid.info">{{Cite web |script-title=bn:রক্তাক্ত জুলাই' মুক্তির মন্দির সোপান তলে... |url=https://shohid.info/ |language=bn |website=shohid.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/240302/350-injured-as-bcl-attacks-quota-protesters |title=350 injured as BCL attacks quota protesters |website=[[New Age (Bangladesh)]] |date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715222958/https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/240302/350-injured-as-bcl-attacks-quota-protesters |archive-date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/lehguy1j3s |script-title=bn:আহত ২৯৭ জন ঢাকা মেডিকেলে চিকিৎসা নেন |title=Āhata 297 jana ḍhākā mēḍikēlē cikiṯsā nēna |trans-title=297 injured people were treated at Dhaka Medical |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=15 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailymessenger.net/bangladesh/news/24152 |title=Clash involving BCL, around 250 quota protesters injured |website=www.dailymessenger |date=15 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Communal violence ===
BCL leaders have been implicated in the [[2021 Bangladesh communal violence|2021 anti-Hindu violence]] in [[Chandpur district|Chandpur]] and [[Rangpur district|Rangpur]]. Investigations revealed that local BCL activists collaborated with religious leaders to incite attacks on temples and Hindu villages following fabricated blasphemy allegations.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2021 |title=Pirganj Communal Violence: BCL man sparked the blaze |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/pirganj-communal-violence-bcl-man-sparked-the-blaze-2204896 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Hajiganj mayhem began with Facebook post like previous incidents of communal violence |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/pattern-always-the-same-2202321 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

=== July Uprising ===
[[File:Sheikh Hasina Consoles Injured Bangladesh Chhatra League Activists 2024-07-29 (PID-0007076).jpg|thumb|Women activists of the Bangladesh Chhatra League, claiming to have been injured by general students during the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|quota reform protests]], met Sheikh Hasina at Ganabhaban on 29 July 2024.]]
During the [[July Uprising]] in Bangladesh, activists of the Bangladesh Chhatra League were widely accused of carrying out attacks on students protesting reforms to the public service quota system. Clashes between BCL activists and demonstrators occurred on several university campuses, particularly at University of Dhaka, where protesters reported being assaulted with sticks, iron rods, and bricks. Hundreds of people were injured in these confrontations, including female students. In some incidents, BCL activists also entered the emergency department of [[Dhaka Medical College Hospital]], where injured protesters were receiving treatment, causing panic and disrupting medical services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=July 15, 2024: Chhatra League attacks quota protesters |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/july-15-2024-chhatra-league-attacks-quota-protesters-3939786 |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Corea |first=Harindrini |last2=Erum |first2=Nazia |date=2024-07-29 |title=What is happening at the quota-reform protests in Bangladesh? |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/what-is-happening-at-the-quota-reform-protests-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=What’s behind Bangladesh’s violent quota protests? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/16/whats-behind-bangladeshs-violent-quota-protests |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Presidents and general-secretaries ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
!
!Year
!Presidents
!Later role/Affiliation
!General secretaries
!Later role/Affiliation
|-
| align="left" |1
|1970-72
|[[Nur-e-Alam Siddiqui]]
|Businessman
|[[Shajahan Siraj]] (Expelled in 1972)
|Minister & MP from [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|-
| align="left" |2
|1972-1972
|[[Nur-e-Alam Siddiqui]]
|Businessman
|[[Ismat Kadir Gama]]
|Unknown
|-
| align="left" |3
|1972-1973
|[[Sheikh Shahidul Islam]]
|Secretary General, [[Jatiya Party (Manju)]]
|MA Radhid
|Unknown
|-
| align="left" |4
|1973-74
|[[Monirul Haq Chowdhury]]
|Vice President, [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|[[Mostofa Jalal Mohiuddin]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |5
|1976-77
|MA Awal (Convenor)
|Unknown
|N/A
|N/A
|-
| align="left" |6
|1977-81
|[[Obaidul Quader]], MP
|General Secretary, [[Awami League]]
|Bahalul Majnun Chunnu
|Unknown
|-
| align="left" |7
|1981-83
|[[Mostofa Jalal Mohiuddin]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|[[AKM Jahangir Hossain]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |8
|1983-85
|[[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1953)|Abdul Mannan]]
|Organizing Secretary, [[Awami League]]
|[[Jahangir Kabir Nanak]]
|Presidium Member, [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |9
|1986-88
|[[Sultan Mohammad Mansur Ahmed]], MP
|Parliament member from [[Gono Forum]]
|[[Abdur Rahman (Faridpur politician)|Abdur Rahman]], MP
|Joint Secretary, [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |10
|1988-1990
|Habibur Rahman
|Expelled, Advisor of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]]
|[[Ashim Kumar Ukil]], MP
|Cultural Secretary, [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |11
|1990-92
|[[Shah-e-Alam|Shahe Alam]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|[[Ashim Kumar Ukil]], MP
|Cultural Secretary, [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |12
|1992-94
|[[Mainuddin Hossain Chowdhury]]
|Inactive in politics
|[[Iqbalur Rahim]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |13
|1994-98
|[[AKM Enamul Haque Shamim]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|[[Ishaq Ali Khan Panna]]
|Businessman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Ishaque Ali Khan Panna |url=https://fbcci.org/web/profile/mr-ishaque-ali-khan-panna |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=fbcci.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |14
|1999-02
|Bahadur Bepari
|Executive Committee member, [[Awami League]]
|Ajay Kar Khokon
|Awami League leader<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3Ft5eW0YWs |script-title=bn:চলতি মাসে মার্কিন চাপ আরো বাড়বে {{!}} অজয় কর খোকন {{!}} শহিদুল ইসলাম বাবুল {{!}} Episode 7273 |work=Tritiyo Matra |language=bn |access-date=2024-05-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |15
|2002-06
|Liaqat Shikder
|Sub-committee member [[Awami League]]
|[[Nazrul Islam Babu]]
|MP from [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |16
|2006-11
|[[Mahmud Hasan Ripon]]
|Active in Gaibandha
|Mahfuzul Haider Chowdhury Roton
|Inactive in politics
|-
| align="left" |17
|2011-15
|[[HM Badiuzzaman Sohag]]
|Active in [[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]] [[Awami League]]
|Siddiqui Nazmul Alam
|Resides in UK, inactive<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former BCL leader has four companies in London |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/others/news/75265/Former-BCL-leader-has-four-companies-in-London |access-date=2022-03-12 |work=Bangla Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" |18
|2015-2018
|Saifur Rahman Sohag
|Active in [[Madaripur District|Madaripur]] [[Awami League]]
|SM Zakir Hossain
|Active in Sylhet [[Awami League]]
|-
| align="left" |19
|2018-2019
|Rezwanul Haque Chowdhury Shovon
|Inactive in politics
|Golam Rabbani
|Inactive in politics
|-
| align="left" |20
|2019-2022
|Al-Nahean Khan Joy
|Unknown
|Lekhak Bhattacharjee
|Unknown
|-
| align="left" |21
|2022–present
|[[Saddam Hussain (Chhatra League)|Saddam Hussain]]
|In exile in India after [[Fourth Hasina ministry|Hasina Administration]] fell
|Sheikh Wali Asif Enan
|In exile in India
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of student organizations in Bangladesh]]
* [[Criticism of Awami League]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{facebook|bslcentral}}

{{Bangladesh Chhatra League}}

[[Category:Student organisations in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Student wings of political parties in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Awami League wings]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi student movements]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1948]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Chhatra League]]

Narula Institute of Technology

2026-03-23T11:09:18Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{short description|Engineering college in West Bengal, India}}
{{Redirect|NiT|other uses|Nit (disambiguation){{!}}Nit}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Narula Institute of Technology
| image = Narula Institute of Technology.jpg
| caption = Main academic building of college
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.6767|N|88.3791|E|display=title, inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| established = {{start date and age|2001}}
| type = [[Engineering college]]
| principal = Prof.(Dr.) Subhram Das
| director = Sardar Simarpreet Singh
| dean =
| students = [[BTech]]: 1320 (approx), [[MTech]]: 90 (approx), [[Diploma]]: 180 (approx)
| staff =
| address = 81, [[Nilgunj Road]]
| city = [[Agarpara]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postalcode = 700109
| colours = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|black|border=darkgray}} Blue, Black
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| nickname =
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]]|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.nit.ac.in/}}
| logo = Narula Institute of Technology logo.svg
| logo_size = 255px
}}
'''Narula Institute of Technology''' (better known as NiT) is an autonomous [[Private university|private]] [[engineering college]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]], situated in [[Agarpara]].<ref name=NIT/> The college is affiliated with the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (MAKAUT). It is one of seven colleges under the JIS Group, a Sikh minority group and a member of Association of Minority Professional Academic Institutes (AMPAI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jisgroup.org/college-address.php|title=JIS Group Colleges|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526154133/http://jisgroup.org/college-address.php|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Admission==
Admission for [[BTech]]. courses is held through [[WBJEE]] and [[JEE Main]]. Admission for [[Master of Engineering|MTech]] courses is held through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] and PGET.<ref name=NIT>{{cite web|url=http://nit.ac.in/|title=Narula Institute of Technology|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>

==Programs==
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=NIT List of Courses |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/narula-institute-of-technology-agarpara/courses |website=Careers360}}</ref>
;Engineering
* [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]] [[Civil Engineering]]
* BTech [[Computer science and engineering]]
* BTech [[Electrical Engineering]]
* BTech [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* BTech [[Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering|Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering]]
* BTech [[Information Technology]]
* BTech [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* BTech [[Computer Science and Technology]]
*
* [[Masters of Engineering|MTech]] [[Computer science and engineering]]
* MTech [[Electronics and Communications engineering]]
* MTech [[Power Engineering|Power Systems]]
* MTech [[Structural Engineering]]
*
*
*
* [[Diploma in Engineering|Diploma]] in Civil Engineering
*Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
* Diploma in Electrical Engineering
* Diploma in Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Diploma in [[Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering]]

;[[Computer Applications (UIL)|Computer Application]]
* [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]]
* [[Master of Computer Application|MCA]]

;[[Business Administration]]
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]]
* [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]

==Affiliations==
The college is affiliated with the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (MAKAUT).<ref name=MAKAUT>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbut.ac.in/page.php?id=194|title=MAKAUT Affiliated Colleges|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> It is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AICTE approval (all courses).pdf |url=https://www.nit.ac.in/pdf/AICTE.pdf}}</ref> and accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with a "B" grade until the end of 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbsche.ac.in/pdf/Institutions-accredited-by-NAAC-in-West-Bengal-whose-accreditation-period-is-valid-11.07.2016.pdf|title=NAAC accrediated institutions of West Bengal|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> and maximum courses are [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) accredited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NBA accreditation of ECE,EE,CE,IT.pdf |url=https://www.nit.ac.in/pdf/NBA.pdf}}</ref> It got grade "A" by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] in 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nit.ac.in/about-us.php|title=Narula Institute of Technology|accessdate=6 April 2022}}</ref> with the [[CGPA]] of 3.22 on 4 point scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAAC accreditation 2022.pdf |url=https://www.nit.ac.in/pdf/Certificate-of-Accreditation-NAAC.pdf}}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
|NIRF_E_2024=201-300}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Narula Institute of Technology in 201-300 band among engineering colleges in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

==Placement and training==
The college has its own P&T cell with dedicated staff. The majority of the placement in Infosys , TCS Capgemini and many Mass Recruiter Companies.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
* [[List of colleges in West Bengal]]
* [[Universities and colleges of West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Narula Institute of Technology}}
* {{official|http://www.nit.ac.in}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal University of Technology}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2001 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Melaghar

2026-03-17T03:10:37Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Starting basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Town in Tripura, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Melaghar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Melaghar Municipal Council.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Melaghar Municipal Council
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tripura#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Melaghar in Tripura
| coordinates = {{coord|23.49|N|91.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India|North-Eastern]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sipahijala district]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Subdivisions of India|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Sonamura Sub-division|Sonamura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Melaghar Municipal Council
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Smt. Anamika Ghosh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| population_total = 20,300
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]], [[English language|English]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 79–84 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Max. Spoken Language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 799115
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Melaghar''' is a small town located in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]] and a Municipal Council in [[Sipahijala district]], situated about 50 km (approx. 30 miles) from the capital [[Agartala]]. It is a neighbour to [[Sonamura]] and 10 km (6 miles) away from the [[Bangladesh]] International border. [[Neermahal]] is a famous tourist attraction in the town, situated in the middle of [[Rudrasagar Lake]].

==Geography and climate==
Melaghar is situated in a low elevation of {{convert|11|meters}}. Melaghar has a tranquil climate most of the year. However, summertime can be excessively hot, dry, humid, and interspersed with rains and thunderstorms. Winter generally starts towards the end of November and lasts until February, where the temperatures can reach very low conditions. The monsoon season starts in April, during the Bengali month of [[Boishakh]]. During the monsoon season, Melaghar is inundated frequently due to excessive rainfall and flooding by the local rivers, most memorably by the 1993, 2007 and 2024 Tripura Floods.<ref>https://reliefweb.int/report/india/situation-report-2-floods-landslides-tripura-date-23rd-august-2024-fri-time-1200-pm-ist</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Melaghar
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 31
| Feb record high C = 36
| Mar record high C = 31
| Apr record high C = 44
| May record high C = 43
| Jun record high C = 42
| Jul record high C = 38
| Aug record high C = 37
| Sep record high C = 37
| Oct record high C = 36
| Nov record high C = 34
| Dec record high C = 29
|year record high C = 44
| Jan high C = 24
| Feb high C = 28
| Mar high C = 33
| Apr high C = 35
| May high C = 34
| Jun high C = 32
| Jul high C = 30
| Aug high C = 30
| Sep high C = 30
| Oct high C = 30
| Nov high C = 27
| Dec high C = 25
|year high C = 30
| Jan low C = 11
| Feb low C = 13
| Mar low C = 18
| Apr low C = 23
| May low C = 26
| Jun low C = 26
| Jul low C = 26
| Aug low C = 26
| Sep low C = 25
| Oct low C = 22
| Nov low C = 18
| Dec low C = 14
|year low C = 21
| Jan record low C = 4
| Feb record low C = 6
| Mar record low C = 10
| Apr record low C = 15
| May record low C = 19
| Jun record low C = 24
| Jul record low C = 24
| Aug record low C = 23
| Sep record low C = 19
| Oct record low C = 15
| Nov record low C = 9
| Dec record low C = 2
|year record low C = 2
| Jan precipitation cm = 0.3
| Feb precipitation cm = 0.8
| Mar precipitation cm = 2.8
| Apr precipitation cm = 9.3
| May precipitation cm = 21.7
| Jun precipitation cm = 38.7
| Jul precipitation cm = 44.0
| Aug precipitation cm = 38.4
| Sep precipitation cm = 26.7
| Oct precipitation cm = 13.3
| Nov precipitation cm = 2.7
| Dec precipitation cm = 0.3
| year precipitation cm = 199

| source 1 = foreca.com<ref name=weatherbox>{{cite web |url= http://www.foreca.com/India/Union_Territory_of_Delhi/New_Delhi |title= Historical Weather for India |accessdate= 11 April 2017 |publisher= Foreca Weather Data |archive-date= 12 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143520/http://www.foreca.com/India/Union_Territory_of_Delhi/New_Delhi |url-status= live }}</ref>
| date= April 2017}}

==Demographics==
Melaghar has a total population of 20,300 as of April 2017.<ref name="dainiksambad.net">{{cite web |url= http://www.dainiksambad.net/index.php?mod=1&pgnum=5&edcode=20&page |date= 7 April 2017 |title= The largest circulated Bengali daily in Northeast India |publisher= Dainik Sambad |accessdate= 7 April 2017 |archive-date= 7 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233606/http://www.dainiksambad.net/index.php?mod=1&pgnum=5&edcode=20&page |url-status= live }}</ref> Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%.

Melaghar has an average literacy rate of 91%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy is 93%, and female literacy is 88%.

The sex ratio of Melaghar is 984 females per 1000 males.<ref name="sepahijala.nic.in">{{cite web |url= http://www.sepahijala.nic.in/profile.htm |title= Sepahijala District Official Website |publisher= Sepahijala District Official |date= |accessdate= 8 June 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180712150957/http://sepahijala.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date= 12 July 2018 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
A total of 11% of the population are under 6 years of age. While the majority speak Bengali, Melaghar is also home to [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-speaking tribes and also [[Hindi]], as some of them are [[Bihari languages|Bihari]].

==Location==
Melaghar is located within Nalchar and Mohanbhog Block, [[Sonamura Sub-division|Sonamura Subdivision]], on the bank of ''Gomati River''. Coordinates are 23.49°N 91.33°E.

==Politics==
Melaghar is a part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/Febse2003/background/S23/rptListofAC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate=8 October 2008 |work=Tripura
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040227/http://archive.eci.gov.in/Febse2003/background/S23/rptListofAC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archivedate=8 November 2005 }}</ref>

==Education==

===High schools===
* Human JDO English Medium High School
* Melaghar Girls Class XII School
* Melaghar English Medium Higher Secondary School
* Melaghar Thakurpara High School
* Ramakrishna Sishu Tirtha High School
* Rangamura Upper High School

===Colleges===
* [[Kabi Nazrul Mahavidyalaya]] is the nearest college, located 6.5 km far away in Sonamura area.

==Sports==
[[Cricket]] is the major and most played game in Melaghar. The largest [[Cricket field|field]] is located behind of Melaghar Class XII School, locally known as ''Kajal Maidan'', and is being remade as a [[Cricket Stadium|stadium]].{{when|date=December 2022}}

==Transport==
The main transport system of Melaghar is the [[Roads in India|IRN road transport]] system. One part of the [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]] (State Highway 6) goes through this village and was divided into two roads in [[Bishalgarh]]. Another part starts from Bishalgarh and ends at [[Sonamura]] motor stand. This is the main road of Melaghar, also known as ''Melaghar-Sonamura'' main road (SH-6). There is a small motorstand and that is developing day by day. Hundreds of people are travelling to others places from here.

Melaghar is well connected to the capital, [[Agartala]] (via Nalchar, Bishramganj and Bishalgarh) and one of the major cities [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] (via Kakraban and Palatana). The new bus service Sonamura-Agartala and Sonamura-Udaipur is also available. Local auto-rickshaws are available here as some go to local destinations.

The nearest airport is [[Agartala Airport]], about {{cvt|60|km}} from the main area.

==Local sights and attractions==

===Durga Puja Festival===
One of the best times to visit Melaghar is during the famous [[Durga Puja]], when the streets come alive and people from the entire village flock to the village centre to visit the many statues of goddess [[Durga]] scattered around the village. Durga Puja is an annual Hindu festival that celebrates worship of the [[Hindu]] goddess [[Durga]]. It refers to the six days observed as [[Mahalaya]], [[Shashthi]], [[Saptami]], [[Ashtami]], [[Navami]] and [[Vijayadashami|Bijoya Dashami]].

Melaghar is in good position in term of Maa Durga Puja for its pandals in all the state.

===Kali Puja Festival===
One of the main festivals is the [[Kali Puja]], which occurs between October and November, and is where the children, adults, and the elderly attend. Melaghar is also known for its bright lights during this [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]], where the entire village is lit up.

===Ratha Yatra===
Melaghar RathaYatra is one of the oldest and biggest [[Mela]] (fairs) of [[Tripura]]. Every year in June–July, it (Bengali: ''আষাঢ়'') is held at Jagannath Bari field. Thousands of people have come to increase the crowd and popularity.
* Melaghar Rath is the second-tallest in India, after Mahesh Rath (মহেশ রথযাত্রা) in [[West Bengal]].

==Tourist spots and other attractions==

===Neermahal===
[[Neermahal]] is the main attraction in Melaghar, located in the middle of [[Rudrasagar Lake]], about {{cvt|2|km}} from the main market. A gorgeous red-and-white water palace, Neermahal lies empty but shimmering on its boggy island in the lake of Rudra Sagar. Like its counterpart in Rajasthan’s Udaipur, this was a princely exercise in aesthetics, in which the finest craftsmen built a summer palace of luxury in a blend of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles. The pavilion was inaugurated and christened by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in 1930. The delightful waterborne approach is the most enjoyable part of visiting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/neermahal-the-largest-water-palace-in-india-you-didnt-know-about/articleshow/93561349.cms|title=Neermahal, the largest water palace in India you didn't know about|publisher=TimesTravel|date= 21 December 2022|access-date= 6 May 2024}}</ref> Built by [[Maharaja]] [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]] (1926-1930), it is the second scenic water [[palace]] of this type, after [[Jal Mahal]] in [[Rajasthan]], and the only one in [[Northeast India|Eastern India]].

There are boat rides to travel to the main palace from ''Rajghat Ferryghat''. ''Sagarmahal'' is a lodge hotel for tourists who wish to spend a night there. Every year hundreds of people visit for picnics in the winter time. Also many foreign birds come to the lake in the winter season.
[[File:Neermahal192.jpg|thumb|Back view of Neermahal, in [[Rudrasagar Lake]].]]

===Other attractions===
* Veeramma Kali Mandir. Built by T. Veeramani Thirumeni, project manager at BBR (India) Pvt Ltd from Karaikkudi, [[Tamil Nadu]].
* Melaghar Kali Temple
* Pagli Masi (পাগলী মাসি) Temple, attached with Kalibari. Every Bengali year, on the second day of Chaitra month (চৈত্র মাস), a local fair is held here attracting thousands of people.
* Joyramthakur Ashram
* Jagannathbari

The renovated new town hall is also one of the attractions; many types of function are held there. A swimming pool and a park, located beside the town hall, are also of interest.

[[File:Pagli Masi fair 2017 from top view.jpg|thumb|A view of Pagli Masi fair 2017 at Kalibari]]
*

==Local clubs and organisations==
* Sanhati Club
* Red Lotus Club
* Rishi Aravinda Club
* Swami Vivekananda Sanstha
* Tarun Sangha
* Student Club
* Jagannath Club

These clubs make {{lang|bn|pandels}} in Durga or Kali Puja, hosting varieties of functions and sometimes [[blood donation]] camps.

===Newspapers===

Daily newspapers published from Agartala and [[Kolkata]] reach daily morning in this area. Daily popular papers are ''[[Dainik Sambad]]'', ''[[Syandhan Patrika]]'', ''Pratibadi Kalam'', ''[[Daily Desher Katha]]'' etc. Besides above, national dailies like ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', ''[[Bartaman]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'' or ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', are also available. All the collections can be found at Melaghar Public Library.

==Telecommunications==
The important and major mobile-phone network such as [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], [[Jio]], [[Vodafone Idea|Vi]] and broadband services such as BSNL FTTH, Jio and airtel air fibre services are available here.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Network !! 2G/GSM !! 3G/UMTS !! 4G/LTE !! 5G/NR
|-
| Jio || {{NA}} || {{NA}} || {{Yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| BSNL || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/bsnl-to-continue-4g-expansion-through-fy27/|title=BSNL to continue 4G expansion through FY27|publisher=Telekom Talk|website=Communications Today|date=12 January 2026|access-date=15 March 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{NA}}
|-
| Vi || {{yes}} || {{site inactive}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Tanay Singh |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Vodafone Idea to Shut Down 3G Completely in FY25 |url=https://telecomtalk.info/vodafone-idea-to-shut-down-3g-completely-in-fy25/915663/ |access-date=April 6, 2025 |work=TelekomTalk}}</ref>|| {{yes}} || {{NA}}<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=14 April 2023 |title=VI 5G Launch In India: Vodafone Idea To Soon Roll Out 5G Services Across Country, Says Kumar Mangalam Birla |work=English Jagran |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/technology/vi-5g-launch-in-india-vodafone-idea-to-soon-roll-out-5g-services-across-country-says-kumar-mangalam-birla-10073495 |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525125120/https://english.jagran.com/lite/technology/vi-5g-launch-in-india-vodafone-idea-to-soon-roll-out-5g-services-across-country-says-kumar-mangalam-birla-10073495 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Airtel || {{yes}} || {{site inactive}}<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/airtel-to-shut-down-3g-network-across-india-by-mar-evaluates-opportunities-on-fibre-monetisation-119080201232_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=2 August 2019|title=Airtel looking to switch off 3G network across India by March 2020|archive-date=4 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804152748/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/airtel-to-shut-down-3g-network-across-india-by-mar-evaluates-opportunities-on-fibre-monetisation-119080201232_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|}

==Nearby cities==
Some nearby major towns' distances from Melaghar:

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! No. !! City !! Distance (km)
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1. || [[Sonamura]] || 9
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2. || Kakraban || 13
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;"
| 3. || [[Bishramganj]] || 15
|- style="vertical-align: right; text-align: center;"
| 4. || [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]] || 22
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 5. || [[Bishalgarh]] || 28
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 6. || [[Agartala]] || 47
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 7. || [[Belonia, India|Belonia]] || 54
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 8. || [[Teliamura]] || 71
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 9. || [[Khowai]] || 100
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 10. || [[Dharmanagar]] || 200
|}

:Note: All distances are measured by road (shortest).

==See also==
* [[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]
* [[Tripura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sipahijala district]]

Harsha Suryanarayana

2026-03-14T10:08:56Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: started initial entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian programmer}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Harsha Suryanarayana
| image = Harsha Suryanarayana (humblefool).jpg
| alt = Photograph of Harsha Suryanarayana smiling and posing for a group photograph with his team at ACM-ICPC 2006 World Finals
| caption = Harsha Suryanarayana at the [[International Collegiate Programming Contest#2006 World Finals|ACM-ICPC 2006 World Finals]]
| other_names = Topcoder handle: humblefool
| birth_date = {{birth date|1984|5|23|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|6|15|1984|5|23|df=y}}
| education = [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad]]
| known_for = Various programming achievements
}}

'''Harsha Suryanarayana''' (23 May 1984 – 15 June 2014), popularly known as "'''humblefool'''" in the coding community (after his username on [[Topcoder]]), was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[programmer]] who is often considered to be "India's greatest coder".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-11|title=Meet Humblefool, The Greatest Coder To Ever Come Out Of India|url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/33229-meet-humblefool-the-greatest-coder-to-ever-lived-and-come-out-of-india.html|access-date=2021-12-01|website=www.mensxp.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-10-24 |title=Humblefool, India's Best Coder Who Was Considered a Lord |url=https://fossbytes.com/humblefool-indias-best-coder-who-was-considered-a-lord/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104515/https://fossbytes.com/humblefool-indias-best-coder-who-was-considered-a-lord/ |archive-date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=Fossbytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was killed in a [[Hit and run|hit-and-run]] in 2014 at the age of 30.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashwath |date=2014-06-16 |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು: ಹಿಟ್‌ ಅಂಡ್‌ ರನ್‌ - ಟೆಕ್ಕಿ ಸಾವು |trans-title=Bangalore: Hit and Run - Techie death |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/bengaluru/techie-killed-wife-hurt-hit-and-run-accident-085273.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507172722/https%3A%2F%2Fkannada.oneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fbengaluru%2Ftechie-killed-wife-hurt-hit-and-run-accident-085273.html |archive-date=2022-05-07 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=kannada.oneindia.com |language=kn}}</ref>

== Education ==
Harsha S enrolled at [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad]] in 2002, and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] in [[Information technology|Information Technology]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni Directory – IIIT Allahabad Alumni|url=https://alumni.iiita.ac.in/alumni-directory/|access-date=2021-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
Harsha was among the top 20 finalists of "Code4Bill";<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Budding techies do IIIT-A proud |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/budding-techies-do-iiit-a-proud/story-WahyRNlkgmhIViqCzpSwTM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901003757/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/budding-techies-do-iiit-a-proud/story-WahyRNlkgmhIViqCzpSwTM.html |archive-date=2016-09-01 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> a contest conducted by [[Microsoft]] in 2006 which aimed at finding the best student programmers in India, with the winner getting an internship in [[Bill Gates]]' technical team.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rai|first=Saritha|date=2005-12-10|title=Prize in Indian Talent Search Is a Year on Bill Gates's Team|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/10/technology/prize-in-indian-talent-search-is-a-year-on-bill-gatess-team.html|access-date=2021-12-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

He was also one of the three members of the team "[[:File:IIIT AceofSpades.jpg|IIIT AceofSpades]]" representing IIIT Allahabad in [[International_Collegiate_Programming_Contest#2006_World_Finals|ACM-ICPC World Finals in 2006]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Harsha Suryanarayana - Competitive Programming Hall Of Fame |url=https://cphof.org/profile/topcoder:humblefool |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=cphof.org |language=en}}</ref> They stood at the 62nd position, and received an Honorable Mention.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICPC Results World Finals 2006|url=https://icpc.global/community/results-2006|access-date=2021-12-04|website=icpc.global|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Standings for ACM-ICPC 2006 World Finals - Competitive Programming Hall Of Fame |url=https://cphof.org/standings/icpc/2006 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=cphof.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, Harsha became one of the first Indians to qualify for [[Google Code Jam]] World Finals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Participants Representing India (2008) — Code Jam Statistics |url=https://www.go-hero.net/jam/08/regions/India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912010146/http://www.go-hero.net/jam/08/regions/India |archive-date=2009-09-12 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=www.go-hero.net}}</ref> He ranked 31 in the Finals, which is the best performance by any Indian contestant till date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standings for Google Code Jam 2008 - Competitive Programming Hall Of Fame |url=https://cphof.org/standings/gcj/2008 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=cphof.org |language=en}}</ref>

A two-time [[Topcoder Open]] finalist,<ref>{{Cite web|title=TCO Hall of Fame|url=https://www.topcoder.com/community/hall-of-fame/tco/08|access-date=2021-12-04|website=www.topcoder.com}}</ref> Harsha was one of India's first "red coders" on Topcoder; and was the highest rated Indian coder at the time of his death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-16|title=A Tragic Loss|url=https://www.topcoder.com/blog/a-tragic-loss/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Topcoder}}</ref>

== Career ==
As a finalist of Microsoft's Code4Bill contest, Harsha worked as an intern at Microsoft Research India (MSRI).<ref name=":3" /> The following year (in 2007) he joined Microsoft Corporation and worked as a Research Developer.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=7739553|title=System crash analysis using path tracing technologies|country=US|pubdate=2010-06-15|assign1=[[Microsoft Corp.]]|inventor1-last=Harsha|inventor1-first=Suryanarayana|inventor2-last=Mohanan|inventor2-first=Harish|inventor3-last=Bendapudi|inventor3-first=Perraju|inventor4-last=Jalan|inventor4-first=Rajesh}}</ref> After a brief stint as a Designer for TopCoder in 2008, he worked in Tagle as a Technical Lead from 2008 to 2011.

In 2011, Harsha became one of the directors of Hungry Labs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suryanarayana Harsha {{!}} Director Profile {{!}} The Company Check |url=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/people-profile/suryanarayana-harsha/05126532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219204658/https://www.thecompanycheck.com/people-profile/suryanarayana-harsha/05126532 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=www.thecompanycheck.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> He co-founded [[Startup company|startups]] HungryDen in 2011 and JustReco in 2012. He was also running a project named Agile Design Labs, where he would teach software design to developers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harsha Suryanarayana |url=https://www.f6s.com/harshasuryanarayana |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=F6S |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, Animesh Nayan (another alumnus of IIIT Allahabad), who used to teach [[Programming language|programming]] through his [[YouTube]] channel "mycodeschool", reached out to Harsha and discussed the idea of teaching computer science and programming to masses through videos and online practice platform. The two then decided to work together and went through a [[startup accelerator]] for MyCodeSchool. As directors and mentors of MyCodeSchool, they organised [[Coding bootcamp|coding boot camps]] for [[corporate training]] and for teaching [[competitive programming]] to computer science students.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-08 |title=The story of MyCodeSchool |url=http://blog.mycodeschool.com/2013/12/the-story-of-mycodeschool.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175940/http://blog.mycodeschool.com/2013/12/the-story-of-mycodeschool.html#!https://web.archive.org/web/20211003145958/http://blog.mycodeschool.com/2013/12/the-story-of-mycodeschool.html |archive-date=2013-12-11 |access-date=2023-08-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=MYCODESCHOOL LABS PRIVATE LIMITED {{!}} The Company Check |url=https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/mycodeschool-labs-private-limited/U74900KA2013PTC072237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219204657/https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/mycodeschool-labs-private-limited/U74900KA2013PTC072237 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2021-12-19 |website=www.thecompanycheck.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=The Story of MyCodeSchool: Tragedy, Triumph, and Two Friends Who Changed Programmer Education Forever|url=https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/mycodeschool-youtube-channel-history/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=freeCodeCamp.org|language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
On the night of 15 June 2014, as Harsha Suryanarayana and his wife Neha Gedela were walking towards their flat after buying fruits from a supermarket at [[Jalahalli]] in [[Bangalore]], the driver of a speeding car lost control of the vehicle and hit the couple. Harsha was tossed up in air, fell down and sustained multiple severe injuries. Neha was thrown towards the pavement, and was also seriously injured. After the accident, the car driver fled the scene.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-16 |title=Techie killed, wife hurt in hit-and-run accident |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/413883/techie-killed-wife-hurt-hit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616154916/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/413883/techie-killed-wife-hurt-hit.html |archive-date=2014-06-16 |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Harsha was killed on the spot. Neha survived; but she was unconscious for five hours, and had to spend eight hours in intensive care.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Siddharth |date=2014-07-15 |title=Death every five minutes as India's roads become most dangerous |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VzvthE7UmNIF8Wlh6s5kUO/Death-every-five-minutes-as-Indias-roads-become-most-danger.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720180653/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VzvthE7UmNIF8Wlh6s5kUO/Death-every-five-minutes-as-Indias-roads-become-most-danger.html |archive-date=2014-07-20 |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

The driver of the vehicle was never found.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

== Legacy ==
SRM 625, a Single Round Match held on 19 June 2014 on Topcoder, was dedicated to Harsha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Single Round Match (SRM) Schedule at TopCoder|url=https://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=MatchDetails&rd=15858|access-date=2021-12-04|website=community.topcoder.com}}</ref> June Monthly Challenge ("June-O!") on [[HackerEarth]] organised on 28 June 2014, was dedicated as a tribute to humblefool (Harsha).<ref>{{Cite web|title=June-O! (A Tribute to humblefool)|url=https://www.hackerearth.com/challenges/competitive/june-o-2014/|access-date=2021-12-04|website=HackerEarth|language=en}}</ref> May Cook-Off 2015 on [[CodeChef]] was held on 24 May, a day after Harsha's birthday, as an homage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Invitation to the May Cook-off 2015 on CodeChef|url=https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/18068|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Codeforces|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Computer lab|programming laboratory]] for first year students in IIIT Allahabad (Harsha's [[alma mater]]) was dedicated in his name "so that many more talented students can get inspiration from him".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iiita.ac.in/annual_reports/AnnualReport2015-16-Eng.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015-2016|publisher=Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad|pages=5}}</ref>

[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham|Amrita University]] organised ''Lord of the Code'' (LoC) marathon programming competition from February 2016 through November 2016, as a tribute to Harsha, who was fondly called "Lord Harsha" by his peers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LoC Competitive Programming Marathon Coding Competition {{!}} CodeChef|url=https://www.codechef.com/LOCFEB16|access-date=2021-12-17|website=www.codechef.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The online contest, hosted on CodeChef, took place on the last four days of each month. The monthly winners received prizes in the name of Harsha Suryanarayana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-16 |title=Programming competition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/programming-competition/article8359041.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316010456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/programming-competition/article8359041.ece |archive-date=2016-03-16 |access-date=2021-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In March 2016, a coding contest called "Humblefool Cup" was organised as a part of ''Aparoksha'', the technical fest of IIIT Allahabad, in memory of Harsha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Invitation to Humblefool Cup, Aparoksha 2016|url=https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/43704|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Codeforces|language=en}}</ref> It was conducted on CodeChef in 2016, but has been organised by TopCoder every year since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invitation to Humblefool Cup |url=https://codeforces.com/topic/50784/en2?locale=en |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Codeforces |language=en}}</ref> Topcoder had also organised Humblefool Charity Hackathon in 2017 where the goal was to ideate, design and develop [[Application software|applications]] related to Programming Education, to help carry on the legacy of Harsha Suryanarayana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-06|title=Announcing the 5,00,000 INR 2017 Humblefool Charity Hackathon|url=https://www.topcoder.com/blog/2017-humblefool-charity-hackathon/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Topcoder}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://www.topcoder.com/members/humblefool humblefool | Community Profile | Topcoder]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/mycodeschool mycodeschool - YouTube]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suryanarayana, Harsha}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Competitive programmers]]
[[Category:Indian computer programmers]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Information Technology]]

Karkala

2026-03-14T01:12:28Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{multiple issues |
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed |date= August 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karla
| other_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Gomateshwara_Statue,_Karkala.jpg
| caption1 = [[Gommateshwara statue, Karkala|Gommateshwar]]
}}
| nickname = Jain pilgrimage center
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Karkala in Karnataka
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2|N|74.983|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1912
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 23.06
| elevation_m = 80
| population_total = 25824
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 1089.16
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 574 104
| area_code = 91-(0)8258
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-20
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.11 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|www.karkalatown.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karkala''' ({{IPA|kn|kɑːɾkəɭə|lang}}) ({{IPA|tcy|kɑːɾlə|lang}}) is a town and the headquarters of eponymous Karkala taluk in the [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]]. It is well known as an important center of [[Jainism]], with several ancient basadis (Jain temples) and the iconic 42-foot monolithic statue of [[Bahubali]] (Gommateshwara) dating back to the 15th century. Karkala lies near the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]], and has a number of natural and historical landmarks, and is a major tourist and transit destination due to its strategic location along the way to [[Hebri]], [[Sringeri]], [[Kalasa]], [[Horanadu]], [[Udupi]], [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], [[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subrahmanya]] and [[Dharmasthala]].

== Etymology ==
Black granite is abundant in the area, and used widely in the local architecture. Hence, the name of the town is derived from ''kari-kal'', meaning black stone. There is still a place called as ''Kariya Kall'' in the city which means 'Black Rock' in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] languages. The name 'Kariya Kall/ ಕರಿಯಕಲ್ಲ್ changed to 'Karikal/ಕರಿಕಲ್' and eventually to 'Karkal/ಕರ್ಕಲ್/ಕಾರ್ಕಳ್'. However, some studies assert that the original name was 'Kari Kola' meaning 'elephant lake' in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] languages, which today is known as 'Anekere'. The current official name "Karkala" is in use since the times of the British, while it is still referred to as "Karla" by the local Tulu population.

== History ==
{{Main|Gommateshwara statue, Karkala|Chaturmukha Basadi}}
{{ more citations needed|date= July 2023}}
Karkala dates back to the beginning of the 10th century. The town was called ''Pandya Nagari'' during the period of [[Jain]] rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=A legacy filled with culture |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-legacy-filled-culture-2150317 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Chaturmukha_Basadi.jpg|thumb|[[Chaturmukha Basadi]]]]
[[File:Anekere Chaturmukha basadi.jpg|thumb|Kere Basadi]]
[[File:Anekere Chaturmukha basadi complex.jpg|thumb|Anekere kere basadi ({{translation|Elephant lake, Lake Temple}}]]
[[File:St. Lawrence Shrine (Karkala).jpg|thumb|St. Lawrence Shrine Basilica]]
The [[Alupa Dynasty|Alupas]] were the first to rule the region who were Originally [[Jain]] rulers, and their rule was followed by the [[Santara dynasty|Santaras]], who were the feudatories of Alupas for many years. The town attained political and cultural importance from the time of the Kalasa-Karkala [[Monarchy|kingdom]] that was established by King Bhairava between 13th and 16th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramesh |first=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKs5AQAAIAAJ&q=history+of+karkala |title=A History of South Kanara: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of Vijayanagara |date=1970 |publisher=Karnatak University |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref>

The royal family of Karkala rose to prominence from the time of the rule of the [[Hoysalas]]. During the [[Vijayanagara]] period this family reached new heights of glory as their kingdom extended over a wider area comprising [[Sringeri]], [[Koppa, India|Koppa]], [[Balehonnur]] and [[Mudigere]] in [[Chikamagalur]] and most of the [[Karkala taluk]].

King Veera Bhairava constructed the [[Jain temples|basadis]] at Karkala and endowed land and money to numerous temples and [[Jain temples|basadis]]. Ramanatha and Veerapandya were his two sons and Ramanatha died early during his father's time. So In his memory, a scenic lake called Ramasamudra was created, which still survives to this day.

King Veera Pandya, at the insistence of his Guru Lalitakeerti, the pontiff of Karkala Jaina Math, installed a large statue of Bahubali on the rocky hill of Karkala. The date of the installation has been ascertained as 13 February 1432.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Edward P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&dq=history+of+karkala&pg=PA19 |title=A History of Kannada Literature |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0063-8 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC&dq=history+of+karkala&pg=PA514 |title=Gazetteer of South India |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=376 |language=en}}</ref> He also installed the Brahmadeva Pillar in front of the statue in 1436. His successor, Abinava Pandya installed a carving of manastambha in front of the Neminatha [[Jain temples|Basadis]] in Hiriyangadi in 1457 AD. An intricately carved 54-foot-high (16 m) pillar stands in front of the [[Jain temples|Basadis]].

Abhinava Pandya's successor was Pandya VI, who is attributed to the construction of the Kere [[Jain temples|Basadis]] in the middle of a lake called [[Anekere]] in 1545 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IbXAAAAMAAJ&q=anekere+basadi+in+karkala |title=Jinmanjari: Contemporary Jaina Reflections |date=1998 |publisher=Bramhi Society |page=19 |language=en}}</ref> Immadi Bhairava (Bhairava II), who ruled after him, constructed the [[Chaturmukha Basadi]] on top of a small rocky hill in 1586 AD. This [[Jain temples|Basadis]] has four identical entrances from the four directions leading to the Garbagriha and hence is popularly known as Chaturmukha or Four-Faced. It is also referred to as Tribhuvana Tilaka Jina Chaityalaya and Ratnaraya Dhama in some inscriptions. The [[Chaturmukha Basadi]] is built in the form of a square hall with a lofty doorway and pillared porticos on each of its four sides along with a pillared verandah. The roof is flat and is made of massive granite slabs. It has life size statues of three Jain Theerthankaras on each side and small images of 24 [[Tirthankara]]. In all, there are 108 pillars inside and outside the temple.

There are 18 [[Jain temples|Basadis]] of antiquity, including Mahaveera [[Jain temples|Basadi]], Chandranathaswamy [[Jain temples|Basadi]], Adinathaswamy [[Jain temples|Basadi]], Ananthanatha [[Jain temples|Basadi]], Guru [[Jain temples|Basadi]], and Padmavati [[Jain temples|Basadi]]. However, the rulers of Karkala were tolerant towards other religions, with temples of other religions being constructed, including the temples of Anantashayana and Venkataramana, Mahamaya Mukhyaprana, and Sri Aadi-Shakthi Veerabhadra Swamy.

After the rule of the Pandyas, the region was annexed by [[Tippu Sultan]], and thereafter passed on to British rule. The St Lawrence Church was built in 1845 in a village called Nitte (Attur hamlet) where people of all religions congregate every year in January for the feast of St Lawrence.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Landmarks==
Karkala is an important pilgrimage location for [[Jain]]s. There are several [[Hindu]] temples, [[Jain]] [[Jain temples|Basadis]], [[mosque]]s, [[Church (building)|church]]es, and lakes in Karkala.

[[File:Bus Stand in Karkala.jpg|thumb|right|Bus stand, Karkala]]

Karkala has famous educational institutions like NITTE College, Bhuvanendra College, Christ King Educational institutions, and Jnanasudha Educational College.
[[File:Taluk Office, Karkala.jpg|thumb|right|Taluk Office, Karkala]]

ASI protected sites<ref>[http://asibengalurucircle.in/udupi ASI Bengaluru Circle - Udupi district]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in Karkala are:
* Ananthapadmanabha Temple, Ananthashayana
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi]]
* [[Gommateshwara statue, Karkala|Gommateshwara Statue]]
* [[Manasthamba]]
* Hiriyangadi
* [[Sri Venkataramana Temple, Karkala]]
* [[St. Lawrence Shrine Basilica|St. Lawrence Shrine]]
* [[Parashurama Theme Park, Karkala]]

== Geography ==
Karla is located at {{coord|13.2|N|74.98|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Karkal.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Karkal]</ref> It has an average elevation of 81 metres (265 feet).

[[File:Anekere Lake, Karkala.jpg|thumb|right|Anekere Lake, Karkala]]
It has a large number of picturesque lakes, such as:
* Ramasamudra Lake,
* Kamala Kere,
* NagarBavi,
* Anekere,
* Sigadi Kere,
* Matadha Kere,
* Shivathi Kere
* Jogina Kere.
Situated at the foothills of the Western Ghats, Karkala has an undulating landscape, dotted with black granite outcrops, while the western part of the town is predominantly coastal plains that stretch about 25 km west towards the Arabian Sea.

===Meteorological details===
[[File:Karkala chaturmukha basadi.jpg|center|thumb|718x718px|Karkala scenic view (Chaturmukha Jain Basadi)]]
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| May rain days =
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| year rain mm = 2117
| Dec rain mm = 19
| Nov rain mm = 57
| Oct rain mm = 133
| Sep rain mm = 153
| Aug rain mm = 288
| Jul rain mm = 629
| Jun rain mm = 663
| May rain mm = 99
| Apr rain mm = 39
| Mar rain mm = 19
| Jun humidity =
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| Jan rain mm = 9
| year sun =
| source 1 = [[MSN Weather]]
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| Feb rain mm = 9
| rain colour = green
| location = {{align|left|{{ed|:Geography of Karkala}}}} Karkala, India (Karkala)
| Feb high C = 33
| Mar mean C =
| Feb mean C =
| Jan mean C =
| year high C = 34
| Dec high C = 30
| Nov high C = 31
| Oct high C = 30
| Sep high C = 30
| Aug high C = 28
| Jul high C = 28
| Jun high C = 30
| May high C = 34
| Apr high C = 34
| Mar high C = 34
| Jan high C = 31
| May mean C =
| May record high C = 41
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 38
| Feb record high C = 38
| Mar record high C = 42
| Apr record high C = 41
| Jun record high C = 37
| year record high C = 41
| Jul record high C = 32
| Aug record high C = 33
| Sep record high C = 33
| Oct record high C = 36
| Nov record high C = 35
| Dec record high C = 35
| Apr mean C =
| Jun mean C =
| year record low C = 16
| Nov low C = 24
| Dec record low C = 17
| Nov record low C = 18
| Oct record low C = 20
| Sep record low C = 20
| Aug record low C = 23
| Jul record low C = 23
| Jun record low C = 23
| May record low C = 23
| Apr record low C = 23
| Mar record low C = 19
| Feb record low C = 16
| Jan record low C = 17
| year low C = 22
| Dec low C = 22
| Oct low C = 25
| Jul mean C =
| Jan low C = 22
| Aug mean C =
| Sep mean C =
| Oct mean C =
| Nov mean C =
| Dec mean C =
| year mean C =
| Feb low C = 24
| Sep low C = 25
| Mar low C = 26
| Apr low C = 28
| May low C = 28
| Jun low C = 27
| Jul low C = 26
| Aug low C = 25
| source =
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Moodabidri (2011)
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 76.50
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 14.90
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 5.87
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|value4 = 2.60
|color4 = white
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.03
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.02
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Other or not stated
|value7 = 0.08
|color7 = Black
}}
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Karkala town had a population of 25,118. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Karkala has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 79%. In Karkala, 9% of the population is under six years of age. According to recent statistics by town municipality, 25,635 people currently reside in this town, while as per the recent statistics Karkala [[taluk]] has a population of 2.10 Lacs (previous 2001 census is 2,04,571).

Hinduism is the largest religion in Karkala, with [[Sthanika Brahmin]]s, Rama kshathriya, [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]s, [[Sapaliga]]/Sapalya, [[Billava]]s, [[Ganiga]]s, Rajapura Saraswat Brahmins (RSB), [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s (GSBs), [[Chitpavan]] Brahmins,Shivalli Brahmins, Vishwakarma Brahmins, [[Devadiga]] and [[Mogaveera]] forming the major communities. There is also a significant Roman Catholic and Protestant Christian presence, and sunni Hanafi Muslim communities settled in the town, Muslims Of Karkala Speak [[Urdu]] as their mother tongue.<ref name="sch93">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=93|Ref=sc}}</ref>
==Culture and tradition==
{{unreferenced section |date= August 2018}}
The people of Karkala follow the [[Tuluva]] culture. Distinctive features of this culture include rituals of [[Bhuta Kola]], [[Nagaradhane]] and [[Yakshagana]]. Tuluva New Year is called Bisu.

[[Pilivesha|Pilinalike]] or Tiger Dance is a unique form of folk dance in Tulu Nadu. The tiger is considered as the mount of Goddess [[Durga]], and the dance is performed during the Dasara and Krishna Janmashthami festivals. Bhuta Kola or spirit worship is practised across the region, usually at night, invoking the spirits via an oracle, accompanied by traditional music and practices.

The most popular local sport is [[Kambula]], or buffalo racing, which is conducted in paddy fields. Koridakatta ([[Cockfighting]]) is another sport for village people. The Tuluva people have a high regard for nature and snakes in particular, so Nagaradhane, or snake worship, is also practised with the belief that the Naga Devatha (Snake God) will protect their communities.

== Language ==
Karkala is a multilingual town. [[Tulu language|Tulu]] is the native language of the people, while the official language is [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. [[Konkani Language|Konkani]] and [[Dakhni language|Dakhni]] are also widely spoken in the town.

== Administration and transportation ==
Being a part of Udupi district, Karkala is in the Udupi-Chikkamagalur Lok Sabha Constituency.The Karkala Town Municipal Council (ಕಾರ್ಕಳ ಪುರಸಭೆ) is the municipal corporation of the town, responsible for all public works and development.

Roadways are the main mode of transportation in Karkala. The town is well connected to Udupi, Moodabidri and Padubidri, and to Sringeri and Kalasa on the Western Ghats. The main roadways serving Karkala are:

*National Highway NH 169 (Solapur—Mangalore)
*Karnataka State Highway SH 1 (Karkala-Padubidri) which connects to National Highway 66 at Padubidri
*Karnataka State Highway SH 37 (Karkala-Bailur-Manipal-Udupi)
*Karnataka State Highway SH 1 (Karkala-Hebri)

The nearest railhead is at [[Udupi]] while the airport closest to Karkala is at [[Bajpe]] in [[Mangalore]]. There is an extensive public transport system connecting Karkala to Udupi and Mangalore.

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Karkala anathapadmanabha temple.jpg|Ananthapadmanabha Temple, Karla
Image:Chaturmukha Basadi.jpg|Chaturmukha Basadi
Image:Karkala 1.jpg|Padmavati Basadi
File:Koti Chennaya Theme Park Karkala 39.jpg|Gururaya basadi, Karkala
File:Anekere lake (cropped).jpg|Anekere Basadi at the center of pond in Karla
File:Veeramaruti temple, Karkala.JPG|Veeramaruthi Temple, Karla
File:St Laurence chrurch view.JPG|St lawrence Church, Karla
File:Sri Venkataramana Temple Karkala.jpg|Venkataramana Temple, Karla
File:The deepa vahi Venkitaramana temple,.JPG |The Deepadhaari at Venkataramana Temple, Karla
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |year=1973 |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |chapter-url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf |pages=86–125 |chapter=People |publisher=Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka) |access-date=26 October 2008 |ref=sc |archive-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325022809/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf |url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://nammakambala.com/karkala/ About Karkala]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mahamastakabhisheka-devotees-throng-karkala/article7145382.ece Mahamastakabhisheka]
* [http://www.karkalagommateshwara.com/ All about The Mahamastakabhisheka of Lord Bahubali at Karkala, 21-31 January 2015]
* [https://karkala.org All about Karkala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170925155102/http://www.karkala.gsb.in/ Info about Padutirupathi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071215021457/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/06/24/stories/2007062450190700.htm News Topic about Karkala]
* [http://atturstlawrence.com/ St. Lawrence Church, Attur, Karkala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115021449/http://atturstlawrence.com/ |date=15 January 2012 }}
* [http://www.padutirupathi.org Shree Venkataramana Temple (Kannada Website)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122172735/http://www.padutirupathi.org/ |date=22 January 2019 }}
* [https://www.padutirupathi.in Shree Venkataramana Temple (English Website)]

{{Localities in Karkala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:15th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]

Surat

2026-03-13T22:59:29Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: cleanup

{{Short description|City in Gujarat, India}}
{{About}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Surat
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = gu
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image_style =
|perrow = 1/2/2/2/2
|image1 = Bharthana Althan area.jpg
|image2 = Surat Diamond Bourse Aerial View.jpg
|image3 = GauravPath1.jpg
|image4 = Old_English_Tombs_1.jpg
|image5 = BAPS Temple Surat.jpg
|image6 = Pandit DinDayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium,Surat.jpg
|image7 = Vesu ,Surat.jpg
|image8 = Science-center-and-science.jpg
|image9 = Surat International Airport.jpg
}}
| image_caption = From top: Skyline across the [[Tapti River|Tapi River]], [[Surat Diamond Bourse]], [[Gaurav Path]], [[British Cemetery of Surat]], [[Swaminarayan Mandir]], [[Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium]], Vesu Skyline, [[Science Centre, Surat|Surat Science Centre]], [[Surat Airport]]
| nickname = Diamond City of India <ref name=nickname>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/sBteoEWWKwSDmzuRgovmaJ/Surat-Indias-Diamond-City-finds-ways-to-keep-its-sparkle.html |title=Surat: India's 'Diamond City' finds ways to keep its sparkle |date=May 2017 |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011419/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/sBteoEWWKwSDmzuRgovmaJ/Surat-Indias-Diamond-City-finds-ways-to-keep-its-sparkle.html |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Surat ([[Gujarat]])
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| named_for = [[Surya]]
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayors of Surat|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Daxesh Mavani<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashmita Shiroya is Surat's New Mayor |url=http://tv9gujarati.in/2015/12/15/simarpreet-shiroya-is-surats-new-mayor-tv9-gujarati/ |access-date=15 December 2015 |work=tv9gujarati |date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225094714/http://tv9gujarati.in/2015/12/15/ashmita-shiroya-is-surats-new-mayor-tv9-gujarati/ |archive-date=25 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Surat Municipal Corporation'>{{cite news |title=Surat City Expansion |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-city-limits-expanded-after-14-years/articleshow/76452319.cms |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106140349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-city-limits-expanded-after-14-years/articleshow/76452319.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics for Surat Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/Demographics.aspx?SrNo=905005305406 |website=Official website of Surat Municipal Corporation |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915032546/https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/Demographics.aspx?SrNo=905005305406 |archive-date=15 September 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 461.60
| area_metro_km2 = 722
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 34.68
| population_total = 69,36,534
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Surat Municipal Corporation'/><ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Surat |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2425_PART_B_DCHB_SURAT.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=10 February 2016 |page=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113233253/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2425_PART_B_DCHB_SURAT.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=World urban areas |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030244/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/City/Stml13 |title=Population of Surat City |archive-date=6 August 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806105449/https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/City/Stml13}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in Gujarat|2nd in Gujarat]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|9th]]
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = Surati
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 394xxx, 395xxx
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|0261]]
| registration_plate = GJ-05, GJ-19, GJ-28<ref>{{cite news |title=SURAT GETS ADDL GJ-5 & GJ-28 SERIES FOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surat-gets-addl-gj-5-gj-28-series-for-vehicle-registration-1673577 |newspaper=dnaindia.com |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514040829/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surat-gets-addl-gj-5-gj-28-series-for-vehicle-registration-1673577 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 1.27<ref>{{cite web |title=Distribution of Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Sex-Ratio and Population Density |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/table-1.xls |work=[[2011 census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113182831/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/table-1.xls |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning]] Agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Surat Urban Development Authority|SUDA]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Language]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Literacy rate]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 86.65%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/table-5.xls |title=Literacy Rates by Sext for State and District |work=[[2011 census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113182845/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/gujarat/table-5.xls |archive-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product]]
| blank_info_sec2 = $60 billion<ref>{{Cite news |title=Surat Sparkles, but pace lags for want of wings, wheels |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 March 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/city-sparkles-but-pace-lags-for-want-of-wings-wheels/articleshow/99021787.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=SURAT%3A%20Ranked%20eighth%20in%20the,spreading%20over%20462%20sq%20km.}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|suratmunicipal.gov.in}}
}}

'''Surat''' ({{IPA|gu|suɾət|lang}}) is a [[city]] in the western [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. The word Surat directly translates to ''face'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]. Located on the banks of the river Tapti near its confluence with the Arabian Sea, it used to be a large [[seaport]]. It is now the commercial and economic centre of [[South Gujarat]], and one of the largest [[urban area]]s of [[western India]]. It has well-established diamond and textile industry, and is a major supply centre for apparels and accessories. About 90% of the world's diamonds are cut and polished in Surat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surat, The City That Cuts 90% Of The World's Diamonds |url=https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/surat-city-cuts-90-worlds-diamonds/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Israeli Diamond Industry Journal |date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218074514/https://en.israelidiamond.co.il/wikidiamond/diamond-industry-history/surat-city-cuts-90-worlds-diamonds/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=For the last 15 years Surat's diamond polishing Industry has evolved at jet speed. Here are the reasons why |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/for-the-last-15-years-surats-diamond-polishing-industry-has-evolved-at-jet-speed-here-are-the-reasons-why/articleshow/56082026.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218075609/https://www.businessinsider.in/for-the-last-15-years-surats-diamond-polishing-industry-has-evolved-at-jet-speed-here-are-the-reasons-why/articleshow/56082026.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Surat Diamond Bourse to start operations from September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-diamond-bourse-to-start-operations-from-september/articleshow/80514996.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-18 |website=The Times of India |date=29 January 2021 |language=en |quote=Surat manufactures more than 90% of the diamonds in the world |archive-date=18 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218075953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-diamond-bourse-to-start-operations-from-september/articleshow/80514996.cms}}</ref> It is the second largest city in Gujarat after Ahmedabad and the [[List of most populous cities in India|eighth largest city by population]] and [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|ninth largest urban agglomeration]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUDA {{!}} Surat Urban Development Authority |url=https://www.sudaonline.org/#:~:text=Surat%20is%20Gujarat's%20second-largest,largest%20metropolitan%20area%20of%20India. |access-date=2025-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the administrative capital of the [[Surat district]].

The city is located {{cvt|284|km}} south of the state capital, [[Gandhinagar]]; {{cvt|265|km}} south of [[Ahmedabad]]; and {{cvt|289|km}} north of [[Mumbai]]. The city centre is located on the [[Tapti River|Tapti River (popularly known as Tapi)]], close to the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="municipality">{{cite web |url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/history.shtml |title=History of Surat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012914/http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/history.shtml |archive-date=5 January 2012}}
</ref>

Surat will be the world's fastest-growing city from 2019 to 2035, according to a study conducted by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/surat-to-be-worlds-fastest-growing-city-during-2019-35-report/articleshow/66991793.cms?from=mdr |title=Fastest growing city in world |newspaper=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> The city registered an annualised GDP growth rate of 11.5% over the seven fiscal years between 2001 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636/ |title=GDP growth: Surat fastest, Mumbai largest |author=Agencies |work=The Financial Express |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062303/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-surat-fastest-mumbai-largest/266636 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Surat was awarded "best city" by the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surat-bags-best-city-award/articleshow/19386332.cms |title=Best City in India |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617125546/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/surat/38276722_1_surat-municipal-corporation-diamond-city-surat-two-awards |archive-date=17 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Surat has been selected as the first smart IT city in India which is being constituted by the [[Microsoft]] CityNext Initiative tied up with IT services majors [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and [[Wipro]].<ref name="csrjournal.org">{{cite web |url=http://csrjournal.org/microsoft-citynext-initiative-set-to-launch-first-smart-it-city-in-india/ |title=Microsoft CityNext initiative set to the launch First smart IT city in India |access-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017113216/http://csrjournal.org/microsoft-citynext-initiative-set-to-launch-first-smart-it-city-in-india/ |archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> The city has 2.97 million internet users, about 65% of total population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/mumbai-has-highest-number-of-internet-users-in-india-study/articleshow/45036114.cms |title=Mumbai has highest number of Internet users in India: Study |date=4 November 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615123007/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/mumbai-has-highest-number-of-internet-users-in-india-study/articleshow/45036114.cms |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Surat was selected in 2015 for an [[IBM Smarter Cities Challenge]] grant.<ref name="Smarter Cities" /><ref name="Surat, India 2015 challenge">{{cite web |url=https://smartercitieschallenge.org/cities/surat-india |title=Surat, India 2015 challenge |publisher=IBM |work=IBM Smarter Cities |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002015/https://smartercitieschallenge.org/cities/surat-india |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Surat has been selected as one of twenty Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Government releases list of 20 smart cities – Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-list-of-20-smart-cities/articleshow/50756701.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202024057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-list-of-20-smart-cities/articleshow/50756701.cms |archive-date=2 February 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Surat is also home to the [[List of largest office buildings|world's largest office building by floor area]], the [[Surat Diamond Bourse]].

Surat is listed as the second [[Cleanest cities in India|cleanest city of India]] as of 21 August 2020 according to the [[Swachh Survekshan]] 2020 on 20 August.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title=India's cleanest cities 2020 list: Madhya Pradesh's Indore emerges as cleanest city; check top 10 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/india-cleanest-cities-2020-list-indore-surat-mysore-ahmedabad-full-list-of-cleanest-cities/2060538/ |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831083234/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/india-cleanest-cities-2020-list-indore-surat-mysore-ahmedabad-full-list-of-cleanest-cities/2060538/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=20 August 2020 |title=Swachh Survekshan 2020: Full rankings, check here to see if your city is on the list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/swachh-survekshan-2020-full-list-rankings-results-cleanest-city-india-1713178-2020-08-20 |access-date=21 August 2020 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822173636/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/swachh-survekshan-2020-full-list-rankings-results-cleanest-city-india-1713178-2020-08-20 |url-status=live}}</ref> It suffered a major pipeline fire which caused some damage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTlT7it6OLs |title=India explosion : Massive fire at ONGC plant in Gujarat - Sep. 24, 2020 |website=[[YouTube]] |date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014042623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTlT7it6OLs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2021 edition of the same survey, it slipped to 12th place and further dropped to 25th in 2023. Despite these recent fluctuations, Surat continues to implement various cleanliness initiatives and shared the title of the cleanest city in India with Indore in the [https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/indore-and-surat-named-cleanest-cities-in-india-for-2023-2487795-2024-01-14 2023 Swachh Survekshan Awards].

== History ==
{{Main|History of Surat}}

{{Panorama
| image = Suratgrowth.jpg
| height = 180
| caption = Surat growth map
}}

=== Etymology ===
The traditional account is that Surat was built up by a wealthy Hindu merchant named Gopi around the year 1500.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Know Your City: History of Surat's Gopi talav, a 16th-century lake which has undergone several transformations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/know-your-city-history-of-surat-gopi-talav-stepwell-9713104/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> At first, the town had no name and was simply called "the new place". Gopi consulted with astrologers, who suggested the name "Suraj", or "Suryapur", or "city of the sun". Gopi sent a request to the unnamed king of Gujarat for this to be the new town's name. The Muslim king altered it to ''Surat'' after the word ''[[surah]]'', which is the name of the chapters of the [[Qur'an]]. However, the names Suryapur and Surat are both mentioned in sources before 1500, so both the name and the town predate Gopi's time.<ref name="Gazetteer 1962">{{cite book |last1=Palande |first1=M.R. |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Surat District |date=1962 |publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery, and Publications |location=Ahmedabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08210 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>{{rp|82–4}}

[[Duarte Barbosa]] described Surat as Suratt. Jacob Peeters referred to Surat as Sourratte which is a Dutch name.<ref>{{cite web |title=PEETERS, Jacob. Description des principales villes, havres et isles du golfe de Venise du coté oriental. Comme aussi des villes et forteresses de la Moree, et quelques places de la Grèce..., Αμβέρσα, Sur le marché des vieux Souliers, [1690?]. - ME TO BΛΕΜΜΑ ΤΩΝ ΠΕΡΙΗΓΗΤΩΝ - Τόποι - Μνημεία - Άνθρωποι - Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη - Ανατολική Μεσόγειος - Ελλάδα - Μικρά Ασία - Νότιος Ιταλία, 15ος - 20ός αιώνας |url=http://el.travelogues.gr/collection.php?view=375 |website=el.travelogues.gr |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807224459/http://el.travelogues.gr/collection.php?view=375 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are many other names of Surat in history. Surat is referred to as Surrat, Surate or Soorat in some literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=surat |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/malabar/surat/surat.html |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.columbia.edu |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301081122/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1700_1799/malabar/surat/surat.html |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Sourratte int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|thumb|left|Surat in 1690]]
[[File:Surat city.jpg|thumb|left|Surat in 1877]]

[[File:Dutch Cemetery of Surat.jpg|thumb|Dutch-Armenian Cemetery of Surat|left]]

===Surat before the Mughal Empire===
Before the rise of Surat in the 1500s, the nearby town of [[Rander]] was the main commercial centre in the area. Rander had a prominent Arab merchant community involved in overseas trade with regions such as Burma, China, Malaya, and Sumatra. In the 1500s, Rander declined due to Portuguese raids. Surat became an important port city around the same time, and some of Rander's merchant population likely moved to Surat for economic opportunity.<ref name="Gazetteer 1962"/>{{rp|82–3}}

Early references to Surat appear by the 10th century, but they shed little light on what type of settlement it was. As Suryapur, it is mentioned along with Bharuch as a place where an army from [[Patan, Gujarat|Anhilwara]] passed through in 990 en route to attack the ruler of [[Lata (region)|Lata]]. Suryapur may also be the port called "Surabaya" mentioned by the 10th-century Arabic geographer [[Istakhri]] as being four days south of [[Khambhat]] and five days north of [[Sanjan, Gujarat|Sanjan]]. Other Arabic authors spelled the name as "Subara" or "Sufara". The identification of this place with Surat, though, is uncertain, and in any case these early mentions of Suryapur or Surabaya do not indicate whether it was a sizeable town or just a small hamlet.<ref name="Gazetteer 1962"/>{{rp|82–3}}

Another early mention of Surat is in the 1190s, after [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]], then a general of [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghuri]], defeated the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]] in battle. According to the local histories of Bakshi Mian Walad Shah Ahmad and Munshi Ghulam [[Mohyeddin|Mohi ud-Din]], Aibak went as far south as Rander and Surat. Surat was then ruled by a Hindu chief based at nearby [[Kamrej]]. This ruler initially tried to take refuge in a garden at Surat, but then decided that he had no chance of resisting Aibak's forces and offered his submission. Aibak, in turn, confirmed him as ruler of Kamrej.<ref name="Gazetteer 1962"/>{{rp|82–3}}

From 1297, Gujarat was gradually conquered by [[Allauddin Khilji]], the ruler of the principal state in north India at the time, the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The Delhi Sultanate appointed Governors to control Gujarat, but this had to be forcefully imposed, notably in 1347, when [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] sacked Surat, among other cities.{{sfn|Campbell|1896}} [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] later built a fort at Surat in 1373. According to Bakshi Mian's account, when [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]] was appointed governor of Gujarat in 1391, he appointed his son Masti Khan to govern Rander and Surat, but Bakshi Mian adds that Surat was not very populous at this point.<ref name="Gazetteer 1962"/>{{rp|82–3}}

As control from the Delhi Sultanate waned at the end of the 14th century, pressure grew for an independent Gujarat, culminating in Zafar Khan declaring independence in 1407. Surat was controlled directly by the nobles of the Rajput kingdom of [[Baglana]] who fell either under the Gujarat Sultans or the [[Deccan sultanates]]. However, following the fall of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1538 it was controlled by more local nobles starting with Chengiz Khan who enjoyed absolute authority over Surat, [[Bharuch|Broach]], [[Baroda]] and [[Champaner]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147187 |author=Arshia Shafqat |title=Pre-Annexation Sultanate: Administration Under Gujarat Sultans |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2008 |volume=69 |pages=251–264 |jstor=44147187 |access-date=16 July 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163501/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147187}}</ref> However, in 1637, [[Aurangzeb]] fully annexed Baglana into the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/37160111/1/baglana.html |title=Baglana - mughal empire |website=amp.ww.en.freejournal.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163501/https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/37160111/1/baglana.html |archive-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>

In 1514, the Portuguese traveler [[Duarte Barbosa]] described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many [[ship]]s from [[Zamorin|Malabar]] and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city had become Surat. It was burned by the Portuguese (1512 and 1530), conquered by the Mughals (1573) and was twice raided by the Maratha king [[Shivaji]] (17th century).<ref name="EB">{{cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=Surat |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.}}</ref> Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] placed major importance on Gujarat and successfully obtained numerous towns in Gujarat. The Mughals were able to conquer Surat due to his campaigns against Gujarat during his rule. In the 1570s, he launched two major [[Mughal conquest of Gujarat|campaigns against Gujarat]]—one of a much longer duration and one much shorter. The fall of Surat occurred during the former campaign and lasted one month and seventeen days.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143369 |author=Zaman, M.K. |title=AKBAR'S GUJARAT CAMPAIGNS — A MILITARY ANALYSIS. |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1994 |volume=55 |pages=313–318 |jstor=44143369 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> Akbar implemented large military power during these conquests, fighting many battles. Notably, the conquest of Surat was an important catalyst for overseas trade during the rule of the Mughal Empire as it became the most important port city of that reign and evolved into a bustling trading hub.

===During the Mughal Empire===
It was the most prosperous port in the Mughal empire.<ref name="Eraly07">{{cite book |author1=Abraham Eraly |author-link1=Abraham Eraly |title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0143102625 |pages=13–14}}</ref> Despite being a rich city, Surat looked like a typical "grubby" trader's town with mud-and-bamboo tenements and crooked streets, although along the riverfront there were a few mansions and warehouses belonging to local merchant princes and the establishments of [[Turkish people|Turkish]], [[Armenians|Armenian]], English, French and Dutch traders. There were also hospitals for cows, horses, flies and insects run by religious [[Jain]]s, which puzzled travelers.<ref name="Eraly07" /> Some streets were narrow while others were of sufficient width. In the evening, especially near the Bazaar (marketplace), the streets became crowded with people and merchants (including [[Banyan merchants]]) selling their goods. Surat was a populous city during the Mughal era but also had a large transient population: during the [[monsoon]] season, when ships could come and go from the ports without danger, the city's population would swell.<ref name="Eraly07" /> In 1612, [[England]] established its first Indian [[trading factory]] in Surat.<ref name="EB" /> The city was looted twice by the Maratha king [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Shivaji]], with the first sacking occurring in 1664.{{r|municipality}}<ref name="EB" /> Shivaji's raids scared trade away and caused ruin to the city.<ref name="Eraly07" />

Later, Surat became the emporium of India, exporting gold and cloth. Its major industries were shipbuilding and textile manufacture.<ref name="EB" /> The coast of the [[Tapti River]], from Athwalines to Dumas, was specially meant for shipbuilders, who were usually Rassis.{{r|municipality}} The city continued to be prosperous until the rise of Bombay (present-day [[Mumbai]]). Afterward, Surat's shipbuilding industry declined and Surat itself gradually declined throughout the 18th century.{{r|municipality}}<ref name="EB" /> During 1790–1791, an epidemic killed 100,000 [[Gujaratis]] in Surat.<ref>{{cite book |page=193 |title=Eighteenth-Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193 |author=Ghulam A. Nadri |isbn=978-9004172029 |year=2009 |publisher=BRILL |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014134206/https://books.google.com/books?id=En_heITTXCoC&pg=PA193 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The British and Dutch both claimed control of the city, but in 1800, the British took control of Surat.{{r|municipality}}<ref name="EB" /> A [[1837 Surat fire|fire in 1837]] resulted in more than 500 deaths and the destruction of much of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YP5GAAAAcAAJ&q=1837+Surat+fire&pg=RA1-PA82 |title=The Annual Register: World Events 1837-1838 |date=1838 |pages=82–83 |language=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424170510/https://books.google.com/books?id=YP5GAAAAcAAJ&q=1837+Surat+fire&pg=RA1-PA82 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the middle of the 19th century, Surat had become a stagnant city with about 80,000 inhabitants. When India's railways opened, the city started becoming prosperous again. [[Silk]]s, cotton, brocades, and objects of gold and silver from Surat became famous and the ancient art of manufacturing fine [[muslin]] was revived.<ref name="EB" />

=== Surat under British Raj ===
Under [[British Raj]], Surat saw a period of decline from its success under the Mughal Empire. Though it remained a pivotal city for textile-based products, it was less important to the British as a port city than it was for the Mughals. Nevertheless, Surat was very interconnected with Asia and Europe, involving trade with both Europeans and Armenian merchants.<ref name="maloni">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644270 |author=Maloni, Ruby. |title=Europeans in Seventeenth Century Gujarat: Presence and Response. |journal=Social Scientist |year=2008 |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=64–99 |jstor=27644270 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

Tactically, Surat involved itself in trade in fields that did not compete with existing European products, such as pearls and silver.<ref name="lal">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399673 |author=Lal, Vinay |title=Review: Surat under the Raj. |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1993 |volume=28 |pages=863–865 |jstor=4399673 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> The textile industry was also a large portion of Surat's shipping success. But despite being a primary port for textiles, Surat rarely manufactured these textiles locally.<ref name="maloni" /> Bullion was also quite important to Surat's economy during this time. During his first-hand experience on a trip to Surat, English priest [[John Ovington]] recalls the great ores Surat possessed, such as gold and silver.<ref name="johnOv">{{cite web |title=A Voyage To Surat In The Year 1689. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79805/page/n159/mode/2up |last=Ovington |first=John |via=the Internet Archive |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> He recollects the notable "abundance of Pearls" and other precious stones like diamonds that could "be purchas'd here [Surat] at very reasonable rates."<ref name="johnOv" /> As Ovington observed, this industry was imperative to Surat's prosperity under the British Raj and allowed it to maintain its relevance as a port city.

During the [[Quit India Movement]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1942, A large number of 3,000 [[Koli people|Koli]] [[cultivator]]s from Matwad, Karadi, Machhad and Kothmadi in Surat [[List of districts of Gujarat|District]] fought against the [[Indian Imperial Police]] at Matwad with lathis and dharias on 21 August 1942. In this fight, four persons including one policeman died. The kolis also snatched away four police rifles and two bayonets. Kolis smashed up the [[Jalalpore]] [[List of railway stations in India|Railway Station]], removed the Rails and burnt down the post office. After this, situation in the neighbouring towns of [[Borsad]], [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] and [[Thasra]] [[Tehsil|taluqas]] became so tense that troops were marched through the villages between 22 and 24 August 1942 to restore order.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishan|first=Shri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sOGAwAAQBAJ&q=Matwad+Koli|title=Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47|date=2005-04-07|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0208-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=226|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ|title=Histories for the Subordinated|publisher=[[Seagull Books]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905422-38-8|location=New Delhi, India|pages=157|language=en}}</ref>

=== Armenians in Surat ===
The Armenian community in Surat, [[India]], flourished from the [[16th century|16th]] to the [[17th century|17th]] centuries, leaving a lasting impact on the city's history. The Armenian gravestones in Surat, dating back to this period, are intricate and well-preserved, showcasing the community's presence and customs.

Armenians in Surat were renowned traders, dealing in jewelry, precious stones, cotton, and silk. They established trade routes to destinations such as [[Egypt]], the [[Levant]], [[Turkey]], [[Venice]], and [[Livorno|Leghorn]], often traveling with their families.

The British recognised the Armenians' business prowess, seeking their cooperation for trading privileges in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal court]]. Today, these gravestones serve as a poignant reminder of the Armenian community's significant contributions to Surat's history and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ani |first=Margaryan |title=THE 16TH-17TH CENTURIES' ARMENIAN GRAVESTONES – A TESTAMENT TO THE ARMENIAN PRESENCE IN SURAT, INDIA |url=https://chinarmart.com/2023/08/26/the-16th-17th-centuries-armenian-gravestones-a-testament-to-the-armenian-presence-in-surat-india/ |website=Chinarmart |date=26 August 2023}}</ref>

=== Modern period ===
==== Post Independence ====
After India gained independence on 15 August 1947, Surat became part of India. At that time it was a part of Bombay State. Later it became the part of Gujarat state. Along with Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Nagpur and Vadodara, Surat became one of the fast growing cities and major commercial and industrial centers of Western India. During the post-independence period, Surat has experienced considerable growth in industrial activities especially textiles and chemical along with trading activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Surat {{!}} District Surat, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://surat.nic.in/about-surat/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518105938/https://surat.nic.in/about-surat/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 1994 Plague ====
Surat faced a major health crisis in 1994. News of a plague outbreak in Surat occurred in September 1994, and when the possibility of quarantine for the city was mentioned, many residents of Surat fled the city.<ref name="pallipparambil">{{cite web |title=The Surat Plague and its Aftermath |url=https://www.montana.edu/historybug/yersiniaessays/godshen.html |last=Pallipparambil |first=Godshen Robert |website=Montana State University |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

About a quarter of Surat's population fled the city, including people who were in the incubation phase of the disease. This, in turn, partly contributed to the spread of the plague throughout India.

In the media, the cause of the plague was attributed to poor garbage disposal. However, the spread was instead brought about by rodents and fleas which were inadvertently caused by garbage in Surat. The disease ran more rampant through the slum population of Surat. In order to combat the spread of this disease, Surat closed its schools, universities, and public places for an indefinite period. They also ordered the shutdown of important industrial businesses, including diamond-cutting units.<ref name="pallipparambil" /> Eventually, antibiotics were given out and the plague was controlled.
Prior to the major plague outbreak, [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] was suspended in 1993, leaving no major elected body in charge. During the plague, [[Suryadevara Ramachandra Rao]] was elected as the new administrator and launched extensive cleaning campaigns to combat the outbreak.

This was a major step towards sanitation and cleanliness in Surat. Rao's campaigns included launching hotel and shop inspections (to address their irresponsible garbage practices) for several months and calling for the broadening of roads.<ref name="shah1997">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405200 |author=Shah, Ghanshyam |title=Bureaucracy and Urban Improvement: Can It Made to Last? Post-Plague Scenario in Surat. |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1997 |volume=32 |issue=12 |pages=607–613 |jstor=4405200 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> He enforced designated sweeping of the city as well as the regular collection of garbage. Rao also demolished many illegal constructions. However, slums would often fall subject to removal when streets were widened, but Rao ensured that the residents were given alternative residential sites with adequate facilities to accommodate them. Rao's urban and sanitary-related actions fostered the revival of Surat in its post-plague state.

Nevertheless, the plague had long-lasting implications for Surat. It brought attention to the lack of information and the spread of misinformation that occurred in India. Incorrect death tolls and false facts about the cause of the disease were spread, leaving lots of room for post-plague city revival both in terms of information control and cleanliness. Surat's actions pertaining to the latter eventually resulted in the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] deeming Surat as the second cleanest city in India.<ref name="shah1997" />

==== Present Day Surat ====
On 2 October 2007, Surat district was split into two by the creation of a new Tapi district, under the Surat District Re-organisation Act 2007.

== Geography ==
[[File:Tapi river.jpg|thumbnail|left|Tapi river]]
Surat is a port city situated on the banks of the [[Tapi River, India|Tapi]] river. After dams were built, water flow in Tapi deceased causing the original port facilities to close. The nearest port is now in the [[Magadalla]] and [[Hazira]] area of [[Surat Metropolitan Region]]. It has a famous beach called 'Dumas Beach' located in Dumas.The city is located at {{Coord|21.205|N|72.840|E|format=dms |region:IN_type:city}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latlong.net/place/surat-gujarat-india-6781.html |title=Location |publisher=latlong |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613161027/https://www.latlong.net/place/surat-gujarat-india-6781.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{Convert|13|m}}. The Surat district is surrounded by the [[Bharuch]], [[Narmada District|Narmada]], [[Navsari]] and Tapi districts, and [[Gulf of Cambay]] to the west. The climate is tropical and monsoon rainfall is abundant. According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], the town falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-III]], in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).<ref name="hazardprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |title=Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake |access-date=3 August 2008 |work=Jag Mohan Humar, David Lau, and Jean-Robert Pierre |publisher=The Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710000016/http://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Surat has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen]]: Aw), moderated strongly by the Sea to the Gulf of Camboy. The summer begins in early March and lasts until June. April and May are the hottest months, the average maximum temperature being {{cvt|37|C|F|0}}. [[Monsoon]] begins in late June and the city receives about {{cvt|1200|mm|in}} of rain by the end of September, with the average maximum being {{cvt|32|C|F}} during those months. October and November see the retreat of the monsoon and a return of high temperatures until late November. Winter starts in December and ends in late February, with average mean temperatures of around {{cvt|23|C|F}}, and negligible rain.

Since the 20th century, Surat has experienced some 20 floods.<ref name="citiscope.org">{{cite web |url=http://citiscope.org/story/2015/what-surat-learned-preventable-flood |title=What Surat learned from a preventable flood {{!}} Citiscope |website=citiscope.org |language=en |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103442/http://citiscope.org/story/2015/what-surat-learned-preventable-flood |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1968, most parts of the city were flooded and in 1994 a flood caused a country-wide plague outbreak, Surat being the epicenter. In 1998, 30 per cent of Surat had gone under water due to flooding in [[Tapti River|Tapti river]] following release of water from [[Ukai Dam|Ukai dam]] located 90 km from Surat and in Aug [[2006 Surat flood|2006 flood]] more than 95 per cent of the city was under Tapti river waters, killing more than 120 people, stranding tens of thousands in their homes without food or electricity and closing businesses and schools for weeks.<ref name="citiscope.org" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/State-fails-to-find-solution-to-Surat-floods/articleshow/1929043.cms |title=State fails to find solution to Surat floods – Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308173510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/State-fails-to-find-solution-to-Surat-floods/articleshow/1929043.cms |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city is expected to experience more flooding and [[extreme weather]] as [[Climate change in India|climate change becomes worse]], so has invested in flood protection and [[climate resilience]] infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/149164/urban-climate-change-resilience-synopsis.pdf |title=Urban Climate Change Resilience |publisher=Asian Development Bank |year=2014 |series=Publication Stock No. ARM146551 |page=10 |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119010004/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/149164/urban-climate-change-resilience-synopsis.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Surat (1991–2020, extremes 1877–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 38.3
| Feb record high C = 41.7
| Mar record high C = 44.0
| Apr record high C = 45.6
| May record high C = 45.6
| Jun record high C = 45.6
| Jul record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 37.2
| Sep record high C = 41.1
| Oct record high C = 41.4
| Nov record high C = 39.4
| Dec record high C = 38.9
| year record high C = 45.6
| Jan high C = 30.2
| Feb high C = 32.2
| Mar high C = 35.4
| Apr high C = 36.6
| May high C = 35.7
| Jun high C = 33.8
| Jul high C = 31.1
| Aug high C = 30.8
| Sep high C = 32.0
| Oct high C = 34.9
| Nov high C = 34.1
| Dec high C = 31.6
| year high C = 33.2
|Jan mean C = 22.6
|Feb mean C = 24.7
|Mar mean C = 28.0
|Apr mean C = 30.3
|May mean C = 31.4
|Jun mean C = 30.3
|Jul mean C = 28.7
|Aug mean C = 28.1
|Sep mean C = 28.6
|Oct mean C = 29.0
|Nov mean C = 26.8
|Dec mean C = 23.7
| Jan low C = 15.2
| Feb low C = 17.2
| Mar low C = 20.9
| Apr low C = 24.4
| May low C = 27.4
| Jun low C = 27.3
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 25.6
| Oct low C = 23.5
| Nov low C = 19.9
| Dec low C = 16.6
| year low C = 22.5
| Jan record low C = 4.4
| Feb record low C = 5.6
| Mar record low C = 8.9
| Apr record low C = 15.0
| May record low C = 19.4
| Jun record low C = 20.2
| Jul record low C = 19.9
| Aug record low C = 20.2
| Sep record low C = 20.6
| Oct record low C = 14.4
| Nov record low C = 10.6
| Dec record low C = 6.7
| year record low C = 4.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.9
| Feb rain mm = 0.3
| Mar rain mm = 0.7
| Apr rain mm = 0.5
| May rain mm = 2.4
| Jun rain mm = 255.9
| Jul rain mm = 466.3
| Aug rain mm = 281.7
| Sep rain mm = 186.7
| Oct rain mm = 40.7
| Nov rain mm = 5.1
| Dec rain mm = 1.1
| year rain mm = 1243.4
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.1
| May rain days = 0.2
| Jun rain days = 8.0
| Jul rain days = 15.0
| Aug rain days = 12.3
| Sep rain days = 8.1
| Oct rain days = 2.0
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.1
| year rain days = 46.5
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 41
| Feb humidity = 35
| Mar humidity = 32
| Apr humidity = 43
| May humidity = 61
| Jun humidity = 72
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 80
| Sep humidity = 72
| Oct humidity = 54
| Nov humidity = 46
| Dec humidity = 45
| year humidity = 55
| Jan uv = 6
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 7
| Apr uv = 8
| May uv = 8
| Jun uv = 7
| Jul uv = 6
| Aug uv = 6
| Sep uv = 7
| Oct uv = 7
| Nov uv = 7
| Dec uv = 6
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991-2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21}}</ref><ref name= IMD >{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/surat2.htm |title=Surat Climatological Table Period: 1981–2010 |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114037/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/surat2.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/surat/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Surat, Gujarat, India |publisher=Time and Date |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163216/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/surat/climate |url-status=live}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
| source 2 =Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201155746/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42840 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |url=https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42840 |title=Normals Data: Surat - India Latitude: 21.20°N Longitude: 72.83°E Height: 10 (m) |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref> Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/surat-climate |title=Climate and monthly weather forecast Surat, India |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614135421/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/surat-climate |url-status=live}}</ref>
| source =
| Jan dew point C = 9
| Feb dew point C = 10
| Mar dew point C = 10
| Apr dew point C = 14
| May dew point C = 19
| Jun dew point C = 23
| Jul dew point C = 25
| Aug dew point C = 25
| Sep dew point C = 24
| Oct dew point C = 19
| Nov dew point C = 14
| Dec dew point C = 11
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Surat (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value1 = 54.42 |color1 = skyblue
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 22.39 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 9.92 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 3.24 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value5 = 3.11 |color5 = saddlebrown
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.74 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value7 = 1.38 |color7 = gold
|label8 = Others |value8 = 3.80 |color8 = grey
|thumb=right}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Surat City (2011)<ref name=religion>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|11.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Gujarat|Jainism]]|pink|2.31}}
{{bar percent|Others/not stated|black|0.76}}
}}

{{Historical population
| align = right
| source = <ref name="censubbsindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |title=Historical Census of India |access-date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1810 |73000
| 1871 |107100
| 1881 |109800
| 1891 |109200
| 1901 |119300
| 1911 |114900
| 1921 |117400
| 1931 |98900
| 1941 |171400
| 1951 |223200
| 1961 |288000
| 1968 |368900
| 1971 |492700
| 1981 |912600
| 1991 |1519000
| 2001 |2811614
| 2011 |4591246
}}
A resident of Surat is called ''Surati''. According to the 2011 India census, the population of Surat is 4,467,797. Surat has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 79.5%, male literacy is 93%, and female literacy is 84%.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/343-surat.html |title=Surat City Population Census 2011 – Gujarat |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629044525/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/343-surat.html |archive-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. In Surat, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Hindus are the majority community. Muslims and Jains are the largest minorities, and there is a small Buddhist and Christian community.<ref name=religion/>

At the time of the 2011 census, 54.42% of the population spoke [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 22.39% [[Hindi]], 9.92% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 3.24% [[Urdu]], 3.11% [[Odia language|Odia]], 1.74% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and 1.38% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town level): Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10250/download/13362/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
Surat is a stronghold of the BJP, which has ruled Gujarat continuously for 30 years. [[Mukesh Dalal]], of the BJP, is the MP from the [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency]]. He was elected unopposed to the Lok Sabha in 2024.

[[Govind Dholakia]] he was nominated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) to the [[Rajya Sabha]], elected unopposed for the term spanning from 2024 to 2030.

The Assembly constituencies of Surat district are
{{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Surat district}}
|}

== Civic institutions ==
[[File:Muglisaraisurat.jpg|alt=Muglisarai SMC Surat|thumb|Muglisarai SMC Surat]]

The [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure as well as carrying out associated administrative duties. At present, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] is the ruling party with a majority. Under the Provisions of Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949, Section – 4, the powers have been vested in three Distinct Statutory Authorities: the General Board, the Standing Committee, and the Municipal Commissioner. It ranked 7 out of 21 cities for best administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. It is the only city in India to disclose municipal budgets on a weekly basis.<ref name="asics">{{cite book |last1=Gumber |first1=Anurag |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |location=Bangalore |pages=64–68 |edition=2nd |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |access-date=5 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Public safety ===
Surat began the 'Safe City Project' in 2011 aimed at keeping the city safe using surveillance cameras. The project was headed by Sanjay Srivastava (IPS) who was then the Joint-Commissioner of Surat Police. The 280-square-foot video wall claimed to be the largest surveillance screen in the country, is being installed in the control room of Police Commissioner Mr. Rakesh Asthana (IPS). This will help the police view the entire city live through 10,000 CCTV cameras across the city. Surat police have decided to install 5,000 CCTV cameras at sensitive points across the city. While 1,000 cameras will be night vision cameras, 4,000 others will be simple CCTV cameras. This has been installed on PPP base with the help of the city's businessmen, the city's social persons, [[Surat Municipal Corporation]], and the Surat City Police.<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/surat-to-have-new-security-system/111831/ |title=Surat to have new security system |publisher=Business Standard |date=19 January 2013 |access-date=3 February 2013 |newspaper=[[Business Standard India]] |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424055258/https://www.business-standard.com/search?q=news |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hospitals===
*[[Government Medical College, Surat|Government Medical College]]
*[[Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-04 |title=Two SMIMER docs' fight goes viral |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/two-smimer-docs-fight-goes-viral/articleshow/102408975.cms |access-date=2023-11-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Kiran Hospital]]

== Economy ==
Surat ranked ninth in India with a GDP of $40 billion in the fiscal year 2016. The GDP of Surat in 2020 will be around $57 billion estimated by The City Mayors Foundation, an international think tank on urban affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/top-10-richest-cities-india-slideshow-wp-113607627/ |title=Yahoo Search - Web Search |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624074828/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/top-10-richest-cities-india-slideshow-wp-113607627/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |title=The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2020 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209143848/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html |archive-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Surat is a major hub of diamond cutting and polishing.<ref name="roughpolished">{{cite news |title=Indian diamond cutting and polishing sector |url=http://www.rough-polished.com/en/analytics/77889.html |agency=Rough&Polished |date=6 March 2013 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203230427/http://www.rough-polished.com/en/analytics/77889.html |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first diamond workshops in Gujarat appeared in Surat and [[Navasari]] in the late 1950s. The major group working in this industry is people from the [[Saurashtra region]] of Gujarat. Because of demand in the American market from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s (with only a brief recession in 1979), Surat's diamond industry grew tremendously. Currently, most of the diamond polishing workshops are running in the [[Varachha]] area of Surat, mostly by the people of the [[Patel]] community.<ref name="diamondhistory">{{citation |title=Diamond and Patels |citeseerx=10.1.1.1026.5615 |year=1999}}</ref> Around the world, 8 out of 10 diamonds on the market were cut and polished in Surat. This industry earns India about US$10 billion in annual exports. That declined by about 18% in 2019 due to reduced demand for diamonds. The decline continued in 2020 when the industry closed for some months because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thediamondloupe.com/manufacturing/2019-09-16/indias-diamond-polishers-facing-massive-job-losses |title=India's Diamond Polishers Facing Massive Job Losses, The Times of India |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214140404/https://www.thediamondloupe.com/manufacturing/2019-09-16/indias-diamond-polishers-facing-massive-job-losses |url-status=dead}}</ref> A legacy of old Dutch trade links, it began after a Surti entrepreneur returned from East Africa bringing diamond cutters. The rough diamonds are mined in South Africa and other regions of the African continent, and go from here as smooth gems to Antwerp, Belgium where the international diamond trade is run mainly by Hasidic Jews and Jains from Palanpur in North Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/104 |title=gujarattourism |website=www.gujarattourism.com |language=en |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165648/https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/6/104 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Surat's economy drives from a range of manufacturing and industry fields such as diamonds, textiles, petrochemicals, shipbuilding, automobile, port etc.

Since it is known for producing textiles, including silk, Surat is known as the textile hub of the nation or the Silk City of India. It is very famous for its cotton mills and [[Surat Zari Craft]]. Surat is the biggest center of MMF (man-made fiber) in India. It has a total of 381 dyeing and printing mills and 41,100 power loom units. There are over a hundred thousand units and mills in total. The overall annual turnover is around 5 billion rupees. There are over 800 cloth wholesalers in Surat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries Information |url=http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/applications/content.asp?Content_Id=1035&Title_Id=81&language=E&SiteID=28 |publisher=Collectorate Surat District, Government of India |access-date=1 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502031802/http://revenuedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/applications/content.asp?Content_Id=1035&Title_Id=81&language=E&SiteID=28 |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> It is the largest manufacturer of clothes in India, and Surti dress material can be found in any state of India. Surat produces 9 million meters of fabric annually, which accounts for 60% of the total polyester cloth production in India. Now the city is focusing on increasing the exports of its textile.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Melvyn R. |title=Surat's textile exporters eyeing US market |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surats-textile-exporters-eyeing-US-market/articleshow/30414837.cms |access-date=1 May 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324213729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surats-textile-exporters-eyeing-US-market/articleshow/30414837.cms |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There are many SME Domestic IT Companies present in Surat. MNC IT companies like IBM,<ref name="IBM">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ibm-opens-virtual-branch-office-in-surat/400560/ |title=IBM opens virtual branch office in Surat |author=BS Reporter |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=27 July 2015 |newspaper=Business Standard India |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424055256/https://www.business-standard.com/search?q=news |url-status=live}}</ref> HCL have satellite or virtual branches in Surat. On 14 February 2014, Government of Gujarat DST had handover STPI Surat<ref name="STPI Surat Info">{{cite web |url=http://www.gnr.stpi.in/Surat2.pdf |title=Software Technology Parks of India – Surat |website=www.gnr.stpi.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320095931/http://www.gnr.stpi.in/Surat2.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="STPI Surat Handover">{{cite web |url=http://www.gnr.stpi.in/It_Park_Surat.pdf |title=Handover Ceremony |website=www.gnr.stpi.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309015538/http://www.gnr.stpi.in/It_Park_Surat.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2014}}</ref> at Bhestan-Jiav Road, Bhestan Near Udhana-Sachin BRTS Route. Surat city administration will demand for setting up of an information technology (IT) hub and an [[Indian Institute of Information Technology]] (IIIT) on the outskirts of the city.<ref name="SMC_IT">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/SMC-to-seek-setting-up-of-IT-hub-and-IIT/articleshow/46377510.cms |title=SMC to seek setting up of IT hub and IIT |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017113216/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/SMC-to-seek-setting-up-of-IT-hub-and-IIT/articleshow/46377510.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]] CityNext initiative has tied up with IT services majors [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and [[Wipro]] to leverage technology for [[sustainable growth]] of cities in India. The first smart IT city in India is being constituted by the Microsoft CityNext Initiative in Surat, [[Gujarat]].<ref name="csrjournal.org" /> In 2011, Surat hosted India's first Microsoft DreamSpark Yatra (a tech event) with speakers from Microsoft Headquarters at [[Redmond, Washington|Redmond]], Washington. The event was organised by ex-[[Microsoft Student Partner]] Samarth Zankharia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/india/msindia/pressreleases/microsoft-kick-starts-dreamspark-yatra-2011/277/ |title=Microsoft Kick Starts DreamSpark Yatra 2011 |work=[[Microsoft India]] |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=27 July 2015 |date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418161316/http://www.microsoft.com/india/msindia/pressreleases/microsoft-kick-starts-dreamspark-yatra-2011/277/ |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2015, Tech giant [[IBM]] has chosen Surat among 16 global locations for its smart cities program to help them address challenges like waste management, disaster management and citizen services. Under the program, IBM will send a team of experts to each of the chosen cities where they will spend three weeks working closely with city staff analysing data about critical issues faced by its local bodies;<ref name="Surat, India 2015 challenge" /><ref name="IBM_Smarter_Cities">{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma |title=IBM picks Surat, Allahabad & Vizag among 16 global locations for smart cities project |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515192742/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma |archive-date=15 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the co-operation continued into 2016.<ref name="Smarter Cities">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/in/en/pressrelease/49062.wss |title=City of Surat to Improve Citizen Services with IBM Smarter Cities Program – India |work=IBM News room |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010129/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/in/en/pressrelease/49062.wss |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Surat is being a port city, it has turned as a major commercial and industrial hub in India. It is home for many companies such as [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]], [[Reliance Industries]] ([[Hazira Manufacturing Division]]), [[Essar Steel]], [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[Krishak Bharati Cooperative]], [[NTPC Limited]], [[Bharat Petroleum]], [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[UltraTech Cement]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[GAIL]], [[GSEG Combined Cycle Power plant, Hazira|GSEG]], [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]], [[Hero MotoCorp]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Industries in Surat, Textile Industry in Surat, Diamond Industry |url=https://www.suratonline.in/city-guide/industries-in-surat |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.suratonline.in |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827231417/https://www.suratonline.in/city-guide/industries-in-surat |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hazira Port]] is located in [[Hazira]], an industrial suburb where most of the industries are located while other region is [[Magdalla]] which is also developed as [[Port of Magdalla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23898019 |title=Hazira Port Private Ltd.: Private Company Information - Businessweek |website=investing.businessweek.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920003500/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23898019 |archive-date=2012-09-20}}</ref>

The government of Gujarat plans another project near Surat similar to [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City]] (GIFT). The Chief Minister has suggested that the government wishes to develop DREAM to have a five-seven star hotel, bank, IT, corporate trading house, entertainment zone and other facilities while the [[Surat Diamond Bourse]] (SDB) will be based there. Allotment of Khajod land for the project is convenient for the state government because they have {{cvt|2,000|acre}} of available land. The Trade Centre, located near [[Sarsana]] village, will have a {{cvt|100,160|m2|adj=on}} pillar-less air-conditioned hall with a {{cvt|90|by|35|m|adj=on}} pillar-less dome.<ref name="DREAM City">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Althan-Khajod-next-in-line-for-mega-development/articleshow/5233470.cms |title=Althan, Khajod next in line for mega development |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2009 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017113216/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Althan-Khajod-next-in-line-for-mega-development/articleshow/5233470.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SDB DREAM City">{{cite web |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2014/08/31/gujarat-govt-plans-gift-city-like-project-close-to-surat/ |title=Gujarat govt plans GIFT city like project close to Surat |work=DeshGujarat |access-date=27 July 2015 |date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729023221/http://deshgujarat.com/2014/08/31/gujarat-govt-plans-gift-city-like-project-close-to-surat/ |archive-date=29 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="170">
Image:Greatersuratindustry.jpg|Metropolitan Surat economic centers and industries map
File:Hazira Industrial Area,ONGC.jpg|[[ONGC]] plant in [[Hazira]]
File:Aerial view of Surat ,Adajan Side.jpg|Aerial view of Surat, Adajan Side. Sardar Patel bridge on Tapti river is visible in the middle.
File:SuratAhmedabadMumbai 020.jpg|Surat's Textile District Ring Road in 2007
</gallery>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Surat}}

[[File:Surat Airport, Gujrat.png|thumb|[[Surat International Airport]]]]
[[File:Surat Railway Station - Nov 2024.jpg|thumb|[[Surat railway station]]]]

Built in 1860, [[Surat railway station]] falls under the administrative control of [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. In early 2016, the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation rated the facility the best large station in India based on cleanliness.

The [[Sitilink]] or Surat BRTS is a [[bus rapid transit system]] in the city. Initiated by Bharat Shah, additional city engineer of Surat Municipal Corporation. It is operated by Surat Municipal Corporation and as of August 2017, had a network of 245 buses connecting major localities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/smc-takes-over-city-bus-brts-services-from-private-operator/articleshow/60027053.cms |title=SMC takes over city bus, BRTS services from the private operator – Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315161805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/smc-takes-over-city-bus-brts-services-from-private-operator/articleshow/60027053.cms |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Surat International Airport]] located in [[Magdalla]], 11 kilometres (7 mi) southwest of Surat. It is the 2nd busiest airport in Gujarat in terms of both aircraft movements and passenger traffic. Currently, airlines such as Air India, Alliance Air, AirAsia India, SpiceJet, IndiGo Airlines, Air Odisha, Ventura AirConnect provide flight services from the Surat to various major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Goa, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam. There are also regular international flights on the Sharjah route of Air India Express. Apart from the main city, Surat Airport also caters to various localities of south Gujarat including Navsari, Bardoli, Valsad, Bharuch, Ankleshwar.

[[Surat Metro]] is an under construction rapid transit rail system for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/narendra-modi-announces-states-aproval-to-surat-metro-train-project/ |title=Narendra Modi announces state's approval to Surat Metro train project |publisher=DeshGujarat.com |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303085226/http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/narendra-modi-announces-states-aproval-to-surat-metro-train-project/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Food ===
[[File:Locho and idada.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Locho]] and [[Dhokla|Idada]]]]

Surat is known for its food and has its own list of cherished street foods. There is a famous saying in Gujarati, "સુરતનું જમણ અને કાશીનું મરણ", meaning Eat in Surat and Die in [[Varanasi|Kashi]] for the ultimate experience of the soul.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathi |first=Vaishali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3ODAAAQBAJ&q=surat+food+famous&pg=PA105 |title=Indian desi tadka |publisher=Onlinegatha |year=2016 |isbn=9789385818004 |page=105 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003011758/https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3ODAAAQBAJ&q=surat+food+famous&pg=PA105 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyer |first=Raghavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfTnCwAAQBAJ&q=The+food+of+Surat+is+like+dying+in+the+holy+city+of+kaashi&pg=PA539 |title=660 Curries |publisher=Workman Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=9780761187462 |page=539 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002145908/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfTnCwAAQBAJ&q=The+food+of+Surat+is+like+dying+in+the+holy+city+of+kaashi&pg=PA539 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Melvyn |last1=Thomas |title=There is an old saying 'Surat Nu Jaman Ane Kashi Nu Maran' which means Eat in Surat and Die in Kashi for the ultimate experience of the soul. But, fate of around 200 fine dining restaurants in the diamond city hangs in balance as all the a/c restaurants have come under the service tax net. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/There-is-an-old-saying-Surat-Nu-Jaman-Ane-Kashi-Nu-Maran-which-means-Eat-in-Surat-and-Die-in-Kashi-for-the-ultimate-experience-of-the-soul-But-fate-of-around-200-fine-dining-restaurants-in-the-diamond-city-hangs-in-balance-as-all-the-a/c-restaurants-have-come-under-the-service-tax-net-/articleshow/18831930.cms |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=6 March 2013 |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621141528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/There-is-an-old-saying-Surat-Nu-Jaman-Ane-Kashi-Nu-Maran-which-means-Eat-in-Surat-and-Die-in-Kashi-for-the-ultimate-experience-of-the-soul-But-fate-of-around-200-fine-dining-restaurants-in-the-diamond-city-hangs-in-balance-as-all-the-a/c-restaurants-have-come-under-the-service-tax-net-/articleshow/18831930.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=સુરતની ઘારી માટે એમ કહી શકાય કે, 'યે અંગ્રેજો કે જમાને કી મીઠાઈ હૈ...!!!' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/surat-ghari-price-in-shard-poonam-67915 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=Zee News Gujarati |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611201047/https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/surat-ghari-price-in-shard-poonam-67915 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wohADAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3+%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3&pg=PT47 |title=Gulal - TB |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789351991441 |page=47 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001084527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wohADAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3+%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3&pg=PT47 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=Feb 2, 2013 |title=Gujju goes global |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/food/Gujju-goes-global/articleshow/21237214.cms |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611201052/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/food/Gujju-goes-global/articleshow/21237214.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The unique dishes of Surat include [[locho]], [[Ghari (sweet)|ghari]], surti bhusu,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ashleshaa Khurana |date=Oct 9, 2014 |title=Ghari's best buddy, bhusu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gharis-best-buddy-bhusu/articleshow/44747591.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908070347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gharis-best-buddy-bhusu/articleshow/44747591.cms |archive-date=8 September 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> alupuri, [[Khow suey|kavsa]], [[ponk]], ulta vadapav, [[undhiyu]], [[dhokla]], [[khaman]], rasaawala kaman, and sev khamani.

People's love for food in Surat is so great that there is a lane called "Khaudra Gali", which means "foodie's lane", which has all stalls of various types of dishes, the specialty being Mysore Dosa.

==Education==
=== Universities ===
[[Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat]] is one of 31 [[National Institutes of Technology]] that are recognised as [[Institutes of National Importance]] by the Government of India. [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat]] started in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/IIIT-research-centre-soon-in-Surat/articleshow/27098792.cms |title=IIIT research centre soon in Surat |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 December 2013 |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729082608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/IIIT-research-centre-soon-in-Surat/articleshow/27098792.cms |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of the regional colleges are affiliated to [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]] (VNSGU, named after the poet [[Veer Narmad]]), which has headquarters in the Surat Metropolitan Region. Colleges are also affiliated to [[SNDT Women's University|SNDT]], [[Gujarat Technological University]] and other universities. [[Government Medical College, Surat]] is a more than 50 years old medical school of 250 yearly student admission capacity with attached tertiary care hospital, New Civil Hospital. [[Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (SMIMER) is a Municipal Medical College affiliated with the [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]. [[Auro University]] has also started to provide education in Surat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aurouniversity.edu.in/ |title=AURO University – MBA, BBA, Hospitality Management Degree Programs, BBA+LLB, BSc IT Courses in Surat Gujarat India |publisher=Aurouniversity.edu.in |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127152336/http://www.aurouniversity.edu.in/ |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Science Centre ===
[[File:Science-center-and-science.jpg|alt=Science Center And Science Museum|thumb|Science Center And Science Museum]] [[Science Centre, Surat|Science Centre]], Surat is a multi-facility complex built by the Surat Municipal Corporation in 2009, the first of its type in western India. The complex houses a science centre, museum, an art gallery, an auditorium, an [[amphitheater]], and a planetarium.

==Sports==
=== Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium ===
[[File:Pandit DinDayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium,Surat.jpg|thumb|left|Pandit DinDayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium, Surat]]
With a seating capacity of 6800, Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium is the first of its kind in the Western Region of India. The stadium frequently organises national and international indoor games such as volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, handball, boxing, wrestling, badminton, basketball, and tennis. It has a central arena of size 63 m × 33 m, rooms for participants and team officials, and other essential facilities including snack bars. This is also a convenient venue for organising cultural programs, music concerts, drama, fashion shows, seminars, conferences, and many more. The Indoor Stadium also hosted TEDxSurat 2018 on 7 October 2018 which was the largest TEDx conference in Gujarat and one of the largest TEDx conferences in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Services/IndoorStadiumHome |title=Surat Municipal Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311142400/https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Services/IndoorStadiumHome |archive-date=11 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Lalbhai Contractor Cricket Stadium ===
[[File:Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg|thumb|right|Lalbhai Contractor Stadium]]
Lalbhai Contractor Cricket Stadium has a capacity of more than 7,000 and has hosted several [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji]], [[Irani Trophy|Irani]], and [[Duleep Trophy]] matches. The stadium is a primary destination for local cricketers and enthusiasts. The stadium has hosted several benefit matches for international cricketers.

== Surat in literature ==
*''[[The Coffee-House of Surat]]'' — by [[Leo Tolstoy]]
*''A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ovington |first1=John |title=A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 |year=1929 |publisher=Oxford University Press, H. Milford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo1StUwev0AC |access-date=22 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004436/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo1StUwev0AC |url-status=live}}</ref> — by [[John Ovington]]
*Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ&q=surat&pg=PP1 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach |year=1877 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001104115/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ&q=surat&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[The Land of Malabar]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barbosa |first1=Duarte |last2=Menon |first2=M. Gangadhara |title=The land of Malabar: the book of Duarte Barbosa vol. II |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi University |language=English |date=2000 |oclc=53921669}}</ref> — by [[Duarte Barbosa]]
*[[Plague in Surat: Crisis in Urban Governance]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Archana |title=Plague in Surat: Crisis in Urban Governance |year=1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-579-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ-J109Isr4C |access-date=22 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003075438/https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ-J109Isr4C |url-status=live}}</ref> — by [[Archana Ghosh]] and [[S. Sami Ahmad]]
*[[Surat, Broach and Other Old Cities of Goojerat]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hope |first1=T. C. |title=Surat, Broach and Other Old Cities of Goojerat |year=1868 |publisher=Oriental Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zE3UPQAACAAJ |access-date=22 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002232536/https://books.google.com/books?id=zE3UPQAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> — by [[Theodore Hope]]

== Neighborhoods and localities ==
{{expand section|date=January 2023}}
{{Div col}}
*[[Bhimrad]]
*[[Kosamba]]
*[[Varachha]]
*[[Udhana]]
*[[Sachin, Gujarat|Sachin]]
*[[Pandesara]]
*[[Athwalines]]{{Div col end}}

== Notable people ==


{{Div col}}
*[[Abbas–Mustan]], Bollywood directors
*[[Hashim Amla]], South African cricketer
*[[Henry Barnes-Lawrence]] (1815–1896), Anglican clergyman, and founder of the [[Association for the Protection of Sea-Birds]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1869/may/04/sea-birds-preservation-bill |title=Hansard: Sea Birds Preservation Bill, Lord's Committee |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312114525/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1869/may/04/sea-birds-preservation-bill |archive-date=12 March 2017 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=4 May 1869 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Chahhyaben Bhuva]], politician
*[[Kiransinh Chauhan]], Gujarati poet and scriptwriter
*[[Abdulgani Dahiwala]], Gujarati poet
*[[Ismail Darbar]], [[Bollywood]] composer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Elina Priyadarshini |title=Ismail Darbar wants to serve the people of Surat – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ismail-Darbar-wants-to-serve-the-people-of-Surat/articleshow/9074875.cms |access-date=9 October 2017 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |date=2 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ismail-Darbar-wants-to-serve-the-people-of-Surat/articleshow/9074875.cms |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Freddy Daruwala]], Bollywood actor
*[[Harmeet Desai]], table-tennis player
*[[Jayant Desai]], director
*[[Prachi Desai]], actress in Bollywood<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghai |first1=Rajat |title=I am lucky:Prachi Desai – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-am-luckyPrachi-Desai-/articleshow/2606286.cms |access-date=8 October 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113231252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-am-luckyPrachi-Desai-/articleshow/2606286.cms |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Govind Dholakia]], Indian businessman and member of Rajya Sabha.
*[[Savji Dholakia]], Indian businessman, founder and chairman of [[Hari Krishna Exports|Hari Krishna Export]].
*[[Mathur Savani]], businessman and social activist
*[[Pratik Gandhi]], Bollywood actor
*[[Jashwant Gangani]], writer, director, producer
*[[Uttamram Ghelabhai]], textile merchant, philanthropist
*[[Yazdi Karanjia]], theatre person - noted as one of the doyens of [[Parsi theatre]]
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] (actual name Haribhai Jariwala), film actor<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhawan |first1=M.L. |title=He was an actor for all seasons |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/main3.htm |access-date=26 September 2017 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=13 August 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303211856/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/main3.htm |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Mareez]], twentieth century Gujarati poet, popular for his ghazals
*[[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], actress
*[[Babubhai Mistry]], special effects - Bollywood trick scene photography
*[[Narmad]], Gujarati poet, playwright, essayist, orator, lexicographer and reformer under the British Raj
*[[Hardik Pandya]], Indian international cricketer
*[[Dhwanil Parekh]], twentieth century Gujarati poet
*[[Hendrik van Rheede]] (1636–1691), Dutch botanist and colonial administrator. Died of the coast of [[Mumbai]] and was buried at the Dutch Cemetery in Surat.
*[[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] religious leader of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
*[[Harsh Sanghavi]], MLA - Majura constituency and minister of state.
*[[Gunvant Shah]], educationist and columnist
*[[Bhagwatikumar Sharma]], author and journalist
*[[Farooq Sheikh]], actor and television presenter<ref>{{cite web |title=Farooq Shaikh – Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/farooq-shaikh/4552 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144055/https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/farooq-shaikh/4552 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]], actress
*[[Abid Surti]], Indian cartoonist and writer
*[[Mehul Surti]], Indian musician
*[[Mohammed Surti]], Indian National Congress politician
*[[Rusi Surti]], Indian cricketer
*[[Naval Tata]], former chairman of the Tata Group
*[[Virji Vora]], businessman known as "merchant prince" during Mughal era<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/b58fa936-2be9-4c0d-b020-e43e1d70f401 |title=The Discovery Service |last=Archives |first=The National |website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk |language=en-GB |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228042958/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/b58fa936-2be9-4c0d-b020-e43e1d70f401 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Zubeida]], actress
{{Div col end}}



== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Dumas Beach]]
* [[List of colleges in Surat]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]
* [[Surat BRTS]]
* [[Surat high-speed railway station]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Surat&params=21_10_12.7_N_72_49_52.0_E_type:city(6936534)_region:IN-GJ GeoHack – Surat]
* [https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in Website of Surat Municipal Corporation]
* [http://www.indiadatalab.in/pincode/gujarat/surat/ Pincode list] ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130815/http://www.indiadatalab.in/pincode/gujarat/surat/ |date=28 February 2021 }})
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Surat|short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE |wstitle=Surat |short=x}}

{{Surat topics}}
{{Surat district}}
{{Gujarat}}
{{Million-plus agglomerations in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Surat| ]]
[[Category:1612 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Surat district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Rajendra Sapte

2026-03-09T17:29:30Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Sapte
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
|office = Deputy Mayor of Thane
|term_start = 2014
|term_end = 2017
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Ramakant Madhvi]]
| birth_date =
| party =[[Shiv Sena]]
| religion =
| nationality = {{flag|India}}n
| website =
}}

'''Rajendra Ramesh Sapte''' is a [[Shiv Sena]] politician from [[Thane district]], Maharashtra. He was the Deputy Mayor of [[Thane Municipal Corporation]] from 2014 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shiv-sena-retains-mayor-and-deputy-mayor-posts-in-thane-2017556|title=Shiv Sena retains Mayor and Deputy Mayor posts in Thane}}</ref> He had been elected to Thane Municipal Corporation for four consecutive terms from 1997 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thanecity.gov.in/marathi/committee_data.php?id=8|title=Rajendra Ramesh Sapte Political Career}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1997: Elected as corporator in Thane Municipal Corporation
* 2002: Re-elected as corporator in Thane Municipal Corporation
* 2007: Re-elected as corporator in Thane Municipal Corporation
* 2012: Re-elected as corporator in Thane Municipal Corporation <ref>{{cite web|url=http://thanecity.gov.in/marathi/page.php?id=5|title=ठाणे महानगरपालिका निवडून आलेले सदस्य}}</ref>
* 2015: Elected as Deputy Mayor of Thane Municipal Corporation

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202100332/http://www.shivsena.org/ Shivsena Home Page]
* [http://thanecity.gov.in/marathi/committee_members.php ठाणे महानगरपालिका पदाधिकारी]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sapte, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aluri

2026-03-09T13:12:20Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Enhanced content and organization

'''Aluri''' is a Telegu surname. People with the name include:

* [[Chakrapani (director)]] (Aluri Venkata Subbarao, 1908–1975), Indian screenwriter, producer and director in Telugu cinema
* {{ill|Aluri Bairagi|te|ఆలూరి బైరాగి}}, [[List of Telugu people|a Telugu]] poet

{{surname}}

List of Punjabi films of 2024

2026-03-08T03:03:14Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Starting a entry basic info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

This is a list of Indian [[Punjabi cinema]] films to be released/scheduled in 2024

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Punjabi cinema films]] released in 2024. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.{{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2024
|-
!Rank
!Title
!Production company
!Worldwide gross
!class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!1
|''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]''
|White Hill Studios Speed Records
|{{INRConvert|101|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jatt And Juliet 3 Set To Be Biggest Punjabi Worldwide Grosser Ever - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8603 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
!2
|''[[Shinda Shinda No Papa]]''
|Yoodlee Film, Humble Motion Pictures
|{{INRConvert|15.7|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-15 |title=Shinda Shinda No Papa Box Office Collection, Budget, Cast, Release Date & More - Box Office Reviewz |url=https://boxofficereviewz.com/shinda-shinda-no-papa-box-office-collection/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!3
|''Jatt Nuu Chudail Takri''
|Dreamiyata, Desi Melodies
|{{INRConvert|10.79|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Jatt Nuu Chudail Takri Box Office Collection: Sargun Mehta, Gippy Grewal's Film Registers Blockbuster Weekend |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2024/jatt-nuu-chudail-takri-box-office-collection-sargun-mehtas-film-registers-blockbuster-weekend-388871.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!4
|''[[Warning 2]]''
|Humble Motion Pictures
|{{INRConvert|5.25|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Warning 2 Box Office Collection Day 14 - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/quicknews/Warning_2_2024_Box_Office_Collection_Day_14 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|''[[Jee Ve Sohneya Jee]]''
|VH Entertainment, U&I Films
|{{INRConvert|2.47|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=BoxOfficeBusiness |date=2024-02-18 |title=Jee Ve Sohneya Jee Day 14 Box Office Collection Worldwide & Budget |url=https://boxofficebusiness.in/2024/02/jee-ve-sohneya-jee-day-1-box-office-collection-worldwide-budget.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!6
|''Shayar''
|Neeru Bajwa Entertainment
|{{INRConvert|2.04|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Shayar Box Office Collection, Budget, Cast, Release Date, Day Wise Earning - Box Office Reviewz |url=https://boxofficereviewz.com/shayar-box-office-collection-budget-cast-release-date-day-wise-earning/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!7
|''Ni Main Sass Kuttni 2''
|[[Saregama]], Banwait Films
|{{INRConvert|2.03|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Ni Main Sass Kuttni 2 Box Office Collection, Budget, Day Wise Report - Box Office Reviewz |url=https://boxofficereviewz.com/ni-main-sass-kuttni-2-box-office-collection/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!8
|''[[Shahkot (film)|Shahkot]]''
|Aim7Sky Studio
|{{INRConvert|1.58|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahkot - Sacnilk |url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Shahkot_2024 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.sacnilk.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!9
|''[[Khadari]]''
|GFM & Ravishing Entertainment
|{{INRConvert|1.19|c|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-02-06 |title=Khadari Movie Box Office Collection, Budget, Hit Or Flop, OTT, Cast |url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/khadari-box-office/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Cinefry |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!10
|''Lambran Da Laana''
|Fire Monika Multi Media
|{{INRConvert|31|l|lk=on|year=2024}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-01-24 |title=Lambran Da Laana Box Office Collection, Budget, Hit Or Flop, OTT, Cast |url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/lambran-da-laana-box-office/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Cinefry |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==January–July==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%" | Opening
! style="width:18%" | Title
! style="width:18%" | Director
! Cast
! style="width:4%;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |J A N U A R Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Lambran Da Laana''
| Taj ||[[Babbal Rai]], [[Sara Gurpal]]||<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2023 |title=Babbal Rai and Sara Gurpal to share the screen in 'Lambran Da Laana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/babbal-rai-and-sara-gurpal-to-share-the-screen-in-lambran-da-laana/articleshow/106254558.cms |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |F E B R U A R Y
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''2'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Warning 2]]''|| Amar Hundal ||[[Gippy Grewal]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]], [[Prince Kanwaljit Singh]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2023 |title=Warning 2 Motion Poster Out |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/141123/warning-2-motion-poster-out.html|access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Shayar''|| Uday Pratap Singh ||[[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Satinder Sartaaj]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/shayar-neeru-bajwa-and-satinder-sartaajs-reunion-promises-a-cinematic-masterpiece-416963 |title='Shayar': Neeru Bajwa and Satinder Sartaaj's Reunion Promises a Cinematic Masterpiece |date=12 August 2023|work=[[PTC Punjabi]]|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103141051/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/shayar-neeru-bajwa-and-satinder-sartaajs-reunion-promises-a-cinematic-masterpiece-416963 |archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Khadari]]''|| Manav Shah ||[[Gurnam Bhullar]], [[Surbhi Jyoti]], Kartar Cheema ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2023 |title=Khadari: Gurnam Bhullar, Surbhi Jyoti, and Kartar Cheema to headline the movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/khadari-gurnam-bhullar-surbhi-jyoti-and-kartar-cheema-to-headline-the-movie/articleshow/102087055.cms |access-date=13 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''16'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Jee Ve Sohneya Jee]]''
|Thaparr
|[[Imran Abbas]], [[Simi Chahal]], Mintu Kapa
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jee Ve Sohneya Jee Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/jee-ve-sohneya-jee/movieshow/106567676.cms |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title='Jee Ve Sohneya Jee' trailer: Simi Chahal and Imran Abbas starrer to offer a cross-border love tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/watch-the-jee-ve-sohneya-jee-trailer-a-crossborder-love-tale/articleshow/107144941.cms |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Oye Bhole Oye]]''
|Varinder Ramgarhia
|[[Jagjeet Sandhu]], Irwinmeet Kaur
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2024 |title=Jagjeet Sandhu & Irwin Meet Kaur-starrer Punjabi film Oye Bhole Oye set to release on February 16 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jagjeet-sandhu-irwin-meet-kaur-starrer-punjabi-film-oye-bhole-oye-set-to-release-on-february-16-585993 |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=[[The Tribune (India)| Tribune India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R C H'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Ni Main Sass Kuttni 2''|| Mohit Banwait || Anita Devgan, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Karamjit Anmol ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/10/07/ent2-film-release-date.html |title=Punjabi comedy 'Ni Main Sass 2' to release in March 2024 |date=7 October 2023|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103135926/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/10/07/ent2-film-release-date.html |archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''15'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Jatt Nuu Chudail Takri]]''|| Vikas Vashisht || [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Sargun Mehta]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/jatt-nuu-chudail-takri-new-release-date-gippy-grewal-and-sargun-mehta-promises-spooky-hilarity-417536 |title=Jatt Nuu Chudail Takri New Release Date: Gippy Grewal and Sargun Mehta Promises Spooky Hilarity |date=2 September 2023|work=[[PTC Punjabi]]|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103141505/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/pollywood/jatt-nuu-chudail-takri-new-release-date-gippy-grewal-and-sargun-mehta-promises-spooky-hilarity-417536 |archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" |''A P R I L''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; |'''5'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Chal Bhajj Chaliye''
|Sunil Thakur
|Inder Chahal, Rubina Dilaik, Alisha
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#FBCEB1; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''10'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Shinda Shinda No Papa]]''
|| Amarpreet Chabra || [[Gippy Grewal]], Shinda Grewal, [[Hina Khan]]
||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/shinda-shinda-no-papa-gippy-grewal-and-his-son-shinda-grewal-starrer-to-release-on-10-may-2024/articleshow/102728084.cms |title=Shinda Shinda No Papa: Gippy Grewal and his son Shinda Grewal starrer to release on 10 May 2024 |date=14 August 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026094929/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/shinda-shinda-no-papa-gippy-grewal-and-his-son-shinda-grewal-starrer-to-release-on-10-may-2024/articleshow/102728084.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#32CD35; textcolor:#000;" |J U N E
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |
'''27'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Jatt & Juliet 3]]''
|| [[Jagdeep Sidhu]] || [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Jasmin Bajwa]] ||
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |J U L Y
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EFDECD;" |
'''26'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Manje Bistre 3'' || Baljit Singh Deo || Gippy Grewal, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Karamjit Anmol ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-manje-bistre-3-to-release-in-2024/articleshow/98081756.cms?from=mdr |title=Gippy Grewal's 'Manje Bistre 3' to release in 2024 |date=20 February 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921040554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-manje-bistre-3-to-release-in-2024/articleshow/98081756.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=21 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

==August–December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:6%" | Opening
! style="width:18%" | Title
! style="width:18%" | Director
! Cast
! style="width:4%;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |O C T 
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EFDECD;" |
'''4'''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Shahkot (film)|Shahkot]]''|| Rajiv Dhingra|| [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Isha Talwar]]||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2023]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2025]]

== Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2024 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi Films Of 2024}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|2024]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cinema|P ]]
[[Category:Lists of 2024 films by language|Punjabi]]
[[Category:2024 Punjabi-language films| List]]

Sarpakadu

2026-03-04T09:23:43Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added A Page And Citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sarpakadu
| director = [[J. D. Thottan]]
| writer = K. V. R. Acharya [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = P. K. Sathyapal
| producer = P. K. Sathyapal
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sukumari]] [[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| cinematography = P. K. Madhavan Nair
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]] G. Venkittaraman
| music = [[M. S. Baburaj]]
| studio = Naga Films
| released = {{Film date|1965|12|31|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Sarpakadu''''' ({{Translation|Grove of snakes}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[J. D. Thottan]] and produced by P. K. Sathyapal. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sukumari]], [[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]]. It was released on 31 December 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2015-04-26 |title=Sarpakkadu: 1965 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/sarpakkadu-1965/article7141288.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623152407/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/sarpakkadu-1965/article7141288.ece |archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Dr. Krishnan and his son Dr. Balan are dedicated to eradicating death by snake bite. They go on a mission to the dense forests surrounding the mountain ranges in search of the Thanka Sarpam or the Golden Snake, believed to be the most poisonous in the world. Their intention is to conduct research based on its venom and perhaps invent an anti-venom that would be a remedy for all snake bites. Their compounder also accompanies them. They stay in the forest guest house and the watcher there, Raghavan Pilllai, guides them in their search. But their efforts fail. Balan falls in love with Nagaprabha, the elder daughter of Swami, a hermit who lives in the forests along with his daughters and engaged in worshipping his family deity Nagamma, the Snake Goddess. The compounder falls in love with the younger daughter Nagalatha. One day, Balan and the compounder reach Swami's hermitage and see the Thanka Sarpam on the idol of Nagamma inside the cave temple there. Balan and his father request Swami to hand the Thanka Sarpam to them and offer a huge sum of money. Swami becomes furious and drives them away. Meanwhile, Nagalatha is attacked by a bear and Krishnan's attempts to save her fail. Swami is shocked when he learns on his return to the hermitage that the Thanka Sarpam was stolen by Balan while he was away. Swami reaches the guest house and begins playing the makudi or the snake charmer's flute. The Thanka Sarpam leaves the pouch in which it was tied up. Swami forces the snake to bite Balan and Krishnan is unable to save him. Nagaprabha begs her father to save the life of her beloved. Swami accedes to the request. He plays the makudi, the snake sucks out the venom, and fatally strikes it head on the floor. Balan is saved. Kari Nagam or the Mountain Cobra believed to be the companion of the Thanka Sarpam reaches there and bites Swami. Krishnan shoots the snake to death. Before dying Swami wishes Krishnan success in inventing the anti-venom but also requests him to respect snake worship, not to kill snakes, and to honour the traditional methods of treatment for snake bite.

== Cast ==
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Balachandran
*[[Sukumari]] as Nagalatha, Nagaprabha's sister
*[[Ambika Sukumaran|Ambika]] as Nagaprabha
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Compounder Unni
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Watchman Raghavan Pilla
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] as Temple Priest
*[[Kottayam Chellappan]] as Doctor

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]] and the lyrics were written by [[Abhayadev]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=സര്‍പ്പക്കാട് (1965) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4604 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517010036/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4604 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Aashanabhassil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Leela]]
|-
| "Innale Njanoru" || P. Leela
|-
| "Koodappirappe Nee" || P. Leela
|-
| "Malamakal" || P. Leela, [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| "Nanma Cheyyanam" || P. Leela, [[Kamukara]], A. P. Komala
|-
| "Sringaara Lahari" || [[Kamukara]], [[M. S. Baburaj]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254755}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]

Minchina Ota (1980 film)

2026-03-03T22:15:54Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: fixed page per sources further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Minchina Ota
| image = 1980 Kannada film Minchina Ota VCD cover.jpg
| caption = Film VCD cover
| director = [[Shankar Nag]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Mariyam Jetpurawala Shankar Nag
| producer = [[Anant Nag]] Shankar Nag
| starring = Anant Nag Shankar Nag [[Priya Tendulkar]] [[Lokanath]] [[Ramesh Bhat]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| music = Prabhakar Badri
| studio = Sanketh
| distributor = Films International Srinivas Pictures Venkateshwara Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1980}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Minchina Ota''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮಿಂಚಿನ ಓಟ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[heist film]] directed by and starring [[Shankar Nag]] with his brother [[Anant Nag]] and [[Lokanath]] in pivotal roles. The supporting cast features [[Priya Tendulkar]] and [[Ramesh Bhat]], who made his debut in the film.

The film was not a huge success at the box office<ref>{{cite web | last1=m. v | first1=Vivek | title=Anant Nag interview | on the Padma honour and the secret to his incredible longevity in Kannada cinema | work=The Hindu | date=3 March 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anant-nag-interview-padma-bhushan-longevity-kannada-cinema/article69285435.ece?utm_source=cinema&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter&pnespid=rLNiCjxAb6cA0KfJuWnuDIOAok_oDYJoKPbnnLJzoRZmyRyHaURAorxmjCFthvPgpfGVvBgK }}</ref> but was a critical success and won multiple awards at the 1979–80 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] including [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]], [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Anant Nag) and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Lokanath). It is seen as a milestone in the careers of the Nag brothers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Middle and working class versus the rich|url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/middle-and-working-class-versus-the-rich/article1294545.ece|work=The Hindu|date= 12 July 2008|access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref> It was remade in Hindi in 1983 by [[Shankar Nag]] himself as ''[[Lalach]]'' starring [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Ranjit]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] alongside [[Anant Nag]] with music by [[Bappi Lahiri]].

== Plot ==
Katte and Prabhakar Rao "Tatha" are petty thieves who cannot seem to get a break in life. Their criminal past does not leave them wherever they go. To make it big, they resort to their past and start jumping unsuspecting passers by on [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] and relieving them of their automobiles. Disassembling the auto parts, they sell them for money and often dupe people.

Soon their jig is up when one of their stolen vehicles breaks down and a mechanic, Tony D'Souza is brought for help. Seeing that money is a free flowing concept in this criminal life, Tony joins hands with this crime duo. Soon, the trio hits various spots and makes away with vehicles. During this process, they even manage to rope in another petty thief Manju, who is thieving to afford her sick mother's medical bills, into their criminal enterprise. Shortly afterwards, Tony and Manju get married.

The cops are hot on their trail for a good part of the film before finally clamping the trio down much to the delight of the pipe-smoking Inspector Nayak. As jailbirds, Katte and Thatha seem to have found their peace but not Tony. His desperate self is trying to get away from the chains that bind him. A prison break is planned and executed to almost perfection by the three. In the process, Thatha dies after accidentally falling off the high prison walls. Katte and Tony are killed in an encounter while trying to flee from the cops. The film ends with Manju, who at this stage is pregnant by Tony, vowing to raise the child in a good and healthy environment.

== Cast ==
* [[Anant Nag]] as Tony D'Souza
* [[Shankar Nag]] as Katte
* [[Lokanath]] as Prabhakar Rao "Thatha"
* [[Priya Tendulkar]] as Manju
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Inspector Nayak
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as Constable Thimmaiah
* Prakash
* B. R. Shivaramaiah
* Mysore Nagaraj
* Ranga
* Basavaraj Vali

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Minchina Ota
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Prabhakar Badri
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Prabhakar Badri composed the soundtrack for the film with lyrics written by [[Rudramurthy Shastry]]. The album consists of four tracks.

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Belli Moda Hatthuttha
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Anant Nag]], [[Shankar Nag]], D. Prabhakar Rao
| length1 =
| title2 = Heege Nee Naguthiruvaaga
| lyrics2 = Rudramurthy Shastry
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Baralide Hosa Ruthu
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 =
| title4 = Arasutha Sukhavanu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Vani Jairam
| length4 =
}}

==Awards==
;1979–80 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]] — [[Anant Nag]], [[Shankar Nag]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – Anant Nag
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Lokanath]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – Mariyam Jetpurawala, Shankar Nag
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – P. Bhaktavatsalam
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]] – S. P. Ramanathan

;[[28th Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]] — Shankar Nag

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0245284|Minchina Ota}}
{{Shankar Nag}}
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980s heist films]]
[[Category:1980 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shankar Nag]]

Debi Prasad Sarkar

2026-03-03T05:34:54Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: refined references per standard format and fixed typos based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Debi Prasad Sarkar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Immunology]] | [[Virology]] | [[Membrane Biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IISER Mohali]] | [[University of Delhi]] | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[National Cancer Institute]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Banaras Hindu University]] | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Development of reconstituted [[Sendai virus|Sendai viral]] envelopes
| awards = 1998 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 2005 SBC M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award
}}
'''Debi Prasad Sarkar''' (born 15 January 1958) is an Indian [[biochemist]], [[immunologist]] and [[virologist]]. Currently Prof Sarkar has been appointed (from 9th July 2024) as a Guest Professor in the Dept. of Biological Sciences and Engineering, [[IIT Gandhinagar]], Palaj, Gujarat. Before joining [[ IIT Gandhinagar]], he worked as a Visiting Professor of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana. He was the head of biochemistry department and dean FIAS, at the [[University of Delhi]] South Campus and served as the [[Director (education)|Director]] of [[IISER Mohali]] from 2017 to 2019. He then resumed his professorship and subsequently promoted to the post of senior professor of biochemistry, with effect from 18 July 2019 at the parent institute, University of Delhi. <ref name="Burma2011">{{cite book|author=D. P. Burma|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA184|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=184–}}</ref><ref name="GuptaKumar2006">{{cite book|author1=Ameeta Gupta|author2=Ashish Kumar|title=Handbook of Universities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&pg=PA210|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0607-9|pages=210–}}</ref> Serving as joint director, DSSEED, IoE, University of Delhi. On the scientific front, he is renowned for his researches on [[Sendai virus]] and developing reconstituted [[viral envelope]]s.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=35 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile - Sarkar">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sarkar,_Prof._Debi_Prasad | title=Fellow profile - Sarkar | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> and [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow - Sarkar">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1556 | title=Indian fellow - Sarkar | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=11 October 2016 | archive-date=18 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215811/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1556 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian Science Awards, in 1998, for his contributions to Biological Sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=201 | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> Received Excellence Teacher Award on service by the University of Delhi (99th Foundation Day Celebration of the University of Delhi on 11 September 2021).

== Biography ==
Debi Prasad Sarkar, born on 15 January 1958, graduated (Honors) in Chemistry in 1978 and obtained a master's degree in biochemistry in 1980 (secured highest marks and awarded BHU Gold Medal), both from [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="University Faculty Details Page">{{cite web | url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Faculty%20Profiles/2015/Biochem/Oct2015_Biochem_Debi.pdf | title=University Faculty Details Page | publisher=University of Delhi | date=2016 | access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> His career started as a senior research fellow at the [[University of Delhi|Biochemistry Department of University of Delhi]] South Campus in 1985, working on ''Liposomes as immunomodulators and drug delivery using Liposomes'' and he secured a PhD degree for his thesis, ''Immunogenicity of carbohydrate determinants mediated through Liposomes: Liposome-mediated drug delivery'' from the [[University of Delhi|Calcutta University]] in 1986. His post-doctoral studies were at the [[National Cancer Institute]] of the [[National Institutes of Health]] where he spent two years (1986–88) as visiting fellow and returned to Delhi University to take up the position of a lecturer of Biochemistry (1988). He stayed at the university for the rest of his academic career, holding various positions as the senior lecturer (1993–96) and reader (1996–2002), superannuated as a senior professor in January 2023.<ref name="University Faculty Details Page" />

== Legacy ==
Sarkar's researches on [[Sendai virus]] is known to have resulted in the development of reconstituted [[viral envelope]]s containing only the [[fusion protein]]<ref name="Burma2011 (2)">{{cite book|author=D. P. Burma|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA146|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=146–}}</ref> and this is reported to have assisted in a more efficient gene delivery in therapeutic use.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Along with [[Vijay Kumar (molecular biologist)|Vijay Kumar]], he demonstrated for the first time that [[HBx]] protein stimulated [[Mitogen-activated protein kinase|Mitogen-activated]] [[Mitogen-activated protein kinase#Signaling cascades|signaling cascades]] in [[in vivo|living animals]].<ref name="BurmaChakravorty2011">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Burma|author2=Maharani Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA146|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=146–}}</ref> He continued his researches while working as an academic and holds patents for his inventions.<ref name="Patent portfolio">{{cite web | url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/research/Intellectual%20Property%20Rights/03052016_DU%20PATENT%20PORTFOLIO-app%20updated.pdf | title=Patent portfolio | publisher=Delhi University | date=2016 | access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Some of the inventions have resulted in [[Patent Cooperation Treaty|Patent Cooperation Treaties]] (PCT) earning royalties for the university. He has also participated in clinical trials on behalf of the university, including a preclinical study with a [[Gunn rat]] model, in collaboration with [[National Research Development Corporation]] and [[AECOM]].<ref name="Indian fellow - Sarkar" /> He has published his research findings in a number of articles<ref name="Publications Authored by Debi Sarkar">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Debi+Sarkar | title=Publications Authored by Debi Sarkar | publisher=PubFacts | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see Selected bibliography section}} and has delivered featured lectures on his work.<ref name="Distinguished Lecture Series">{{cite journal | url=http://www.cdriindia.org/Newsletters/English%20April-September%202012.pdf | title=Distinguished Lecture Series | journal=CSRI-CDRI Newsletter | date=April 2012 | volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=17 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730192853/http://cdriindia.org/Newsletters/English%20April-September%202012.pdf | archive-date=30 July 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He has also delivered several award orations including the Prof. B.K. Bachhawat Memorial Lecture of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2011<ref name="Memorial Lecture Awardees 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Lecture%20Awards%202011.htm | title=Memorial Lecture Awardees 2011 | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=13 October 2016 | archive-date=22 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122153347/http://www.nasi.org.in/Lecture%20Awards%202011.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Platinum Jubilee Lecture at the 102nd edition of the [[Indian Science Congress]] in 2015.<ref name="The Magic Touch of Biology">{{cite journal | url=http://archive.mu.ac.in/ISC102%20BULLETIN.pdf | title=The Magic Touch of Biology | journal=Indian Science Congress Bulletin | date=January 2015 | pages=15 of 35}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1998.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees" /> He received the M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award of the Society of Biological Chemists (India) in 2005<ref name="M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/smaward.html | title=M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award | publisher=Society of Biological Chemists (India) | date=2016 | access-date=13 October 2016 | archive-date=10 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010214336/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/smaward.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the J. C. Bose National Fellowship in 2010.<ref name="Department of Biochemistry">{{cite web | url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=inter-disciplinary-and-applied-sciences1 | title=Department of Biochemistry | publisher=Delhi University | date=2016 | access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as their fellow in 1996 and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]] followed suit in 2007 and 2011 respectively.<ref name="Indian fellow - Sarkar" /> Received "Excellence Award for Teachers in service in University of Delhi" on 11 September 2021 in a function to celebrate 99th Foundation Day of University of Delhi from the Chief Guests Shri Amit Khare, Secretary, MoE, GOI and Shri Imtiaz Ali, renowned film director and producer.

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Initial stages of influenza hemagglutinin-induced cell fusion monitored simultaneously by two fluorescent events: cytoplasmic continuity and lipid mixing. |author1=Debi P Sarkar |author2=Stephen J Morris |author3=Ofer Eidelman |author4=Joshua Zimmerberg |author5=Robert Blumenthal | journal=Journal of Cell Biology | date=July 1989 | volume=109 | issue=1 | pages=113–122 | doi=10.1083/jcb.109.1.113|pmid=2745545 |pmc=2115478 |citeseerx=10.1.1.277.6857 }}
* {{cite book|title=Membrane Fusion Technique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9LyXYS8IREC&pg=PA42|date=July 1993|publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing|isbn=978-0-12-182122-7|pages=42–}}
* {{cite journal | title=Dilation of the influenza hemagglutinin fusion pore revealed by the kinetics of individual cell-cell fusion events. |author1=Robert Blumenthal |author2=Debi P Sarkar |author3=Stewart Durell |author4=Daniel E Howard |author5=Stephen J Morris | journal=Journal of Cell Biology | date=October 1996 | volume=135 | issue=1 | pages=63–71 | doi=10.1083/jcb.135.1.63|pmid=8858163 | pmc=2121025 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Novel gene delivery to liver cells using engineered virosomes |author1=Komal Ramani |author2=Roop S Bora |author3=Mukesh Kumar |author4=Sandeep K Tyagi |author5=Debi P Sarkar | journal=FEBS Letters | date=March 1997 | volume=404 | issue=2–3 | pages=164–168 | doi=10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00120-8|pmid=9119056 | doi-access= |bibcode=1997FEBSL.404..164R }}
* {{cite journal | title=Targeted cytosolic delivery of hydrogel nanoparticles into HepG2 cells through engineered Sendai viral envelopes |author1=Siddhartha S Jana |author2=Dhruba J Bharali |author3=Prashant Mani |author4=Amarnath Maitra |author5=Chhitar M Gupta |author6=Debi P Sarkar | journal=FEBS Letters | date=March 2002 | volume=515 | issue=1–3 | pages=184–188 | doi=10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02467-5|pmid=11943218 | doi-access= |bibcode=2002FEBSL.515..184J }}
* {{cite journal | title=Targeted Gene Delivery by Virosomes |author1=Debi P Sarkar |author2=Komal Ramani |author3=Sandeep K Tyagi | journal=Liposome Methods and Protocols | year=2002 | pages=163–173}}
* {{cite journal | title=Association between human leukocyte antigen class II alleles and human papillomavirus-mediated cervical cancer in Indian women |author1=Indu Kohaar |author2=Showket Hussain |author3=Nisha Thakur |author4=Pratibha Tiwari |author5=Vilas Nasare |author6=Swaraj Batra |author7=Veena Singh |author8=Suresh Bhambani |author9=Bhudev C Das |author10=Debi P Sarkar |author11=Mausumi Bharadwaj | journal=Human Immunology | date=April 2009 | volume=70 | issue=4 | pages=222–229 | doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2009.01.003|pmid=19272325 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Sendai virus recruits cellular villin to remodel actin cytoskeleton during fusion with hepatocytes |author1=Sunandini Chandra |author2=Raju Kalaivani |author3=Manoj Kumar |author4=Narayanaswamy Srinivasan |author5=Debi P. Sarkar | journal=Mol. Biol. Cell | date=October 2017 | volume=28 | issue=26 | pages=3801–3814 | doi=10.1091/mbc.E17-06-0400|pmid=29074568 |pmc=5739296 }}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Biology|Viruses}}
* [[Viral envelope]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WJFEpbQAAAAJ&hl=en | title=Debi P Sarkar on Google Scholar | publisher=Google Scholar | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=13 October 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.mirandahouse.ac.in/mirandahouse/UserSpace/UserName/admin/DynamicFolder/2013-2014/news2/Miranda%20House%20NASI%20Award%20Lecture%2016sep2014.pdf | title=NASI Award Lectures | publisher=Miranda House | work=Photo feature | date=2014 | access-date=14 October 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018232140/http://www.mirandahouse.ac.in/mirandahouse/UserSpace/UserName/admin/DynamicFolder/2013-2014/news2/Miranda%20House%20NASI%20Award%20Lecture%2016sep2014.pdf | archive-date=18 October 2016 | df=dmy-all }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | title=Site-specific gene delivery in vivo through engineered Sendai viral envelopes |vauthors=Ramani K, Hassan Q, Venkaiah B, Hasnain SE, Sarkar DP | journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. | date=September 1998 | volume=95 | issue=20 | pages=11886–11890 | pmid=9751760 | doi=10.1073/pnas.95.20.11886 | pmc=21735|bibcode=1998PNAS...9511886R |doi-access=free }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Debi Prasad}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Health people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

PAF Base Nur Khan

2026-03-02T14:18:44Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: small corrected lead based on references and improved wording

{{for|the officer who the base is named after|Nur Khan}}
{{Short description|Pakistan Air Force base}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = PAF Base Nur Khan
| ensign = File:Air Force Ensign of Pakistan.svg
| ensign_size = 100px
| native_name = پی اے ایف بیس نور خان
| partof =
| location = [[Chaklala]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| image = [[File:PAF Nur Khan.jpg|250px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|36|59|N|073|05|59|E|type:airport_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Military airbase]]
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Nur Khan airbase in Pakistan
| pushpin_label = PAF Base Nur Khan
| ownership = [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]]
| operator = [[Pakistan Air Force]]
| controlledby = Federal Air Command
| open_to_public = Partially
| built = {{Start date and age|1935}}
| built_for = [[Royal Indian Air Force]]
| builder = [[Royal Indian Air Force]]
| used = 1935 – Present
| battles = [[World War II]] [[1st Kashmir War]] [[1965 Indo-Pakistani War]] [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War]] [[Project-706|Operation Bedaar]] [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Sentinel]] [[Operation Swift Retort]] [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
| garrison = [[List of Pakistan Air Force wings|35th Air Mobility Wing]]
| occupants = [[No. 6 Squadron PAF]] "Antelopes" No. 10 Squadron PAF "Bulls" [[No. 12 Squadron PAF]] "Burraqs" [[No. 41 Squadron PAF]] "Albatross" [[No. 52 Squadron PAF]] "Markhors" [[No. 130 Air Engineering Depot]]
| IATA = NRK
| ICAO = OPRN
| elevation = {{Convert|508.4|m|0}}
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length = {{Convert|3291|m|0}}
| r1-surface = Asphalt
| footnotes = Reference(s):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benazir Bhutto International Airport (Islamabad, Pakistan) |url=https://www.businessairnews.com/hb_airportpage.html?recnum=2631 |website=Business Air news}}</ref>
}}

'''PAF Base Nur Khan''' (originally founded as '''RAF Chaklala''' and formerly known as '''PAF Station Chaklala''' and '''PAF Base Chaklala''') is a major [[Pakistan Air Force]] [[Military airbase|airbase]] located in [[Chaklala]], [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province.

The former [[Benazir Bhutto International Airport]] is integrated into the airbase's infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAF College Chaklala |url=https://pafcollegechaklala.blogspot.com/2024/07/paf-college-chaklala.html?m=1 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=PAF College Chaklala}}</ref> The base also hosts educational institutions such as '''PAF College, Chaklala''', dedicated to Aviation Cadets, and '''Fazaia Inter College Nur Khan'''.

The base is part of Federal Air Command. It was attacked by Indian airstrikes in the [[2025 India-Pakistan conflict|2025 India–Pakistan conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/world/india-targets-noor-khan-airbase-in-rawalpindi-marking-dangerous-escalation-in-conflic-3201228|title=India targets Noor Khan airbase in Rawalpindi, marking dangerous escalation in conflict|publisher=Turkiye Today|access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
PAF Base Nur Khan, formerly known as Chaklala Airbase, is a critical facility for the Pakistan Air Force. It serves as the headquarters of the Air Mobility Command and plays a key role in logistics, VIP transport, and strategic operations. The base is known to host aircraft such as the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] and ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) platforms.

==History==
[[File:PAF Base Nur Khan.jpg|thumb|left|PAF Base Nur Khan]]
The base was originally operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] as '''RAF Chaklala''' and, during the Second World War, parachute training flights were conducted.

The following squadrons were here at some point:
* [[No. 5 Squadron RAF]] between 15 October 1935 and 23 April 1938 with the [[Westland Wapiti]]{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=28}}
* Detachment from [[No. 10 Squadron RAF]] between 5 October 1945 and 5 June 1946 with the [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas Dakota]]{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=30}}
* [[No. 62 Squadron RAF]] between 24 May 1943 and 3 January 1944 with the Dakota and [[Lockheed Hudson]] VI{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=47}}
* [[No. 99 Squadron RAF]] between 3 April and 14 June 1943 with the [[Vickers Wellington]] III & X{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=56}}
* Detachment from [[No. 194 Squadron RAF]] between 18 September 1943 and 8 February 1944 with the Dakota{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=69}}
* [[No. 215 Squadron RAF]] between 13 October 1942 and 12 March 1943 with the Wellington IC{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=74}}
* Detachment from [[No. 298 Squadron RAF]] between 9 December 1945 and 20 May 1946 with the [[Handley Page Halifax]] A.7{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=86}}
* [[No. 670 Squadron RAF]] between 1 April and 1 July 1946{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=105}}
* [[No. 672 Squadron RAF]] between 1 April and 1 July 1946{{sfn|Jefford|2001|p=105}}

Once transferred to the then [[Royal Pakistan Air Force]] (RPAF), the base came into use as a transport hub, with the PAF's fleet of various transport aircraft operating from it.<ref name=GlobalSecurity>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/chaklala.htm|title=PAF Base Chaklaka|website=GlobalSecurity.org website|accessdate=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/facility/airbase/index.html Pakistan Air Force Bases] nuke.fas.org website, Retrieved 5 October 2021</ref>

In 1979, the base was home to both [[No. 15 Squadron PAF]] and [[No. 26 Squadron PAF]] with the [[North American F-86 Sabre|North American F-86F Sabre]]s and [[No. 6 Squadron PAF]] with the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130B/E Hercules]] & [[Lockheed L-100 Hercules]].{{sfn|Hewish|Sweetman|Wheeler|Gunston|1984|p=195}}

After the [[Pakistan earthquake of 2005]], 300 U.S. troops as well as U.S. aircraft were deployed to Chaklala to aid in relief efforts. According to an anonymous 2013 source, the U.S. had been allowed permanent military presence at Chaklala since late 2001 for handling logistics efforts and other movements in relation to the war in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIA drones quit one Pakistan site – but US keeps access to other airbases|url= https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2011-12-15/cia-drones-quit-one-pakistan-site-but-us-keeps-access-to-other-airbases|website=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism website|date=15 December 2011|accessdate=5 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2009 the PAF's first of four [[Il-78]] [[aerial refuelling]] tanker aircraft was delivered to PAF Base Chaklala and the No. 10 MRTT (Multi Role Tanker Transport) squadron was established there.<ref name="warnes1">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2010|title=On The Edge|journal=Air Forces Monthly|publisher=Key Publishing Limited|location=United Kingdom|issue=July 2010|page=56|quote=Last year saw the delivery of the first Il-78 Midas air-to-air refueller and also the first Russian aircraft into the inventory - hence the R in front of the serial. The newly established 10 Multi Role Tanker Transport Sqn at Chaklala operates the aircraft, which will be joined by a second example.|url=http://www.airforcesmonthly.com/view_issue.asp?ID=744|accessdate=9 July 2010}}</ref>

The name of the base was changed in 2012 from PAF Base Chaklala to PAF Base Nur Khan in remembrance of its first Base Commander in 1947, [[Air Marshal]] [[Nur Khan]]. Nur Khan was also the second Pakistani chief of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and a veteran of several conflicts fought by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/307432/obituary-national-icon-air-marshal-m-nur-khan-flies-no-more |title=Obituary: National icon Air Marshal M Nur Khan, flies no more|newspaper=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|date=16 December 2011|access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

In January 2025, the newly formed No. 5 AJT Squadron (Griffins) of PAF College Chaklala, equipped with [[Hongdu JL-8|Karakoram-8]] aircraft, was deployed to [[PAF Base Qadri]] in Skardu. Commanded by [[Under officer|Wing Under Officer]] Sameer Shah also named as ''Shehzada Syed Sameer Ali Shah Ayasho'' and widely known as the "Prince of Punial", a member of the ruling House of Ayasho, the ruling family of [[Punial]], the squadron was stationed to enhance [[Rescue operation|High Altitude Rescue Operations]]. The move, directed by Northern Air Command, aimed to improve rescue missions in mountainous regions where [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps|Pakistan Army Aviation helicopters]] face difficulties, improving detection and rescue capabilities for stranded mountaineers.

===Airstrikes===
During the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the [[Indian Air Force]] carried out [[Precision-guided munition|precision]] [[cruise missile]] airstrikes on several key [[List of Pakistan Air Force bases|military targets in Pakistan]] which included technical infrastructure, command and control centres, radar sites and weapon storage areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of cross-border attacks on military bases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/09/pakistan-accuses-india-targeting-three-military-bases-tensions-escalate |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=10 May 2025 |quote=Nur Khan airbase is in Rawalpindi, where the military has its headquarters, and is around 6 miles from the Pakistani capital, Islamabad. In the aftermath of the strikes, Pakistan shut down its air space. The strike on Nur Khan caused mass panic in the densely populated area. Video from the scene shared on social media showed flames and smoke billowing into the night sky, with residents running into the streets. "There was a loud explosion which woke everyone up. It was so scary, everyone is still in a panic," said one resident living nearby.}}</ref><ref name="nyt_clashesunfolded">{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |title=What We Know About How the 4-Day India-Pakistan Clashes Unfolded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-what-we-know.html?login=email&auth=login-email |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |agency=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

On 10 May, the Indian Air Force carried out airstrikes on the Nur Khan Airbase, targeting runways and military infrastructure.<ref name="NYTimes_nurkhan" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=ISPR says main logistics hub in Rawalpindi among 3 Pakistan Air Force bases targeted by Indian missiles |url=https://theprint.in/defence/ispr-says-main-logistics-hub-in-rawalpindi-among-3-pakistan-air-force-bases-targeted-by-indian-missiles/2620950/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=9 May 2025 |quote=Explosions were reported in the early hours of Saturday from three Pakistan air bases including the military's primary logistics hub the Nur Khan base in Rawalpindi, hours after Pakistan launched a fresh wave of drones and loitering munitions targeting several Indian cities, and particularly the Sirsa air base of the Indian Air Force (IAF). Pakistan military's information wing the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) confirmed the explosions, blaming them on an Indian missile attack. ISPR DG in a late night statement said India has targeted the Pakistan Air Force's (PAF) Nur Khan (Chaklala, Rawalpindi district), Murid (Chakwal) and Rafiqui (Shorkot, Jhang district) air bases.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why India hit 6 Pak air bases including Chaklala, Rafiqui and Murid |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-hits-key-pak-airbases-why-nur-khan-murid-rafiqui-were-targeted-operation-sindoor-2722572-2025-05-10 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=India Today |date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India targeted Nur Khan Airbase, Murid base, Shorkot base but all PAF assets safe: DG ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909839/india-targeted-nur-khan-airbase-murid-base-shorkot-base-but-all-paf-assets-safe-dg-ispr |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=DAWN.COM |date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> According to Indian defense officials, the operation was intended as a "calibrated response" to cross-border attacks. According to an eye-witness and two Pakistani security officials, the attack on Nur Khan airbase saw at least two missile strikes as well as drone attacks. Pakistan’s military stated that its air defense systems intercepted most of the incoming missiles, and no critical assets were lost. However, according to a Reuters citing an official who visited the base the next day, the barrage hit two roofs and hit the hangar of a refueling plane.<ref name="reuters_pulledback">{{cite news |title=How India and Pakistan pulled back from the brink with US-brokered ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/how-india-pakistan-pulled-back-brink-with-us-brokered-ceasefire-2025-05-13/ |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |quote=The barrage took out two roofs and hit the hangar of a refuelling plane, which was airborne at the time, according to one of the officials, who visited the base the next day. A senior Indian military officer, however, told reporters on Sunday that an operations command center at Nur Khan had been hit.}}</ref><ref name="nyt_clashesunfolded" /> According to William Goodhind, a geospatial analyst at Contested Ground, two mobile control centers at the Nur Khan airbase were damaged. Further ''[[The Washington Post]]'', also reported videos recorded from a parking lot nearby which "showed smoke billowing from the damaged area".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Imogen |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |last4=Noack |first4=Rick |date=2025-05-14 |title=Indian strikes on Pakistan damaged six airfields, Post analysis finds |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The Washington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> According to [[Air Forces Monthly|''Air Forces Monthly'']], the missiles struck the operations room of the 35th Composite Transport Wing, destroying two fuel trucks and collaterally damaging one Lockheed C-130 Hercules of the [[No. 6 Squadron PAF]] at the aforementioned hangar.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Taghvaee |first=Babak |date=July 2025 |title=A Close Call |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VwUrJ22fStQ2aACxOlTazkN8FBz1-4dj/view |magazine=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |page=33}}</ref>

A ceasefire was proposed after these airstrikes.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Did India's strike on 6 Pakistan airbases lead to ceasefire talks? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/india-strike-6-pakistan-airbases-significance-ceasefire-talks-13887349.html |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=ur-Rehman |first1=Zia |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Das |first3=Anupreeta |last4=K.B |first4=Pragati |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Agree to a Cease-Fire: What We Know |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-pakistan-kashmir-terrorism.html |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Within hours of India's missile-drone strikes on several Pakistani airbases, especially Nur Khan,<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Iyer |first1=Aishwarya S. |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Mogul |first3=Rhea |last4=Regan |first4=Helen |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |last6=Tanno |first6=Sophie |last7=Hammond |first7=Elise |last8=Sangal |first8=Aditi |date=9 May 2025 |title=May 9, 2025 - India-Pakistan news |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-09-25-intl-hnk#cmahesoy300053b6q3n4af1hg |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt?page=4 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> reportedly prompted US intervention for a ceasefire agreement. The base is a strategic asset for PAF as "one of the central transport hubs" and "home to the [[air refueling]] capability" ([[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons#Aerial Refueling Squadrons|No. 10 Squadron]]). The facility is also just over a mile from the headquarters of [[Strategic Plans Division]] responsible for [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan's nuclear arsenal]] which includes over 170 warheads.<ref name="NYTimes_nurkhan">{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=10 May 2025 |title=Reluctant at First, Trump Officials Intervened in South Asia as Nuclear Fears Grew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513094455/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Nur khan base attack prompted US intervention: NYT |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544711/indian-attack-on-nur-khan-base-prompted-us-intervention-nyt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513111149/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544711/indian-attack-on-nur-khan-base-prompted-us-intervention-nyt |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="reuters_pulledback"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'' also cited a former American official who stated, "Pakistan's deepest fear is of its nuclear command authority being decapitated" and that the Indian missile strikes were interpreted to be a warning for India's capability to do the same.<ref name="NYTimes_nurkhan">{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=10 May 2025 |title=Reluctant at First, Trump Officials Intervened in South Asia as Nuclear Fears Grew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513094455/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Nur khan base attack prompted US intervention: NYT |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544711/i |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513111149/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544711/indian-attack-on-nur-khan-base-prompted-us-intervention-nyt |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Turning point in conflict: India's missile strike at Nur Khan base may have exposed Pakistan's deepest fears |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/turning-point-in-conflict-india-s-missile-strike-at-nur-khan-base-may-have-exposed-pakistan-s-deepest-fears-13020198.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> According to Christopher Clary, an associate professor at the [[University at Albany]], "So, an attack on the facility may have been perceived as more dangerous than India intended – and the two sides should not conclude that it is possible to have a conflict without it going nuclear".<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /> On 14 May, Reuters reported that Indian strikes on Nur Khan airbase had alarmed US officials, due to the base's proximity to Pakistan's Strategic Plans Division.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" />

The Afghan [[Taliban]] were reported by Indian sources to have launched drone strikes against PAF Nur Khan on 2 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=Pak's Nur Khan base, under repair after Op Sindoor, struck by Taliban |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/taliban-attacks-paks-nur-khan-base-in-latest-escalation-of-cross-border-conflict-2876368-2026-03-02 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/amid-iran-us-war-afghanistan-claims-precision-strikes-on-pakistan-s-nur-khan-airbase-watch-article-13847568.html/amp</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=ANI |date=2026-03-02 |title=Afghanistan Hits Key Pak Military Bases, Nur Khan Among Targets |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/world/neighbours/afghanistan-hits-key-pak-military-bases-nur-khan-among-targets-1940845 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Yuvraj |date=2 March 2026 |title=Did Afghanistan Bomb Nur Khan Airbase In Pakistan? Taliban Claims ‘Operation Ghazab Lil Haq’ Retribution |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/asia/did-afghanistan-bomb-nur-khan-airbase-in-pakistan-taliban-claims-operation-ghazab-lil-haq-retribution-article-153731387/amp |url-status=live |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Squadrons==
The Pakistan Air Force Squadrons at the base are No. 6, 10, 12, and 41, which are of the PAF's fleet.

[[No. 6 Squadron PAF|'''No. 6 Squadron''']] was formed without any aircraft or equipment on 14 August 1947 at Maripur, Karachi, under its first commanding officer, Flight Lieutenant M. J. Khan. On 16 August 1947, Air Officer Commanding Air Vice Marshal visited the squadron and commissioned it for heavy airlifting and airborne operations. The PAF acquired a Douglas DC-3 Dakota aircraft on 22 October 1947 and later obtained Bristol Freighter, Tiger Moth, and Auster AOP.9 aircraft. On 29 June 1948, a detachment of the squadron provided a guard of honour at Mauripur for Governor-General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] on his arrival from [[Quetta]]. On 9 September 1948, three Dakota aircraft performed a flypast at the Quaid-e-Azam's funeral ceremony.

In the [[1965 Indo-Pak war|1965 India-Pakistan War]] the Antelopes dropped parachute commandos into Indian territory in a night-time mission involving three C-130B transports. Just before the 1965 war started, the squadron's commanding officer, Wing Commander Eric Gordan Hall, had the idea of making up for the PAF's deficiency in heavy bombers by modifying the Hercules to carry bombs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribute to Pakistan Air Force heros |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Sep-2018/tribute-to-pakistan-air-force-heros |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=The Nation |date=6 September 2018}}</ref> It was converted to carry 10,000 kg of bombs, which were rolled out on pallets from the rear ramp, and over 21 night-time bombing raids were flown against Indian forces approaching for the Battles of Chawinda and Pul Kanjari. Support missions for troops in the Northern Areas were continued after the war.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

With the unstable political situation at the end of 1970 and the resulting civil unrest, the Antelopes moved a large number of troops to East Pakistan and assisted in flood relief operations there. India stopped the PAF flying over its territory in 1971, and the squadron had to fly to East Pakistan via Sri Lanka. Two of the unit's C-130 transports were deployed to Dhaka from March 71 until the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began on 3 December 1971. They were used to evacuate soldiers and civilians from hostile areas of East Pakistan – in one sortie a single C-130 evacuated 365 people from Sylhet to Dhaka. During the 1971 war, No. 6 Squadron flew bombing missions from West Pakistan in the same manner as those flown during the 1965 war, and no transport aircraft were lost during these sorties.

'''[[No. 12 Squadron PAF|No. 12 Composite Squadron]]''' in September 1953, the Squadron Consists of PAF's elite aircraft amongst which includes [[Embraer Phenom 100|Phenom 100]] and [[Gulfstream IV|Gulf Stream IV]].

'''[[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons|No. 10 Squadron]]''' was established as the Tanker Transport (MRTT) Squadron ("Bulls") with delivery of the PAF's first [[Ilyushin Il-78]] in December 2009 and operating from PAF Base Chaklala.

'''[[No. 41 Squadron PAF|No. 41 Squadron]]''', which consists of [[Cessna 172|Cessna]], [[Beechcraft Super King Air|Beech]], and [[Harbin Y-12|Y-12]] amongst other aircraft.

==Location==
The base has surrounding facilities including the Frontier Works Organization Headquarters, [[Pakistan Railways|Chaklala Railway Station]] and the Joint Services Headquarters (JSHQ). Two housing schemes Askaris VIII and IX are also located alongside Nur Khan road that extends to the main entrance of the base from Airport Road. The [[Centre for Aerospace and Security Studies]], a research think tank founded by the Pakistan Air Force, is located next to Nur Khan Base.

==See also==
{{Portal|Punjab}}
* [[List of Pakistan Air Force bases]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hewish|first1=Mark|last2=Sweetman|first2=Bill|last3=Wheeler|first3=Barry C.|last4=Gunston|first4=Bill|title=Air Forces of the World|year=1984|edition=2 |publisher=Peerage Books|location=[[London]], UK|isbn=978-0907408932}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jefford |first1=C. G. |title= RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912 |year=2001 |edition=2nd |publisher= Airlife Publishing |location= [[Shrewsbury]], UK |isbn= 1-84037-141-2 }}

{{Commons category|PAF Base Nur Khan}}

{{Air Bases of Pakistan Air Force}}
{{Active Pakistan Air Force bases}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nur Khan}}
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force bases|Nur Khan]]
[[Category:Military installations in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Chaklala Cantonment]]
[[Category:Military logistics of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force stations in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military airbases established in 1935]]

Nivetha Thomas

2026-02-25T17:49:18Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1994)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Nivetha|Thomas}}
{{Not to be confused with|Nivetha Pethuraj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nivetha Thomas
| image = Nivetha Thomas.png
| caption = Nivetha in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|11|02}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor
| education = [[Bachelor of Architecture|B.Arch.]] ([[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM]])
| alma mater = [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| othername =
}}

'''Nivetha Thomas''' (born 2 November 1995) is an Indian actress who appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivetha-thomas-on-stepping-into-taapsee-pannus-shoes-for-vakeel-saab/article34302343.ece |title=Nivetha Thomas: Enacting Pallavi in 'Vakeel Saab' came with responsibility |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 April 2021 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref> She made her film debut as a child artist in the 2008 Malayalam film ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]''. Nivetha is an recipient of a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]], one [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Kerala State Film Award]] and a [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards|Telangana Gaddar Film Award]].

Nivetha made her Telugu film debut with [[Gentleman (2016 film)|''Gentleman'']] (2016) and won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut - Telugu]]. Nivetha went on to star in the successful films like ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' (2011), [[Romans (2013 film)|''Romans'']] (2013), ''[[Jilla]]'' (2014), [[Papanasam (film)|''Papanasam'']] (2015), ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017), ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' (2017), [[118 (film)|''118'']] (2019), ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019), [[V (2020 film)|''V'']] (2020), ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'' (2021) and ''[[Saakini Daakini]]'' (2022) , ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu ]]'' (2024) .

==Early life and education==
Nivetha was born on 2 November 1995 in Madras (now [[Chennai]]), India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Happy Birthday Nivetha Thomas: 'Ninnu Kori' to 'Brochevarevarura', 4 must-watch films of the actress |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-nivetha-thomas-ninnu-kori-to-brochevarevarura-4-must-watch-telugu-films-of-the-actress/articleshow/78985021.cms |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> She is a native of Edoor village of [[Iritty taluk]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=We are perfect the way we are, we just don't realise it: Nivetha Thomas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-positive/nivetha-thomas-life-positive-6031340/ |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She was schooled at Holy Angels and Montfort Matriculation School, [[Chennai]] and pursued [[Bachelor of Architecture]] from [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]]. She can speak six languages — [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[French language|French]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal sir was impressed with my marksheets too |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/feb/14/kamal-sir-was-impressed-with-my-marksheets-too-1570663.html |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 February 2017 }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Child artist and early work (2000–2015) ===
Nivetha started her career as a [[child actress]], acting in the popular [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] serial ''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bootham]]''. After that, she made her film debut in 2008 playing [[Jayaram]]'s daughter in ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]'', where her performance was well appreciated and won her the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-announced-news-malayalam-kkfrStidihc.html |title=Kerala State Film Awards announced |date=4 June 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022030121/http://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-announced-news-malayalam-kkfrStidihc.html |archive-date=22 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She then signed a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films in which she mostly played supporting roles. Among her Malayalam projects were ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]'' and ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'', the latter of which according to [[Sify]] was going to be "the biggest box-office hit in the history of Malayalam cinema".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15004289&cid=14625530 |title=Kerala Box-Office (June–July 2012) |website=[[Sify]] |date=1 August 2012 |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618102307/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15004289&cid=14625530 |archive-date=18 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2011 Tamil film ''[[Poraali]]'' directed by [[Samuthirakani]], featured her as Tamizhselvi, a [[gas jockey|petrol bunk employee]].<ref name="nayar">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Niveda-Battling-against-all-odds/articleshow/10713588.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708100928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-11/news-interviews/30394278_1_swathi-kollywood-film-industry |url-status=live |archive-date=8 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Niveda: Battling against all odds |first=Parvathy |last=Nayar |date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

In 2013, Nivetha acted in ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' which was very successful and named a "blockbuster" by Sify.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708062540/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2013 |title=Malayalam cinema – First Half of 2013 Progress Report |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> In the Tamil contemporary fantasy comedy ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' she played the female lead role of Jaishree, an aspiring singer.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Niveda-Thomas-in-Mohanlal-Vijays-Jilla/articleshow/19862780.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507134213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/news-and-interviews/39026637_1_director-nesan-kollywood-superstar-vijay-jilla |url-status=live |archive-date=7 May 2013 |title=Niveda Thomas in Mohanlal-Vijay's 'Jilla' |date=4 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> In ''[[Jilla]]'', she played the role of Mahalakshmi, who is very attached to her father (Mohanlal) and two brothers, played by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and Mahath.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2014 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131124/entertainment-mollywood/article/nivetha-cloud-nine |title=Nivetha on cloud nine |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> About her role, she stated that it was not "just another sister role"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-05/news-and-interviews/40391324_1_sister-jilla-actress-niveda-thomas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-05/news-and-interviews/40391324_1_sister-jilla-actress-niveda-thomas |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Mine is not just a sister role: Niveda Thomas |date=5 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> but that of "a strong willed girl who influences her brother in a positive way".<ref name="The Times of India"/>

In 2015, Nivetha played Selvi, [[Kamal Haasan]]'s eldest daughter who accidentally murders her blackmailer in the Tamil remake of ''[[Drishyam]]'', titled ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vijays-sister-is-Kamal-Haasans-daughter/articleshow/40316696.cms Vijay's sister is Kamal Haasan's daughter]. ''The Times of India''. (17 August 2014). Retrieved 28 July 2016.</ref> The film emerged a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-kamal-haasans-last-five-movies-box-office-stats/photostory/91988285.cms?picid=91988458|title='Vikram': Kamal Haasan's last five movies' box office stats|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Anupama Subramanian ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted, "Nivetha as the elder daughter gives a splendid act and helps create the mood and atmosphere of the flick."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150703/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98papanasam%E2%80%99-fulfilling-experience-and-must|title=Movie review 'Papanasam': A fulfilling experience and a must watch film|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Critical acclaim and commercial success (2016–present) ===

Nivetha's career marked a turning point in 2016 with her expansion to Telugu films. She appeared in ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' opposite ''[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]'', where she played Catherine, a VFX designer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Niveda-Thomas-in-Nani-Indragantis-next/articleshow/49162836.cms |title=Niveda Thomas in Nani, Indraganti's next |work=The Times of India |date=30 September 2015 |access-date=21 June 2016 |last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranita |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621161444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Niveda-Thomas-in-Nani-Indragantis-next/articleshow/49162836.cms |archive-date=21 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/summer-season-new-movies-released-323527 |title=వేచవి చూద్దాం! |last=Jayadeva |first=Rentala |date=15 March 2016 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316144514/http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/summer-season-new-movies-released-323527 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |language=Telugu |trans-title=Awaiting this summer!}}</ref> Mridula Ramadugu noted, "Nivetha stands out. She is natural, quick and is a refreshing break from the usual portrayal of female leads in regular dramas."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/gentleman-review-nani-and-niveda-are-the-stars-of-this-gripping-thriller-2842180.html | title='Gentleman' review: Nani and Niveda are the stars of this gripping thriller | work=Firstpost | date=18 June 2016 | access-date=19 June 2016 | last=Ramadugu | first=Mridula | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619042631/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/gentleman-review-nani-and-niveda-are-the-stars-of-this-gripping-thriller-2842180.html | archive-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> Purnima Sriram stated, "Nivetha owns the show. Her eyes were enough to emote. She owned every frame."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Review-This-Gentleman-is-a-game-changer/2016/06/19/article3487505.ece | title=Review: This Gentleman is a game-changer | work=The New Indian Express | date=19 June 2016 | access-date=19 June 2016 | last=Sriram | first=Purnima | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619063856/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Review-This-Gentleman-is-a-game-changer/2016/06/19/article3487505.ece | archive-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> It became her breakthrough and her performance earned her the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu]] and nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |title=SIIMA 2016 winners |access-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archive-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

Following this, her first release in 2017 was ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' opposite Nani and [[Aadhi Pinisetty]]. She played Pallavi who is torn between her husband and former lover.<ref>{{cite news|first=Krishna|last=Vamsi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nivetha-thomas-elated-to-pair-up-with-nani-again-3733400/|title= Nivetha Thomas elated to pair up with Nani again|date=2 November 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> The film earned her second Filmfare Best Actress – Telugu nomination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ninnu-kori/movie-review/59487381.cms |title=NINNU KORI MOVIE REVIEW |website=The Times of India |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> The film was a commercial success and Suresh Kavirayani noted, "Nivetha steals the show with her stunning performance and right emotions."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/080717/ninnu-kori-movie-review-a-heart-touching-one.html |title=Ninnu Kori movie review: A heart-touching one |website=The Times of India |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> In her next release ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'', she played Simran opposite [[Jr. NTR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-to-have-nivetha-thomas-as-his-leading-lady-in-jai-lava-kusa-4612162/ |title=Jr NTR to have Nivetha Thomas as his leading lady in ''Jai Lava Kusa'' |date=13 April 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614042239/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-to-have-nivetha-thomas-as-his-leading-lady-in-jai-lava-kusa-4612162/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film emerged a success and one of the highest grossing Telugu film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Lava Kusa crosses 50 days at box office, becomes third highest grossing Telugu film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jai-lava-kusa-50-day-box-office-collection-jr-ntr-becomes-the-third-highest-grossing-telugu-film/story-HLWSIJOVpAP2fZpjMLobFI.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=9 November 2017 |access-date=12 January 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114092921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jai-lava-kusa-50-day-box-office-collection-jr-ntr-becomes-the-third-highest-grossing-telugu-film/story-HLWSIJOVpAP2fZpjMLobFI.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' stated that her character lacked "appealing factor".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Lava Kusa review: Watch the movie for Jr NTR's absolutely brilliant performance |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/jai-lava-kusa-review-watch-the-movie-for-jr-ntr’s-absolutely-brilliant-performance-review-telugu-rjvp1aaaghied.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921135725/http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-lava-kusa-review-watch-the-movie-for-jr-ntr%E2%80%99s-absolutely-brilliant-performance-review-telugu-rjvp1aaaghied.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> In her last release of the year, she appeared in ''[[Juliet Lover of Idiot]]'' opposite [[Naveen Chandra]], which was a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Niveda-Thomas-to-romance-Naveen-Chandra/articleshow/31908710.cms |title=Niveda Thomas to romance Naveen Chandra |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Naveen-Chandras-next-film-goes-on-floors/articleshow/33695748.cms |title=Naveen Chandra's next film goes on floors |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> In October 2018, she signed ''Swaasa'', opposite [[Nikhil Siddharth]], which remains unreleased.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title='Swaasa' starring Nikhil and Nivetha Thomas releases its concept poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/swaasa-starring-nikhil-and-nivetha-thomas-releases-its-concept-poster/articleshow/66284555.cms |access-date=18 November 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In her first release of 2019, Nivetha played Aadhya, a teacher who was murdered opposite [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] in ''[[118 (film)|118]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyan-rams-118-post-production-in-its-final-stage/articleshow/67833419.cms|title=Kalyan Ram's 118 post-production in its final stage|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo noted, "Nivetha live up to her credentials of being able performer and shine in the material given to her."<ref>{{Cite web|title=118: The curious nightmares|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/118-review-the-curious-nightmares/article26408539.ece/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=The Hindu|date=March 2019 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref> The film emerged a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=2019లో భారీ వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన సినిమాలివే..|trans-title=Highest grossing films of 2019|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231040059/https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=2020-08-06|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> In her next film ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' opposite [[Sree Vishnu]], she played Mithra an average student who aspires to become a classical dancer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nivetha Thomas roped in for role opposite Sree Vishnu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nivetha-thomas-roped-in-for-role-opposite-sree-vishnu/articleshow/64519897.cms|access-date=2020-11-28|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906061156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nivetha-thomas-roped-in-for-role-opposite-sree-vishnu/articleshow/64519897.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became one of the year's highest grossing release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29|title=Jersey to Brochevarevarura: 7 best films of Telugu cinema in 2019|website=India Today|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229123807/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Krishna Sripada of ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated, "Nivetha should be singled out for her extremely articulate acting almost overshadowing everyone else in every frame."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brochevarevarura review: A rib-tickling dark comedy with a brilliant cast|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/brochevarevarura-ra-review-rib-tickling-dark-comedy-brilliant-cast-104520|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The News Minute|date=29 June 2019 }}</ref>

In her first film of 2020, Nivetha appeared in ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020) as [[Rajinikanth]]'s daughter Valli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2019 |title=Rajinikanth starrer Darbar to hit screens on January 9 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/darbar-release-date-january-9-6190522/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919095232/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/darbar-release-date-january-9-6190522/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film emerged as the highest grossing Tamil film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2020 |title=Darbar enters Rs 200 crore club, third Rajinikanth film to achieve feat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121192126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-enters-rs-200-crore-club-fifth-rajinikanth-film-to-achieve-feat/story-nzjTEHMUkCqZVJgDk6DzQP.html |archive-date=21 January 2020 |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Karthik Kumar stated, "Nivetha gets decent screen presence and her scenes with Rajinikanth are fun and full of life.'"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=9 January 2020 |title=Darbar movie review: Quintessential Rajinikanth movie with its highs and lows |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-movie-review-quintessential-rajinikanth-movie-with-its-highs-and-lows/story-0nrkugKXrITyLRwkGzaHZJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129220210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/darbar-movie-review-quintessential-rajinikanth-movie-with-its-highs-and-lows/story-0nrkugKXrITyLRwkGzaHZJ.html |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> She next appeared in ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' as Apoorva, an aspiring crime novelist opposite [[Sudheer Babu]]. It was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Nani, Sudheer Babu, Nivetha Thomas, Aditi Rao Hydari's 'V' wraps up shoot |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-sudheer-babu-nivetha-thomas-aditi-rao-hydaris-v-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/73297204.cms |access-date=2021-01-28 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415175124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-sudheer-babu-nivetha-thomas-aditi-rao-hydaris-v-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/73297204.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=August 20, 2020 |title=Nani and Sudheer Babu's V to release on Amazon Prime Video on September 5 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-and-sudheer-babu-s-v-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-september-5-1713210-2020-08-20 |magazine=India Today |access-date=2021-01-28 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824023817/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-and-sudheer-babu-s-v-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-september-5-1713210-2020-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi stated that she is "wasted" in a role with no purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-05 |title=V movie review: Nani, Indraganti Mohana Krishna reunite for a colossal mess of an action-thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/v-movie-review-nani-indraganti-mohana-krishna-reunite-for-a-colossal-mess-of-an-action-thriller/story-9QNpHvcOTTtnLT9uJD6zOP.html |access-date=2020-09-05 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=5 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905075639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/v-movie-review-nani-indraganti-mohana-krishna-reunite-for-a-colossal-mess-of-an-action-thriller/story-9QNpHvcOTTtnLT9uJD6zOP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Nivetha appeared in ''[[Vakeel Saab]]'', the Telugu remake of Hindi film ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'', co-starring [[Pawan Kalyan]]. She played Pallavi, a software engineer and victim of molestation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas begins shooting for Pawan Kalyan starrer Vakeel Saab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nivetha-thomas-begins-shooting-for-pawan-kalyan-starrer-vakeel-saab/articleshow/78517956.cms |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=6 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-04-06|title=Pawan Kalyan's Vakeel Saab Movie Pre-Release Business Report|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/vakeel-saab-pre-release-business-report-680456|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.thehansindia.com|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406124737/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/vakeel-saab-pre-release-business-report-680456|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became the second highest grossing Telugu film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-11|title=Vakeel Saab Collection: Blockbuster! Pawan Kalyan comeback movie sets box office on fire!|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/zeal/entertainment/news-vakeel-saab-collection-day-2-day-1-worldwide-till-now-so-far-today-twitter-telugu-pawan-kalyan-taran-adarsh-154705|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Zee Business|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411124610/https://www.zeebiz.com/zeal/entertainment/news-vakeel-saab-collection-day-2-day-1-worldwide-till-now-so-far-today-twitter-telugu-pawan-kalyan-taran-adarsh-154705|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nivetha also starred in [[Sudheer Varma]]-directed ''[[Saakini Daakini]]'', the Telugu remake of the Korean film ''[[Midnight Runners]],'' along with [[Regina Cassandra]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=26 July 2021 |title=Nivetha, Regina's Midnight Runners Telugu remake shoot is in progress! |url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/nivetha-reginas-midnight-runners-telugu-remake-shoot-is-in-progress/ |publisher=NTV |language=en |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925215241/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/nivetha-reginas-midnight-runners-telugu-remake-shoot-is-in-progress/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Media image ==
[[File:Nivetha Thomas at Papanasam success meet (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Nivetha at an event in 2015]]

In [[The Times of India|Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women]] list, she was placed 18th in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-times-most-desirable-women-2017-take-a-bow-hotties/articleshow/63287457.cms |title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women 2017: Take a bow, hotties! |website=The Times of India |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> In 2024, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' place her in its "Top 10 Telugu Performers" list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/lists/all/the-10-best-telugu-film-performances-of-2024-dulquer-salmaan-amitabh-bachchan-and-more |title=The 10 best Telugu film performances of 2024: Dulquer Salmaan, Nivetha Thomas, and more |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Actors [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Rana Daggubati]] have named Nivetha among Telugu cinema's "brightest talent".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nani-on-upcoming-film-ninnu-kori-nivetha-thomas-is-one-of-the-finest-performers-ive-seen-3781865.html |title=Nani on upcoming film Ninnu Kori: 'Nivetha Thomas is one of the finest performers I've seen' |website=Firstpost |date=6 July 2017 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rana-applauds-nivetha-thomas-calls-her-telugu-cinema-s-best-find-in-recent-times/story-FZCBqHHDBm8phHOaPNOh5I.html |title=Rana applauds Nivetha Thomas, calls her Telugu cinema's best find in recent times |website=Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Film===
{{pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col"| Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]''
| Anjana Sugunan
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| rowspan="2"|Child artist
|<ref name="debut"/>
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]''
| Vetrivel's sister
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Madhya Venal]]''
| Manuja/Manikutty
| rowspan="3"|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]''
| Young Grace
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]''
| Nafiza
|
|
|-
| ''[[Poraali]]''
| Tamizhselvi
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''
| Fatima
| rowspan="2"|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]''
| Eleena
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]''
| Jeyasri
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Jilla]]''
| Mahalakshmi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Money Ratnam]]''
| Pia Mammen
| Malayalam
|
|<ref name="debut"/>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''
| Selvi Suyambulingam
| Tamil
|
|<ref name="debut"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]''
| Catherine
| rowspan="6"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref name="debut"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
| Pallavi
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-nivetha-thomas-romantic-flick-launched/articleshow/57121730.cms? |title=Nani- Nivetha Thomas romantic flick launched |website=The Times of India |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
| Simran
|
|
|-
| ''[[Juliet Lover of Idiot]]''
| Julie
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
|''[[118 (film)|118]]''
| Aadhya
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nivetha-thomas-thanks-movie-buffs-for-their-love-towards-118/articleshow/68231971.cms |title=Nivetha Thomas thanks movie buffs for their love towards '118' |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
| Mithra
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/brochevarevarura-makers-unveil-nivetha-thomas-first-look-as-mithra/articleshow/68646685.cms |title='Brochevarevarura': Makers unveil Nivetha Thomas' first look as Mithra |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
| Vallikkannu “Valli”
| Tamil
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbar-nivetha-thomas-reveals-her-character-in-rajinikanths-film/articleshow/71646859.cms |title=Darbar: Nivetha Thomas reveals her character in Rajinikanth's film |website=The Times of India |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]''
| Apoorva Ramanujan
| rowspan="3"|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nivetha-thomas-confirmed-for-indragantis-multi-starrer-with-nani-and-sudheer-babu/articleshow/68889460.cms |title=Nivetha Thomas confirmed for Indraganti's multi-starrer with Nani and Sudheer Babu |website=The Times of India |date=15 April 2019 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
| Vemula Pallavi
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Saakini Daakini]]''
| [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Shalini
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Midnight Runners' Telugu remake titled as 'Shakini Dhakini'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/midnight-runners-telugu-remake-titled-as-shakini-dhakini/articleshow/82372149.cms |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Enthada Saji]]''
| Sajimol Thomas
| Malayalam
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunchacko Boban as St. Rocky; watch the trailer for 'Enthada Saji' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-as-st-rocky-watch-the-trailer-for-enthada-saji/articleshow/99294442.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]'' || Bala Saraswati || Telugu || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas starrer 35 completes censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/02/nivetha-thomas-starrer-35-completes-censorship-formalities |work=Cinema Express |date=3 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''Raja Rajeswari'' || || || rowspan="6" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||<ref name="debut">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=Never strategized my career: Nivetha Thomas on transitioning from child actor to lead roles |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/Sep/02/never-strategized-my-career-nivetha-thomas-on-transitioning-from-child-actor-to-lead-roles-2191604.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2004–2007 || ''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bootham]]'' || Gowri || rowspan="4" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||<ref name="debut"/>
|-
| 2004–2006 || ''Shivamayam'' || Ponni ||<ref name="debut"/>
|-
|2007–2008
| ''Arase''
| Young Kaveri
|
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''Raja Rajeswari''
| Nallama
|
|-
|2008
| ''Thenmozhiyal''
| Maheswari
| [[Kalaignar TV]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)|Bigg Boss 1]]''
|Herself
|[[Star Maa]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Guest appearance
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2008
| [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| ''[[Veruthe Oru Bharya]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nivetha-thomas-gears-up-for-ninnu-kori-hoping-the-wining-streak-continues/article19223515.ece |title=Nivetha Thomas chats about 'Ninnu Kori' |website=The Hindu |date=6 July 2017 |access-date=18 November 2019 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
| [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gentleman (2016 film)|''Gentleman'']]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2017 |title=SIIMA 2017 Day 1: Junior NTR, Rakul Preet win big; Akhil Akkineni performs song from upcoming film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-2017-day-1-junior-ntr-rakul-preet-win-big-akhil-akkineni-performs-song-from-upcoming-film-3764721.html |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212622/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-2017-day-1-junior-ntr-rakul-preet-win-big-akhil-akkineni-performs-song-from-upcoming-film-3764721.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[TV9 Telugu|TSR– TV9 National Film Awards]]
| Best Debut Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/2015-tsrawards.html |title=TSR– TV9 National Film Awards 2015-2016 |work=Idlebrain |date=8 April 2017 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219095919/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/2015-tsrawards.html |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17 |title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: Here is the full nominations' list |website=India Today |date=17 June 2017 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Golden Awards]]
| Entertainer of The Year – Female
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]] & [[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/videos/details/zee-golden-awards-2017-full-event/0-0-movie_804856199 |title=Zee Telugu Golden Awards 2017 |website=Zee5 |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| [[Zee Telugu|Zee Telugu Apsara Awards]]
| Performer of the Year
| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=At Zee Telugu Apsara Awards 2018, Kajal Aggarwal, Lavanya Tripathi and Tamannaah win honours |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK.html |access-date=2020-11-15 |date=2018-04-09 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001050532/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/at-zee-telugu-apsara-awards-2018-kajal-aggarwal-and-tamannaah-win-honours/story-KijVPXjDwUTt4dTmuPVNmK_amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018-official-list-of-nominations/articleshow/64478687.cms |title=65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018: Official list of nominations |website=The Times of India |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=18 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022: Pushpa wins big, Allu Arjun is best actor |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/siima-2022-pushpa-wins-big-allu-arjun-is-best-actor/articleshow/94130430.cms |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911080349/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/siima-2022-pushpa-wins-big-allu-arjun-is-best-actor/articleshow/94130430.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
| [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]]
| Best Actress
| rowspan="3" | ''[[35 Chinna Katha Kaadu]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards 2024 full list of winners: Kalki 2898 AD wins best film, Allu Arjun wins best actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-kalki-2898-ad-wins-best-film-allu-arjun-wins-best-actor-101748511071615.html |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=siima awards 2025: సైమా అవార్డ్స్‌ 2025.. అత్యధికంగా 11 నామినేషన్లతో ‘పుష్ప2’ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/siima-awards-2025-nominations/0210/125132835 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|3223429}}
* {{Instagram|i_nivethathomas}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Nivetha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television child actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Syrian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Viva Kerala FC

2026-02-14T05:34:28Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added First Stub And Citations

{{Short description|Former Indian association football club}}
{{Distinguish|Viva Chennai FC}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Viva Kerala
| image = Viva Kerala.svg
| upright = 0.8
| fullname = Viva Kerala Football Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Viva-Kerala-sporting-a-fresh-and-vibrant-look-these-days/article15347440.ece|title=Viva Kerala sporting a fresh and vibrant look these days|date=23 November 2008|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|first=Stan|last=Rayan|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029060754/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Viva-Kerala-sporting-a-fresh-and-vibrant-look-these-days/article15347440.ece}}</ref>
| nickname =
| short name = VKFC
| founded = {{start date and age|df=y|2004|5|9}} (as ''Viva Kerala'')
| owner = Chirag United Sports Pvt Ltd
| dissolved = {{end date and age|2012}}
| ground = [[EMS Corporation Stadium]] [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| capacity = 80,000 30,000 80,000
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| leftarm1 = 0030C0
| body1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = FFFF00
| rightarm1 = 0030C0
| socks1 = FFFF00
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFF00
| socks2 = FFFFFF
}}

'''Viva Kerala Football Club''' (also known as '''Chirag United Club Kerala''')<ref name="THT 11–12">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-kerala-season-review-20011-12/|title=Chirag United Kerala Season: 2011–12 I-League|date=14 May 2018|publisher=The Hard Tackle|website=thehardtackle.com|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614220931/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-kerala-season-review-20011-12/|archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref> was an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in the city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65453/prayag-united-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/lineup-stats|title=Prayag United vs Chirag United Club Kerala Lineups and Statistics|access-date= 25 October 2011|publisher=Goal|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124103306/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65453/prayag-united-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/lineup-stats|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cochinsquare.com/first-soccer-city-in-kochi/ |title=First Soccer City in Kochi | Kochi Cochin News |publisher=Cochinsquare.com |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918230844/http://www.cochinsquare.com/first-soccer-city-in-kochi/ |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21879/chirag-united/ Chirag United Club Kerala]. [https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21879/chirag-united/]. ''worldfootball.net''. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</ref> The club was originally formed in 2004 as ''Viva Kerala''.<ref>[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/chirag-united-kerala/1696/ Global Sports Archive Team Info – Matches – Roster – Club History – Trophies: Chirag United Kerala FC]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714172927/https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/chirag-united-kerala/1696/ |date=14 July 2021 }}. ''Global Sports Archive''. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</ref> They participated in the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]],<ref>{{cite web|author=V Anand|date=23 March 2010|title=I-League: Lamine Tamba saves point for Mahindra United|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/i-league-tamba-saves-point-for-mahindra-united/articleshow/5713648.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211122927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/i-league-tamba-saves-point-for-mahindra-united/articleshow/5713648.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|archive-date=11 December 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|title=Churchill Brothers rout Viva 5–0|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823101258/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|archive-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> and later in the [[I-League]],<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/29/india/i-league/viva-kerala/aiff-xi/1044829/ CHIRAG KERALA VS. ARROWS 0 – 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215203450/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/01/29/india/i-league/viva-kerala/aiff-xi/1044829/ |date=15 December 2019 }} ''Soccerway.com''. Retrieved 17 September 2021</ref><ref name="pro">{{cite news |last1=Dubey |first1=Sarthak |title=I-League: HAL Bangalore 0-1 Chirag United Kerala – Goalkeeping Howler Gifts Keralites A Shaky Win at Bangalore |url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/10/22/2723343/i-league-hal-bangalore-0-1-chirag-united-kerala-goalkeeping |access-date=13 July 2020 |publisher=Goal |date=22 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024165447/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/10/22/2723343/i-league-hal-bangalore-0-1-chirag-united-kerala-goalkeeping|archive-date=24 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> then the top tier of [[Indian football league system]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|title=Viva's sweet revenge against Salgaocar in I – League|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823101258/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/december_daily_news_2007.html.html|archive-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> alongside the [[Kerala Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Pailan Arrows 1-1 Chirag United Kerala: Pailan Fail To Capitalize on Their Numerical Superiority To Win|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69380/pailan-arrows-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report|publisher=Goal|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-date=25 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125181153/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69380/pailan-arrows-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club was dissolved in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-clubs-we-wish-still-existed|title=Five Indian football clubs fans wish were still in existence|website=Khel Now|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714173058/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-clubs-we-wish-still-existed|url-status=live}}</ref>

Described as one of the most talented and youngest sides in I-League,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viva Kerala recruit three Ghanaians|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/11nfl.htm|access-date=2021-09-23|website=rediff.com|archive-date=27 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227045432/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/11nfl.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News for the month of October 2007|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200710.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=indianfootball.de|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208113821/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200710.html|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref> Viva Kerala was one of the unluckiest sides in domestic league history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Viva-Kerala-sporting-a-fresh-and-vibrant-look-these-days/article15347440.ece|title=Viva Kerala sporting a fresh and vibrant look these days|date=23 November 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Stan|last=Rayan|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029060754/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Viva-Kerala-sporting-a-fresh-and-vibrant-look-these-days/article15347440.ece|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Pailan Arrows 1-1 Chirag United Kerala: Pailan Fail To Capitalize on Their Numerical Superiority To Win|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69380/pailan-arrows-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report|publisher=Goal|date=24 November 2011|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125181153/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69380/pailan-arrows-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report|archive-date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club was briefly managed by noted Indian coach T. K. Chatunni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Renowned Kerala football coach TK Chathunni no more |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/renowned-kerala-football-coach-tk-chathunni-no-more-1.9631964 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613161231/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/renowned-kerala-football-coach-tk-chathunni-no-more-1.9631964 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted football coach Chathunni passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/06/12/noted-football-coach-tk-chathunni-passes-away.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612041132/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/06/12/noted-football-coach-tk-chathunni-passes-away.html }}</ref> They got dissolved in 2012.

==History==
===Formation and journey===
Viva Kerala was formed on 8 August 2004 in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-clubs-we-wish-still-existed|title=Five Indian football clubs fans wish were still in existence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714173058/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-clubs-we-wish-still-existed|archive-date=14 July 2021|website=KhelNow.com|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India – List of Foundation Dates|access-date=17 August 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The club officially took off on 19 August in a ceremony at the FACT grounds. The team was predominantly formed by a group of businessmen who felt the need for the state's representation in country's domestic top flight league, the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] (NFL).<ref>{{Cite web|title=31 players selected for 'Viva Kerala'|url=http://imworld.rediff.com/sports/2004/apr/08viva.htm|access-date=2020-07-12|website=imworld.rediff.com|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095400/http://imworld.rediff.com/sports/2004/apr/08viva.htm}}</ref> Viva Kerala's name is the result of a contest, won by Dr. P Ramakrishnan of [[Ernakulam]].<ref name="THT"/> The club became registered with Ernakulam District Football Association.<ref name="sees ground reality">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/aug/10/viva-kerala-sees-ground-reality-bids-adieu-177150.html|title=Viva Kerala sees ground reality, bids adieu|date=10 August 2010|access-date=26 January 2020|website=newindianexpress.com|publisher=The New Indian Express|location=Kochi|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109064541/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/aug/10/viva-kerala-sees-ground-reality-bids-adieu-177150.html}}</ref> Later known as "Chirag Kerala", the club won the 2005–06 season of [[Kerala Football Association|Kerala State Football League]],<ref name="RSSSF">[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-keralachamp.html India – List of Kerala League Champions]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817160849/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-keralachamp.html |date=17 August 2021 }}. ''rsssf.com''. [[RSSSF]]. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</ref> its only regional title. In September 2006, they emerged victorious in Tirur All-India Football Tournament in [[Tirur]], beating [[Travancore Titanium Products|Travancore Titanium XI]] 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhary|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/tirur.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Tirur All-India Football Tournament: Kerala|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314193147/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/tirur.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> They also reached the final of E. K. Nayanar Memorial Football Gold Cup in 2007 but lost at the end to the visiting Ghanaian club [[F.C. Nania|Nania Accra]], by 3–0 margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/apr/24foot.htm|title=FC Nania wins E. K. Nayanar Memorial Football Cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824185603/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/apr/24foot.htm|archive-date=24 August 2021|website=Rediff.com|access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2007, the opportunity for an NFL spot came in the way of Second Division NFL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200709.html|title=NEWS FOR THE MONTH OF September 2007 – Viva Kerala's preparations|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=September 2007|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205010129/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200709.html|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref> Viva Kerala surprised everyone by finishing second in its group and qualified for the final phase.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nisanth V Easwar|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|publisher=Goal|date=10 September 2020|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> In the final phase, they finished as runners-up of the Second Division NFL to book their place in the I-League 2007–08 on 6 April 2007.<ref name="THT"/><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007-08il.html| work = IndianFootball.de| first1=Arunava |last1=Chaudhuri| title = 1st "ONGC" I-League — Division 1 2007/08: from 24.November 2007 upto 23.February 2008 all over the country| date = 24 November 2011| access-date = 24 November 2011| archive-date = 16 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316152349/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007-08il.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> The club along with [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]], were relegated to 2nd division at the end of I-league 2007–08, for the first time in the league history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salgaocar, Viva Kerala relegated from I-League |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/salgaocar-viva-kerala-relegated-from-i-league_10018495.html |website=theindian.com |publisher=Tha Indian |date=17 February 2008| access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717185553/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/salgaocar-viva-kerala-relegated-from-i-league_10018495.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |location=Margao, Goa|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the next season, Viva Kerala were promoted to the [[I-League 2009–10|2009–10 I-League]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|publisher=Goal|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/229467/2/senyo-dzisah-move-to-india.html|title=Senyo, Dzisah move to India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171620/https://www.modernghana.com/sports/229467/2/senyo-dzisah-move-to-india.html|archive-date=2018-08-08|work=Modern Ghana (Ghanasoccernet.com)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Reuben-Senyorsquos-plans-for-Viva-Kerala/article16516914.ece|title=Reuben Senyo's plans for Viva Kerala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327163011/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Reuben-Senyorsquos-plans-for-Viva-Kerala/article16516914.ece|archive-date=2023-03-27|work=The Hindu|date=17 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/246421/senyo-sparkles-in-indian-league.html|title=Senyo sparkles in Indian league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172117/https://www.modernghana.com/news/246421/senyo-sparkles-in-indian-league.html|archive-date=2018-08-08|work=Modern Ghana (Ghanasoccernet.com)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/01/17/1749055/i-league-viva-ride-reuben-goal-to-win-at-home|title=I-League: Viva Ride Reuben Goal To Win At Home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172410/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/01/17/1749055/i-league-viva-ride-reuben-goal-to-win-at-home|archive-date=2018-08-08|website=Goal.com}}</ref> after finishing runners-up in [[2009 I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Football League Second Division|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html|website=indianfootball.de|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006205536/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2010.html Indian football results and table]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022143130/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2010.html |date=22 October 2012 }}. ''Rsssf.com''. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09s.html|title=2008/09 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109183532/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, it was announced that I-League clubs needed to complete the AFC club licensing criteria; Viva Kerala signed P. K. Kunhikrishnan (A-licensed coach) as the new head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/the-new-chirag-united-club-kerala|title=The new Chirag United Kerala Club|date=7 August 2011|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817170701/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/sports/the-new-chirag-united-club-kerala|archive-date=17 August 2021|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> In August 2011, Chirag Computers was announced as the to be new majority owners and the club name would change to Chirag United Club Kerala.<ref name="THT">{{Cite web|date=6 April 2013|first=Joseph|last=George|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/viva-kerala-ray-of-hope-for-kerala-football/|title=Viva Kerala : Ray of Hope For Kerala Football|website=The Hard Tackle|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703004143/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/viva-kerala-ray-of-hope-for-kerala-football/}}</ref>

[[File:Pradeep and chintha.jpg|thumb|NP pradeep and Chintha Chandrashekhar Rao of Chirag United in 2011]]
[[File:TKarma.jpg|thumb|[[Karma Tsewang]] with Chirag after a match in 2011]]
In June 2011, Kolkata-based Chirag Computers bought the financially troubled Viva Kerala. They took over a 60% stake in the club while original owners retained a 40% stake. They also changed the name of the club to ''Chirag United Club Kerala''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2012|first=Vineeth|last=Krishnan|title=New owners for Chirag United Kerala?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/New-owners-for-Chirag-United-Kerala/articleshow/13045346.cms|access-date=2020-06-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630035034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/New-owners-for-Chirag-United-Kerala/articleshow/13045346.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Chirag Computers have also said that they might move the team to [[Kolkata]] if they do not find a suitable stadium in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article2299628.ece|title=Deal with KCA could see Chirag Kerala return to Kochi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909030925/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article2299628.ece|archive-date=9 September 2011|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> The name of the team was officially changed to ''Chirag United Club Kerala'' on 6 August 2011. While the new owners announced that team will be based in Kerala for the [[2011–12 I-League]], there were talks of shifting the team to Kolkata after the season. This would leave the state of Kerala without representation in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Adwaidh|last=Rajan|agency=TNN|title=Kerala football back to where it belongs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/kerala-football-back-to-where-it-belongs/articleshow/91307039.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 May 2022|access-date=26 December 2022|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322111926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/kerala-football-back-to-where-it-belongs/articleshow/91307039.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Many supporters of the club had come out strongly against this idea.

===Last season (2011–12)===
[[File:VivaDefence.jpg|300px|thumb|Viva Kerala players (''in white'') in action during [[Kerala Premier League]] in 2011.]]
Chirag was eliminated from the Federation Cup in the group stages when they lost all three group D matches;<ref name="fed cup">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/results-standings/176/federation-cup/group|title=Federation Cup 2011 standings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603081756/http://www.goal.com/en-india/results-standings/176/federation-cup/group|archive-date=3 June 2013|website=Goal.com|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Team coach K. P. Kunhikrishan was replaced by Sri Lankan manager [[Pakir Ali|Mohamed Nizam Packeer Ally]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Ali-keen-to-prove-a-point-in-India/articleshow/10433286.cms|title=Ali keen to prove a point in India|website=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|date=21 October 2011|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322105849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Ali-keen-to-prove-a-point-in-India/articleshow/10433286.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|date=19 October 2011|access-date=8 January 2023|title=Indian football: Suspects vs outsiders|first1=Mario|last1=Rodrigues|website=livemint.com|publisher=LiveMint News|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601004022/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|archive-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> He guided the team in I-League.<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/former-sri-lanka-football-coach-pakir-ali-laments-economic-crisis/|title=ভেঙে পড়েছে অর্থনীতি, কাঁদছে জন্মভূমি, দেশের হাল দেখে চোখে জল শ্রীলঙ্কার 'বাঙালি' কোচের|trans-title=The economy is broken, the motherland is crying, Sri Lanka's 'Bengali' coach has tears in his eyes after seeing the condition of the country|website=sangbadpratidin.in|date=9 April 2022|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208130543/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/former-sri-lanka-football-coach-pakir-ali-laments-economic-crisis/|first1=Krishanu|last1=Majumder}}</ref> Pakir was sacked in February after a poor run; Ananta Kumar Ghosh was appointed coach while [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]] was appointed technical director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/time-is-a-problem-but-mission-is-possible/article2920983.ece|title='Time is a problem but mission is possible'|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|website=thehindu.com|access-date=17 September 2021|date=22 February 2012|location=Kochi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322104738/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/time-is-a-problem-but-mission-is-possible/article2920983.ece|archive-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> Chirag finished second to last at 12th in the 2011–12 I-League season, Pailan Arrows had finished 13th were exempted from relegation as a "developmental team", and so Chirag relegated.<ref name=CUK0-3Pailan>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Chirag United Kerala 0–3 Pailan Arrows: CS Sabeeth's hat-trick sinks his former side into second division|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69619/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-pailan-arrows/report|publisher=Goal|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124170257/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69619/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-pailan-arrows/report}}</ref><ref name=HAL1-2PailanArrows>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=HAL Bangalore 1–2 Pailan Arrows: Allwyn scores late in his side's second successive win|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69667/hal-bangalore-vs-pailan-arrows/report|publisher=Goal|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630232949/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69667/hal-bangalore-vs-pailan-arrows/report}}</ref><ref name="2012-i-league-tabel">{{cite web |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/teamstanding.php?tournamentdetail=75 |title=The AIFF |access-date=2012-07-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719040025/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/teamstanding.php?tournamentdetail=75 |archive-date=19 July 2012 }} I League table 2011-12</ref><ref name="relegation">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3353738.ece|title=Sabeeth hat-trick pushes Chirag out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630190954/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3353738.ece|archive-date=30 June 2012|website=thehindu.com|date=26 April 2012 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Salgaocar, Viva Kerala relegated from I-League |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/salgaocar-viva-kerala-relegated-from-i-league_10018495.html |website=Tha Indian |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717185553/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/salgaocar-viva-kerala-relegated-from-i-league_10018495.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 }}</ref> Though in that season, they achieved fame after giving a tough fight to [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] club [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]] in their 1–0 defeat at a group stage match in [[2012 IFA Shield]].<ref name="THT 11–12"/> Players may have had difficulty being paid when Chirag Computers may not have released sponsorship money to the club, and the reason why club got dissolved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/05/14/3102700/unpaid-dues-to-players-and-club-haunt-chirag-united-kerala|title=Unpaid dues to players and club haunt Chirag United Kerala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618113644/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/05/14/3102700/unpaid-dues-to-players-and-club-haunt-chirag-united-kerala|archive-date=18 June 2012|website=Goal.com|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Somnath|title=Indian Club Football: How Financially Sustainable Is Football in India?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=8 July 2011|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125910/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ganguly|first1=Abhishek |title=AIFF disbands Pailan Arrows outfit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/AIFF-disbands-Pailan-Arrows-outfit/articleshow/22149611.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kolkata, West Bengal|date=30 August 2013|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920163058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/AIFF-disbands-Pailan-Arrows-outfit/articleshow/22149611.cms|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ajgoankar|first1=Ashlesh|title=Indian Football: Can Kerala Produce Next I.M. Vijayan?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=18 January 2013|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101110236/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

==Club crest and kits==
===Crest===
[[File:Chirag United Club Kerala.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Club [[Crest (sports)|crest]] used after Chirag take-over in 2012]]
The Chirag crest was very colourful. It shows a yellow shield with the words "Chirag United Kerala", which is imposed over a [[coconut tree]] and a [[soccer ball]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Chirag United Kerala 0–3 Pailan Arrows: CS Sabeeth's hat-trick sinks his former side into second division|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69619/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-pailan-arrows/report|publisher=Goal|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124170257/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69619/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-pailan-arrows/report|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goalzz.com/?team=6945|title=Team profile — Chirag Kerala/Viva Kerala Football Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215083103/https://m.goalzz.com/default.aspx?team=6945|archive-date=15 December 2023|work=Goalzz.com|access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>

===Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
! Period
! Kit Manufacturers
! Shirt Sponsor
|-
| 2004–2010
|rowspan="2"|[[Adidas]]
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| Musli Power X-tra<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.muslipowerxtramusli.com/news1.htm|title=Musli Power X-tra: sponsor of Viva Kerala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730102550/https://www.muslipowerxtramusli.com/news1.htm|archive-date=30 July 2021|website=muslipowerxtramusli.com|publisher=Musli Power X-tra|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012
| RP Clothing
| Chirag Computers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/indian-football-chirag-computers-buys-60-viva-kerala-stake|title=Indian Football: Chirag Computers Buys 60 Percent Stake of Viva Kerala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730102329/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/sports/indian-football-chirag-computers-buys-60-viva-kerala-stake|archive-date=30 July 2021|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|access-date=30 July 2021|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=30 July 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Stadiums==
{{Main|EMS Stadium}}
[[File:Kozhikode_EMS_Stadium.jpg|thumb|EMS Corporation Stadium in Kozhikode, used as the hoke ground of Chirag United Club Kerala for the first three seasons]]

Ever since their creation Viva Kerala have used multiple stadiums in Kerala.<ref name="sees ground reality"/> For their first three [[I-League]] seasons they used the [[Municipal Corporation Stadium, Kozhikode|Municipal Corporation Stadium]] which holds a capacity of 80,000 in [[Kozhikode]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Ayush |title=Chirag United Kerala 0-3 Sporting Clube de Goa – The Flaming Oranje brush aside Nizam Packeer Ali's side |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69640/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |publisher=Goal |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208111117/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69640/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |archive-date=8 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65453/prayag-united-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/lineup-stats|title=Prayag United vs Chirag United Club Kerala Lineups and Statistics|access-date=25 October 2011|publisher=Goal|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124103306/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65453/prayag-united-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/lineup-stats}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Stadiums in India |publisher=World Stadiums |access-date=2014-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]] which holds a capacity of 30,000 in [[Kannur]].<ref name="Goal.com">{{cite news|title=Viva Kerala Hope To Stay in Kerala; Club Fans Ridicule Idea of Shifting Base|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/07/02/2556395/i-league-viva-kerala-hope-to-stay-in-kerala-club-fans|access-date=3 February 2017|publisher=Goal|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330104852/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/07/02/2556395/i-league-viva-kerala-hope-to-stay-in-kerala-club-fans}}</ref>

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi).jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in [[Kochi]]]]
They then after getting bought by Chirag Computers decided to move to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawarharlal Nehru International Stadium]] in [[Kochi]] which boasts a capacity of 70,000 and has working floodlights.<ref name="THT 11–12"/> They played all their home games of [[2011–12 I-League]] at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi|Jawarharlal Nehru International Stadium]].<ref name="THT 11–12"/>

==Rivalries==
Viva Kerala shared rivalries with other Kerala-based clubs including [[Kerala Police|Kerala Police FC]], [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Tennyson|last=Rayson|title=Future tense for state club champs, SBI Kerala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/future-tense-for-state-club-champs-sbi-kerala/articleshow/58140115.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Kochi|date=12 April 2017|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030055451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/future-tense-for-state-club-champs-sbi-kerala/articleshow/58140115.cms|archive-date=30 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[FC Kochin]], [[Travancore Titanium Products|Travancore Titanium XI]] and [[Quartz FC|Quartz Calicut]],<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nisanth V Easwar|date=12 May 2020|title=Down the memory lane: The magnificent Kerala Police of the 1980-90s|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/indian-football-kerala-police-federation-cup/1ljikndkrvf0c1glbrfuh9ujnb|access-date=16 August 2020|publisher=Goal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220160837/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/indian-football-kerala-police-federation-cup/1ljikndkrvf0c1glbrfuh9ujnb|archive-date=20 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashwin Muralidharan|date=13 May 2020|title=Indian Football: Legends from the 'football mad' state of Kerala {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-legends-kerala-vijayan/hqt8lhaa0df21fa8rarnr86gw|access-date=4 January 2021|publisher=Goal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714110001/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-legends-kerala-vijayan/hqt8lhaa0df21fa8rarnr86gw|archive-date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=sevens>{{Cite news|author=Rayson P. Tennyson|title=How Kerala shrunk football to make it its own|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/keralas-small-football-in-sevens-heaven/articleshow/70905729.cms|access-date=2021-01-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 September 2019|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816163300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/keralas-small-football-in-sevens-heaven/articleshow/70905729.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> whom they faced in both the domestic and regional leagues.

==Ownership==
The club was established in 2004 by a group of businessmen with an objective to represent [[Kerala]] in higher circles of [[football in India|domestic football in India]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 September 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Williams|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|title=The Goa and Maha Derby: A thing past in I-League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720065558/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|archive-date=20 July 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> Interestingly, the name of the club was arrived upon through a public contest organised by the promoters of the club.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=India's biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|work=The Financial Express|location=India|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Departments' League — A solution to many problems|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/english-news-1.916067|website=englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi|location=Kochi|date=8 March 2016|first=M. M. Jafar|last=Khan|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804042211/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/english-news-1.916067}}</ref>

The club was run by Musli Power X-tra Kunnath Pharmaceuticals. In July 2011, Chirag Computers came in and brought full stake in the club, changing the name to "Chirag United Club Kerala".<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/the-new-chirag-united-club-kerala#aoh=16140782539491&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title=The new Chirag United Club Kerala|publisher=Sportskeeda|website=sportskeeda.com|date=7 August 2011|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817170701/https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/the-new-chirag-united-club-kerala|archive-date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kratik|last=Malhotra|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/08/07/2608448/i-league-viva-kerala-renamed-as-chirag-united-kerala-its-turning-|title=I-League: Viva Kerala Renamed As Chirag United Kerala – It's Turning into An Absolute Joke|publisher=Goal|date=7 August 2011|access-date=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317110218/http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/08/07/2608448/i-league-viva-kerala-renamed-as-chirag-united-kerala-its-turning-|archive-date=17 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/prayag-united-sc-team-analysis-and-season-preview-2011-12/|title=Prayag United SC team analysis and season preview 2011–12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111025249/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/prayag-united-sc-team-analysis-and-season-preview-2011-12/|archive-date=11 November 2017|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|location=Kolkata|date=9 September 2011|first1=Sachin|last1=Madaan|access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>

==Notable players==

{{category see also|Viva Kerala FC players}}
The following foreign players of Viva Kerala have been capped at ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international level]]'', with their respective countries. Years in brackets indicate their spells at the club.

* {{flagicon|BUL}} Georji Ventseslavov Bizev (2006–2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-18-08-2006/cid/1064151|title=In The City — 18-08-2006: Bizev for Chirag United|date=18 August 2006|access-date=26 January 2020|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126090829/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-18-08-2006/cid/1064151|archive-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yaw Amankwah Mireku]] (2007–2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/12/stories/2007061210252200.htm|title=Viva Kerala signs three Ghana players|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kochi|date=12 June 2007|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051150/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/12/stories/2007061210252200.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GHA}} Wisdom Abbey (2007–2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/29580/Wisdom_Abbey.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Wisdom Abbey|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=26 January 2025|archive-date=29 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129065451/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/29580/Wisdom_Abbey.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Wisoot Bunpeng]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Viva Kerala hold Mahindra 1–1 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-06/top-stories/28088239_1_steven-dias-mahindra-united-mohammad-rafi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-06/top-stories/28088239_1_steven-dias-mahindra-united-mohammad-rafi |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2009 |access-date=4 February 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Peter Opiyo]] (2009–2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30358/Peter_Opiyo_Odhiambo.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Opiyo Odhiambo, Peter|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223214930/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30358/Peter_Opiyo_Odhiambo.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Charles Dzisah]] (2009–2011)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/229467/2/senyo-dzisah-move-to-india.html|title=Senyo, Dzisah move to India|website=modernghana.com|publisher=Modern Ghana|agency=GSN|date=25 July 2009|access-date=26 November 2022|language=en-gb|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118212239/https://www.modernghana.com/sports/229467/senyo-dzisah-move-to-india.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lequipesportive.redheberg.com/spip.php?article20|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216172436/http://www.lequipesportive.redheberg.com/spip.php?article20|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-16|title=L'Equipe Sportive — Charles DZISAH, Un togolais dans le championnat i…|date=2013-02-16|work=lequipesportive.redheberg.com|language=fr|access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bello Razaq]] (2009–2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/Mar/06/new-ii-division-season-to-start-today-30779.html|title=New II division season to start today|date=15 May 2012|access-date=29 September 2023|work=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503175720/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/Mar/06/new-ii-division-season-to-start-today-30779.html|archive-date=3 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/mahindra-stand-united-against-eb/articleshow/15769598.html|title=Mahindra stand united against EB|date=24 December 2007|access-date=26 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901065830/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/mahindra-stand-united-against-eb/articleshow/15769598.html|work=The Mumbai Mirror|archive-date=1 September 2025|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TIB}} [[Karma Tsewang]] (2010–2011){{Cref2|nb 1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21879/all-players/|title=Chirag United Club Kerala (Viva Kerala) » Players from A–Z|website=WorldFootball.net|access-date=31 July 2021|archive-date=21 March 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321051344/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/chirag-united/10/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SLE}} [[Mohamed Kallon]] (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footmercato.net/a7414245072531306916-que-devient-mohamed-kallon|title=Que devient Mohamed Kallon?|trans-title=What becomes of Mohamed Kallon?|language=fr|date=28 August 2011|access-date=26 November 2022|first=Khaled|last=Karouri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426084658/https://www.footmercato.net/a7414245072531306916-que-devient-mohamed-kallon|archive-date=26 April 2023|work=footmercato.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wanda Syafii|first1=Muhammad|title=Mohamed Kallon, Ditemukan Sandro Mazzola, Terombang-ambing Setelahnya|url=https://www.football5star.net/mohamed-kallon-ditemukan-sandro-mazzola/|website=football5star.net|date=23 October 2021|access-date=26 January 2025|archive-date=1 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901081340/https://www.football5star.net/mohamed-kallon-ditemukan-sandro-mazzola/|trans-title=Mohamed Kallon, Found by Sandro Mazzola, Adrift Afterward|language=id}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Simon Azoulay Pedersen]] (2011–2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dbu.dk/lbase/playerInfo.aspx?playerid=4920|title=Simon Azoulay Pedersen: Landskampsstatistik|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525120510/http://www.dbu.dk/lbase/playerInfo.aspx?playerid=4920|archive-date=25 May 2007|work=dbu.dk}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Isaac Boakye]] (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 Updated|date=3 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321155010/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated}}</ref>

==Managerial history==
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2024}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name!!Nationality!!Years!!Note
|-
|[[T. K. Chathunni]]||{{IND}}||2004–2006||<ref>
*{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/viva/20040408.htm|title=31 players selected for 'Viva Kerala'|date=8 April 2004|access-date=9 January 2024|website=rediff.com|publisher=Rediff Mail|location=Kochi|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108180427/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/viva/20040408.htm|archive-date=8 November 2015}}
*{{cite news |last1=Tennyson |first1=Rayson |title=Chathunni, the man who shaped India's finest football careers, dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chathunni-the-man-who-shaped-indias-finest-football-careers-dies/articleshow/110947582.cms |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Times of India |date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612192006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chathunni-the-man-who-shaped-indias-finest-football-careers-dies/articleshow/110947582.cms }}
</ref>
|-
|A. M. Sreedharan||{{IND}}||2006–2010||<ref>
*{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html|title=Season ending Transfers 2008: India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217030450/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=1 July 2021|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/dont-concede-in-opening-minutes-viva-kerala-coach/articleshow/15967890.cms|title=Don't concede in opening minutes: Viva Kerala coach|date=6 November 2009|access-date=26 August 2010|website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|publisher=The Mumbai Mirror|location=Mumbai|first1=Vaibhav|last1=Pawar|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109063510/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/dont-concede-in-opening-minutes-viva-kerala-coach/articleshow/15967890.cms}}</ref>
|-
|K. P. Kunhikrishan||{{IND}}||2010–2011||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/pakir-ali-to-coach-united-kerala/article2506636.ece|title=Pakir Ali to coach Chirag United Kerala|date=3 October 2011|access-date=24 November 2022|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322112018/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/pakir-ali-to-coach-united-kerala/article2506636.ece|archive-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pakir Ali|Mohamed Nizam Packeer Ally]]||{{SRI}}||2011–2012||<ref>{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Ayush |title=Chirag United Kerala 0–3 Sporting Clube de Goa — The Flaming Oranje brush aside Nizam Packeer Ali's side |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69640/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |work=goal.com |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208111117/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69640/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |archive-date=8 February 2012 |df=dmy |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|Ananta Kumar Ghosh||{{IND}}||2012||<ref>{{cite web|title=Desperate Chirag United fires Packeer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/desperate-chirag-united-fires-packeer/article2914420.ece|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kochi|date=21 February 2012|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065250/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/desperate-chirag-united-fires-packeer/article2914420.ece}}</ref>
|}

==Team records==
=== Notable wins against foreign teams ===

{{updated|matches played 24 April 2007}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%; width:95%; text-align:center"
|-
!width="12%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Competition
!width="6%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Round
!width="10%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
!width="13%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opposition
!width="5%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
!width="13%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue
!width="7%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|City
!width="7%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ref
|-
|E. K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup
|Group stages
|2007
<td align="left">{{flagicon|NGA}} Dynamo Lagos
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|4–1
|Kannur Municipal Corporation Stadium
|[[Kannur]]
|<ref name="NGC"/>
|-
|E. K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup
|Group stage
|2007
<td align="left">{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran national football team|Iran XI]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|2–1
|Kannur Municipal Corporation Stadium
|Kannur
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/viva-kerala-beats-iran-xi-046779.html|title=Viva Kerala beats Iran XI|date=24 August 2017|access-date=27 January 2024|agency=Press Trust of India|website=mykhel.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422150920/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/viva-kerala-beats-iran-xi-046779.html|archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Honours==
{{further|Chirag United Club Kerala seasons}}

===League===
*'''[[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League II]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2006–07<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League Second Division |first=Arunava
|last=Chaudhuri
|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081440/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2009 I-League 2nd Division|2009]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/i-league-2nd-divn-2009.html|title=ONGC I-LEAGUE (2nd Division) 2008—2009|website=kolkatafootball.com|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512235837/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/i-league-2nd-divn-2009.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2009/final-group/r8363/|title=2009 I-League 2nd Division results|website=soccerway.com|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118223522/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2009/final-group/r8363/|archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
* '''[[Kerala Premier League|Kerala Football League]]'''
**Champions (1): 2005–06<ref name="RSSSF List">{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-keralachamp.html|title=India – List of Kerala League Champions|access-date=17 August 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817160849/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-keralachamp.html|archive-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 2004–05<ref name="RSSSF List"/>
**Third place (1): 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg07.html|title=India 2007 Regional Championships|date=14 February 2019|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|work=RSSSF|access-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220145303/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg07.html|archive-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>
* '''Kerala State Club Football Championship'''
**Runners-up (1): 2005<ref>{{cite web|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/kscl.html|title=List of Champions of the Kerala State Club Football Championship|publisher=Indian Football Network|website=Indianfootball.de|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072754/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/kscl.html|archive-date=22 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[National Football League Third Division (India)|National Football League III]] {{small|(South Zone)}}'''
**Champions (1): 2006–07<ref name="ifde">{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|title=National Football League Third Division|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07nl3.html|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129183608/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07nl3.html|archive-date=29 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NFL Third Division 2006–07|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129184824/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india07.html|archive-date=29 November 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cup===
* '''All-India Invitational Cup of Thiruvananthapuram'''
**Champions (1): 2005<ref name="Sreedharan">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sreedharan-will-coach-viva-kerala/articleshow/1956353.cms|title=Sreedharan will coach 'Viva Kerala'|agency=PTI|location=Kochi|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2006|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109070523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/sreedharan-will-coach-viva-kerala/articleshow/1956353.cms|archive-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>
* '''Tirur All-India Football Tournament'''
**Champions (1): 2006<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|title=2005/06 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192919/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''E. K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup'''
**Runners-up (1): 2007<ref name="NGC">{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007nayanargoldcup.html|title=1st E.K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup: 2007|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822022931/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007nayanargoldcup.html|archive-date=22 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Chirag United Club Kerala]]
* [[List of football clubs in India|List of football clubs in Kerala]]
* [[Sports in Kerala]]

==Footnotes==
{{Cnote2 Begin}}
{{Cnote2|nb 1|Represented [[Tibet national football team]] in [[Confederation of Independent Football Associations|CONIFA]] tournaments internationally.}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==References==
===General sources===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite book |title=THE BEST WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA'S FOOTBALL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}

===Further reading===
*{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Chirag United and United Sikkim: The Two Extremes of Indian Football|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-and-united-sikkim-the-two-extremes-of-indian-football/|website=thehardtackle.com|date=14 May 2018|access-date=16 September 2012|publisher=The Hard Tackle|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714070941/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/chirag-united-and-united-sikkim-the-two-extremes-of-indian-football/}}
*{{cite web|title=Football — the passion play in Kolkata|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=ibnlive.in|publisher=IBN Live|date=13 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://footballkerala.com/2009/06/16/viva-kerala-signs-british-born-patrick-sisupalan/|title=Viva Kerala signs british born Patrick Sisupalan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140148/http://footballkerala.com/2009/06/16/viva-kerala-signs-british-born-patrick-sisupalan/|archive-date=16 August 2011|website=footballkerala.com|access-date=16 June 2009}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/aug/13/can-viva-kerala-prove-their-mettle-this-time-77208.html|title=Can Viva Kerala prove their mettle this time?|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 |access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428052341/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/aug/13/can-viva-kerala-prove-their-mettle-this-time-77208.html}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/1501|title=Viva Kerala pulls out from IFA Shield|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121223856/http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/1501|archive-date=21 November 2020|website=indianfootball.com|access-date=11 March 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/246421/senyo-sparkles-in-indian-league.html|title=Senyo sparkles in Indian league|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172117/https://www.modernghana.com/news/246421/senyo-sparkles-in-indian-league.html|archive-date=8 August 2018|date=30 October 2009|publisher=Modern Ghana|website=ghanasoccernet.com}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/01/17/1749055/i-league-viva-ride-reuben-goal-to-win-at-home|title=I-League: Viva Ride Reuben Goal To Win At Home|first=Rahul|last=Sengupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172410/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/01/17/1749055/i-league-viva-ride-reuben-goal-to-win-at-home|archive-date=8 August 2018|date=17 January 2010|website=Goal.com}}
*{{Cite web|title=Down the memory lane: The magnificent Kerala Police of the 1980–90s|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-kerala-police-federation-cup/1ljikndkrvf0c1glbrfuh9ujnb|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Goal.com|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120722/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-kerala-police-federation-cup/1ljikndkrvf0c1glbrfuh9ujnb|first=Nisanth V|last=Easwar|date=12 May 2020}}
*{{Cite news|title=For TTPL, football and volleyball teams are a distant dream|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/feb/20/for-ttpl-football-and-volleyball-teams-are-a-distant-dream-2105866.html|first=Ramu|last=R|date=20 February 2020|access-date=2022-08-01|location=Thiruvananthapuram|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/feb/20/for-ttpl-football-and-volleyball-teams-are-a-distant-dream-2105866.html|agency=Express News Service}}
*{{cite news|title=Dempo rope in Anil Kumar|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-18/top-stories/29674079_1_dempo-custodio-almeida-vasco-sc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419055636/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-18/top-stories/29674079_1_dempo-custodio-almeida-vasco-sc|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2012|agency=PTI|location=Margao|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2011}}
*{{cite web|last=George|first=Arun|title=Chirag United Kerala regains its striker|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sport/football/chirag-united-kerala-regains-its-striker-671|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211080636/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sport/football/chirag-united-kerala-regains-its-striker-671}}
*{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Sporting Clube De Goa 2–0 Chirag United Kerala – James Moga And Victorino Fernandes Score for the Home Side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69369/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report|publisher=goal.com|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122132349/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69369/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report}}
*{{cite web|title=Chirag United Kerala 1–1 Salgaocar SC – Packeer Ali's Side Pick A Point Against The Defending Champions|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69383/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-salgaocar-sc/report|publisher=goal.com|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=3 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203023319/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69383/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-salgaocar-sc/report}}
*{{cite web|title=Chirag Kerala 1–3 Mohun Bagan: Okolie comes to the rescue again as the Mariners grab all three points|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69633/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-mohun-bagan/report|publisher=goal.com|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=1 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501051529/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69633/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-mohun-bagan/report}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/salgoacar-survive-late-onslaught/446655/|title=Salgoacar survive late onslaught|date=14 April 2009|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-date=3 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503173603/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/salgoacar-survive-late-onslaught/446655/|work=The Indian Express}}
*{{cite web|title=Lajong, Pune FC in I-League|date=19 April 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-19/top-stories/28017183_1_pune-fc-salgaocar-shillong-lajong|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-19/top-stories/28017183_1_pune-fc-salgaocar-shillong-lajong|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|access-date=20 October 2013}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/United-SC-ink-deal-with-new-sponsor/articleshow/9474511.cms|title=United SC ink deal with new sponsor|newspaper=The Times of India|publisher=[[Times of India]]|location=Kolkata|first1=Arup|last1=Chatterjee|date=4 August 2011 |agency=TNN|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=15 April 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415161440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/United-SC-ink-deal-with-new-sponsor/articleshow/9474511.cms}}
*{{Cite web|title=Josco FC to build soccer city|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/mar/26/josco-fc-to-build-soccer-city-142534.html|date=26 March 2010|location=Kochi|access-date=2021-09-23|website=newindianexpress.com|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170722/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/mar/26/josco-fc-to-build-soccer-city-142534.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Players To Watch: India Under-23's Saba Saleel|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2716/players-to-watch/2011/07/01/2555174/players-to-watch-india-under-23s-saba-saleel|work=Goal.com|access-date=5 May 2012|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015122048/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2716/players-to-watch/2011/07/01/2555174/players-to-watch-india-under-23s-saba-saleel|date=1 July 2011}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
* [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/viva-kerala/8256/ Chirag United Kerala] at Soccerway
*[https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21879/chirag-united/ Chirag United Kerala] at WorldFootball.net
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220505143738/https://everythingforfootball.in/club/chirag-united-club-kerala/ Chirag United Kerala] at Everything For Football (archived 5 May 2022)
*{{Twitter|chiragkerala}}
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/chirag-united-kerala/1696/ Chirag United Kerala] at Global Sports Archive
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091016233459/http://footballkerala.com/category/kerala-football-clubs/viva-kerala-fc/ Viva Kerala FC] at FootballKerala.com (archived 16 October 2009)

{{I-League}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sports}}

[[Category:Chirag United Club Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2004]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

List of universities in India

2026-02-11T12:18:20Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}

[[File:University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 2010.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[University of Madras]], established 1857, is one of the three oldest modern [[State university (India)|state universities]] in India, the others being the [[University of Calcutta]] and the [[University of Mumbai]].|alt=view of University of Madras from the beach]]

The [[higher education]] system in [[India]] includes both [[Private university|private]] and [[Public university|public]] [[university|universities]]. Public universities are supported by the [[Government of India]] and the [[State governments in India|state governments]], while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), which draws its power from the ''[[University Grants Commission Act, 1956]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=University Grants Commission Act, 001956 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]] |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914084309/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ugc_act.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, 15 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and co-ordination.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/professional-councils.aspx |title= Professional Councils |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 11 September 2017 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-date= 14 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160714061048/http://www.ugc.ac.in/page/professional-councils.aspx |url-status= live }}</ref>

The types of universities include:
* [[Central University (India)|Central universities]], or Union universities, are established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]] in the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/central_univ_eng |title=Central Universities |work=mhrd.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303143139/http://mhrd.gov.in/central_univ_eng |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref> {{as of|2023|11|14|post=,}} the list of central universities published by the UGC includes 56 central universities.<ref name=Central>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Consolidated_CENTRAL_UNIVERSITIES_List.pdf|title=List of 56 Central Universities|access-date=23 June 2023|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623124354/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/Consolidated_CENTRAL_UNIVERSITIES_List.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[State university (India)|State universities]] are run by the state government of each of the [[states and territories of India]] and are usually established by a local legislative assembly act. {{as of|2023|11|14}}, the UGC lists 479 active state universities.<ref name=State>{{cite web |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/Consolidated%20State%20%20University%20List.pdf |title=List of State Universities as on 16.11.2022 |date=16 November 2022|access-date=27 December 2022|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217225738/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/Consolidated%20State%20%20University%20List.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=statecount |The list includes a serial numbering which goes up to 460. However, the list erroneously includes "U.P. King George's University of Dental Science" (#393) which was reabsorbed into [[King George's Medical University]] (#381) in 2007.<ref name=dental>{{cite web |title=Faculty of Dental Sciences Education Overview |url=http://kgmu.org/dental_education.php |publisher=King George's Medical University |access-date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802042239/http://kgmu.org/dental_education.php |url-status=live }}</ref>}} The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the [[University of Calcutta]], the [[University of Madras]] and the [[University of Mumbai]]. Most State Universities are [[affiliating universities]] administering many [[affiliated college]]s (often located in small towns) that typically offer a range of undergraduate courses, but may also offer post-graduate courses. More established colleges may even offer PhD programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university.
* [[Deemed university]], or "Deemed to be University", is a status of autonomy granted by the Department of Higher Education on the advice of the UGC, under Section 3 of the UGC Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST) Thiruvananthapuram Declared as Deemed to be University |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40292 |date=14 July 2008 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]], Press Information Bureau |access-date=3 September 2011 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024847/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40292 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2023|11|14}}, the UGC lists 124 institutes which were granted the deemed to be university status.<ref name=Deemed>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Deemed%20University/1452975_Consolidated-Deemed-Universities-List.pdf|title=List of Institutions Which Have Been Declared Deemed To Be Universities as On 16.11.2022|work=ugc.ac.in|date=16 November 2022|access-date=27 December 2022|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227141619/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Deemed%20University/1452975_Consolidated-Deemed-Universities-List.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was [[Indian Institute of Science]], which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. In many cases, the same listing by the UGC covers several institutes. For example, the listing for [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] covers the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]], the [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] and other institutes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/homibaba.html |title= Listing of Homi Bhabha National Institute as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 September 2011 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208043054/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/homibaba.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
* [[List of state private universities in India|Private universities]] are established by an Act of a [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]] and approved by the UGC. {{as of|2023|11|14}}, the UGC consolidated list of universities lists 455 state private universities.<ref name="Private">{{cite web|title=List of (Private) Universities as on 25.11.2022|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated_List_Private_Universities.pdf|date=25 November 2022|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|access-date=27 December 2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227142319/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated_List_Private_Universities.pdf}}</ref>

As of June 2025, the Press Information Bureau reports India has a total of 1,338 universities, reflecting growth since the previous UGC-published count in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=University Growth: Universities grew from 760 in 2014-15 to 1,338 as of June 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?ModuleId=3&NoteId=154714 |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> There are universities of some kind in each of the 28 [[states and territories of India|states of India]] as well as five of the eight [[Union Territory|union territories]]: [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The state with the most universities is [[Gujarat]] with 97 universities, and Gujarat has also by far the most state private universities, 63 in number.<ref name=Private/> [[Tamil Nadu]] is the state with the most deemed universities, numbering 28,<ref name=Deemed/> and [[Karnataka]] has the most state universities, 42.<ref name=State/> Delhi has 7 central universities, the largest number of all the states and territories.<ref name=Central/>

* [[Institutes of National Importance]] Apart from the above universities, other institutions are granted the permission to autonomously award degrees. However, they do not affiliate colleges and are not officially called "universities" but "autonomous organizations" or "autonomous institutes". They fall under the administrative control of the Department of Higher Education.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://education.nic.in/AutonomousSec.asp |title=Autonomous Bodies – Higher Education |work=education.nic.in |access-date=30 June 2011|publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217231810/http://education.nic.in/AutonomousSec.asp|archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref> These organisations include the [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]], [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], the [[National Institutes of Technology]], the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]], the [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]], the [[Indian Institutes of Management]] and other autonomous institutes. These institutes are not listed below.

Also not listed are institutes which are under the control of the professional councils, without an approval of the UGC, e.g. [[Agricultural Universities (India)|Agricultural Universities]], which are under the control of the Agricultural Education Division of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), one of the professional councils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/agricultural-education.htm |title=Agricultural Education Division | Indian Council of Agricultural Research |work=icar.org.in |access-date=11 August 2011 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812111654/http://www.icar.org.in/en/agricultural-education.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm |title=Universities | Indian Council of Agricultural Research |work=icar.org.in |access-date=11 August 2011 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818145202/http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm |archive-date=18 August 2011 }}</ref>

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has also maintains a list fake Universities operating in India. UGC has said that these 24 self-styled, unrecognised institutions functioning in contravention of the UGC Act have been declared as fake and are not entitled to confer any degrees.<ref>{{cite press release|title=UGC releases list of 24 fake universities |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178917 |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=12 May 2019|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|date=25 April 2018}}</ref> {{as of|2023|11|14}}, the list contains 20 institutions.<ref name="Fake">{{cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=State-wise List of fake Universities as on October, 2020|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/page/Fake-Universities.aspx|access-date=16 July 2021|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728211612/https://ugc.ac.in/page/Fake-Universities.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Universities by state and type==
The table below is up-to-date {{as of|2023|11|14|lc=yes}}.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State !! [[List of central universities in India|Central universities]]<ref name=Central/> !! [[List of state universities in India|State universities]]<ref name=State/> !! [[List of deemed universities in India|Deemed universities]]<ref name=Deemed/> !! [[List of state private universities in India|Private universities]]<ref name=Private/> !! Total
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Andhra Pradesh#Universities|list]])
|| 3 || 28 || 7 || 11 || style="text-align:center" |49
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Arunachal Pradesh#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 1 || 1 || 8 || style="text-align:center" |11
|-
| [[Assam]] ([[List of educational institutions in Assam#Universities|list]])
|| 2 || 18 || 1 || 9 || style="text-align:center" |30
|-
| [[Bihar]] ([[List of institutions of higher education in Bihar|list]])
||4|| 20 || 1 || 7 || style="text-align:center" |32
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Chandigarh#Universities|list]])
|| 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || style="text-align:center" |2
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Chhattisgarh#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 16 || 0 || 16 || style="text-align:center" |33
|-
| [[Delhi]] ([[List of educational institutions in Delhi#Universities|list]])
|| 7|| 11 || 9 || 0 || style="text-align:center" |27
|-
| [[Goa]] ([[List of educational institutions in Goa#Universities|list]])
|| 0 || 1 || 0 || 1 || style="text-align:center" |2
|-
| [[Gujarat]] ([[List of educational institutions in Gujarat#Universities|list]])
|| 2 || 30 || 2 || 63 || style="text-align:center" |97
|-
| [[Haryana]] ([[List of educational institutions in Haryana#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 20 || 5 || 25 || style="text-align:center" | 51
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Himachal Pradesh#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 7 || 0 || 17 || style="text-align:center" | 25
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ([[List of educational institutions in Jammu and Kashmir#Universities|list]])
|| 2 || 9 || 0 || 0 || style="text-align:center" |11
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] ([[List of educational institutions in Jharkhand#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 13 || 1 || 18 || style="text-align:center" | 33
|-
| [[Karnataka]] ([[List of educational institutions in Karnataka#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 42 || 14 || 25 ||style="text-align:center" | 82
|-
| [[Kerala]] ([[List of educational institutions in Kerala#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 15 || 3 || 0 || style="text-align:center" |19
|-
| [[Ladakh]] ([[Ladakh#Education|list]])
|| 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || style="text-align:center" | 3
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Madhya Pradesh#Universities|list]])
|| 2 || 24 || 1 || 51 || style="text-align:center" |78
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] ([[List of educational institutions in Maharashtra#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 29 ||21 || 26 || style="text-align:center" |77
|-
| [[Manipur]] ([[List of educational institutions in Manipur#University|list]])
|| 3 || 3 || 0 || 5 || style="text-align:center" | 11
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] ([[List of educational institutions in Meghalaya#University|list]])
|| 1 || 0 || 0 || 9 || style="text-align:center" |10
|-
| [[Mizoram]] ([[List of educational institutions in Mizoram#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 ||style="text-align:center" | 2
|-
| [[Nagaland]] ([[List of educational institutions in Nagaland#University|list]])
|| 1 || 0 || 0 || 4 ||style="text-align:center" |5
|-
| [[Odisha]] ([[List of institutions of higher education in Odisha#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 23 || 3 || 8 || style="text-align:center" |35
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[List of educational institutions in Puducherry#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || style="text-align:center" |3
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] ([[List of educational institutions in Punjab#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 14 || 2 || 18 ||style="text-align:center" | 35
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] ([[List of educational institutions in Rajasthan#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 26 || 8 || 52|| style="text-align:center" |87
|-
| [[Sikkim]] ([[List of educational institutions in Sikkim#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 2 || 0 || 8 ||style="text-align:center" | 11
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] ([[List of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu#Universities|list]])
|| 2 || 22 || 28 || 4 || style="text-align:center" |56
|-
| [[Telangana]] ([[List of educational institutions in Telangana#Universities|list]])
|| 3 || 17 || 4 || 5 || style="text-align:center" |29
|-
| [[Tripura]] ([[List of educational institutions in Tripura#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || style="text-align:center" | 4
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] ([[List of educational institutions in Uttar Pradesh#Universities|list]])
|| 6 || 35{{refn|group=note|name=statecount}} || 8 || 35 || style="text-align:center" | 84
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] ([[List of educational institutions in Uttarakhand#Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 12 || 3 || 22 || style="text-align:center" | 38
|-
| [[West Bengal]] ([[List of educational institutions in West Bengal#State Universities|list]])
|| 1 || 38 || 4 || 12 || style="text-align:center" |55
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total''' || | '''56''' || | '''478{{refn|group=note|name=statecount}}''' || | '''124''' || | '''455''' || style="text-align:center" | {{big|'''1113'''}}{{refn|group=note|name=statecount}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Higher education in India]]
* [[List of think tanks in India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]
* [[Institutes of National Importance]]
* [[List of central universities in India]]
* [[List of deemed universities in India]]
* [[List of state private universities in India]]
* [[List of state universities in India]]
* [[List of Sanskrit universities in India]]
* [[List of Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
* [[List of institutes funded by the government of India]]
* [[List of autonomous higher education institutes in India]]
* [[:Category:Scientific organisations based in India|List of Scientific organisations in India ]]
* [[:Category:Research institutes in India|List of Research institutes in India]]
* [[Ancient institutions of learning in the Indian subcontinent]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Education in India}}
{{Asia topic|List of universities in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Universities In India}}
[[Category:Lists of universities in India| universities]]
[[Category:Universities in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges by country|India]]

Lakshmeshwar Singh

2026-02-09T00:20:54Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: added info

{{Short description|Maharaja of Darbhanga from 1860–1898}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Lakshmeshwar Singh
| title = Maharaja of Darbhanga
| image = Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh statue - Kolkata.JPG
| reign = 1860–1898
| coronation =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| predecessor = [[Raj Darbhanga#Rulers |Maharaja Maheshwar Singh]]
| successor = Maharaja [[Rameshwar Singh]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Raj Darbhanga]]
| father = [[Raj Darbhanga#Rulers |Maheshwar Singh Bahadur]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga]]
| death_date = 1898
| death_place =
| place of last rites =
|}}

[[Maharaja]] [[Sir]] '''Lakshmeshwar Singh, Maharaja of Darbhanga''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCIE}} (25 September 1858 – 16 November 1898) was the [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithali Brahmin]] [[Zamindar]] and principal landowner of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region, presently in the state of [[Bihar]], India. His philanthropic works, administrative abilities and management of his estate ([[Raj Darbhanga]]) were highly appreciated and led to development of his estate.

==Biography==
Lakshmeshwar Singh was the eldest son of Maharaja Maheshwar Singh of Darbhanga, who died when Lakshmeshwar was aged two. The [[British Raj]] placed the estate of Darbhanga under the control of the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] because the heirs to the estate were minors.{{cn|date=October 2023}} One of his tutors was a Scottish-Englishman, Chester Macnaghten until his majority, then became the founding principle of the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]].


For the next 19 years, until he attained majority, he was caught in political one-upmanship between his mother, who was supported by family priests, and the Tutors appointed by the British Government, who wanted him to be free from ''Zenana'' influence. He along with his younger brother Rameshwar Singh (who became Maharaja of Darbhanga after Lakshmeshwar Singh's death) received a western education from Government appointed tutors as well as a traditional Indian education from a [[Sanskrit]] [[Pandit]], one of his uncles, a [[Maulvi]] and a Bengali gentleman. During the period when Lakshmeshwar Singh was under the guardianship of the Court of Wards, he received a monthly allowance of [[Rupee|Rs.]] 5 a month even though the annual income of his estate was equivalent to a six-digit figure in pounds sterling. {{cn|date=October 2023}}

On attaining his majority, Lakshmeshwar Singh devoted himself entirely to public duties of his position. He was appointed and served as a Member of the Legislative Council of the Viceroy.{{cn|date=October 2023}} He was also one of nine members of the [[Royal Commission on Opium]] of 1895, formed by the British Government. [[Haridas Viharidas Desai]], the Diwan of [[Junagadh]], was the only other Indian member.<ref>Royal Opium Commission, First Report of the Royal Commission on Opium: with Minutes of Evidence and Appendices, Eyre & Spottiswolde for HM Stationery Office, 1895</ref>

In 1875, Tirhut Railway was one such privately-owned train service which was introduced by Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh of Darbhanga way back in 1874 to serve the drought-hit general public in North Bihar. It is also known as the first private train of the country. [[Railway Line]] opened in [[Darbhanga]] between [[Mokama]] and Darbhanga by Local King [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] of [[Raj Darbhanga]] through [[Tirhut Railway]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/bihar/palace-on-wheel-darbhangas-glorious-railway-history-lies-in-ruins/na20191026121137569|title=Darbhanga's once glorious railway history, now lies in ruins
|date=26 October 2019|newspaper=[[ETV Baharat]]|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>
Lakshmeshwar Singh championed freedom of speech, personal and political rights. In 1898, he and W. C. Banerjee, were the only prominent Indians to publicly criticise and fight against the proposed widening of scope of section 124-A and 153-A of the Indian Penal Code that was meant to suppress freedom of press in reporting news that could be deemed seditious in nature or against Government policy and insertion of section 108 in Indian Penal Code that gave right to postal authorities to seize any material that was suspected of containing matter obnoxious to section 124-A and 153-A of [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>All India Political Parties, (major groups, A-Z) at page 244. Author – O. P. Ralhan</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

Lakshmeshwar Singh died on 17 December 1898. He did not have any children and thus his younger brother, Rameshwar Singh, succeeded him as Maharaja.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==Public charity==
[[File:Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh, 1888.jpg|thumb|Lithograph Print of Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh published in ''Graphic Magazine'', December 1888.]]
He built an Anglo-vernacular school at a cost of £1490, which he maintained, as well as nearly thirty vernacular schools of different grades; and subsidised a much larger number of educational institutions.<ref>Non—fictional Indian prose in English, 1960–1990 By Hetukar Jha, Sahitya Akademi</ref>

The Maharaja was also one of the founders of [[Indian National Congress]] as well as one of the main financial contributor thereto.<ref>A Centenary history of the Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, Volume 1 by B. N. Pande, Indian National Congress (I). All India Congress Committee</ref>

==Other information==
On the occasion of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee of Great Queen Victoria]], Lakshmeshwar Singh was created a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]], being promoted to Knight Grand Commander in 1887.<ref>A Golden Book of India – A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. Author – Sir Roper Lethbridge. First published 1893.</ref>

The British Governor{{who|date=December 2013}} commissioned [[Edward Onslow Ford]] to make a statue of Lakshmeshwar Singh. This is installed at [[Dalhousie Square]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>''A Handbook for Travellers in India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon'' at Page 121. Author – [[Laurence Frederic Rushbrook Williams]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Maharaja Lakshmeshwar}}
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:19th-century philanthropists]]

Khusro Faramurz Rustamji

2026-02-08T14:36:31Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: updated page

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2010}}
[[File:COMMAND OFFICE OF SH K F RUSTAMJI, DIRECTOR GENERAL BSF.jpg|thumb|Sri K. F. Rustamji, Director General BSF in office.]]

'''Khusro Faramurz Rustamji''', better known as '''K. F. Rustamji''', (1916 - 2003) was the only police officer in India thus far to have been awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=2007-05-30 |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref> India's second highest civilian award. This award has been in recognition of his multifarious achievements, including the Public Interest Litigation (PIL).

==Early life==

Rustamji was born in [[Kamptee]], near [[Nagpur]] (India) on 22 May 1916. His parents were both [[Parsi]]s from Bombay (now Mumbai)
His entire school and college education was in Nagpur. He studied in St Francis de Sales School and had his college education in Science College. He passed his M.Sc (Zoology) in 1936 securing the first position in the Nagpur University. He worked as a Demonstrator (Assistant Professor) in the same college from 1936 to 1938.

Rustamji qualified the competitive Civil Service examination and was selected for the prestigious service the Indian Police (also sometimes referred to as the [[Imperial Police]]) in 1938 from the erstwhile [[State of Central Provinces and Berar]], later known as [[Madhya Pradesh]] (MP).

==Career==

When he had put in four years service and was still an Assistant Superintendent of Police, he was put on duty in Nagpur to quell the riots that took place during the course of the disturbances due to the [[Quit India Movement]] in August 1942. He was up against a life-threatening situation and dealt with it courageously. He was awarded the [[Indian Police Medal]] for his exemplary handling of the situation.

Soon after the independence of India, he was posted in December 1947 as Superintendent of Police to [[Raigarh]] district in the eastern part of the State of MP. He had to oversee the integration of the princely States of [[Raigarh State|Raigarh]], [[Sakti State|Sakti]], [[Sarangarh State|Sarangarh]], [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]] and [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]], consequent on the Government of India's decision to integrate the princely States into the Indian Union.

In May 1948, he was posted to [[Akola]], a district bordering the erstwhile princely [[State of Hyderabad]]. He took part in the [[Hyderabad Police Action]], which was ordered by the Government of India as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] was unwilling to integrate the State with the Indian Union.

In 1949, Rustamji was promoted as Deputy Inspector General of Police to [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] (the then [[State of Hyderabad]]). He had to deal with the first Communist insurgency movement.

In August 1952, Rustamji was selected to be the Chief Security Officer to India'a first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He remained in that post for six years until June 1958, when he was appointed as the Chief of the [[Madhya Pradesh Police]].

As Inspector General of Police of Madhya Pradesh, Rustamji dealt successfully with the problem created by the armed [[dacoit]]s of the Chambal region. The formidable gangs of Amritlal, Rupa, Lakhan Singh and nose-chopping dacoit [[Gabbar Singh Gujjar|Gabbar Singh]] (who became a household name after the film Sholay) and many others were eliminated.

In 1965, Rustamji was selected to raise the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF). By the time he retired the BSF had a strength of 60,000 men. The BSF played a significant part in the Indo-Pak War of 1971 and in the Liberation of Bangladesh.

After retirement from the BSF, he was made Special Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs and while in that position, he headed a committee which submitted the report for the formation of the Indian Coast Guard, an organization to patrol the maritime border.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

He was responsible for the setting up of the National Police Commission and later became its member from 1978 to 1983.

In 1978 he visited the jails in Bihar and wrote about the conditions of the undertrials languishing in the jails for long periods without a trial. His two articles in the national daily, [[The Indian Express]] formed the basis for the first Public Interest Litigation (Hussainara Khatoon vs State of Bihar) As a consequence of the judgement in this case, 40,000 undertrials were released all over India.

In his retired life he spent his time writing articles on subjects of topical interest, many of which were published in the newspapers and magazines. His exposés were highly appreciated and they were recognised with the award of the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1991.

Rustamji died in March 2003.

Rustamji Institute of Technology the first [[Engineering]] College in [[India]] established by a Para Military Force is named after him.

==Bibliography==
Books on/by Rustamji

His diaries and writings were edited to bring out two books which were in the nature of an autobiography.

* I Was Nehru’s Shadow
* The British, The Bandits and The Bordermen
* Encyclopedia of Indian Police

==Awards==
* [[Indian Police Medal]] in 1942
* [[Police Medal for Distinguished Services]] in 1958
* [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1972<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1991<ref name="Padma Awards" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rustamji K F}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Coast Guard]]

Uranium

2026-02-04T16:18:29Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: brief enhanced intro for consistency additionally and cleaned formatting

{{about|the chemical element}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox uranium}}
'''Uranium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[chemical symbol|symbol]] '''U''' and [[atomic number]] 92. It is a silvery-grey [[metal]] in the [[actinide]] series of the [[periodic table]]. A uranium atom has 92 [[proton]]s and 92 [[electron]]s, of which 6 are [[valence electron]]s. Uranium [[radioactive decay|radioactively decays]], usually by emitting an [[alpha particle]]. The [[half-life]] of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different [[isotopes of uranium|isotopes]], making them useful for dating the [[age of the Earth]]. The most common isotopes in [[natural uranium]] are [[uranium-238]] (which has 146 [[neutron]]s and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and [[uranium-235]] (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest [[atomic weight]] of the [[primordial nuclide|primordially]] occurring elements. Its [[density]] is about 70% higher than that of [[lead]] and slightly lower than that of [[gold]] or [[tungsten]]. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few [[Parts-per notation#Parts-per expressions|parts per million]] in soil, rock and water, and is commercially [[uranium mining|extracted]] from uranium-bearing [[mineral]]s such as [[uraninite]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uranium |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/uranium |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref>

Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique [[atomic nucleus|nuclear]] properties. Uranium is used in [[nuclear power plant]]s and [[nuclear weapon]]s because it is the only naturally occurring element with a [[fissile]] isotope – uranium-235 – present in non-trace amounts. However, because of the low abundance of uranium-235 in natural uranium (which is overwhelmingly uranium-238), uranium needs to undergo [[uranium enrichment|enrichment]] so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons and is [[fertile material|fertile]], meaning it can be [[Nuclear transmutation|transmuted]] to fissile [[plutonium-239]] in a [[nuclear reactor]]. Another fissile isotope, [[uranium-233]], can be produced from natural [[thorium]] and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for [[spontaneous fission]] or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained [[nuclear chain reaction]]. This generates the heat in [[nuclear reactor|nuclear power reactors]] and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. The primary civilian use for uranium harnesses the heat energy to produce electricity. [[Depleted uranium]] ({{sup|238}}U) is used in [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s and [[vehicle armour|armor plating]].{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=479}}

The 1789 [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovery]] of uranium in the mineral [[uraninite|pitchblende]] is credited to [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]], who named the new element after the recently discovered planet [[Uranus]]. [[Eugène-Melchior Péligot]] was the first person to isolate the metal, and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by [[Henri Becquerel]]. Research by [[Otto Hahn]], [[Lise Meitner]], [[Enrico Fermi]] and others, such as [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the [[nuclear power]] industry and in [[Little Boy]], the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|first nuclear weapon used in war]]. An ensuing [[arms race]] during the [[Cold War]] between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived [[plutonium-239]]. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various [[nuclear disarmament]] programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. [[Spent nuclear fuel]] forms [[radioactive waste]], which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses a significant health threat and [[Uranium in the environment|environmental impact]].

==Characteristics==
[[File:Nuclear fission.svg|thumb|left|upright|A neutron-induced nuclear fission event involving uranium-235|alt=A diagram showing a chain transformation of uranium-235 to uranium-236 to barium-141 and krypton-92]]
Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive [[metal]]. It has a [[Hardnesses of the elements (data page)|Mohs hardness]] of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and roughly equal to that of [[titanium]], [[rhodium]], [[manganese]] and [[niobium]]. It is [[malleability|malleable]], [[ductility|ductile]], slightly [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]], strongly [[electronegativity|electropositive]] and a poor [[electrical conductivity|electrical conductor]].<ref name="SciTechEncy" /><ref name="LANL">{{cite book |author=Hammond, C. R. |title=The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition=81st |publisher=CRC press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-8493-0481-1 |url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf}}</ref> Uranium metal has a very high [[density]] of 19.1 g/cm{{sup|3}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Uranium |url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/92/uranium |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> denser than [[lead]] (11.3 g/cm{{sup|3}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Lead |url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/82/lead |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> but slightly less dense than [[tungsten]] and [[gold]] (19.3 g/cm{{sup|3}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Tungsten |url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/74/tungsten |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gold |url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/79/gold |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref>

Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metallic elements (except [[noble gas]]es) and their [[chemical compound|compounds]], with reactivity increasing with temperature.<ref name="ColumbiaEncy">{{cite encyclopedia |title=uranium |encyclopedia=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia|url=http://www.answers.com/uranium |publisher=Columbia University Press |edition=6th |access-date=27 September 2008|archive-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194715/http://www.answers.com/uranium}}</ref> [[Hydrochloric acid|Hydrochloric]] and [[nitric acid]]s dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.<ref name="SciTechEncy" /> When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of [[uranium dioxide]].<ref name="LANL" /> Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into [[uranium dioxide]] or other chemical forms usable in industry.

In 1938, [[Otto Hahn]] and [[Fritz Strassman]] discovered that barium was a product of bombarding [[Uranium-235]] with neutrons, and a year later [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Otto Robert Frisch]] developed the theory of [[nuclear fission]] to explain this new phenomenon, making U-235 the first [[fissile]] isotope to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=L'Annunziata |first1=Michael F. |title=Handbook of radioactivity analysis |date=2020 |publisher=Elsevier ; Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780128143988 |page=39 |edition=Fourth}}</ref> On bombardment with slow neutrons, uranium-235 most of the time splits into two smaller [[atomic nucleus|nuclei]], releasing nuclear [[binding energy]] and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a [[nuclear chain reaction]] occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in some circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a [[neutron poison]], absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor [[control rod]]s (see [[nuclear reactor physics]] for a description of this process of reactor control). Other naturally occurring isotopes such as [[Uranium-238]] are [[Fissile_material#Fissile_vs_fissionable|fissionable]], but not fissile, meaning that they only undergo fission when absorbing high energy (fast) neutrons.<ref>{{cite web |title=NRC Glossary: Fissionable material |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/fissionable-material |website=www.nrc.gov |publisher=Nuclear Regulatory Commission |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>

As little as {{cvt|15|lb}} of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.<ref name="EncyIntel">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security|publisher=The Gale Group, Inc. |title=uranium |url=http://www.answers.com/uranium|access-date=27 September 2008|archive-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194715/http://www.answers.com/uranium}}</ref> The nuclear weapon detonated over [[Hiroshima]], called [[Little Boy]], relied on uranium fission. However, the first nuclear bomb (the ''Gadget'' used at [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity]]) and the bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki ([[Fat Man]]) were both plutonium bombs.

Uranium metal has three [[allotropy|allotropic]] forms:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWGu-LYMYjMC&pg=PA108 |page=108 |title=Applications of Texture Analysis |author=Rollett, A. D. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-40835-3}}</ref>
* α ([[orthorhombic]]) stable up to {{convert|668|C}}. Orthorhombic, [[space group]] No. 63, ''Cmcm'', [[lattice parameter]]s ''a'' = 285.4 pm, ''b'' = 587 pm, ''c'' = 495.5 pm.<ref name="Grenthe">{{cite book|last1=Grenthe |first1=Ingmar |first2=Janusz |last2=Drożdżyński |first3=Takeo |last3=Fujino |first4=Edgar C. |last4=Buck |author-link5=Thomas Albrecht-Schönzart |first5=Thomas E. |last5=Albrecht-Schmitt |first6=Stephen F. |last6=Wolf |contribution=Uranium |title=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |editor1-first=Lester R. |editor1-last=Morss |editor2-first=Norman M. |editor2-last=Edelstein |editor3-first=Jean |editor3-last=Fuger |edition=3rd |date=2006 |volume=5 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht, the Netherlands |pages=52–160 |url=http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Thorium.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016 |isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5 }}</ref>
* β ([[tetragonal]]) stable from {{convert|668|to|775|C}}. Tetragonal, space group ''P''42/''mnm'', ''P''42''nm'', or ''P''4''n''2, lattice parameters ''a'' = 565.6 pm, ''b'' = ''c'' = 1075.9 pm.<ref name="Grenthe" />
* γ ([[body-centered cubic]]) from {{convert|775|C}} to melting point—this is the most malleable and ductile state. Body-centered cubic, lattice parameter ''a'' = 352.4 pm.<ref name="Grenthe" />

==Applications==

===Military===
[[File:30mm DU slug.jpg|thumb|left|Various militaries use depleted uranium as high-density penetrators.|alt=Shiny metallic cylinder with a sharpened tip. The overall length is 9 cm and diameter about 2 cm.]]

The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrating projectiles. This ammunition consists of [[depleted uranium]] (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as [[titanium]] or [[molybdenum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabe.htm#TAB_E_Development_of_DU_Munitions|title=Development of DU Munitions |year=2000|work=Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (II)|publisher=Gulflink, official website of Force Health Protection & Readiness}}</ref> At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and [[pyrophoricity]] of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable [[vehicle armor]] can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised health questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil (see [[Gulf War syndrome]]).<ref name="EncyIntel" />

Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than [[lead]] in halting radiation from strong sources such as [[radium]].<ref name="SciTechEncy" /> Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile [[atmospheric reentry|re-entry vehicles]] and as a shielding material.<ref name="LANL" /> Due to its high density, this material is found in [[inertial guidance system]]s and in [[gyroscope|gyroscopic]] [[compass]]es.<ref name="LANL" /> Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=480}} The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by [[uranium oxide]] rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak [[alpha decay|alpha emitter]]).

During the later stages of [[World War II]], the entire [[Cold War]], and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses [[plutonium-239]] derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb ([[thermonuclear weapon]]) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of [[tritium]] and [[deuterium]] to undergo [[nuclear fusion]]. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by [[fast neutron]]s from the nuclear fusion process.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm
|title=Nuclear Weapon Design
|publisher=Federation of American Scientists
|date=1998
|access-date=19 February 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226091803/https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm
|archive-date=26 December 2008
}}</ref>

===Civilian===
The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel [[nuclear power plant]]s. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 [[terajoules]] of energy (2{{e|13}} [[joule]]s), assuming complete fission; as much [[energy]] as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 [[tonne]]s) of [[coal]].{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=479}}

Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=479}} The [[CANDU reactor|CANDU]] and [[Magnox]] designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for [[United States Navy]] reactors is typically highly enriched in [[uranium-235]] (the exact values are [[classified information|classified]]). In a [[breeder reactor]], uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium-239 through the following reaction:<ref name="LANL" />

:{{nuclide|link=yes|uranium|238}} + n {{Bigmath|→}} {{nuclide|link=yes|uranium|239}} + γ {{overunderset|{{Bigmath|→}}|β−| }} {{nuclide|link=yes|neptunium|239}} {{overunderset|{{Bigmath|→}}|β−| }} {{nuclide|link=yes|plutonium|239}}

[[File:U glass with black light.jpg|thumb|right|Uranium glass glowing under [[ultraviolet|UV light]]|alt=A glass place on a glass stand. The plate is glowing green while the stand is colorless.]]
Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as [[uranium glass]] and in [[Fiesta (dinnerware)|Fiestaware]].<ref>[http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html "Statement regarding the ''Good Morning America'' broadcast," The Homer Laughlin China Co.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401000958/http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html |date=1 April 2012 }}, 16 March 2011, accessed 25 March 2012.</ref>

The discovery and isolation of [[radium]] in uranium ore (pitchblende) by [[Marie Curie]] sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15520902.900-dial-r-for-radioactive.html |title=Dial R for radioactive – 12 July 1997 – New Scientist |publisher=Newscientist.com |access-date=12 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uranium Mining |url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/uranium-mining |website=Atomic Heritage Foundation |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, [[uranium tile]] glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, [[mauve]], black, blue, red and other colors.

[[File:Uranium ceramic - Flickr - Sencer Sarı.jpg|thumb|The uranium glaze on a ceramic artwork glowing under [[Ultraviolet|UV light]].]]

[[File:Vacuum capacitor with uranium glass.jpg|thumb|Uranium glass used as lead-in seals in a vacuum [[capacitor]]|alt=A glass cylinder capped on both ends with metal electrodes. Inside the glass bulb there is a metal cylinder connected to the electrodes.]]
Uranium was also used in [[photography|photographic]] chemicals (especially [[uranium nitrate]] as a [[Photographic print toning|toner]]),<ref name="LANL" /> in lamp filaments for [[stage lighting]] bulbs,<ref name="epa">{{cite web |title=EPA Facts about Uranium |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/contaminants/radiation/pdfs/Uranium%20Fact%20Sheet%20final.pdf |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129061718/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/contaminants/radiation/pdfs/Uranium%20Fact%20Sheet%20final.pdf}}</ref> to improve the appearance of [[dentures]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/consumer/ceramics/uranium-containing-dentures.html |title=Uranium Containing Dentures (ca. 1960s, 1970s) |publisher=[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]] |website=ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity |date=1999 |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are [[mordant]]s of silk or wool. [[Uranyl acetate]] and [[uranyl formate]] are used as electron-dense "stains" in [[transmission electron microscopy]], to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in [[negative staining]] of [[virus]]es, isolated [[cell organelle]]s and [[macromolecule]]s.

The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element. The long [[half-life]] of uranium-238 (4.47{{e|9}} years) makes it well-suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest [[igneous rock]]s and for other types of [[radiometric dating]], including [[uranium–thorium dating]], [[uranium–lead dating]] and [[uranium–uranium dating]]. Uranium metal is used for [[X-ray]] targets in the making of high-energy X-rays.<ref name="LANL" />

==History==

===Pre-discovery use===
The use of [[pitchblende]], uranium in its natural [[oxide]] form, dates back to at least the year 79 AD, when it was used in the [[Roman Empire]] to add a yellow color to [[ceramic]] glazes.<ref name="LANL" /> Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape [[Posillipo]] in the [[Gulf of Naples]], Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the [[University of Oxford]] in 1912.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=482}} Starting in the late [[Middle Ages]], pitchblende was extracted from the [[Habsburg]] silver mines in [[Jáchymov|Joachimsthal]], [[Bohemia]] (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic) in the [[Ore Mountains]], and was used as a coloring agent in the local [[glass]]making industry.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}} In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines.

===Discovery===
[[File:Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png|thumb|left|upright|The planet [[Uranus]], which uranium is named after]]
The [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovery]] of the element is credited to the German chemist [[Martin Heinrich Klaproth]]. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in [[Berlin]] in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely [[sodium diuranate]]) by dissolving [[pitchblende]] in [[nitric acid]] and neutralizing the solution with [[sodium hydroxide]].{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}} Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with [[charcoal]] to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an [[oxide of uranium]]).{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Klaproth |first=M. H. |date=1789 |title=Chemische Untersuchung des Uranits, einer neuentdeckten metallischen Substanz |trans-title=Chemical Investigation of Uranite, a Newly Discovered Metallic Substance |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10072268?page=408,409 |journal=Chemische Annalen für die Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrtheit, Haushaltungskunst und Manufacturen |language=de |volume=2 |pages=387–403}}</ref> He named the newly discovered element "Uranit" after the planet [[Uranus]] (named after the primordial [[Uranus (mythology)|Greek god of the sky]]), which had been discovered eight years earlier by [[William Herschel]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|edition=4th|title=Uranium|encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|url=http://www.answers.com/uranium|access-date=15 January 2007|archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727194715/http://www.answers.com/uranium}}</ref> He later renamed it "Uranium" to conform to the naming standard.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miśkowiec |first=Paweł |date=2023-04-01 |title=Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century |journal=Foundations of Chemistry |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=29–51 |doi=10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5 |issn=1572-8463}}</ref>

In 1841, [[Eugène-Melchior Péligot]], Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the [[Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers]] (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in [[Paris]], isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating [[uranium tetrachloride]] with [[potassium]].{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}}<ref>{{cite journal| title=Recherches Sur L'Uranium
| author=Péligot, E.-M. |journal=[[Annales de chimie et de physique]]
| volume=5 |issue=5 |date=1842
| pages=5–47 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34746s/f4.table}}</ref>

[[File:Becquerel plate.jpg|thumb|[[Henri Becquerel]] discovered [[radioactivity]] by exposing a [[photographic plate]] to uranium in 1896.|alt=Two fuzzy black features on a fuzzy white paper-like background. There is a handwriting at the top of the picture.]]
[[Henri Becquerel]] discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.<ref name="ColumbiaEncy" /> Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, K{{sub|2}}UO{{sub|2}}(SO{{sub|4}}){{sub|2}} (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed [[photographic plate]] in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged".{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=478}} He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate.

During World War I when the [[Central Powers]] suffered a shortage of molybdenum to make artillery gun barrels and high speed tool steels, they routinely used [[ferrouranium]] alloy as a substitute, as it presents many of the same physical characteristics as molybdenum. When this practice became known in 1916 the US government requested several prominent universities to research the use of uranium in manufacturing and metalwork. Tools made with these formulas remained in use for several decades,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5c7AQAAMAAJ&q=ferrouranium+artillery&pg=PA367|title=The Electric Journal|date=10 April 1920|publisher=Westinghouse Club |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfvBmuFOAiEC&pg=PA8 |title=Preparation of ferro-uranium |first1=Horace Wadsworth |last1=Gillett |first2=Edward Lawrence |last2=Mack |date=10 April 1917 |series=Technical Paper 177 – U.S. Bureau of Mines |publisher=U.S. Govt. print. off. |via=Google Books}}</ref> until the [[Manhattan Project]] and the [[Cold War]] placed a large demand on uranium for fission research and weapon development.

===Fission research===
[[File:UraniumCubesLarge.jpg|thumb|Cuboids of uranium produced during the Manhattan Project]]
A team led by [[Enrico Fermi]] in 1934 found that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces [[beta decay|beta rays]] ([[electron]]s or [[positron]]s from the elements produced; see [[beta particle]]).{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=773}} The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements with atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the [[Sapienza University of Rome]], [[Orso Mario Corbino]], named [[ausenium and hesperium]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.pdf
|last = Fermi
|first = Enrico
|date = 12 December 1938
|title = Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment: Nobel Lecture
|publisher = Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
|access-date = 14 June 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111423/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.pdf
|archive-date = 9 August 2018
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=De Gregorio, A. |title=A Historical Note About How the Property was Discovered that Hydrogenated Substances Increase the Radioactivity Induced by Neutrons |date=2003 |pages=41–47 |volume=19 |journal=Nuovo Saggiatore |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963 |arxiv=physics/0309046 |bibcode=2003physics...9046D }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Nigro, M. |title=Hahn, Meitner e la teoria della fissione |url=http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/2003/312-321NigroBari.pdf |date=2004 |access-date=5 May 2009 |archive-date=25 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325120427/http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/2003/312-321NigroBari.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=van der Krogt, Peter |url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Pu |title=Elementymology & Elements Multidict |access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref> The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release [[binding energy]] were conducted by [[Otto Hahn]] and [[Fritz Strassmann]]{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=773}} in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. [[Lise Meitner]] and her nephew, physicist [[Otto Robert Frisch]], published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "[[nuclear fission]]".<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction
| author1 = [[Lise Meitner|Meitner, L.]]
| author2 = [[Otto Frisch|Frisch, O.]]
| journal = Nature
| volume = 143
| date = 1939
| pages = 239–240
| doi = 10.1038/224466a0
| url = http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/Nature_Meitner.shtml |bibcode = 1969Natur.224..466M
| issue=5218| s2cid = 4188874
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref> Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of uranium-235.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=773}} Fermi urged [[Alfred O. C. Nier]] to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and on 29 February 1940, Nier used an instrument he built at the [[University of Minnesota]] to separate the world's first [[uranium-235]] sample in the Tate Laboratory. Using [[Pupin Hall|Columbia University]]'s [[cyclotron]], [[John R. Dunning|John Dunning]] confirmed the sample to be the isolated fissile material on 1 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alfred O. C. Nier |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/nier.cfm |website=www.aps.org |access-date=2016-12-04 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113725/https://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/nier.cfm }}</ref> Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be [[Nuclear transmutation|transmuted]] into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and [[nuclear power]]. Despite fission having been discovered in Germany, the ''[[Uranverein]]'' ("uranium club") Germany's wartime project to research nuclear power and/or weapons was hampered by limited resources, infighting, the exile or non-involvement of several prominent scientists in the field and several crucial mistakes such as failing to account for impurities in available graphite samples which made it appear less suitable as a [[neutron moderator]] than it is in reality. Germany's attempts to build a [[natural uranium]] / [[heavy water]] reactor had not come close to reaching criticality by the time the Americans reached [[Haigerloch]], the site of the last German wartime reactor experiment.<ref>{{cite web|author=Manfred Popp |url=https://www.spektrum.de/news/hitlers-atombombe-warum-es-sie-nicht-gab/1423529 |title=Wissenschaftsgeschichte: Hitlers Atombombe – warum es sie nicht gab – Spektrum der Wissenschaft |publisher=Spektrum.de |date=2016-09-21 |access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref>

On 2 December 1942, as part of the [[Manhattan Project]], another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained [[nuclear chain reaction]], [[Chicago Pile-1]]. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2013/ph241/masters1/ |title=Chicago Pile One|website=large.stanford.edu|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref> Working in a lab below the stands of [[Stagg Field]] at the [[University of Chicago]], the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 360 tonnes of [[graphite]], 53 tonnes of [[uranium oxide]], and 5.5 tonnes of uranium metal, most of which was supplied by [[Westinghouse Lamp Plant]] in a makeshift production process.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=773}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=John |title=A Manhattan Project Postscript |journal=Science |date=19 June 1981 |volume=212 |pages=1369–1371 |bibcode=1981Sci...212.1369W |pmid=17746246 |url=http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0533/ML053340429.pdf |access-date=23 March 2013 |publisher=AAAS |doi=10.1126/science.212.4501.1369 |issue=4501}}</ref>

===Nuclear weaponry===
[[File:Atomic cloud over Hiroshima - NARA 542192 - Edit.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mushroom cloud]] over Hiroshima after the dropping of the uranium-fired '[[Little Boy]]'|alt=White fragmentred mushroom-like smoke cloud evolving from the ground.]]
Two types of atomic bomb were developed by the United States during [[World War II]]: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly [[enriched uranium]], and a plutonium-based device (see [[Trinity test]] and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. Little Boy became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]], on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of [[TNT]], the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed about 75,000 people (see [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]).{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=478}}

In 1943 the [[Manhattan Project]] contracted two private companies, [[Union Carbide]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], to quietly compile a survey of uranium deposits around the world. As the survey results came in, two geology professors studied the results and suggested general guidelines for new sources, including uranium associated with gold mines in [[Witwatersrand|the Rand]] area in [[South Africa]].{{sfn|Groves|1962|pp=180-184}}

Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that [[nuclear proliferation]] could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.<ref>Helmreich, J.E. ''Gathering Rare Ores: The Diplomacy of Uranium Acquisition, 1943–1954'', Princeton UP, 1986: ch. 10 {{ISBN|0-7837-9349-9}}</ref>

===Reactors===
[[File:First four nuclear lit bulbs.jpeg|thumb|Four light bulbs lit with electricity generated from the first artificial electricity-producing nuclear reactor, [[Experimental Breeder Reactor I|EBR-I]] (1951)|alt=An industrial room with four large illuminated light bulbs hanging down from a bar.]]
The [[X-10 Graphite Reactor]] at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. [[Argonne National Laboratory]]'s [[Experimental Breeder Reactor I]], located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near [[Arco, Idaho]], became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/frt.shtml |title=Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Fast Reactor Technology |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory |date=2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its [[electricity]] come from nuclear power generated by [[BORAX-III]], another reactor designed and operated by [[Argonne National Laboratory]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.em.doe.gov/tie/history.html |title=History and Success of Argonne National Laboratory: Part 1 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory |date=1998 |access-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926155637/http://web.em.doe.gov/tie/history.html |archive-date=26 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Light Water Reactor Technology Development |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory |date=2012 |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/lwr3.shtml#fragment-5 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|Obninsk]] in the [[Soviet Union]], began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were [[Calder Hall nuclear power station|Calder Hall]] in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,<ref>{{cite news |title=1956: Queen switches on nuclear power |date=17 October 1956 |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3147000/3147145.stm |access-date=28 June 2006}}</ref> and the [[Shippingport Atomic Power Station]] in [[Pennsylvania]], which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a [[submarine]], the [[USS Nautilus (SSN-571)|USS ''Nautilus'']], in 1954.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=773}}<ref>{{cite web |title=STR (Submarine Thermal Reactor) in "Reactors Designed by Argonne National Laboratory: Light Water Reactor Technology Development" |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/lwr3.shtml#fragment-2 |date=2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref>

===Prehistoric naturally occurring fission===
{{Main|Natural nuclear fission reactor}}
In 1972, French physicist [[Francis Perrin (physicist)|Francis Perrin]] discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the [[Oklo mine]] in [[Gabon]], Africa, collectively known as the [[Natural nuclear fission reactor|Oklo Fossil Reactors]]. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of uranium on Earth.<ref name="OCRWM">{{cite web |title=Oklo: Natural Nuclear Reactors |work=Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management |url=http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603085718/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=28 June 2006}}</ref> This is high enough to permit a sustained chain reaction, if other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the health-threatening [[nuclear waste]] products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the [[Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository]].<ref name="OCRWM" />

===Contamination and the Cold War legacy===
[[File:US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg|thumb|U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2005|alt=A graph showing evolution of number of nuclear weapons in the US and USSR and in the period 1945–2005. US dominates early and USSR later years with and crossover around 1978.]]
Above-ground [[nuclear testing|nuclear tests]] by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by [[France]] into the 1970s and 1980s{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=480}} spread a significant amount of [[nuclear fallout|fallout]] from uranium [[daughter isotope]]s around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Warneke, T. |author2=Croudace, I. W. |author3=Warwick, P. E. |author4=Taylor, R. N. |name-list-style=amp |title=A new ground-level fallout record of uranium and plutonium isotopes for northern temperate latitudes |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters| date=2002 |volume=203 |issue=3–4 |pages=1047–1057 |doi=10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00930-5 |bibcode=2002E&PSL.203.1047W}}</ref> Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several [[nuclear and radiation accidents|nuclear accidents]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328130544/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html |archive-date=28 March 2009 |title=The Worst Nuclear Disasters |magazine=Time |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref>

Uranium miners have a higher incidence of [[cancer]]. An excess risk of lung cancer among [[Navajo people|Navajo]] uranium miners, for example, has been documented and linked to their occupation.<ref name="Gilliland et al 2000">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |author=Gilliland, Frank D. |author2=Hunt, William C. |author3=Pardilla, Marla |author4=Key, Charles R. |title=Uranium Mining and Lung Cancer Among Navajo Men in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969 to 1993 |date=March 2000 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=278–283 |pmid=10738707 |doi=10.1097/00043764-200003000-00008}}</ref> The [[Radiation Exposure Compensation Act]], a 1990 law in the US, required $100,000 in "compassion payments" to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments.<ref name="ajph.org">{{cite journal |title=The History of Uranium Mining and the Navajo People |doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.9.1410 |publisher=Ajph.org |pmid=12197966 |date=2002 |last1=Brugge |first1=Doug |last2=Goble |first2=Rob |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=1410–1419 |pmc=3222290}}</ref>

During the [[Cold War]] between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. After the [[Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)#Dissolution of the USSR|break-up of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) had been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and several other former Soviet states.<ref name="EncyIntel" /> Police in [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[South America]] on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have [[nuclear espionage|intercepted shipments]] of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources.<ref name="EncyIntel" /> From 1993 to 2005 the [[Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program]], operated by the [[federal government of the United States]], spent about US$550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities.<ref name="EncyIntel" />

Safety of nuclear facilities in Russia has been significantly improved since the stabilization of political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s. For example, in 1993 there were 29 incidents ranking above level 1 on the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]], and this number dropped under four per year in 1995–2003. The number of employees receiving annual radiation doses above 20 [[Sievert|mSv]], which is equivalent to a single full-body [[CT scan]],<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9166072 |year=1997 |last1=Van Unnik |first1=J. G. |last2=Broerse |first2=J. J. |last3=Geleijns |first3=J. |last4=Jansen |first4=J. T. |last5=Zoetelief |first5=J. |last6=Zweers |first6=D. |title=Survey of CT techniques and absorbed dose in various Dutch hospitals |volume=70 |issue=832 |pages=367–371 |journal=The British Journal of Radiology|doi=10.1259/bjr.70.832.9166072 }} (3000 examinations from 18 hospitals)</ref> saw a strong decline around 2000. In November 2015, the Russian government approved a federal program for nuclear and radiation safety for 2016 to 2030 with a budget of 562 billion rubles (ca. 8 billion [[USD]]). Its key issue is "the deferred liabilities accumulated during the 70 years of the nuclear industry, particularly during the time of the Soviet Union". About 73% of the budget will be spent on decommissioning aged and obsolete nuclear reactors and nuclear facilities, especially those involved in state defense programs; 20% will go in processing and disposal of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and 5% into monitoring and ensuring of nuclear and radiation safety.<ref>[https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle.aspx Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle]. World Nuclear Association. Updated December 2021.</ref>

==Occurrence==
Uranium is a [[natural abundance|naturally occurring]] element found in low levels in all rock, soil, and water. It is the highest-numbered element found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements.<ref name="LANL" /> Uranium is the [[Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|48th most abundant element]] in the Earth's crust.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emsley |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&dq=%2248th+most+abundant+element%22&pg=PA480 |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850340-8 |language=en}}</ref> The decay of uranium, [[thorium]], and [[potassium-40]] in Earth's [[mantle (geology)|mantle]] is thought to be the main source of heat<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725103-700-first-measurements-of-earths-core-radioactivity/ |title=First measurements of Earth's core radioactivity |magazine=New Scientist |last=Biever |first=Celeste |date=27 July 2005 |access-date=July 7, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/potassium-40-heats-up-earths-core/ |title=Potassium-40 heats up Earth's core |work=physicsworld.com |date=7 May 2003 |access-date=14 January 2007}}</ref> that keeps the Earth's [[Structure of the Earth|outer core]] in the liquid state and drives [[mantle convection]], which in turn drives [[plate tectonics]].

Uranium's [[Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|concentration in the Earth's crust]] is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million,<ref name="SciTechEncy">{{cite encyclopedia |edition=5th |title=Uranium |encyclopedia=The McGraw-Hill Science and Technology Encyclopedia |publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. |isbn=978-0-07-142957-3 |year=2005 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillconcis00newy}}</ref>{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=480}} or about 40 times as abundant as [[silver]].<ref name="ColumbiaEncy" /> The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 10{{sup|17}} kg (2{{e|17}} lb) of uranium while the [[ocean]]s may contain 10{{sup|13}} kg (2{{e|13}} lb).<ref name="SciTechEncy" /> The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate [[fertilizer]]s containing uranium impurities),<ref>Schnug, E., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Windmann, H., Lottermoser, B.G., Ulrich, A. E., Bol, R., Makeawa, M., and Haneklaus, S.H. (2023) "Elemental loads with phosphate fertilizers – a constraint for soil productivity?" In: Bolan, N.S. and Kirkham, M.B. (eds.) ''Managing Soil Constraints for Sustaining Productivity''. CRC Press.</ref> and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=480}}

Uranium is more plentiful than [[antimony]], [[tin]], [[cadmium]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], or silver, and it is about as abundant as [[arsenic]] or [[molybdenum]].<ref name="LANL" />{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=480}} Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium [[ore]]), [[carnotite]], [[autunite]], [[uranophane]], [[torbernite]], and [[coffinite]].<ref name="LANL" /> Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as [[phosphate]] rock deposits, and minerals such as [[lignite]], and [[monazite]] sands in uranium-rich ores<ref name="LANL" /> (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium<ref name="ColumbiaEncy" />).

===Origin===
Like all elements with [[atomic weight]]s higher than that of [[iron]], uranium is only naturally formed by the [[r-process]] (rapid neutron capture) in [[supernova]]e and [[neutron star merger]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/chemicalOrigins.shtml |title=History/Origin of Chemicals |publisher=NASA |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Primordial thorium and uranium are only produced in the r-process, because the [[s-process]] (slow neutron capture) is too slow and cannot pass the gap of instability after bismuth.<ref name="B2FH">{{cite journal | author1=Burbidge, E. M. | author2=Burbidge, G. R. | author3=Fowler, W. A. | author4=Hoyle, F. | year=1957 | title=Synthesis of the Elements in Stars | journal=[[Reviews of Modern Physics]] | volume=29 | issue=4 | page=547 | bibcode=1957RvMP...29..547B | doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clayton|first=Donald D.|author-link=Donald D. Clayton|title=Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis|publisher=Mc-Graw-Hill|location=New York |date=1968|pages=577–91|isbn=978-0-226-10953-4}}</ref> Besides the two extant primordial uranium isotopes, {{sup|235}}U and {{sup|238}}U, the r-process also produced significant quantities of [[uranium-236|{{sup|236}}U]], which has a shorter half-life and so is an [[extinct radionuclide]], having long since decayed completely to {{sup|232}}Th. Further uranium-236 was produced by the decay of [[plutonium-244|{{sup|244}}Pu]], accounting for the observed higher-than-expected abundance of thorium and lower-than-expected abundance of uranium.<ref name="thoruranium">{{cite journal |last1=Trenn |first1=Thaddeus J. |date=1978 |title=Thoruranium (U-236) as the extinct natural parent of thorium: The premature falsification of an essentially correct theory |journal=Annals of Science |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=581–97 |doi=10.1080/00033797800200441}}</ref> While the natural abundance of uranium has been supplemented by the decay of extinct [[plutonium-242|{{sup|242}}Pu]] (half-life 375,000 years) and {{sup|247}}Cm (half-life 16 million years), producing {{sup|238}}U and {{sup|235}}U respectively, this occurred to an almost negligible extent due to the shorter half-lives of these parents and their lower production than {{sup|236}}U and {{sup|244}}Pu, the parents of thorium: the {{sup|247}}Cm/{{sup|235}}U ratio at the formation of the Solar System was {{val|7.0e-5|1.6}}.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Tissot |first1=François L. H. |last2=Dauphas |first2=Nicolas |last3=Grossmann |first3=Lawrence |date=4 March 2016 |title=Origin of uranium isotope variations in early solar nebula condensates |journal=Science Advances |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501400|pmid=26973874 |pmc=4783122 |arxiv=1603.01780 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1400T |article-number=e1501400}}</ref>

===Biotic and abiotic===
{{Main|Uranium in the environment}}
[[File:Pichblende.jpg|thumb|Uraninite, also known as pitchblende, is the most common ore mined to extract uranium.|alt=A shiny gray 5-centimeter piece of matter with a rough surface.]]

[[File:Evolution of Earth's radiogenic heat.svg|thumb|right|The evolution of Earth's [[radiogenic heat]] flow over time: contribution from {{sup|235}}U in red and from {{sup|238}}U in green]]

Some bacteria, such as ''[[Shewanella putrefaciens]]'', ''[[Geobacter metallireducens]]'' and some strains of ''[[Burkholderia fungorum]]'', can use uranium for their growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2004.10.003 |title=Evidence of uranium biomineralization in sandstone-hosted roll-front uranium deposits, northwestern China |date=2005 |last1=Min |first1=M. |last2=Xu |first2=H. |last3=Chen |first3=J. |last4=Fayek |first4=M. |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |volume=26 |page=198 |issue=3–4 |bibcode=2005OGRv...26..198M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0123378 |pmid=25874721 |pmc=4395306 |year=2015 |last1=Koribanics |first1=N. M. |title=Spatial Distribution of an Uranium-Respiring Betaproteobacterium at the Rifle, CO Field Research Site |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e0123378 |last2=Tuorto |first2=S. J. |last3=Lopez-Chiaffarelli |first3=N. |last4=McGuinness |first4=L. R. |last5=Häggblom |first5=M. M. |last6=Williams |first6=K. H. |last7=Long |first7=P. E. |last8=Kerkhof |first8=L. J. |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1023378K |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent research suggests that this pathway includes reduction of the soluble U(VI) via an intermediate U(V) pentavalent state.<ref name="Renshaw">{{cite journal |last1=Renshaw |first1=J. C. |last2=Butchins |first2=L. J. C. |last3=Livens |first3=F. R. |last4=May |first4=I. |last5=Charnock |first5=J. M. |last6=Lloyd |first6=J. R. |display-authors=3 |title=Bioreduction of uranium: environmental implications of a pentavalent intermediate |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=June 2005 |volume=39 |issue=15 |pages=5657–5660 |doi=10.1021/es048232b |pmid=16124300|bibcode=2005EnST...39.5657R }}</ref><ref name="Vitesse">{{cite journal |last1=Vitesse |first1=GF |last2=Morris |first2=K |last3=Natrajan |first3=LS |last4=Shaw |first4=S |title=Multiple Lines of Evidence Identify U(V) as a Key Intermediate during U(VI) Reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR1 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=January 2020  |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=2268–2276 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.9b05285 |pmid=31934763 |bibcode=2020EnST...54.2268V |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Other organisms, such as the [[lichen]] ''Trapelia involuta'' or [[microorganism]]s such as the [[bacterium]] ''[[Citrobacter]]'', can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|pp=476 and 482}} ''Citrobacter'' species absorb [[uranyl]] ions when given [[glycerol phosphate]] (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in [[bioremediation]] to [[radioactive contamination|decontaminate]] uranium-polluted water.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}}<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Uranium bioaccumulation by a ''Citrobacter'' sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline {{chem|HUO|2|PO|4}}
| author = Macaskie, L. E.
| author2 = Empson, R. M.
| author3 = Cheetham, A. K.
| author4 = Grey, C. P.
| author5 = Skarnulis, A. J.
| name-list-style = amp
| journal = Science
| volume = 257
| issue = 5071
| date = 1992
| pages = 782–784
| doi = 10.1126/science.1496397
| pmid = 1496397 |bibcode = 1992Sci...257..782M}}</ref>
The proteobacterium ''[[Geobacter]]'' has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water.<ref name="AndersonVrionis2003">{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=R. T. |last2=Vrionis |first2=H. A. |last3=Ortiz-Bernad |first3=I. |last4=Resch |first4=C. T. |last5=Long |first5=P. E. |last6=Dayvault |first6=R. |last7=Karp |first7=K. |last8=Marutzky |first8=S. |last9=Metzler |first9=D. R. |last10=Peacock |first10=A. |last11=White |first11=D. C. |last12=Lowe |first12=M. |last13=Lovley |first13=D. R. |title=Stimulating the ''in situ'' activity of ''Geobacter'' species to remove uranium from the groundwater of a uranium-contaminated aquifer |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=69 |issue=10 |date=2003 |pages=5884–5891 |doi=10.1128/AEM.69.10.5884-5891.2003 |pmc=201226 |pmid=14532040|bibcode=2003ApEnM..69.5884A }}</ref> The mycorrhizal fungus ''[[Glomus intraradices]]'' increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation |journal=Microbiology |author=Gadd, G. M. |volume=156 |issue=Pt 3 |date=March 2010 |pages=609–643|pmid=20019082 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.037143-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A ''[[Sphingomonas]]'' sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity [[alkaline phosphatase]] (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in ''[[E. coli]]''.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Nilgiriwala, K.S.
|author2=Alahari, A.
|author3=Rao, A. S.
|author4=Apte, S.K.
|name-list-style=amp
|date=2008
|title=Cloning and Overexpression of Alkaline Phosphatase PhoK from ''Sphingomonas'' sp. Strain BSAR-1 for Bioprecipitation of Uranium from Alkaline Solutions
|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology
|volume=74
|issue=17
|pages=5516–5523
|doi=10.1128/AEM.00107-08
|pmid=18641147
|pmc=2546639
|bibcode=2008ApEnM..74.5516N
}}</ref>

[[Plant]]s absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}} Dry weight concentrations of uranium in [[food]] plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}}

===Production and mining===

{{Main|Uranium mining}}

Worldwide production of uranium in 2024 was 60,213 [[tonne]]s, of which 23,270 t (39%) was mined in [[Kazakhstan]]. Other important uranium mining countries are [[Canada]] (14,309 t), [[Namibia]] (7,333 t), [[Australia]] (4,598 t), [[Uzbekistan]] (4,000 t), and [[Russia]] (2,738 t).<ref name="WNA-WUM">{{cite web |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx|title=World Uranium Mining|publisher=World Nuclear Association|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

Uranium ore is mined in several ways: [[open-pit mining|open pit]], [[underground mining (soft rock)|underground]], [[in-situ leach]]ing, and [[borehole mining]].{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=479}} Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=774}} High-grade ores found in [[Athabasca Basin]] deposits in [[Saskatchewan]], Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investcom.com/moneyshow/uranium_athabasca.htm |title=Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan |access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref> Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an [[acid]] or [[alkali]]. The [[leachate]] is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called [[yellowcake]], contains at least 75% uranium oxides U{{sub|3}}O{{sub|8}}. Yellowcake is then [[calcined]] to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7p7W1rykpwC&pg=PA75 |pages=74–75 |title=Hydrometallurgy in extraction processes |volume=1 |author=Gupta, C. K. |author2=Mukherjee, T. K. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=CRC Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-8493-6804-2}}</ref>

Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the [[redox|reduction]] of uranium [[halide]]s with [[alkali metal|alkali]] or [[alkaline earth metal]]s.<ref name="LANL" /> Uranium metal can also be prepared through [[electrolysis]] of {{chem|KUF|5}} or
[[Uranium tetrafluoride|{{chem|UF|4}}]], dissolved in molten [[calcium chloride]] ({{chem|CaCl|2}}) and [[sodium chloride]] ([[sodium|Na]]Cl) solution.<ref name="LANL" /> Very pure uranium is produced through the [[thermal decomposition]] of uranium [[halide]]s on a hot filament.<ref name="LANL" />

<gallery mode=packed heights=200px>
U production-demand.png|World uranium production (mines) and demand<ref name="WNA-WUM" />
Yellowcake.jpg|alt=A yellow sand-like rhombic mass on black background.|[[Yellowcake]] is a concentrated mixture of uranium oxides that is further refined to extract pure uranium.
Uranium production, OWID.svg|Uranium production 2015, in tonnes<ref>{{cite web |title=Uranium production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/uranium-production |website=Our World in Data |access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
</gallery>

===Resources and reserves===
[[File:Uranium prices.webp|thumb|upright=2|Uranium price 1990–2022.]]
It is estimated that 6.1 million tonnes of uranium exists in ores that are economically viable at US$130 per kg of uranium,<ref name=res/> while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction).<ref name="IAEAResourcesDemand" />

Australia has 28% of the world's known uranium ore reserves<ref name=res>{{cite web |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-resources/supply-of-uranium.aspx |title=Uranium Supplies: Supply of Uranium – World Nuclear Association |website=www.world-nuclear.org}}</ref> and the world's largest single uranium deposit is located at the [[Olympic Dam, South Australia|Olympic Dam]] Mine in [[South Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uranium Mining and Processing in South Australia |publisher=South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy |date=2002 |url=http://www.uraniumsa.org/processing/processing.htm |access-date=14 January 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106005859/http://www.uraniumsa.org/processing/processing.htm |archive-date=6 January 2012 }}</ref> There is a significant reserve of uranium in [[Bakouma]], a [[sub-prefecture]] in the [[prefecture]] of [[Mbomou]] in the [[Central African Republic]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2011 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idAFL5E7M34T920111103 |title=Areva suspends CAR uranium mine project |last1=Ngoupana |first1=P.-M. |last2=Felix |first2=B. |editor-last=Barker |editor-first=A. |work=Central African Republic News |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>

Some uranium also originates from dismantled nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-resources/military-warheads-as-a-source-of-nuclear-fuel.aspx |title=Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel |work=World-nuclear.org |access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> For example, in 1993–2013 Russia supplied the United States with 15,000 tonnes of low-enriched uranium within the [[Megatons to Megawatts Program]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usec.com/megatonstomegawatts.htm |title=Megatons to Megawatts|publisher=U.S. Enrichment Corp.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716044207/http://www.usec.com/megatonstomegawatts.htm|archive-date=July 16, 2008}}</ref>

An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be dissolved in [[sea water]] ([[Japan]]ese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using [[ion exchange]]rs was technically feasible).<ref name="UseaWater">{{cite web |title=Uranium recovery from Seawater |url=http://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/ff/ff43/topics.html |access-date=3 September 2008 |publisher=Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute |date=23 August 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017081215/http://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/ff/ff43/topics.html |archive-date=17 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name="stanfordCohen">{{cite web |title=How long will nuclear energy last? |url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html |access-date=29 March 2007 |date=12 February 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410165316/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html |archive-date=10 April 2007 }}</ref> There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water,<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/cjce.5450620416 |title=Extraction of uranium from sea water using biological origin adsorbents |year=1984 |last1=Tsezos |first1=M. |last2=Noh |first2=S. H. |journal=The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering |volume=62 |issue=4| pages=559–561 |bibcode=1984CJChE..62..559T }}</ref> but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, [[ORNL]] researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ornl.gov/info/press_releases/get_press_release.cfm?ReleaseNumber=mr20120821-00 |title=ORNL technology moves scientists closer to extracting uranium from seawater |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States |date=21 August 2012 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825192521/http://www.ornl.gov/info/press_releases/get_press_release.cfm?ReleaseNumber=mr20120821-00 |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fueling nuclear power with seawater |publisher=Pnnl.gov |date=21 August 2012 |url=http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=938 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825155837/http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=938 }}</ref>

===Supplies===
{{Main|Uranium market}}

{{see also|2000s commodities boom}}
[[File:MonthlyUraniumSpot.png|thumb|right|Monthly uranium spot price in US$ per pound. The [[Uranium bubble of 2007|2007 price peak]] is clearly visible.<ref name="uraniumingo">{{cite web |url=http://www.uranium.info/prices/monthly.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170510/http://www.uranium.info/prices/monthly.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 |title=NUEXCO Exchange Value (Monthly Uranium Spot)}}</ref>]]
In 2005, ten countries accounted for the majority of the world's concentrated uranium oxides: [[Canada]] (27.9%), [[Australia]] (22.8%), [[Kazakhstan]] (10.5%), [[Russia]] (8.0%), [[Namibia]] (7.5%), [[Niger]] (7.4%), [[Uzbekistan]] (5.5%), the [[United States]] (2.5%), [[Argentina]] (2.1%) and [[Ukraine]] (1.9%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uxc.com/fuelcycle/uranium/production-uranium.html |title=World Uranium Production |publisher=UxC Consulting Company, LLC |access-date=11 February 2007 |archive-date=27 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227140531/http://www.uxc.com/fuelcycle/uranium/production-uranium.html }}</ref> In 2008, Kazakhstan was forecast to increase production and become the world's largest supplier of uranium by 2009;<ref>{{cite web |author=Mithridates |url=http://www.pagef30.com/2008/07/kazakhstan-to-surpass-canada-as-worlds.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304185144/http://www.pagef30.com/2008/07/kazakhstan-to-surpass-canada-as-worlds.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 March 2010 |title=Page F30: Kazakhstan to surpass Canada as the world's largest producer of uranium by last year (2009) |website=Mithridates.blogspot.com |date=24 July 2008 |access-date=12 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=717292 |title=Kazakistan uranyum üretimini artıracak|publisher=Zaman Gazetesi |work=Zaman.com.tr |language=tr|access-date=12 September 2008|date=28 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113013838/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=717292|archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref> Kazakhstan has dominated the world's uranium market since 2010. In 2021, its share was 45.1%, followed by Namibia (11.9%), Canada (9.7%), Australia (8.7%), Uzbekistan (7.2%), Niger (4.7%), Russia (5.5%), China (3.9%), India (1.3%), Ukraine (0.9%), and South Africa (0.8%), with a world total production of 48,332 tonnes.<ref name="WNA-WUM"/> Most uranium was produced not by conventional underground mining of ores (29% of production), but by [[in situ leach]]ing (66%).<ref name="WNA-WUM"/><ref>{{cite web|title=In Situ Leach Mining (ISL) of Uranium – World Nuclear Association |website=www.world-nuclear.org |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/in-situ-leach-mining-of-uranium.aspx|access-date=2021-05-06}}</ref>

In the late 1960s, UN geologists discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in [[Somalia]]. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.<ref name="Bufais">{{cite news|title=Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276%2C235261|access-date=16 May 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 March 1968}}</ref>

The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years,<ref name="IAEAResourcesDemand">{{cite web| title=Global Uranium Resources to Meet Projected Demand |url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2006/uranium_resources.html |access-date=29 March 2007 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=2006}}</ref> though some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century.<ref name="MITfuelSupply">{{cite web| title=Lack of fuel may limit U.S. nuclear power expansion |url=https://news.mit.edu/2007/fuel-supply |access-date=29 March 2007 |work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=21 March 2007}}</ref>
Uranium deposits seem to be log-normal distributed. There is a 300-fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = World Uranium Resources
|journal = Scientific American |volume = 242|issue = 1| author = Deffeyes, Kenneth S.
| author2 = MacGregor, Ian D.
| name-list-style = amp
| date = January 1980
| page = 66
|osti = 6665051|bibcode = 1980SciAm.242a..66D|doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0180-66}}</ref>
In other words, there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available.

==Compounds==
{{Main|Uranium compounds}}

[[File:Uranium reactions.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Reactions of uranium metal]]

===Oxidation states and oxides===

====Oxides====
{{See also|Uranium oxide}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 340
| image1 = U3O8lattice.jpg
| alt1 = Ball and stick model of layered crystal structure containing two types of atoms.
| caption1 =
| image2 = UO2lattice.jpg
| alt2 = Ball and stick model of cubic-like crystal structure containing two types of atoms.
| caption2 =
| footer = [[Triuranium octoxide]] (left) and [[uranium dioxide]] (right) are the two most common uranium oxides.
}}

Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to {{chem|U|3|O|8}}, which dates to the days of the [[Manhattan Project]] when {{chem|U|3|O|8}} was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kloprogge |first1=J. Theo |last2=Ponce |first2=Concepcion P. |last3=Loomis |first3=Tom A. |title=The periodic table : nature's building blocks: an introduction to the naturally occurring elements, their origins and their uses |date=2021 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-821538-8 |location=Amsterdam |pages=861–862 |oclc=1223058470}}</ref>

[[Phase (matter)|Phase relationships]] in the uranium-oxygen system are complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding [[oxide]]s are, respectively, [[uranium dioxide]] ({{chem|UO|2}}) and [[uranium trioxide]] ({{chem|UO|3}}).{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=779}} Other [[uranium oxide]]s such as [[uranium monoxide]] (UO), [[diuranium pentoxide]] ({{chem|U|2|O|5}}), and [[uranium peroxide]] ({{chem|UO|4|·2H|2|O}}) also exist.

The most common forms of uranium oxide are [[triuranium octoxide]] ({{chem|U|3|O|8}}) and {{chem|UO|2}}.<ref name="ANL-Chem">{{cite web |title=Chemical Forms of Uranium |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |url=http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/ucompound/forms/index.cfm |access-date=18 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922180607/http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/ucompound/forms/index.cfm |archive-date=22 September 2006 }}</ref> Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel.<ref name="ANL-Chem"/> At ambient temperatures, {{chem|UO|2}} will gradually convert to {{chem|U|3|O|8}}. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.<ref name="ANL-Chem"/>

====Aqueous chemistry====
[[File:U Oxstufen.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Uranium in its oxidation states III, IV, V, VI]]
Salts of many [[oxidation state]]s of uranium are water-[[solubility|soluble]] and may be studied in [[aqueous solution]]s. The most common ionic forms are {{chem|U|3+}} (brown-red), {{chem|U|4+}} (green), {{chem|UO|2|+}} (unstable), and [[uranyl|{{chem|UO|2|2+}}]] (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=778}} A few [[solid]] and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and [[Uranium monosulfide|US]] exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of {{chem|U|3+}} liberate [[hydrogen]] from [[water]] and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The {{chem|UO|2|2+}} ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as [[uranyl carbonate]], [[uranyl chloride]] and [[uranyl sulfate]]. {{chem|UO|2|2+}} also forms [[complex (chemistry)|complexes]] with various [[organic compound|organic]] [[chelation|chelating]] agents, the most commonly encountered of which is [[uranyl acetate]].{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=778}}

Unlike the uranyl salts of uranium and [[polyatomic ion]] uranium-oxide cationic forms, the [[uranate]]s, salts containing a polyatomic uranium-oxide anion, are generally not water-soluble.

====Carbonates====
The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the [[Pourbaix diagram]] to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:center"
|+[[Pourbaix diagram]]s<ref name="medusa">Puigdomenech, Ignasi (2004) [https://www.kth.se/che/medusa/chemeq-1.369367 ''Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software'']. [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]]</ref>
|-
|width=50% |[[File:Uranium pourdaix diagram in water.png|center|190x180px|alt=A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds]]
|width=50% |[[File:Uranium pourdiax diagram in carbonate media.png|center|190x180px|alt=A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds]]
|-
|Uranium in a non-complexing aqueous medium (e.g. [[perchloric acid]]/sodium hydroxide).<ref name="medusa" />
|Uranium in carbonate solution
|-
|[[File:Uranium fraction diagram with no carbonate.png|center|250x180px|alt=A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds]]
|[[File:Uranium fraction diagram with carbonate present.png|center|250x180px|alt=A graph of potential vs. pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds]]
|-
|Relative concentrations of the different chemical forms of uranium in a non-complexing aqueous medium (e.g. [[perchloric acid]]/sodium hydroxide).<ref name="medusa" />
|Relative concentrations of the different chemical forms of uranium in an aqueous carbonate solution.<ref name="medusa" />
|}

====Effects of pH====
The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution increases, the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and at high pHs it becomes an anionic hydroxide complex.

When carbonate is added, uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes if the pH is increased. One effect of these reactions is increased solubility of uranium in the pH range 6 to 8, a fact that has a direct bearing on the long term stability of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.

===Hydrides, carbides and nitrides===
Uranium metal heated to {{convert|250|to|300|C|F}} reacts with [[hydrogen]] to form [[uranium hydride]]. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium [[carbide]], [[nitride]], and [[halide]] compounds.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}} Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}}

[[Uranium carbide]]s and [[uranium nitride]]s are both relatively [[Chemically inert|inert]] [[semimetal]]lic compounds that are minimally soluble in [[acid]]s, react with water, and can ignite in [[air]] to form {{chem|U|3|O|8}}.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}} Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (U[[carbon|C]]), uranium dicarbide ({{chem|UC|2}}), and diuranium tricarbide ({{chem|U|2|C|3}}). Both UC and {{chem|UC|2}} are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to [[carbon monoxide]] at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, {{chem|U|2|C|3}} is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and {{chem|UC|2}} to mechanical stress.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=780}} Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to [[nitrogen]] include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride ({{chem|UN|2}}), and diuranium trinitride ({{chem|U|2|N|3}}).{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=780}}

===Halides===
[[File:Uranium hexafluoride crystals sealed in an ampoule.jpg|thumb|[[Uranium hexafluoride]] is the feedstock used to separate uranium-235 from natural uranium.|alt=Snow-like substance in a sealed glass ampoule.]]

All uranium fluorides are created using [[uranium tetrafluoride]] ({{chem|UF|4}}); {{chem|UF|4}} itself is prepared by hydrofluorination of uranium dioxide.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}} Reduction of {{chem|UF|4}} with hydrogen at 1000 °C produces [[uranium trifluoride]] ({{chem|UF|3}}). Under the right conditions of temperature and pressure, the reaction of solid {{chem|UF|4}} with gaseous [[uranium hexafluoride]] ({{chem|UF|6}}) can form the intermediate fluorides of {{chem|U|2|F|9}}, {{chem|U|4|F|17}}, and [[Uranium pentafluoride|{{chem|UF|5}}]].{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}}

At room temperatures, {{chem|UF|6}} has a high [[vapor pressure]], making it useful in the [[gaseous diffusion]] process to separate the rare uranium-235 from the common uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium dioxide and uranium hydride by the following process:{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}}

:{{chem|UO|2}} + 4 HF → {{chem|UF|4}} + 2 {{chem|H|2|O}} (500 °C, endothermic)
:{{chem|UF|4}} + {{chem|F|2}} → {{chem|UF|6}} (350 °C, endothermic)

The resulting {{chem|UF|6}}, a white solid, is highly [[chemical reaction|reactive]] (by fluorination), easily [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimes]] (emitting a vapor that behaves as a nearly [[ideal gas]]), and is the most volatile compound of uranium known to exist.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}}

One method of preparing [[uranium tetrachloride]] ({{chem|UCl|4}}) is to directly combine [[chlorine]] with either uranium metal or uranium hydride. The reduction of {{chem|UCl|4}} by hydrogen produces [[uranium trichloride]] ({{chem|UCl|3}}) while the higher chlorides of uranium are prepared by reaction with additional chlorine.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}} All uranium chlorides react with water and air.

[[Bromide]]s and [[iodide]]s of uranium are formed by direct reaction of, respectively, [[bromine]] and [[iodine]] with uranium or by adding {{chem|UH|3}} to those element's acids.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}} Known examples include: [[Uranium(III) bromide|{{chem|UBr|3}}]], [[Uranium(IV) bromide|{{chem|UBr|4}}]], [[Uranium(III) iodide|{{chem|UI|3}}]], and [[Uranium(IV) iodide|{{chem|UI|4}}]]. {{chem|UI|5}} has never been prepared. Uranium oxyhalides are water-soluble and include [[Uranyl fluoride|{{chem|UO|2|F|2}}]], {{chem|UOCl|2}}, [[Uranyl chloride|{{chem|UO|2|Cl|2}}]], and [[Uranyl bromide|{{chem|UO|2|Br|2}}]]. Stability of the oxyhalides decrease as the [[atomic weight]] of the component halide increases.{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=782}}

==Isotopes==
{{main|Isotopes of uranium}}


Uranium, like all elements with an atomic number greater than 82, has no [[stable isotope]]s. All isotopes of uranium are [[radioactive]] because the [[strong nuclear force]] does not prevail over [[electromagnetic repulsion]] in nuclides containing more than 82 protons.<ref name="beiser">{{cite book|title=Concepts of Modern Physics|chapter-url=http://phy240.ahepl.org/Concepts_of_Modern_Physics_by_Beiser.pdf |year=2003|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=978-0-07-244848-1|chapter=Nuclear Transformations|pages=432–434 |edition=6th |first=A. |last=Beiser |access-date=4 July 2016|archive-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004204701/http://phy240.ahepl.org/Concepts_of_Modern_Physics_by_Beiser.pdf}}</ref> Nevertheless, the two most stable isotopes, {{sup|238}}U and {{sup|235}}U, have [[half-life|half-lives]] long enough to occur in nature as [[primordial radionuclide]]s, with measurable quantities having survived since the formation of the Earth.<ref name=primU>{{cite journal |first1= I. U. |last1= Roederer |first2=K. |last2=Kratz |first3=A. |last3=Frebel |first4=N. |last4=Christlieb |first5=B. |last5=Pfeiffer |first6=J. J. |last6=Cowan |first7=C. |last7=Sneden |title=The end of nucleosynthesis: Production of lead and thorium in the early galaxy |date=2009 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=698 |number=2 |pages= 1963–1980 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963|arxiv= 0904.3105 |bibcode= 2009ApJ...698.1963R |hdl= 2152/35050 |s2cid= 14814446 }}</ref> These two [[nuclide]]s, along with [[thorium-232]], are the only confirmed primordial nuclides heavier than nearly-stable [[bismuth-209]].{{NUBASE2020|ref}}{{refn|name=pu244}}

[[Natural uranium]] consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-240, a decay product of [[plutonium-244]];{{refn|name=pu244}} uranium-239, which is formed when {{sup|238}}U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another {{sup|238}}U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when {{sup|238}}U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to [[neptunium-237]]; [[uranium-236]], which occurs in trace quantities due to neutron capture on {{sup|235}}U and as a decay product of plutonium-244;{{refn|name=pu244|The occurrence of plutonium-244 as a primordial nuclide is disputed, though some reports of its detection have also been attributed to infall from the [[interstellar medium]].<ref name="PRC">{{cite journal|last=Lachner|first=J. |display-authors=etal|date=2012|title=Attempt to detect primordial {{sup|244}}Pu on Earth|journal=Physical Review C|volume=85|issue=1|article-number=015801| doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801|bibcode=2012PhRvC..85a5801L}}</ref><ref name="WallnerFaestermann2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wallner |first1=A. |last2=Faestermann |first2=T. |last3=Feige |first3=J. |last4=Feldstein |first4=C. |last5=Knie |first5=K. |last6=Korschinek |first6=G. |last7=Kutschera |first7=W. |last8=Ofan |first8=A. |last9=Paul |first9=M. |last10=Quinto |first10=F. |last11=Rugel |first11=G. |last12=Steier |first12=P. |title=Abundance of live 244Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |year=2015 |article-number=5956 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/ncomms6956 |pmid=25601158 |pmc=4309418 |arxiv=1509.08054 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.5956W}}</ref>}} and finally, [[uranium-233]], which is formed in the [[decay chain]] of neptunium-237. Additionally, [[uranium-232]] would be produced by the [[double beta decay]] of natural [[thorium-232]], though this energetically possible process has never been observed.<ref name="Tretyak2002">{{Cite journal
|last1=Tretyak |first1=V.I.
|last2=Zdesenko |first2=Yu.G.
|year=2002
|title=Tables of Double Beta Decay Data — An Update
|journal=[[At. Data Nucl. Data Tables]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=83–116
|doi=10.1006/adnd.2001.0873
|bibcode=2002ADNDT..80...83T }}</ref>

Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about {{val|4.463|e=9}} years,{{NUBASE2020|ref}} roughly the [[age of the Earth]]. Uranium-238 is predominantly an alpha emitter, decaying to thorium-234. It ultimately decays through the [[uranium series]], which has 18 members, into [[lead-206]].<ref name="ColumbiaEncy" /> Uranium-238 is not fissile, but is a fertile isotope, because after [[neutron activation]] it can be converted to plutonium-239, another fissile isotope. Indeed, the {{sup|238}}U nucleus can absorb one neutron to produce the radioactive isotope [[uranium-239]]. {{sup|239}}U decays by [[beta emission]] to [[neptunium]]-239, also a beta-emitter, that decays in its turn, within a few days into plutonium-239. {{sup|239}}Pu was used as fissile material in the first [[atomic bomb]] detonated in the "[[Trinity test]]" on 16 July 1945 in [[New Mexico]].{{sfn|Seaborg|1968|p=773}}

Uranium-235 has a half-life of about {{val|7.04|e=8}} years; it is the next most stable uranium isotope after {{sup|238}}U and is also predominantly an alpha emitter, decaying to thorium-231.{{NUBASE2020|ref}} Uranium-235 is important for both [[nuclear reactor]]s and [[nuclear weapon]]s, because it is the only uranium isotope existing in nature on Earth in significant amounts that is fissile. This means that it can be split into two or three fragments ([[fission products]]) by thermal neutrons.<ref name="ColumbiaEncy" /> The decay chain of {{sup|235}}U, which is called the [[actinium series]], has 15 members and eventually decays into lead-207.<ref name="ColumbiaEncy" /> The constant rates of decay in these decay series makes the comparison of the ratios of parent to [[decay product|daughter elements]] useful in radiometric dating.

Uranium-236 has a half-life of {{val|2.342|e=7}} years{{NUBASE2020|ref}} and is not found in significant quantities in nature. The half-life of uranium-236 is too short for it to be primordial, though it has been identified as an [[extinct radionuclide|extinct]] progenitor of its alpha decay daughter, thorium-232.<ref name="thoruranium"/> Uranium-236 occurs in [[spent nuclear fuel]] when neutron capture on {{sup|235}}U does not induce fission, or as a decay product of [[plutonium-240]]. Uranium-236 is not fertile, as three more neutron captures are required to produce fissile {{sup|239}}Pu, and is not itself fissile; as such, it is considered long-lived radioactive waste.<ref name=236U>{{cite journal |title = Alpha-particle emission probabilities of {{sup|236}}U obtained by alpha spectrometry |journal = Applied Radiation and Isotopes |volume = 87 |pages = 292–296 |year = 2014 |issn = 0969-8043 |doi = 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.020 |first1=M. |last1=Marouli |first2=S. |last2=Pommé |first3=V. |last3=Jobbágy |first4=R. |last4=Van Ammel |first5=J. |last5=Paepen |first6=H. |last6=Stroh |first7=L. |last7=Benedik|pmid = 24309010 }}</ref>

Uranium-234 is a member of the uranium series and occurs in equilibrium with its progenitor, {{sup|238}}U; it undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 245,500 years{{NUBASE2020|ref}} and decays to lead-206 through a series of relatively short-lived isotopes.

Uranium-233 undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 160,000 years and, like {{sup|235}}U, is fissile.<ref name="LANL" /> It can be bred from [[thorium-232]] via neutron bombardment, usually in a nuclear reactor; this process is known as the [[thorium fuel cycle]]. Owing to the fissility of {{sup|233}}U and the greater natural abundance of thorium (three times that of uranium),<ref name="iaea2022">{{cite report |title=Near Term and Promising Long Term Options for the Deployment of Thorium Based Nuclear Energy |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=2022 |location=Vienna |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-2009web.pdf}}</ref> {{sup|233}}U has been investigated for use as nuclear fuel as a possible alternative to {{sup|235}}U and {{sup|239}}Pu,<ref name="Forsburg 1999">{{cite journal |author1=Forsburg, C. W. |author2=Lewis, L. C. |title=Uses For Uranium-233: What Should Be Kept for Future Needs? |publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory |journal=Ornl-6952 |date=24 September 1999 |url=http://moltensalt.org/references/static/downloads/pdf/ORNL-6952.pdf}}</ref> though is not in widespread use {{as of|lc=y|2022}}.<ref name="iaea2022"/> The decay chain of uranium-233 forms part of the [[neptunium series]] and ends at nearly-stable bismuth-209 (half-life {{val|2.01|e=19|u=years}}){{NUBASE2020|ref}} and stable [[thallium]]-205.

[[Uranium-232]] is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 68.9 years.{{NUBASE2020|ref}} This isotope is produced as a byproduct in production of {{sup|233}}U and is considered a nuisance, as it is not fissile and decays through short-lived alpha and [[gamma radiation|gamma emitter]]s such as [[thallium-208|{{sup|208}}Tl]].<ref name="Forsburg 1999"/> It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo [[double beta decay]], which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.{{NUBASE2020|ref}}

All isotopes from {{sup|232}}U to {{sup|236}}U inclusive have minor [[cluster decay]] branches (less than {{val|e=-10}}%), and all these bar {{sup|233}}U, in addition to {{sup|238}}U, have minor [[spontaneous fission]] branches;{{NUBASE2020|ref}} the greatest [[branching ratio]] for spontaneous fission is about {{val|5|e=-5}}% for {{sup|238}}U, or about one in every two million decays.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goffer |first=Zvi |year=2006 |title=Archaeological Chemistry |page=106 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-471-91515-7}}</ref> The shorter-lived trace isotopes {{sup|237}}U and {{sup|239}}U exclusively undergo [[beta decay]], with respective half-lives of 6.752 days and 23.45 minutes.{{NUBASE2020|ref}}

In total, 28 isotopes of uranium have been identified, ranging in [[mass number]] from 214<ref>{{cite journal |title=New α -Emitting Isotope 214 U and Abnormal Enhancement of α -Particle Clustering in Lightest Uranium Isotopes |year=2021 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.152502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.152502 |access-date=15 May 2021|last1=Zhang |first1=Z. Y. |last2=Yang |first2=H. B. |last3=Huang |first3=M. H. |last4=Gan |first4=Z. G. |last5=Yuan |first5=C. X. |last6=Qi |first6=C. |last7=Andreyev |first7=A. N. |last8=Liu |first8=M. L. |last9=Ma |first9=L. |last10=Zhang |first10=M. M. |last11=Tian |first11=Y. L. |last12=Wang |first12=Y. S. |last13=Wang |first13=J. G. |last14=Yang |first14=C. L. |last15=Li |first15=G. S. |last16=Qiang |first16=Y. H. |last17=Yang |first17=W. Q. |last18=Chen |first18=R. F. |last19=Zhang |first19=H. B. |last20=Lu |first20=Z. W. |last21=Xu |first21=X. X. |last22=Duan |first22=L. M. |last23=Yang |first23=H. R. |last24=Huang |first24=W. X. |last25=Liu |first25=Z. |last26=Zhou |first26=X. H. |last27=Zhang |first27=Y. H. |last28=Xu |first28=H. S. |last29=Wang |first29=N. |last30=Zhou |first30=H. B. |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=126 |issue=15 |article-number=152502 |pmid=33929212 |arxiv=2101.06023 |bibcode=2021PhRvL.126o2502Z |s2cid=231627674 |display-authors=1 }}</ref> to 242, with the exception of 220.{{NUBASE2020|ref}}<ref name=U241>{{cite journal |title = Discovery of New Isotope {{sup|241}}U and Systematic High-Precision Atomic Mass Measurements of Neutron-Rich Pa-Pu Nuclei Produced via Multinucleon Transfer Reactions |author1= Niwase, T. |author2=Watanabe, Y. X. |author3=Hirayama, Y. |author4=Mukai, M. |author5=Schury, P. |author6=Andreyev, A. N. |author7=Hashimoto, T. |author8=Iimura, S. |author9=Ishiyama, H. |author10=Ito, Y. |author11=Jeong, S. C. |author12=Kaji, D. |author13=Kimura, S. |author14=Miyatake, H. |author15=Morimoto, K. |author16=Moon, J.-Y. |author17=Oyaizu, M. |author18=Rosenbusch, M. |author19=Taniguchi, A. |author20=Wada, M. |display-authors=3 |journal = Physical Review Letters |volume = 130 |issue = 13 |pages = 132502-1–132502-6 |year = 2023 |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.132502|pmid= 37067317 |s2cid= 257976576 |bibcode= 2023PhRvL.130m2502N |url= https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197980/1/PhysRevLett.130.132502.pdf }}</ref> Among the uranium isotopes not found in natural samples or nuclear fuel, the longest-lived is {{sup|230}}U, an alpha emitter with a half-life of 20.23 days.{{NUBASE2020|ref}} This isotope has been considered for use in [[targeted alpha-particle therapy]] (TAT).<ref name="230Pa">{{cite journal |last1=Mastren |first1=T. |last2=Stein |first2=B. W. |last3=Parker |first3=T. G. |last4=Radchenko |first4=V. |last5=Copping |first5=R. |last6=Owens |first6=A. |last7=Wyant |first7=L. E. |last8=Brugh |first8=M. |last9=Kozimor |first9=S. A. |last10=Noriter |first10=F. M. |last11=Birnbaum |first11=E. R. |last12=John |first12=K. D. |last13=Fassbender |first13=M. E. |title=Separation of protactinium employing sulfur-based extraction chromatographic resins |journal=Analytical Chemistry |date=2018 |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=7012–7017 |doi=10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01380 |pmid=29757620 |bibcode=2018AnaCh..90.7012M |osti=1440455 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325135604 |issn=0003-2700}}</ref> All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than one hour, except for {{sup|231}}U (half-life 4.2 days) and {{sup|240}}U (half-life 14.1 hours).{{NUBASE2020|ref}} The shortest-lived known isotope is {{sup|221}}U, with a half-life of 660 nanoseconds, and it is expected that the hitherto unknown {{sup|220}}U has an even shorter half-life.<ref name=Khuyagbaatar>{{Cite journal |last=Khuyagbaatar |first=J. |display-authors=et al |date=11 December 2015 |title=New Short-Lived Isotope 221U and the Mass Surface Near ''N'' = 126 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=115 |issue=24 |article-number=242502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.242502 |pmid=26705628 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.115x2502K |s2cid=12184696 |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/8311218}}</ref> The proton-rich isotopes lighter than {{sup|232}}U primarily undergo alpha decay, except for {{sup|229}}U and {{sup|231}}U, which decay to [[isotopes of protactinium|protactinium isotopes]] via [[positron emission]] and [[electron capture]], respectively; the neutron-rich {{sup|240}}U, {{sup|241}}U, and {{sup|242}}U undergo [[beta decay]] to form [[isotopes of neptunium|neptunium isotopes]].{{NUBASE2020|ref}}<ref name=U241/>

===Enrichment===
{{Main|Enriched uranium}}

[[File:Gas centrifuge cascade.jpg|thumb|Cascades of [[gas centrifuge]]s are used to enrich uranium ore to concentrate its fissionable isotopes.|alt=A photo of a large hall filled with arrays of long white standing cylinders.]]
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). [[Isotope separation]] concentrates (enriches) the fissile uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for [[gas cooled reactor]]s and [[pressurized heavy water reactor]]s. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the [[nuclear chain reaction]]. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a '[[critical mass]]'.

To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uranium Enrichment |url=http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/depletedu/enrich/index.cfm |access-date=11 February 2007 |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124232415/http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/depletedu/enrich/index.cfm |archive-date=24 January 2007 }}</ref> This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the {{sup|235}}U concentration should be no more than 0.3%.<ref name="paducah">{{cite news |url=http://www.wise-uranium.org/dhap991.html |title=Depleted Uranium: a by-product of the Nuclear Chain |access-date=31 July 2009 |publisher=Laka Foundation |author=Diehl, Peter |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113114319/http://www.wise-uranium.org/dhap991.html |archive-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> The price of uranium has risen since 2001, so enrichment tailings containing more than 0.35% uranium-235 are being considered for re-enrichment, driving the price of [[depleted uranium hexafluoride]] above $130 per kilogram in July 2007 from $5 in 2001.<ref name="paducah" />

The [[gas centrifuge]] process, where gaseous [[uranium hexafluoride]] ({{chem|UF|6}}) is separated by the difference in molecular weight between {{sup|235}}UF{{sub|6}} and {{sup|238}}UF{{sub|6}} using high-speed [[centrifuge]]s, is the cheapest and leading enrichment process.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=478}} The [[gaseous diffusion]] process had been the leading method for enrichment and was used in the [[Manhattan Project]]. In this process, uranium hexafluoride is repeatedly [[diffusion|diffused]] through a [[silver]]-[[zinc]] membrane, and the different isotopes of uranium are separated by diffusion rate (since uranium-238 is heavier it diffuses slightly slower than uranium-235).{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=478}} The [[molecular laser isotope separation]] method employs a [[laser]] beam of precise energy to sever the bond between uranium-235 and fluorine. This leaves uranium-238 bonded to fluorine and allows uranium-235 metal to precipitate from the solution.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=479}} An alternative laser method of enrichment is known as [[atomic vapor laser isotope separation]] (AVLIS) and employs visible [[tunable laser]]s such as [[dye laser]]s.<ref>{{cite book |editor=[[F. J. Duarte|Duarte, F. J.]] |editor2=Hillman, L. W. |title=Dye Laser Principles |publisher=Academic |date=1990 |page=413 |isbn=978-0-12-222700-4 |url=http://www.opticsjournal.com/dlp.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917020215/http://www.opticsjournal.com/dlp.htm |archive-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> Another method used is liquid thermal diffusion.<ref name="SciTechEncy" />

The only significant deviation from the {{sup|235}}U to {{sup|238}}U ratio in any known natural samples occurs in [[Oklo]], [[Gabon]], where [[natural nuclear fission reactor]]s consumed some of the {{sup|235}}U some two billion years ago when the ratio of {{sup|235}}U to {{sup|238}}U was more akin to that of [[low enriched uranium]] allowing regular ("light") water to act as a [[neutron moderator]] akin to the process in humanmade [[light water reactor]]s. The existence of such natural fission reactors which had been theoretically predicted beforehand was proven as the slight deviation of {{sup|235}}U concentration from the expected values were discovered during [[uranium enrichment]] in France. Subsequent investigations to rule out any nefarious human action (such as stealing of {{sup|235}}U) confirmed the theory by finding isotope ratios of common [[fission product]]s (or rather their stable daughter nuclides) in line with the values expected for fission but deviating from the values expected for non-fission derived samples of those elements.

==Human exposure==
A person can be exposed to uranium (or its [[decay product|radioactive daughters]], such as [[radon]]) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process [[phosphate]] [[fertilizer]]s containing uranium impurities, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium [[weapons]] have been used, or live or work near a [[coal]]-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium.<ref name="EPA-Rad">{{cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=Radionuclide Basics: Uranium |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-uranium |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="ATSDR-ToxFAQ">{{cite web |title=ToxFAQ for Uranium |url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=439&toxid=77 |access-date=19 April 2023 |publisher=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |date=18 March 2014}}</ref> Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas.

The health impacts of natural and of depleted uranium are chemical rather than due to radiation.<ref name="ATSDR-ToxFAQ"/>
The [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA) has set the [[permissible exposure limit]] for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m{{sup|3}} over an 8-hour workday. The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) has set a [[recommended exposure limit]] (REL) of 0.2 mg/m{{sup|3}} over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m{{sup|3}}. At 10 mg/m{{sup|3}}, uranium is [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2019 |title=CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0650.html |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}</ref>

Most ingested uranium is excreted during [[digestion]]. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble [[uranyl]] ion can be up to 5%.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}} However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the [[lung]]s, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] and stay for many years in [[bone]] tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates.{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}} Incorporated uranium becomes [[uranyl]] ions, which accumulate in bone, liver, kidney, and reproductive tissues.<ref>{{cite book |last=Permyakov |first=Eugene |title=Metalloproteomics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |place=Hoboken |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-470-44774-1 |oclc=609844907 |page=564}}</ref>

Elements of high atomic number like uranium exhibit phantom or secondary radiotoxicity through absorption of natural background gamma and X-rays and re-emission of photoelectrons, which in combination with the high affinity of uranium to the phosphate moiety of DNA cause increased single and double strand DNA breaks.<ref>Busby, C. and Schnug, E. (2008). "Advanced biochemical and biophysical aspects of uranium contamination". In: De Kok, L.J. and Schnug, E. (Eds) ''Loads and Fate of Fertilizer Derived Uranium''. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. {{ISBN| 978-90-5782-193-6}}</ref>

Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and [[alpha particle]]s released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.<ref name="epa" />

Uranium can be decontaminated from steel surfaces<ref name="Francis">{{cite journal |pmid=16053105 |date=2005 |last1=Francis |first1=A. J. |last2=Dodge |first2=C. J. |last3=McDonald |first3=J. A. |last4=Halada |first4=G. P. |title=Decontamination of uranium-contaminated steel surfaces by hydroxycarboxylic acid with uranium recovery |volume=39 |issue=13 |pages=5015–21 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |doi=10.1021/es048887c |bibcode=2005EnST...39.5015F}}</ref> and [[aquifer]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gandhi |first1=T. Pushparaj |last2=Sampath |first2=Prasanna Venkatesh |last3=Maliyekkal |first3=Shihabudheen M. |date=2022-06-15 |title=A critical review of uranium contamination in groundwater: Treatment and sludge disposal |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |volume=825 |article-number=153947 |pmid=35189244 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153947 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.82553947G |s2cid=246988421 |issn=1879-1026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prusty |first1=Sourav |last2=Somu |first2=Prathap |last3=Sahoo |first3=Jitendra Kumar |last4=Panda |first4=Debasish |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunil Kumar |last6=Sahoo |first6=Shraban Kumar |last7=Lee |first7=Yong Rok |last8=Jarin |first8=T. |last9=Sundar |first9=L. Syam |last10=Rao |first10=Koppula Srinivas |date=December 2022 |title=Adsorptive sequestration of noxious uranium (VI) from water resources: A comprehensive review |journal=Chemosphere |volume=308 |issue=Pt 1 |article-number=136278 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136278 |issn=1879-1298 |pmid=36057349|bibcode=2022Chmsp.30836278P |s2cid=251999162 }}</ref>

===Effects and precautions===
Normal functioning of the [[kidney]], [[brain]], [[liver]], [[heart]], and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a [[Metal toxicity|toxic metal]].{{sfn|Emsley|2001|p=477}}<ref name="Craft04">{{cite journal
| title = Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects
| author = Craft, E. S.
| author2 = Abu-Qare, A. W.
| author3 = Flaherty, M. M.
| author4 = Garofolo, M. C.
| author5 = Rincavage, H. L.
| author6 = Abou-Donia, M. B.
| name-list-style = amp
| journal = Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews
| date = 2004
| volume = 7
| issue = 4
| pmid = 15205046
| pages = 297–317
| doi = 10.1080/10937400490452714| bibcode = 2004JTEHB...7..297C
| url = http://www.dmzhawaii.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/health-overview-04.pdf
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.535.5247
| s2cid = 9357795
}}</ref><ref name="ATSDR">{{cite report |title=Toxicological Profile for Uranium |chapter=2. Relevance to Public Health |pages=11–38 |chapter-url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp150-c2.pdf |url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=440&tid=77 |author=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) |location=Atlanta, GA| publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service| id=CAS# 7440-61-1 |date=February 2013}}</ref> Uranium is also a [[reproductive toxicant]].<ref name="Hindin2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1476-069X-4-17 |last1=Hindin |first1=Rita|last2=Brugge |date=2005 |first2=D. |last3=Panikkar |first3=B. |title=Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective |journal=Environ Health |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=17 |pmid=16124873|pmc=1242351 |bibcode=2005EnvHe...4...17H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| author = Arfsten, D. P.
| author2 = Still, K. R.
| author3 = Ritchie, G. D.
| date = 2001
| title = A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development
| journal = Toxicology and Industrial Health
| volume = 17
| pages = 180–91
| doi = 10.1191/0748233701th111oa
| issue = 5–10
| pmid = 12539863| bibcode = 2001ToxIH..17..180A
| s2cid = 25310165
}}</ref> Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of {{sup|238}}U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Alpha radiation from inhaled uranium has been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in exposed nuclear workers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Grellier |first1= James
|last2= Atkinson|first2= Will
|last3= Bérard|first3= Philippe
|last4= Bingham|first4= Derek
|last5= Birchall|first5= Alan
|last6= Blanchardon|first6= Eric
|last7= Bull|first7= Richard
|last8= Guseva Canu|first8= Irina
|last9= Challeton-de Vathaire|first9= Cécile
|last10= Cockerill|first10=Rupert
|last11= Do|first11=Minh T
|last12= Engels|first12= Hilde
|last13= Figuerola|first13= Jordi
|last14= Foster|first14= Adrian
|last15= Holmstock|first15= Luc
|last16= Hurtgen|first16= Christian
|last17= Laurier|first17= Dominique
|last18= Puncher|first18= Matthew
|last19= Riddell |first19= Tony
|last20= Samson |first20= Eric
|last21= Thierry-Chef |first21= Isabelle
|last22= Tirmarche |first22= Margot
|last23= Vrijheid |first23= Martine
|last24= Cardis |first24= Elisabeth|date= 2017|title= Risk of lung cancer mortality in nuclear workers from internal exposure to alpha particle-emitting radionuclides.|journal= Epidemiology|volume= 28|issue= 5|pages= 675–684|doi= 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000684|pmc= 5540354 |pmid=28520643}}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control]] have published one study stating that neither natural nor depleted uranium have been classified with respect to carcinogenicity.<ref name="ATSDR-PHS">{{cite web |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp150-c1-b.pdf |title=Public Health Statement for Uranium |publisher=CDC |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> Exposure to its decay products, especially [[radon]], is a significant health threat, and uranium processing produces wastes contaminated with radium which in turn produces radon gas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023194201/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pgms/worknotify/fernald.html Radon Exposures to Workers at the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center]. Page reviewed: April 8, 2020. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</ref> Because of its long half-life, purified uranium will not produce significant amounts of daughter nuclides for millions of years. Exposure to [[strontium-90]], [[iodine-131]], and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons.<ref>Chart of the Nuclides, US Atomic Energy Commission 1968</ref>

Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of [[uranium hexafluoride]] has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and [[uranyl fluoride]] rather than with uranium itself.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDf3AO8nILoC&pg=PA1468 |page=1468 |title=Medical Toxicology |author=Dart, Richard C.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4}}</ref> Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is [[pyrophoricity|pyrophoric]]; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.<ref name="LANL" />

Uranium metal is commonly handled with gloves as a sufficient precaution.<ref name="DOH.WA">{{cite web |publisher=Washington State Department of Health, Office of Radiation Protection |url=http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs27uran.htm |title=Radiation Fact Sheets #27, Uranium (U) |date=2010 |access-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928164044/http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs27uran.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> Uranium concentrate is handled and contained so as to ensure that people do not inhale or ingest it.<ref name="DOH.WA" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Chemistry}}
{{div col}}
* [[K-65 residues]]
* [[List of countries by uranium production]]
* [[List of countries by uranium reserves]]
* [[List of uranium projects]]
* [[Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents]]
* [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents]]
* [[Nuclear engineering]]
* [[Nuclear fuel cycle]]
* [[Nuclear physics]]
* [[Quintuple bond]] (earlier thought to be a [[phi bond]]), in the molecule U{{sub|2}}
* [[Thorium fuel cycle]]
* [[World Uranium Hearing]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources cited==
* {{Cite book |date=2001 |chapter=Uranium |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A to Z Guide to the Elements |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |isbn=978-0-19-850340-8 |author-link=John Emsley |first=John |last=Emsley |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/476 476–482]|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/476 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements |chapter=Uranium |date=1968 |author-link=Glenn T. Seaborg |first=Glenn T. |last=Seaborg |publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation |location=[[Skokie, Illinois]] |pages=773–786 |lccn=68029938}}
*{{cite book |last= Groves |first= Leslie R. |title= Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project |accessdate= |edition= |orig-date= |year= 1962 |publisher= Harper and Co |location= New York |isbn= 0-306-80189-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/nowitcanbetolds00grov/page/180/mode/2up|oclc= |page= |pages= }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Uranium}}
{{Wiktionary|uranium}}
* [http://www.eia.gov/nuclear/ Nuclear fuel data and analysis] from the [[U.S. Energy Information Administration]]
* [http://www.wise-uranium.org/umaps.html World Uranium deposit maps]
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Uranium |volume= XXIV |last= Dittmar |first= William |author-link= William Dittmar| page=7 |short=1 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214080409/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FUranium Annotated bibliography for uranium from the Alsos Digital Library]
* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Uranium, Radioactive]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0650.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
* [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Uranium Toxicity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174821/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=7 |date=4 February 2016 }} U.S. [[Department of Health and Human Services]]
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/092.htm Uranium] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)

{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
{{Uranium compounds}}
{{Nuclear Technology}}
{{Manhattan Project}}

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[[Category:Uranium| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Actinides]]
[[Category:Nuclear fuels]]
[[Category:Nuclear materials]]
[[Category:Suspected male-mediated teratogens]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]
[[Category:Pyrophoric materials]]

Ravi Paturi

2026-02-02T22:58:38Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: added article...

{{Short description|Indian academic (1966–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Paturi
| image = Dr_Ravi_Paturi.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1966|06|28}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|09|07|1965|07|20|df=y}}
| education = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation = Academician
| footnotes =}}
'''Ravi Paturi''' was an academician from India. As a principal of Aurora Degree College and Business School, he contributed to the fields of research and literature.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8080/SEP/Reports/report_lw/167_21.pdf |title=Academies' Lecture Workshop on Modern Biology |date= |accessdate=2014-06-12}}</ref>

==Life==
Ravi was the last son of Paturi Sitaramanjaneyulu, a [[Sanskrit]] scholar from [[Adoni]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2013&issid=47&id=3922 |title=Murty N S : Mayura's 'Surya Satakam' |date= |accessdate=2015-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3APaturi%20Sitaramanjaneyulu |title=Bharati vaibhavam: Pracinarvyacinandhra kavula saradastuti kavitalaku parimala vyakhya |website=Amazon |date= |accessdate=2014-04-18}}</ref> He received a doctorate from [[Osmania University]]. He joined Aurora Degree College as the Principal in 1999, and continued working the post until his death. During his tenure he held good ties with premier institutes in India, such as The [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]], The [[Indian Institute of Science]], The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], and The [[University of Hyderabad]]. Ravi helped in propagation of sciences in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/College-principals-body-fished-out-of-lake/articleshow/16330150.cms |title=College principal's body fished out of lake |newspaper=The Times of India |date= 10 September 2012|accessdate=2012-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8080/SEP/Reports/report_lw/228_aurora.pdf |title=Anunaad |date= |accessdate=2011-10-06}}</ref>

==Death==
On 5 September 2012, Ravi gave an interview to a local television channel.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_fHxpdE5b8 |title=Dynamic Teacher Dr. Ravi Paturi (Principal of Aurora group of Institutions) |website=[[YouTube]] |date= |accessdate=2015-09-19}}</ref> He went missing two days later, on the morning of 7 September. His body was found floating in [[Hussain Sagar Lake]] on 9 September. The cause of death was determined to be suicide, though other speculations were made.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paturi, Ravi}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Sangeeta Sinha

2026-01-26T17:24:41Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Sangeeta Sinha''' (born 6 February 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She is an MLA from [[Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency|Sanjari Balod Assembly Constituency]] in [[Balod district]]. She won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjari Balod assembly election results 2023: Sanjari Balod Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/sanjari-balod-assembly-result-26059 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjari Balod Election Result 2023 Live, Sanjari Balod Elections Vote Counting, Chhattisgarh Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2023/chhattisgarh-sanjari-balod-constituency-59.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sangeeta is from Sanjari Balod, Balod district, Chhattisgarh. She married Bhaiyaram Sinha. She completed her B.A. in 1977 at Shaskiya College, [[Dhamtari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeeta Sinha(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SANJARI BALOD(BALOD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=364 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sangeeta won from Sanjari Balod Assembly constituency representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. She polled 84,649 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Rakesh Kumar Yadav of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Paraty]], by a margin of 17,046 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjari-Balod Constituency Election Results 2023: Sanjari-Balod Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/sanjari-balod |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sangeeta Sinha, INC Candidate from Sanjari Balod Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/sangeeta-sinha-s26aed2008a059e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> She became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] succeeding her husband. In 2018, she polled 90,428 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Pawan Sahu of Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 27,488 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Sangeeta}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Balod district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Urvashi Roy

2026-01-22T04:31:29Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added A Page First Draft

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Urvashi Roy
| image =
| website = https://www.instagram.com/urvashi_offcial?igsh=NGlwMzh0enV2ODEx
}}

'''Urvashi Roy''' (also known as '''Urvashi Rai''') is an Indian [[actress]] who appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urvashi Roy Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Urvashi Roy{{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/urvashi-roy/movies |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Urvashi made her acting debut with the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] song "Payal," produced by the well-known Chandigarh White Hills Music Payal. The song featured [[Akriti Kakar|Akriti Kakkar]] and Shivam Grover.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2022 |title='Grey': Urvashi Rai to play a journalist in Arvind Krishna and Ali Reza starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/grey-urvashi-rai-to-play-a-journalist-in-arvind-krishna-and-ali-reza-starrer/articleshow/91922946.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Her debut Kannada film ''Savithri'' featured [[Vijay Raghavendra]]. It marked a successful start to her career. The movie was well received in Theaters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2021 |title=Vijay Raghavendra joins Shashikanth Gatti's next film, Ringa Ringa Roses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vijay-raghavendra-joins-shashikanth-gattis-next-film-ringa-ringa-roses/articleshow/80324230.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She then took on a captivating role as a spy in the Telugu film ''[[Grey: The Spy Who Loved Me]]'', starring [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]], [[Arvind Krishna (actor)|Arvind Krishna]], and [[Pratap Pothen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=hansindia |date=27 May 2023 |title=Grey Movie Review: A watchable thriller with romance dosage |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/grey-movie-review-a-watchable-thriller-with-romance-dosage-79255 |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=te |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528091104/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/grey-movie-review-a-watchable-thriller-with-romance-dosage-79255 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She then appeared in her next Kannada film, [[South Indian Hero]], directed by [[Naresh Kumar HN]], it was a huge success in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=22 February 2023 |title='South Indian Hero takes you inside the life of a Superstar' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2023/Feb/22/south-indian-hero-takes-you-inside-the-life-of-a-superstar-40234.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Naresh Kumar's 'South Indian Hero' gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Feb/09/naresh-kumars-south-indian-hero-gets-a-release-date-2545684.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No.
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1
| 2023
| ''Savithri''
| Pooja
| Kannada
| debut Kannada film
|-
| 2
| 2023
| ''[[Grey: The Spy Who Loved Me]]''
| Aarushi Reddy/Sharma
| Telugu
| debut Telugu film
|-
| 3
| 2023
| ''[[South Indian Hero]]''
| Spoorthy
| Kannada
|
|-
| 4
| 2023
| ''Koushika Varma Dhamayanthi''
|
| Telugu
| credited as Urvashi Roy<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2022 |title=Popular producer C.Kalyan launches "Padara Padara Vetaku Veladam" song from the movie "Kaushika Verma Damayanti"...! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/popular-producer-c-kalyan-launches-padara-padara-vetaku-veladam-song-from-the-movie-kaushika-verma-damayanti-/articleshow/94803445.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Music Videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! S.No.
! Title
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1
| Payal
| Punjabi
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urvashi, Rai}}
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jayant Yadav

2026-01-03T20:23:23Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jayant Yadav
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Jayant Yadav
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|1|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off-break]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2016–2022
| testdebutdate = 17 November
| testdebutyear = 2016
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 286
| lasttestdate = 4 March
| lasttestyear = 2022
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka

| odidebutdate = 29 October
| odidebutyear = 2016
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 216
| lastodidate = 23 January
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt = 22

| club1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year1 = 2011–present
| club2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year2 = 2015–2017
| club3 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year3 = 2019–2021
| club4 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| year4 = 2022
| club5 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]
| year5 = 2022
| club6 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| year6 = 2023
| clubnumber2 = 19
| clubnumber3 = 19
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 6
| runs1 = 248
| bat avg1 = 31.00
| 100s/50s1 = 1/1
| top score1 = 104
| deliveries1 = 825
| wickets1 = 16
| bowl avg1 = 29.06
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/49
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 2
| runs2 = 3
| bat avg2 = 3.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 2
| deliveries2 = 84
| wickets2 = 1
| bowl avg2 = 8.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = 1/8
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 95
| runs3 = 3,138
| bat avg3 = 24.90
| 100s/50s3 = 3/15
| top score3 = 211
| deliveries3 = 16,406
| wickets3 = 272
| bowl avg3 = 32.18
| fivefor3 = 15
| tenfor3 = 2
| best bowling3 = 7/58
| catches/stumpings3 = 42/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 72
| runs4 = 1,114
| bat avg4 = 24.21
| 100s/50s4 = 0/7
| top score4 = 71
| deliveries4 = 3,372
| wickets4 = 67
| bowl avg4 = 33.83
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 3/21
| catches/stumpings4 = 28/–
| date = 21 December
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/447587.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Jayant Yadav''' (born 22 January 1990) is an Indian [[cricket]]er from Delhi who plays for [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] in India and [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] in England in domestic cricket.

He is an [[Off spin bowling|off spin]] bowler who bats right-handed. He made his international debut in October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayant Yadav profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/jayant-yadav-447587|access-date=26 January 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
In the [[2014 IPL auction]], Jayant was bought by the Delhi Daredevils (now [[Delhi Capitals]]) for the base price of INR 10 Lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was sold to whom. IPL 2014, know by each team, country or price |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2014_auction/content/site/ipl2014_auction/index.html|access-date=29 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He played for them till 2018. Delhi Capitals transferred him to [[Mumbai Indians]] ahead of the [[2019 IPL|2019 IPL season]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2018|title=IPL 2019: Jayant Yadav traded to Mumbai Indians from Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2019-jayant-yadav-traded-to-mumbai-indians-from-delhi-capitals/story-l3f5caBV6SpxYrEHtfkSdJ.html|access-date=29 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2018|title=IPL 2019: Mumbai Indians trade Jayant Yadav from Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jayant-yadav-mumbai-indians-indian-premier-league-1413990-2018-12-20|access-date=3 September 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2019, Jayant was named in the India Green team's squad for the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27331972/shubman-gill-priyank-panchal-faiz-fazal-lead-duleep-trophy-sides |title=Shubman Gill, Priyank Panchal and Faiz Fazal to lead Duleep Trophy sides |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/duleep-trophy-2019-shubman-gill-faiz-fazal-and-priyank-panchal-to-lead-duleep-trophy-2019-squad-fixtures-schedule-876560 |title=Duleep Trophy 2019: Shubman Gill, Faiz Fazal and Priyank Panchal to lead as Indian domestic cricket season opens |work=Cricket Country |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Jayant was part of Delhi Capitals squad in the Indian Premier League 2018 but did not play a single match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2018|title=IPL 2019: Mumbai Indians trade Jayant Yadav from Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jayant-yadav-mumbai-indians-indian-premier-league-1413990-2018-12-20|access-date=6 September 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Gujarat Titans]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Mumbai Indians add Jayant Yadav to the squad; completes transfer from Delhi Capitals">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Mumbai Indians add Jayant Yadav to the squad; completes transfer from Delhi Capitals |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2018/Dec/20/mumbai-indians-add-jayant-yadav-to-the-squad-completes-transfer-from-delhi-capitals-1914275.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=20 December 2018 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

He joined [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] on 1 September 2023. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/66682384]

==International career==
In September 2016, Jayant was added to India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2016–17|against New Zealand]].<ref name="NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2016-17/content/story/1059400.html |title=Gambhir back in Test squad after two years | access-date= 27 September 2016 |work =ESPNcricinfo|date=27 September 2016 }}</ref>

Jayant played for India [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2016–17|against New Zealand]] at [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium|Vizag]]<ref name="Jayant Yadav's dream debut series comes to an unfortunate end">{{cite news |title=Jayant Yadav's dream debut series comes to an unfortunate end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jayant-yadav-debut-series-india-vs-england-357940-2016-12-16 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327043356/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jayant-yadav-debut-series-india-vs-england-357940-2016-12-16 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ODIdebut">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-new-zealand-2016-17/engine/match/1030227.html |title=New Zealand tour of India, 5th ODI: India v New Zealand at Visakhapatnam, Oct 29, 2016|access-date=29 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and took his first ODI wicket ([[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]]) in the same match. He got his ODI cap from [[Virender Sehwag]].<ref name=":0" /> Three weeks later, he made his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut for [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|India against England]] at the same venue. He took his maiden test wicket in the first innings, dismissing [[Moeen Ali]] via [[Umpire Decision Review System]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-2nd-test-jayant-yadab-makes-debut-for-india-4379836/|title=Jayant Yadav, uses DRS, picks up first Test wicket|last=Web Desk|first=Express|date=18 November 2016|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-england-2016-17/engine/match/1034811.html | title=England tour of India, 2nd Test: India v England at Visakhapatnam, Nov 17–21, 2016 | access-date = 20 November 2016}}</ref> He became the 286th player to play Test cricket for India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-2nd-test-owe-my-maiden-test-wicket-to-wriddhiman-saha-says-jayant-yadav-4382790/|title=India vs England, 2nd Test: Owe my maiden Test wicket to Wriddhiman Saha, says Jayant Yadav|date=19 November 2016|website=indianexpress.com |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> Yadav played 42 first-class matches and picked up 117 wickets before he made his Test debut for India<ref name=":1" />

In the first 3 tests that Jayant played, he scored one century and one half-century and had an average of over 73. He became the first batsman for India to score a century coming in at number 9.<ref name=ns>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2016|first=Natasha|last=Singh|title=Jayant Yadav slams maiden Test century|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jayant-yadav-maiden-century-india-lead-england-mumbai-test-356887-2016-12-11|access-date=6 September 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> His partnership with [[Virat Kohli]] of 241 runs for 8th wicket is the second best 8th-wicket stand in the world.

In December 2018, Jayant was named as the captain of India's team for the [[2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1167689.html |title=India Under-23s Squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 19 November 2019, Jayant got engaged to his friend, Disha Chawla. [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] also attended their engagement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2019|title='Jayant Yadav c&b Disha Chawla' - Mumbai Indians all-rounder gets engaged to his girlfriend|url=https://www.crictracker.com/jayant-yadav-cb-disha-chawla-mumbai-indians-all-rounder-gets-engaged-to-his-girlfriend/|access-date=9 May 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref><ref name="India All-Rounder Jayant Yadav Gets Married, Shares Pictures On Instagram {{!}} Cricket News">{{cite news |title=India All-Rounder Jayant Yadav Gets Married, Shares Pictures On Instagram {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/india-all-rounder-jayant-yadav-gets-married-shares-pictures-on-instagram-2372520 |access-date=27 March 2025 |publisher=NDTVSports |date=17 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327042805/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/india-all-rounder-jayant-yadav-gets-married-shares-pictures-on-instagram-2372520 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Yuzvendra Chahal congratulates Jayant Yadav as Indian all-rounder marries girlfriend Disha Chawla">{{cite news |title=Yuzvendra Chahal congratulates Jayant Yadav as Indian all-rounder marries girlfriend Disha Chawla |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/yuzvendra-chahal-congratulates-jayant-yadav-after-indian-all-rounder-marries-girlfriend-disha-chawla/721171 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Times Now |date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327042531/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/yuzvendra-chahal-congratulates-jayant-yadav-after-indian-all-rounder-marries-girlfriend-disha-chawla/721171 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Jayant is nephew of politician and [[psephologist]] [[Yogendra Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politician Yogendra Yadav Heaps Praise on Nephew Jayant Yadav|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/politician-yogendra-yadav-heaps-praise-on-nephew-jayant-yadav-1321843.html|access-date=26 January 2022|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarthak|date=17 February 2021|title=Jayant Yadav Player Profile. All-Rounder I Cricketfile|url=https://www.cricketfile.com/jayant-yadav/|access-date=18 February 2021|website=Cricketfile|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=447587}}

{{Gujarat Titans squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Jayant}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Gujarat Titans cricketers]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
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[[Category:Indian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]

Mersheena Neenu

2025-12-30T06:47:17Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mersheena Neenu
| image = Mersheena_Neenu.jpg
| caption = Neenu at her birthday function
| other_names = Neenu, Nidhi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Perinthalmanna, Malappuram
| occupation = Actress, Dancer, Model
| mother = Sajida<ref name=":1" />
| father = Abdul Nassar
| relatives = [[:ml:രസ്ന (നടി)|Rasna]] (sister)
}}

'''Mersheena Neenu''' is an Indian actress who predominantly works in the [[Malayalam]] television industry along with a few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and serials.

== Personal life ==
She is the younger sister of actress [[Rasna (actress)|Rasna]], [[Paarijatham (2008 TV series)|Paarijatham]] fame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മിനിസ്‌ക്രീനിലെ സത്യ രസ്നയുടെ സ്വന്തം നീനു ! അനുജത്തിയെ പറ്റി തുറന്ന് പറഞ്ഞു രസ്ന! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/actress-mersheena-neenu-is-the-little-sister-of-parijatham-fame-rasna/articleshow/72453329.cms |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Neenu's first camera experience was when she was studying in UKG for an advertisement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ഉമ്മയുടെ പിന്തുണയും പ്രോത്സാഹനവുമാണ് എന്റെ കരുത്ത് : മെർഷീന നീനു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2020/05/13/actress-mersheena-neenu-on-her-life-and-career.html |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

Neenu made her film acting debut with Wound in 2014.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wound Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/wound/movieshow/62538166.cms |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> She also acted in a prominent role in the Tamil film [[Konjam Konjam]] (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2017 |title=கொஞ்சம் கொஞ்சம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/09/22143309/1109351/Konjam-Konjam-Movie-Review.vpf |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=Tamil}}</ref> She then did a guest appearance in [[Thamaasha]] (2019), a Malayalam movie. At the same time she acted in some television serials also. She rose to fame among the Malayali audience in the series 'Ayalathe Sundari' on Surya where she acted as deaf and dumb.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kavitha Nair is back to small screen through Ayalathe Sundari - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kavitha-nair-is-back-to-small-screen-through-ayalathe-sundari/articleshow/60464588.cms |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=11 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

Her debut Tamil TV serial, [[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]] telecasted on Sun TV but the serial had to be abandoned due to the difficulty of traveling in COVID-19. She acted a negative role in [[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]] as Akhila, around 230 episodes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Malayalam actress Mersheena Neenu quits Agni Natchathiram; feels 'risky' to travel amid COVID-19 outbreak - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/malayalam-actress-mersheena-neenu-quits-agni-natchathiram-feels-risky-to-travel-amid-covid-19-outbreak/articleshow/76953478.cms |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=14 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In the meantime she started acting the lead role of [[Sathya Enna Penkutty]] on [[Zee Keralam (TV channel)|Zee Keralam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mersheena Neenu reveals the reason behind signing 'Satya Enna Penkutty' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-reveals-the-reason-behind-signing-satya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/73940609.cms |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=4 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> This tomboy character made her more popular among the Malayali audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mersheena Neenu is elated to play a tomboy in 'Sathya Enna Penkutty' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-is-elated-to-play-a-tomboy-in-sathya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/71705536.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=23 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Since 2022, she has played the role of Shalini in Zee keralam series Kudumbashree Saradha.

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2014
|Wound
|Meena
|[[Malayalam]]
|Neenu's screen name as Nidhi{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2017
|[[Konjam Konjam]]
|Divya
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konjam Konjam review: A sentimental film you feel nothing for |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/23/konjam-konjam-review-a-sentimental-film-you-feel-nothing-for-1661248.html |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 September 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Thamaasha]]
|
|Malayalam
|Guest appearance{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2021
|Premam 1986
|
|Malayalam
|Filming
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2005
|''Sindhoora Cheppu''
|Title Song Dancer
|[[Amrita TV]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|2015-2016
|''Manasariyathe''
|Theertha
|rowspan="3"|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
|2017
|''Ayalathe Sundari''
|Madhusree Madhavan
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Though hearing and speech impaired, Madhushree is bold like me - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/though-hearing-and-speech-impaired-madhushree-is-bold-like-me/articleshow/60448721.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=11 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Madhusree is the best thing that happened to me,' says Mersheena Neenu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/madhusree-is-the-best-thing-that-happened-to-me-says-mersheena-neenu/articleshow/78118043.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Gauri''
|Gowrilekshmi
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Gouri all set to entertain with new changes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gouri-all-set-to-entertain-with-new-changes/articleshow/66824718.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=27 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Thonyaksharangal''
|Ancy Varghese
|[[Amrita TV]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |title='Thonyaksharangal' a serial by KK Rajeev - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thonyaksharangal-a-serial-by-kk-rajeev/articleshow/69445992.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=22 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]]''
|Akhila
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Quit because of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] lockdown<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2019-2021
|''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]''
|Sathyapriya(Sathya)
|rowspan="8"|[[Zee Keralam (TV channel)|Zee Keralam]]
|rowspan="11"|[[Malayalam]]
|Remake of [[Odia language|Odia]] series ''Sindura Bindu''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mersheena Neenu pens down a heart-touching note on Satya Enna Penkutty wrap; says 'My life changed with Sathya' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-pens-down-a-heart-touching-note-on-satya-enna-penkutty-wrap-says-my-life-changed-with-sathya/articleshow/82163741.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=20 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mersheena Neenu reveals the reason behind signing 'Satya Enna Penkutty' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-reveals-the-reason-behind-signing-satya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/73940609.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=4 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''Super Bumper''
|rowspan="2"| Herself
|
|-
|''OronnonnaraOnnu''
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Sumangali Bhava]]''
|rowspan="2"|Sathya
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Kaiyethum Doorath (TV series)|Kaiyethum Doorath]]''
| Cameo in Promo
|-
|rowspan="4"|2021
|''Vismayaraavu''
| rowspan="2"|Herself
|
|-
|''Let's Rock & Roll''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Bhavana to grace the new episode of 'Let's Rock n Roll' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-bhavana-to-grace-the-new-episode-of-lets-rock-n-roll/articleshow/82144276.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=19 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=കയ്യിൽ നിറയെ കാശുമായി വീണ്ടും അവർ; 'ലെറ്റ്സ് റോക്ക് ആന്റ് റോള്‍'പുതിയ റിയാലിറ്റി ഷോ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/reality-shows/reality-show-lets-rock-roll-will-be-telecast-on-november-8th-onwards/articleshow/78995159.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]''
|Sathya
|Guest appearance
|-
|''Red Carpet''
|Mentor
|[[Amrita TV]]
|
|-
|2022 – present
|''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]''
|Shalini
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] series ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=New family drama 'Kudumbashree Sharada' to premiere soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-family-drama-kudumbashree-sharada-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/90706397.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Neeyum Njanum (TV series)|Neeyum Njnaum]]''
|Herself
|Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Manthira Punnagai (TV series)|Mandhira Punnagai]]''
|Gayathri
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Remake of [[Hindi]] series ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
Replaced By Supritha Sathyanarayanan<ref>{{Cite news |title=Niyaz Khan and Mersheena Neenu starrer 'Manthira Punnagai' to launch soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/niyaz-khan-and-mersheena-neenu-starrer-manthira-punnagai-to-launch-soon/articleshow/92809961.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022-2023
|''Zee Keralam Mahotsavam''
|Herself
|Rowspan=5|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Rowspan=5|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|2023||''[[Mizhirandilum (TV series)]]''||rowspan=3|Shalini
|Mahasangamam episodes
|-
|2023||''[[Anuraga Ganam Pole]]''||rowspan=2|guest appearance
|-
|2024||''Mangalyam''||
|}

=== Musical album ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Music
!Direction
!Coactor
|-
|2016
|Onapperunal
|Malayalm
|Kaarthik Shankar
|Kaarthik Shankar
|Kaarthik Shankar
|-
|2019
|Priyam
|Malayalam
|Anil Damodaran
|Santhosh Cherthala
|Biju Kurup
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-believe-my-roles-must-also-help-women-know-their-inner-strength-mersheena-neenu/articleshow/72441937.cms I believe my roles must also help women know their inner strength: Mersheena Neenu] By - TNNArya 10 December 2019
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-heres-how-mersheena-neenu-transforms-into-satya/articleshow/76300243.cms Watch: Here's how Mersheena Neenu transforms into Satya] By - TIMESOFINDIA.COM 10 June 2020
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-meeting-with-an-accident-to-using-a-wig-throughout-the-day-satya-enna-penkuttys-mersheena-neenu-opens-up-on-the-struggles-in-playing-the-role/articleshow/77725889.cms From meeting with an accident to using a wig throughout the day; Satya Enna Penkutty's Mersheena Neenu opens up on the struggles in playing the rol] By - TIMESOFINDIA.COM Radhika Nair 24 August 2020
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/did-you-know-mersheena-neenu-is-a-huge-fan-of-jennifer-winget/articleshow/76768027.cms Did you know Mersheena Neenu is a huge fan of Jennifer Winget?] By - TIMESOFINDIA.COM 3 July 2020
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-satya-enna-penkutty-fame-neenu-leaves-fans-shocked-with-her-dedication-in-this-bts-video/articleshow/72219350.cms Watch: Satya Enna Penkutty fame Neenu leaves fans shocked with her dedication in this BTS video] By - TIMESOFINDIA.COM 25 November 2019
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mersheena-neenu-is-elated-to-play-a-tomboy-in-sathya-enna-penkutty/articleshow/71705536.cms Mersheena Neenu is elated to play a tomboy in 'Sathya Enna Penkutty'] By - TIMESOFINDIA.COM 23 October 2019

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|name=Mersheena Neenu|id=11533920}}
* {{Facebook|id=naina.roy.5832343|name=Mersheena Neenu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neenu, Mersheena}}
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]

Demons of the Punjab

2025-12-26T23:25:43Z

FlorenciaMacDevi:

{{short description|Episode of British TV show Doctor Who}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Doctor Who episode
| number = 282
| serial_name = Demons of the Punjab
| show = DW
| type = episode
| image =
| caption =
| doctor = [[Jodie Whittaker]] – [[Thirteenth Doctor]]
| companions =
* [[Bradley Walsh]] – [[Graham O'Brien]]
* [[Tosin Cole]] – [[Ryan Sinclair]]
* [[Mandip Gill]] – [[Yasmin Khan (Doctor Who)|Yasmin Khan]]
| guests =
* [[Leena Dhingra]] – Nani Umbreen
* [[Amita Suman]] – Umbreen
* [[Shane Zaza]] – Prem
* {{interlanguage link|Hamza Jeetooa|de}} – Manish
* [[Shaheen Khan (British actress)|Shaheen Khan]] – Hasna
* [[Shobna Gulati]] – Najia
* Ravin J. Ganatra – Hakim
* Bhavnisha Parmar – Sonya
* [[Emma Fielding]] – Voice of Kisar
* Nathalie Curzner – Performance of Kisar
* Isobel Middleton – Voice of Almak
* Barbara Fadden – Performance of Almak
| director = Jamie Childs
| writer = [[Vinay Patel]]
| producer = Alex Mercer
| executive_producer = {{Unbulleted list|Chris Chibnall|Matt Strevens|Sam Hoyle}}
| composer = [[Segun Akinola]]
| series = [[Doctor Who (series 11)|Series 11]]
| length = 50 minutes
| date = {{Start date|2018|11|11|df=y}}
| preceding = "[[The Tsuranga Conundrum]]"
| following = "[[Kerblam!]]"
}}

"'''Demons of the [[Punjab]]'''" is the sixth episode of the [[Doctor Who (series 11)|eleventh series]] of the [[British science fiction television]] programme ''[[Doctor Who]]''. It was written by [[Vinay Patel]], directed by Jamie Childs, and first broadcast on [[BBC One]] on 11 November 2018.

In the episode, [[Yasmin Khan (Doctor Who)|Yasmin Khan]] asks the [[Thirteenth Doctor]] to take her to see her grandmother during her youth. Along with the other [[Companion (Doctor Who)|companion]]s [[Graham O'Brien]] and [[Ryan Sinclair]], they get caught up in the events preceding the [[partition of India]]; meanwhile, the Doctor also investigates if aliens are involved in the death of a man killed during their visit. The episode was watched by 7.48 million viewers in the UK during the week following its release, and was met with positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==

While celebrating the birthday of her grandmother Umbreen, [[Yasmin Khan (Doctor Who)|Yaz]] receives a broken watch from her. Curious over its origins, Yasmin convinces a hesitant [[Thirteenth Doctor]] to take her, [[Graham O'Brien|Graham]] and [[Ryan Sinclair|Ryan]] to see her while she was young. Arriving in northern [[Punjab]] in August 1947, Yasmin learns that the watch's previous owner was a [[Hindu]] man named Prem, whom a younger Umbreen intends to marry despite her family being Muslim; Yaz also knows that Prem is definitely not her grandfather. The Doctor notes that the group have arrived on 17 August, the day of the finalisation of the borders for the [[partition of India]] across religious lines.

Matters become complicated when the group see two aliens, that the Doctor had brief visions of when they arrived, over the body of the wedding's overseer [[sadhu]] Bhakti. The group are joined by Prem, who saw the aliens around the time of his older brother's death during his military service in [[World War II]]. The Doctor assumes the aliens killed Bhakti, and eventually recognises them as members of the Thijarian, a race of assassins, when she finds their ship.

Stealing a capsule from them, she tries to investigate the events; the preparations for the wedding continue, though Prem's younger brother Manish strongly opposes the [[inter-faith marriage]]. The Doctor enters the Thijarian ship once again, and learns that the two Thijarians are not assassins anymore, and the last of their kind; the capsule holds what remains of their people, and the two have dedicated themselves to commemorate those who die alone. After revealing that Prem will become a casualty of the partition they intend to witness, the Thijarians agree to show the Doctor a recording of Bhakti's death. The footage reveals Bhakti was murdered by Manish.

Returning to the others and convinced by Yasmin to see the event through, the Doctor oversees the marriage ceremony. The group witnesses the watch being accidentally broken, but Umbreen cherishes its significance as commemorating their moment in time. When the Doctor later accosts Manish for Bhakti's murder, he reveals to have contacted a small group of armed [[Hindu nationalist]]s to attack the wedding reception. Prem convinces Umbreen and her mother to escape with the Doctor's group; he remains behind to reason with Manish, and dies when the nationalists shoot him while the Thijarians observe. Back in the present, Yasmin's grandmother comments on her granddaughter's new [[henna]].

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Vinay Patel]], the writer of the episode, had his first meeting with showrunner [[Chris Chibnall]] in early 2016; he decided that something set during the partition of India would be his top pick for a story, a period Chibnall also wanted to look at.{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=36}} Observing the direction Chibnall wanted to take his incarnation of the show in, he decided to write a story with compassion running through the middle. He wrote all the elements of the story to have a thematic similarity to the human concerns inherent to the partition, such as death and loss.{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=37}}

[[Shane Zaza]], {{interlanguage link|Hamza Jeetooa|de}}, and [[Amita Suman]] were announced, shortly after the premier of the series, to be among a number of guest actors that would appear in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-10-07/doctor-who-casts-mark-addy-chris-noth-and-julie-hesmondhalgh-in-mysterious-new-roles/|title=Doctor Who Casts Mark Addy, Chris Noth and Julie Hesmondhalgh in Mysterious New Roles|last=Fullerton|first=Huw|date=7 October 2018|website=[[Radio Times]]|accessdate=5 November 2018|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101023414/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-10-07/doctor-who-casts-mark-addy-chris-noth-and-julie-hesmondhalgh-in-mysterious-new-roles/|url-status=live}}</ref> They played Prem, Manish, and young Umbreen respectively in the episode.<ref name="RTR">{{cite web|last=Mulkern|first=Patrick|date=11 November 2018|url=http://radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-guide/demons-of-the-punjab-doctor-who/|title=Doctor Who: Demons of the Punjab ★★★|access-date=18 February 2025|website=[[Radio Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614192227/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-guide/demons-of-the-punjab-doctor-who/|archive-date=14 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Writing===
Patel decided to do extensive research before writing the story, instead of just relying on his basic knowledge, to properly approach the story with "dignity, truth and respect"; he read both academic sources as well as narrativised histories of the partition.{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=37}} He said that because there was an idea of who the companions would be early on, part of him is injected into Yaz, with both their senses of self influenced by the past of their forbears.{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=38}} He stated that he was aiming to create something that looked back at the lives of a generation "slowly disappearing from the world"; he took some inspiration from his own family's history, but mostly wrote from the creative perspective of someone trying to show parts of history. He also stated that he wanted to provoke something about the unheard experiences of different people in viewers.{{sfn|Hearn|2019|pp=38, 39}}

=== Filming and music===
The episode was filmed in the [[Granada province]] of Spain.<ref name="BBCA"/> Patel was present at the location shoot, which he said took weeks.{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=39}} [[Segun Akinola]]'s soundtrack made use of instruments such as the [[tabla]] and [[shehnai]], performed by musicians of [[South Asia]]n descent.<ref name="BBCA"/><ref name="RT"/> Akinola also created a new [[musical arrangement|arrangement]] of the closing theme after the style of [[Punjabi music]], performed by Kuljit Bahmra, Surjeet Singh, and singer Shahid Abbas Khan.<ref name="RT">{{cite news|last=Fullerton|first=Huw|title=11 Burning Questions We Have After Watching Doctor Who: Demons of the Punjab|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-11-14/doctor-who-demons-of-the-punjab-question-plotholes-theories/|date=23 November 2018|accessdate=13 February 2025|website=[[Radio Times]]|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085703/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-11-14/doctor-who-demons-of-the-punjab-question-plotholes-theories/|url-status=live}}</ref> The recording of the soundtrack took place at [[Abbey Road Studios]].<ref name="BBCA">{{cite web|date=11 February 2021|access-date=18 February 2025|website=[[BBC America]]|url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/blogs/doctor-who-10-things-you-may-not-know-about-demons-of-the-punjab--1015843|title='Doctor Who': 10 Things You May Not Know About 'Demons of the Punjab'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109064126/https://www.bbcamerica.com/blogs/doctor-who-10-things-you-may-not-know-about-demons-of-the-punjab--1015843|archive-date=9 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Broadcast and reception ==
{{TV ratings

| aggregate1 = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] (Tomatometer)
| aggregate1score = 90%<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/doctor_who/s11/e06|title=Doctor Who – Season 11, Episode 6|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=3 January 2020|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203083741/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/doctor_who/s11/e06|url-status=live}}</ref>
| aggregate2 = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] (Average Score)
| aggregate2score = 8.0<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes" />

| rev1 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev1score = B+<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/recap/doctor-who-season-11-episode-6/|title=Doctor Who Recap: Love and Death in 1947 India|first=Devan|last=Coggan|date=11 November 2018|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111124131/https://ew.com/recap/doctor-who-season-11-episode-6/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Daily Mirror]]''
| rev2score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-reviews/doctor-who-series-11-episode-13575288|title=Doctor Who Series 11 Episode 6 Demons of the Punjab Review: A Chance for Yaz to Shine in India's Troubled Past|first=Daniel|last=Jackson|date=11 November 2018|website=[[Daily Mirror]]|accessdate=11 April 2019|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102035316/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-reviews/doctor-who-series-11-episode-13575288|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev3 = [[Radio Times]]
| rev3score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="RTR"/>
| rev4 = [[The A.V. Club]]
| rev4score = B+<ref name="AVC">{{cite web|last1=Siede|first1=Caroline|title=Doctor Who Delivers a Moving History Lesson About the Partition of India|url=https://www.avclub.com/doctor-who-delivers-a-moving-history-lesson-about-the-p-1830369244|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=11 November 2018|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727232215/https://www.avclub.com/doctor-who-delivers-a-moving-history-lesson-about-the-p-1830369244|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''
| rev5score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2018/11/11/doctor-episode-6-recap-remembrance-radicalism-romance/|title=Doctor Who, Episode 6, Recap: Remembrance, Radicalism and Romance|last=Hogan|first=Michael|date=11 November 2018|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=11 April 2019|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929215224/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2018/11/11/doctor-episode-6-recap-remembrance-radicalism-romance/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev6 = ''TV Fanatic''
| rev6score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keng|first1=Diana|title=Doctor Who Season 11 Episode 6 Review: Demons of the Punjab|url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2018/11/doctor-who-season-11-episode-6-review-demons-of-the-punjab/|website=TV Fanatic|date=11 November 2018|accessdate=11 April 2019|archive-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919123922/https://www.tvfanatic.com/2018/11/doctor-who-season-11-episode-6-review-demons-of-the-punjab/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev7 = ''[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]''
| rev7score = {{rating|5|5}}<ref name="vulture">{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/11/doctor-who-recap-season-11-episode-6-demons-of-the-punjab.html|title=Doctor Who Recap: Treading on Your Own History|first=Ross|last=Ruediger|website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|date=12 November 2018|accessdate=11 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327023953/https://www.vulture.com/2018/11/doctor-who-recap-season-11-episode-6-demons-of-the-punjab.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

"Demons of the Punjab" is the sixth episode of the [[Doctor Who series 11|eleventh series]]. It was broadcast for the first time on 11 November 2018 on [[BBC One]].{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=40}} The episode received an official weekly total of 7.48 million viewers across all UK channels for the week 12–18 November, making it the eighth most watched programme of the week, and had an [[Audience Appreciation|Audience Appreciation Index]] score of 80.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/most-viewed-programmes/ |title=Weekly Top 50 Shows |website=[[Barb Audiences]] |access-date=15 February 2025}} (No permanent link available. Search for relevant dates.)</ref>{{sfn|Hearn|2019|p=40}} A corresponding behind-the-scenes episode of ''[[Doctor Who Access All Areas]]'' was released on 15 November 2018.<ref>{{cite AV media|via=[[YouTube]]|title=Episode 6 -Access All Areas - Doctor Who|publisher=[[Doctor Who]]|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-9UP186fZv0|date=15 November 2018|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
"Demons of the Punjab" received positive reviews. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it has an approval rating of 90%, based on 30 reviews, and an average score of 8.0/10. The critical consensus reads, "'Demons of Punjab' focuses on family and progress, solidifying the cohesive thematic stamp this season is making upon the greater series."<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes" /> Praise was given to Patel and the way he showed both the big as well as the personal perspectives to the partition;<ref name="RTR"/><ref name="AVC"/> the soundtrack was also praised,<ref name="RTR"/><ref name="AVC"/><ref name="DS"/> with one review calling the "Indian makeover of the theme tune" a delight in particular.<ref name="RTR"/> Some reviewers found it to have similar flaws to other episodes of the series, in particular the underuse of the guest cast.<ref name="DS"/><ref name="AVC"/>

Writing for ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]'', Ross Ruediger gave the episode five out of five, calling it "exceptional ''Doctor Who'' on pretty much every level," and praising director Jamie Childs and the production team for "delivering something so engaging and adult and educational."<ref name="vulture" /> Writing for ''[[Digital Spy]]'', Morgan Jeffery praised the soundtrack and writing as well, but also criticised the performances from the guest cast. Jeffery also noted a marked shift in ''Doctor Who''{{'}}s style, and said that fans looking for a "traditional Doctor-vs-monsters tale" may not be satisfied by the episode.<ref name="DS">{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/cult/a870220/doctor-who-series-11-episode-6-review/|title=Doctor Who Ep 6 Proves Show Has Dramatically Changed|last=Jeffery|first=Morgan|date=11 November 2018|website=[[Digital Spy]]|language=en-GB|access-date=25 July 2019|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716103113/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/cult/a870220/doctor-who-series-11-episode-6-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Patrick Mulkern of ''[[Radio Times]]'' called the episode an "imperfect jewel", praising the writer and soundtrack, but criticising the aliens as being superfluous. He notes for the first time in the season, the main cast was properly utilised, with Yaz being the focus for the first time.<ref name="RTR"/> Caroline Siede of ''[[A.V. Club]]'' praised the writing, but criticised the underuse of characters. However, she stated that the episode showed the best impulses of the season as well, by mixing "big, historical ideas with small, personal stories of perseverance", showing that even in the deepest sorrows of the past, there is hope.<ref name="AVC"/>

In April 2019, "Demons of the Punjab" was announced as a finalist (nominee) in the category of [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation#Short Form|Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form]] at the 2019 Hugo Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehugoawards.org/2019/04/2019-hugo-award-1944-retro-hugo-award-finalists/|title=2019 Hugo Award & 1944 Retro Hugo Award Finalists|website=[[Hugo Award]]|author=Cheryl|date=2 April 2019|accessdate=8 April 2019|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222093423/https://www.thehugoawards.org/2019/04/2019-hugo-award-1944-retro-hugo-award-finalists/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite magazine |title=The 2019 Yearbook |magazine=[[Doctor Who Magazine]] |editor-last=Hearn |editor-first=Marcus |date=January 2019 |issue= Special Edition 51|publisher=[[Panini Comics]]}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote|Thirteenth Doctor}}
* {{BBCDWnew|year=2018|id=b0bs748h|title=Demons of the Punjab}}
* {{TardisIndexFile|Demons of the Punjab (TV story)|"Demons of the Punjab"}}
* {{IMDb episode|7693262|Demons of the Punjab}}

{{Doctor Who episodes|N11}}
{{Thirteenth Doctor stories|selected=Television}}
[[Category:2018 British television episodes]]
[[Category:Doctor Who stories set on Earth]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Television episodes about death]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in Asia]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in 1947]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in 2018]]
[[Category:Television episodes set in Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Thirteenth Doctor episodes]]

Tandur mandal, Mancherial district

2025-12-14T12:24:32Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added Basic Location And Citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tandur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =ib tandur
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.14927|N|79.4371273|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Adilabad|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_ADILABAD.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=6 April 2016|page=13,292|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 33.81
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9672
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''Tandur''' is a mandal in [[Mancherial district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It is located in Bellamaplly [[revenue division]].<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Telangana |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/adilabad.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219010323/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Adilabad.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2014|page=23|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
There are 20 villages in Tandur.
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl.No.
! Name of the Mandal
! Villages in the Mandal
! Name of the Erstwhile Mandals from which the present Mandal is formed
|-
|1
| rowspan="20" | Tandur
|Abbapur
| rowspan="20" | Tandur
|-
|2
|Narsapur
|-
|3
|Madaram
|-
|4
|Pegadapalle
|-
|5
|Repallewada
|-
|6
|Kothapalle
|-
|7
|Balhanpur
|-
|8
|Rechini
|-
|9
|Annaram
|-
|10
|Achalapur
|-
|11
|Gampalpalle
|-
|12
|Chandrapalle
|-
|13
|Gopalnagar
|-
|14
|Kistampet
|-
|15
|Choutpalle
|-
|16
|Boyapalle
|-
|17
|Tandur
|-
|18
|Dwarakapur
|-
|19
|Kasipet
|-
|20
|Katherla
|}

==Geography==
Tandur is located at {{coord|18.9537668|N|77.9801393|E|}}.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
*Adilabad Mandals and their Gram Panchayats (map)
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

{{Mancherial district}}
[[Category:Villages in Mancherial district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Mancherial district]]

Salina Prakash

2025-10-31T18:53:22Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added New Biography V1

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Salina Prakash''' is an actress from [[Chandigarh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/of-exotic-eyeliners-devious-mind-424641 | title=Of exotic eyeliners & devious mind | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | date=20 June 2017 | accessdate=5 December 2022}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Ref
|-
|2019
|[[Nazar (TV series)|''Nazar'']]
|Prathmayan
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/salina-prakash-enter-star-plus-nazar-190930|title=Salina Prakash to enter Star Plus' Nazar|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''
|Shakun
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2013
|''[[Ek Ghar Banaunga]]''
|Kanu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ek-Ghar-Banaunga-Rakesh-Paswan-Misson-Fateh-Ishita-Dutta-Rahul-Sharma/articleshow/23356393.cms|title=Salina Prakash enjoys being baddie in Ek Ghar... - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev|Devon Ken Dev...Mahadev]]''
|Saraswati
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Salina}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]

Rataul Mango

2025-09-01T21:32:05Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Anwar Ratol]]

May 2017 Jharkhand mob lynchings

2025-08-15T08:01:55Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Starting initial details basic info

{{Short description|Lynching in India}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2017 Jharkhand Mob Lynching
| partof = Violence by cow vigilantes
| map = {{location map|India#India Jharkhand|lat_deg=22.8000|lon_deg=86.1834|label=East Singhbhum District}}
| location = [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| date = {{start date|2017|05|12|df=y}}- {{end date|2017|05|18|df=y}}
| type = [[Mob lynching]]
| fatalities = 9
| injuries = 2
| victims = 
| perpetrators =  
| assailants = 
| susperps = 
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| motive = Cow vigilantism
}}

'''2017 Jharkhand Mob Lynching''' was a case of [[mob lynching]] that occurred in May 2017 in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]], specifically in the [[Kolhan division]]. At least nine people, including four [[Muslim]] cattle traders, were killed in four separate incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/142683/jharkhand-mob-lynching-aftermath/|title=Aftermath of Jharkhand mob lynching is reflective of the State's brewing political turmoil|last=Mahaprashasta|first=Ajoy Ashirwad|date=2 June 2017|work=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)]]|access-date=2 October 2017|quote=Days after nine people were killed in four different incidents of mob lynching in the Kolhan division of Jharkhand}}</ref> The incidents were triggered by [[rumors]] of child theft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/beef-jharkhand-lynching-child-lifters-mob-lynching/61736|title=Jharkhand lynching: Rumoured to be child-lifters, killed over beef?|date=2017-05-26|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref>

== Events ==
On 18 May 2017, a violent mob killed four [[Muslim]] cattle traders passing through the village of Shobhapur. The group had set out from Haldipokhar, in the East Singhbhum District, the night before to buy cattle in Seraikela-Kharsawan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170519/jsp/frontpage/story_152437.jsp|title=3 cattle traders killed near Steel City|date=2017-05-19|access-date=2023-07-21|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519001705/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170519/jsp/frontpage/story_152437.jsp|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-fire-in-air-as-protests-intensify-against-jharkhand-lynchings/article18518986.ece|title=Jamshedpur simmers after seven brutal lynchings|date=2017-05-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2023-07-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On the evening of 18 May, in a tribal village in East Singhbhum called Nagadih, the mob dragged three people from a house and beat them to death. An elderly woman was also severely injured during the assault.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkhand-family-loses-2-brothers-in-mob-attack-over-child-abduction-rumours/story-Y3YUQpvILj4GiOQ1kWDR8H.html|title=Jharkhand lynching: How mob justice took three lives on a single night|date=2017-05-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/men-lynched-in-jharkhand-horror-on-video-no-one-helped-alleges-family-1696278|title=Men Beaten To Death In Front Of Cops In Jharkhand, Horror On Camera|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref>

On 21 May 2017, a 39-year-old [[Muslim]] named Munna Ansari, from [[Ranchi District|Ranchi district]], was beaten by a mob while traveling from [[Kolkata]] to [[Ranchi]]. Ansari was supposed to change buses at [[Purulia]], but he mistakenly boarded a wrong bus to [[Adityapur]]. A few hours later, a group of people cornered him near the Belidih locality, asking him about his identity and residence. The mob barely let Ansari speak and beat him so mercilessly that he had to be hospitalised. He was later discharged from the hospital on 22 May.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/fresh-case-of-mob-assault-in-jharkhand-on-child-lifter/articleshow/58797628.cms?from=mdr|title=Fresh case of mob assault in Jharkhand on 'child-lifter|date=2017-05-23|work=The Times of India|access-date=2023-07-21|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Villagers from the [[Muslim]] community called for a shutdown and protested in a suburb of [[Jamshedpur]], demanding the immediate arrest of those involved in the murders of the four cattle traders. Eighteen people were arrested in connection with the mob killings and the subsequent violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/jharkhand-lynching-five-men-lynched-jamshedpur/61461|title=Jharkhand: 18 arrested for the brutal lynching of four men|date=2017-05-22|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/beef-jharkhand-lynching-child-lifters-mob-lynching/61736|title=Jharkhand lynching: Rumoured to be child-lifters, killed over beef?|date=2017-05-26|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref>

On 21 May, India's [[National Human Rights Commission (India)|National Human Rights Commission]] issued a notice to the Director General of [[Jharkhand Police]] regarding [[mob lynching]], seeking a detailed report within four weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/fresh-case-of-mob-assault-in-jharkhand-on-child-lifter/articleshow/58797628.cms?from=mdr|title=Fresh case of mob assault in Jharkhand on 'child-lifter|date=2017-05-23|work=The Times of India|access-date=2023-07-21|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2016 Jharkhand mob lynching]]
* [[Tabrez Ansari lynching]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2010s in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]

Visakhapatnam–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express

2025-08-12T13:17:34Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Added The Post And Citations

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Visakhapatnam-Bhagat ki Kothi Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Rajasthan]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2013|12|24}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| start = [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] (VSKP)
| stops = 34
| end = [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] (BGKT)
| distance = {{convert|2068|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 37 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 18573 / 18574
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Visakhapatnam - Bhagat Ki Kothi) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}
The 18573 / 18574 '''Visakhapatnam–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] which runs between [[Vishakapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and {{rws|Bhagat Ki Kothi}} in [[Rajasthan]]. It was introduced on 2 January 2014. The [[Waltair railway division]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] division of the [[Indian Railways]] administers this train.

==History==

It operates as train number 18573 from [[Visakhapatnam Railway Station|Visakhapatnam]] to [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] and as train number 18574. It first ran as a holiday special from Visakhapatnam on 19–20 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/East-coast-railway-to-run-special-trains-to-Gujarat-and-Rajasthan-from-Vizag/articleshow/27308093.cms | title = Special Inaugural}}</ref> Later it was inaugurated on 24 December by Union minister of state for commerce and industry, D.Purandeswari with train number 08575.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1395&did=13876180135437C3F51D8DDF58C4BDF424CA648231E40.web103 | title = official release by ECoR}}</ref> Its regular run commenced on 2 January 2014 with train numbers 18573/18574.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/weekly-express-trains-to-gandhidham-and-jodhpur/article5488782.ece| title = regular run}}</ref>

==Coaches==
During the holiday special run Visakhapatnam-Bhagat ki kothi Express has one AC 2tier, two AC 3tier, Eleven Sleeper, Six General unreserved and two guard cum luggage vans. The total composition is 22 Coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://m.indiarailinfo.com/train/vishakhapatnam-bhagat-ki-kothi-express-18573-vskp-to-bgkt/22003 |title=special Coach composition}}</ref>

There was an inaugural special run on 24 December 2013. It has one AC2-tier, one AC3-tier, Eight sleeper class, four general second class and two guard cum luggage vans. The total composition is 16 coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://m.indiarailinfo.com/train/visakhapatnam-bhagat-ki-kothi-inaugural-special-08575-vskp-to-ju/14952/401/126 | title = inaugural special}}</ref>

During the regular run, it consists of 1 AC1 tier,3 AC2-tier, 4 AC3-tier, 10 sleeper, Six general second and two guard cum luggage vans. The total composition is 20 coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://m.indiarailinfo.com/train/vishakhapatnam-bhagat-ki-kothi-express-18573-vskp-to-bgkt/22003|title=Regular Coach composition}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
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!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 23
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 24
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 25
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 26
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 27
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 28
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||UR||UR||UR||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||B1||B2||B3||B4||A1||A2||A3||H1||D2||D1||UR||UR||UR||SLR
|}

==Service==

The Visakhapatnam-Bhagat ki kothi Express covers the distance of 2068 km in 37 hours 20 mins on journey towards [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] and in 38 hours 10 mins on journey towards [[Visakhapatnam Railway Station|Visakhapatnam]]. 18573/18574 Visakhapatnam-Bhagat ki kothi Express averaging 55 km/h on journey towards [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] and averaging 55 km/h on journey towards [[Visakhapatnam Railway Station|Visakhapatnam]].

==Route & halts==

*'''{{rws|Visakhapatnam}}'''
*{{rws|Vizianagaram Junction}}
*{{rws|Rayagada}}
*{{rws|Titlagarh Junction}}
*{{rws|Kantabanji}}
*{{rws|Khariar Road}}
*{{rws|Mahasamund}}
*{{rws|Raipur Junction}}
*{{rws|Uslapur}}
*{{rws|Anuppur Junction}}
*{{rws|Shahdol}}
*{{rws|Katni Murwara}}
*{{rws|Damoh}}
*{{rws|Saugor}}
*{{rws|Guna Junction}}
*{{rws|Kota Junction}}
*{{rws|Sawai Madhopur}}
*{{rws|Durgapura}}
*{{rws|Jaipur Junction}}
*{{rws|Phulera Junction}}
*{{rws|Degana Junction}}
*{{rws|Merta Road Junction}}
*{{rws|Jodhpur Junction}}
*'''{{rws|Bhagat Ki Kothi}}'''.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train Number !! Station Code !! Departure Station !! Departure Time !! Departure Day !! Arrival Station !! Arrival Time !! Arrival Day
|-
| 18573 || VSKP || [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] || 5:15 AM || Thursday || [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] || 10:00 PM || Friday
|-
| 18574 || BGKT || [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Bhagat Ki Kothi]] || 2:00 PM || Saturday || [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] || 7:55 AM || Monday
|}

== Direction reversals ==
The train reverses its direction thrice at;
* [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction]]
* [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station|Sawai Madhopur Junction]].

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] to [[Sawai Madhopur Jn railway station|Sawai Madhopur Jn]] and [[bhagat ki kothi| bhagat ki kothi loco shed]] based [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive from Sawai Madhopur Jn to Bhagat ki kothi and vice-versa .

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visakhapatnam - Bhagat ki kothi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Transport in Jodhpur]]

Arputhan

2025-06-01T19:18:34Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: Created some stub needs work...

{{Short description|Indian film director (c. 1971–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|name = Arputhan
|birth_date = {{circa|1971}}
|birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|11|07|52|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2002–2023
|
}}

'''Arputhan''' ({{circa|1971}} – 7 November 2023) was an Indian film director, who directed Tamil- and Telugu-language films. He rose to fame through the romantic drama ''[[Arputham]]'' (2002), and went on to make feature films including the dramas ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' (2004) and ''[[Manathodu Mazhaikalam]]'' (2006).

==Career==
Arputhan made his directorial debut through ''[[Arputham]]'' (2002), a romantic drama film produced by [[R. B. Choudary]]. The film starred noted choreographer [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]] and [[Anu Prabhakar]] in the lead roles, and won positive reviews upon release. A reviewer from ChennaiOnline.com noted "it is debutant director Arputhan's arrangement of scenes and his thoughtfully written lines in the second half that stand out".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-11 |title=Arputham |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov212.asp |access-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311174805/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov212.asp |archive-date=11 March 2005 }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted "Arpudhan's story is predictable and his dialogue passable, yet his screenplay and direction are strong points".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-01 |title=The Hindu : Arpudham |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/20/stories/2002092000880200.htm |access-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201171454/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/20/stories/2002092000880200.htm |archive-date=1 February 2003 }}</ref>

Arputhan went on to make another film for R. B. Choudary in Telugu titled ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' (2004), starring [[Uday Kiran]] and [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] in the lead roles. He subsequently made a return to Tamil cinema through ''[[Manathodu Mazhaikalam]]'' (2006), a romantic drama starring [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Nithya Das]] and [[Sameksha]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-18 |title=Manadodu Mazhaikalam is ready for release - Bollywood News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/manadodu-mazhaikalam-is-ready-for-release-hindi-news-25377 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113132547/https://www.indiaglitz.com/manadodu-mazhaikalam-is-ready-for-release-hindi-news-25377 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, he worked on ''En Peyar Enna'', a short film with no dialogues featuring schoolboy V. P. Kishorekumar in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Behind the scenes of "En Peyar Enna" - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Behind-the-scenes-of-ampquotEn-Peyar-Ennaampquot/article14765241.ece |access-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017005726/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Behind-the-scenes-of-ampquotEn-Peyar-Ennaampquot/article14765241.ece |archive-date=17 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Death==
Arputhan died following an accident on 7 November 2023, at the age of 52.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Director who introduced Raghava Lawrence passes away at the age of 52 - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/raghava-lawrence-debut-movie-arputham-director-arpudhan-passes-away-tamil-news-345251 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosalairaman |first=Muthu Vinayagam |title=Director Arputhan: உணர்வுப்பூர்வமான காதல் படங்களை இயக்கி பெயரெடுத்த இயக்குநர் அற்புதன் மறைவு |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-director-arputhan-passed-away-131699433517879.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108102144/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-director-arputhan-passed-away-131699433517879.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=லாரன்ஸை ஹீரோவாக அறிமுகப்படுத்திய இயக்குனர் அற்புதன் சாலை விபத்தில் மரணம்: திரையுலகினர் அதிர்ச்சி.! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/raghava-lawrence-movie-director-arputhan-death-in-road-accident/articleshow/105058216.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Tamil Director Arpudhan, 52, Dies In Road Accident |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-director-arpudhan-52-dies-in-road-accident-8653825.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108102726/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-director-arpudhan-52-dies-in-road-accident-8653825.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Arputham]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Love Today (2004 film)|Love Today]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Manathodu Mazhaikalam]]'' || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arputhan}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

Poonamben Veljibhai Jat

2025-04-21T09:52:27Z

FlorenciaMacDevi: brief fixed intro per standard format further and improved wording to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Poonamben Jat]]

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