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Labsen Baskey

2026-05-06T12:29:11Z

Floorsingurgaon: creating the stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Labsen Baskey
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan (ST)]]
| predecessor = Rajib Lochan Saren
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Labsen Baskey''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan (ST)]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labsen Baskey(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BANDWAN (ST)(PURULIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=35 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Bandwan (ST) election results 2026: BJP’s Labsen Baskey defeats TMC’s Rajib Lochan Saren |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bandwan-st-election-results-2026/articleshow/130718039.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Labsen Baskey, BANDWAN (ST) constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/labsen-baskey-65/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baskey, Labsen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited

2026-05-02T21:28:21Z

Floorsingurgaon: added info

{{Short description|Indian car manufacturer}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahindra Electric
| logo = Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| image = Mahindra_XEV_9E.jpg
| founder = [[Chetan Maini]]
| key_people = Suman Mishra {{Small|([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahesh Babu quits Mahindra Electric, Suman Mishra named as new CEO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/mahesh-babu-quits-mahindra-electric-suman-mishra-named-as-new-ceo/article35316978.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
| former_name = Reva Electric Car Company (2010-2016) Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited (2016-2023)
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| products = [[Electric vehicles]]
| parent = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1994}}
| defunct = 1 April 2023
| fate = Merged with [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| location = [[Bangalore]], India
| homepage = {{URL|mahindraelectricsuv.com}}
{{URL|mahindralastmilemobility.com}}
}}
'''Mahindra Electric''', also known as '''Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited,''' formerly known as '''Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited''' (2016–2023) and '''Reva Electric Car Company''' (2010–2016), was an Indian company based in [[Bangalore]] that designed and manufactured compact [[electric vehicle]]s. The company's first vehicle, the [[REVAi]] [[electric car]], was available in 26 countries with 4,000 versions sold worldwide by mid-March 2011.<ref name=REVAsales/><ref name=REVAcountries/> Reva was acquired by the Indian conglomerate [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] in May 2010. After the acquisition, the company launched the electric hatchback [[Mahindra e2o|e2o]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahindra launches the electric car, e2o|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Mahindra-launches-electric-car-e2o/article12389948.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The company sold electric vehicles in different segments – the electric sedan eVerito, the electric commercial vehicle eSupro (passenger and cargo), and the Treo range of low maintenance, lithium-ion battery-powered three-wheelers. As a part of Mahindra & Mahindra, they now sell the XUV 400, [[Mahindra BE 6|BE 6]] and [[Mahindra XEV 9e|XEV 9e]] under the Mahindra branding, while electric commercial vehicles still use the Last Mile Mobility branding.

==History==
[[File:Main-logo-2.png|thumb|The logo of the company, 2023-present]]

The Reva Electric Car Company (RECC) was founded in 1994 by [[Chetan Maini]] as a joint venture between the Maini Group and Amerigon Electric Vehicle Technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revaindia.com/about.htm|title=About us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010107205400/http://www.revaindia.com/about.htm|archive-date=7 January 2001}}</ref> The company aimed to develop and produce an affordable, compact electric car. In 2001, RECC launched the [[REVAi|REVA]], a small micro electric hatchback.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/05-15-2001/0001493979&EDATE= Exide Technologies to Supply Batteries to REVA Electric Vehicle Project; Company Signs Agreement as Sole Battery Supplier] May 15, 2001 press release.</ref>

[[File: Mahindra Reva dealership Kathmandu 3.jpg|right|thumb|Two [[REVAi]]s and a [[Mahindra e2o]] at a Mahindra REVA dealership in Kathmandu, Nepal.]]

RECC joined up with several automotive experts to develop components for REVA. Curtis Instruments created a motor controller for the car. The car had a power pack for which Tudor India Limited supplied customized [[Prestolite Electric|Prestolite]] batteries. The charger for Reva was developed by Modular Power Systems, a division of TDI Power. Later, RECC started manufacturing the charger through a technical collaboration agreement between MPS and the Maini Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revaindia.com/collabo.htm|title=Other Collaborators|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010409050952/http://www.revaindia.com/collabo.htm|archive-date=9 April 2001}}</ref>

In 2004, GoinGreen of the UK agreed with RECC to import REVA cars and market them under the name G-Wiz.

In 2008, a revamped REVA model was launched called the [[REVAi]]. The company started production of a Lithium-ion variant called the [[REVA L-ion]] in 2009.

In 2009, at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]], Reva presented its future models — the [[Reva NXR]] and Reva NXG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/16/frankfurt-2009-reva-nxg-looks-ready-to-stomp-nxr-is-ready-for|title=Frankfurt 2009: Reva NXG looks ready to stomp, NXR is ready for order|publisher=Autoblog Green|access-date=19 February 2011|archive-date=22 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922195834/http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/16/frankfurt-2009-reva-nxg-looks-ready-to-stomp-nxr-is-ready-for|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the event, Reva and [[General Motors India]] declared a technical collaboration to develop an affordable EV for the Indian market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/24/gm-india-and-reva-announce-electric-vehicle-partnership|title=GM India and Reva announce electric vehicle partnership|publisher=Autoblog Green|access-date=19 February 2011|archive-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925144916/http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/24/gm-india-and-reva-announce-electric-vehicle-partnership|url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of this, General Motors India announced an electric version of their hatchback in the New Delhi Auto Expo 2010. Named the [[e-Spark]], Reva was to provide the battery technology for the vehicle.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/auto-expo-2010-e-spark-headed-here-in-october/1586/1|title=Auto Expo 2010: e-Spark headed here in October|website=www.bsmotoring.com|date=15 February 2024|publisher=Business Standard Motoring|archive-date=9 January 2010|access-date=19 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109103521/http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/auto-expo-2010-e-spark-headed-here-in-october/1586/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 26 May 2010, India's largest sports utility vehicles and tractor maker Mahindra & Mahindra bought a 55.2% controlling stake in Reva. Following the deal, the company was renamed Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5js84m602eFQAY39bjXLeJpA14HIQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528010606/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5js84m602eFQAY39bjXLeJpA14HIQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2010|title=India's Mahindra buys majority stake in Reva|publisher=AFP|date=26 May 2010}}</ref> The president of the automotive sector at Mahindra & Mahindra, [[Pawan Kumar Goenka|Pawan Goenka]], became the new company's chairman. As a result of the ownership change, General Motors pulled out of the tie-up with [[Mahindra Reva|Reva]] that was to produce the e-Spark.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/gm-to-pull-oute-spark-project/2100/1|title=GM to pull out of e-Spark project|website=www.bsmotoring.com|date=15 February 2024|publisher=Business Standard Motoring|archive-date=28 May 2010|access-date=19 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528093616/http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/gm-to-pull-oute-spark-project/2100/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Before the Mahindra acquisition, Reva had partnered with Bannon Automotive to set up an assembly plant in upstate New York to produce the NXR for the US market. In December 2010, Bannon filed a lawsuit against Reva, alleging that the company had not fulfilled its agreement to allow Bannon to manufacture and sell the NXR in the United States. The case was settled in January 2012, and the result was not disclosed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rmoriarty@syracuse.com |first=Rick Moriarty {{!}} |date=2012-01-15 |title=Plan for Reva electric-car plant in Lysander runs out of juice |url=https://www.syracuse.com/news/2012/01/lysander_electric-car_plant_pl.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=syracuse |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2011, GoinGreen, the UK's exclusive importer of the G-Wiz, announced that it was no longer stocking the model (although it would order them on a 4-6-week lead time when requested by customers).<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: UK Sales of G-Wiz electric car to end this fall |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/02/17/report-sales-of-g-wiz-electric-car-to-end-this-fall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219011041/http://green.autoblog.com/2011/02/17/report-sales-of-g-wiz-electric-car-to-end-this-fall |archive-date=19 February 2011 |access-date=19 February 2011 |publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Is the G-Wiz electric car finally dead? |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/cartech/is-the-g-wiz-electric-car-finally-dead-50002819/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219214148/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/cartech/is-the-g-wiz-electric-car-finally-dead-50002819/ |archive-date=19 February 2011 |access-date=13 May 2013 |publisher=Rory Reid}}</ref>

In 2014, Reva displayed an all-electric sports car concept called Halo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auto Expo 2014: Mahindra Halo electric sportscar revealed |url=http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/auto-expo-2014-mahindra-halo-electric-sportscar-revealed-371720.aspx}}</ref> It was claimed to reach 0–100 km/h under 8 sec with a top speed of 160 km/h and range of over 200 km in one full range. The concept featured a large tablet on the centre console that displayed various car functions in real time, and also doubled as a multimedia player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2016, the company was rebranded as Mahindra Electric Mobility Ltd. to reflect not just the business line of producing vehicles, but also developing powertrains and integrated mobility solutions.{{clarify|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{cite news |date=Sep 9, 2016 |title=Mahindra's Electric Mobility Division Rebranded As 'Mahindra Electric' |url=https://carandbike.com/news/mahindras-electric-mobility-division-rebranded-as-mahindra-electric-1456588 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] showed a concept for a small electric quadricycle called the Atom, with the production version of the auto-rickshaw-based 4-wheeler shown at the 2020 Auto Expo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=10 Electric cars to watch out for in India in 2021 - Altroz EV to eXUV300 |url=https://electricvehicleweb.in/10-electric-cars-india-2020-2021/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2020 |title=Mahindra reveals teaser for small 4-seater electric vehicle Atom |url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/mahindra-reveals-teaser-for-small-4-seater-electric-vehicle-atom-11594099174523.html |website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Punith |date=7 July 2020 |title=Mahindra Atom Electric Quadricycle Teased Ahead Of Launch Next Year |website=www.drivespark.com |url=https://www.drivespark.com/four-wheelers/2020/mahindra-atom-electric-quadricycle-teased-ahead-of-india-launch-next-year-details-031713.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Chhavi |date=3 July 2020 |title=Mahindra Atom Electric Key Features Revealed In A Video |url=https://www.indiacarnews.com/news/mahindra-atom-electric-key-features-revealed-in-a-video-40623/}}</ref> Like the [[REVAi|REVAi/G-Wiz]], the quadricycle is planned to be built in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and will join larger EV models like the Mahindra eXUV300<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra eXUV300 2021 Car Price in India, Launch Date, Interior, Specs, Mileage & Reviews |url=https://www.carandbike.com/mahindra-cars/exuv300 |website=carandbike}}</ref> and [[Mahindra KUV100#e-KUV100|eKUV100]] in the company's range. Its launch was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, and its current status remains unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Punith |date=2020-05-16 |title=Mahindra Atom Quadricycle India Launch Delayed To Next Year |url=https://www.drivespark.com/four-wheelers/2020/mahindra-atom-quadricycle-india-launch-delayed-due-to-covid-19-pandemic-details-031099.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.drivespark.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, the company was rebranded again as Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Ltd., in a complete merger with parent company Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited Completes Merger with Mahindra & Mahindra Limited |url=https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/en/mahindra-electric-mobility-limited-completes-merger-with-mahindra-mahindra-limited |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.mahindra.com |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2025, the Mahindra Electric marque is used for electric SUVs while the Mahindra Last Mile Mobility marque is used for commercial vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra Electric Origin SUVs |url=https://www.mahindraelectricsuv.com/ |publisher=Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.}}</ref>

==Products==
=== REVA and REVAi ===
[[File:Reva charging.jpg|thumb|The REVAi, also known as the G-Wiz i, charging at an on-street station in [[London]].]]
{{Main|REVAi}}
Mahindra Reva currently produces two versions of the [[REVAi]], an urban electric micro-car seating two adults and two children:

*''[[REVAi]]'', equipped with [[lead-acid batteries]], which has a nominal range of {{convert|80|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge and a top speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.
*''[[REVA L-ion]]'', equipped with [[Lithium-ion batteries]], which has higher acceleration and a nominal range of {{convert|120|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/01/04/reva-electric-car-company-offering-lithium-ion-option/ |title=Reva Electric Car Company offering lithium-ion option |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The REVA went on sale in India in 2001 and in the UK in 2003. By mid-March 2011, 4,000 units of the REVA and its variants had been sold.<ref name=REVAsales>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_govt-subsidy-may-rev-up-reva-sales_1520820|title=Govt subsidy may rev up Reva sales|publisher=Daily News & Analysis India|author=Praveena Sharma |date=17 March 2011|access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref> The car was also available in the following countries: Belgium, Bhutan, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta, Monaco, Nepal, Norfolk Islands, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Spain, and Sri Lanka.<ref name=REVAcountries>{{cite web|url=http://www.petrolfreeworld.com/|title=Mahindra REVA: Petrol-free REVA|publisher=[[REVA Electric Car Company]]|access-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215120617/http://www.petrolfreeworld.com/|archive-date=15 February 2012|df=dmy-all}} Click on Sales and Service Locator</ref> The REVA is exempt from most European crash test rules, because its low weight and power registers it in the European "[[Motorised quadricycle|heavy quadricycle]]" category instead of the "car" category.

In 2005, Reva showcased the REVA-NXG, a two-seater roadster concept car with a nominal range of {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge and a top speed of {{convert|120|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomw.net.au/technology/transport/reva.shtml |title=Reva NXG Electric Car |publisher=Tomw.net.au |access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Mahindra e2o ===
[[File:Red NXR Intercity REVA model.jpg|thumb|REVA NXR concept car.]]
{{Main|Mahindra e2o}}

The Mahindra e2o, previously the REVA NXR, is an [[urban car|urban]] [[electric car]] [[hatchback]] manufactured by the Mahindra Group. The e2o is the successor to the [[REVA G-Wiz|REVA/G-Wiz]] and was developed using REVA's technology. The REVA NXR electric [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]]. Export production was initially scheduled for 2012. Production was initially scheduled for late 2010 with deliveries slated for early 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/31/reva-explains-rescheduling-of-pilot-production-fpr-nxr-electric/|title=Reva explains "rescheduling" of pilot production of NXR electric car|date=31 March 2010|access-date=12 June 2010|publisher=AutoblogGreen|archive-date=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402024919/http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/31/reva-explains-rescheduling-of-pilot-production-fpr-nxr-electric/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The e2o was launched in India in March 2013 at a price of ₹5,96,000 ({{USD|11,000}}) after a 29% [[government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#India|government subsidy]] granted by the state of [[Delhi]]. The e2o was also launched in [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Chandigarh]], and [[Kochi]]. Mahindra also launched the vehicle in the UK withdrew from the market in May 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahindra Stops Sales Of e2o Electric Car In UK|url=https://carandbike.com/news/mahindra-stops-sales-of-e2o-electric-car-in-uk-1689525|publisher=NDTV|date=May 4, 2017}}</ref>

The electric car has a [[lithium-ion battery]] pack that takes five hours for a full charge and weighs {{convert|1830|lb|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. It provides a range of {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} and a top speed of {{convert|90|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=E20_1>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mahindra-launches-electric-car-e20-priced-at-rs-5.96-lakh/1089850/0|title=Mahindra launches electric car 'e20' priced at Rs 5.96 lakh |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 March 2013|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=E20_2>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1082969_mahindra-e2o-electric-minicar-launches-in-india-nee-reva-nxr|title=Mahindra E2O Electric Minicar Launches In India, Nee Reva NXR |author=Antony Ingram|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=18 March 2013|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> The product was eventually pulled from the market following the launch of its four-door successor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahindra e2o Two-Door Officially Discontinued In India; Exports To Continue|url=https://carandbike.com/news/mahindra-e2o-two-door-officially-discontinued-in-india-exports-to-continue-1629581|publisher=NDTV|date=Nov 24, 2016}}</ref>

=== e-Verito ===
The e-Verito was launched in 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahindra e-Verito launched at Rs 9.50 lakh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/auto/mahindra-e-verito-launched-at-rs-9-50-lakh/mahindra-e-verito-launched/slideshow/52554663.cms |website=Economic Times |access-date=16 February 2020 |date=2 June 2016}}</ref> and was Mahindra's second electric car. Based on the normal Verito, which was an evolution of the [[Mahindra Renault]] joint venture [[Dacia Logan]], it features a 21.2 kWh battery with a claimed range of 181 km.

=== Treo Plus, Treo Yaari and Treo Zor===

In November 2018, Mahindra Electric launched the Treo range of [[three-wheeler]]s. They are powered by lithium-ion technology. The range includes the Treo, an electric auto, and the Treo Yaari, an electric rickshaw. The Treo auto has a certified driving range of 170 km and a typical driving range of 130 km after 3 hours and 50 minutes of charging. The certified range for the Treo Yaari is 130 km, and it can achieve a typical driving range of 85 km after 2 hours and 30 minutes of charging. Both models feature a direct drive transmission, with the Treo having a peak power of 5.4 kW and a peak torque of 30 Nm and the Treo Yaari having a peak power of 1.96 kW and a peak torque of 19 Nm.

Both the Treo and the Treo Yaari have a wheelbase of 2050 mm and a turning radius of 2.9 m. The Treo range has a vehicle kerb weight between 340 and 350 kg, while the Treo Yaari range has a vehicle kerb weight between 265 and 275 kg.

Mahindra Electric signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Three Wheels United (TWU), a social enterprise providing affordable financing for autorickshaw drivers, and Smart-E for the supply of a total of 2,000 Treo units in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mahindras-electric-vehicle-sales-rise-over-25-times-in-fy19/article27330898.ece|title=Mahindra's electric vehicle sales rise over 2.5 times in FY19|last=PTI|website=@businessline|date=30 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

=== XUV400 ===
Mahindra unveiled the XUV400 electric on 8 September 2022, which is based on [[Mahindra XUV300]]. The new Mahindra Twin Peaks logo, reserved for [[Sport utility vehicle|Sport Utility Vehicles]], is used in copper. Mahindra also unveiled XUV400 Special Edition in November 2022. They claimed a driving range of 456 km on a single charge. It can take 50 minutes to 13 hours to charge depending on the type of charger.

The Mahindra XUV400 also features three driving modes - Fun, Fast and Fearless - that adjust the steering and throttle response as well as the level of regenerative braking. Mahindra claims that the XUV400 is capable of single-pedal driving where the regenerative braking takes care of the deceleration. The car launched in India on 16 January 2023 at a price of ₹15,99,000 (US$18,000).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Mahindra XUV400 Electric SUV unveiled with 456km Range |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-xuv400-electric-suv-unveiled-with-456km-range-425660 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=@autocarindia |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 January 2024, Mahindra launched two new variants of the XUV400, the XUV400 EC Pro and the XUV400 EL Pro, with both models having redesigned interiors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=Mahindra XUV 400 pro EV launched: Here are price details, all the features |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/mahindra-xuv-400-pro-launched-here-are-price-details-all-the-added-features/articleshow/106726094.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== BE 6 and XEV 9e ===
{{See also|Mahindra BE 6}}
[[File:Mahindra BE6 pic 1.jpg|thumb|[[Mahindra BE 6|Mahindra BE6 EV]]]]
In November 2024, Mahindra launched 2 all-electric SUVs, the [[Mahindra XEV 9e|XEV 9e]] and the [[Mahindra BE 6|BE 6]] in India as part of its new BEV range with deliveries starting in early 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |editor=Shivam Pratap Singh |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Mahindra hits the EV market with BE 6e and XEV 9e, know all about them |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/mahindra-hits-the-ev-market-with-be-6e-and-xev-9e-know-all-about-them-101732630910192.html |access-date=November 29, 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== XEV 9S and BE 6 FE ===
In November 2025, Mahindra launched the electric XUV700, the XEV 9S and the BE 6 Formula E edition (also known as RALL-E).

==Born Electric and XEV==
{{distinguish|Cupra Born}}
Born Electric (BE) and XEV are electric SUV Sub-brands under Indian automobile manufacturer<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Automotive |date=2025-07-03 |title=The world’s car manufacturers – 2025 edition |url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/data/the-worlds-car-manufacturers-2025-edition/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Automotive World |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mahindra.

In 2022, Mahindra unveiled 4 all-new electric SUVs under 2 brand names, XUV and BE. XUV.e8, XUV.e9 and BE.05, BE.07, BE.09 at Mahindra Advanced Design Europe (MADE) in Oxfordshire, [[United Kingdom]]. BE.RALL-E was unveiled in [[Hyderabad]] on 11 February 2023. Global Pik-up and THAR.e concepts were unveiled in 2023 in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Mahindra Electric SUV {{!}} Electric SUVs |url=https://www.mahindraelectricautomobile.com/#products |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.mahindraelectricautomobile.com}}</ref>

INGLO modular platform or INGLO-born electric platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Budge |first=Jessica |date=2023-08-15 |title=Mahindra Takes the Covers Off its "Vision Thar.e" – An All-New, Born Electric Avatar of the Iconic SUV |url=https://www.mahindra.com.au/2023/08/15/mahindra-takes-the-covers-off-its-vision-thar-e-an-all-new-born-electric-avatar-of-the-iconic-suv/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Mahindra Australia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahindra unveils new visual identity for its Born Electric Vehicles |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/mahindra-unveils-new-visual-identity-for-its-born-electric-vehicles/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 November 2024, Mahindra launched 2 all-electric SUVs, the [[Mahindra XEV 9e|XEV 9e]] (formerly XUV.e9) and the [[Mahindra BE 6|BE 6]] (formerly BE.05) in India as part of its 'Born electric' BEV range with deliveries starting in early 2025.<ref name=":0" />

On 26 November 2025, Mahindra launched the three-row SUV in India called XEV 9S (formerly XUV.e8).

==Mahindra Electric and Formula E==

A Formula E car was showcased by Mahindra Electric, as part of the Mahindra Group, at the 2014 Auto Expo in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Formula E car was showcased by Mahindra Electric, as a part of the Mahindra group in the 2014 Auto Expo at Delhi.|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/auto/story/auto-expo-2014-mahindra-unveils-its-formula-e-racing-car/1/341845.html|publisher=India Today|date=February 5, 2014}}{{dead link|date=November 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Mahindra Electric's team worked closely with [[Mahindra Racing]], the racing division of the Mahindra Group, to get the Formula E cars ready for the first race of the inaugural [[FIA Formula E Championship]], which took place in Beijing in September 2014. The Mahindra Racing Team is the only Indian team to race in the inaugural Formula E championship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Racing - Formula E Championship|url=http://www.mahindraracing.com/formulae|website=Mahindra Racing|access-date=Nov 28, 2017|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008063948/http://www.mahindraracing.com/formulae|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following a successful Formula E race in Beijing, Mahindra Racing explored the possibility of bringing the electric-powered car series to India in the 2016–2017 season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Formula E a possibility in India in 2016-17: Mahindra Racing|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/formula-e-possibility-india-2016-17-mahindra-racing-1750587.html|publisher=Firstpost|date=October 10, 2014}}</ref>

The knowledge and technology used in Formula E cars will be used for commercial electric cars <ref name="business world.in">[http://www.businessworld.in/news/business/auto/mahindra-reva-to-launch-formula-e-&-concept-electric-sports-car/1238258/page-1.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416151307/http://www.businessworld.in/news/business/auto/mahindra-reva-to-launch-formula-e-%26-concept-electric-sports-car/1238258/page-1.html|date=2015-04-16}}</ref> with performance characteristics usually seen in cars with high-performance internal combustion engines.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/mahindra-reva-leverage-formula-racing-develop-cars-5688 |title = Mahindra Reva to leverage Formula e racing to develop new cars}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Electric vehicle industry in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reva vehicles}}

{{Mahindra Group}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Cars in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:2023 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2023]]
[[Category:2010 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]

Samyuktha (actress)

2026-04-30T14:14:10Z

Floorsingurgaon: put up basic info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samyuktha
| image = Samyuktha Menon.jpg
| caption = Samyuktha in 2018
| birth_name = Samyuktha Menon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|09|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2016–present
}}

'''Samyuktha''' (born 11 September 1995; formerly '''Samyuktha Menon''') is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She is a recipient of several awards including one [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] and one [[Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Film Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vaathi Movie Actress Samyuktha Biography: Age, Career, Net Worth, Unknown Facts, Movies |work=The Hans India |date=9 February 2023 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/biography/samyuktha-menon-biography-age-career-net-worth-unknown-facts-movies-781984?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>

Samyuktha made her acting debut with the Malayalam film ''Popcorn'' (2016). She went on to appear in commercially successful films such as ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'' (2019), ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' (2019), ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' (2022), ''[[Kaduva]]'' (2022), ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]'' (2022), ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' (2022), ''[[Vaathi]]'' (2023) and ''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]'' (2023). She won the [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Santosham Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Virupaksha''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/virupaksha-actress-samyuktha-menon-the-new-lucky-mascot-of-telugu-cinema/etphotostory/99737000.cms |title='Virupaksha' Actress Samyuktha : The New Lucky Mascot Of Telugu Cinema |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Samyuktha Menon was born on 11 September 1995,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-turned-a-tad-bit-wiser-stronger-and-dreamier-this-year/articleshow/86190843.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Samyuktha Menon turned a tad but wiser, stronger and dreamier this year |date=11 September 2020 |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/birthday-special-you-can-copy-these-unique-patterns-from-kalki-star-samyukta-menon-to-look-gorgeous |title=Birthday Special: You can copy these unique patterns from Kalki star Samyukta Menon to look gorgeous! |first=Tom |last=Francis |date=11 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2021 |work=Zee 5}}</ref> in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actress-samyuktha-menon-visits-weavers-village-in-palakkad-extends-support-1.5047350 |work=Mathrubhumi |title=Actress Samyuktha Menon visits weavers village in Palakkad; extends support |date=12 September 2020 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803132131/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/actress-samyuktha-menon-visits-weavers-village-in-palakkad-extends-support-1.5047350 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She completed her schooling from [[Chinmaya Vidyalaya]], [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Thathamangalam]] and graduated a [[economics|bachelors in economics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinmayamission.com/chinmayamission.php |title=Welcome to official website of Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |access-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919052239/http://chinmayamission.com/chinmayamission.php |archive-date=19 September 2010}}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and early work (2016-2021)===
Samyuktha made her acting debut in 2016 with the Malayalam film ''Popcorn'', where she played the lead opposite [[Shine Tom Chacko]].<ref name=thehindu>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mollywood-actor-samyuktha-menon-speaks-about-her-upcoming-release-edakkad-battalion-06-and-how-theevandi-became-a-turning-point-in-her-life/article29626595.ece |title=I pick characters that satisfy me as an actor, says Samyuktha Menon |date=10 October 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2018, she had two Malayalam film releases: ''[[Theevandi]]'' opposite [[Tovino Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/theevandi-slapping-tovino-wasnt-a-funny-and-easy-task-for-me-samyuktha-menon/articleshow/64750271.cms |title=Theevandi: Slapping Tovino wasn't a funny and easy task for me: Samyuktha Menon |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/tovino-thomas-theevandi-team-meet-at-kochi/articleshow/64747120.cms |title=Tovino Thomas' Theevandi team meet at Kochi |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> and ''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]'', where she played the titular role of a pregnant woman.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/020418/as-lilly-blooms.html |last=Manu |first=Meera |title=As Lilly blooms |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2 April 2018 |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated, "Samyuktha Menon is convincing as a pregnant woman, but her lines are flawed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lilli-review-violent-visceral-thriller-where-script-just-afterthought-89120 |title='Lilli' review: A violent, visceral thriller, where the script is just an afterthought |accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> That year, Samyuktha also made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Kalari (2018 film)|Kalari]]'' opposite [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Paadam Namukku Paadam: Actress Samyuktha Menon enjoys a fan girl moment with iconic singer K S Chithra |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/paadam-namukku-paadam-actress-samyuktha-menon-enjoys-a-fan-girl-moment-with-iconic-singer-k-s-chithra/articleshow/71700894.cms |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

The year 2019 was a turning point in her career with six film releases. She first appeared in ''[[July Kaatril]]'' opposite [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Samyuktha Menon makes a bold debut in Tamil cinema with 'July Kaatril' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-makes-a-bold-debut-in-tamil-cinema-with-july-kaatril/articleshow/68270240.cms |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> She went on to appear in ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' opposite [[Dulquer Salmaan]],<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-begins-shooting-for-oru-yamandan-premakatha/articleshow/64880323.cms |title=Dulquer begins shooting for Oru Yamandan Prema Kadha |date=16 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Anjana |last=George |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> in ''[[Uyare]]'',<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-anarkali-marikar-join-parvathys-uyare/articleshow/67900271.cms |title=Samyuktha Menon, Anarkali Marikar join Parvathy's Uyare |date=8 February 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Anjana |last=George |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> and in ''[[Under World]]'' opposite [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jun/24/asif-ali-arun-kumar-aravinds-underworld-arriving-in-august-1994568.html |title=Asif Ali-Arun Kumar Aravind's 'Underworld' arriving in August |website=The New Indian Express |date=24 June 2019}}</ref> Samyuktha reunited with Tovino Thomas for her last two releases of the year, ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]'', where she played a doctor and ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'', where she played a teacher.<ref name="TOI3">{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jul/29/samyuktha-menons-kalki-character-revealed-2010789.html |title=Samyuktha Menon's 'Kalki' character revealed |date=29 July 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |first=Anjana |last=George |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-launches-first-look-poster-tovino-s-edakkad-battalion-06-108528 |title=Mammootty launches first look poster Tovino's Edakkad Battalion 06 |work=News Minute Times |date=7 September 2019 |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008123801/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mammootty-launches-first-look-poster-tovino-s-edakkad-battalion-06-108528 |url-status=live}}</ref> For ''Kalki'', ''[[Sify]]'' found her to be "decent" in her limited role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalki Review : A hardcore masala entertainer that celebrates its hero |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kalki-review-a-hardcore-masala-entertainer-that-celebrates-its-hero-review-malayalam-tiiupidceiafg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809045923/https://www.sify.com/movies/kalki-review-a-hardcore-masala-entertainer-that-celebrates-its-hero-review-malayalam-tiiupidceiafg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2021, Samyuktha worked in four films, ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' opposite [[Jayasurya]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/01/12/vellam-to-be-first-malayalam-movie-released-after-lockdown.html?fbclid=IwAR1HDhbY16tYuq5pcQTnvxM6H10SIcN8fK51kvc-vRAibOkTfSJXj_Cft68 |title=ലോക്ഡൗണിനു ശേഷം റിലീസ് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമാകാൻ വെള്ളം: ‌പ്രേക്ഷകരെ ക്ഷണിച്ച് ജയസൂര്യ |date=13 January 2021 |website=Manorama}}</ref> the anthology ''[[Aanum Pennum]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/aanum-pennum-review-malayalam-amazon-prime-feels-like-snapshots-that-arent-about-anything-specific-parvathy-thiruvothu-joju-george-baradwaj-rangan/ |title=Aanum Pennum, On Amazon Prime Video, Feels Like A Collection Of Snapshots That Aren't About Anything Specific |website=FilmCompanion |accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> ''[[Wolf (2021 Indian film)|Wolf]]'' opposite [[Arjun Ashokan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wolf Movie Review: Engaging psychological drama derailed by a shaky third act |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/apr/18/wolf-movie-review-engaging-psychological-drama-derailed-by-a-shaky-third-act-24025.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 April 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]'', where she played the titular role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/erida/ottmoviereview/87311659.cms |title=Erida Review: A thriller that doesn't click |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027211646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/malayalam/erida/ottmoviereview/87311659.cms |archive-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

===Expansion and commercial success (2022-present)===
Samyuktha had four commercial successes in 2022. Her first release was, ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'', one of the highest grossing Telugu film of the year, opposite [[Rana Daggubati]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Pawan Kalyan-Rana Daggubati film gets Sankranti release: 'Biggest battle of self-esteem' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-rana-daggubati-film-gets-a-release-date-7435691/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Bheemla Nayak Day 11 Collections: Pawan Kalyan Movie Steady at Box Office |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/bheemla-nayak-day-11-collections-pawan-kalyan-movie-steady-box-office-151977 |website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref> She then appeared in one of the highest grossing Malayalam film of the year, ''[[Kaduva]]'' opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaduva-movie-review-prithviraj-s-film-is-a-battle-between-men-with-fragile-egos-1973020-2022-07-07 |title=Kaduva Movie Review: Prithviraj's film is a battle between men with fragile egos |date=7 July 2022}}</ref> In ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]'', she played a police officer opposite [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=Bimbisara first look: Nandamuri Kalyanram transforms into the barbarian king, seated on a throne of corpses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/bimbisara-first-look-nandamuri-kalyanram-transforms-into-the-barbarian-king-seated-on-a-throne-of-corpses-7334030/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Later, she made her Kannada film debut with ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' opposite [[Diganth]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2020 |title=Gaalipata 2 shooting pushed ahead by 2 months |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/mar/09/gaalipata-2--shooting-pushed-ahead-by-2-months-2114156.html |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that she justifies her character with her act.<ref>{{cite news |work=The New Indian Express |title=Gaalipata 2 review: Friendship back with a bang |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Aug/13/gaalipata-2-review-friendship-back-with-a-bang-2486943.html |accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, she first played a teacher opposite [[Dhanush]] in ''[[Vaathi]]'', highest-grossing Tamil film of the year.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 December 2021 |title=Samyuktha Menon roped in as the leading lady in Dhanush's 'Vaathi' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-ropes-in-as-the-leading-lady-in-dhanushs-vaathi/articleshow/88450615.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107195333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-ropes-in-as-the-leading-lady-in-dhanushs-vaathi/articleshow/88450615.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2023 |title=Dhanush's 'Vaathi' makes Rs 118 crore at the box office in one month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vaathi-makes-rs-118-crore-at-the-box-office-in-one-month/articleshow/98753233.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323002326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhanushs-vaathi-makes-rs-118-crore-at-the-box-office-in-one-month/articleshow/98753233.cms |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> She went onto appeared in ''[[Boomerang (2023 film)|Boomerang]]'' opposite Shine Tom Chacko,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boomerang: Shine Tom Chacko-Samyuktha Menon headline thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/06/boomerang-shine-tom-chacko-samyuktha-menon-headline-thriller-30705.html |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005543/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/apr/06/boomerang-shine-tom-chacko-samyuktha-menon-headline-thriller-30705.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and in ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]'' opposite Nandamuri Kalyan Ram.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/221223/devil-explores-a-novel-idea.html |title=Devil Explores A Novel Idea |date=23 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225092138/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/221223/devil-explores-a-novel-idea.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Neeshitha Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated, "Samyuktha delivers a good performances for the most part. "<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devil-review-kalyanram-samyuktha-s-period-actioner-tries-way-too-hard-to-be-interesting-abhishek-nama-101703839202538-amp.html |title=Devil review: Kalyanram, Samyuktha's period actioner tries way too hard to be interesting |date=29 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229150323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devil-review-kalyanram-samyuktha-s-period-actioner-tries-way-too-hard-to-be-interesting-abhishek-nama-101703839202538-amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, she appeared opposite [[Sai Durgha Tej]] in ''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]'', one of the highest grossing Telugu film of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/virupaksha-box-office-collection-day-17-sai-dharam-tejs-film-rakes-in-rs-91-crores-worldwide/articleshow/100068287.cms |title='Virupaksha' box office collection Day 17: Sai Dharam Tej's film rakes in Rs 91crore |website=The Times of India |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted, "Samyuktha has a good screen presence and makes it count in the later portions that demand something more from her."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=21 April 2023 |title='Virupaksha' movie review: Sai Dharam Tej and Samyuktha Menon's film invokes fear without the gimmicks |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/virupaksha-telugu-movie-review-invokes-fear-without-the-gimmicks/article66763110.ece |access-date=22 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2024, her only appearance was in the Telugu film ''[[Love Me (2024 Indian film)|Love Me]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sasidhar |date=2024-05-25 |title=Love Me If You Dare Review: This Film Is Complex And A Let down |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/love-me-if-you-dare-review-this-film-is-complex-and-a-letdown-review-110420186 |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Media image ==
[[File:Samyuktha Menon.jpg|thumb|upright|Samyuktha at an event]]

Samyuktha is considered as one of the highest paid Malayalam actresses.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manju Warrier to Nayanthara: Top 7 highest-paid Malayalam actresses |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/manju-warrier-to-nayanthara-top-7-highest-paid-malayalam-actresses/ar-AA1uYSHs |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=MSN |publisher=Asianet News}}</ref> In the [[The Times of India|Kochi Times Most Desirable Women]] list, she was placed 7th both in 2018 and 2019, and 2nd in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Woman 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-of-2018/articleshow/68050858.cms |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kochi Times 30 Most Desirable Woman 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-of-2019/articleshow/74241269.cms |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Kochi Times 30 Most Desirable Woman 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-2020-check-out-the-full-list/articleshow/83145524.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2023, Samyuktha dropped her surname Menon from her name and said, "When I want to see equality, humanity and love all around, keeping a surname makes it very contradictory to what I want."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-drops-her-surname-menon-for-equality-and-humanity/articleshow/97757048.cms |title=Samyuktha drops her surname 'Menon' for 'equality' and 'humanity' |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/meet-malayalam-beauty-samyuktha-menon-the-golden-leg-of-tollywood-7624603.html |title=Meet Malayalam Beauty Samyuktha Menon, The 'Golden Leg' Of Tollywood |work=News18 India |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes !! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''Popcorn''
| Anjana
| rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/popcorns-comic-trailer-with-kinder-and-joyee/articleshow/53722776.cms |title=Popcorn's comic trailer with Kinder and Joyee |accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[Theevandi]]''
| Devi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/theevandi-movie-review-tovino-thomas-star-rating-5345579/ |title=Theevandi movie review: This Tovino Thomas film is a feature-length statutory warning |date=7 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]''
| Lilli
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2018/04/the-trailer-for-indian-thriller-lilli-will-get-you-tense-af.html |author=J. Hurtado |title=The Teaser For Indian Thriller Lilli Will Get You Tense AF |website=[[Screen Anarchy]] |date=9 April 2018 |accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalari (film)|Kalari]]'' || Thenmozhi
| rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kalari/movie-review/65526224.cms|title=Kalari Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Kalari by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019
| ''[[July Kaatril]]''
| Revathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/july-kaatril-is-a-film-on-relationships-with-a-difference/articleshow/61754018.cms |title=July Kaatril, is a film on relationships with a difference |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707064813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/july-kaatril-is-a-film-on-relationships-with-a-difference/articleshow/61754018.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]''
| Jesna Koshy
| rowspan="8" | Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2018/07/07/dulquer-begins-shooting-for-oru-yamandan-premakatha.html |title=ദുല്‍ഖര്‍ 'തുടങ്ങിയിടത്ത്തി' രിച്ചെത്തി; 'യമണ്ടന്‍' പ്രേമകഥയുമായി കൊച്ചിയില്‍... |date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Uyare]]''
| Tessa
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |last=M. K. |first=Surendhar |title=Raghava Lawrence's Kanchana 3 pulls in Rs 70 cr in Tamil Nadu; Uyare earns Rs 9.4 cr worldwide in 10 days |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raghava-lawrences-kanchana-3-pulls-in-rs-70-cr-in-tamil-nadu-uyare-earns-rs-9-4-cr-worldwide-in-10-days-6606251.html |access-date=18 May 2019 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=10 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|Kalki]]''
| Dr. Sangeetha
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Samyuktha Menon's 'Kalki' character revealed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/jul/29/samyuktha-menons-kalki-character-revealed-2010789.html |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]''
| Naina Fathima
|
|<ref name="Tovino4">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/22/tovino-and-samyuktha-to-star-in-edakkad-battalion-06-1967251.html |title=Tovino and Samyuktha to star in Edakkad Battalion 06 |work=News New Indian Express |date=22 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Tovino5">{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/edakkad-battalion-06-movie-song-nee-himamazhayay-tovino-thomas-samyuktha-menon-1.4117069 |title=അരവിന്ദസ്വാമിയെയും മധുബാലയെയും ഓര്‍മ്മിപ്പിച്ച് ടൊവിനോയും സംയുക്തയും, എടക്കാട് ബറ്റാലിയനിലെ ഗാനം |trans-title=Tovino and Samyuktha reminding of [[Arvind Swamy|Aravinda Swamy]] and [[Madhoo|Madhubala]], the song from Edakkad Battalion |work=News Mathrubhumi |date=13 September 2019 |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Under World]]''
| Aishwarya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/underworld-review-a-rather-flat-take-on-the-world-of-crime/article29872027.ece |title='Underworld' movie review: A rather flat take on the world of crime |first=S. r |last=Praveen |date=3 November 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2021
| ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]''
| Sunitha Murali
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/malayalam-movie-vellam-review-starring-jayasurya-samyuktha-menon-prajesh-sen-1.5378597 |title=പകർന്നാട്ടത്തിൽ വീണ്ടും പത്തരമാറ്റായി ജയസൂര്യ.. |date=22 January 2021 |publisher=Mathrubhmi |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128043452/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/malayalam-movie-vellam-review-starring-jayasurya-samyuktha-menon-prajesh-sen-1.5378597 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aanum Pennum]]''
| Kochuparu / Savithri
| Segment: "Savithri"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2021 |title=WATCH: Eerie trailer of Rajeev Ravi's Malayalam anthology film 'Aanum Pennum' out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/mar/21/watch-eerie-trailer-of-rajeev-ravis-malayalam-anthology-filmaanum-pennum-out-2279568.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wolf (2021 Indian film)|Wolf]]''
| Asha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wolf is a single location thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/13/wolf-is-a-single-location-thriller-2289230.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]''
| rowspan="2" | Erida
| Malayalam
| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
|rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news |title=The latest poster of 'Erida' featuring Samyuktha Menon goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-latest-poster-of-erida-featuring-samyuktha-menon-goes-viral/articleshow/78911969.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Tamil
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
| ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
| Kamali
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2021 |title=Samyuktha Menon replaces Aishwarya Rajesh in 'Bheemla Nayak' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/samyuktha-menon-replaces-aishwarya-rajesh-in-bheemla-nayak |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2021 |title=Khaki-clad Pawan Kalyan resumes shoot for Ayyappanum Koshiyum's Telugu remake |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/khakiclad-pawan-kalyan-resumes-shoot-for-ayyappanum-koshiyum-s-telugu-remake-see-pic-101627293177854.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaduva]]''
| Elsa Kurian
| Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Confirmed! Vivek Oberoi and Samyuktha Menon are part of 'Kaduva' cast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/confirmed-vivek-oberoi-and-samyuktha-menon-are-part-of-kaduva-cast/articleshow/82178162.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |date=21 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''
| [[Sub-Inspector|S.I]] Vyjayanthi
| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhonsale |first=Divya |date=6 August 2022 |title=Box Office Report: 'Sita Ramam', Bimbisara dominate the Friday collections |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/friday-box-office-collection-report-sita-ramam-bimbisara-vikran-rona-ek-villain-returns-drb-rg6jrg |access-date= |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |quote=The film is receiving a positive response from critics and fans alike.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaalipata 2]]''
| Anupama
| [[Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-makes-her-kannada-debut-alongside-golden-star-ganesh/articleshow/73954739.cms |title=Samyuktha Menon makes her Kannada debut alongside Golden Star Ganesh |date=5 February 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaalipata 2 team wraps up shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gaalipata-2-team-wraps-up-shooting/articleshow/87205695.cms |access-date=5 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023
| ''[[Vaathi]]''
| rowspan="2" | Meenakshi
| Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |date=3 January 2022 |title=Dhanush's Vaathi goes on floors with a puja, shoot to begin on January 5. See pics |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhanush-s-vaathi-goes-on-floors-with-a-puja-shoot-to-begin-on-january-5-see-pics-1895352-2022-01-03 |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 September 2022 |title=Dhanush starrer Telugu-Tamil bilingual Sir to release in December |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/dhanush-starrer-telugu-tamil-bilingual-sir-release-december/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920083521/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/dhanush-starrer-telugu-tamil-bilingual-sir-release-december/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sir''
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Boomerang (2023 film)|Boomerang]]''
| Honey Paul / Anjali
| Malayalam
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Samyuktha starrer 'Boomerang' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/samyuktha-menon-starrer-boomerang-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/97947932.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]''
| Nandini Chalapathy
| rowspan="6"| Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Samyuktha Menon's Dispute With Virupaksha Team Genuine or a Promotional Tactic? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/what-samyuktha-menons-tiff-with-the-team-of-her-next-film-virupaksha-all-about-7364431.html |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]''
| Nyshada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samyuktha Menon replaces Yukti Thareja in Devil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/oct/26/samyuktha-menon-replaces-yukti-thareja-in-devil-35994.html |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Love Me (2024 Indian film)|Love Me]]''
| Divyavathi
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''
| Archana Goswami
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samyuktha-to-headline-a-thriller-rana-daggubati-launches-the-film/article68740879.ece/ |title=Samyuktha to headline a thriller; Rana Daggubati launches the film |website=The Hindu |date=10 October 2024 |accessdate=19 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2026
| ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)|Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
| Dia
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sharwanands-sharwa37-makers-unveil-samyuktha-as-dia-on-her-birthday/articleshow/113250118.cms |title=Sharwanand's '#Sharwa37' makers unveil Samyuktha as Dia on her birthday |website=The Times of India |date=11 September 2024 |accessdate=14 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|italic=no|''Swayambhu''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nikhil-sidhdartha-swayambhu-samyuktha-shoot-begins-first-look-poster-2423080-2023-08-18 |title=Nikhil Siddhartha's 'Swayambhu' shoot begins, actor shares first-look poster |website=India Today |date=18 August 2023 |accessdate=11 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Maharagni: Queen of Queens]]''}}
| Mohini
| [[Hindi]]
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/kajol-prabhu-deva-unveil-title-of-action-thriller-maharagni-9356915/ |title=Kajol, Prabhu Deva unveil title of action thriller Maharagni, check out intriguing teaser |website=The Indian Express |date=28 May 2024 |accessdate=3 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|italic=no|''[[Ram (film)|Ram]]''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Malayalam
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/samyukhta-menon-joins-trisha-as-the-second-female-lead-in-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-ram/3bf156874f920 |title=Samyukhta Menon joins Trisha as the second female lead in Mohanlal, Jeethu Joseph's Ram |website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|italic=no|''[[Benz (film)|Benz]]''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Tamil
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-13 |title=LCU gets bigger: 'Benz' starts rolling with Raghava Lawrence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lcu-gets-bigger-benz-starts-rolling-with-raghava-lawrence/articleshow/121128609.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|italic=no|''Slum Dog: 33 Temple Road''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Telugu
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title=Puri Jagannadh’s next film with Vijay Sethupathi, Tabu and Samyuktha, goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Jul/08/puri-jagannadhs-next-film-with-vijay-sethupathi-tabu-and-samyuktha-goes-on-floors |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2021
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2020|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Aanum Pennum]]'', ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' & ''[[Wolf (2021 Indian film)|Wolf]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/sep/14/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-2358351.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced |date=14 September 2021 |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| rowspan="2"| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/siima-2024-dasara-jailer-2018-lead-the-nominations-check-out-the-details-inside |title=SIIMA 2024: 'Dasara', 'Jailer', 'Kantara', '2018' lead the nominations - Check out the details inside |website=Outlook India |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[22nd Santosham Film Awards|Santosham Film Awards]]
| [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=22వ సంతోషం సౌత్ ఇండియన్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డ్స్.. ఈసారి ఘనంగా గోవాలో.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=10TV Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Samyuktha Menon|Samyuktha}}
* {{Instagram|iamsamyuktha_}}
* {{IMDb name|7917727}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samyuktha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Padra

2026-04-24T16:11:38Z

Floorsingurgaon: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Padra
| native_name = પાદરા
| native_name_lang = 7 dragon
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.23|N|73.08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 79
| population_total = 46660
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 391 440
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 912662
| registration_plate = GJ6
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Padra''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in the [[Vadodara district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]]. Padra is located about 6 kilometres from the Western End of [[Vadodara]] city. Urban Aggolomeration Area of Vadodara.

==Geography==
Padra is located at {{Coord|22.23|N|73.08|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Padra.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Padra]</ref> It has an average elevation of 79 metres (259 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2020}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Padra had a population of 2,00,000. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Padra has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 72%. In Padra, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Economy==
Padra is one of the most industrialise town in the district of Vadodara, Gujarat. There are many famous industrial groups who have invested on Padra - Jambusar State Highway. There are many chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Glass and Electronics industries are working there. The Indian pharmaceutical company [[Cadila Healthcare]] has a plant to make [[active pharmaceutical ingredient]] at Dabhasa within Padra taluka. Rubamin Laboratories is a research based manufacturer of Pharmaceuticals & Fine Chemicals, having a plant located at Dabhasa (Padra). It delivers value added intermediates to API manufacturers. Metrochem Industries is a large scale manufacturer and exporter of dyestuff and dye intermediates also located at village Umraya. Kampun Industries is located at Narsipura which is in the different types of PE/EVA foam products. The company's corporate office is located in [[Vapi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hd100.in/ |title=Home |website=hd100.in}}</ref> Madhav Agro Foods, a twice National award winner for quality and consumer satisfaction is a medium scale agri-processing firm also located in Dabhasa on Padra-Jambusar highway. It is engaged in manufacture and export of ethnic Gujarati and Indian food products to USA, UK and Australia.<ref name="test">[http://www.pasandpickles.com Link text], additional text.

Padra to 10 kilometres have a village Anti have a big Muslim population and 600 hundred years old village Anti village in staying Hazrat peer balam Shahid rahmatullahi

પાદરા થી૧૦ કિલોમીટર એક સુંદર ગામ છે જેનું નામ આંટી છે જે એક ઇતિહાસિક ગામ છે જે લગભગ ૬૦૦ વર્ષ જૂનું છે જ્યાં એક સૂફી સંત વસેલા છે જેમ નું નામ હઝરત પીર બલામ શહીદ રહમતુલ્લાહ છે આંટી ગામ એક કોમી એકતા નું પ્રતીક છે જ્યાં સુન્ની મુસ્લિમ મલેક જાતી વસેલી છે </ref>

Padra is also well known for vegetable farming. Padra's green and fresh vegetable reaches to [[Mumbai]], [[Surat]], [[New Delhi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vadodara]] and many other cities in India. Padra is also well known for producing ''[[Pigeon pea|Toor Dal]]'' (a yellowish, rich in protein type of [[lentil]] which is a part of everyday [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] food). Padra is also known for producing cotton and tobacco.

Padra is very well known for manufacturing traditional gold and silver jewellery, mainly handcrafted. Padra is also famous for cheap and good quality leather footwear.

==Transport==
Padra is well connected through State Highways from Vadodara to Jambusar, Bharuch and Karjan. Padra have state Transport Bus Stop. Also private Cabs and Buses are available to move from one place to another. Further the Main railway junction - Vadodara Railway station is only 15 km far from Padra Bus Stop. And The Vadodara International Airport is about 20 km. Padra is also connected to Pratapnagar(Vadodara) and Jambusar by Pratapnagar-Jambusar Narrow Gauge Railway Line having two pairs of train arriving and departing throughout the day.

==Politics==
Padra is one of 182 constituencies in Gujarat's state legislature, the Gujarat Assembly. The seat was won in the 2017 elections by Jaspalsinh Padhiyar of the [(congress Party)] () with 80% of the vote.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}.In 2022 it is won by BJP member Advocate Chaitanyasinh Zala .
Padra is a Sub District i.e. Taluka (Tehsil) Place, and there are approx 84 villages lies under this Sub.District.

==References==
<references/>

{{Vadodara district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vadodara district]]

V. Periyakaruppiah

2026-04-23T08:31:15Z

Floorsingurgaon: put up first pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2010}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vaiyapuri Periyakaruppiah
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]](retired), [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start = 12 November 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110661850800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108231533/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110661850800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-11-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Archive News |date=2007-11-06 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>
| term_end = 4 October 2012<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|author=Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/high-court-judge-retires/article3967054.ece |title=High Court judge retires - TAMIL NADU |work=The Hindu|date=2012-10-05 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kamatchipuram]], [[Theni]] [[District]], [[Tamil Nadu]] India
| spouse = Vani Periyakaruppiah
| children = Veena Suresh Karthik Pranab Singh
}}

''' Vaiyapuri Periyakaruppiah''' is a retired [[judge]] of the [[Madras High Court]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/prejudge.htm |title=Madras High Court |publisher=Hcmadras.tn.nic.in |accessdate=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114603/http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/prejudge.htm |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

Periyakaruppiah was born on 5 October 1950, at [[Kamatchipuram]] ([[Theni district]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judges_sc1_index.php?id=246 |title=CDJ - Judgments - Supreme Court - High Court - Case laws - Head Notes - India Law Judgments |publisher=Cdjlawjournal.com |date=2016-03-02 |accessdate=2016-12-01 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203075330/http://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judges_sc1_index.php?id=246 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After receiving education at P.H.N. High School in Kamatchipuram, he completed his initial undergraduate degree course from the V.H.N.S.N. College in [[Virudhunagar]]. He later obtained a law degree from the [[Madras Law College]] in 1974. He got enrolled as an advocate in August 1974.

After practising in [[Madurai]], he was directly appointed as a Subordinate-Judge in 1989. He has served in [[Villupuram]], [[Thiruvallur]], [[Chennai]] and [[Cuddalore]] under the Subordinate and District Judiciaries. He was also served in the administrative positions of the Madras High court as Registrar (Vigilance) for nearly three years and also was the first Registrar (Judicial) of the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court.

Just before being promoted as a Judge in the High Court of Madras in November 2007, he served as the Principal Judge in the City Civil Court, Chennai.

His position as a judge in Madras High court was made permanent on 10 November 2009 after a brief swearing in ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|author=The author has posted comments on this article |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-08/chennai/28061906_1_permanent-judges-high-court-higher-judiciary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602044116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-08/chennai/28061906_1_permanent-judges-high-court-higher-judiciary |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-02 |title=14 addl judges of Madras high court made permanent |date=2009-11-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

After 23 years of service as a judge in the Indian judiciary, he retired from the service on 4 October 2012 and took over the charge as a judicial member in the Armed Forces Tribunal (Chennai bench).<ref name="thehindu1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=The author has posted comments on this article |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/chennai/34279009_1_findings-or-sentences-chennai-bench-defence-ministry |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/chennai/34279009_1_findings-or-sentences-chennai-bench-defence-ministry |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=Forces tribunal bench gets judge after 6 months |date=2012-10-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410152219/http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/hhist.htm Madras High Court website ]
* [http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/ High Court of Madras web site.]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/telephone/hod/hodPage126.html Tamil Nadu government Telephone list]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periyakaruppiah, V.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]

S. R. Chishti

2026-04-21T11:56:17Z

Floorsingurgaon: New

{{Multiple issues|{{notability|Biographies|date=July 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2015}}}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shahabur Rehman Chishti
| image = Dr. S. R. Chishti profile photo.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|06|05}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[Ayodhya]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| instrument = [[Tabla]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Jazz fusion]], [[World music]]
| occupation = [[Tabla]] Teacher. Musician
| years_active = 1980–present
| label =
| website =
}}
'''S. R. Chishti''' is a tabla player of Lucknow gharana (tabla) and composer. S R Chishti completed his PhD from Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra in music (Tabla).<ref>Ashrafi, Mohd. Sarim. "The Tuning Hands: Dr. S.R. Chishti", p. 87–88, Al-Mohsin-14, Aligarh, October 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=गोरी सोए सेज पर मुख पर डारे केस|agency=Dainik Jagran|date=7 May 2008}}</ref>

==Career==
He is music (tabla) instructor at Cultural Education Center,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-20 |title=Aligarh Muslim University {{!}}{{!}} centres |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/amucentre.jsp?did=10011&lid=Cultural%20Clubs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620130632/http://www.amu.ac.in/amucentre.jsp?did=10011&lid=Cultural%20Clubs |archive-date=2017-06-20 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=amu.ac.in}}</ref> Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and authored Fun-e-Tabla the first ever book on the art of playing Tabla in Urdu language after 1906.<ref>Chishti, S.R. "Tabla Mein Das Anko Ka Mahetv", Kanishka Publication, New Delhi, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Muni|first1=Akash Deep|title=Tabla beats resound inside the pages|work=The Times of India|date=25 December 2011}}</ref> He has various books on the different topics of Tabla.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dkpd.com/servlet/dkDispInfo?offset=0&searchtype=Author&searchText=DR.S.R.CHISTI |title=Search Results DR.S.R.CHISTI | Indian Books | Books from India | Online Bookstore | Book stores online | Buy Books Online | Book Store in India | Bookshop of India | Bookstore | buying books online | indian book sellers | Indian Books on all subjects from major Publishers of India |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191754/http://www.dkpd.com/servlet/dkDispInfo?offset=0&searchtype=Author&searchText=DR.S.R.CHISTI |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=एएमयू के तबला वादक ने रचा इतिहास|agency=Amar Ujala|date=November 2011}}</ref>

==Published books==
He has published five books so far, which include:{{When|date=December 2016}}
# ''Fan-E-Tabla (Urdu)'' published in 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.almohsin.in/2014/08/the-tuning-hands-sr-chishti-mohd-sarim.html |title=Al-Mohsin: The Tuning Hands: S.R. Chishti (Mohd. Sarim Ashrafi) |website=almohsin.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119003152/http://www.almohsin.in/2014/08/the-tuning-hands-sr-chishti-mohd-sarim.html |archive-date=2015-01-19}}</ref>
# ''Tabla Sanchayan (Hindi)'' published in 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianbooks.co.in/bookmart/tabla-sanchayan.html |title=ISBN 9788184573817 Tabla Sanchayan by DR.S.R.CHISTI buy online at www.indianbooks.co.in |website=indianbooks.co.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329053646/http://www.indianbooks.co.in/bookmart/tabla-sanchayan.html |archive-date=2013-03-29}}</ref>
# ''Tabla Mein Das Anko Ka Mahetv (Hindi)'' published in 2013
# ''Bhartiye Talon Mein Theke Ke Vibhinn Sworoop (Hindi)'' published in 2014<ref>Chishti, S.R. "Bhartiye Talon Mein Theke Ke Vibhinn Sworoop", Kanishka Publication, New Delhi, October 2014.</ref>
# ''Compositions of The Great Tabla Maestros (English)''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chishti|first1=S R|title=Compositions of The Great Tabla Maestros|date=2016|publisher=Kanishka Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=9788184576955|pages=174|edition=First}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*Regular 'B-High' grade artist of AIR Agra since 1995
*Honored by Swami D. R. Pavertikar Sangeet Sansthan, Mathura in 2004
*Given estimation and prestigious judgment for various musical competitions
*Tabla concert in "SPIC-MACAY", "TAJ MAHOTSAV", LUCKNOW MAHOTSAV" and Governor House Lucknow

==Views==
'''''Khalifa Ustad Afaq Husain Khan (Tabla Maestro, Lucknow Gharana)'''''
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|Mr. Chishti is my one of my talented disciple. I am satisfied with his progress and proficiency considering his qualification and ability. I hope Mr. Chishti would give fame to Lucknow Gharana [11 June 1989].}}

'''''Ustad Shafi Ahmad Khan (Vocalist), Sangeet Research Academy, ITC, Kolkata'''''
{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|Mr. S.R. Chishti is a talented Tabla player and a radio artist who has performed in a number of programs particularly in SPIC-MACAY and he is always with me for my Tabla sangat. He is one of the best disciples of Khalifa Ustad Afaq Husain Khan of Lucknow Gharana. I wish him all success in his future life. [12 January 1998].}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Lucknow gharana (tabla)]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, S R}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]

Narayan Pal

2026-04-20T05:38:52Z

Floorsingurgaon: added article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayan Pal
| image = Narayan-Pal.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Narayan Pal
| birth_date = 15 April 1965
| birth_place = Haldwani, Nainital district, Uttar Pradesh, India
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2002
| term_end1 = 2012
| successor1 = [[Kiran Mandal]]
| constituency1 = Sitarganj (Udham Singh Nagar)
| spouse = Kamini Pal
| children = 3
| alma_mater = [[Kumaun University|Kumaon University]]
}}
'''Narayan Pal''' (born 15 April 1965) is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.narayanpal.in/|title=Narayan Pal : National Coordinator of Kisan Congress|website=www.narayanpal.in|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> Narayan Pal is a two-time Member of the Legislative Assembly (Uttarakhand), having served from 2002 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/118-first-vidhan-sabha|title=प्रथम विधान सभा: उत्तराखण्ड विधान सभा|website=ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> He is currently a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was previously affiliated with the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] party and has held various positions within the party, including leader of Vidhan Mandal Dal and Chairman of the Assurance Committee in the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. He re-joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=कांग्रेस नेता व पूर्व विधायक नारायण पाल के बगावती तेवर बरकरार|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rudrapur/story-congress-leader-and-former-mla-narayan-pal-39-s-rebellious-attitude-continues-5653190.html |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=24 January 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand Chunav 2022: कांग्रेस ने नारायण पाल पर अब तक नहीं चलाया चाबुक, बसपा के टिकट पर लड़ रहे हैं चुनाव|url= https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-uttarakhand-chunav-2022-congress-not-yet-taken-action-against-former-mla-narayan-pal-22447629.html |work=Dainik Jagran |date=7 February 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Danish |date=2026-03-28 |title=उत्तराखंड: BJP के कई नेता थामेंगे कांग्रेस का दामन, लिस्ट में राजकुमार ठुकराल का नाम भी शामिल |trans-title=Uttarakhand: Several BJP leaders to join Congress, Rajkumar Thukral's name also included in the list |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/uttarakhand-news-several-bjp-leaders-set-join-congress-in-uttarakhand-rajkumar-thukral-name-included-in-list-ann-3107585 |work=[[ABP Live]] |access-date=2026-04-01 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Narayan Pal was born in [[Haldwani|Haldwani city]], [[Nainital district]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now [[Uttarakhand]]) on 15 April 1965 to Brijlal and Anandi Devi. He received a Bachelor of Arts from Kumaon University, Nainital.

==Political career==
Starting at college level politics, he was elected joint secretary of MB PG College Kumaon University, Nainital, in 1984-85 session. He was president of Youth Congress Nainital district from 1990 to 1995. He resigned from Congress in 1995 and joined Samajwadi Party and contest Lok Sabha election against Narayan Dutt Tiwari (Congress Tiwari). 
In 2002{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and 2007 he was elected Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) (Uttarakhand) from Sitarganj (Udham Singh Nagar) constituency.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} He was Leader Vidhan Mandal Dal (BSP) in 2002 and Chairman Assurance Committee, Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly in 2007. He contested Lok Sabha Election from BSP in 2009 as well.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} He was defeated in 2012 by Bharatiya Janata Party candidate [[Kiran Mandal]]. He left the Bahujan Samaj Party and joined Congress. He again left the Congress to join BSP in 2022. He rejoined the Congress in 2026.

==Business==
Narayan Pal is also chairman of Pal College of Technology and Management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palcollege.ac.in/|title=Pal College of Technology and Management - Best College in India, Hotel Management College, Engineering College, Pal College Haldwani|website=Pal College of Technology and Management|language=english|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> and the owner of Pal Group Haldwani, India, which comprises several industries and operates in various sectors, some of which are as follows:
* Pal College of Technology & Management (PCTM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palcollege.ac.in/|title=Pal College of Technology and Management - Best College in India, Hotel Management College, Engineering College, Pal College Haldwani|website=Pal College of Technology and Management|language=english|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>
* Brij Lal Hospital & Research Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brijlalhospital.com/|title=Brij Lal Hospital {{!}} Best Hospital in Haldwani, Uttarakhand|website=Brij Lal Hospital|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>
* Pal College of Nursing & Medical Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palcollegeofnursing.com/|title=Pal College of Nursing, Haldwani|website=www.palcollegeofnursing.com|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Narayan Pal is married to Kamini Pal since 14 January 1994. They have three children. His family currently resides in Haldwani, Nainital.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Narayan}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Kumaun University alumni]]

Bani Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:12Z

Floorsingurgaon: new the post needs work - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bani
| mla = [[Dr Rameshwar Singh (politician)|Dr Rameshwar Singh]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kathua district|Kathua]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
| established = 1996
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 63
}}

'''Bani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region administered as a union territory of [[India]]. Bani is also part of [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Bani Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/bani.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Ghulam Haider Malik || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Prem Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Lal Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Jewan Lal]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Rameshwar Singh (politician)|Dr Rameshwar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bani<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rameshwar Singh (politician)|Dr Rameshwar Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=18,672 |percentage=43.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jewan Lal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,624 |percentage=38.67% |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gouri Shanker |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=4,001 |percentage=9.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ms Kajal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,970 |percentage=4.58% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=628 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=427 |percentage=0.99% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarfraz Safder |party=Independent politician |votes=291 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,048 |percentage=4.76% |change= {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,992 |percentage=74.13% |change= {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,999 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bani<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jewan Lal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,841 |percentage=39.14% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Haider Malik |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,429 |percentage=25.69% |change={{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=5,012 |percentage=15.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Dev Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=2,916 |percentage=8.89% |change={{increase}}7.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajnish Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,379 |percentage=4.20% |change={{decrease}}11.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Salim Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,087 |percentage=3.31% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=302 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq |party=Independent politician |votes=258 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,412 |percentage=13.45% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,808 |percentage=78.99% |change= {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,533 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,041 |percentage=39.57% |change={{increase}}12.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Haider Malik |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,792 |percentage=31.51% |change={{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Sagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,510 |percentage=16.16% |change={{decrease}}26.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Mohammed Afzal |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=880 |percentage=3.15% |change={{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Lone |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=633 |percentage=2.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Singh Thakur |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=523 |percentage=1.87% |change={{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karandev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=356 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anayat Pervaz |party=Independent politician |votes=276 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=238 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,249 |percentage=8.06% |change= {{decrease}}7.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,903 |percentage=76.09% |change= {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,669 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Sagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,395 |percentage=42.68% |change={{increase}}26.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Haider Malik |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,708 |percentage=27.54% |change={{decrease}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,567 |percentage=26.96% |change={{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=286 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=239 |percentage=0.98% |change={{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukh Ram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=161 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,687 |percentage=15.14% |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,356 |percentage=67.63% |change= {{increase}}4.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,015 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Bani<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Haider Malik |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,810 |percentage=34.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Chand |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,446 |percentage=20.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Sagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,832 |percentage=16.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kasturi Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,595 |percentage=15.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,074 |percentage=6.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=506 |percentage=2.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Dass |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=489 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrik Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=334 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,364 |percentage=13.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,086 |percentage=63.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,068 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Kishtwar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.706|75.814|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kathua district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1996]]

Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:49:58Z

Floorsingurgaon: creating some entry basic info

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kachchh {{Small|GJ-1}}
| map_image = કચ્છ – Kachchh.svg
| map_caption =
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Vinodbhai_Chavda.jpg
| established = 1952
| electors = 19,43,136 (2024)<ref name="u140">{{cite web | title=ECI/PN/102/2024 - EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases |date=25 May 2024 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Vinod Lakhamashi Chavda|Vinod Chavda]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]] [[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi]] [[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]] [[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]] [[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]] [[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]] [[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
}}
'''Kachchh''' Lok Sabha constituency (formerly '''Kutch Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]]. Kachchh is the third largest constituency in India, with an area of 45,652 km2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/12espec.htm|title=Smallest constituency is just 10 sq km|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> It is larger than [[Denmark]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven assembly segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|1
|[[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Kutch district|Kachchh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|2
|[[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi]]
|None
|-
|3
|[[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
|None
|-
|4
|[[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
|None
|-
|5
|[[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]]
|SC
|-
|6
|[[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
|None
|-
|65
|[[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
|None
|[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
|-
|}
{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhawanji Arjun Khimji]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Himmatsinhji M. K.]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Tulsidas M. Sheth
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Mahipatrai Mehta
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Anant Dave]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Mahipatrai Mehta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Usha Thakkar]]

|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Babubhai Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Harilal Nanji Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Pushpdan Gadhavi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=8|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Poonamben Veljibhai Jat|Poonamben Jat]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vinod Lakhamashi Chavda|Vinod Chavda]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kachchh]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kachchh">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kachchh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS061.htm |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725174851/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S061.htm |archive-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Vinod Lakhamashi Chavda]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=6,59,574
|percentage=60.23
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Nitishbhai Lalan
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=3,90,792
|percentage=35.68
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 18,742
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =2,68,782
|percentage =24.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,96,006
|percentage =56.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kachchh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Vinod Lakhamashi Chavda]]|votes=6,37,034|percentage=62.26|change={{increase}}2.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Naresh Naranbhai Maheshwari|votes=3,31,521|percentage=32.40|change={{decrease}}0.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=18,761|percentage=1.83|change={{increase}}0.05|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Maheshwari Devjibhai Vachhiyabhai
|votes = 10,098
|percentage = 0.99
|change = {{decrease}}1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakhubhai Vaghela
|votes =7,448
|percentage =0.73
|change = {{decrease}}1.51
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,05,513|percentage=29.86|change={{increase}}3.01}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,24,512|percentage=58.71|change={{decrease}}3.07}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kachchh]]<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Lakhamashi Chavda]]
|votes = 5,62,855
|percentage = 59.40
|change ={{increase}}8.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Dineshbhai Parmar
|votes = 3,08,373
|percentage = 32.55
|change = {{decrease}}5.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kamalbhai Matang
|votes = 21,230
|percentage = 2.24
|change = {{increase}}0.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Hirji Punjabhai Siju
|votes = 21,106
|percentage = 2.23
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Govindbhai Punamchand Danicha
|votes = 15,797
|percentage = 1.67
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 16,879
|percentage = 1.78
|change = ---
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,54,482
|percentage = 26.85
|change = {{increase}}14.21
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,47,525
|percentage = 61.78
|change = {{increase}}17.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="auto"/>

=== General Elections 2009 ===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-11|access-date=2014-06-02}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kachchh District|Kachchh]]<ref name="auto">CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Poonamben Veljibhai Jat]]|votes=2,85,225|percentage=50.58|change={{increase}}2.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Valjibhai Danicha|votes=2,13,921|percentage=37.94|change={{decrease}}3.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Hiraben Vanzara|votes=15,881|percentage=2.82|change=''---''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=71,343|percentage=12.64|change={{increase}}6.32}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,64,008|percentage=42.55|change={{decrease}}3.05}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004 ===
<ref>{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=2014-07-18|access-date=2014-06-02}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Kutch]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pushpdan Gadhavi]]|votes=2,21,057|percentage=48.15|change=''---''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shailendrasinh Jadeja|votes=1,92,067|percentage=41.84|change=''---''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dhanraj Sheda|votes=20,334|percentage=4.42|change=''---''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,990|percentage=6.32|change=''---''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=4,59,043|percentage=45.60|change=''---''}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kachchh District]]
* [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency]], largest by area.
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|23.5|70|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Kutch district]]

Palarivattom Flyover scam

2026-04-19T04:02:58Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{short description|Public sector scam in Kerala}}
The '''Palarivattom Flyover''' was a poorly built infrastructure project at the Pipeline Junction in the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] Bypass in [[Kochi]], Kerala, India. It began construction in 2014 and was shut down in 2019. Five people were bought to trial regarding corruption and misuse of public funds in relation to the project.
[[File:Palarivattom palam.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Palarivattom Flyover before demolition]]

== History ==
Palarivattom flyover is a poorly built infrastructure project at the Pipeline Junction in the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] Bypass in [[Kochi]]. The flyover was later shut down in May 2019, just three years after its commissioning, following the development of cracks on the structure. The cracks on pier caps of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 10th and 12th pillars of the flyover were reported.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, the state government entrusted a specialist team from IIT Madras to study about the structural stability of the flyover.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The state government also appointed [[E. Sreedharan]], the Metro engineer, to investigate the flyover. Both committees reported that the flyover had weak stability. The state of the flyover was so bad that renovation of the structure was insufficient and therefore it had to be demolished and then rebuilt.<ref name=":3" />

The Palarivattom flyover was built during the [[second Oommen Chandy ministry]] (2011–16).<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=Kochi's Palarivattom flyover demolition begins, to be rebuilt in 9 months|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kochi-s-palarivattom-flyover-demolition-begins-be-rebuilt-9-months-134066|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Union Muslim League]] leader [[V. K. Ebrahim Kunju]] was the then PWD minister.<ref name=":6" /> The 750-metre flyover was supposed to last over 100 years.<ref name=":6" /> The total construction cost of the flyover was Rs 47 [[crore]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-17|title=Just 3 years after construction, Rs 47-crore Kochi flyover to be demolished|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/just-3-years-after-construction-rs-47-crore-kochi-flyover-to-be-demolished/story-jE9VgqDKmr2MfmAV6b0E5M.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The cost rises to Rs 79 crore if the cost of land acquisition is included.<ref name=":0" /> Separate probes by the Vigilance and the IIT Madras teams found that the contractor had not used sufficient construction materials in the construction of the flyover. Vigilance officials have hinted at a conspiracy behind the release of mobilisation advance to the contractor by the PWD department.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=Kerala HC asks ED to probe black money allegations against former PWD minister|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-hc-asks-ed-to-probe-black-money-allegations-against-former-pwd-minister-6121092/|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> According to the Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau (VACB), the RBDCK officials released an advance amount of Rs 8.25 crore to the builder in violation of norms. It is alleged that the officials did this per Kunju's recommendation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=Sep 20, 2019|title=Palarivattom flyover graft case: Ebrahim Kunju likely to be arrested soon {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/flyover-ebrahim-kunju-likely-to-be-arrested-soon/articleshow/71209288.cms|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Sep 19, 2019|title=I am no tech expert on flyover: Ebrahim Kunju {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/i-am-no-tech-expert-on-flyover-ebrahim-kunju/articleshow/71192107.cms|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:VK Ebrahim Kunju.jpg|thumb|V. K. Ebrahim Kunju, the former PWD minister]]

The third and the fourth accused in the case, Benny Paul and TO Soorej respectively, are charged for abusing their official positions as public servants and thereby providing advantage to Sumeet Goyal (accused number one) and incurring loss to the state government.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-06|title=Palarivattom flyover scam: Why 4 including a former PWD secy have been remanded|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/palarivattom-flyover-scam-why-4-including-former-pwd-secy-have-been-remanded-108458|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The remand report submitted by the investigation officer on August 30, 2019, also states that ‘there is every reason to believe that all the accused persons gained undue pecuniary advantage in the work of the flyover which is a sub standard one".<ref name=":2" />

The investigating team of Vigilance had also conducted a separate quality check on the construction of the flyover. Tests were conducted to analyse the strength of the concrete at the Kerala Highway Research Institute's laboratory.<ref name=":2" /> It verified that ‘out of the samples taken from six girders of the flyover, only samples of two girders met the required concrete strength. Samples taken from two pier caps and piers also failed to meet the expected concrete strength".<ref name=":2" />

== Timeline ==

* '''2014:''' The flyover construction began under Congress led UDF government in Kerala.<ref name=":2" />
* '''October 16, 2016''': The 640 metre flyover was inaugurated in Kochi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|author=P. S. Gopikrishnan Unnithan |date=September 16, 2019 |title=Kerala's Palarivattom flyover to be rebuilt less than 3 years after its inauguration|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-palarivattom-flyover-rebuilt-less-than-3-years-after-inauguration-1599684-2019-09-16|access-date=2020-10-18|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* '''May 1, 2019:''' The flyover was shut down after major flaws were detected in the structure.<ref name=":0" />
* '''February 5, 2020:''' Kerala Governor Arif Mohammed Khan granted permission to prosecute former PWD minister and Muslim League leader [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|VK Ebrahim Kunju]] MLA in the Palarivattom flyover scam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palarivattom scam: Kerala Governor issues nod to prosecute MLA Ebrahim Kunju|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/feb/05/palarivattom-scam-kerala-governor-issues-nod-to-prosecute-mla-ebrahim-kunju-2099306.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* '''February 29, 2020:''' The vigilance and anti-corruption bureau interrogated V. K. Ebrahim Kunju.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Mar 1, 2020|title=Flyover graft: VACB questions V K Ebrahim Kunju again {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/flyover-graft-vacb-questions-kunju-again/articleshow/74421052.cms|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* '''March 9, 2020:''' The Kerala Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau conducted raids the residence of V K Ebrahim Kunju in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Vigilance and anti-corruption bureau raid Kerala former minister Ibrahim Kunju's house|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/vigilance-and-anti-corruption-bureau-raid-kerala-former-minister-ibrahim-kunjus-house-812149.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
* '''June 2020''': A team from [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) inspected the Palarivattom flyover.<ref name=":0" />
*'''July 2020:''' The [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) submitted a report to the state government recommending urgent action to reinforce the structure, particularly the supporting pillars, to avoid collapse.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jul 15, 2020|title=Palarivattom Flyover News: Palarivattom flyover may collapse anytime; MoRTH {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/palarivattom-flyover-may-collapse-anytime-morth/articleshow/76968447.cms|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*'''September 22, 2020''': The Supreme Court allowed Kerala state to reconstruct the flyover, taking into account the public safety aspect.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Kerala: Major relief for state govt and commuters, SC orders reconstruction of Palarivattom flyover|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/kerala-major-relief-for-state-govt-and-commuters-sc-orders-reconstruction-of-palarivattom-flyover/656286|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> Earlier the Kerala state government had approached the Supreme Court after the High Court ordered a load test to be conducted before the decision to demolish the flyover.<ref name=":12" />
*'''September 28, 2020''': The demolition of the flyover began at 9 am.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Demolition of Palarivattom Flyover to begin on September 28|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/28/demolition-of-palarivattom-flyover-to-begin-on-september-28-2202738.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*'''March 7, 2021''' : The flyover was reopened.<ref name=":15" />

== Investigation and arrests ==
Sumeet Goyal, the first accused and contractor had misappropriated the ‘mobilization advance’ fund amount of Rs 8.25 crore to meet his personal financial crisis. He then later compromised on the quality of the construction of flyover.<ref name=":2" /> MT Thankachan, the second accused and the former assistant general manager (RBDCK) helped the contractor by intentionally selecting his bid even though it lacked sufficient documents to prove criteria of the contractor.<ref name=":2" /> He also did not inform other bidders about the provision of mobilization advance.<ref name=":2" />

Along with RBDCK, which was directly in charge of the project, the project had appointed KITCO as the consultant of the flyover construction.

It was KITCO's responsibility to evaluate the technical report prepared by RBDCK and further prepare a Detailed Project Report of the project.<ref name=":2" /> The technical report prepared by RBDCK lacked certain necessary documents, and the third accused Benny Paul, who is the joint general manager of KITCO, did not reject the project proposal.<ref name=":2" /> Benny Pau had recommended RBDCK for the construction of the flyover. Benny Paul is accused for not properly monitoring the work as well.<ref name=":2" /> Vigilance report also indicates the [[criminal conspiracy]] between Sumeet Goyal, MT Thankachan and Benny Paul.<ref name=":2" />

TO Soorej, the fourth accused in the case, at the time of implementation of the project was holding the office of secretary at [[Kerala Public Works Department|PWD]] and member secretary of Kerala Road Fund Board (KRFB).<ref name=":2" /> Kerala Road Fund Board was the funding agency of this project. As per the agreement of the project, 30 percent of the ‘running bill’ – issued by contractor on completion of part of the work – can be deducted as recovery of mobilization advance given during the beginning of the project.<ref name=":2" /> But as per the [[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala|vigilance]] report, TO Soorej had given a direction to KRFB stating that only 10 percent of running bill needs to be deducted.<ref name=":2" /> This has caused a huge loss to the public exchequer.<ref name=":2" />

Sooraj alleged that it was the then PWD minister [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|V K Ebrahim Kunju]] who ordered to give advance without interest.<ref name=":7" /> On 5 February 2020, Kerala Governor [[Arif Mohammad Khan|Arif Mohammed Khan]] had granted permission to prosecute former PWD minister and Muslim League leader [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|VK Ebrahim Kunju]] MLA in the Palarivattom flyover scam. Further, the vigilance and anti-corruption bureau had interrogated V. K. Ebrahim Kunju and raided his residence.

The vigilance had levelled charges, including corruption, conspiracy and misuse of funds against :<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebrahim Kunju, three others named accused|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/mar/10/ebrahim-kunju-three-others-named-accused-2114661.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

# [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|'''V K Ebrahim Kunju''']], the former minister for Public Works Department ([[Kerala Public Works Department|PWD]])
# '''T O Sooraj''', former secretary, public works
# '''Sumit Goyal''', former managing director of Kerala Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation (KITCO)
# '''P D Thankachan''', general manager, [[Roads and Bridges Development Corporation|Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Limited]] (RBDCK)
# '''Benny Paul''', the joint general manager of KITCO (which provided technical expertise for this project)

The [[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala|vigilance]] has questioned 29 witnesses in the course of the investigation.

Two police officers were suspended by Vigilance Director [[Anil Kant]]h after an investigation found them guilty of trying to sabotage [[Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau, Kerala|Vigilance and Anti Corruption Bureau]] probe into the Palarivattom flyover corruption case involving former PWD Minister [[V. K. Ebrahimkunju|V K Ebrahim Kunju]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Palarivattom flyover scam: Two cops suspended for trying to shield accused|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/mar/13/palarivattom-flyover-scam-two-cops-suspended-for-trying-to-shield-accused-2116039.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tremendous pressure on Vigilance to prevent arrest of Ebrahim Kunju|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/feb/20/tremendous-pressure-on-vigilance-to-prevent-arrest-of-ebrahim-kunju-2105951.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A Ashok Kumar, the former investigating officer of the case and the Vigilance Ernakulam unit [[Deputy superintendent of police|DySP]] along with Fort Police Station [[Station house officer|SHO]] K K Sheri was suspended.<ref name=":4" /> Ashok Kumar was found to be taking soft on Ebrahim Kunju despite having strong evidences against the former minister.<ref name=":4" /> K K Sheri, the SHO had acted as a mediator between the accused minister and the DySP.<ref name=":4" />

== Rebuilding Palarivattom Flyover ==

* Kerala chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan announced the rebuilding of Palarivattom Flyover under the supervision of ‘Metro Man’ and the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) Principal Advisor [[E. Sreedharan|E Sreedharan]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-23|title=New flyover at Palarivattom: CM|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/new-flyover-at-palarivattom-cm/article32679110.ece|access-date=2020-10-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Construction of new flyover at Palarivattom in Kochi to commence soon: Kerala CM|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/construction-of-new-flyover-at-palarivattom-in-kochi-to-commence-soon-kerala-cm/1941712|access-date=2020-10-19|website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref> The reconstruction work will be undertaken by [[Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society|Uralungal Labour Contract Cooperative Society]] (ULCCS) Ltd.<ref name=":13" />
* On September 28, 2020, the first phase of flyover demolition was initiated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palarivattom flyover demolition from Monday|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/palarivattom-flyover-demolition-from-monday-1.5084622|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-28|title=DMRC begins work to reconstruct Palarivattom flyover|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/dmrc-begins-work-to-reconstruct-palarivattom-flyover/article32716742.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The rubble and other materials of the demolished bridge was transported to Chellanam.<ref name=":5" /> The material was used for preventing sea erosion at the shore.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=John L.|date=2020-09-28|title=Palarivattom flyover reconstruction work begins|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/palarivattom-flyover-reconstruction-work-begins/article32713953.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On October 2, 2020, the second phase of flyover demolition was initiated.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Second phase of Palarivattom flyover demolition gets under way|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/oct/02/second-phase-of-palarivattomflyover-demolition-gets-under-way-2204638.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It included the cutting of concrete slabs from the spans.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-02|title=Dismantling of Palarivattom flyover deck begins|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/dismantling-of-palarivattom-flyover-deck-begins/article32748386.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* In an order issued on October 7, 2020, the state government directed the [[Roads and Bridges Development Corporation|Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Limited]] (RBDCK) to take necessary steps to recover the cost of reconstruction from the original contractor.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Palarivattom flyover: Govt initiates reconstruction cost recovery process|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/oct/13/palarivattom-flyover-govt-initiates-reconstruction-cost-recovery-process-2209449.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Subsequently, the RBDCK decided to recover cost of Palarivattom flyover reconstruction from RDS Projects.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-25|title=RBDCK to recover cost of Palarivattom flyover reconstruction from RDS Projects|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/rbdck-to-recover-cost-of-palarivattom-flyover-reconstruction-from-rds-projects/article32689780.ece|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* The demolition and reconstruction work of the bridge is estimated to cost Rs 18.71 crore.<ref name=":5" />
* [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] said that they are not seeking any government funding for the work as they will be using the fund available with DMRC from earlier contracts.<ref name=":9" />
*The four-lane Palarivattom flyover was rebuilt in a record time of five months and 10 days.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-08|title=Palarivattom flyover reopened for traffic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/palarivattom-flyover-reopened-for-traffic/article34014849.ece|access-date=2021-04-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It had no official inauguration, as the model code of conduct for 2021 Kerala Assembly Election was in vogue.<ref name=":14" /> The Public works Department's (PWD) National Highways division chief engineer opened the flyover on March 7, 2021, at 4 pm.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Kerala: Palarivattom flyover reopened for traffic|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/07/kerala-palarivattom-flyover-reopened-for-traffic.html|access-date=2021-04-12|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> The Kerala state PWD Minister [[G. Sudhakaran]] was also present at the time of re-opening.<ref name=":15" />

== Comparison with ''Panchavadi Palam'' ==
On September 28, 1984, a movie titled ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' was a major hit in Kerala. Filmmaker [[K. G. George|K G George]], made this political satire, one of the best in Malayalam cinema, on a theme that involves the destruction of a bridge, shortly after its inauguration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-10|title='Panchavadi Palam': KG George's political satire that never gets old|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/panchavadi-palam-kg-george-s-political-satire-never-gets-old-135029|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> As a metaphor for endemic corruption, the collapse of Palarivattom flyover invited close comparisons with ''Panchavadi Palam'' in Kerala's [[public sphere]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=A 'Panchavadipalam' connect to Palarivattom|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/29/a-panchavadipalam-connect-to-palarivattom-2203263.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Ironically, the demolition of Palarivattom flyover also happened 36 years after the film release, but on another September 28.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=പാലാരിവട്ടത്തെ 'പഞ്ചവടിപ്പാലം' പൊളിക്കുന്നു; സിനിമയിറങ്ങിയിട്ട് ഇന്ന് 36 വര്‍ഷം തികയുന്നു|url=https://malayalam.asiavillenews.com/article/palarivattom-bridge-and-panchavadipalam-60052|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Asiaville|language=ml}}</ref>

In a serious remark, the [[Kerala High Court]] referred the badly constructed Palarivattom flyover to popular Malayalam film "Panchavadi Palam". The film appears to have turned true in the case of the Palarivattom flyover, the court observed, indicating the deal among politicians, bureaucracy and contractor.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-19 |title=Kerala HC compares Palarivattom flyover to film 'Panchavadi Palam', seeks report |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-hc-compares-palarivattom-flyover-film-panchavadi-palam-seeks-report-109134 |access-date=2020-10-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Corruption in Kerala]]

Mokama Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:37Z

Floorsingurgaon: added new data

{{Short description|Legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Mokama Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 178-Mokama constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|178]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 286,050
|abolished = 
}}
'''Mokama''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Will-this-election-end-the-rule-of-bahubalis-in-Mokama/articleshow/48861781.cms|title=Will this election end the rule of ‘bahubalis’ in Mokama?}}</ref> It is a part of [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/502722/don-anant-singh-still-favourite.html|title=Don Anant Singh is still a favourite}}</ref> Mokama is in the 14 assembly segments which fall under [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/14-segments-in-Patna-dist-this-time/articleshow/6684796.cms|title=14 segments in Patna dist this time}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 36
| value2 = 21
| value3 = 11
| value4 = 11
| value5 = 16
| value6 = 5
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (7 times)
| label2 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JDU''']] (4 times)
| label3 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (2 times)
| label4 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''']] (2 times)
| label5 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']] (3 times)
| label6 = [[Republican Party of India|'''RPI''']] (1 time)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color3 = {{party color|Janata Dal}}
| color4 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| color5 = {{party color|Independent}}
| color6 = {{party color|Republican Party of India}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama Assembly]]
}}

==Overview==
Mokama comprises CD Blocks Ghoswari & Mokama; Gram Panchayats Raili, Lemuabad, West Pandarak, East Pandarak, Kondi, Dhobhawan, Khushhal Chak, Chak Jalal, Ajgara Bakawan, Darwe Bhadaur & Baruane Bathoi of Pandarak CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>This Constituency Highly dominated by Bhumihars. It is dominated by [[Anant Kumar Singh|Anant Singh]], a bahubali, who won most recently in 2025 from Jail while accused in a murder case.<ref name="Bihar election results 2025: JD(U)’s Anant Kumar Singh, arrested in murder case, wins Mokama">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 November 2025 |title=Bihar election results 2025: JD(U)’s Anant Kumar Singh, arrested in murder case, wins Mokama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/bihar-election-results-2025-nda-candidate-anant-kumar-singh-winning-in-mokama-from-jail/article70279252.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114113851/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/bihar-election-results-2025-nda-candidate-anant-kumar-singh-winning-in-mokama-from-jail/article70279252.ece |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" | Jagdish Narayan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Saryoo Nandan Prasad Singh
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Bishun Dhari Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Kameshwar Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Krishna Sahi|Krishna Shahi]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shyam Sunder Singh Dheeraj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dilip Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| [[Surajbhan Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| {{Full party name with color | Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2022^
| [[Nilam Devi]]
|-
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|}
^by-election

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: [[Mokama]]<ref name="Bihar election results 2025: JD(U)’s Anant Kumar Singh, arrested in murder case, wins Mokama"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anant Kumar Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:91416}}
|percentage = 49.44
|change = +20.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Veena Devi (born 1976)|Veena Devi]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:63210}}
|percentage = 34.18
|change = -18.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Priyadarshi Piyush
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:19365}}
|percentage = 10.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Rajesh Kumar Ratnakar
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2100}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4609}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28206}}
|percentage = 15.26
|change = -8.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184921}}
|percentage = 64.65
|change = +10.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022 bypoll===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022_elections_in_India#Bihar|Bihar Assembly by election, 2022]]: Mokama<ref name="election2022">{{cite news |title=Upcoming Assembly by-polls first battle between GA, BJP in Bihar since change of govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/upcoming-assembly-by-polls-first-battle-between-ga-bjp-in-bihar-since-change-of-govt-101664641551891.html |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Nilam Devi]]
|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes=79,744|percentage=53.44
|change=+0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Sonam Devi
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=63,003
|percentage=42.22
|change=New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]] |party=None of the above |votes=2,470|percentage=1.66|change=-1.39}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,741
|percentage = 11.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,321
|percentage = 53.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mokama]]<ref name="election2020">[https://results.eci.gov.in/ACTRENDS2020/ConstituencywiseS04178.htm?ac=178 Bihar Assembly Election 2020]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anant Kumar Singh]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:78721}}
|percentage = 52.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajeev Lochan Narayan Singh
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:42964}}
|percentage = 28.92
|change = +4.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Suresh Singh Nishad
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13331}}
|percentage = 8.97
|change = -1.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Dilraj Raushan
|votes = {{formatnum:4007}}
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Dharambir Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1723}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4534}}
|percentage = 3.05
|change = +0.84
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35757}}
|percentage = 24.07
|change = +11.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148555}}
|percentage = 54.01
|change = -2.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mokama]]<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anant Kumar Singh]]
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:54005}}
|percentage = 37.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Neeraj Kumar
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:35657}}
|percentage = 24.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Lalan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:16655}}
|percentage = 11.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kanhaiya Singh
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:15472}}
|percentage = 10.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Deo Narayan Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3212}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Raju Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2793}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Ratnakar
|votes = {{formatnum:2738}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anjani Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:1942}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Lokmat Rashtrwadi Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1582}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bijendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1555}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumar Navneet Himanshu
|votes = {{formatnum:1525}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3194}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18348}}
|percentage = 12.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144587}}
|percentage = 56.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
| Independent
|loser = JD(U)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election]]: [[Mokama]]<ref name="election2010">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Old-new-Nitish-men-fight-from-Mokama/articleshow/49392210.cms Bihar Assembly Election 2010]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Anant Kumar Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 51,564
|percentage = 44.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sonam Devi
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 42,610
|percentage = 36.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Alamnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:45Z

Floorsingurgaon: new a details v1

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alamnagar Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 70-Alamnagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|13. Madhepura]]
| constituency_no = [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar|70]]
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 
}}
'''Alamnagar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Madhepura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 70 Alamnagar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Alamnagar block|Alamnagar]], [[Puraini block|Puraini]] and [[Chousa block|Chausa]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Rahta Phanhan, Nayanagar, Sahjadpur, Lashkari, Manjora, Jotaili, Khara, Budhma and Gopalpur of [[Udakishunganj block|Udakishunganj CD Block]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Alamnagar Assembly constituency is part of No. 13 [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Tanuk Lal Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|
|
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Yadunandan Jha
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vidyakar Kavi]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4" |Birendra Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS0470.htm
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Alamnagar<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:138401}}
|percentage = 53.98
|change = {{increase}}5.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nabin Nishad
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:82936}}
|percentage = 32.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subodh Kumar Suman
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:8934}}
|percentage = 3.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rubi Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:4695}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikram Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3178}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binod Ashish
|votes = {{formatnum:2707}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The National Road Map Party of India
|candidate = Akhatar Mansuri
|votes = {{formatnum:2576}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7959}}
|percentage = 3.1
|change = {{increase}}0.94
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:55465}}
|percentage = 21.63
|change = {{increase}}8.15
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:256381}}
|percentage = 71.16
|change = {{increase}}9.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Alamnagar]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102517}}
|percentage = 48.17
|change = +2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Naveen Nishad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73837}}
|percentage = 34.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sunila Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:9287}}
|percentage = 4.36
|change = -18.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sarveshwar Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:8466}}
|percentage = 3.98
|change = +1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Md. Iftekhar Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:4596}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Jago Janta Party
|candidate = Sudhanshu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3054}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Rajnandan Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:2254}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4595}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change = -0.77
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28680}}
|percentage = 13.48
|change = -9.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:212829}}
|percentage = 61.76
|change = +0.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Alamnagar<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Narendra Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:87962}}
|percentage = 45.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Chandan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:44086}}
|percentage = 22.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shashi Bhushan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:18919}}
|percentage = 9.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Nirmal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:7375}}
|percentage = 3.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Jai Prakash Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5333}}
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamdeo Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4905}}
|percentage = 2.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramdev Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3812}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prashant Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:3170}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Banarsi Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:2183}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Kumar Radhe Radhe
|votes = {{formatnum:2000}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:1829}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravindra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1764}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5638}}
|percentage = 2.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43876}}
|percentage = 22.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:192299}}
|percentage = 61.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|25|32|56|N|86|54|40|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Moatoshi Longkumer

2026-04-08T01:42:02Z

Floorsingurgaon: added new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Moatoshi Longkmer
| image =
| caption =
| office = Advisor
| suboffice = Labour & Employment, Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and Excise.
| subterm = 07 March 2023 – Incumbent
| term_start =
| occupation = Politician
| other_party = [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
| party = [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
}}

'''Moatoshi Longkmer''' is an Indian politician and has been a Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dimapur II Assembly constituency|Dimapur II constituency]] since 2018. He is the Advisor for Labour & Employment, Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and Excise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-06-20 |title=Advisor Moatoshi Longkumer says Nagaland behind in industrial development, manufacturing units, production & employment generating opportunities areas |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/advisor-moatoshi-longkumer-says-nagaland-behind-in-industrial-development-manufacturing-units-production-employment-generating-opportunities-areas/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> He was a member of [[Naga People's Front]] and later joined the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=NDPP Dimapur Felicitates Legislators Longkumer, Zhimomi - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/ndpp-dimapur-felicitates-legislators-longkumer-zhimomi/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, he rejoined the [[Naga People's Front]] after it merged with NDPP.

== Electoral history ==
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] : Dimapur II<ref name=election2023>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Moatoshi Longkumer|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=23,856|percentage=53.19%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|candidate=Y. Vikheho Awomi|votes=18,709|percentage=41.71%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. Amento Chishi|votes=1,784|percentage=3.98%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=Nota|votes=505|percentage=1.13%|change=-0.25%|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=5,147|percentage=11.48%|change=-6.46%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=44,854|percentage=76.51%|change=2.36%}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=58,627|change=12.36%}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|loser=Naga People's Front|swing=-3.53%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] : Dimapur II<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Moatoshi Longkumer|party=Naga People's Front|votes=21,942|percentage=56.72%|change=28.22%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|candidate=Supulebten|votes=15,003|percentage=38.78%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Dr. S. Amos Lkr|votes=1,211|percentage=3.13%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=531|percentage=1.37%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=6,939|percentage=17.94%|change=13.61%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=38,687|percentage=74.14%|change=-6.12%}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=52,179|change=12.17%}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Naga People's Front|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=18.81%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] : Alongtaki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Benjongliba Aier|party=Naga People's Front|votes=7,087|percentage=55.13%|change=-4.67%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Moatoshi Longkumer|votes=5,596|percentage=43.53%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Imlitemsu|votes=172|percentage=1.34%|change=-34.07%|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=1,491|percentage=11.60%|change=-12.80%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,855|percentage=92.98%|change=8.75%}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=13,825|change=-26.86%}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Naga People's Front|loser=Naga People's Front|swing=-4.67%}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longkumer, Moatoshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:People from Dimapur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Deyyam (1996 film)

2026-04-01T09:40:08Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{short description|1996 Telugu horror film directed by Ram Gopal Varma}}
{{About|the 1996 film|the 2021 film|Deyyam (2021 film)}}
{{One source|date=October 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Deyyam
| image = Deyyammovietitle.jpg
| caption = Deyyam Movie Title
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| producer = Ram Gopal Varma
| writer = Ram Gopal Varma
| narrator = Ganapathi Rao Kommanapalli (Dialogues)
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Maheswari]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Ajinkya Deo]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Viswanatha Satyanarayana '''Background Score:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Bhanodaya
| studio =
| distributor = Varma Corporation
| released = {{Film date|1996|06|21|df=yes}}
| runtime = 96 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''Deyyam''''' ({{langx|en|Ghost}}) is a 1996 Telugu [[horror film]] written, produced, and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film stars [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Maheswari]], [[Jayasudha]], and [[Ajinkya Deo]]. The film released on 21 June 1996. It is based on the Hollywood film ''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugurush.com/en/best-telugu-horror-movies/|title = Best Telugu Horror Movies - Telugu Rush| date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Late at night, a man returns home. He passes by a graveyard and tries to interact with a ghost that he has mistaken for a woman and follows her. The ghost ambushes and kills him.

The story then moves to a happy couple Murali and Sindhu, who live with their three-year-old son Chinni and Sindhu's sister Mahi. They plan to buy a strange new farmhouse, which is near the same graveyard shown during the beginning of the movie. Mahi is in love with her boyfriend Narsing, and they often hang out together. Problems start to rise when Chinni starts making imaginary friends in their new home. It is later revealed that his "imaginary friends" are ghosts. A sequence of events happen proving the presence of ghosts in the house. Things grow worse when Chinni becomes prey to the ghosts and is killed under mysterious circumstances. Sindhu sees Chinni's ghost and feels that he is still alive. Sindhu gets mentally upset and starts to look for Chinni everywhere around the house.

Meanwhile, Narsing, once while waiting for Mahi near their house by the graveyard one night, comes across the same ghost (seen during the beginning of the movie) and mistakes it for Mahi, and the ghost tries to attack him. He somehow escapes from there. Later, after inquiring with his friends, they tell him that a builder built the farm house on top of a graveyard and there are a lot of rumors in circulation that the place has a demonic presence. Narsing understands that Mahi's family is in serious trouble. He warns Mahi to move away from that house immediately, repeatedly. But Mahi, raised as an atheist, does not pay heed to his words. The ghosts continue to haunt and kill the family members one after the other. The story comes to the climax, where it is revealed that the entire area around the farmhouse is infested with ghosts. The undead rise from their graves, and it boils down to Mahi and Narsing remaining (everyone including Mahi's family joins the undead). They manage to flee from the farmhouse and return to Narsing's house. To their horror, they find the ghosts of Mahi's family and other known people around the farmhouse waiting for them. The final scene shows that they are cornered by the ghosts and surrounded. The film concluded with an uncertain ending as to whether they escape and survive or not.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Narsing, Mahi's boyfriend
* [[Maheswari]] as Mahi, Sindhu's younger sister
* [[Jayasudha]] as Sindhumathi "Sindhu"
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as Murali, Sindhu's husband
* ''Master'' Ravichandra Padmala as Chinni, Sindhu's son
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Psychologist
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Madman
* [[Ramjagan]] as the man who was killed by the ghost
* [[Ahuti Prasad]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
*[[Ananth|Ananth Babu]]
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]]
}}

==Track listing==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"

|-
! No.
! Title
! Singer
! Length
! Lyricist
|-
| 1|| "Alli Billi Kurra Cheera" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 05:59 || |
|-
| 2|| "Deyyam Pilupu" || Instrumental || 06:00 || |
|-
| 3|| "Ee Kulasaala Gulabi" || Mano || 04:44 || |
|-
| 4|| "Hello Hello O Missu" || Mano || 04:27 || |
|-
| 5|| "O Jaabili" || [[K. S. Chithra]]|| 05:33 || |
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote that "They are very few good horror movies in Telugu. Ram Gopal Varma's -Deyyam is one such movie".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/deyyam.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980213002312/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/deyyam.htm | archive-date=13 February 1998 | title=Reviews }}</ref> Though the movie didn't fare well at box office, over period it has attained [[cult status]].
== See also ==
* ''[[Deyyam (2021 film)|Deyyam]]'', a 2021 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[Horror film|horror film]], also directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0266464}}
{{Ram Gopal Varma}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:1996 horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:1996 Telugu-language films]]

Antha (film)

2026-03-30T15:48:21Z

Floorsingurgaon: new some entry more to come

{{short description|1981 film by Rajendra Singh Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Antha
| image = Antha film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| producer = H. N. Maruthi Venugopal
| screenplay = H. V. Subba Rao Rajendra Singh Babu
| based_on = {{based on|''Antha''|H. K. Anantha Rao}}
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = K. Balu
| studio = Parimala Arts
| distributor = Amee Films
| released = {{Film date|1981||df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Antha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅಂತ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The End}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]], based on H. K. Ananth Rao's serialised story of the same name published for the weekly magazine ''[[Sudha (magazine)|Sudha]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |pages=67 |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023095956/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Ambareesh]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], while [[Shakti Prasad]], Lakshman, [[Vajramuni]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] appear in supporting roles. The plot revolves around an honest police officer (Ambareesh) who goes on to impersonate his lookalike, a dreaded criminal, to expose the nexus between the [[Organised crime in India|underworld]] and the establishment.

The film was released after a lengthy battle of the makers with the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] over a few scenes in the film that allegedly glorified violence. It culminated with the director and producer meeting then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], a parliamentary debate over the film's release and a subsequent judicial verdict in their favour. The film was met with commercial success. While it is seen as a landmark in Kannada cinema, Ambareesh's performance further strengthened his image as a 'rebel star', known for playing anti-establishment roles. At the 1981–82 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], the film received three awards: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Babu), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] (P. S. Prakash) and [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] (Ambareesh).<ref name="scissors">{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=30 May 2019 |title=Under the censor's scissors |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/under-the-censors-scissors/article27328417.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210526105841/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/under-the-censors-scissors/article27328417.ece |archive-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>

It was remade in Telugu as ''Antham Kadidi Aarambam'' (1981), in Tamil as ''[[Thyagi]]'' (1982) and in Hindi as ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=7 April 2020 |title=Filmfare recommends: Top films of Jeetendra where he played a double role |url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701140944/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-films-of-jeetendra-where-he-played-a-double-role-40040.html |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sushil Kumar is an honest [[Police Inspector|Inspector]], who leads a happy life with his wife Sunitha and his mother. Kanwar Lal, a cold-blooded gangster, who is a [[doppelganger]] of Sushil is in prison under [[life imprisonment]], as he is the head of a crime syndicate. He controls dangerous gangsters headed by his partners Beg, Mekjee Topiwala and Ajab Singh, who are involved in [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit]] and [[human trafficking]]. The [[Central Bureau|CBI]] Chief Shankar hatches a plan to send Sushil in the place of Kanwar to catch Kanwar's partners, who have high-level influence in the society. Sushil takes up the job by informing his family that he is headed for [[Officer on Special Duty|special duty]]. Sushil masquerades as Kanwar and creates an impression that Kanwar has escaped from prison and succeeds in joining the syndicate where he starts collecting intel about the gang's illegal activities.

When Sushil's mother dies of stroke, he is not in the position to attend his mother's funeral. While being with Kanwar's partners, Sushil confronts his lost-sister Shobha, whose circumstances have forced her to perform a [[Cabaret (musical)|cabaret number]]. Both are unable to bear the pain and Shobha commits suicide. Sushil was unable to acknowledge his sister, fearing for his identity and purpose. Sushil succeeds in his mission of collecting information about the illegal activities of the gang, including the higher officials of the [[Indian Government|government]] with evidence, but the partners capture him, after learning his identity. Sushil manages to safeguard the collected evidence. They keep him in their custody and torture him. They kidnap Sunitha, who is carrying Sushil's child and kill her in Sushil's presence. Sushil escapes and reaches the higher officials with evidence, but learns that they are helpless in arresting them. Sushil takes law into his own hands and kills Kanwar's partners. He then surrenders himself to the [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]] with evidence.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ambareesh]] as Sushil Kumar / Kanwar Lal
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Sunitha, Sushil's wife
* [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] as Rajni
* [[Jayamala (actress)|Jayamala]] as Shobha, Sushil's sister
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Sushil's Mother
* Vathsala
* Sindhu (credited as Baby Sindhu)
* [[Vajramuni]] as Ajab Singh
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Mekjee Topiwala
* [[Shaktiprasad]] as [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] Chief Shankar
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as Beg
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]]
* [[Musuri Krishnamurthy]] as "Halkat" Lala
* Y. R. Ashwath Narayan
* [[M. S. Umesh]] as Prison Warden
* Lakshman as Kulwant
* Sharapanjara Iyengar
* Tomato Somu
* Tiptur Siddharamayya
}}

== Production ==
''Antha'' was based on the novel of same name by H. K. Anantha Rao which was serialised in Kannada weekly magazine which caught Babu's attention and decided to adapt it.<ref name=an>{{cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=Rajendra Singh Babu: I gave Kannada many firsts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606092422/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rajendra-singh-babu-i-gave-kannada-many-firsts-859608.html |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Singh Babu revealed even Dr. Rajkumar expressed interest in acting in this film but Babu felt the role will not suit him as the role "wanted somebody who didn't have stardom".<ref name=an /> After plans of casting [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Rajinikanth]]<ref name=an /> and [[Shankar Nag]] in the lead role were dropped or failed, Ambareesh, who had until then mostly played supporting roles, was cast.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHAupuFL_Ec |title=ಅಂತ ಸಿನಿಮಾವನ್ನು ಶಂಕರ್ ನಾಗ್ ಮಾಡಲ್ಲ ಅಂದಿದ್ದ್ಯಾಕೆ? ಅಂಬರೀಷ್ ಆ ಜಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದಿದ್ಹೇಗೆ? |date=2 July 2020 |language=Kannada |publisher=Kannada Maanikya |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920110049/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHAupuFL_Ec |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]], [[R. N. Jayagopal]] and [[Geethapriya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/antha/gDrieJ9AsQM_|title=Antha|access-date=8 June 2024|work=JioSaavn|date=8 April 1981 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Baaramma Illi Baaramma"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 2
| "Deepaveke Beku"
| S. Janaki
|-
| 3
| "Naanu Yaaru Yaava Ooru"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| 4
| "Premavide"
| S. Janaki
|-
| 5
| "Ninna Aata"
| S. Janaki
|}

== Controversy ==
When the film was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] for certification, they denied giving any certificate. The Board advised deleting the torture scene of Ambareesh. But director [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] stated that it is necessary to the story. Then the Board delayed giving a certificate for the film. The film also involved in controversy for its depiction of politicians. Ultimately the censor passed the film with an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] sans any cuts or muted dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 1981 |title=Kannada film Antha draws flak for gory violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19810615-kannada-film-antha-draws-flak-for-gory-violence-772981-2013-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915082321/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19810615-kannada-film-antha-draws-flak-for-gory-violence-772981-2013-11-20 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019 |url-status=live |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
At the 1981–82 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]], the film received three awards: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Babu), [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] (P. S. Prakash) and [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] (Ambareesh).<ref name="scissors" />

== Sequels and remakes ==
The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Thyagi]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pratap |first=Anita |date=23-29 May 1982 |title=Producers protest against unjustified censorship |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20974/page/n399 |magazine=Sunday |volume=9 |issue=49}}</ref> in Telugu as ''Antham Kadidi Aarambam'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2019 |title=Ambareesh's Antha to be re-released |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/07/ambareeshs-antha-to-be-re-released-1935604.html |url-status=dead |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213090858/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/07/ambareeshs-antha-to-be-re-released-1935604.html |archive-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> and Rajendra Singh Babu directed the Hindi remake ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Chander Uday |date=31 January 1981 |title=Routine fare |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19820131-film-review-meri-aawaz-suno-starring-jeetendra-hema-malini-parveen-babi-772563-2013-10-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917051313/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19820131-film-review-meri-aawaz-suno-starring-jeetendra-hema-malini-parveen-babi-772563-2013-10-21 |archive-date=17 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="antha">{{Cite news |title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27974710.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601060504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27974710.cms |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sudeep]] announced in 2010 that he would direct the remake of the film with himself in the lead role. However, the project got shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=Is Kanwarlal title a jinx to producers? |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/11871-is-kanwarlal-title-a-jinx-to-producers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051240/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/11871-is-kanwarlal-title-a-jinx-to-producers.html |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=Chitraloka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2010 |title=Assembling the mighty |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Assembling-the-mighty/articleshow/21908759.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064841/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Assembling-the-mighty/articleshow/21908759.cms |archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] made a sequel for the film called ''[[Operation Antha]]'' (1995), with Ambareesh reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=20 September 2013 |title=Tale with a twist |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tale-with-a-twist/article5147228.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505200110/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tale-with-a-twist/article5147228.ece |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film became a breakthrough in the career of Ambareesh, who went on to become one of the top actors in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]]. The dialogue from the film "Kutte, Kanwar Nahi Kanwarlal Bolo" ({{translation|Hey dog, don't call me Kanwar, call me Kanwarlal.}}) became a famous catchphrase.<ref name="Ambi">{{Cite news |title=Ambareesh's top five films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/ambareeshs-top-five-films/photostory/30990428.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601060553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/ambareeshs-top-five-films/photostory/30990428.cms |archive-date=1 June 2021 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name = antha /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' included the film in their list "Top 5 films of Ambareesh".<ref name = Ambi /> Ambareesh reprised the character of Kanwarlal in ''[[Thipparalli Tharlegalu]]'' (2010) also directed by Rajendra Singh Babu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2008 |title=Kanwarlal grooves on screen again |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kanwarlal-grooves-on-screen-again/articleshow/2961725.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601060528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kanwarlal-grooves-on-screen-again/articleshow/2961725.cms |archive-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> [[Jeetendra]] who acted in the Hindi remake ''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]'' (1981) later went on to work in a gangster flick named after his role in this movie - ''[[Kanwarlal]]'' (1988) which incidentally was a remake of Malayalam movie ''[[Rajavinte Makan]]'' (1986).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1980s political thriller films]]
[[Category:1981 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Mane villages, Spiti

2026-03-25T18:07:56Z

Floorsingurgaon: added new location

{{Short description|Twin villages in Spiti valley, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mane villages, Spiti
| native_name Ringzin sonam
=
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mane Kogma & Mane Yogma
| nickname =
| settlement_type = twin villages
| image_skyline = File:Mane Kogma Yogma Gorge Seabuckthorn Fields Spiti Jun18 DSC05502.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mane Gogma (left) & Mane Yogma (right), ca. Jun '18
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.9591|N|78.03254|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat, Dankhar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.776
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 440
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 172113
| registration_plate =
| website = https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Mane Kogma Spiti Himachal Jun18 DSC05525.jpg|thumb|left|Mane Kogma, ca. Jun '18]]
[[File:Mane Yogma Fields Spiti Himachal Jun18 DSC05519.jpg|thumb|left|Mane Yogma, ca. Jun '18]]
[[File:BSNL Tower Mane Yogma NH505 Spiti Jun18 DSC05334.jpg|thumb|left|Steep, barren slope from Spiti river to Mane]]
'''Mane Kogma and Mane Yogma''' (also known as '''Mane Gogma/Gongma''', '''Mane Yongma''') are two small villages on opposite banks of a [[nullah]] in the cold desert region of [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The villages, at an altitude of {{Convert|3650|m|ft|abbr=on}}, are located on a small plateau about {{cvt|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the right bank of the Spiti River. Due to the lush green fields visible only after climbing the barren slope, the villages are referred to as the "hidden treasure".

Mane is the base for trekking and [[mountaineering]] in the towering [[Manirang|Manirang range]] that runs between Spiti and [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]. Mane Yogma is the last village in Spiti on the trail over the Manirang Pass to Kinnaur.

== History ==
As far back as 1994 when Indian mountaineer [[Harish Kapadia]] and his team passed through on an ascent of Manirang peak, they found the twin villages of Mane Kogma and Mane Yogma.<ref name="Kapadia99">{{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=H. |title=Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=1999 |isbn=81-7387-093-4 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Reportedly, at some time prior, there was one Mane village. It was said to have been destroyed in a flash flood. The village was rebuilt in two sections: Mane Kogma or lower village on the left bank of the [[nullah]], and Mane Yogma or upper village on the right bank.<ref name="DoW">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Shefali |date=27 Jun 2022 |title=Mane Villages in Spiti Valley Offbeat Places [Maneyogma – Manegogma] |url=https://devilonwheels.com/mane-village-spiti-the-most-complete-guide/ |access-date=20 Aug 2022 |website=Devil on Wheels}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Waterfall Dam Canal Mane Spiti Jun18 D72 6969.jpg|thumb|Waterfall and irrigation canal]]
[[File:Bridge Mane Spiti Himachal India Jun18 D72 6955.jpg|thumb|Bridge connecting the two villages]]
[[File:Woman Baby Mane Spiti Jun18 DSC05475.jpg|thumb|Woman and child]]
The two Mane villages are located at an altitude of {{cvt|3,560|m|ft|abbr=on}} on a small plateau about {{cvt|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the right bank of the [[Spiti|Spiti River]]. While the road up from Spiti traverses a barren rock-strewn slope devoid of vegetation, on reaching the plateau, the traveler is greeted by the sight of lush green fields irrigated by a [[nullah]]. The first or lower village on the road from the Spiti valley is Mane Kogma on the left bank of the [[nullah]]. The second or upper village at the end of the road is Mane Yogma on the right bank of the nullah. The straight line distance between the two villages is {{cvt|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} while the road winds along the contours over a distance of {{cvt|3.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} crossing the nullah via a steel girder bridge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mane Kogma - Mane Yogma route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=32.0336%2C78.2395%3B32.0273%2C78.2457#map=14/32.0357/78.2396&layers=C|access-date=20 Aug 2022|website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref>

Himachal is prone to landslides due to the geologically young mountain slopes with loose sedimentary strata. This is compounded by human activity such as terracing and construction of roads and buildings. Residents report that agricultural land is subsiding and some buildings in Mane Yogma near the nullah are developing cracks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=14 Aug 2017 |title=Himachal: Landslides are unsettling tiny villages |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-landslide-landslides-are-unsettling-tiny-villages/articleshow/60052474.cms |access-date=21 Aug 2022}}</ref>

Mane Kogma is {{Convert|33|km|mi|abbr=}} from [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza, Spiti]]. This is the route on [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH-505]] from [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].<ref name="OSM_Kaza">{{Cite web|title=Kaza-Mane Yogma Route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=32.2244%2C78.0723%3B32.0273%2C78.2457#map=11/32.1230/78.1591&layers=C|access-date=20 Aug 2022|website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> From [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]], en route on [[National Highway 505 (India)|NH-505]] from [[Shimla]], the distance is {{Convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Tabo_Kaza">{{Cite web|title=Tabo-Mane Yogma Route|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=32.0940%2C78.3837%3B32.0273%2C78.2457#map=12/32.0589/78.3080&layers=C|access-date=20 Aug 2022|website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> The villages cover an area of {{Convert|77.6|ha|acre}}.<ref name=census2011/>{{rp|page=272}}

Beyond the plateau, the terrain rises steeply to the Manirang range separating Spiti from Kinnaur with peaks between {{cvt|5,400-6,500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Southwest of Mane is the {{cvt|6,593|m|ft|abbr=on}} Manirang peak, one of the highest peaks in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Mane Yogma is the last village in Spiti on the trail to Kinnaur over the {{cvt|5,550|m|ft|abbr=on}} Manirang Pass. In Spiti, the pass is named Ropak La, after the first village on the Kinnaur side. In Kinnaur, the name is Manirang after the first village on the Spiti side.<ref name="Kapadia99"/>

==Demographics and amenities==
Mane consists of two adjacent villages, Mane Kogma and Mane Yogma with a total area of {{Convert|776|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. Information on Mane from the Census of India 2011 is given in the table.<ref name=census2011>{{Cite book|title=Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook: Lahul & Spiti: Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh|year=2011|volume=Series-03, Part XII-A}}</ref>{{rp|pages=272,306–308,313}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; padding-right: 2em;"
|+ Census 2011 data on Mane Kogma and Mane Yogma
! Measure !! Mane Kogma !! Mane Yogma !! Total
|-
|style="text-align:left; padding-right: 2em;"| Area (ha) || 226.7 || 514.3 || 776.0
|-
|style="text-align:left; padding-right: 2em;"| Population || 257 || 183 || 440
|-
|style="text-align:left; padding-right: 2em;"| [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] || <5% || Nil ||
|-
|style="text-align:left; padding-right: 2em;"| [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]|| >75% || >75%||
|-
|style="text-align:left; padding-right: 2em;"| Households || 44 || 49 || 93
|}

Mane Kogma and Mane Yogma are villages in the [[Dhankar Village|Dhankar]] [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=List of PRIs|url=https://hppanchayat.nic.in/PDF/Names%20of%20Gram%20Panchyats%203226%20Final.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 Jan 2021|website=Panchayati Raj Department, HP Govt}}</ref> Schooling up to senior secondary (Classes 1–12) is available in Mane Yogma, with Mane Kogma having a primary school. As of 2011, the nearest health care was more than {{cvt|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. Piped water supply is available, and the village has power and telephone connections.<ref name=census2011/>{{rp|pages=272–274}} Mane Kogma has a branch post office. The nearest full-service sub post offices including international speed post are located at [[Tabo Monastery|Tabo]] and [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]], at distances of {{Convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{Cvt|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} respectively from Mane Yogma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Himachal Pradesh|first=Lahul and Spiti|title=Locate Post Office|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx|access-date=20 Aug 2022|website=[[India Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Tabo_Kaza"/><ref name="OSM_Kaza"/>

The 34th Kalachakra, a periodic Buddhist workshop initiated by the [[Dalai Lama]], was planned to be held in [[Dhankar Gompa]] in January 2017. To serve the expected large numbers of monks and tourists from India and abroad, [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]] commissioned a base station tower (BTS) in Mane Gogma to serve Dankhar across the Spiti river. The BTS was linked by satellite and powered by solar panels for uninterrupted telecom service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 Jan 2016 |title=BSNL satellite tower in Mane to serve Dhankar |work=[[United News of India]] |publisher=HT Digital Streams Ltd.}}</ref> Although the 34th Kalachakra was subsequently held in [[Bodh Gaya]], this plan gave a fillip to telecom service in the Mane villages and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2016 |title=34th Kalachakra to be Held from 3 – 14 January 2017 (Update) |url=https://tibet.net/34th-kalachakra-to-be-held-from-3-13-january-2017/ |access-date=21 Aug 2022 |website=[[Central Tibetan Administration]]}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
The main attractions of the Mane villages are trekking, views of the surrounding mountains and valleys, and the solitude of village life. Mane Yogma has a Buddhist [[Gompa]]. Due to the high altitude and the absence of artificial lights, the nights afford good views of the stars.<ref name="DoW"/>

Sopona Lake (formerly Yangcho Lake) is a {{cvt|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} hike up a stream from Mane Yogma. The lake, at an altitude of {{cvt|4080|m|ft|abbr=on}}, is located on the approximately {{cvt|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} trek up to the {{cvt|5,550|m|ft|abbr=on}} Manirang Pass. The route up to the pass is rated as easy. On the other side, a steep trail descends through the Ropa valley of Kinnaur. From Manirang Pass, mountaineers can attempt to climb the {{cvt|6,593|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Manirang|Manirang Peak]], one of the highest mountains in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="Kapadia99"/>

==Accommodation==
There are a few home stays and camp grounds in Mane Yogma.<ref name="DoW"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Atergu Bridge NH-505 Spiti Jun18 DSC05344.jpg|Atergu bridge to Mane, on NH-505
File:Road Atergu Mane Spiti Jun18 DSC05353.jpg|Road from Spiti to Mane, ca. Jun '18
File:NH-505 Spiti Mane Himachal Jun18 DSC05359.jpg|Spiti River from Mane road
File:Mane Kogma Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 6922.jpg|Mane Kogma houses and fields
File:Mane Kogma Landslide Danger Spiti Jun18 DSC05504.jpg|Mane Kogma in danger of landslides
File:Nullah Between Mane Villages Spiti Jun18 DSC05448.jpg|Nullah between the villages
File:Wild Roses Mane Spiti India Jun18 DSC05512.jpg|Wild roses in rocky terrain
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Spiti Valley]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Lahaul and Spiti}}

[[Category:Villages in Lahaul and Spiti district]]

Garggi Ananthan

2026-03-24T14:25:04Z

Floorsingurgaon: started initial post w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian theatre and film artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Garggi Ananthan
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| alma_mater = [[Pondicherry University]]
}}
'''Garggi Ananthan''' is an Indian actress and theatre artist known for her works in [[Malayalam cinema]] and [[theatre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Art’s healing touch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/Dec/11/arts-healing-touch-2234558.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> She made her film debut in 2019 with the Malayalam film ''Run Kalyani'', for which she won the Best Actress award at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref name="m1">{{Cite web |last=R. G. |first=Anjana |date=2020-08-06 |title=Though winning big, Garggi Ananthan piqued over lack of appreciation |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/run-kalyani-best-actress-award-nivin-pauly-7c0edfc0 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Garggi was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to Ananthan and Maryan. After finishing her degree from [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]], Garggi completed the [[Postgraduate education|post graduation]] in [[Master of Performing Arts]] from [[Pondicherry University]].<ref name="m1" /><ref name="mm1">{{Cite web |last=Sreelekha |first=R. B. |date=2025-03-19 |title=കസിൻസുമായി റിലേഷൻ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നവരെ എനിക്കറിയാം: ‘നാരായണീന്‍റെ മൂന്നാൺമക്കൾ’ നായിക പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2025/03/19/exclusive-chat-with-garggi-ananthan-narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-heroine.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Garggi made her film acting debut with the Malayalam film ''Run Kalyani'' in 2019. Following her debut, Garggi appeared in ''[[Gramavrikshathile Kuyil]]'', the [[anthology]] ''Normal'', ''Ekan Anekan'', ''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=U. K. |first=Ajay |date=2025-02-07 |title=Garggi Ananthan shines in Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal, a film on generational trauma |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/garggi-ananthan-shines-in-narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-a-film-on-generational-trauma |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and ''[[Vadakkan]]''. She has also acted in ''Chera'', directed by [[Najeem Koya]], which is yet to be released.<ref name="tnie">{{Cite web |last=K. B. |first=Parvana |date=2025-03-19 |title=Garggi Ananthan: 'I want to explore something dark, intense...' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/19/garggi-ananthan-i-want-to-explore-something-dark-intense |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title='Relationships with cousins are nothing new...' Actress Garggi on ‘Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal’ |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-actress-garggi-ananthan-movie-1a6c57cf |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>
==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
|''Run Kalyani''
|Kalyani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=2020-07-26 |title=Run Kalyani is a beautiful exploration of tedium and solitude |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/run-kalyani-is-a-beautiful-exploration-of-tedium-and-solitude-6523378/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821075754/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/run-kalyani-is-a-beautiful-exploration-of-tedium-and-solitude-6523378/ |archive-date=2022-08-21 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2021
|''[[Oru Paathiraa Swapnam Pole]]''
|Theertha
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joe Philip |first=Susan |date=2021-01-23 |title=Director Sharan Venugopal on his recent short film, ‘Oru Paathiraa Swapnam Pole’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sharan-venugopal-on-his-recent-short-film-oru-paathiraa-swapnam-pole/article33641931.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123101722/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sharan-venugopal-on-his-recent-short-film-oru-paathiraa-swapnam-pole/article33641931.ece |archive-date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Naan''
|
|Music video
|
|-
|''Kulsummante Perakutty''
|Hana
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Kulsummante Perakutty: A slice-of-life short film about the joy of finding love |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/10/20/kulsummante-perakutty-slice-of-life-malayalam-short-film.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2022
|''Pandemic''
|
|Short film
|
|-
|''[[Gramavrikshathile Kuyil]]''
|Bhanumathi Amma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=KP Kumaran's Gramavrikshathile Kuyil to hit theatres on Friday |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/04/07/kp-kumaran-gramavrikshathile-kuyil-to-hit-theatres-on-friday.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Ayana''
|Ayana
|Part of anthology film ''Normal''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Normal |url=https://filmfreeway.com/NORMALMalayalam |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[FilmFreeway]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Ekan Anekan''
| Minnu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Manikandan R Achari headlines police brutality tale Ekan Anekan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Aug/24/manikandan-r-achari-headlines-police-brutality-tale-ekan-anekan-34048.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Yakshi Katha''
|Sita and Surasa
|Short film
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2025
|''[[Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal]]''
|Athira
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-02-08 |title=‘Narayaneente Moonnaanmakkal’ movie review: A character-driven drama marked by its remarkable restraint |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/narayaneente-moonnaanmakkal-movie-review-joju-george-suraj-venjaramood-garggi-ananthan-sharan-venugopal/article69195050.ece |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vadakkan]]''
|Alina
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair Anand |first=Shilpa |date=2025-03-24 |title=Malayalam movie ‘Vadakkan’ explores the paranormal rooted in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-movie-vadakkan-explores-paranormal-themes/article69343559.ece |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|Chera}}
|
|
|<ref name="tnie" />
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2019
|[[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]] Excellence in Theatre Awards
|Best Actor in a Lead Role (Female)
|''Pulijanmam''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-05 |title=Nominations for Best Actor in a lead role (Female) |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2602419476438090 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=META at [[Facebook|FB]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
|Best Actress
|''Run Kalyani''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2020-08-11 |title=Art mirrors life in Geetha J’s Run Kalyani |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Aug/11/art-mirrors-life-in-geetha-js-run-kalyani-2181654.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022
|[[Prem Nazir]] Foundation Short Film Awards
|Best Actress
|''Pandemic''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-12 |title=Prem Nazir Foundation Short Film Awards 2022 |url=https://premnazirfoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710050131/https://www.premnazirfoundation.org/ |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Prem Nazir|Prem Nazir Foundation]] |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2022|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''Ekan Anekan''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards: Kunchacko Boban, Darshana Rajendran win Best Actor awards; Mahesh Narayanan named Best Director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-film-critics-awards-kunchacko-boban-darshana-rajendran-win-best-actor-awards-mahesh-narayanan-named-best-director/articleshow/100444407.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links==
*{{IMDb name|11337524|Garggi Ananthan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananthan, Garggi}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Pondicherry University alumni]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Priyamvada Krishnan

2026-03-19T13:50:41Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{Short description|Indian film actress and dancer (born 1998)}}
{{distinguish|Priyamvada}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyamvada Krishnan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|02|21}}<ref name="ManoramaBirthday">{{cite web
|title=കടൽത്തീരത്ത് വെളുപ്പിന് പിറന്നാൾ ആഘോഷിച്ച് നടി പ്രിയംവദ
|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/02/21/priyamvada-krishnans-birthday-photoshoot.html
|website=Manorama Online
|date=21 February 2022
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Punkunnam]], [[Thrissur]], Kerala
| occupation = Actress, model, classical dancer
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for = Breakout roles in ''[[Thottappan]]'' (2019) and ''[[Narivetta]]'' (2025)
| notable_works = ''Thottappan'', ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'', ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'', ''Narivetta''
| mother = [[Pallavi Krishnan]]<ref name ="YoutubeInterview">{{cite video |title=Chat with Priyamvada Krishnan – YouTube interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W16NfBsxY_A |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="ManoramaBirthday"/>
| father = [[K.K. Gopalakrishnan]]<ref name ="OnManorama"/><ref name="ManoramaBirthday"/>
| awards = 50th [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]]<ref name ="TOIawards">{{cite web |title=50th Kerala State Film Awards winners include Priyamvada Krishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-kani-kusurthi-and-lijo-jose-pellissery-win-big-at-50th-kerala-state-film-awards/articleshow/78634381.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name ="IndiaTodayWinners">{{cite web |title=Kerala announces 50th State Film Awards: See full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-announces-50th-state-film-awards-see-full-list-of-winners-1731133-2020-10-13 |work=India Today |date=13 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name ="TheHinduAwards">{{cite web |title=50th Kerala State Film Awards: Lijo Jose Pellissery, Suraj Venjaramoodu among winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50th-kerala-state-film-awards-lijo-jose-pellissery-suraj-venjaramoodu-among-winners/article32842034.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Priyamvada Krishnan''' (born 21 February 1998) is an Indian actress, model, and classical dancer who primarily works in Malayalam cinema. She made her screen debut in the 2019 film ''[[Thottappan]]'', for which she received [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Jury Mention]] at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref name ="TOIawards"/><ref name ="IndiaTodayWinners"/><ref name ="TheHinduAwards"/> Her breakthrough came with her role in the 2025 film ''[[Narivetta]]'', where she garnered praise for her portrayal in the widely acclaimed song "Minnalvala".<ref name ="OnManorama">{{cite web |last=Antony |first=Seena |title=Getting a role in 'Narivetta' felt like a huge blessing: Actor Priyamvada Krishnan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/06/14/priyamvada-krishnan-interview-narivetta-role-minnalvala-song.html |website=Onmanorama |date=14 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name ="GulfNews">{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |title=Meet Priyamvada Krishnan, 'Thottappan's' breakout star |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/meet-priyamvada-krishnan-thottappans-breakout-star-1.64848690 |website=Gulf News |date=26 June 2019 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

She was also nominated for [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards#Debut awards|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]] at the [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref name ="SIIMA 2021 Nominations">{{cite web
|title=SIIMA 2019 Nominations
|url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php
|website=SIIMA
|access-date=28 June 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820141633/https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php
|archive-date=20 August 2021
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Priyamvada Krishnan was born on 21 February 1998 in [[Punkunnam]], [[Thrissur]]. She is the daughter of writer [[K.K. Gopalakrishnan]] and renowned [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer [[Pallavi Krishnan]], who also served as her classical dance mentor.<ref name="OnmanoramaMalayalam">{{cite web |last=Antony |first=Seena |title='മിന്നൽവള' നായിക, 'തൊട്ടപ്പനി'ലെ സാറക്കൊച്ച്: പ്രിയംവദ അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/06/14/priyamvada-krishnan-interview-narivetta-role-minnalvala-song.html |website=Onmanorama |date=14 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref> She was educated at [[Hari Sri Vidya Nidhi School]] and at [[Devamatha CMI Public School]] in Thrissur.<ref name="തൃശൂരിന്റെ 'പ്രിയ' ബംഗാൾ വരദാനം">{{cite news |title=തൃശൂരിന്റെ 'പ്രിയ' ബംഗാൾ വരദാനം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2020/10/15/thrissur-priyamvada.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=തൃശൂരിന്റെ ‘പ്രിയ’ ബംഗാൾ വരദാനം |language=ml}}</ref> She then did her [[B.Sc.]] degree in Visual Communication at the [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name="തൃശൂരിന്റെ 'പ്രിയ' ബംഗാൾ വരദാനം"/>

== Career ==
Priyamvada Krishnan made her screen debut in the Malayalam drama ''[[Thottappan]]'' (2019) in which she portrayed Sarah alongside [[Vinayakan]] and [[Roshan Mathew]]. Critics singled out her performance as "bold" and authentic, with ''[[Gulf News]]'' describing it as a "breakout" role for the newcomer.<ref name="GulfNews"/>

Following her debut, she took on supporting roles in [[Rorschach (film)|''Rorschach'']] (2022) and ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'' (2024), steadily building her profile. In 2025, she achieved wider acclaim for her role in ''[[Narivetta]]'', particularly for her performance in the popular song "Minnalvala", which received widespread attention on social media platforms.<ref name="OnManorama"/> The impact of Narivetta extended beyond personal acclaim—it sparked discussion of land rights and tribal issues in mainstream cinema, and ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' praised her chemistry with Tovino Thomas and noted her "agency and sincerity" as Varghese’s girlfriend.<ref name="TheWeek">{{cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |title='Narivetta' review: Tovino Thomas steers an emotionally stirring, if generic, tale of resistance |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/05/23/narivetta-review-tovino-thomas.html |website=The Week |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
She also appeared in the 2025 family drama ''[[Samshayam]]'', furthering her career in Malayalam cinema.<ref name="OnManorama"/>
In the same interview, Priyamvada stated that "acting was never about chasing fame… every role… deserves preparation and dedication," highlighting her focus on depth and sincerity in character portrayal.<ref name="OnManorama" />

''Narivetta'' also attracted attention for its portrayal of land rights struggles. According to ''The News Minute'', the film’s depiction of the Muthanga struggle "was noted for sparking renewed attention to Adivasi land rights and state allocation issues."<ref name ="TheNewsMinute">{{cite web |title=Narivetta's partial image of Muthanga struggle: Adivasi fight for land drags on for 22 years |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/narivettas-partial-image-of-muthanga-struggle-adivasi-fight-for-land-drags-on-for-22-years |website=The News Minute |date=26 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref(s)
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Thottappan]]'' || Sarah || ||<ref name="TOI-ThottappanLovebirds">{{cite web |title=Meet the love birds from 'Thottappan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meet-the-love-birds-from-thottappan/articleshow/69516205.cms |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''Station 5'' || Padma Teacher || ||<ref name="TOI-Station5">{{cite web |title=Indrans plays a ward member in family drama 'Station 5' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/indrans-plays-a-ward-member-in-family-drama-station-5/articleshow/87427147.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' || Ammu || ||<ref name="News18Film2025">{{cite web |title=Shanavas K Bavakutty's next to star Poornima Indrajith and Priyamvada Krishnan |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shanavas-k-bavakuttys-next-to-star-poornima-indrajith-and-priyamvada-krishnan-8528560.html |website=News18 |date=22 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name ="OnManorama"/>
|-
| ''[[Thattassery Koottam]]'' || Athira || ||<ref name="ToIThattasseryReview">{{cite web |title=Thattassery Koottam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/thattassery-koottam/movie-review/95449772.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Divorce (2023 film)|Divorce]]'' || Anju || ||<ref name="NewIndianExpressDivorce">{{cite web |title=Divorce is an attempt to address pivotal issues |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Feb/23/divorce-isan-attemptto-address-pivotal-issues-2549928.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Oru Kattil Oru Muri'' || Madhumiya || ||<ref name="TOIOruKattil2025">{{cite web |title='Oru Kattil Oru Muri' gets a new release date; Poornima Indrajith-starrer released in October |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/oru-kattil-oru-muri-gets-a-new-release-date-poornima-indrajith-starrer-to-release-on-june/articleshow/110198220.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''Idi Mazha Kattu'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |title='Idi Mazha Kattu' starring Sreenath Bhasi and Chemban Vinod is a satirical travel movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/idi-mazha-kattu-starring-sreenath-bhasi-and-chemban-vinod-is-a-satirical-travel-movie/articleshow/80092795.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 January 2021 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samshayam]]'' || Faiza || ||<ref name="TOISamshayam">{{cite web |title=Samshayam Movie Details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/Malayalam/movie-details/Samshayam/movieshow/121174469.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="HinduSamshayam">{{cite news |title=Vinay Forrt, Sharaf U Dheen, and Lijomol Jose star in Samshayam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vinay-forrt-sharaf-u-dheen-lijomol-jose-samshayam/article69347919.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="NIESamshayam">{{cite web |title=First look of Samshayam out |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/01/first-look-of-samshayam-out |website=The New Indian Express |date=1 April 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Narivetta]]'' || Nancy || ||<ref name="TOIMinnalvala">{{cite web |title='Narivetta' first single 'Minnalvala' out; Tovino Thomas shines in a soulful love track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-first-single-minnalvala-out-tovino-thomas-shines-in-a-soulful-love-track/articleshow/120365035.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 June 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vilayath Buddha]]'' || Cholaykkal Chaithanya || ||<ref name="TOIVilayathBuddha">{{cite web |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran's 'Vilayath Buddha' enters the final leg of shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumarans-vilayath-buddha-enters-the-final-leg-of-shooting-/articleshow/100959548.cms |website=The Times of India |date=14 June 2023 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="NIEVilayathBuddha">{{cite web |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran wraps up his portions for Vilayath Buddha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/03/prithviraj-sukumaran-wraps-up-his-portions-for-vilayath-buddha |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 March 2025 |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10749426/ Priyamvada Krishnan] on IMDb
* [https://www.instagram.com/priyamvadakrishnan/ Priyamvada Krishnan] on Instagram

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Priyamvada}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]

Manjeri Chandran

2026-03-14T22:20:17Z

Floorsingurgaon: added a page...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manjeri Chandran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = M. K. Ramachandran
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Manjeri]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| residence =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| occupation = Film actor, producer
| yearsactive = 1970 – 2004
| spouse = Sathyabhama
| children = Rani Sarran
| website =
}}

'''Manjeri Chandran''' (born '''M. K. Ramachandran''') was a notable Indian actor and producer in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=3485 | title=Mancheri Chandran }}</ref> He was primarily active during the 1970s and early 1980s and appeared in around 100 films, mostly in supporting or character roles, with occasional lead appearances.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m3db.com/manjeri-chandran | title=മഞ്ചേരി ചന്ദ്രൻ }}</ref>

==Early life==
Chandran was born in [[Oorakam]], [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]] in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]. He began his film career at a time when very few from the Malabar region entered cinema. He later moved to [[Chennai|Madras]]—then the hub of South Indian cinema—and eventually returned to Manjeri in the 1980s. During his active career, he married Sathyabhama, a bank employee. Their daughter, Rani Sarran, is active in the South Indian film Industry and television Industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2025/05/17/rani-saran-thudarum-interview.html | title='ഞങ്ങളുടെ ലാലേട്ടനെ ചീത്ത വിളിക്കാറായോ'? 'തുടരും' കൊണ്ടുവന്ന സൗഭാഗ്യം; റാണി ശരൺ അഭിമുഖം }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/rani-sarran-mohanlal-thudarum-experience-1.10587555 | title='ലാലേട്ടൻ പറഞ്ഞു: നിങ്ങളുടെ അച്ഛന്മാരുടെ കൂടെ ഞാൻ അഭിനയിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്, ഇപ്പോൾ നിങ്ങളുടെ കൂടെയും' | date=15 May 2025 }}</ref> Rani Sarran is married to Malayalam actor Sharran Puthumana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gnn24x7.com/columnist/journalist-and-producer-rani-sharan-writes-about-director-p-gopikumar | title=ജീവിതവേഷം ആടിത്തീര്‍ത്ത് കാലയവനികയ്ക്കുള്ളില്‍ മറഞ്ഞ സംവിധായകന്‍ - പി.ഗോപികുമാര്‍ | date=22 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Film career==
Chandran began his career during a golden era of Malayalam cinema. He debuted in the 1970 film ''Aa Chitrashalabham Parannotte''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=3485 | title=Mancheri Chandran }}</ref> From minor roles, he quickly progressed to more prominent parts. His performances in mythological and socially relevant films brought acclaim. He later ventured into film production, contributing to several commercially successful Malayalam movies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=producer&artist=Manjeri%20Chandran | title=Profile of Malayalam Producer Manjeri%20Chandran }}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
Chandran appeared in approximately 100 films across various languages.<ref name="m3db_films">{{cite web |url=https://m3db.com/films-acted/28788 |title=Films acted by Manjeri Chandran – M3DB.COM |website=M3DB.COM |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Selected filmography
|-
! No.
! Film
! Role
! Director
! Year
|-
| 1 || ''Aa Chitrashalabham Parannotte'' || – || – || 1970
|-
| 2 || ''C.I.D. Nazir'' || Officer || P. Venu || 1971
|-
| 3 || ''Gangasangamam'' || – || J. D. Thottan, B. K. Pottekkad || 1971
|-
| 4 || ''Vivaha Sammanam'' || – || J. D. Thottan || 1971
|-
| 5 || ''Ananthashayanam'' || – || K. Sukumaran || 1972
|-
| 6 || ''Azhimukham'' || – || P. Vijayan || 1972
|-
| 7 || ''Taxi Car'' || – || P. Venu || 1972
|-
| 8 || ''Sambhami Yuge Yuge'' || – || K. G. George || 1972
|-
| 9 || ''Football Champion'' || – || A. B. Raj || 1973
|-
| 10 || ''Police Ariyaruthu'' || – || M. S. Senthilkumar || 1973
|-
| 11 || ''Bhadradeepam'' || – || M. Krishnan Nair || 1973
|-
| 12 || ''Ladies Hostel'' || – || Hariharan || 1973
|-
| 13 || ''Agnathavasam'' || Manager || A. B. Raj || 1973
|-
| 14 || ''Nakshatram'' || – || A. Vincent || 1973
|-
| 15 || ''Bhoomi Devi Pushpiniyayi'' || – || T. Hariharan || 1974
|-
| 16 || ''Ayalathe Sundari'' || – || Hariharan || 1974
|-
| 17 || ''Honeymoon'' || – || Hariharan || 1974
|-
| 18 || ''Malsaram'' || – || K. Narayanan || 1975
|-
| 19 || ''Chief Guest'' || Chandran || A. B. Raj || 1975
|-
| 20 || ''Palaazhi Mathanam'' || – || Sasikumar || 1975
|-
| 21 || ''Appooppan'' || Venugopal || P. Bhaskaran || 1976
|-
| 22 || ''Rathriyile Yathrakkaar'' || – || P. Venu || 1976
|-
| 23 || ''Light House'' || – || A. B. Raj || 1976
|-
| 24 || ''Mohiniyattam'' || – || Sreekumaran Thampi || 1976
|-
| 25 || ''Panchami'' || – || Hariharan || 1976
|-
| 26 || ''Harshabhaspam'' || Sreedharan || P. Gopikumar || 1977
|-
| 27 || ''Jagadguru Adishankaran'' || Lord Shiva || P. Bhaskaran || 1977
|-
| 28 || ''Madhuraswapnam'' || – || M. Krishnan Nair || 1977
|-
| 29 || ''Panchamrutham'' || – || J. Sasikumar || 1977
|-
| 30 || ''Sakhakaley Munnotte'' || – || J. Sasikumar || 1977
|-
| 31 || ''Tholkkan Enikku Manassilla'' || – || Hariharan || 1977
|-
| 32 || ''Samudram'' || – || K. G. George || 1977
|-
| 33 || ''Ashtamangalyam'' || – || P. Gopikumar || 1977
|-
| 34 || ''Mudra Mothiram'' || – || J. Sasikumar || 1977
|-
| 35 || ''Sathyavan Savithri'' || – || P. Bhaskaran || 1977
|-
| 36 || ''Asthamayam'' || Chandran || P. Chandrakumar || 1978
|-
| 37 || ''Jayikkaanaayi Janichavan'' || – || J. Sasikumar || 1978
|-
| 38 || ''Avalkk Maranamilla'' || – || Melattoor Ravi Varma || 1978
|-
| 39 || ''Itha Oru Manushyan'' || – || I. V. Sasi || 1978
|-
| 40 || ''Aalamarattam'' || – || P. Venu || 1978
|-
| 41 || ''Prarthana'' || – || A. B. Raj || 1978
|-
| 42 || ''Aaru Manikkooru'' || – || Devaraj, Mohan || 1978
|-
| 43 || ''Snehathinte Mukhaprasam'' || Friend of Devadas || T. Hariharan || 1978
|-
| 44 || ''Black Belt'' || – || Crossbelt Mani || 1978
|-
| 45 || ''Pichathi Kuttappan'' || – || P. Venu || 1979
|-
| 46 || ''Avalude Pratikaram'' || – || P. Venu || 1979
|-
| 47 || ''Agniparvatham'' || – || P. Chandrakumar || 1979
|-
| 48 || ''Ward Number Seven'' || – || P. Venu || 1979
|-
| 49 || ''Kalliyankattu Neeli'' || – || M. Krishnan Nair || 1979
|-
| 50 || ''Pennorumbettāl'' || – || P. K. Joseph || 1979
|-
| 51 || ''Anthapuram'' || – || K. J. Rajasekharan || 1980
|-
| 52 || ''VELIYETTAM'' || Inspector || P. T. Rajan || 1981
|-
| 53 || ''Guha'' || Attacker of Das || M. R. Jose || 1981
|-
| 54 || ''Agnisharam'' || Inspector || A. B. Raj || 1981
|-
| 55 || ''Shantham Bhikharam'' || – || M. Hariharan || 1981
|-
| 56 || ''Tharattu'' || – || Balachandramenon || 1981
|-
| 57 || ''Belt Mathai'' || Velayudhan || T. S. Mohan || 1983
|-
| 58 || ''Vashi'' || – || M. R. Jose || 1983
|-
| 59 || ''Karimb'' || – || K. Vijayan, Ramu Karyatt, Manuel Romero || 1984
|-
| 60 || ''Anthichuvappu'' || – || Kurian Varnashala || 1984
|-
| 61 || ''Akkare Ninnoru Pennu'' || – || T. Hariharan || 1984
|-
| 62 || ''Onnum Onnum Pathinonnu'' || – || Ravi Gupta || 1988
|-
| 63 || ''Kannamma (Tamil)'' || – || Shivachandran || 1988
|-
| 64 || ''Poonilavu'' || – || Tejas Perumannlan || 1997
|-
| 65 || ''Magician Mahendralal from Delhi'' || – || K. Radhakrishnan || 1998
|-
| 66 || ''Aayiram Meni'' || Guest appearance || I. V. Sasi || 1999
|-
| 67 || ''Ee Snehatheerathu (Samam)'' || – || Shivaprasad || 2004
|-
| 68 || ''Nayanam'' || – || Sunil Madhav || 2009
|-
| 69 || ''Fast Passenger'' || – || – || Unreleased
|-
| 70 || ''Suspense'' || – || – || Unreleased
|-
| 71 || ''Swaraksharangal'' || – || – || Unreleased
|-
|}

==Later life and death==
Manjeri Chandran died on 14 April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malayalamcinema.com |title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies |url=https://www.malayalamcinema.com/anusmaranakal/view/manjeri-chandran |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210413074841/https://www.malayalamcinema.com/anusmaranakal/view/manjeri-chandran |archive-date=2021-04-13 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.malayalamcinema.com}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Manjeri}}
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]

Rhythm Sangwan

2026-03-11T12:57:41Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rhythm Sangwan
| nationality =
| image = Rythym Sangwan.jpg
| national_team = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|11|29|df=y}}
| height = 1.71 m
| education = [[Delhi Public School]]
| years_active = 2021-
| country = India
| sport = Shooting
| event = [[ISSF 10 meter air pistol|10 meter air pistol]], [[ISSF 25 meter pistol|25 meter pistol]] and [[ISSF 25 meter rapid fire pistol|25 meter rapid fire pistol]]
| pb = {{ubl
|''[[25 m pistol]]'': 595 '''[[World Record|WR]]''' '''[[World record|WJR]]''' (2023)
}}
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport| Women's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry| {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCount | total = yes
| [[ISSF World Championships]] | 1 | 3 | 0
| [[ISSF Junior World Championships]] | 3 | 2 | -
| [[ISSF World Cup]] | 3 | 1 | 1
| [[ISSF Junior World Cup]] | 2 | - | -
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2023 Baku]]|25 m pistol team}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 Cairo]]|25 m standard pistol}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Cairo|10 m air pistol team}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Cairo|25 m pistol team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|25 m air pistol Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Asian Shooting Championships|2023 Changwon]]|25 m pistol team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Airgun Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Airgun Championships|2022 Daegu]]|10 m air pistol}}
{{MedalGold|2022 Daegu|{{nowrap|10 m air pistol mixed team}}}}
{{MedalSilver|2022 Daegu|10 m air pistol team}}
}}

'''Rhythm Sangwan''' (born 29 November 2003) is an Indian [[sport shooter]] who usually competes in [[10 meter air pistol]] and [[25 meter pistol]].<ref name="Rhythm Sangwan wins gold">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Sports |date=2022-05-15 |title=Rhythm Sangwan wins sports pistol gold |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/rhythm-sangwan-wins-sports-pistol-gold/article65417101.ece |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She has won medals in Shooting World Cups and Shooting Championship at junior as well as at senior level.<ref name="Rhythm Sangwan wins gold"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mittal |first=Megha |date=2022-10-22 |title=ISSF World Championships: Rhythm Sangwan qualifies for ranking |url=https://news24online.com/sports/issf-world-championships-rhythm-sangwan-qualifies-for-ranking-match-manu-bhakar-misses/50210/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=News24 English |language=en-US}}</ref>

She won the gold as part of India team in the women’s 25m pistol team event at the Asian Games along with [[Manu Bhaker]] and [[Esha Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Philem Dipak |date=2023-09-27 |title=Asian Games: Indian trio bags gold in women's 25m pistol event |url=https://theprint.in/sport/indian-trio-shoots-gold-in-womens-25m-pistol-event/1779659/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Asian Games: Manu, Esha, Rhythm win gold in 25m pistol team |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/38497474/india-asian-games-hangzhou-2022-manu-bhaker-esha-singh-rhythm-sangwan-win-gold-25m-pistol-team |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rhythm's father Narender Kumar, who works in the police department and her mother Neelam encouraged her to take up the sport. At the age of 12 years, Rhythm first visited the [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range|Dr Karni Singh Shooting Range]] in New Delhi and started her practice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Santadeep |date=2023-05-18 |title=Rhythm Sangwan: The teenager who became India's new shooting sensation |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/rhythm-sangwan-profile-indian-shooting-medals-record-paris-2024/article66864940.ece |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> She initially trained under Vinit Kumar and her mother used to accompany her to the sessions. She studied at the Delhi Public School in Faridabad.

== Career ==

=== International ===
In January 2024, Sangwan took part in the Asian Qualifiers at Jakarta and won a bronze medal in the 25m sports pistol to book a berth for the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympic Games]]. It is the 16th quota place for the Indian shooters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-11 |title=Rhythm Sangwan bags India's 16th quota place in shooting for Paris Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/rhythm-sangwan-bags-indias-16th-quota-place-in-shooting-for-paris-olympics/articleshow/106729941.cms |access-date=2024-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2023, she took part in the Bhopal World Cup at the Madhya Pradesh State Shooting Academy.

In May 2023, she broke the 29-year old record set by [[Diana Iorgova]], the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta Olympic Games]] silver medallist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chettiar |first=Ronald |date=2023-05-13 |title=ISSF World Cup Baku 2023: India's Rhythm Sangwan breaks world record but falls short of medal |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/issf-world-cup-baku-2023-india-rhythm-sangwan-world-record-25m-pistol |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref> Rhythm shot 595 in women’s 25m pistol qualification round at the ISSF World Cup in Baku.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Rhythm Sangwan breaks Diana Iorgova's 29-year-old record |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/rhythm-sangwan-breaks-diana-iorgovas-29-year-old-record/articleshow/100216603.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Diana had shot 594 in Milan World Cup in May 1994. She also won the 10m Air Pistol bronze for India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Rhythm's progression: From being fascinated by her father's service revolver to winning 10m air pistol bronze at World Cup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/rhythms-progression-from-being-fascinated-by-her-fathers-service-revolver-to-winning-10m-air-pistol-bronze-at-world-cup-8602770/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Domestic ===
In her first National event at the 61st National Shooting Championship in Thiruvananthapuram, Rhythm bagged three gold medals.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
Best Young Achiever (Girl) at the ''Sportstar Aces Awards'' 2023.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ISSF|SHINDW2911200301}}
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|shooting/athlete-profile-n2001599-sangwan-rhythm}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangwan, Rhythm}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Delhi Police

2026-03-10T15:01:28Z

Floorsingurgaon: fix

{{Short description|Law enforcement agency in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| commonname =
| abbreviation = DP
| agencyname = Delhi
Police
| nativename =
| logo = Delhi Police Logo.png
| motto = {{lang|hi|शांति सेवा न्याय}} Shanti Seva Nyaya
| mottotranslated = {{lang|en|Peace, Service and Justice}}
| formedyear = {{start date and age|1861}} {{small|(originally founded as a security force under the British rule)}} {{start date and age|16 February 1948}} {{small|(renamed as ''Delhi Police'')}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/mobile/history.html|title=69th Delhi Police Raising Day – (16.02.2016)}}</ref>
| preceding1 = Municipal Police
| employees = 83,762
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| divtype = Union Territory
| divname = [[Delhi]]
| map = IN-DL.svg
| mapcaption = [[Districts of Delhi Police]]
| sizearea = {{convert|1484|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| sizepopulation = 21,500,000
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| headquarters = Jai Singh Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| sworntype = Police Officer
| unsworntype = Auxiliary Police Officers School Safety Agent
| chief1name = [[Satish Golcha]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police|Commissioner of Police]]
| minister1name = [[Amit Shah]]
| minister1pfo = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| provideragency = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2019-10-21 |title=Police HQ will shift to new building in three phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/police-hq-will-shift-to-new-building-in-three-phases/article29762184.ece |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| stations = 198 (including 20 specialized)
| vehicle1type = Police car
| aircraft1type = Helicopter
| aircraft1 = 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/01/14/stories/2004011401161700.htm|title=Pawan Hans to provide copter to Delhi Police for surveillance|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=19 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051117151149/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/01/14/stories/2004011401161700.htm|archive-date=17 November 2005|url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://delhipolice.gov.in}}
| Annual budget =
| budget = {{INRConvert|12503.65|c}} (2026-27)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2026 |title=DEMAND NO. 51, Demands for Grants, 2026-2027, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe51.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2026 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
}}

The '''Delhi Police''' ('''DP''') is [[police force]] of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. It is under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]].<ref name="MHA report 15" /><ref>{{cite news |title=दिल्ली पुलिस: राज्य सरकार को नियंत्रण देना कितना कठिन? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2014/01/140122_control_over_delhi_police_pk |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=BBC News हिंदी |quote=दिल्ली पुलिस फिलहाल गृह मंत्रालय के अधीन है. दूसरे राज्यों पर पुलिस और प्रशासन की व्यवस्था राज्य सरकार के अधीन होती है. |date=21 January 2014 |language=hi}}</ref> In 2024, the sanctioned strength of Delhi Police was 83,762 (including I.R. Battalions)<ref name="MHA report 15">{{cite web|title=Annual Report Ministry of Home Affairs 2014–2015|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR%28E%291415.pdf|publisher=Departments of Internal Security, States, Home, Jammu & Kashmir Affairs and Border Management|location=Delhi|page=82|date=July 2015|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815031325/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR(E)1415.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> making it one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world.<ref name="N. R. Madhava Menon, D. Banerjea 2002 45–46">{{cite book|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Volume 7 National Capital Territory of Delhi|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=Ahmedabad|author1=N. R. Madhava Menon |author2=D. Banerjea |pages=45–46}}</ref> About 25% of Delhi Police strength is earmarked for VIP security.<ref name=" Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months">{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Sumit Kumar |title= Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/May/08/delhi-sees-142-murders-578-rapes-and-1729-robberies-in-less-than-four-months-934192.html|access-date=27 May 2016|agency=NewIndianexpress|publisher=sundaystandard|date=8 May 2016|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Delhi Police traces its history back to a small security force, established in 1854, under the assistant of [[British Resident]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Imperial Courts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police: With you, for you, since 1911|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Delhi-Police-With-you-for-you-since-1911/Article1-740624.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Delhi-Police-With-you-for-you-since-1911/Article1-740624.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |work=Hindustan Times|date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> In 1861 after the adoption of the Indian Police Act, Delhi Police remained a part of the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] until [[India]] gained independence in 1947. The first five police stations inaugurated in Delhi under this act were [[Sadar Bazaar, Delhi|Sadar Bazaar]], Sabzi Mandi, [[Mehrauli]], and [[Mundka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1861-03-22 |title=THE POLICE ACT, 1861 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Police_act_1861.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229232412/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Police_act_1861.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.mha.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=Delhi's oldest police post restored, but neglected |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhis-oldest-police-post-restored-but-neglected-101741284430964.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307035941/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhis-oldest-police-post-restored-but-neglected-101741284430964.html |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Organisation==

Before 1948 [[Delhi]] was a part of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].

===1948–1966===
In 1948, the Delhi Police was restructured. Mr D.W. Mehra became the first chief of Delhi Police. The strength of the Delhi Police in 1951 was about 8,000 with one Inspector General of Police (IGP) and eight Superintendents of Police (SP). In 1956 a post of Deputy Inspector General of Police was created. In 1961, the strength of Delhi police was over 12,000.<ref name="Delhi police, history">{{cite web|last1=Delhi police|title=History of Delhi Police|url=http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/history1.html|publisher=Delhi police|access-date=16 July 2015|location=New Delhi|date=July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726191136/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/history1.html|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1966, the Delhi Police on the basis of the Khosla Commission Report was reorganized. Four police districts, namely, North, Central, South and New Delhi were created.<ref name="Delhi police, history"/> In 1978, the Delhi Police Act was passed and the Commissioner System was introduced with effect from 1 July 1978.<ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para7.69}}

J.N. Chaturvedi, with rank of IGP, became first [[Commissioner of Delhi Police]] from October 1978 – Jan 1980.<ref name="Delhi police, history"/>
[[File:Delhi Police Headquarters.jpg|left|thumb|New Headquarters of Delhi Police ]]

=== Impact of Sixth Central Pay Commission ===
Following the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission]], the [[UPA Government]], in 2008, decided to make promotions for [[Indian Police Service]] officers, even for higher ranks, time-bound. Indian Police Service officers are now promoted on a fixed time table, more or less independent of functional requirements or span of responsibility, up to the level of [[Inspector General of Police#India|Inspector General of Police]], at intervals of 4, 9, 13, 14, and 18 years of service.<ref name="INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007">{{cite web|title=Indian Police Service (Pay) Rules, 2007|url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|publisher=DOPT|access-date=27 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035404/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_III_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_III_IPS_Rule_08.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>{{rp|p 155–56, section 3}} The time-bound promotion, much of it non-functional, to high ranks apart from increasing the burden on the policing budget has made Delhi Police top-heavy, sluggish, and unwieldy. Delhi Police, which had one Inspector General (IG) until January 1980s, now has 12 officers with ranks senior to IGPs. They are called Commissioners and Special Commissioners, who are in the HAG grades and apex pay grades. In addition, Delhi police, instead of one IGP, has several dozen IGPs, as everyone gets to be IGP after completion of 18 years service. ''New IG's'' functions and responsibilities are no different from that of pre-1980s DIGs and Superintendents of Police (SPs).<ref name="INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (PAY) RULES, 2007"/>{{rp|Senior Duty Posts under Government of Delhi, p 177}}

===Current organisation===
{{Main| Districts of Delhi Police}}
The Delhi Police is headed by a [[Commissioner of Police]] (CP), who is a senior officer of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) holding the rank of [[Director General of Police]] (DGP). The Commissioner is appointed by the [[Government of India]] and reports directly to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Ministry of Home Affairs]], as Delhi is a [[Delhi|National Capital Territory]]. The Delhi Police is structurally divided into multiple specialized wings, each responsible for distinct aspects of policing and law enforcement. These include Law & Order, Crime, Traffic, Armed Police, Special Cell, Vigilance, Security, Intelligence Division, Economic Offences Wing, Human Resources Division, Police Transport, among others. Each of these wings is headed by a Special Commissioner of Police (Spl. CP), who holds the rank of Director General (DG) or [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]] (ADG).<ref>{{Cite web |title= DELHI POLICE Shanti Sewa Nyay |url=https://delhipolice.gov.in/ImportantContact |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709121334/https://delhipolice.gov.in/ImportantContact |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=delhipolice.gov.in}}</ref> The department is governed under the Delhi Police Act of 1978.

For the maintenance of law and order, the Delhi Police is divided into two zones—South (L&O) and North (L&O)—each headed by a Special Commissioner of Police (Spl. CP). These police zones comprise several police ranges led by Joint Commissioners or Additional Commissioners of Police, further divided into police districts headed by [[Superintendent of police (India)|Deputy Commissioners of Police]] (DCPs). Each district includes multiple subdivisions, managed by [[Assistant commissioner of police#India|Assistant Commissioners of Police]] (ACPs), and police stations, overseen by Inspectors designated as [[Station house officer|Station House Officers]] (SHOs).<ref name="MHA report 15" />

As of January 2019, the Delhi Police consists of 2 police zones, 6 police ranges, 15 police districts, and 66 police subdivisions, which include 178 territorial police stations. In addition, there are 7 railway police stations, 16 metro rail police stations, and 5 specialized crime units designated as police stations: the Economic Offenses Wing, Crime Branch, Special Cell, Special Police Unit for Women and Children (SPUWAC), and Vigilance.<ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para7.69}}

In December 2025, the Delhi Police was reported to have a shortage of over 9,200 personnel, with a sanctioned strength of 92,000, although the police to population ratio stood at close to 400 per 100,000 population, which is higher than national average of 153. According to Minister of State for Home Affairs [[Nityanand Rai]], the vacancy ranged across DCP to constable ranks - 13 out of 60 for DCP, 125 out of 346 for ACP, 108 out of 1,453 for Inspectors, 300 out of 7,320 for Sub-Inspectors, 3,057 out of 23,724 for Head Constables, and 4,591 out of 50,946 for Constables.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/delhi-police-short-of-over-9k-personnel-parliament-told/|title= Delhi Police short of over 9K personnel, Parliament told}}</ref>

=== Training ===
Since 1984, DP Training College is located in the village of [[Jharoda Kalan]] and [[Wazirabad, Delhi|Wazirabad]], Delhi .<ref name="N. R. Madhava Menon, D. Banerjea 2002 45–46"/>

=== Hierarchy ===
'''Officers'''

* Commissioner of Police ([[Commissioner of Police (India)|CP]])
* Special Commissioner of Police (Spl.CP)
* Joint Commissioner of Police (Jt. CP)
* Additional Commissioner of Police (Addl.CP)
* Deputy Commissioner of Police (Selection Grade) DCP (SG)
* Deputy Commissioner of Police ([[Superintendent of police (India)#Deputy commissioner of police|DCP]])
* Assistant Commissioner of Police ([[Assistant commissioner of police#India|ACP]])

'''Subordinates'''

* Inspector (INSP)
* Sub-Inspector of Police (PSI)
* Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI)
* Head Constable (HC)
* Police Constable (PC)

==Rank insignia==
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+'''Delhi Police gazetted officers rank insignia'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://delhipolice.gov.in|title=Delhi Police Official Website|website=[[Delhi Police]]|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
<noinclude>{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}</noinclude>
|- align=center
||'''Insignia'''
| colspan=2| [[File:Director General of Police.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Director General of Police.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Insignia of Inspector General of Police in India- 2013-10-02 16-14.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Deputy Inspector General of Police.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Senior Superintendent of Police.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Superintendent of Police.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Additional SP IPS.png|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:ASP IPS.png|60px]]
|- align=center
||'''Rank / Designation'''
| colspan=2| [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
| colspan=2| [[Special Commissioner of Police]]
| colspan=2| [[Joint Commissioner of Police]]
| colspan=2| [[Additional Commissioner of Police]]
| colspan=2| [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|Deputy Commissioner of Police (SG)]]
| colspan=2| [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
| colspan=2| [[Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
| colspan=2| [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]]
|- align=center
||'''Abbreviation'''
| colspan=2| CP
| colspan=2| Spl.CP
| colspan=2| Jt.CP
| colspan=2| Addl.CP
| colspan=2| DCP (SG)
| colspan=2| DCP
| colspan=2| Addl.DCP
| colspan=2| ACP
|- align=center
||'''Equivalent ranks in state police'''
| colspan=2| DGP
| colspan=2| ADG
| colspan=2| IGP
| colspan=2| DIG
| colspan=2| SSP (SG)
| colspan=2| SP
| colspan=2| Addl.SP
| colspan=2| DSP
|- align=center
|colspan=16|
{{smaller| * Note: Delhi Police follows the Commissionerate system. Designations like CP, Spl. CP, and Jt. CP are posts generally held by IPS officers of corresponding ranks. Note: ACP is the entry-level gazetted post, equivalent to ASP in [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and DSP to [[State Police Services|SPS]].}}
|}

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+'''Delhi Police subordinate officers rank insignia'''
|- align="center"
|'''Insignia'''
| colspan="2" | [[File:Police Inspector insignia.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| colspan="2" | [[File:Police Sub-Inspector.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| colspan="2" | [[File:Assistant Sub-Inspector.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| colspan="12" | [[File:AP-Police Head Constable.png|center|frameless|48x48px]]
| colspan="2" | '''''No insignia'''''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Rank'''
| colspan="2" | [[Inspector#India|Police Inspector]]
| colspan="2" | [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub Inspector]]
| colspan="2" | [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub Inspector]]
| colspan="12" | [[Head constable]]
| colspan="2" | [[Constable#India|Constable]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Abbreviation'''
| colspan="2" | PI
| colspan="2" | SI
| colspan="2" | ASI
| colspan="12" | HC
| colspan="2" | Const.
|}

== Crime in Delhi ==
'Heinous crime' in Delhi, in 2014, according to government statistics, increased by 157.13 percent from 3268 in 2013, to 8403 in 2014: [[Murder]] is up 7.4 percent from 416 to 447; [[Attempted murder]] by 36.11 percent from 457 to 622; [[Rape]] by 37.64 percent from 1230 to 1693; [[Burglary]] by 239.20 percent, from 2352 to 7978; and [[robbery]] by 429 percent.<ref name="MHA report 15" />{{rp|para p 89. 7.71 }}<ref name="DP Crime">{{cite web|title=CRIME IN DELHI|url=http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/PDF/CRIME_RATE.pdf|publisher=Delhi Police|access-date=20 July 2015|date=2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213405/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/PDF/CRIME_RATE.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neither the Government or the Police Commissioner gave explanation for the spurt in crime. However, since 2002, Delhi Police can avail the powers of [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]], when necessary, in tackling international crime syndicates like the [[Ndrangheta]].<ref>[[Maharashtra_Control_of_Organised_Crime_Act]][https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/maharashtra1999.htm][https://in.news.yahoo.com/court-extends-delhi-drug-kingpins-interim-bail-142402671.html][https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/mcoca-extended-to-delhi_30724.html][https://www.livelaw.in/charge-sheets-filed-state-can-considered-constitute-continuing-unlawful-activity-mcoca-sc-read-judgment/][https://web.archive.org/web/20020703035131/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/08/stories/2002010803220300.htm][https://delhicourts.nic.in/JULY14/State%20Vs.%20vipin%20Sharma.pdf][https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/delhi/mcoca-slapped-on--rambir-shokeen.html][https://www.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2015/21881/21881_2015_Judgement_09-Oct-2017.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219032528/http://sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2015/21881/21881_2015_Judgement_09-Oct-2017.pdf|date=19 February 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !!04.2013-31-12 2013!!2014– 31-12 2014!!Percent change!!Comment
|-
|Murder || 416 || 447||+7.45 || by comparison, in 2014, 328 were murdered in [[New York City|New York]], a city with reputation for violent crime and higher weapon ownership<ref name="NYtimes">{{cite news|last1=Goodman|first1=J. David|last2=Baker|first2=Al|title=Murders in New York Drop to a Record Low, but Officers Aren't Celebrating|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/new-york-city-murders-fall-but-the-police-arent-celebrating.html?_r=0|access-date=16 July 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611162313/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/new-york-city-murders-fall-but-the-police-arent-celebrating.html?_r=0|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Attempted Murder|| 457||662 ||+36.11 ||
|-
|Rape||1230 || 1693 ||+37.6 ||
|-
|Robbery|| 1024 || 5425 ||+429.79 ||
|}

==Controversies==
Delhi Police has often been reported as one of the most corrupt police forces in India, with the highest number of complaints in the Indian Police Services being registered against its personnel.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 2010 |title=Anti Corruption Branch finds Delhi Police, MCD most corrupt |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/anti-corruption-branch-finds-delhi-police-mcd-most-corrupt/article1-574489.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429154313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/anti-corruption-branch-finds-delhi-police-mcd-most-corrupt/article1-574489.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2012 |title=Delhi Police most corrupt, says report |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Police-most-corrupt-says-report/articleshow/16998710.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029141952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Police-most-corrupt-says-report/articleshow/16998710.cms |archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2011 |title=Cops turn rogues and turn Delhi Capital of corruption |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/cops-turn-rogues-and-turn-delhi-capital-of-corruption-127039-2011-01-21 |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226215219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/cops-turn-rogues-and-turn-delhi-capital-of-corruption/1/127357.html |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

Over the years, Delhi Police has been involved in a series of controversies; ranging from custodial deaths, refusal to write ''[[First Information Report]]'', inaction and collusion with arsonists during communal riots. At various times, Delhi Police has been found to be overly harsh on criminals which has caused it to receive warnings from the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].

In September 2008, in an apparent case of [[moral police|moral policing]], an officer from Delhi Police filed a case of obscenity against a married couple for kissing in the Dwarka court complex under the [[Indian Penal Code]]. The couple subsequently appealed in the [[Delhi High Court]]. The Court noted that even though the charge-sheet claimed that the case was filed because passersby were offended, no one was mentioned by name. The Court subsequently stated that kissing in public by married couples cannot be termed obscene.<ref name=HCSnubs>{{cite news|title=Delhi HC snubs anti-kissing moral police|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/delhi-hc-snubs-anti-kissing-moral-police/article1-374015.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/delhi-hc-snubs-anti-kissing-moral-police/article1-374015.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 February 2009}}</ref><ref name=CourtNotice>{{cite news|title=Court notice to Delhi police over couple's plea|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/court-notice-to-delhi-police-over-couples-plea/article345693.ece|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 February 2009}}</ref> The Court passed its verdict on 25 May 2009 and ordered the police department to drop the case against the couple, as well as pay compensation of {{currency|5,000|INR}} to both husband and wife for moral policing.<ref name=DelhiHCKiss>{{cite court|litigants =A & B v. State Thr. N.C.T. of Delhi & Anr. |vol = |reporter = |opinion = |pinpoint = |court = [[Delhi High Court]]|date = 25 May 2009|url=http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/SMD/judgement/27-05-2009/SMD25052009CRLMM2832009.pdf }}</ref>

In December 2012, Delhi Police came under serious criticism following the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|Nirbhaya]] case. Following the outrage in the aftermath, public protests took place in New Delhi on 21 December 2012 at [[India Gate]] and [[Raisina Hill]], the latter being the location of both the [[Parliament of India]] and [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[President of India]]. Thousands of protesters clashed with police and battled [[Rapid Action Force]] units.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government waging 'war' against people: Arvind Kejriwal|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/government-waging-war-against-people-arvind-kejriwal/312011-37-64.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=24 December 2012|date=24 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231012934/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/government-waging-war-against-people-arvind-kejriwal/312011-37-64.html|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Demonstrators were [[baton charge]]d,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thatssogloss.com/rape-shame-delhi-a-witness-account-of-the-protests/ |title=Rape & Shame in Delhi : A witness' account of the protests |publisher=thatssogloss.com |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064252/http://thatssogloss.com/rape-shame-delhi-a-witness-account-of-the-protests/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref> shot with [[water cannon]] and [[tear gas]] shells, and arrested.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/protests-over-rape-turn-violent-in-delhi/ |title=Protests Over Rape Turn Violent in Delhi |first1=Heather |last1=Timmons |first2=Hinarika |last2=Mandhana |first3=Sruthi |last3=Gottipatti |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=23 December 2012 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223130846/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/protests-over-rape-turn-violent-in-delhi/ |archive-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==VIP security by Delhi Police==
Out of a total Delhi police strength of 77,965, in 2016, over 20,000 personnel or over 25 percent, were assigned to secure [[Very important person|VVIPs]] in Delhi. Delhi Police Commissioner Alok Kumar Verma, arguing that the 20,000 officers earmarked for VIP security were inadequate, pitched for increasing the number of Delhi Police officers assigned to [[Very important person|VVIP]] security from 20,000 to 22,500.
<ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

Verma stated that it was of the "utmost priority" that the number of police officers available for VVIP duties increased. He is expected to leverage the [[Terror threat level|terror threat risk]] to get the extra 2250 police personnel, citing Ministry of Home Affairs, Intelligence Bureau, and Delhi police's special bureau threat assessments. The increase in Police strength for VVIP security will increase the deployment of police personnel per VIP from 17 to 19, and Police Deployment for VIP security from 25 percent to almost one third [28.8 percent] of its total strength.<ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

The demand for increasing Police strength for Securing Delhi's VIP, at considerable cost, is against the background of worsening law and order situation in the rest of the city, especially the more deprived areas of the city of some 19 million people.
<ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

=== VVIP security ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+Delhi Police Deployment for VIPs<ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />
! VVIP !!Police Deployment !! Remarks
|-
| Prime Minister, Vice-President, Union ministers, judges, courts, and others categorized as Protected Persons and visiting protectees.|| 7178|| [[Special Protection Group]], which is force of over 2000 armed personnel, responsible for the PMs security is not included in this total
|-
| Near Prime Minister's Residence || 89|| seven police pickets are deployed permanently close to the PM's residence
|-
|Presidential Palace Or [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] || 884 || Joint Commissioner of Delhi Police is in charge of this force.
This Delhi Police Force contingent is in addition to elements of an infantry battalion from the Indian army deployed permanently in The presidents' palace, and the President's Body Guards.
|-
|Residences of ministers, MPs, and judges.
|| 2115||
|-
|VVIP|| 254||
|-
|Total|| 10,484 || Delhi Police Force for VIP security is headed by Special Commissioner of Delhi Police. This total does not include several hundred, possibly thousands, armed personnel deployed from [[Paramilitary forces of India]] such as the BSF, CISF, NSG, CRPF etc.{{clarify|What do all these letters mean?|date=November 2023}} as body and residential guards to secure Delhi's VVIPs.
|}

In addition Delhi Police deploys 79 Police Control Room Vehicles (Static and semi-static) in [[Lutyens' Delhi]], where most of Delhi's VVIP live. 24 are exclusively for Members of Parliament (MPs). In addition Delhi Police provides static pickets, motor cycle patrol, and foot patrol, on 24-hour basis, including 39 static pickets, 17 motorcycle police patrols, and five Emergency Response Vehicles mounted patrols. The high police presence is supplemented with surveillance devices: 230 Close Circuit Television Cameras are located in North Avenue, South Avenue, MS MP flats, Narmada Apartment, Brahmaputra Apartment and Swarn Jayanti Complex. This is in addition to 412 CCTVs are installed at various roads leading to ministers and MP's residences in Lutyens' Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

===Intelligence Bureau===
The Intelligence Bureau and the Ministry of Home Affairs are responsible for identifying and nominating persons deserving police protection. The level of police protection is decided by the Home Minister and the home Secretary. There are five categories of protection or security cover: Z+, Z, Y+, Y and X. Who will get which category of security cover is decided by Security Categorization Committee (SCC) — headed by the home secretary.<ref name="Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016">{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Rajesh |date=29 May 2016 |title=Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016 |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/staggering-rise-in-vip-protectee-list-454-people-in-2016/story-HamIRQTpG9yXOGR39PNHDP.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530131234/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/staggering-rise-in-vip-protectee-list-454-people-in-2016/story-HamIRQTpG9yXOGR39PNHDP.html |archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

Armed Police protection to those designated as deserving protection by the Ministry of Home Affairs is provided by personnel drawn from central paramilitary forces under the home ministry such as the NSG, CRPF and CISF. In 2006 the CISF was mandated to raise a Special Security Group for VIP security. The unit came into being on 17 November 2006. This unit is responsible for the physical protection of highly threatened dignitaries/individuals, evacuation of Protected Persons, and providing static as well as mobile security to the Protected Persons".<ref name="Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2015-2016">{{cite news |date=2016 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs Annual Report 2015-2016 |language=en |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |location=New Delhi |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR%28E%291516.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625213524/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/AR(E)1516.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2017}}</ref> {{rp|para 2.129}}

In addition to the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Intelligence Bureau, the Delhi Police Commissioner is also authorized to extend police protection on the basis of reports by the Special Bureau of Delhi police.<ref name="Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016" />

In 2012, during the tenure of the Congress(I) led government, the Intelligence Bureau nominated 332 persons for protection; in 2016, under the BJP led NDA government, the number of people identified by Intelligence Bureau and Ministry of Home Affairs for police protection shot up to 454. A spokesperson of the Ministry of Home Affairs dismissed allegations that the list of persons given police protection is prepared arbitrarily. He said, "The number of protectees keeps changing depending on reports and inputs received from the security agencies. " Home Minister Rajnath Singh's predecessor Sushil Kumar Shinde, had explained that the persons nominated for protection "Only on the basis of recommendations from the Intelligence Bureau (IB)...We don't do it on our own," The current list includes nine expelled Congress MLAs from [[Uttarakhand]] who revolted against [[Harish Rawat]] and joined the BJP on 18 May 2016 . It includes the name of BJP's Kisan Morcha chief Vijay Pal Singh Tomar, Umesh Kumar, a journalist, who carried out a sting on chief minister Rawat.<ref name="Staggering rise in VIP protectee list: 454 people in 2016" /><ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

In 2016 in Delhi categories of security cover was : 42 Z+, 55 Z; 72 Y+; 143 Y; 67 X category, 19 security under discretion of Special Commissioner of Police . Delhi police is responsible for providing security cover to 66.<ref name="Delhi Sees 142 Murders, 578 Rapes and 1,729 Robberies in Less Than Four Months" />

==Helplines==
Delhi Police has Helpline numbers through which people can seek help without going to the police station in person. The various Helpline numbers of Delhi Police are as follows;<ref name="help">[http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/home/helpline/helpline.aspx Helplines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722131419/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/home/helpline/helpline.aspx|date=22 July 2013}}. Delhi Police. Retrieved on 19 August 2013.</ref>
* Police Control Room- 100/112
* Senior Citizens Security Cell- 1291
* Traffic problems- 1095
* [[1091 Women Helpline (Police)|Women helpline]] - 1091
* Anti-Obscene Calls Cell and Anti-stalking Cell – 1091
* Terrorism – 1090
* NORTH-EAST (People from North East India) HELPLINE – 1093
Delhi Police has also launched the facility of registering Online [[First Information Report|FIR]] from February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Police to launch the Facility of filing FIR Online |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/delhi-police-to-launch-the-facility-of-filing-fir-online/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007000319/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/delhi-police-to-launch-the-facility-of-filing-fir-online/ |archive-date=7 October 2014 |access-date=16 February 2014 |work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com}}</ref>

==Vehicles==
[[File:Delhi Police car All Women PCR vehicle Innova.jpg|thumb|250x250px|A Delhi Police All Women PCR vehicle. The car pictured is a [[Toyota Innova]].]]
[[File:Mahindra Marksman Delhi Police New Delhi.jpg|thumb|A [[Mahindra Marksman]] used by Delhi Police|alt=|250x250px]]
*[[Chevrolet Tavera]]
*[[Toyota Qualis]]
*[[Royal Enfield Bullet]]
*[[Bajaj Pulsar]]
*[[Maruti Gypsy]]
*[[Maruti Suzuki SX4]]
*[[Maruti Suzuki Ciaz]]
*[[TVS Apache]]
*[[SML Isuzu]] Prison Vans
*Tata LATC SWAT carrier
*[[Toyota Innova]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Nano unveiled as new Delhi Police PCR van at security expo|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-26/news/42427110_1_tata-nano-delhi-police-india-international-security-expo|work=The Economic Times|date=26 September 2013|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515201901/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-26/news/42427110_1_tata-nano-delhi-police-india-international-security-expo|archive-date=15 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi: Police Station Heads to Get Toyota Innovas|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-police-station-heads-to-get-toyota-innovas-582466|work=NDTV|date=30 June 2014|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119002223/http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-police-station-heads-to-get-toyota-innovas-582466|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi cops openly flout PMO order on vehicle use|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-police-misuse-of-official-vehicles-sindu-pillai-anyesh-roy-pmo-kuldeep-singh-tomar-home-ministry-238253-2015-02-01|publisher=India Today|date=2 February 2015|access-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704054337/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-police-misuse-of-official-vehicles-sindu-pillai-anyesh-roy-pmo-kuldeep-singh-tomar-home-ministry/1/416432.html|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Delhi Police Jaguar Team Central District.jpg|thumb|Delhi Police, Jaguar Team, Central District|alt=|250x250px]]
*[[Mahindra Scorpio]]
*[[Maruti Ertiga]]

== SWAT commandos and police weapons ==
The Special Weapons And Tactics commando unit was formed in 2009 in wake of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11]], and saw action first in 2010 [[Commonwealth Games]], they were tasked with protection duties. They are trained on the lines of [[National Security Guard]]. All the commandos are under 28 years of age, thus making them fit and capable of tasks meant for commandos. Their main work is to fight against any terrorist attack that occurs in Delhi NCR. They have been trained exclusively in [[Krav Maga]]. [[Delhi]] was one of the first cities to get an all-women SWAT team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/15/asia/india-all-women-swat-intl/index.html|title=India's Independence Day sees first deployment of all-female SWAT team|first=Swati |last=Gupta|date=15 August 2018 |publisher=CNN|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815163725/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/15/asia/india-all-women-swat-intl/index.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
SWAT team members will function under the elite Special Cell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/to-combat-terror-delhi-gets-its-own-swat-team/537837/|title=Delhi gets SWAT team|date=6 November 2009|work=The Indian Express|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411170705/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/to-combat-terror-delhi-gets-its-own-swat-team/537837/|archive-date=11 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Equipment:
*[[Glock]] 9 MM Semi-Automatic Pistol.
*[[AK-47]] Assault rifle.
*Trichy assault rifle.
*[[Heckler & Koch MP5]] submachine gun.
*[[CornerShot|CornerShot gun]].
*INSAS Assault Rifle Light Machine Gun
*Browning 9 MM Semi-Automatic pistol.
[[File:Delhi Police SWAT vehicle.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Delhi Police vehicle of Special Weapons And Tactics (SWAT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External Links==

* [http://www.delhitrafficpolice.nic.in/ Delhi Traffic Police]

{{commons category|Delhi Police}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Department of Police, Delhi}}
[[Category:Delhi Police| ]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1981]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]

Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya

2026-03-05T11:19:10Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{Short description|Emperor of Vijayanagara from 1485 to 1491}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = {{circa|1485|1491}}
| title = [[Emperor]]
| succession = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperor of Vijayanagara]]
| predecessor = [[Praudha Raya]]
| successor = [[Thimma Bhupala]]
| father = Saluva Gunda (the Governor of [[Chandragiri]])
| birth_date = 1431
| death_date = 1491
| death_place = [[Vijayanagara]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (present-day Hampi, Karnataka, India)
| dynasty = [[Saluva Dynasty|Saluva]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref>Sastri 1955.</ref><ref>Sewell 1900.</ref>
| issue = {{Plainlist|
*[[Thimma Bhupala]]
*[[Narasimha Raya II]]
}}
}}
'''Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya''' (1431–1491), also known as '''Saluva Narasimha''' and '''Saluva Narasimha I''', was the founder of the [[Saluva dynasty]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and ruled from 1485 until his death in 1491.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=108}}</ref> Saluva rulers were originally [[Jainism|Jains]] who ruled Vijayanagara until 1505 and are associated with the construction of several Jain basadis in the Nagire (Nagarakere) province, including the [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa]].<ref>Sastri 1955.</ref>

In 1452, he was conferred the title ''Maha Mandaleshwara'' of [[Chandragiri]] during the reign of emperor [[Mallikarjuna Raya]]. His father Saluva Gaunda was the governor of [[Chandragiri]].

After the death of [[Virupaksha Raya II]] and the ascension of [[Praudha Raya]] as the new [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperor of Vijayanagara]], the empire plunged into neglect and anarchy. Seeing that a military coup was the only hope to save the realm, Narasimha dispatched the son of [[Tuluva Isvara Nayaka]], [[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] to the imperial capital of [[Vijayanagara]]. The incumbent emperor Praudha Raya fell, thus starting the rule of Saluva Narasimha I. The writings of [[Fernão Nunes|Nuniz]] gives a graphic account of how Narasa Nayaka went to Vijayanagara and found it completely unguarded, even all the way to the harem.

As emperor, Saluva Narasimha tried to expand the empire, though he continually faced difficulties caused from similarly rebelling governors. By 1491, he had lost [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]] to the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati]] Monarch [[ Purushottama Deva]] while the Chiefs of Ummattur in the Mysore region, Saluvas of [[Hadavalli]] and Santharas of [[Karkala]] from coastal Karnataka region, [[Srirangapatna]] and Sambetas of Peranipadu in [[Cuddapah]] still remained threats to the empire.

A Saluva Narasimha Raya patron of the [[Madhwa]] saint [[Sripadaraya]], he authored the Sanskrit work ''Rama Bhyudayam''. He also patronised Kannada poet Kavi Linga.<ref name="linga">Narasimhacharya (1988), p 69</ref>

Saluva Narasimha's war with the Gajapatis over Udayagiri in 1489 proved disastrous when he was taken prisoner and released only after giving up the fort and surrounding areas to the Gajapatis of Orissa. However, he was successful in conquering the western ports of Kannada country of [[Mangalore]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Honnavar]] and Bakanur. This success enabled him to trade for swift horses with the Arabs. He took more efforts in the upkeep of his cavalry and army in general.

Saluva Narasimha would die in 1491 with sons that were too young to ascend to the throne. Their guardianship was entrusted to Narasa Nayaka, a loyal general and minister from the [[Tuluva Dynasty|Tuluva family]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise History of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051219170139/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_medieval.html APonline article]
*[http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka40.htm Ourkarnataka article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060425045737/http://prabhu.50g.com/vijayngr/vij_sangama.html Sangama article]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Praudha Raya]]|after=[[Tuluva Narasa Nayaka]] |years=1485–1491}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raya, Saluva Narasimha Deva}}
[[Category:1491 deaths]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:1430s births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Saluva dynasty]]

Adalat (1977 film)

2026-03-03T23:29:39Z

Floorsingurgaon: new basic entry basic info

{{short description|1976 film directed by Narendra Bedi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adalat
| image = Adalat 1976 poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Narendra Bedi]]
| producer = A. K. Nadiadwala
| writer =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Neetu Singh]]
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976|01|07|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|3.2 crores}} ({{INR|72 crores}} or {{USD|10 million}} in 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan Hits, Flops, and Blockbusters : Box Office Analysis |url=http://www.talkingmoviez.com/2018/06/amitabh-bachchan-hits-flops-and.html?m=1 |work=Talkingmoviez |date=20 December 2018}}</ref>
}}
'''''Adalat''''' ({{translation|Court}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Narendra Bedi.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/adalat-1976/article5732705.ece |title=Adalat (1976) |last=Malhotra |first=Aps |date=27 February 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in a double role as both father & son alongside [[Waheeda Rehman]] & [[Neetu Singh]] as the love interests.

Bachchan received a [[Filmfare]] nomination as the Best Actor, the only one for the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhirad |first1=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |website=deep750.googlepages.com |date=2006 |page=49 |access-date=1 April 2009 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The music is composed by [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]. The film was a blockbuster at the box-office.

The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Sivamettina Satyam'' (1980), in Tamil as ''[[Vishwaroopam (1980 film)|Vishwaroopam]]'' (1980) and in Malayalam as ''[[Aayudham (1982 film)|Aayudham]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/krishnamraju.htm |title=Krishnam Raju filmography |work=Cinegoer |accessdate=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726224905/http://www.cinegoer.com/krishnamraju.htm |archivedate=26 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=16 November 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99450/page/n327 |magazine=Sunday |page=57}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dharam Chand or Dharma ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), an amiable village farmer is thrilled when his wife, Radha ([[Waheeda Rehman]]) gives birth to a baby boy, whom they decide to name Raju. Dharma heroically saves the lives of Ajit ([[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]]), Sujit ([[Sujit Kumar]]) and Suresh when they are being attacked by a tiger and they graciously offer him a job in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) whenever he decides to visit. When the village experiences an economic crisis and drought, the family migrates to Bombay, where Ajit makes Dharma the manager of his warehouse in the city.

Dharma is very honest with his job and courteous as well. After a few months, Dharma is tricked into signing a document which makes him the owner of the warehouse he is working at. One fine day the police raid his warehouse and he is arrested for trafficking gold and drugs. Being a village simpleton he doesn't understand the law and is easily implicated by his bosses for illegal activities carried out by them.

His pleas of innocence are ignored by the judge and he is sentenced to 18 months in jail plus an additional six months for contempt of court. Sujit visits his destitute family and offers money as compensation for the false implication of Dharma. His wife Radha refuses this, saying that she would not touch ill-gotten wealth. She toils very hard, working as a maid in the neighbourhood and stitching clothes for the locals. The hard work takes a toll on her health, as she is pregnant and one day she falls off the stairs due to weakness. She is admitted to the hospital and her sister-in-law Laxmi is the only person around. The doctor gives her a prescription. Laxmi finds herself helpless in this situation and goes to Sujit for money. Although Sujit gives her money, he rapes her before that. Laxmi, in a desolate state, reaches the hospital with the medicines. She hands over it to Dharma, who is out on parole and she dies in his arms (out of poison she had consumed earlier). When Dharma enters the ward, he finds out that their baby has died due to a fall Radha has suffered. He is totally heartbroken.

On his return, his bosses meet him and offer him anything he wishes in compensation. He rejects their offer saying that he would want his baby and sister as compensation. The prison and his hardships have now made him a ruthless man. His bosses sense vengeance and lodge a complaint to Inspector Khan, who had earlier arrested him. After a couple of days of his release, Dharma treads out late in the night from his home. His wife attempts to ask him where he is going, to which he replies that henceforth she should not ask him any questions. He straight away heads to Sujit's home and is able to get into his bedroom. Dharma demands all his money as compensation. Sujit agrees to it. Dharma then makes him write a confession letter, in case Sujit complains against him in the police. Sujit writes of all the crimes he has committed against Dharma and hands it over to him. Once this is done, he hangs Sujit from the fan and makes it appear as a suicide.

Inspector Khan straight away heads to Dharma's home and questions him. Dharma replies that unless he has any evidence against him, he should not question him. Radha understands that Dharma has killed Sujit, but keeps mum. In order to remove any suspicion about the robbery, Dharma hands over all the money to the owner of a hotel as a security deposit to lease his hotel. The deal is that Dharma would pay a paltry sum Rs. 500/month as the lease. A formal agreement is done. Inspector Khan questions the owner and suspects foul play, but due to proper paperwork and lack of evidence, he cannot implicate either of them.

Ajit, now scared of Dharma decides to kill him. He plants a bomb in his home to blow up his whole family. Alert Dharma is able to save his family, but is severely injured. Inspector Khan warns him that although he doesn't have any evidence, the path that Dharma has chosen would lead him back to his own destruction. Next, Dharma targets Suresh. He goes to his home and makes him drink excessive alcohol. Once Suresh is drunk, he gets all his money and information about their illegal business. Once that is done, he pushes him from the stairs to make it appear as an accident. Yet again, Khan visits him in the hospital and tries to reason with Dharma to dissuade him from his path. As Inspector Khan doesn't have any evidence, yet again he returns empty handed. Once out of the hospital, Dharma kills Ajit and starts trading with the peddler whom Ajit traded with. In order to keep the bad influence away from his kid, Dharma sends his son Raju to London for his further education. Years later, Raju (also Amitabh Bachchan) returns home and would like to marry Geeta Verma, ([[Neetu Singh]]) whom he met in London, but is unable to meet his father's approval and comes into conflict. Dharma had promised his business partner that he would marry Raju to his daughter. His business partner Rajan was a former employee of Ajit. Rajan runs all the risk as Dharma is officially not a partner of the business and Rajan is facing all the court cases related to their illegal faction of the business. After a certain point, Dharma reconciles with his son and realises that his consent to marriage is equally important. He tells Rajan that he would not be able to fulfill his promise.

Rajan becomes distraught with this and the thought of betrayal starts slipping into his mind. Unknown to Dharma, Ajit is still alive and has returned and it is time to avenge the past by trying to murder Dharma at any price. Rajan sides with Ajit and attempts to kill Dharma, and in a failed attempt kills his wife instead. Dharma now realizes the bitter truth behind Khan's warning leading to his self-destruction. He then heads towards his end (duel with his rivals), in a bid to save his son's future.

==Cast==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Thakur Dharam Chand "Dharma" / Raj “Raju” Thakur (Father and son double role)
*[[Waheeda Rehman]] as Radha
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Geeta Verma
*[[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Ajit Singh
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Verma
*[[Heena Kausar]] as Laxmi
*[[Kader Khan]] as Police Inspector Khan
*[[Marutirao Parab]] Gulshan, Dharma's uncle
*[[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Nirupa, Dharma,s aunt
*[[Viju Khote]] as Damodar
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Sujit Singh
*[[K N Singh]] as K N Singh
*[[Manik Irani]] as Chandu Dada
*M.Rajan as a Rajan
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Judge Rathore
*[[Mohan Sherry]] as Hotel Owner Sunil
*[[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] as Himself (Guest appearance)
*[[Kartar Singh]] as Sikh man that carries away an injured Chandu Dada

==Soundtrack==
All lyrics are written by [[Gulshan Bawra]]. The soundtrack is available on Polydor (now [[Universal Music India]]).
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Humka Aisa Waisa"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Behna O Behna"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Tumse Door Rehke Hum Ne Jana Pyar Kya Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Do Din Ki Jawani"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|}

==Accolades==
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] - [[Amitabh Bachchan]] - Nominated

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0075632}}

[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Narendra Bedi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Commissioner (film)

2026-03-03T21:27:30Z

Floorsingurgaon: cleanup citations for clarity and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Commissioner
| image = Commissioner 1994.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[M. Mani]]
| writer = [[Renji Panicker]]
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Shobana]] [[Vijayaraghavan]] [[M. G. Soman]]
| music = Rajamani
| cinematography = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio = Sunitha Productions
| distributor = Aroma Release
| released = {{Film date|1994|04|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Commissioner''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]], written by [[Renji Panicker]], and produced by [[M. Mani]] under Sunitha Productions. It stars [[Suresh Gopi]], alongside [[Ratheesh]], [[Shobana]], [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[N. F. Varghese]], [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] and [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]. The musical score was composed by Rajamani, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and [[L. Bhoominathan]] respectively.

''Commissioner'' became a major commercial success at the box office, with dialogues of Gopi becoming catchphrase among Malayali audience. The film was significant in making Gopi a prominent star in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 Suresh Gopi films to watch before you die|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-suresh-gopi-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52450589.cms|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] dubbed version ''Police Commissioner'' was also a major commercial success.

The sequel titled ''[[Bharath Chandran I.P.S.]]'' was released in 2005, with Renji Panicker replacing Shaji Kailas as the director. In 2012, a [[Crossover (fiction)|crossover film]] titled ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'', with the characters from ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' (which was released in 1995) and ''Commissioner'', was released in 2012.

==Plot==
Bharathchandran, an honest and brash [[Commissioner of Police (India)|police commissioner]] of [[Kozhikode]], bust down a gold smuggling racket at the [[Calicut]] docks and clearly has an issue with authority and breaths fire each time when he encounters a political arm bender like Kunju Moideen Sahib, whose gang was involved in the bust, but his mentor [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Balachandran evidently shields him from the wrath of the political brass.

Mohan Thomas is a [[Delhi]]-based [[business tycoon]] with a strong political clout and a clear sociopathic agenda. He had entrusted Sahib with the gold, which was confiscated by Bharathchandran. Along with gold smuggling, Mohan Thomas is also the leading kingpin of an unholy nexus of politicians, assassins and various officials, including two high ranking cops, [[Inspector-General of Police|IG]] Rajan Felix, Vigilance and [[Additional Inspector General of Police|AIG]] Menon, who are involved in instigating [[communal riots]], [[money laundering]], [[illegal drug trade]] and large scale distribution of [[counterfeit money]]. Bharathchandran and Mohan Thomas are set on a collision course when Mohan and Co. brutally murder [[#Supreme Court Chief Justice|Justice]] Mahendran, the chairman of the Poovanthura commission, who possess evidence that could potentially incriminate Rajan Felix and Menon for their direct involvement in communal riots at Poovanthura.

Bharathchandran is not only assigned to investigate the homicide, but also posted as the police commissioner of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Assisted by two dynamic and brash [[Assistant Superintendent|ASP]]s Prasad Menon and Mohammed Iqbal, Bharathchandran tries to solve the mystery, but soon to hit a dead-end. Bharathchandran's fiancée Indu, a lawyer, tips him off about the news clip on an assault on a drunk police constable Gopinathan, who also was coincidentally the security for Justice Mahendran. In an attempt to take Sunny, Mohan's younger brother, who had assaulted the constable within the college premises, results in a massive [[riot]] as well as a standoff with Rajan Felix, who tries to save Sunny by trying to take him into his custody, claiming previous charges. The only clue that is left with Bharathchandran and crew are based on Vattapara Pithamparan, a trade [[Trade union|union leader]] who tips-off that Sunny had actually attacked Gopinath because of Gopinath's comment on counterfeit currency.

With this vital clue, Bharathchandran unearths more dirt on Mohan Thomas & Co. Bharathchandran arrests Srilatha Varma, Mohan's legal advisor and mistress, but is brutally murdered in a hotel elevator by Wilfred Vincent Baston, a [[Goa]]-based assassin, who had also murdered Justice Mahendran. Bharathchandran is successful in nabbing Antony Ignatius Pimento, Wilfred's right-hand man, and zeroes in on Wilfred. Bharathchandran stages a coup by arresting Rajan Felix and Menon, who are brutally tortured to reveal details on their alliance with Mohan Thomas and also sheds light on their agenda. Iqbal is killed brutally in an attempt to arrest Wilfred. This enrages Bharathchandran, who later brutally kills Wilfred and Mohan Thomas at an outhouse by torching the whole house, thus taking the law into his own hands.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|City Police Commissioner]] Bharathchandran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Ratheesh]] as Mohan Thomas, [[Rajya Sabha#India|Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament#India|MP]], the main antagonist
* [[Shobhana]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Indu Kurup, Bharathchandran's Lover and Friend
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police#India|ASP]] Prasad [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as [[Assistant Superintendent of Police#India|ASP]] Muhammad Iqbal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[M. G. Soman]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] Balachandran Nair [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as [[Inspector General of Police#India|IG]] Rajan Felix [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|State IB Chief]]
* [[Bheeman Raghu]] as Wilfred Vincent Bastin
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|AIG]] Menon [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Sunny Thomas, Mohan Thomas's Brother
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as [[Judge|Justice]] Mahendran
* [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as [[Advocate]] Sreelatha Varma
* [[Ravi Vallathol]] as K.M. Varghese, [[Central ministers of india|Central Minister]]
* Ragini as Achamma Varghese
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as [[Police Constable#Kerala|Constable]] Gopinathan / Gopi
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Vattappara Peethambaran
* Priyanka Anoop as Susheela, Gopi's Wife
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as [[Home Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Kunjurama Kurup, Indu's Grandfather
* [[Sathaar]] as Rural [[Superintendent of Police#India|SP]] Bobby [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[K.P.A.C. Sunny]] as Kunju Moideen Sahib
* [[Sadiq (actor)|Sadiq]] as Police Officer
* [[Ranji Panicker]] as Journalist
* [[Biju Pappan]] as Mohan Thomas's Henchman
* T.S.Krishnan as Kunju Moideen Sahib's Henchman
}}

== Production ==
Most of the film was shot extensively in and around [[Kozhikode]] and its outskirts. Most of the scenes were shot in the same locations as that of ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' (1993).<ref>{{Citation |title=കമ്മീഷണർ & ഏകലവ്യൻ സിനിമ ലൊക്കേഷൻ {{!}} Commissioner and Eakalavyan film location {{!}} Suresh Gopi hit film | date=3 October 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgfVtSxR0NM |language=en |access-date=2023-02-16}}</ref>

==Release==
''Commissioner'' was released in April 1994 coinciding the [[Vishu]] festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/renji-panicker-i-never-named-joseph-alex-in-the-king-it-was-he-who-guided-me-while-writing/articleshow/76796540.cms|title=Renji Panicker: I never named Joseph Alex in The King; it was he who guided me while writing|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Anjana George|date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-shaji-kailas-how-master-craftsman-shaped-masculinity-mollywood-superstars-832951|title=This Mollywood director reshaped masculinity of Mohanlal, Mammootty, and Suresh Gopi: HBD Shaji Kailas|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nirmal Narayanan|date=8 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/01south.htm|title=Dileep's stroke of luck|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 November 2003}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film became a major commercial success in Kerala box office. The film was also dubbed into Tamil and Telugu, both versions were box office success. The Telugu version, ''Police Commissioner'', the most successful among the two, ran for more than 100 days in [[Andhra Pradesh]], which was also a success in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/renji-panicker-i-never-named-joseph-alex-in-the-king-it-was-he-who-guided-me-while-writing/articleshow/76796540.cms|title=Renji Panicker: I never named Joseph Alex in The King; it was he who guided me while writing|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Anjana George|date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/28/suresh-gopi-supreme-star-telugu-cinema.html|title=Here is how Suresh Gopi became the 'Supreme Star' of Telugu cinema|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

[[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]] in the book ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' wrote "Suresh Gopi's performance, embodying the fascist machismo of the honest and committed police officer, made him a Malayalam superstar."<ref>[https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf PDF]</ref>

==Legacy and sequels==
The characters ''Bharathchandran IPS'' and ''Mohan Thomas'' portrayed by [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Ratheesh]] are considered to be the most iconic characters in [[Malayalam film industry]]. A sequel to this film, ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'', was released in 2005, directed by Renji Panicker himself, which was also a commercial success. A crossover film titled ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' was released in 2012, but became a box office failure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/shocking-great-mollywood-films-that-flopped-at-the-box-office/photostory/52656523.cms|title=Shocking ! Great Mollywood films that flopped at the box - office|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0299693|title=Commissioner }}

{{Shaji Kailas}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1994 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1994 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1994 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|TheKingCommi1]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about counterfeit money]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Aayirappara

2026-03-03T21:26:43Z

Floorsingurgaon: page edit

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aayirappara
| image = Aayirappara.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Venu Nagavalli]]
| producer = Sreekanth Ashok
| writer = Nagavalli R. S. Kurup
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| music =
'''Songs''': [[Raveendran]]
'''Lyrics''': [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
| cinematography = K. P. Nambiathiri
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio =
| distributor = Mak Release
| released = {{Film date|1993|02|04|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aayirappara''''' is a 1993 [[Malayalam film]] directed by [[Venu Nagavalli]], starring [[Mammootty]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] and [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] in the lead roles. The movie was produced by Sreekanth and Ashok under the banner of Gauridarshana and it has been distributed by Mak Release.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Shauri
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Parvathy
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Paappi, Shauri's father
* [[Narendra Prasad]] as Padhmanabha Kaimal, Parvathy's father
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Chettiar
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Vasu
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Basheer
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Urumees
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Chandrabhanu
* [[Sankaradi]] as Priest
* [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Yasodharan
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Govinda Menon
* [[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Chackochen
* [[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]]
* [[Rizabawa]] as Bhanuvikrama Kaimal
* [[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Chettiar's goon
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Kuruppu
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
* [[Sukumari]] as Mary, Shauri's mother
* [[Kuttyedathi Vilasini]]
* Jezil Ashraf as Shauri (childhood)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs in this movie were written by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] and composed by [[Raveendran]]. The songs have been distributed by C. C. Audios. The background score also was by Raveendran.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Nattupacha Kilipenne" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Ellarkkum Kittiya Sammanam" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[B. Arundhathi]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Yathrayay" || K. J. Yesudas, B. Arundhathi ||
|-
| 4 || "Athazhi" || K. J. Yesudas ||
|}

== Awards ==
* 1993 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] - [[Mammootty]]

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0271348}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venu Nagavally]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Birbal Trilogy

2026-03-03T21:21:26Z

Floorsingurgaon: started the stub needs work - done

{{short description|2019 Indian crime thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Birbal Trilogy
| image = Birbal Trilogy Case 1- Finding Vajramuni poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. G. Srinivas]]
| producer = T. R. Chandrashekar
| screenplay = M. G. Srinivas
| writer = Prasanna VM (dialogues)
| starring = {{plainlist|*M. G. Srinivas
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
}}
| music = [[Saurabh-Vaibhav]] Kalacharan
| cinematography = Bharat Parasuram
| editing = Srikanth Shroff
| studio = Crystal Park Cinemas
| distributor = Crystal Park Cinemas BKG Films
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|01|18}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref name="Birbal Review">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/birbal/movie-review/67582737.cms|title=BIRBAL MOVIE REVIEW|date=18 January 2019|website=Times Of India|accessdate=28 May 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607211358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/birbal/movie-review/67582737.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Birbal Trilogy Case 1: Finding Vajramuni''''' (or simply '''''Birbal''''') is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] [[crime thriller film]] co-written and directed by [[M. G. Srinivas]]. The film is the first installment of the planned ''Birbal Trilogy''. It also marked the third character-based trilogy in [[Kannada cinema]], after ''[[Jedara Bale|CID 999]]'' and ''[[Sangliyana]]''.<ref name="first">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/birbal-trilogy-has-a-lot-of-firsts-mg-srinivas/articleshow/67571423.cms|title=Birbal Trilogy has a lot of firsts: MG Srinivas|website=Times Of India|date=18 January 2019 |accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> It is also the first installment in a cinematic universe followed by ''[[Ghost (2023 film)|Ghost]]'' in which M. G. Srinivas reprises his role.

[[Rukmini Vasanth]] made her debut as a lead actress.<ref name="heroine">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/rukmini-worked-17-hours-713712.html|title=Rukmini worked for 17 hours straight for Birbal Trilogy|first=Tini Sara|last=Anien|newspaper=Deccan Herald|accessdate=15 November 2020|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924191003/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/rukmini-worked-17-hours-713712.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film introduced an 8D song for the first time in Kannada cinema; it was also the first Kannada film to use the scribble effect.<ref name="first"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/international-names-give-birbal-trilogy-a-hollywood-touch/articleshow/67193448.cms|title=International names give Birbal Trilogy a Hollywood touch|website=Times Of India|date=22 December 2018|accessdate=28 May 2020|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219144132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/international-names-give-birbal-trilogy-a-hollywood-touch/articleshow/67193448.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/birbal-trilogy-is-a-kannada-film-made-like-an-english-thriller/articleshow/67554648.cms|title='Birbal Trilogy is a Kannada film made like an English thriller'|website=Times Of India|date=17 January 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219132317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/birbal-trilogy-is-a-kannada-film-made-like-an-english-thriller/articleshow/67554648.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Its sequels are titled ''Birbal 2: Avrn bitt, Ivrn bitt, Ivryaru?'' and ''Birbal Trilogy Case 3: Turremane''. Although ''Birbal 2'' entered production in 2024, there has been no update on the third film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/director-srini-returns-with-birbal-2-article-111669288|title=Director Srini Returns With Birbal 2|date=11 July 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

The movie was praised for employing the [[Rashomon effect]] in its story narration technique. The movie is based on the 2017 Korean movie ''[[New Trial (film)|New Trial]]''.<ref name="DC">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/230119/birbal-movie-review-birbal-from-korea.html|title = Birbal movie review: Birbal, from Korea|work=Deccan Chronicle|first=Shashiprasad|last= SM| date=23 January 2019 |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> The Telugu remake of the film ''[[Thimmarusu]]'' released on 30 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birbal Trilogy Telugu remake titled Thimmarasu|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/sep/07/satyadev-turns-thimmarasu-20145.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=7 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Bangalore]], Mahesh, an intelligent lawyer working for Hegde, a [[law firm]] head, is assigned to investigate the case of Vishnu, who is suspected of killing Ramdas, a taxi driver and a [[Informant|police informer]] 8 years ago. Mahesh learns that Vishnu is released from prison, where he along with his girlfriend Jahnvi and Shastry visit him at his village. Vishnu says that he was returning from work that night and gets injured in an accident, where he found Ramdas lying dead in the taxi and called the police, but the cops led by [[Inspector]] Raghavan, forces Vishnu to take blame for Ramdas' death after finding a knife in his scooter.

Mahesh begins his investigation, where he learns that the bar owner (where Vishnu is actually working) had tried to molest his friend Sheela, but Vishnu saved her and sent her away from the city. Through Sheela, Mahesh and Vishnu learn about an article describing the murder which was published 9 months ago, after Vishnu's imprisonment. They meet a retired police officer and learn that Suri, a call center employee, was behind Ramdas's death. Mahesh, Vishnu and Shastry capture Suri, who reveals that Raghavan used to make Suri and other young men commit robberies. Suri tried to force Ramdas to give money, but he accidentally stabbed Ramdas and escaped.

Fearing that his illegal activity would be exposed, Raghavan framed Vishnu and had him imprisoned, where he also makes Suri to pretend that he is mentally unstable. Vishnu tells Mahesh to present Suri in the court, but Mahesh refuses as the court already declared Suri as a mentally ill person and begins to find more clues. Later, Mahesh learns that the truck driver was at the murder spot, where he learns from a truck driver that a boy named Amoghavarsha took a lift in order to escape as he witnessed Ramdas' death. Mahesh finds Amoghavarsha and learns that he was returning home from a bar where he witnessed Ramdas' death and recorded it in his camera.

Later, Raghavan arrests Amoghavarsha for harassing the girl, which leads Mahesh to discover that Jahnavi was bribed by Raghavan to spy on Mahesh during his investigation. In the court, Mahesh manages to prove Vishnu's innocence and Raghavan is suspended. Later, Mahesh finds from the video that another person was present and behind Ramdas' death, where he traces the killer's bike and learns that the bike owner Narayanappa is a constable, who died from a stroke. Meanwhile, Raghavan kidnaps a person where Vishnu witness this and tries to kill Raghavan, but Mahesh stops him and Raghavan is arrested.

Mahesh takes a number from which Narayanappa received blackmail calls, where he devises a plan and manages to identify the killer, who is revealed to be a retired inspector named Vajramuni. Mahesh reveals himself as Ramdas's son and also knows that Vishnu was not present at the time of his father's death. With Shastry's help, Mahesh joined Hegde's law firm and secretly opened Vishnu's case. Mahesh had learnt about a memory card which revealed that Vajramuni had committed gruesome murders of various business persons' rival in the form of [[Encounter killing|police encounters]], where Ramdas learns about this from a [[Grave|grave caretaker]]. Fearing that he would be exposed, Vajramuni told Narayanappa to silence Ramdas. After the conclusion, Vajramuni gets arrested and sentenced to prison.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Srinivas]] as Mahesh Das, a lawyer
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]] as Jahnvi, Mahesh's girlfriend
* Vineeth Kumar as Vishnu
* Sujay Shastry as Shastry
* [[Suresh Heblikar]] as Hegde, a law firm head
* [[Aruna Balraj]] as Sumitra, Vishnu's mother
* Ravi Bhat as Ramdas
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Inspector Raghavan
* Krishna Hebbale as Parthasarathy, a [[Prosecutor|public prosecutor]]
* Keerthi Baanu as Retired Inspector Vajramuni
* [[Kavitha Gowda]] as Sheela (cameo appearance)
* Prithvi Banavasi
* Thirumalesh
* Amoghavarsha as Amoghavarsha
* [[Sandeep Jain]] as Suri
* Vilas Kulkarni
* Vinay Bharadwaj
* Deepak Raj
* Raghavan Lakshman
}}

==Music==
The soundtrack and background score were composed by Saurabh Vaibhav and Kalacharan. It was released under the label of Crystal Music.

{{Infobox album
| name = Birbal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Saurabh Vaibhav and Kalacharan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Crystal Park Cinemas
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 6:51
| label = Crystal Music
| producer =
| prev_title = 2018
| prev_year = [[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]
| next_title = [[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]
| next_year = 2022
}}

===Track list===
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Birbal Title Track
| extra1 = Saurabh Gupta
| music1 = Saurabh Vaibhav
| length1 = 2:44
| lyrics1 = Trilok Trivikram
| title2 = Ragini Madam
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| music2 = Kalacharan
| length2 = 4:06
| lyrics2 = Ajith Hedge Boppanalli MG.Srinivas
|}}

===Original soundtrack===
{{Soundtrack
| title1 = Birbal Theme
| length1 = 0:45
| title2 = Mahesh Das alias Birbal
| length2 = 1:52
| title3 =The Murderer
| length3 = 2:15
| title4 =Butterfly Effect
| length4 = 2:48
| title5 =The Trap
| length5 = 4:33
| title6 =Raghava Theme
| length6 = 2:47
| title7 =The Attack
| length7 = 1:13
| title8 =Vajramuni Theme
| length8 = 1:20
| title9 =The Witness
| length9 = 1:16
| title10 =First Dimension Theme
| length10 = 1:14
| title11 =Second Dimension Theme
| length11 = 1:40
| title12 =Mahesh Das and Janhavi Love Theme
| length12 = 2:01
| title13 =The Vishnu's Love Theme
| length13 = 2:57
| title14 =The Plot
| length14 = 0:53
| title15 =Burqa Theme
| length15 = 4:30
| title16 =Vishnu vs Mahesh
| length16 = 1:49
| title17 = Amogha Arrest
| length17 = 2:43
| title18 = Freeze Scene
| length18 = 3:33
| title19 =The Final Reveal
| length19 = 1:00
| total_length = 42:18
|}}

==Release and reception==
The director's efforts, an engaging screenplay, the cast's performance and the background score received praise from critics but was critiqued as having a slow-pace, being overwritten and being too long.<ref name="DC"/>

=== Critical reception ===
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "The film has some interesting moments that stand out. A little tighter editing and screenplay would have elevated those. Yet, the film can be an interesting watch for those seeking something different".<ref name="Birbal Review"/> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "''Birbal'' is 2019's first big Kannada release and I can say that the year has begun on a positive note. Chewing on Mahesh's findings was fun indeed!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/birbal-movie-review-a-fun-thriller-that-holds-your-attention|title=Birbal Movie Review: A Fun Thriller That Holds Your Attention|website=filmcompanion|date=18 January 2019|author=KARTHIK KERAMALU|accessdate=25 August 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723125257/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/birbal-movie-review-a-fun-thriller-that-holds-your-attention/|url-status=live}}</ref> Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "The film lives up to the expectations mostly but also suffers from slow pacing."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/birbal-trilogy-case-1-finding-vajramuni-review-watchable-thriller-95251|title='Birbal Trilogy Case 1: Finding Vajramuni' review: A watchable thriller|website=The News Minute|date=18 January 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref>

Shyam Prasad S. of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Birbal'' has the looks and feel of a well-made film. If you have enough time on your hands and are adept at binge-watching online crime dramas, you may actually end up liking this film."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/birbal-movie-review-a-slow-moving-whodunnit/articleshow/67594492.cms|title=Birbal movie review: A slow moving whodunit|website=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "The most crucial aspect for a thriller of any nature on celluloid is to keep the audience engaged for an edge-of-the-seat experience. Unfortunately, ''Birbal'' lacks this momentum. But for a couple of moments, the audience has a laborious time as they become curious about who the actual killer is."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200119/birbal-movie-review-an-investigation-which-kills-two-plus-hours.html|title=Birbal movie review: An investigation which kills two plus hours|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 January 2019 |accessdate=28 May 2020|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327013140/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/200119/birbal-movie-review-an-investigation-which-kills-two-plus-hours.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The movie was released on [[Over-the-top media services|online platform]] [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] on 20 April 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprimetime.in/after-dia-and-love-mocktail-another-kannada-movie-sets-a-trend-on-amazon-prime/|title=After Dia and Love Mocktail another Kannada movie sets a trend on Amazon Prime|website=The Prime Time|accessdate=30 May 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412171207/https://theprimetime.in/after-dia-and-love-mocktail-another-kannada-movie-sets-a-trend-on-amazon-prime/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8364132}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Thanal (1978 film)

2026-03-03T21:00:36Z

Floorsingurgaon: put up new pg basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thanal
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Rajeevnath]]
| producer = Vikraman Nair
| writer = Rajeevnath Dr. Sathyaseelan
| screenplay = Rajeevnath Dr. Sathyaseelan
| starring = [[Adoor Bhasi]] George Cheriyan [[M. G. Soman]] [[Rani Chandra]]
| music = Jithin Shyam '''Lyrics:''' [[Bichu Thirumala]]
| cinematography = Hemachandran
| editing = Ravi
| studio = Sreevardhini Movie Makers
| distributor = Sreevardhini Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|1978|12|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Thanal''''' is a 1978 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Rajeevnath]] and produced by Vikraman Nair. The film stars [[Adoor Bhasi]], George Cheriyan, [[M. G. Soman]] and [[Rani Chandra]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Jithin Shyam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=903|title=Thanal|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4191|title=Thanal|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/thannal-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013133128/http://spicyonion.com/title/thannal-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2014|title=Thanal|accessdate=2014-10-08|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*George Cheriyan
*[[M. G. Soman]]
*[[Rani Chandra]]
*[[Ravi Menon]]
*Urmila

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Jithin Shyam and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Neelime Raagasindoora" || [[Vani Jairam]] || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Prabhaathakiranam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Bichu Thirumala ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0272319|Thannal}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Riddle of the Seventh Stone

2026-03-02T09:33:36Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{Short description|2010 novel by Monideepa Sahu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Riddle of the Seventh Stone
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Riddle of the seventh stone.jpg
| caption = Book cover
| author = [http://www.monideepa.blogspot.com Monideepa Sahu]
| illustrator = [https://poojapottenkulam.com Pooja Pottenkulam]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Fantasy novel]], [[Children's novel]]
| publisher = [http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=158 Zubaan]
| release_date = 2010
| english_release_date = 9 October 2010
| media_type = Print [[Paperback]]
| pages = 164
| isbn = 978-8189884802
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''Riddle of the Seventh Stone''''' is a [[2010 in literature|2010 novel]] by Indian author [[Monideepa Sahu]]. This fantasy novel for children is set in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[India]]. The book was longlisted for the Vodafone [[Crossword Book Award]] for 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crossword Book Award Longlist announced|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vodafonecrossword-book-award-longlist-announced/151369-40-100.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509082648/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vodafonecrossword-book-award-longlist-announced/151369-40-100.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2011|publisher=IBN live, Network 18|accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Longlist for the Vodafone Crossword Book Award Released|url=http://www.asiawrites.org/2011/05/longlist-for-vodafone-crossword-book.html|publisher=Asia Writes|accessdate=27 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504162507/http://www.asiawrites.org/2011/05/longlist-for-vodafone-crossword-book.html|archivedate=4 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
Set in a herb shop on a bustling road in [[Bangalore]], this book is about a spider and rat magically turning into human children. As children with help from their vermin friends the duo gang up with the grandchildren of the herb shop owner to save it from a land shark. In the course of their adventures they come across an ancient riddle, solving which leads them to the treasure of [[Kempegowda]], an ancient king who founded Bangalore. The vermin's transformation to humans in nature and thinking, and their improving in the face of adversity is an underlying theme of the book.

Many places described in the book are in the old parts of Bangalore<ref name=Sarma>{{cite news|last=Sarma|first=Deepika|title=A neighbourhood peopled with all kinds|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-neighbourhood-peopled-with-all-kinds/article4217130.ece?css=print|accessdate=27 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu, Bangalore|date=19 December 2012}}</ref> dating back to the times of the city's founding. The City Market, Avenue Road, [[Bangalore Fort]] and [[Kote Venkataramana Temple]] are real places.

==Characters==
* '''Rishab''': the aged rat who transforms into a shy and awkward boy. He overcomes his shyness to become the hero of the novel by solving the '''riddle of the seventh stone''', finding the treasure and becoming friends with a girl called Geeta whom he saved from an accident.
* '''Shashie''': the very old spider who transforms into a bossy and opinionated girl. She plays a pivotal role in the novel.
* '''Venkat Thatha''': the owner of the rare herb store, an absent-minded old man worried about the future of his shop
* '''Ajji''': Venkat Thata's wife, deaf but practical
* The twins '''Leela''' and '''Deepak''': orphaned grandchildren of Venkat Thatha. They discover and try to civilize Rishab and Shashie.
* '''Shark''': the mysterious scar-faced villain who doubles as a loan shark and a land shark out to snatch the store
* Minor characters like the wise [[bandicoot]] and the helpful policeman
* Numerous insects and rats who bravely help Rishab and his friends in their quest

[[File:Kote Srinivasa Temple at Bangalore.jpg|150px|thumb|Kote Venkataramana Temple]]

==Development and publication==
Monideepa Sahu got the idea of writing this book after meeting the owner of a shop selling rare herbs while doing research for an article for the newspaper ''[[Deccan Herald]]''. A big spider weaving a web in a corner of the shop and a rat scurrying about the shop were the inspiration behind the main characters of the book, Rishab and Shashee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shetty|first=Parinita|title=The Write Way|url=http://epaper.dnaindia.com/EpaperImages//mumbai//06052012//5ya-pg4-0.pdf|accessdate=25 September 2012|newspaper=DNA young Adults|date=6–12 May 2012}}</ref> In the course of the author's conversations with long-term residents of [[Bengaluru Pete|Old Bangalore]], she learnt about local life, and discovered old temples, churches and mosques. Hearing tales of local life, temple chariot festivals, the early morning flower market etc., related by people from diverse communities, inspired the characters and plot of her book.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moudgil|first=Reema|title=An Enchanting Riddle|url=http://unboxedwriters.com/2011/06/an-enchanting-riddle/|publisher=Unboxed Writers|accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref> Although the book was written in 2003 it was rejected by a number of publishers for failing to follow established stereotypes, before being selected by [[Zubaan]] in 2008 as an anonymous pitch in the [[Kala Ghoda]] Arts Festival.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sahu|first=Monideepa|title=How I got published|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment_how-i-got-published_1443928|accessdate=24 September 2012|newspaper=DNA|date=27 September 2010}}</ref> The book was formally launched in Bangalore on 9 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Launch|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010100951870100.htm&date=2010/10/09/&prd=mp&|accessdate=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]], Bangalore|date=9 October 2010}}</ref>

==Reviews==
A review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted the unusual storyline and praised the book for a realistic portrayal of children and language.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last=R|first=KRITHIKA|title=Just a li'l touch of magic|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2847227.ece|accessdate=28 May 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 January 2012}}</ref> The reviewer praised Rishab as an adorable character and appreciated the book's humorous touches but found the decoding of the riddle weak.<ref name="hindu"/> The ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' appreciated the fact that this novel as a fantasy set in [[India]] unlike most children's books.<ref name="herald">{{cite news|last=Mandana|first=Kavitha|title=A Pair of Double Agents!|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/102960/a-pair-double-agents.html|accessdate=28 May 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=October 2010}}</ref> They noted the mix of adventure, fantasy, insects, vermin and a little bit of love made the novel fast-paced.<ref name="herald"/> The ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' found the description of Bangalore's underworld populated with rodents and roaches and not crooks, as a world full of fantasy and adventure in the labyrinths of drains and nooks of the old Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhukar|first=Jayanthi|title=Into B'lore's underbelly|url=http://bangaloremirror.com/article/31/201010182010101817262121233940e5f/Into-B%E2%80%99lore%E2%80%99s-underbelly.html|accessdate=29 May 2012|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|date=18 October 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007050141/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/31/201010182010101817262121233940e5f/Into-B%E2%80%99lore%E2%80%99s-underbelly.html|archivedate=7 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Ranjana Kaul in the ''[[Book Review]]'' noted the "unlikely protagonists drawn from the world of vermin and insects, a world which humans generally tend to ignore or treat with disgust and repulsion. The book straddles these two antithetical yet interdependent worlds with ease through its unlikely heroes, the rat Rishabh and the bossy spider Shashee (spelt with a double 'e' for astrological reasons!) who find themselves catapulted unwillingly into the world of humans."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaul|first=Ranjana|title=Ranjana Kaul|journal=The Book Review|date=November 2011|volume= XXXV|issue= 11|url=http://www.thebookreviewindia.org/articles/archives-669/2011/november/11/ranjana-kaul.html|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>

It has been noted, apart from nuggets of history of Bangalore, the novel also deals with ecological concerns, coexistence and the discovery of self-reliance. However, the author has denied having put in a moral in the book.<ref name="Sarma"/>

==See also==
* ''[[Going home in the rain]]'', a 2016 book by Monideepa Sahoo

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=158 The publisher's webpage on the book]

[[Category:2010 debut novels]]
[[Category:2010 Indian novels]]
[[Category:2010 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:2010 children's books]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Indian mystery novels]]
[[Category:Indian children's novels]]
[[Category:Fantasy adventure novels]]
[[Category:Children's fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Children's mystery novels]]
[[Category:Postcolonial novels]]
[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Children's books set in India]]
[[Category:Novels set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Novels about friendship]]
[[Category:Children's books about friendship]]
[[Category:Novels about spiders]]
[[Category:Children's books about spiders]]
[[Category:Children's novels about mice and rats]]

Betty Naz

2026-03-01T21:43:59Z

Floorsingurgaon: new initial article basic info

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1945)}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Betty Naz
| image = Betty Naz at Tiatr Day 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nazareth at the [[Kala Academy]], 2017
| birth_name = Beatrice Jospehine Nazareth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|4|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| other_names = Betty Naaz
| organisation = Maharashtra Konkani Kala Saunstha
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| years_active = 1958–2016
| spouse = {{marriage|Abdon Fernandes|1977|2004|reason=died}}
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/beatrice.fernandes.7399}}
}}

'''Beatrice Jospehine Nazareth e Fernandes''' ([[née]] '''Nazareth'''; born 18 April 1945), known professionally as '''Betty Naz''', is an Indian former actress and singer known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

Nazareth is a known figure in the realm of [[Goan music|Konkani music]] and drama, known for her contributions and popularity among enthusiasts. With a career that commenced at the young age of 10, Nazareth has amassed a [[repertoire]] of stage performances spanning nearly six decades in [[Culture of Mangalore|Mangalorean]] and [[Goan Konkani]] theatre. By 2013, her vocal talents had graced over 250 [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[audio album]]s, while her stage presence had been witnessed in nearly 3000 shows. Known for her versatility as both an actor and singer, Nazareth has established herself as an entertainer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Betty Naaz - Singer & actor par excellence! |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/musicDisplay?articlesID=2259 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.daijiworld.com |archive-date=2024-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416191457/https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/musicDisplay?articlesID=2259 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her acting skills have been praised for both her stage performances in ''tiatr'' productions and her appearances in movies, leading to various awards and recognition. Nazareth is known for her contributions to Muthukrishna Das's Konkani films, such as ''Jivit Amchem Oxem'' (1972) and ''Boglantt'' (1975). Her voice, especially in the singing of ''[[Tiatr#Songs|cantos]]'' in ''tiatr'' performances, remains memorable and influential.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The effervescence and talent of Betty Naz |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-effervescence-and-talent-of-Betty-Naz/114898 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=oHeraldo |date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=2024-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422102824/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-effervescence-and-talent-of-Betty-Naz/114898 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Beatrice Jospehine Nazareth was born on 28 April 1945 in the island of [[Mazgaon]], [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), which was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the [[British India|colonial era]]. Her family originally hailed from [[Mangalore]].<ref name=":1" /> Her father, Aloysius Luis Nazareth, worked as a [[mechanic]] but was also involved in the local theatre scene as a performer. Her mother hails from the village of Bolkunje in Mangalore, while her father originally resided in the area of [[Bejai]] and later relocated to the town [[panchayat]] of [[Belthangady]]. Seeking improved opportunities, her parents migrated to Bombay. Nazareth was the third of seven children born to Aloysius and his wife, Elizabeth. From a young age, Nazareth was exposed to [[Konkani language|Konkani]] performance traditions through her father's work.<ref name=":0" /> Aloysius was a singer and composer who participated in [[Mangalorean]] theatrical productions. He even integrated the young Nazareth into one of his plays when she was an infant. Nazareth continued this family tradition of stage performance, taking part in school theatrical productions as she grew up. This background in the Konkani arts laid the foundation for Nazareth' later career.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |date=10 March 2018 |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=87}}</ref>

Nazareth's early career in the performing arts can be traced back to her childhood experiences in the theater scene of Mazgaon, (now a neighborhood in Mumbai, India). When Nazareth was young, her father was cast in a play directed by AT Lobo, who recognized Nazareth's potential and gave her a role as a [[child artist|child performer]]. Mazgaon had a Konkani theater culture, with local [[Goan]] resident Rodrigues regularly staging short dramatic works in the regional language of Konkani. Given the large [[Catholic]] population in Nazareth's building, these [[Community theatre|community-based productions]] provided her with frequent opportunities to take the stage. Rodrigues eventually incorporated Nazareth into his own ''[[tiatr]]'' (Konkani theatrical production). Nazareth's involvement in Mazgaon's theater scene also led her to connect with a nearby Mangalorean theater association that featured Goan artists such as Succorine, Rico Rod, [[Titta Pretto]], and [[Antonette Mendes]].<ref name=":1" />

Participating in this broader network of Konkani and Mangalorean performers allowed Nazareth to gain experience and recognition early in her career. The annual feast of [[Saint Anne]] on 26 July was a particularly important event for the Mazgaon theater community, with several plays and skits staged to commemorate the occasion. Nazareth's involvement in these productions helped her hone her craft and standing within the local [[performing arts]] scene. Through her father's initial theatrical role, the mentorship of Lobo, and her immersion in Mazgaon's Konkani and Mangalorean theater cultures, Nazareth was able to establish the foundations of her performing career from a young age, setting the stage for her later career.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Nazareth embarked on her theatrical journey during her childhood, immersing herself in the world of [[amateur theater]] at the age of 10. Her talents were immediately recognized during her debut performance, which took place at St. Anne's Church in [[Mazagaon]], where she participated in the [[Parish festival|parish feast]] shows. It was this early display of skill that caught the attention of Maurice Cabral, a figure in the theater scene from [[Mangalore]]. In 1958, at the age of 13, Nazareth received a significant professional opportunity when Cabral offered her a leading role in his play ''Deswat''. Eager to embrace the chance to showcase her abilities, she embraced the role, marking her arrival on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Her performance in this ''[[tiatr]]'' left an impression on the directors of that era. Continuing her collaboration with Cabral, Nazareth went on to work on various plays, including productions such as ''Bhorvoso'', ''Vaddol'', ''Aneeth'', and ''Kangan''. Her acting prowess in plays such as ''Vhoni ani Dher'', ''Tujem Durigmojea Bhatant'', and ''Mojo Put Padri'' received acclaim and admiration from the public.<ref name=":2">Goa State Cultural Award: Smt. Beatrice Josephine Fernandes alias Betty Naz (Tiatr) via [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] publication (15 December 2021)</ref> These successful performances not only solidified her position in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater but also attracted attention from other directors, including AT Lobo, Suny D'Souza, Lawry Andrade, Cha-Fra, Francis Fernandes Cascia, and AC Misquith. As a result, Nazareth quickly ascended to the pinnacle of popularity among Konkani theater enthusiasts. Nazareth managed to captivate audiences through her singing and acting abilities, despite lacking any formal training in these disciplines. Her father, who had previously worked with directors like AT Lobo, himself had a background in stage acting, contributing to Nazareth' artistic upbringing. While other members of her family possessed artistic talents, they did not pursue them as professional careers to the same extent as Nazareth.<ref name=":0" />

Nazareth, driven by her passion for acting, pursued employment to secure her livelihood. She embarked on a nine-year tenure with the [[Bombay]]-based [[Philips]] company, until circumstances compelled her to relinquish her position when the company relocated to [[Poona]]. Concurrently engaged in acting ventures across Mumbai, [[Mangalore]], and [[Goa]], Nazareth showcased her vocal prowess in over 250 [[audio album]]s. Collaborating with figures such as [[M. Boyer]]'s ''Golden Goa'' album, Rosary Fernandes, [[Romeo Mendes]], [[Prince Jacob]], Chris-Meena, Lawrence Saldhana, [[Connie M]], Julie Rod, and Kenny, Nazareth established herself as a versatile singer. While initially balancing both acting and singing, Nazareth received counsel from [[Mangalorean]] directors, who advised her to prioritize acting due to the inherent difficulties of maintaining proficiency in both disciplines. Nevertheless, in Goa, Nazareth once again found herself in an environment that embraced her multifaceted talents, as the local stage demanded performers to excel in both singing and acting. She further contributed her vocal artistry to musical events organized by figures such as Victor Concesso, Kenny, Tony Martin, and others. She has also showcased her vocal talents alongside a [[Hindi]] [[orchestra]] in the city of Mumbai. Embracing membership in the Goan association, Nazareth reaped significant benefits by immersing herself in the realm of [[Goan]] professional theatre.<ref name=":0" />

Throughout her career, Nazareth remained actively engaged in professional shows within the theater scene of Goa. As a consequence, she made the difficult decision to bid farewell to her stage career in Mangalore, opting instead to concentrate on the artistic Goan stage. This allowed her to secure significant roles and collaborate with some of the popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] directors of the time, including [[C. Alvares]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], M. Boyer, Joe Rose, Rosary Ferns, Tony Martin, Cristina Vaz, Peter Fernandes, and Mike Mehta, among others. Nazareth achieved acclaim in Goa through her performances in several influential plays, such as ''Laz Naslolo Konn'', ''Khoto Poiso'', ''Vaante'', ''Donn Kalzan'', and ''Sezarachi Combi''. Her talent also extended to the realm of film, as she had the opportunity to act in two [[Konkani cinema|Konkani feature films]], namely ''Boglantt'' and ''Jivith Amchem Oxem'', both directed by [[Bangalore]]-based director Muthukrishna Das. In the Konkani movie ''Boglantt'', director Prem Kumar, recognizing her acting skills, honored Nazareth with the title "[[Meena Kumari]] of Konkani Theatre". Beyond her stage and film endeavors, Nazareth further showcased her versatility by appearing in a number of Konkani video films. Her talent and popularity transcended regional boundaries, leading her and the Goan team to embark on international tours, captivating audiences in destinations such as [[Dubai]], [[Muscat]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Doha]], [[London]], Israel, and Canada. Their performances included the Konkani drama ''Fulan ani Kantte'', a production reminiscent of a non-stop [[opera]].<ref name=":0" />

In India, Nazareth has undertaken extensive tours across cities such as [[Pune]], [[Karwar]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], and [[Kolkata]], where she has demonstrated her artistic talents through live performances. While actively engaged in the [[Goan]] entertainment industry, Nazareth has continued her affiliation with [[Mangalore]]. In 2008, she made a significant contribution to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] Niranthari program organized by Mandd Sobhann, which subsequently set a [[Guinness World Record]]. In addition to her career, she has displayed her acting talent in eight plays written by Francis Fernandes Cascia, most known in the successful production ''Mataro Chorbela''. This play has received widespread acclaim internationally, with over 60 performances staged worldwide. As of 2013, furthermore, Nazareth portrayed a prominent role in a new drama penned by Francis Fernandes. A testament to her talent, Nazareth has continued to assume leading roles in theatrical productions even after surpassing the age of 40, although she now adeptly embodies characters such as mothers, sisters, or sisters-in-law, aligning with the conventional trajectory for actresses of her age. It is worth noting that actresses over 40 are seldom presented with opportunities to portray [[heroine]]s, making Nazareth fortunate to secure some of the most coveted roles even in the later stages of her career. Throughout her artistic journey, Nazareth has [[popularized]] a diverse [[repertoire]] of songs, including "Galfak Vetam," "Nach Goynkara" from Ivor D Cunha's [[musical show]], as well as captivating melodies featured in her debut [[cassette tape]], such as "Bebdo Gabru, "Poppat Bai," and "Mammicho ugdas," among others.<ref name=":0" />

During the production of a [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]], Rico Rod received a visit from Muthukrishna Das, who traveled from [[Bangalore]] to seek his assistance. Das articulated his aspiration to produce a cinematic work in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and sought Rico's expertise in the casting procedures. Leveraging his connection with writer-director Maurice Cabral, Rico approached Cabral to help in the selection of actors. Cabral, together with Rico, introduced Nazareth to Das, leading to her selection as the lead actress in Das's debut Konkani film, ''Jivit Amchem Oxem''. Nazareth shared the screen with actors such as Dr. Ramani, Cecilia Machado, and [[South Indian]] actors, including [[Pandari Bai]]. Following that, Nazareth was featured in another Konkani film by Das, titled ''Boglantt'', playing the character of a mother to actor [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]]. Alongside her involvement in Das's films, Nazareth concurrently participated in Rico Rod's ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Unni Ani Der'' However, due to a request from director [[C. Alvares]], Francis Fernandes Cassia kindly released Nazareth from her commitment to a [[Mangalorean]] drama, which was in the midst of [[rehearsal]]s. This was to accommodate Nazareth's participation in Alvares's ladies show called ''Khoincho Sakrament''. Through her collaboration with Rico Rod and C. Alvares, Nazareth made her debut on the [[Goan]] ''tiatr'' stage. Subsequently, she delivered several acclaimed performances, showcasing her talents in both singing and acting, while working with popular directors such as [[M. Boyer]], Prem Kumar, and [[Remmie Colaço]]. Additionally, Nazareth made appearances in the ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'' directed by Rosario Rodrigues.<ref name=":1" />

Nazareth also emerged as a popular figure in the realm of ''khell tiatrs'', a traditional form of Goan theatrical entertainment. She gained recognition by participating in various ''tiatrs'' directed by individuals such as Menino de Bandar, [[Roseferns]], and A. M. Pacheco. Her most recent recorded public appearance occurred in a theatrical production overseen by Pacheco in the 2015–16 season. In 1989, Nazareth ventured into production, overseeing the creation of an [[audio cassette]] entitled ''Devachem Besanv''. The recording showcased the talents of her spouse, Abdon, and their young son, Aaron, who was just four years old during the recording. The musical accompaniment for the cassette was crafted by Nazareth' husband and Annibal Crasto.<ref name=":0" /> Throughout her involvement in ''tiatrs'', Nazareth garnered acclaim for her contributions to the Mangalorean stage. Directors often composed special ''[[Tiatr#Songs|cantos]]'' exclusively tailored to her vocal abilities, indicating the high value placed on her singing prowess. When reflecting on her most memorable performance amidst the several ''tiatrs'' she has acted in, Nazareth highlights the Mangalorean ''tiatr Kankon'' (Bangle), which was written and directed by Maurice Cabral. This particular production explored the theme of [[extramarital affair]]s, in which Nazareth portrayed a modest wife. However, a highlight of her role was a captivating dance performance, wherein her character was observed by her [[on-screen]] husband through a transparent glass partition. Nazareth' body of work encompasses various ''tiatrs'', including performances in productions like M. Boyer's ''Ekuch Rosto'', Renmie Colaço's ''Atancho Temp'', and C. Alvares' ''Konnem Lailo Uzo'', (where she portrayed a character struggling with [[drug addiction]]), Prem Kumar's ''Jawan'', Menino de Bandar's ''Soglleank Gorjechem'' (depicting a tale of fortune reversal), and Rosario Rodrigues's theatrical works such as ''Fulam ani Kolle'' and ''Uzvadd Pallovlo''.<ref name=":1" />

Since its establishment in 1995, Nazareth has served as the [[treasurer]] of the Maharashtra Konkani Kala Saunstha, an organization dedicated to promoting [[Konkani language|Konkani]] arts and culture.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to her acting work, Nazareth is acclaimed for her skills as a ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|kantar]]'' singer. She has contributed her vocal talents to several [[commercial music]] productions, lending her voice to recordings by various producers. Nazareth has appeared in theatrical productions directed by several popular Konkani dramatists, including [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Robin Vaz]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Rico Rod, [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], [[Titta Pretto]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], Mike Mehta, Rosario Rodrigues, [[Roseferns]], Menino De Bandar, Chris Meena, and Samuel Carvalho. Her filmography also includes roles in Konkani [[music video]]s, such as Dison Kuddo, Aikon Bhero, Atancheo Sunno, and Bombay to Goa.<ref name=":2" /> According to writer [[Wilson Mazarello]], "Nazareth is recognized as a versatile and accomplished actress, capable of delivering performances across a wide range of characters." During the 1990s, she was particularly acclaimed for her portrayals of maternal roles, and is considered one of the most sought-after actresses for such parts. Nazareth has frequently collaborated with other Konkani singers, participating in [[duet]]s, [[trio (music)|trios]], and [[quartet]] performances. She has also produced her own audio recordings and is regarded for her vocal work on various [[audio cassette]] projects. In addition to her work in India, Nazareth has undertaken extensive tours abroad as a ''[[tiatrist]]'', or Konkani theater artist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=235 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-22 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1977, Nazareth entered into matrimony with Abdon R. Fernandes, a [[Goan]] musician widely known as Abbey from [[Saligão]]. Abbey had established himself as a film musician, collaborating with [[Hindi]] music artists such as [[Kalyanji-Anandji]], [[Babla & Kanchan]], and contributing to the [[musical show|musical performances]] of Goan musician [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]]. Nazareth initially faced opposition from her in-laws concerning her involvement in stage performances, but they ultimately relented and supported her pursuit of a career in acting. She conveys gratitude for the support and encouragement provided by her husband during her endeavors. Juggling the responsibilities of her family and acting profession proved to be a challenge for Nazareth. Her participation in Goan shows often required her to be away from home for extended periods, spanning anywhere from one to two months.<ref name=":0" />

To manage childcare, Nazareth relied on the assistance of a maid, and at times, a supportive aunt played a crucial role in providing help. Despite the demanding circumstances, she made various sacrifices to engage in theatrical productions. Commuting between [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]] posed logistical challenges, and even during [[rehearsal]]s, her thoughts revolved around her children. After welcoming her second son, Nazareth temporarily scaled back her acting engagements to focus on her family responsibilities. However, as her children matured, her passion and fervor for the theater reignited, drawing her back to the stage with renewed enthusiasm.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2012, Nazareth has established her residence in [[Bandra]] West, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=40 |language=en |access-date=2024-04-22 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107222945/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nazareth found herself assuming the role of sole caretaker for her two children, Aaron and Warren, following the death of her husband in 2004, However, since the boys had reached adulthood by then, her stage performances remained unaffected by this personal responsibility. By 2013, Aaron, the firstborn, had obtained a position at an [[Oil platform|oil rig firm]], whereas Warren had entered matrimony and established a stable lifestyle in Canada. Nazareth harbored a single unfulfilled aspiration-to act in a [[Bollywood]] movie. Despite this longing, she remained hopeful and refused to abandon her dreams entirely.<ref name=":0" /> Nazareth also shed light on the Maharashtra Konknni Kala Saunstha (MKKS) organization, where she serves as a [[treasurer]]. MKKS annually organized a range of cultural events, including ''[[tiatr]]s'', [[musical show]]s, [[one-act play]]s, singing competitions, and a ''[[mando (music)|mando]]'' festival. Nazareth emphasized the importance of preserving and revitalizing [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater, expressing concern over its gradual decline in Mumbai. She called upon the residents of Mumbai, urging them to embrace their native language, Konkani, and support the revival of ''tiatrs''-a once deeply rooted art form.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{discogs artist|Betty Nazareth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naz, Betty}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Seshachalam Hills biosphere

2026-02-24T04:45:13Z

Floorsingurgaon: put up some post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Protected area in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
| iucn_category = V
| image =
| location = [[Eastern Ghats]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Tirupati]]
| established = 20 September 2010
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC)
| area_km2 =
}}

'''Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve''' is located in the [[Eastern Ghats]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, encompassing parts of [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] and [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] [[List of districts in India|districts]]. It is distinguished as the first [[Nature reserve|biosphere reserve]] in Andhra Pradesh, recognized for its rich [[biodiversity]] and designated under [[UNESCO]]'s [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|Man and Biosphere]] (MAB) Programme on 20 September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Seshachalam Hills declared a Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/Jan/10/seshachalam-hills-declared-a-biosphere-reserve-218175.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
The [[Nature reserve|reserve]] is a floristic [[Biodiversity hotspot|hotspot]], home to many endemic and rare plants, including the endangered species like the [[golden gecko]] (''Calodactylodes aureus''). It also harbors a diverse range of fauna, including 12 species of [[lizard]], 22 species of [[snake]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-01 |title=Sri Lankan snake sighted in Seshachalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/rare-sri-lankan-snake-sighted-in-seshachalam-biosphere-reserve/article6745176.ece |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and notable [[mammal]]s such as the [[Indian giant squirrel]] and [[slender loris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |date=2024-01-10 |title=8 Must-Visit Biosphere Reserves In India For Wildlife Enthusiasts |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/8-biosphere-reserves-in-india |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

== Conservation Efforts ==
The Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve aims to fulfill three main functions: conservation of the region's [[biodiversity]]; development that is [[Ecology|ecologically]] [[Sustainability|sustainable]]; and logistic support for research, education, and awareness. The reserve's establishment has been pivotal in protecting several [[endangered species]] and their [[habitat]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=18 Biosphere Reserves In India: The Most Comprehensive List You'll Find [MAP] - UPSC Colorfull notes |url=https://upsccolorfullnotes.com/biosphere-reserves-in-india/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2017-10-15 |title=Setback to Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151017/setback-to-seshachalam-biosphere-reserve.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
The reserve faces several challenges, including [[habitat destruction]] and the impacts of [[climate change]], which have forced wildlife to venture into human-populated areas in search of water and food.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Umashanker |first=K. |date=2019-05-16 |title=Scorching heat forcing animals out of Seshachalam biosphere |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/scorching-heat-forcing-animals-out-of-seshachalam-biosphere/article27153794.ece |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-03 |title=Forest fire incidents drop in Seshachalam biosphere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/forest-fire-incidents-drop-in-seshachalam-biosphere/articleshow/99945881.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Wildlife of India]]
* [[Biosphere reserves of India]]
* [[Eastern Ghats]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://forests.telangana.gov.in/ TELANGANA FOREST DEPARTMENT]
{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Peer Mohammad

2026-02-14T05:07:05Z

Floorsingurgaon: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{other uses|Pir Muhammad (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pir Mohamad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0650656|N|75.0465123|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Zira, India|Zira]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 206
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2392
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 34252
| footnotes =
}}
'''Peer Mohammad''' is a village in the [[Firozpur district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Zira, India|Zira]] tehsil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_03.pdf |title=Punjab village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-08 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Peer Mohammad has 415 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 65.06%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/DDW_PCA0309_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |title=District Census Handbook – Firozpur (incl. Fazilka) |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Punjab |accessdate=2015-10-08 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2392 || 1218 || 1174
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 291 || 153 || 138
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1225 || 611 || 614
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literates || 1367 || 760 || 607
|-
| Workers (all) || 698 || 621 || 77
|-
| Main workers (total) || 512 || 461 || 51
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 291 || 278 || 13
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 71 || 62 || 9
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 5 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 143 || 116 || 27
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 186 || 160 || 26
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 15 || 14 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 137 || 122 || 15
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 34 || 24 || 10
|-
| Non-workers || 1694 || 597 || 1097
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Zira tehsil}}

{{Firozpur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Zira tehsil]]

Advaita Ashrama

2026-01-31T16:11:37Z

Floorsingurgaon: basic update section to improve readability also and improved wording

{{Short description|Branch of the Ramakrishna Math}}
{{religious text primary|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Advaita Ashrama
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| size = 220px
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]] of Ramakrishna Mission
| formation = 1899
| purpose = Philanthropic, Religious Studies, Spirituality
| headquarters = [[Belur Math]]
|coordinates = {{coord|29.373174|N|80.061316|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| region_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|http://www.advaitaashrama.org|advaitaashrama.org}}
}}

'''Advaita Ashrama''', Mayavati, is a branch of the [[Ramakrishna Math]], founded on 19 March 1899 at the behest of [[Vivekananda]],<ref>[http://www.advaitaashrama.org/mayavati.html Mayavati – History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223084847/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/mayavati.html |date=23 December 2008 }} ''Advaita Ashrama''</ref><ref name="tele">[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030520/asp/calcutta/story_1984013.asp founded by Vivekananda in 1899.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526024042/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030520/asp/calcutta/story_1984013.asp |date=26 May 2011 }} ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]], 20 May 2003.''</ref> by his disciples James Henry Sevier, and [[Charlotte Sevier]]. Today it publishes the original writings of Vivekananda.<ref name="tele" /> As an [[ashram]] dedicated to the study and practice of [[Advaita Vedanta]], no images or idols are worshipped there, not even of [[Ramakrishna]];<ref>{{cite book |title=Life and Times of Netaji Subhas: From Cuttack to Cambridge (1827–1921) |author=Adwaita P. Ganguly |publisher=VRC Publications |year=2001 |isbn=81-87530-02-2 |page=52}}</ref> and no images were kept in the premises according to the Ashram ideals set by Vivekananda.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Vedanta Kesari |last=Sri Ramakrishna Math |location=Madras, India |year=1982 |page=79}}</ref>

Also referred as the Mayawati Ashram,<ref name=champ /><ref>''The National Geographical Journal of India'', by [[National Geographic Society|National Geographical Society]] of India. Published by National Geographical Society of India., 1986. ''Page 295''.</ref> it is located at an altitude of 1940 meters, 22 km from [[Champawat]] in [[Champawat district]], [[Uttarakhand]], and 9 km from the town of [[Lohaghat]].<ref name=champ>{{cite web |url=http://champawat.nic.in/maya.htm |title=Mayawati Ashram |publisher=[[Champawat district]] | url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410071132/http://champawat.nic.in/maya.htm |archivedate=10 April 2009}}</ref> The ashram is a major publication centre of the [[Ramakrishna Order]] for books in English and Hindi, mainly through its branch in [[Kolkata]]. It also maintains a [[charitable hospital]] at Mayavati. Among its important publications are ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda'' in English and as well as a Hindi translation, ''The Life of Swami Vivekananda'', and English translations of important Hindu scriptures.

Some of the old manuscripts of the ashram have now been [[microfilm]]ed and preserved at [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] ([[IGNCA]]) in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ignca.nic.in/mss_ls01.htm |work=Catalogue of Microfilmed Manuscripts available with IGNCA |title=#49 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] ([[IGNCA]]) |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220123646/http://ignca.nic.in/mss_ls01.htm |archive-date=20 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Cenotaph of Vivekananda.jpg|thumb|The cenotaph of Vivekananda in Advita Ashrama]]
[[File:Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, a branch of the Ramakrishna Math, founded on March 19, 1899.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, a branch of the [[Ramakrishna Math]], founded on 19 March 1899.]]The Advaita Ashrama has its origins in 1896, when Vivekananda was travelling through the [[Alps]] recuperating, and expressed the desire to have a similar place in India, for retreat and study of [[Vedas]].<ref name=out>[http://traveller.outlookindia.com/fulltravelogue.aspx?id=212 Mayabati: A journey towards Self – Dr. Subhendu Chakravrati on a spiritual journey to Mayavati] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715023612/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/fulltravelogue.aspx?id=212 |date=15 July 2011 }} ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', 2008.</ref>

Earlier, in 1895, James Henry Sevier<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Letters – Fifth Series/CLXVIII Mother|James Henry Sevier]] The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 9/Letters – Fifth Series/CLXVIII Mother – ''[[wikisource]]''.</ref> who had served as a captain in the [[British Indian Army]] for 5 years, and his wife Charlotte Elizabeth Sevier, met Vivekananda in England. Later in 1896, for nearly nine months, they travelled with him through Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. It was in the [[Alps]] that Vivekananda, while travelling with the couple, that he expressed his desire to have a similar retreat for the monks in the Himalayas. In December 1896, the couple moved to India, with Vivekananda on board a steamer from [[Naples]], Italy, with an objective to find a place near Almora, and set up an Ashram,<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Epistles – First Series/LXXI Alasinga|The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Epistles – First Series/LXXI Alasinga]] Letter of Swami Vivekananda, 11 November 1896.'' [[wikisource]]''.</ref> and arriving at Madras in February 1897.<ref name=mad>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Interviews/The Missionary Work of the First Hindu Sannyasin to the West And His Plan of Regeneration of India|The Missionary Work of the First Hindu Sannyasin to the West And His Plan of Regeneration of India]] Madras Times, February 1897. ''[[wikisource]].''</ref> Soon just as Vivekananda left for Calcutta, the couple left for Almora, where they rented a bungalow<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 8/Epistles – Fourth Series/CXXVIII Rakhal|Letter 20 May 1898]] The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 8/Epistles – Fourth Series/CXXVIII Rakhal – ''[[wikisource]]''.</ref> and this became the residence of Vivekananda and the Seviers for the next two years.

Later when he left for Kashmir, the Sevier couple along with Swami Swarupananda, a monastic disciple of Vivekananda, started travelling to the interior area looking for a suitable place, which was eventually found in July 1898, set amidst dense [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]], pine and oak forests; the land which was until then a tea estate was promptly purchased, and decided upon for the new Ashram. Finally, with the help of [[Swami Swarupananda]], the Ashram was set up,<ref name=maya>[http://www.advaitaashrama.org/others/mayavati_route.pdf Mayawati Route – Visitors Booklet of Advaita Ashrama] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121190710/http://www.advaitaashrama.org/others/mayavati_route.pdf |date=21 November 2008 }} ''Advaita Ashrama''.</ref> along with a small dwelling for the monks, ashramites and the couple themselves, around the same time as the [[Belur Math]] was being established near [[Kolkata]], when they moved in on 19 March 1899.

After the sudden death of its first editor, 24-year-old B. R. Rajam Iyer at Madras ([[Chennai]]), the publication of the English Journal ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'' was discontinued for a few months in May 1898. Meanwhile, in [[Almora]], Vivekananda asked the Sevier couple to revive the magazine, and the editorship was given to [[Swami Swarupananda]], who not only became the first head of the Ashram upon its opening on 19 March 1899,<ref>The Vedanta Kesari, by Sri Ramakrishna Math (Madras, India). Published by Sri Ramakrishna Math., 1979. ''Page 212'' – Swami Swarupananda by Swami Raghaveshananda.</ref> but also remained its editor, at its new base hence forth; and they held the position until his death in 1906.<ref name=char /><ref>[http://www.advaitaashrama.org/prabuddha_bharata.html Prabuddha Bharata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094054/http://advaitaashrama.org/prabuddha_bharata.html |date=20 January 2009}} ''Advaita Ashrama'' website.</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbg/sbg01.htm Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita, English translation and commentary by Swami Swarupananda, 1909] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223150550/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbg/sbg01.htm |date=23 December 2008 }} at ''sacred-texts.com''.</ref>

Upon its foundation, Vivekananda sent the following letter, in March 1899, entailing the prospectus of the Ashram:

"...To give this One Truth a freer and fuller scope in elevating the lives of individuals and leavening the mass of mankind, we start this Advaita Ashrama on the Himalayan heights, the land of its first expiration.

Here it is hoped to keep Advaita free from all superstitions and weakening contaminations. Here will be taught and practised nothing but the Doctrine of Unity, pure and simple; and though in entire sympathy with all other systems, this Ashrama is dedicated to Advaita and Advaita alone."<ref>[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_5/writings_prose_and_poems/the_advaita_ashrama_himalayas.htm the Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, Almora, Himalayas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104193400/http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_5/writings_prose_and_poems/the_advaita_ashrama_himalayas.htm |date=4 January 2011 }} ''Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda''.</ref>

James Sevier died on 28 October 1900, and was cremated by the nearby [[Sarada River]], according to Hindu traditions as he had wished.<ref name=out /><ref name=char>[http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/12/24/stories/2006122400300700.htm Serene heights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516231013/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/12/24/stories/2006122400300700.htm |date=16 May 2008}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 24 December 2006.</ref> Vivekananda visited the Ashram from 3 to 18 January 1901, primarily to console her,<ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 6/Epistles – Second Series/CLXVII Joe|Letter 26 December 1900]] The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 6/Epistles – Second Series/CLXVII Joe – ''[[wikisource]]''. "Dear Mr. Sevier passed away before I could arrive. He was cremated on the banks of the river that flows by his Ashrama, à la Hindu, covered with garlands, the Brahmins carrying the body and boys chanting the Vedas".</ref><ref>[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Epistles – First Series/XCIV Mother|Letter 6 January 1901]] The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Epistles – First Series/XCIV Mother – ''[[wikisource]]''."Mrs. Sevier is a strong woman, and has borne her loss quietly and bravely. She is coming over to England in April, and I am going over with her."</ref> and his place of residence has now been turned into a library.<ref name=maya /> Charlotte Sevier continued to stay at the Ashram for several years.

== Publications ==
[[File:Prabuddha Bharatha March 1897 Front Cover.jpg| right | thumb |''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'', the March 1897 Isuue]]
Advaita Ashrama publishes many important books in English and Hindi, as well as the English Journal ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'' which is being published since July 1896, making it the oldest running [[List of Journals by Ramakrishna Mission|Journal by Ramakrishna Mission]]. A list of its most well-known other publications is as follows.

* ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda'' [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda|Online version]]
** Other works of Swami Vivekananda, like:
** ''Bhakti Yoga ''
** ''[[Jnana Yoga (book)|Jnana Yoga]]''
** ''[[Karma Yoga (book)|Karma Yoga]]''
** ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]''
** ''Letters of Swami Vivekananda''
* ''The Life of Swami Vivekananda'' by His Eastern and Western Disciples [https://books.google.com/books?id=u79dAAAAIAAJ&dq=Swami+Swarupananda&pg=PA219 Online version]
* ''Srimad Bhagavad Gita'' translated by Swami Swarupananda, 1907 [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbg/index.htm Online version]
* ''Eight Upanishads'' with the commentary of [[Shankaracharya]], translated by [[Swami Gambhirananda]]

== Adhyakshas of Advaita Ashrama ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
The first three adhyakshas of Advaita Ashrama were also editors of the ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]''. Thereafter, the post of Adhyaksha and Editor were held by different persons. From 1959, the Ashrama Adhyaksha was also called the Editor of ''Prabuddha Bharata'', and the actual editor called the "joint editor". From September 1993, the Ashrama Adhyaksha is known as the Managing Editor, and the Editor is known as the Editor.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|+ Adhyakshas of Advaita Ashrama
|-
! × !! Period !! Adhyaksha
|-
! 1
| 1899 to 1906 || [[Swami Swarupananda]]
|-
! 2
| 1906 to 1913 || [[Swami Virajananda]]
|-
! 3
| 1914 to 1918 || Swami Prajnananda
|-
! 4
| 1918 to 1927 || [[Swami Madhavananda]]
|-
! 5
| 1927 to 1937 || [[Swami Vireshwarananda|Swami Vireswarananda (Prabhu Maharaj)]]
|-
! 6
| 1937 to 1947 || Swami Pavitrananda
|-
! 7
| 1948 to 1953 || Swami Yogeswarananda
|-
! 8
| 1953 to 1963 || [[Swami Gambhirananda]]
|-
! 9
| 1964 to 1968 || Swami Chidatmananda
|-
! 10
| 1969 to 1976 || Swami Budhananda (Bhabani Maharaj)
|-
! 11
| 1976 to 1977 || Swami Vandanananda
|-
! 12
| 1977 to 1978 || Swami Tadrupananda
|-
! 13
| 1978 to 1988 || Swami Ananyananda
|-
! 14
| 1988 to 1990 || Swami Swananda
|-
! 15
| 1991 to 2006 || Swami Mumukshananda (Chittaranjan Maharaj)
|-
! 16
| 2006 to 2013 || Swami Bodhasarananda (Aurobindo Maharaj)
|-
! 17
| 2014 to 2017 || Swami Tattwavidananda (Gourdas Maharaj)
|-
! 18
| 2017 to 2019 || Swami Muktidananda
|-
!19
|2019–Present||Swami Shuddhidananda (Sudhir Maharaj)
|}

== Further reading ==
* ''Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India'', by [[Vivekananda]], Advaita Ashrama. Published by Swami Smaranananda for Advaita Ashrama, 1974.
* ''The Life of the Swami Vivekananda, by His Eastern and Western Disciples, the Advaita Ashrama, Himalayas'', by Advaita Ashrama, Published by the [[Swami Virajananda]] from the Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama, 1947.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Writings: Prose and Poems(Original and Translated)/The Advaita Ashrama, Himalayas|Advaita Ashrama prospectus, March 1899 by Swami Vivekananda}}

* [http://www.advaitaashrama.org/ Advaita Ashrama, Official website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=29.3746397&lon=80.0624371&z=16&l=0&m=a&v=2&show=/9359681/Advaita-Ashram Advaita Ashram] at ''[[wikimapia]]''

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Ramakrishna Math and Mission branches]]
[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Religious tract publishing companies]]
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1899]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in India]]

Rajashree Warrier

2026-01-30T18:52:34Z

Floorsingurgaon: Done

{{Short description|Indian Bharatanatyam dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajashree Warrier
| image = Rajashree Warrier Large Image.JPG
| birth_name = Rajashree Warrier
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|01|31}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = {{Unbulleted_list|Devdasi National Award 2014|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award 2013]]}}
| website =
| years_active = 1990–present
| othername =
}}

'''Rajashree Warrier''' is a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, musician, writer and Educator. She holds a Phd. in Music from the Department of Music, [[University of Kerala|Kerala University]]. She is a pioneer in introducing [[Malayalam]] poems, folk music and compositions of Social reformer Sree narayana guru in her dance choreographies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/multifaceted-artiste-rajashree-warrier-talks-about-her-creative-space/article19888753.ece|title = Keeping it simple|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 20 October 2017|last1 = M|first1 = Athira}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rajasree Warrier was born and brought up in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} She learned ''[[Bharatanatyam]]'' under the tutelage of V. Mythili and Jayanthi Subramaiam. She was trained in [[carnatic music]] under Mullamudu Harihara Iyer, [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]], [[Parassala B. Ponnammal|Parassala Ponnammal]] and [[B. Sasikumar]]. Warrier also holds a postgraduate diploma in journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/310318/no-yakshi-performance-rajashree-warrier.html|title = No Yakshi performance: Rajashree Warrier|date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
*Known for her extraordinary vision in the conceptualization of visual narratives make her choreographies stand apart from the rest.
*Acclaimed for her impeccable Abhinaya, her in-depth musical knowledge and poetic skills add beauty to her dance creations.
*Through her choreographic series titled 'Nattumozhi', she adds colloquial identity and new body idioms.
*Some of her choreographic perspectives can be found in Natyasutra online, a YouTube dance portal.

[[File:Rajashree-Warrier.jpg|thumb|Bharathanatyam Workshop at Pattambi - Palakkad On 18 May 2014]]

===Media===
Warrier anchored the breakfast show ''Suprabhatham'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] for four years.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} She has also anchored, scripted and produced several programmes on DD Kerala, [[Amrita TV]] and Asianet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Dr. Rajashree Warrier |url=https://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=NDIx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111153749/https://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=NDIx |archive-date=2019-01-11 |access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

==Publications==
Warrier has written two books, ''Narthaki'' published by DC Books in 2013 and ''Nruthakala'' published by Chintha Publications in 2011. Dr. Warrier also writes poems in English. Her poems have appeared in reputed literary magazines like Journal of Literature and Aesthetics (an international peer-reviewed, indexed Journal ), Kerala Literary Survey (English Journal of Kerala Sahitya Academy ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/women/interviews/2019/02/03/rajasree-warrier-talks-about-her-life-and-career.html|title = പുതിയ നൃത്തരൂപത്തെക്കുറിച്ചും നിലപാടുകളെക്കുറിച്ചും രാജശ്രീ വാരിയർ}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* Kerala Prabha Award 2025
*Kshetrakala Fellowship, Govt. of Kerala 2024.
*First ever "Revathy Pattathanam Natya Puraskaram 2022

* Dev dasi National Award for Bharatanatyam 2014 for outstanding creative contributions. Presented by Dev Dasi Nruthya Mandira, Bhuvaneswar.
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kalasree Title and Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 2013 for Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/dance-a-ksna/466|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Dance|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* VS Sharma Endowment Award from Kerala Kalamandalam for the contributions in the field of Bharatanatyam, 2013.
* Invited as Jury of 'Books and Articles' in Kerala State Film Award 2014.
* Kalaratna Puraskar given by Vayalar Samskaarika Samithi
* Mahila Tilak Title and Award for the contributions in Indian Classical Dance conferred by Social welfare department, Government of Kerala,2012.
* Indian Council for Cultural Relations – Empanelled Bharatanatyam Artist.
* Sai Natya Ratna conferred by Satya Sai Seva Organisation, 2010.
* ‘Natana Shiromani’ Award conferred by Chilanka Dance Academy, 2009.
* Recipient of Navarasam Sangeeta Sabha Award for Bharatanatyam, 2007.

==Sources==
{{commons category|Rajashree Warrier}}
*[http://rajashreewarrier.com/ Rajashreewarrier.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618231235/http://www.rajashreewarrier.com/music-dance-are-her-oxygen |date=18 June 2018 }}
*[http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev11/rev1074.html Narthaki.com]
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/180869/an-outburst-creative-emotions.html Deccanherald.com]
*[http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130311/lifestyle-booksart/article/%E2%80%98art-transcendental%E2%80%99-rajashree Archives.deccanchronicle.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209030042/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130311/lifestyle-booksart/article/%E2%80%98art-transcendental%E2%80%99-rajashree |date=9 December 2014 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141209025837/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131111/lifestyle-booksart/article/notes-different-nature Deccanchronicle.com]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/gazas-story-through-a-teenagers-eyes/article6532667.ece Thehindu.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141213174500/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Malayalam-Day-Celebrations-Begin/2014/11/03/article2505198.ece Newindianexpress.com]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Kochi/Rajasree-Warrier-at-the-anniversary-celebration-of-Kalangan-in-Thiruvananthapuram/articleshow/45325949.cms Timesofindia.indiatimes.com]

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warrier, Rajashree}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian art writers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal

2026-01-30T00:52:15Z

Floorsingurgaon: refined references per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian tribunal}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

The [[government of India]] constituted a common tribunal on 10 April 1969 to adjudicate the river water utilization disputes among the river basin states of [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers under the provisions of [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] – 1956.<ref name=agree/> The common tribunal was headed by Sri RS Bachawat as its chairman with Sri DM Bhandari and Sri DM Sen as its members. [[Krishna River]] basin states [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and old [[Andhra Pradesh]] insisted on the quicker verdict as it had become more expedient for the construction of irrigation projects in Krishna basin.<ref>Appendix U (pages 293 and 294) of Volume III, KWDT report in 1973</ref> So the proceedings of '''Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal''' (KWDT) were taken up first separately and its final verdict was submitted to [[Government of India|GoI]] on 27 May 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/img/tribunaryDisputes/GWDT%20AWARD.pdf|title=Refer page 8, Volume 1 of GWDT Award|publisher=Government of India|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126072330/http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/img/tribunaryDisputes/GWDT%20AWARD.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Krishna River]] is the second biggest river in peninsular India. It originates near Mahabaleshwar in [[Maharashtra]] and runs for a distance of 303 km in Maharashtra, 480 km through the breadth of North Karnataka and the rest of its 1300 km journey in [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] before it empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]].

The river basin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Krishna.pdf |title=Map of Krishna River basin |access-date=30 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222306/http://www.kgbo-cwc.ap.nic.in/About%20Basins/Krishna.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> is {{formatnum:257000}} km2 and the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh contributes {{formatnum:68800}} km2 (26.8%), {{formatnum:112600}} km2 (43.8%) and {{formatnum:75600}} km2 (29.4%) respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Krishna%20Basin.pdf|title=Status report on Krishna river basin|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020435/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/Publications/BasinReports/Krishna%20Basin.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Full doownstream view of the Bhima or Ujjani Dam.jpg|280x280px|thumb|Panoramic view of Ujjani or Bhima Dam and the reservoir]]
[[Image:Krishna River Vijayawada.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Prakasam Barrage]], the last barrage across the Krishna River located 80 km upstream from the Sea in [[Vijayawada]] city]]

==KWDT I Award==
The Bachawat commission (KWDT I) went over the matter in detail and gave its final award in 1973. While the Tribunal had, in its earlier report, detailed two schemes, Scheme A, and Scheme B, the final award only included Scheme A and Scheme B was left out. Scheme A pertained to the division of the available waters based on 75% dependability, while Scheme B recommended ways to share the surplus waters.

The government took another three years to publish the award in its Extraordinary Gazette dated 31 May 1976. With that the final award (Scheme A) of the KWDT became binding on the three states.

The KWDT in its award outlined the exact share of each state. The award contended based on 75% dependability that the total quantum of water available for distribution was 2060[[tmcft|TMC]]. This was divided between the three states in the following manner.

{| border="0" align="center"
!width=125|
!width=70|
|- bgcolor=#CCCCCC
|Maharashtra
|560 TMC
|- bgcolor=#CCCCCC
|Karnataka
|700 TMC
|- bgcolor=#CCCCCC
|Telangana & Andhra Pradesh
|800 TMC
|}

In addition to the above, the states were allowed to use regeneration/return flows to the extent of 25, 34 and 11 TMC respectively subject to time-bound usage of allocated water out of 2060 TMC total allocation as stated in clause V of the KWDT-1 final order. Further, the Tribunal has allowed the States to utilize their allocated share of water for any project as per their plans. As per clauses V & VII of the final order of KWDT-1, a state can fully use its allocated water in any water year (in case of a deficit water year also) by utilizing the carryover storage facility. A state can create carryover storage during the years when water yield in the river is in excess of 2060 TMC plus entitled return flows to use in the water year when water yield in the river is less than total entitlement (nearly 2130 TMC). Thus KWDT-1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/KrishnaWaterDisputeTribunalAwardVolumeIv|title=Further report of KWDT 1, Volume IV|year=1976|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627200752/http://www.archive.org/details/KrishnaWaterDisputeTribunalAwardVolumeIv|archive-date=27 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> allocated water use from the river up to 2130 TMC at 100% success rate out of average yield in the river and not subject to water availability in a 75% dependable year.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/waterdisputes|title= KWDT 1 & 2 full reports|access-date= 17 August 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151126074202/http://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/waterdisputes|archive-date= 26 November 2015|url-status= live}}</ref> The average yield in the river is assessed as 2578 TMC by recent KWDT-2. Moreover, the last riparian state (erstwhile AP state) was permitted by KWDT-I to utilize the surplus unallocated water for use till the unallocated water is apportioned to riparian states by a new tribunal award after its gazette notification by the Union Government. Clause XIII of the final order stipulates that each state shall furnish the accurate water use to other states in total and project wise for more than 1 TMC use. Per section 6 (2) of the [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] – 1956, a tribunal order is equal to a Supreme Court decree. Any violation of the notified tribunal order by a state amounts to [[Contempt of court in India|contempt of apex court]] which is a punishable offence . Governor of each riparian state or President of India are bound to implement the tribunal order in letter and spirit per [[Wikisource: Constitution of India (2020)/Part V|Article 142]] of the Indian Constitution even a tribunal award implementation authority is not established by the Parliament per section 6 (a) of Interstate River Water Disputes Act – 1956.

River water availability and water use measurements criteria in a water year are identical for both the Krishna River and [[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal|Godavari River tribunal]] awards except for outside the river basin uses.

Including regeneration, the total water available to Karnataka for utilization is nearly 734 TMC. Out of this, [[Upper Krishna Project]] has been allotted 173 TMC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/upper-krishna-project-stage-iii-gets-green-signal/article26432965.ece|title=Upper Krishna Project Stage-III gets green signal|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bjp-mla-misleading-people-on-use-of-krishna-waters-for-irrigation-mb-patil/article26859548.ece|title=BJP MLA misleading people on use of Krishna waters for irrigation: M.B. Patil|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

===Scheme B===
The tribunal in its report, under Scheme B, has determined that the surplus water available in the river basin totalled 330 TMC. It was decided that this would be divided among the riparian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the ratio of 25%, 50% and 25% respectively. Scheme B also stipulates that the Krishna waters shall be shared in proportion to the Scheme A allotments when available water in the river is less than 2060 TMC in a water year.

The tribunal also made it clear that in case any one of the states were not to co-operate in sharing surplus water in the above ratio, '''''Parliament should take a decision to distribute the surplus water through en enactment''''' (Page 163 KWDT report Vol.II).

However, Scheme B involved the constitution of an authority (Krishna River Valley Authority) to ensure the implementation of the scheme. The constitution of such an authority, though, was outside the powers of the tribunal under the Inter State Water Disputes Act of 1956. As a result, Scheme B was left out of the Tribunal's final award and Scheme A alone was presented to the government for final notification in the Gazette.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/744969/ |title=Supreme court judgement on Almatti dam height |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326174440/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/744969/ |archive-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Therefore, for the time being, Andhra Pradesh has been given liberty [clause V(C) of KWDT −1] to make use of any surplus waters though it cannot claim any rights over the same.

===Review of the Award===
The KWDT-1 provided for a review of its award after 31 May 2000. However no such review was taken up for more than 3 years after that.

In April 2004, the second KWDT, was constituted by the Government of India following requests by all three states. This tribunal has started its proceedings from 16.07.07.

==KWDT II Draft Award==
The second Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal gave its draft verdict on 31 December 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/Inter-StateWaterDisputes/KWDTReport9718468760.pdf|title=Draft report of KWDT 2|year=2010|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630103244/http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/Inter-StateWaterDisputes/KWDTReport9718468760.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The allocation of available water was done according to 65% dependability, considering the records of flow of water for past 47 years. According to KWDT II, Andhra Pradesh got 1001 [[Tmcft|TMC]] of water, Karnataka 911 TMC and Maharashtra 666 TMC. Next review of water allocations will be after the year 2050.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/krishna-water-dispute-resolved-andhra-pradesh-gets-the-biggest-share-443472 |title=Krishna water dispute resolved, Andhra Pradesh gets the biggest share |id={{OCLC|405970510}} |date=2010 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>

KWDT-2 has allocated entire average water (2578 TMC) yield in the river among states except 16 TMC which is to be let downstream of Prakasam Barrage near Vijayawada to the Sea as minimum environmental flows. There is no water allocation for the purpose of [[Dissolved load|salt export]] to the sea. When rain water comes in contact with the soil, it picks up some salts in dissolved form from the soil. The total amount of dissolved salts contained in the river water has to reach sea without accumulating in the river basin. This process is called "salt export". If all the water is utilised without letting adequate water to the Sea, the water [[salinity]] / [[total dissolved solids|total dissolved salts]] (TDS) would be so high making it unfit for human, cattle and agriculture use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e00.htm#Contents |title=Salt-Affected Soils and their Management, refer para 2.3.2 |author1=I.P. Abrol |author2=J.S.P. Yadav |author3=F.I. Massoud |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084921/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e00.htm#Contents |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Higher Sodium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/30435/PDF|title=A short note on calculating the adjusted SAR index|author1=S. M. Lesch|author2=D. L. Suarez|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408115530/http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/30435/PDF|archive-date=8 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> in comparison with Calcium and Magnesium elements or presence of [[Residual Sodium Carbonate Index|residual sodium carbonate]] in irrigation water would convert the agriculture lands into fallow [[Alkaline soil|sodic alkaline soil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://extension.oregonstate.edu/umatilla/mf/sites/default/files/pnw597-e.pdf|title=Managing irrigation water quality|author=Oregon State University, USA|access-date=28 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102955/http://extension.oregonstate.edu/umatilla/mf/sites/default/files/pnw597-e.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The low lands of Andhra Pradesh including groundwater would be effected by alkalinity and salinity if adequate salt export is not taking place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Jan/12/andhra-pradesh-records-over-26groundwater-samples-with-high-rsc-levels |title=Andhra Pradesh records over 26% groundwater samples with high RSC levels|access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ncscm.org/cms/about-us/publications/1986%20-%202.pdf |title=Mass transport in krishna river basin |access-date=25 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619220839/http://ncscm.org/cms/about-us/publications/1986%20-%202.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The uplands of Krishna River basin located in Maharashtra and Karnataka are situated on the [[Deccan Traps]] which comprises thick seems of basalt rock formations.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,689645&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|title= Deccan basalt volcanism, Geological survey of India.]|access-date= 28 February 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120312013819/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,689645&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date= 12 March 2012}}</ref> [[Basalt]] rock is prone to chemical [[weathering]] contributing more TDS to the river water. Water is not safe for drinking if the TDS exceeds 500 mg/L. The average yearly salt export requirement is nearly 12 million tons in Krishna basin area up to Prakasam Barrage. At least 850 TMC water is required for salt export<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10054/1531/1/5806.pdf |title=Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps, India |access-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150024/http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10054/1531/1/5806.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> purpose to maintain water TDS below 500 mg/L. This is including 360 TMC of Krishna River water being used outside the Krishna basin in AP. This water used outside the basin area is also serving the salt export purpose since salts are transferred outside the basin. Thus another 490 TMC is to be let to the sea for salt export purpose. If salt export and environmental<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrlp.iwmi.org/PDocs/DReports/Phase_01/14.%20Environmental%20water%20demand%20-%20Smakhtin%20et%20al.pdf|title=An assessment of environmental flow requirements of Indian river basins|author1=V. Smakhtin|author2=M. Anputhas|access-date=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518190018/http://nrlp.iwmi.org/PDocs/DReports/Phase_01/14.%20Environmental%20water%20demand%20-%20Smakhtin%20et%20al.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> needs are considered, no further water allocation is feasible by KWDT-2 in excess of water use allocations made by KWDT-1 earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/water-_towards_a_paradigm_shift_in_the_twelfth_plan_dr_mihir_shah_planning_commission.pdf|title=Water: Towards a Paradigm Shift in the Twelfth Plan|author=Mihir Shah|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111092604/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/water-_towards_a_paradigm_shift_in_the_twelfth_plan_dr_mihir_shah_planning_commission.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately, the Krishna River basin would be net importer of water from the adjoining rivers such as Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh and west flowing rivers in Karnataka. Then the total [[Dissolved load|salt load]] generated in Krishna basin shall be discharged directly into the Sea by releasing more than 850 tmc water to the downstream of Prakasam Barrage to maintain water salinity below 500 ppm.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Subject to all riparian states agreement not to use groundwater as an alternative source to surface water resource (i.e. to use groundwater sparingly), KWDT-1 excluded groundwater use from the beneficial uses for which Krishna River water allocations were made.<ref>Appendix J and K of volume 3 of KWDT-1</ref> Ground water exploitation has increased many folds in last 35 years. KWDT-2 has not deliberated how the ever increasing unauthorised ground water use is diminishing the inflows in the river and the river water quality. The water allocation by KWDT-1 itself is 83% of 2578 TMC total water availability. During the decade/years 1998–2007, 510 TMC on an average per year was discharged into sea after utilising 1892 TMC out of 2402 TMC annual average yield (page 303 of KWDT-2) in the river which is only 21% of total yield. Already the multi year average TDS of Krishna water is around 450 mg/L which is close to safe maximum of 500 ppm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/water_quality_data.html# |title=Water Quality Database of Indian rivers, MoEF |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007222807/http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/water_quality_data.html |archive-date=7 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The actual average water availability in the decade (years 1998 to 2007) is less by 176 TMC to the 2578 TMC estimated average water availability by KWDT-2. If full water utilisation as permitted by KWDT-1 to the extent of 2130 TMC is achieved in future, the usage would be 88.67% of 2402 TMC water availability which would increase the water salinity to unacceptable level. Thus there is no additional water available in the river for further allocation to the riparian states by KWDT-2 in excess of 2130 TMC on average permitted by KWDT-1. In fact, the KWDT-1 water use allocations are already in excess of the sustainable water use from the river when moderate [[environmental flow]] requirements are to be taken care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf|title=Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India|author=IWMI Research Report 83|access-date=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306110403/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Unplanned water utilisation in [[Murray-Darling basin|Murray-Darling River]] basin in Australia has enhanced the alkalinity and salinity of river water beyond safe limits which is affecting the long-term sustainable productivity of the river basin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/38933672/Guide-to-the-Basin-Plan-Volume-1-Web |title=Murray- Darling river basin development plan, Volume 1 |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031854/https://www.scribd.com/doc/38933672/Guide-to-the-Basin-Plan-Volume-1-Web |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/pubs/Basin_Salinity_Management_BSM2030_0.pdf |title= Murray- Darling river Basin Salinity Management 2030 |access-date= 3 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160923184836/http://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/pubs/Basin_Salinity_Management_BSM2030_0.pdf |archive-date= 23 September 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> So [[Murray-Darling Basin Authority]] is established to take up remedial action plan for recovering the damage occurred to the sustainable productivity of the river basin. Water quality and salinity management is made part of this plan. It has stipulated that water TDS limit of 500 mg/L (800 μS/cm) on daily basis should not exceed 95% of the duration in a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdba.gov.au/basin-plan-roll-out/water-quality-and-salinity|title=Murray- Darling river: Water quality management|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815044316/http://www.mdba.gov.au/basin-plan-roll-out/water-quality-and-salinity|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It has altered existing water use/entitlement of irrigation to enhance the environmental flows required for salt export.

Another example of river water sharing taking into account the water salinity is [[Colorado River]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/colorado.htm |title=Colorado River Water Dispute (Colorado case) |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054649/http://www1.american.edu/TED/COLORADO.HTM |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> flowing in USA and Mexico. The [[International Boundary and Water Commission|1944 United States-Mexico Treaty]] for Utilization of waters of the Colorado allots to Mexico a guaranteed annual quantity of water from the river. The treaty does not provide specifically for water quality, but this did not constitute a problem until the late 1950s. Rapid economic development and increased agricultural water use in the United States spurred degradation of water quality received by Mexico. With a view to resolving the problem, Mexico protested and entered into bilateral negotiations with the United States. In 1974, these negotiations resulted in an international agreement, interpreting the 1944 Treaty, which guaranteed Mexico water of the same quality as that being used in the United States. [[Sustainable Groundwater Management Act]] is also made in the year 2014 to avert the unsustainable ground water use or ground water mining in the state of [[California]].

Already the water utilisation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237403006_River_basin_development_phases_and_implications_of_closure |title=River basin development phases and implications of closure |author1=J. Keller |author2=A. Keller |author3=G. Davids|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> in Krishna river basin is touching the maximum limit constricting the salt export to the Sea. Detailed study shall be conducted by experts to decide the minimum water needed for the salt export to the sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Alkalinity-and-salinity-bane-of-soil-in-T-state/articleshow/48383411.cms|title=Alkalinity and salinity bane of soil in T state|access-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826195522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Alkalinity-and-salinity-bane-of-soil-in-T-state/articleshow/48383411.cms|archive-date=26 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> India should learn from the bad experience of Australia in over exploiting the waters of Murray-Darling River. Krishna Basin Authority in line with Murray-Darling Basin Authority shall be constituted by the Indian Government rejecting archaic river water allocations by the KWDT-2. Krishna Basin Authority should be headed by a panel of experts representing environment, irrigation, agriculture, ground water, geology, health, ecology, etc. to protect the river basin area for its long term [[sustainable development|sustainable productivity]] and ecology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Dont-Give-Nod-to-New-Dams-Water-Ministry-Tells-CWC/2015/09/04/article3009758.ece|title=Don't Give Nod to New Dams, Water Ministry Tells CWC|access-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118122809/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Dont-Give-Nod-to-New-Dams-Water-Ministry-Tells-CWC/2015/09/04/article3009758.ece|archive-date=18 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>"River basin management, UNESCO- IHE, Parts 1 & 2" ([http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec1/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212103321/http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec1/ |date=12 December 2013 }}, [http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212103545/http://www.envirogrids.net/Materials/Other-Videos/Ann-RBM/Online-lec2/ |date=12 December 2013 }})</ref> [[Hydrological transport model]] studies shall be conducted to find out the further possible pollution loads for alkalinity, pH, salinity, [[Residual Sodium Carbonate Index|RSC index]], etc.

In response to the special leave petition lodged by AP, Supreme Court directed the GoI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2460983.ece|title= Court: do not publish KWDT-II decision|author= Hindu daily dated |access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> on 15 September 2011 not to accept the KWDT – II final verdict till it is re-examined by it for any violation of [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] 1956<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/1956.pdf |title=Interstate river water disputes act 1956 including 2002 amendment |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326133949/http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/1956.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>(amended last in the year 2002).

[[Kaveri River water dispute|Cauvery water disputes tribunal]] order was notified by the GoI on 20 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=378|title=Reports of Cauvery water disputes tribunal (Final order), MoWR, GoI|year=2007|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625160853/http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=378|archive-date=25 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The tribunal has assessed 740 tmcft total water availability in a normal year from the river basin. During normal years, 192 tmcft is to be released by Karnataka to [[Tamil Nadu]] on monthly basis throughout the year. 192 tmcft is nearly equal to 37% of the water available from the upstream basin area in Karnataka and [[Kerala]] states. It also provides for proportionate eligibility of the water available from the river basin during the below normal yield years. Similarly, Krishna basin waters are to be allocated to the downstream state Andhra Pradesh from upstream states Karnataka and Maharashtra on monthly basis by KWDT-II.

==KWDT II Final Award==
Justice Brijesh Kumar tribunal gave its final/further verdict<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrigation.ap.gov.in/files/1069.pdf|title=Further report of KWDT 2|year=2013|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011134/http://www.irrigation.ap.gov.in/files/1069.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> on 29 November 2013 which has not changed the broad water allocations (except increasing the Andhra Pradesh allocations by 4 tmc with corresponding reduction in Karnataka allocations) for use by the states as given in its draft verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ap-to-move-supreme-court-against-krishna-water-tribunal-award-113113000202_1.html|title=AP to move Supreme Court against Krishna Water Tribunal award|year=2013|access-date=1 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202151956/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ap-to-move-supreme-court-against-krishna-water-tribunal-award-113113000202_1.html|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The average yearly water available for environmental flows and the salt export has been reduced by KWDT-II to 171 tmc (including 16 tmc minimum continuous environmental flows) from 448 tmc giving 277 tmc additional allocations to the states for their beneficial use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF|title=Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications|author1=Andrew Keller|author2=Jack Keller|author3=David Seckler|access-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233639/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub003/REPORT03.PDF|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There is no mention or discussion on mean annual environmental flow requirement and the salt export water needs which have been taking place time immemorial and have been considered not essential needs by the tribunal disregarding the sustainable productivity and the ecology of the river basin particularly in the tail end areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_on_Restructuring_CWC_CGWB_0.pdf|title=A 21st Century Institutional Architecture for India's Water Reforms|year=2016|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502000815/http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_on_Restructuring_CWC_CGWB_0.pdf|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

GoI extended the term of KWDT-2 by two years with effect from 1-8-2014 to adjudicate on fresh terms of references as stated in [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159551.pdf|title=Centre extends KWDT2 term|year=2014|access-date=3 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204559/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/159551.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, 2014==
Under this legislation by the Parliament, the KWDT II is extended with the terms of reference to make project-wise specific allocation, if such allocation have not been made earlier and to determine an operational protocol for project-wise release of water in the event of deficit flows.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift)|title= Dams, Barrages, Weirs, Anicuts & Lifts in Krishna river basin|access-date= 11 March 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150528221639/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift)|archive-date= 28 May 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The above bill<ref>{{cite web |url= http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/asintroduced/8_2014_LS_ENG.pdf |title= Part IX of The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, 2014 |access-date= 11 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140327042410/http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/asintroduced/8_2014_LS_ENG.pdf |archive-date= 27 March 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> also creates Krishna River Management Board located its headquarters in [[Seemandhra]] or Andhra Pradesh state with following functions

* Regulation of supply of water from the projects to the successor States having regard to awards granted by the Tribunals constituted under the [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]], 1956 and any agreement entered into or arrangement made covering the Government of existing State of Andhra Pradesh and any other State or Union territory
* Regulation of supply of power generated to the authority in-charge of the distribution of power having regard to any agreement entered into or arrangement made covering the Government of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh and any other State or Union territory,
* Construction of such of the remaining on-going or new works connected with the development of the water resources projects relating to the rivers or their tributaries through the successor States as the Central Government may specify by notification in the Official Gazette.
* Making an appraisal of any proposal for construction of new projects on Krishna rivers and giving technical clearance, after satisfying that such projects do not negatively impact the availability of water as per the awards of the Tribunals constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 for the projects already completed or taken up before the appointed day.
* Such other functions as the Central Government may entrust to it on the basis of the principles specified in the Eleventh Schedule of the Bill.

After nearly 7 years, the [[Krishna River Management Board|KRMB]] is notified by the central govt, after AP filed a writ petition in Supreme Court, as an autonomous body and its project wise functions are identified.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/471092/petition-filed-by-andhra-pradesh-over-sharing-of-krishna-river-water-july-2021/ |title= Petition filed by Andhra Pradesh over sharing of Krishna river water, July 2021 |access-date= 23 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/228316.pdf |title= Functions of Krishna River Management Board and Godavari River Management Board |access-date= 16 July 2021}}</ref>

==Telangana state demands==
The newly formed [[Telangana state]] is fourth riparian state in the Krishna River basin. The state wants the central government to start again the tribunal proceeding afresh as it was not party to the earlier KWDT1 and KWDT2 adjudications.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tstate-wants-tribunal-to-adjudicate-water-disputes/article6194030.ece|title=T-State wants tribunal to adjudicate water disputes|access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref> Karnataka and Maharashtra are opposing the tribunal proceeding afresh and stated that the extension of the tribunal period is only for resolving the water disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140909/nation-politics/article/water-brings-telangana-state-and-andhra-pradesh-close|title=Water brings Telangana State and Andhra Pradesh close|access-date=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924151911/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140909/nation-politics/article/water-brings-telangana-state-and-andhra-pradesh-close|archive-date=24 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The extended KWDT2 decided to confine redistribution of water between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states only.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/irrigation-expert-wants-ts-ap-to-look-at-the-bigger-picture/article9248209.ece |title=Irrigation expert wants TS, AP to look at the bigger picture|access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://jalshakti-dowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/KVDT-19Oct2016.pdf |title= Verdict of KWDT2 dated 19 October 2016 |access-date= 21 September 2020 }}</ref> After a long gap, the central government decided for tribunal adjudication on Krishna river water's sharing dispute between the two states.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/oct/07/centre-takes-lead-as-andhra-pradesh-telangana-fail-to-reach-consensus-2206788.html |title=Centre takes lead as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana fail to reach consensus |access-date= 7 October 2020 }}</ref>

On the request of Telangana state, the Union Government issued fresh terms of reference to KWDT2 superseding its earlier verdict of distributing unallocated water among all riparian states. As per the latest terms of reference dated 6 October 2023, the unallocated water of KWDT1 is to be distributed between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states only.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://egazette.gov.in/(S(ba3ydkmtzowkdzba3y0mqnku))/ViewPDF.aspx|title= KWDT2 terms of reference dated 6 October 2023 |access-date= 5 November 2023 }}</ref>

==Water import into Krishna basin==
{{Main|Interstate River Water Disputes Act}}
Water import from other rivers to the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] basin is governed by clause XIV B of the final order of KWDT I in the absence of any agreement between the riparian states. Recently, Andhra Pradesh started transfer of [[Godavari River|Godavari]] water through Polavaram right bank canal with the help of [[Pattiseema#Pattiseema lift scheme|Pattiseema lift]] for the [[Polavaram Project#Interstate water sharing|water use in Krishna delta, etc.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Pattiseema-project-advanced/articleshow/49809556.cms|title=Pattiseema project advanced|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117132623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Pattiseema-project-advanced/articleshow/49809556.cms|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Telangana state is also transferring and using Godavari water for the needs of [[Hyderabad]] city water supply from [[Singur Dam|Singoor project]], [[Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary|Manjira project]] and [[Sripada Yellampalli project|Yellampalli]] projects. 80% of the Godavari water used for the requirements of Hyderabad city is available as regenerated water and is being used for irrigation purpose in Krishna basin area of Telangana as per clause VII A of the final order of KWDT I.<ref name=agree/> Also, Telangana state is transferring Godavari water from [[Sriram Sagar Project|Sriram Sagar]] and [[Devadula lift irrigation scheme|Devadula]] projects for irrigation purpose in its Krishna basin area. [[Pranahita Chevella lift irrigation scheme]], [[Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme]] in Telangana are also under construction to transfer additional Godavari water to its Krishna basin area. Karnataka is also constructing projects to transfer [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]] and [[Netravati River|Netravati]] rivers water to its Krishna basin area.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/20/stories/2009072059920600.htm|title=Minister promises help for Netravati scheme|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-02-01|location=Chennai, India|date=2009-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107104007/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/20/stories/2009072059920600.htm|archive-date=7 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A new tribunal is to be constituted to resolve the sharing of additional water available in the river basin among the riparian states as per clause XIV B of the final order of KWDT I.<ref name=agree>{{Cite web |url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_2.pdf |title=Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal final order |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112113204/http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/legal_instruments_2.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Alkali soil]]
* [[Almatti Dam]]
* [[Balimela Reservoir]]
* [[Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers|Helsinki Rules]]
* [[Icchampally Project]]
* [[Indian rivers interlinking project]]
* [[Jalaput Dam]]
* [[Kaveri River water dispute]]
* [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]
* [[Nagavali River]]
* [[Narayanpur Dam]]
* [[Nizam Sagar Dam]]
* [[Palar River]]
* [[Penna River]]
* [[Polavaram Project]]
* [[Pulicat Lake]]
* [[Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme]]
* [[Ravi River]]
* [[Soil salinity control]]
* [[Sriram Sagar Project]]
* [[Srisailam Dam]]
* [[Tungabhadra Dam]]
* [[Ujjani Dam]] across [[Bhima River]]
* [[Vamsadhara River]]
* [[Water resources law]]
* [[Water right]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220726/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410%2F Major and medium dams and barrages location map in India]
* [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/national-wetland-atlas-updated-database-wetlands-india-ministry-environment-and-forests Wetlands atlas of India]
* [http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/index.aspx IWMI Research report nos # 1, 3, 14, 56, 72, 83, 107, 111, 121, 123, 125 etc.]
* [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1996/04/01/000009265_3980722171346/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf/ The new era of water resources management – From 'dry' to 'wet' water savings: by David Seckler]
* [https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5012/pdf/sir2014-5012.pdf Dissolved-Solids Sources, Loads, Yields, and Concentrations in Streams of the Conterminous United States, National Water Quality Assessment Program – 2014, U.S. Geological Survey.]
* [https://theconversation.com/us-rivers-are-becoming-saltier-and-its-not-just-from-treating-roads-in-winter-92648 US rivers are becoming saltier – and it's not just from treating roads in winter]
* [http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm River Krishna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227125944/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-krishna.htm |date=27 December 2010 }}

{{Krishna basin |state=expanded}}
{{Quasi-judicial bodies of India}}

[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Krishna River]]
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]
[[Category:Water disputes in India]]
[[Category:Environmental law in India]]
[[Category:Indian tribunals]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in India]]

Huntly Ketchen

2026-01-29T19:15:06Z

Floorsingurgaon: basic enhance page additionally

{{Short description|Canadian general and politician (1872–1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Huntly Douglas Brodie Ketchen
|image=Huntly Ketchen - Project Gutenberg eText 18963 a.jpg
|caption=
|birth_date=May 22, 1872
|death_date=July 28, 1959
|placeofburial_label=
|placeofburial=
|birth_place=
|death_place=
|placeofburial_coordinates=
|nickname=
|allegiance=
|branch=
|serviceyears=1890s–1929?
|rank=[[Major general|Major General]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands=
|battles=[[Second Boer War]] [[World War I|First World War]]
|battles_label=
|awards=
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
Major General '''Huntly Douglas Brodie Ketchen''', {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CB}}, {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CMG}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13033|page=5|date=1 January 1917|city=e}}</ref> (May 22, 1872<ref name="members"/> – July 28, 1959<ref name="dies"/>) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] soldier and politician. He served in the [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]] as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|Conservative]] representative from 1932 to 1945.<ref name="members">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/hansard/members/mla_bio_deceased.html#K0 |title=MLA Biographies - Deceased |work=Legislative Assembly of Manitoba |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330155427/http://www.gov.mb.ca/hansard/members/mla_bio_deceased.html |archive-date=2014-03-30 }}</ref>

==Military career==
Ketchen was born to a [[Scotland|Scottish]] family living in [[Sholopore]], [[India]]. His father, Major James Ketchen, served in the [[British Indian Army]]. The younger Ketchen was educated at [[Wellington College, Berkshire]] and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], England, and was commissioned into the British Army as a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]], but resigned after a couple of years. He came to [[Canada]] in 1894, serving for a time with the [[North-West Mounted Police]]. Following the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]], Ketchen volunteered for service with [[Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)|Lord Strathcona's Corps]], a privately funded unit of Canadian soldiers, and was commissioned a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 17 March 1900 as the corps embarked for [[South Africa]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27174|page=1792|date=16 March 1900}}</ref>

He later saw active service in [[World War I]], commanding the Sixth Canadian Infantry Brigade in [[France]] from 1915 to 1918.

[[File:The Canadian Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q1733.jpg|left|thumb|Canadian officers on the Western Front, including the [[6th Canadian Infantry Brigade|6th Brigade]]'s commander, Brigadier-General Huntly Ketchen, December 1916]]

Ketchen, promoted to temporary brigadier general in June 1915,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29305|page=9395|date=21 September 1915|supp=y}}</ref> was nearly dismissed after being used as a scapegoat for following orders from the British. The [[Actions of St Eloi Craters|Battle of St-Eloi]] in April 1916. After British troops had taken a large crater near the ruins of the [[Belgium|Belgian]] town of [[St Eloi]], his brigade was ordered to hold the gain against German counter-attacks.<ref>[http://www.c-and-e-museum.org/chap3_e1.htm 90 Years and Counting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212001754/http://www.c-and-e-museum.org/chap3_e1.htm |date=2008-02-12 }}, ''Military Communications and Electronics Museum, [[Kingston, Ontario]]'', Retrieved 5 November 2007</ref> Due to dreadful mismanagement of the Canadian forces by Ketchen and his divisional commander [[Richard Turner (Canadian Army officer)|Richard Turner]], German soldiers overran the crater, causing 1,400 Canadian casualties and retaking the land around the crater, negating the gains made at heavy cost just a few days before.<ref>Sources are divided over who was responsible for the defeat, some retrospectively blaming Alderson as the senior commander. The [[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]] indicates that Turner and Ketchen were to blame, a stance seemingly corroborated by the actions of Plumer.</ref> General [[Herbert Plumer|Sir Herbert Plumer]], the commander of the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] who was responsible for the front, demanded Ketchen's immediate dismissal. When Turner claimed that if Ketchen was dismissed he would resign, the commander of the [[Canadian Corps]], Lieutenant-General [[Edwin Alderson|Alderson]], sought Turner's dismissal as well. Both officers were supporters of Militia Minister Sir [[Sam Hughes]], who made it clear in no uncertain terms to Commander in Chief, [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Sir Douglas Haig]], that if Turner went then Haig could no longer rely on Canadian support.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} This led to the diplomatic compromise of Alderson being relieved of his command and replaced by [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|Julian Byng]], while Turner and Ketchen retained their commands.<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7888 Alderson, Sir Edwin Alfred Hervey], ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' article by Desmond Morton, Retrieved 5 November 2007</ref>

==Political career==
Ketchen reached the rank of Major-General in the [[Canadian Army]] and retired on pension in 1929. From 1920 to 1923, he served as president of the [[Canadian Legion]] in Manitoba and was also president of the South Winnipeg Conservative Association.<ref name="who"/> He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the [[1932 Manitoba general election|1932 provincial election]] for the constituency of [[Winnipeg (provincial electoral district)|Winnipeg]], which elected ten members by a [[single transferable ballot]].<ref name="members"/> Ketchen finished seventh on the first ballot, and was declared elected. Running for re-election in the [[1936 Manitoba general election|1936 election]], he finished eighth on the first ballot and was declared elected<ref name="members"/> on the sixteenth count. The Conservative Party was the primary opposition party in Manitoba during this period, and Ketchen sat with his party caucus on the opposition benches. In 1940, the Conservative Party joined with the [[Manitoba Liberal Party|Liberal-Progressive Party]] and other parties in a [[coalition government]]. Ketchen initially sat as a government backbencher, but soon became disillusioned with the coalition arrangement. In the [[1941 Manitoba general election|1941 provincial election]], he ran as a dissident Conservative opposing the coalition.<ref name="members"/> He finished sixth on the first count, and was again declared elected on the sixteenth. The coalition supporters won 50 of 55 seats in the legislature in the 1941 election. Ketchen appears to have served as [[Leader of the Opposition (Manitoba)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the legislature from 1941 to 1943. The Conservative Party remained a part of the coalition throughout the 1940s. Ketchen did not run for re-election in 1945. He died in hospital in Winnipeg at the age of 87.<ref name="dies">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9itgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cG8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3471,4020398 |title=Gen. Ketchen Dies at 87 |newspaper=Star-Phoenix |location=Saskatoon |date=July 28, 1959 |access-date=2013-03-23}}</ref>

He married, in 1905, Margaret Elizabeth Robinson.<ref name="who">{{cite book|title=Who's who in western Canada |page=228 |year=1911 |author=Canadian Press Association}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ketchen, Huntly}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Militia officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs]]
[[Category:People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire]]
[[Category:Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Canadian generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Lord Strathcona's Horse officers]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:Canadian military personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]]

1988 elections in India

2026-01-27T20:17:56Z

Floorsingurgaon: quick update

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1987 elections in India
| previous_year = 1987
| election_date = 1988
| next_election = 1989 elections in India
| next_year = 1989
}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1988'' included elections to 2 state legislative assemblies and to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]].

==Overall result==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Polling Date(s)
! State
! colspan="2" |Government before
! Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
! Elected Chief Minister
! Maps
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" | 2 February 1988
|[[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Williamson A. Sangma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[P. A. Sangma]]
|[[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|[[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Nripen Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar]]
|[[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|-
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
=== Meghalaya ===
{{Main|1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election}}
Elections were held on 2 February for the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warjri|first=Antarwell|date=March 2017|title=Role of Regional Political Parties and Formation of the Coalition Governments in Meghalaya|url=https://www.ijhsss.com/files/19.-Antarwell-Warjri.pdf|journal=International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies|volume=3|issue=5|pages=206–218|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506102130/http://www.ijhsss.com/files/19.-Antarwell-Warjri.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|+ [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|←]] Summary of the 2 February 1988 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] election results [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election#Results|→]]
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="485"| Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3"| Popular vote
! colspan="2"| Seats
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="45"| %
! width="50"| ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! width="30"| Won
! width="30"| +/−
|-
| width="1" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| align="left"| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 198,028 || 32.65 ||4.97 {{Increase}}
| 22 || 3 {{Decrease}}
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="green"|
|align="left" |[[Hill People's Union]] (HPU)
|162,806
|26.84
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}" |
| align="left" |[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HDP)
|78,884
|12.68
|6.64 {{Decrease}}
|6
|9 {{Decrease}}
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}" |
|align="left" |All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group)
|28,391
|4.68
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|2
|style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="purple"|
|align="left" |[[Public Demands Implementation Convention|Public Demands Implementation Convention (PDIC)]]
|19,402
|3.2
|1.62 {{Decrease}}
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|2,206
|0.36
|0.16 {{Decrease}}
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 118,816 || 19.59 ||2.9 {{Decrease}}
| 9 ||6 {{Increase}}
|-
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 606,533 || 100.00 || bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
| 60 || ±0
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="7" |Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3674-meghalaya-1988/|title=Meghalaya 1988|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Tripura===
{{Main|1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of the political parties<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1988/|title=1988 Tripura Election result}}</ref>
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1983 Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 1,757
| 0.15%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1
| 0
| 9,314
| 0.82%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 55
| 26
| 520,697
| 45.82%
| 37
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 46
| 25
| 424,241
| 37.33%
| 12
|-
| [[Janata Party]]
| 10
| 0
| 1,138
|0.10%
| 0
|-
| [[All India Forward Block]]
| 1
| 0
| 7,631
| 0.67%
| 0
|-
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
| 2
| 18,182
| 1.60%
| 2
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 14
| 7
| 119,599
| 10.52%
| 6
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 81
| 0
| 33,846
| 2.98%
| 3
|-
! Total
! 220
! 60
! 1,136,405
!
!
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|1988 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1988 elections in India]]
[[Category:1988 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1988 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

First Manmohan Singh ministry

2026-01-21T17:31:58Z

Floorsingurgaon: fix

{{Short description|Government of India (2004–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}

The '''First Manmohan Singh ministry''' was the first [[Union Council of Ministers of India]] under the [[Prime Minister of India|Premiership]] of [[Manmohan Singh]]. It was formed after the [[2004 Indian general election]] were held in four phases during 20 April {{snd}} 10 May 2004, to elect the [[14th Lok Sabha]], and it functioned from 2004 to May 2009.<ref name="Term">{{cite news |last1=Bamzai |first1=Kaveree |title=Manmohan Singh's Cabinet 2004: Top ministers and their portfolios |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india/india-today-cover-stories-on-manmohan-singh/story/20040607-manmohan-singh-cabinet-2004-top-ministers-and-their-portfolios-789911-1999-11-30 |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media Pvt Ltd. |date=7 June 2004}}</ref> After the election Singh took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004, and continued to hold the post till full term, the next [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India]] was sworn in on 22 May 2009, when Singh started his second term in office as PM.<ref name="PMO">{{cite news |title=Manmohan sworn in |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/manmohan-sworn-in/story-isBVAFmmfsFj8zjDSOe2iO.html |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=22 May 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Shubhojit |date=1 July 2014 |title=Women Cabinet Ministers in India |url=https://www.elections.in/political-corner/women-cabinet-ministers-india/ |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=elections.in}}</ref>

{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name = First Manmohan Singh ministry
|cabinet_number = 22nd
|cabinet_type=ministry
|jurisdiction = [[Republic of India]]
|incumbent =
|image = Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh (3x4 cropped).jpg
|date_formed = 22 May 2004
|date_dissolved = 22 May 2009
|government_head = [[Manmohan Singh]]
|government_head_history =
|deputy_government_head =
|state_head = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (until 25 July 2007) [[Pratibha Patil]] (from 25 July 2007)
|current_number =
|former_members_number =
|total_number =
|legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
|election = [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|last_election = [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|legislature_term = {{ayd|22 May 2004|22 May 2009}}
|budget =
|opposition_cabinet =
|opposition_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]])
|opposition_leader = [[L. K. Advani]] (in Lok Sabha) [[Jaswant Singh]] (in Rajya Sabha)
|incoming_formation =
|outgoing_formation =
|previous = [[Third Vajpayee ministry]]
|successor = [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry]]
|political_parties={{Color box|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]''' {{Bulleted list|{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]|{{Color box|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Nationalist Congress Party]]|{{Color box|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|{{Color box|{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Lok Janshakti Party]]|{{Color box|{{party color|DMK}}|border=darkgray}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazagham]]|{{Color box|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian Union Muslim League]]}}
;Former
{{Bulleted list|{{Color box|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] {{small|(2004{{ndash}}2006)}}|{{Color box|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|border=darkgray}} [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] {{small|(2004{{ndash}}2005; 2006)}}|{{Color box|{{party color|PMK}}|border=darkgray}} [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] {{small|(2004{{ndash}}2009)}}}}}}

{{Manmohan Singh series}}

== Overview ==
{{Politics of India}}
This is a list of members of the Union Cabinet of the [[Government of India]], 2004 to May 2009.<ref name="First">{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh, 67 ministers sworn in |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/22man.htm |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=PTI |publisher=Rediff.com |date=22 May 2004}}</ref>

All ministers are based in offices of their respective Union Ministries in [[New Delhi]]. All Cabinet members are mandated by the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] to be members of either house of the [[Parliament of India]]. In a departure from the norm the current [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Manmohan Singh]], is a member of the Upper House, the [[Rajya Sabha]], and has remained so for the duration of his entire term (2004–2009).

== Council of ministers ==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of Planning]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Department of Space]] And also in-charge of all other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated to any Minister.
| minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 22 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[A. K. Antony]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]] [[Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 30 November 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 November 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]] [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Lok Janshakti Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Ghulam Nabi Azad.}}
| minister3 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Ghulam Nabi Azad.}}
| minister3 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 11 November 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 November 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge during period of indisposition of Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ambika Soni]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister2_termend = 24 August 2006
| minister2_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 August 2006
| minister3_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of K. Chandrashekhar Rao.}}
| minister4 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister4_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister4_termend = 3 March 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Resigned.}}
| minister5 = [[G. K. Vasan]]
| minister5_termstart = 3 March 2009
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Oscar Fernandes.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 30 November 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 30 November 2008
| minister2_termend = 24 January 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 January 2009
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Small Scale Industries Minister of Agro and Rural Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Mahavir Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 9 May 2007
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Merged as Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise]]
| minister1 = [[Mahavir Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 May 2007
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]
| minister1 = [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2004
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Shipping, Road Transport
and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 September 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Natwar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 7 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Kamal Nath]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[H. R. Bhardwaj]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| minister1 = [[P. M. Sayeed]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 18 December 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 December 2005
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following demise of P. M. Sayeed.}}
| minister3 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister3 = [[Saifuddin Soz]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Murli Deora]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]]
| minister1 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| minister1 = [[Sunil Dutt]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Died in office.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 25 May 2005
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following demise of Sunil Dutt.}}
| minister3 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister4_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[M. S. Gill]]
| minister5_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Meira Kumar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]
| minister1 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2004
| minister1_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| minister2_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 2 September 2004
| minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2_ref = {{small|Merged with Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal and]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 24 July 2004
| minister1_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 July 2004
| minister2_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Bifurcated into Ministry of Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Mines.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 2 March 2005
| minister1_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 2 March 2005
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Shibu Soren.}}
| minister3 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 29 November 2006
| minister3_party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 November 2006
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Shibu Soren.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[A. Raja]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 15 May 2007
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 May 2007
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 15 May 2007
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[A. Raja]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 May 2007
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Dayanidhi Maran.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 March 2009
| minister1_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 March 2009
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Anbumani Ramadoss.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Minister of Non-Resident Indian Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|MoS (I/C) was responsible. Renamed as Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 September 2004
| minister1_termend = 10 August 2005
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|MoS (I/C) was responsible. Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 10 August 2005
| minister2_termend = 18 November 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Jagdish Tytler.}}
| minister3 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister3_termstart = 18 November 2005
| minister3_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister4 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Ambika Soni]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Ocean Development]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 12 July 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Earth Sciences.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of Earth Sciences]]
| minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 July 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Company Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 9 May 2007
| minister2_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister2_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Corporate Affairs.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Prem Chand Gupta]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 May 2007
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minister of Minority Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[A. R. Antulay]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister1_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Natwar Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 7 November 2005
| minister2_termend = 7 December 2005
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister3 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| minister3_termstart = 11 November 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Ministers of State (Independent charge) ===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]
| minister1 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[G. K. Vasan]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Food Processing Industries]]
| minister1 = [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]
| minister1 = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 20 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of New and Renewable Energy]]
| minister1 = [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 October 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Allevation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Urban Employment and Poverty Allevation]]
| minister1 = [[Selja Kumari]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 June 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Allevation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Housing and Urban Poverty Allevation]]
| minister1 = [[Selja Kumari]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 June 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Praful Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Women and Child Development]]
| minister1 = [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio|Minister of State (Independent Charge) without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!style="width:17em"| Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[E. Ahamed]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian Union Muslim League
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Anand Sharma]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| minister1 = [[Suresh Pachouri]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Suresh Pachouri]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Suryakanta Patil]]
| minister3_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Nationalist Congress Party
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| minister4_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]
| minister5_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 29 March 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal and]] [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Dasari Narayan Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 27 November 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Bifurcated into Ministry of Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Mines.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal]]
| minister1 = [[Dasari Narayan Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Santosh Bagrodia]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines]]
| minister1 = [[Dasari Narayan Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 7 February 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]
| minister1 = [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[R. Velu]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 29 March 2009
| minister2_party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
| minister1 = [[K. Rahman Khan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 20 July 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 3 September 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Renamed as Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways]]
| minister1 = [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 September 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Planning]]
| minister1 = [[M. V. Rajasekharan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture]] [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| minister1 = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
| minister3_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[S. Regupathy]]
| minister3_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister3_termend = 15 May 2007
| minister3_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister3_ref =  
| minister4 = [[V. Radhika Selvi]]
| minister4_termstart = 18 May 2007
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister4_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister4_ref =  
| minister5 = [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| minister5_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister5_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister5_party = Indian National Congress
| minister5_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office]]
| minister1 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]
| minister1 = [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2004
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kanti Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister2_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Raghunath Jha]]
| minister3_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development]]
| minister1 = [[Suryakanta Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Ale Narendra]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 24 August 2006
| minister2_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister3 = [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
| minister3_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Kanti Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]
| minister1 = [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2004
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| minister2_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister2_termend = 29 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]
| minister3_termstart = 31 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 25 February 2009
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister4 = [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
| minister4_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister4_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister4_party = Indian National Congress
| minister4_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[K. Venkatapathy]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| minister1 = [[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| minister1 = [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 25 May 2004
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Dinsha Patel]]
| minister2_termstart = 31 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[Namo Narain Meena]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[S. Regupathy]]
| minister2_termstart = 15 May 2007
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 6 November 2005
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
| minister2 = [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
| minister2_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 May 2004
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Ajay Maken]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 24 October 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel]]
| minister1 = [[Akhilesh Das]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 6 April 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| minister2_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[M. H. Ambareesh]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 October 2006
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Anand Sharma]]
| minister2_termstart = 18 October 2008
| minister2_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]] [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Culture]]
| minister1 = [[Kanti Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Power]]
| minister1 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister1_termend = 25 February 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 April 2008
| minister1_termend = 22 May 2009
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister without portfolio|Minister of State without portfolio]]
| minister1 = [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister1_termend = 31 January 2006
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister2_termend = 31 January 2006
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2_ref =  
| minister3 = [[Dinsha Patel]]
| minister3_termstart = 29 January 2006
| minister3_termend = 31 January 2006
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = Representation of cabinet ministers by party
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value1 = 73.33
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label2 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| value2 = 12.00
| color2 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| label3 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| value3 = 8.00
| color3 = {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| label4 = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| value4 = 4.00
| color4 = {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| label5 = [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| value5 = 1.33
| color5 = {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| label6 = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| value6 = 1.33
| color6 = {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
}}

=== <big>Parties</big> ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Party
!Cabinet Ministers
!Ministers of State (I/C)
!Ministers of State
!Total numbers of ministers
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|23 {{Efn|Including Prime Minister}}
|7
|25
|55
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} " |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|3
|0
|6
|9
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|1
|1
|1
|3
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} " |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazagham|DMK]]
|2
|0
|4
|6
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}} |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} |
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|30
|8
|37
|75
|}

=== States ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Cabinet Ministers
!Ministers of State (I/C)
!Ministers of State
!Total number of ministers
!Name of ministers
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|1
|2
|2
|5
|
* [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]

* [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
* [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]

* [[M. M. Pallam Raju]]
* [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|-
|[[Assam]]
|2
|—
|1
|3
|
* [[Manmohan Singh]] (Prime Minister)
* [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]

*[[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|5
|—
|7
|12
|
* [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
* [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
* [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
* [[Meira Kumar]]
* [[Prem Chand Gupta]]

*[[Shakeel Ahmad]]
* [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
* [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
* [[Kanti Singh]]
* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
* [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
* [[Raghunath Jha]]
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|1
|—
|2
|3
|
* [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]

*[[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
* [[Dinsha Patel]]
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|1
|1
|1
|3
|
* [[H. R. Bhardwaj]]

* [[Selja Kumari]]

* [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
*[[Anand Sharma]]
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[Saifuddin Soz]]
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|—
|1
|1
|2
|
*[[Subodh Kant Sahay]]

* [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|—
|—
|2
|2
|
*[[K. H. Muniyappa]]
* [[M. H. Ambareesh]]
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|2
|—
|1
|3
|
* [[A. K. Antony]]
* [[Vayalar Ravi]]

*[[E. Ahamed]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2
|—
|2
|4
|
* [[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
* [[Kamal Nath]]

*[[Kantilal Bhuria]]
* [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|4
|2
|2
|8
|
* [[Sharad Pawar]]
* [[A. R. Antulay]]
* [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
* [[Murli Deora]]

* [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
* [[Praful Patel]]

* [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
* [[Suryakanta Patil]]
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
* [[P. R. Kyndiah]]
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
*[[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|1
|1
|1
|3
|
* [[Ambika Soni]]

* [[M. S. Gill]]

* [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|1
|—
|2
|3
|
* [[Sis Ram Ola]]

*[[Namo Narain Meena]]
* [[Santosh Bagrodia]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|4
|1
|6
|11
|
* [[P. Chidambaram]]
* [[T. R. Baalu]]
* [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
* [[A. Raja]]

* [[G. K. Vasan]]

* [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
* [[S. Regupathy]]
* [[K. Venkatapathy]]
* [[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
* [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
* [[V. Radhika Selvi]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|—
|2
|3
|
* [[Mahavir Prasad]]

*[[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]
* [[Jitin Prasada]]
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|2
|—
|—
|2
|
* [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
*[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|—
|1
|2
|
* [[Kapil Sibal]]

*[[Ajay Maken]]
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
*[[V. Narayanasamy]]
|-
|'''Total'''
|30
|8
|37
|75
|
|}

== Demographics of former minister ==

=== <big>Parties</big> ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Party
!Cabinet Ministers
!Ministers of State (I/C)
!Ministers of State
!Total numbers of ministers
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}} " |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6
|2
|8
|16
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} " |
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} " |
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|1
|0
|1
|2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} " |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|9
|2
|10
|21
|}

=== States ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!State
!Cabinet Ministers
!Ministers of State (I/C)
!Ministers of State
!Total number of ministers
!Name of ministers
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|1
|—
|4
|5
|
*[[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]

*[[Dasari Narayan Rao]]
*[[Ale Narendra]]
*[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
*[[Jairam Ramesh]]
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
*[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
*[[Shibu Soren]]
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|—
|1
|2
|3
|
*[[Oscar Fernandes]]

* [[K. Rahman Khan]]
* [[M. V. Rajasekharan]]
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
*[[Suresh Pachouri]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2
|—
|1
|3
|
*[[Shivraj Patil]]
*[[Sunil Dutt]]

*[[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|1
|—
|—
|1
|
*[[Natwar Singh]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|2
|—
|1
|3
|
*[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
*[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]

* [[R. Velu]]
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|—
|—
|1
|1
|
*[[Akhilesh Das]]
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|1
|—
|2
|
*[[P. M. Sayeed]]

*[[Jagdish Tytler]]
|-
|'''Total'''
|9
|2
|10
|21
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[United Progressive Alliance]]
* [[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]
* [[2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060711/http://cabsec.nic.in/coumin.htm Council of Ministers--Official link]

{{Indian federal ministries }}

[[Category:Indian union ministries|Manmohan I]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 2004]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 2009]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2004|Manmohan I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2009|Manmohan I]]

Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala

2026-01-19T21:35:25Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tripura, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Lakshmi Narayan Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Templetripura (22).JPG
| alt =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tripura#India
| map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.8342332|N|91.2829037|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_caption = Location in Tripura
| pushpin_label_position=
| map_size =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| province =
| district = [[West Tripura]]
| locale =
| location = [[Agartala]]
| elevation_m =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_label =
| elevation_footnotes =
| deity = [[Lakshmi Narayana]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| tradition =
| temple_tree =
| festivals = [[Krishna Janmashtami]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| architect =
| date_established =
| established =
| date_built =
| year_completed = 1909-1923
| creator =
| temple_board =
| governing_body =
| website =
| embedded =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lakshmi Narayan Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] divine couple [[Lakshmi Narayana]]. It is located in the [[Ujjayanta Palace]] ground, in the city of [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]] state, [[India]]. It was founded by the King of Tripura, Birendra Kishore Manikya, during his reign from 1909 to 1923.

==History==
The temple was constructed by the [[Kings of Tripura|King of Tripura]], [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]] (r. 1909–1923), a century ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leading lights among the Manikyas|url=http://www.tripurainfo.in/Admin/ATripura/Profile_Of_The_State/Leading_Manikyas.htm|publisher=www.tripurainfo.in|accessdate=31 May 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Tripura Sundari Temple]]
*[[List of Hindu temples in India]]

}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Laxminarayan+Bari+Mandir/@23.8342332,91.2829037,186m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sLakshmi+Narayan+Temple,+Agartala!3m4!1s0x0:0x13b632f5c23e58e7!8m2!3d23.8343595!4d91.2835175|title= Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala}}

{{Hindu temples in Tripura}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tripura]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agartala]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala

2026-01-19T21:35:25Z

Floorsingurgaon:

Sushil Kumar (admiral)

2026-01-18T07:47:54Z

Floorsingurgaon: small corrected details for clarity also and corrected details

{{Short description|Former Indian Navy chief (died 2019)}}
{{About|the military officer|other people with the same name|Sushil Kumar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| office1 = 16th [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| termstart1 = 30 December 1998
| termend1 =29 December 2001
| president1 = [[K. R. Narayanan]] 
| primeminister1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] 
| predecessor1 = [[Vishnu Bhagwat]]
| successor1 = [[Madhvendra Singh]]
| name = Sushil Kumar Isaacs
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| image = Admiral Sushil Kumar.jpg
| birth_date =
| death_date = {{death date|df=y|2019|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Neyyoor, Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_place = [[New Delhi]]
| placeofburial =
| caption =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1961 - 2001
| rank = [[File:IN Admiral Shoulder curl.png|23px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|23px]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| commands = [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] [[Southern Naval Command]] [[Andaman and Nicobar Command|FORTAN]]
| unit =
| battles = [[Invasion of Goa|Goa Liberation of 1961]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] [[Kargil War]]
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
| laterwork =
}}

[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] '''Sushil Kumar Isaacs''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] (died 27 November 2019) was an [[Indian Navy]] [[Admiral]] who served as [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] (CNS) of the Indian Navy. He was the Director of Naval Operations during [[Operation Pawan]] and [[Operation Cactus]] and was the CNS during the [[Kargil War]].

==Early life==
A native of [[Neyyoor]] ([[Nagercoil]]), he joined the Indian Navy and was commissioned in 1961. His birth date is unconfirmed by sources but he was most likely born in 1940. He ceased to use his surname of Isaacs<ref>Edit from family</ref> because it caused confusion with his brother, who shares the same initials and is also a naval officer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990107/00750555p.html |title=Indian Express: Harinder's appointment will be reconsidered: CNS |work=Indian Express |date=6 January 1999 |first=Gaurav C. |last=Sawant |access-date=2013-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923152926/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990107/00750555p.html |archive-date=2013-09-23}}</ref>
He was an alumnus of [[The Bishop's School (Pune)|The Bishop's School]], [[Pune]].

==Naval career==
A specialist in [[hydrography]] and [[amphibious warfare]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Sushil Kumar |url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=93 |date=21 February 2005 |publisher=Indian Navy Information Resource and Facilitation Centre |access-date=2014-12-28}}</ref> Kumar was also a qualified air warfare instructor. He was an alumnus of the [[National Defence College, India|National Defence College]] and was an instructor at the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington. His training abroad included a deputation to the [[Royal Navy]] on board {{HMS|Dampier|K611|6}} in 1963 and a course in amphibious warfare with the [[US Navy]] at [[Coronado, California]], in 1976.<ref name="bharat-rakshak1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Navy-Chiefs/Chiefs-Navy18.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830133635/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Navy-Chiefs/Chiefs-Navy18.html |archive-date=2009-08-30 |title=Admiral Sushil Kumar |publisher=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref> He participated in the 1961 [[invasion of Goa]] and in both the Indo-Pakistan wars of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistan War|1971]]. He was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] for gallantry whilst in command of [[INS Ghorpad (L14)|INS ''Ghorpad'']].

Kumar was promoted to substantive commander on 1 January 1977 and to captain on 1 January 1983.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=1400 |date=31 December 1977 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=1234 |date=23 July 1983 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> As Director of Naval Operations, he was decorated with the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] for his exceptional conduct in [[Operation Pawan]] and in [[1988 Maldives Coup|Operation Cactus (Liberation of Maldives)]].

===Flag rank===
Kumar was promoted to substantive rear admiral on 6 July 1990.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=970 |date=22 May 1993 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
Kumar held operational commands and important posts such as the [[Vice Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]], the [[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]] (FOMA), Commander of the Flotilla in Mumbai and [[Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (FORTAN). He was the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] in [[Kochi]], before being appointed the Chief of Naval Staff. Sushil Kumar assumed charge of the Indian Navy, as the 16th Chief of Naval Staff, on 30 December 1998. During his tenure as CNS, He was the highest-decorated serving officer in the Indian Navy, and he retired on 29 December 2001. He was a keen yachtsman and played [[polo]] on the international circuit, for which he had an international rating of 4+ goals.<ref name="bharat-rakshak1"/>

== Death ==
Kumar died on 27 November 2019 at the Indian Army Research and Referral Hospital, Delhi at the age of 79. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] expressed his condolences upon this.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2019/11/27/del19-pm-exnavy-chief.html|title=PM condoles demise of former Navy chief Sushil Kumar|last=|first=|date=27 November 2019|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|language=en|via=The Week|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-navy-chief-admiral-sushil-kumar-dead/article30103244.ece|title=Former Navy Chief Admiral Sushil Kumar dead|last=Delhi|first=Special Correspondent New|date=2019-11-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-03|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
[[File:Former Indian Navy chiefs with Admiral Robin K. Dhowan at the Conclave of Chiefs 2015.jpg|thumb|304x304px|Kumar (2nd from left) with former chiefs and Admiral Robin K. Dhowan at the Conclave of Chiefs, 2015]]
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Nao Sena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Poorvi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|colspan="4"|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]] [[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]] [[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|colspan="5"|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]] [[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Nausena Medal]]
|-
|[[General Service Medal 1947|General Service Medal]]
|[[Poorvi Star]]
|[[Paschimi Star]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|Special Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|Raksha Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|colspan="1"|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|colspan="1"|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ved Prakash Malik]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]|years=1 October 2000 – 29 December 2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vishnu Bhagwat]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=1998–29 December 2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Madhvendra Singh]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Madhvendra Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Southern Naval Command]]|years=1998-1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R. N. Ganesh]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Kailash K Kohli]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=1996-1998}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[P. J. Jacob]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Personnel (India)|Chief of Personnel]]|years=1995-1996}}
{{s-bef|before=P. S. Das}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Fortress Commander, Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]|years=1994-1995}}
{{s-aft|after=[[R. N. Ganesh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sushil}}
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Personnel (India)]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nau Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]
[[Category:Fortress Commanders, Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

Irenious Paulose

2026-01-16T18:07:00Z

Floorsingurgaon: small edit

{{Short description|Syriac Orthodox bishop}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific_prefix = [[His Grace]] [[Mar (title)|Mor]]
| name =
| honorific_suffix = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[Kozhikode]] Diocese and Patriarchal Vicar of [[Oman]]
| title =
| image = Paulose_Mor_Irenious_01.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Kozhikode]] Diocese and Patriarchal Vicar of [[Muscat]]
| see = [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Holy Apostolic See of Antioch & All East]]
| elected = 
| term = 
| quashed = 
| predecessor =
| successor =
| opposed =
| other_post =

| ordination = 15 May 1998 (Kassisso)
| ordained_by = [[Mor Polycarpus Geevarghese]]
| consecration = 24 August 2008
| consecrated_by = Patriarch [[Ignatius Zakka I]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1972|08|24}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Indian
| religion =
| residence =
| parents = Mr.Varkey Abraham Vettikkunnel and Mrs.Saramma
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| profession = 
| education = '''B.A''' from [[Karnataka University]], 
'''M.A''' Sociology from [[Mysore University]], 
'''Diploma''' in '''Theology''' from [[Manjinikkara Dayro]] & [[M.S.O.T. Seminary]], 
'''B.D''' from [[Serampore University]], [[Kolkata]], 
'''M.Th.''' from [[Serampore University]], [[Kolkata]]
| alma_mater =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =

| feast_day =
| venerated =
| saint_title =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| attributes =
| patronage =
| shrine =
| suppressed_date =

| module =
| other =
}}
'''Mor Irenious''' '''Paulose''' is a [[Syriac Orthodox]] bishop, currently [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[Kozhikode]] Diocese and Patriarchal Vicar of [[Muscat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org/bishop.html|title=Jacobite Syrian Cristian Church|website=www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://syriacchristianity.info/bio/SyriacOrthodox/Metropolitans.htm#JACOBITE++SYRIAN+CHRISTIAN++ARCHDIOCESE|title=New Page 1|website=syriacchristianity.info|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207221328/http://syriacchristianity.info/bio/SyriacOrthodox/Metropolitans.htm#JACOBITE++SYRIAN+CHRISTIAN++ARCHDIOCESE|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stmaryschurchadelaide.org/our_vicars.php|title=St.Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church Adelaide|website=stmaryschurchadelaide.org|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206205427/http://stmaryschurchadelaide.org/our_vicars.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amayaprapally.org/our_clergies.html|title=St. Mary's Jacobite Church|website=www.amayaprapally.org|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=16 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016150703/http://amayaprapally.org/our_clergies.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
His parish was St. Antony's Cathedral Church in Jeppu, [[Mangalore]] under Honnavar Mission of Syriac Orthodox Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jacobitemedia.com/news/st-antonys-jacobite-syrian-cathedral-jeppu-mangalore-celebrated-the-eight-days-lent/|title=St. Antony's Jacobite Syrian cathedral, Jeppu, Mangalore celebrated the eight day's lent.Jacobite Media Cell - Jacobite Media Cell|website=jacobitemedia.com|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mangalore|first1=Mangalore Today|title=Annual feast at St Antony's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral - Jeppu|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Annual-feast-at-St-Antony-s-Jacobite-Syrian-Cathedral-Jeppu.html|work=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref>

==Education==
Paulose Mor Irenious got his bachelor's degree from the [[Karnataka University]] and master's degree in [[Sociology]] from [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/ |title=Home |website=uni-mysore.ac.in}}</ref> Later he studied Diploma in [[Theology]] from [[Manjinikkara Dayro]] & M.S.O.T. Seminary, [[Mulanthuruthy]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=MSOT Seminary | url=http://msotseminary.edu.in/admission.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331195107/http://msotseminary.edu.in:80/admission.php | access-date=2026-01-15 | archive-date=2015-03-31}}</ref> After his Diploma he further studied at [[Kolkata]] and has B.D. followed by M.Th. Degree from [[Serampore University]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mangalore]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian clergy]]

{{Syriac-Orthodox-clergy-stub}}
{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

Shivani Rawat

2026-01-09T03:03:20Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{short description|Film producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivani Rawat
| image = Shivani Rawat at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival.jpg
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[Welham Girls' School]] [[The New School]] [[New York Film Academy]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = New Jersey, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other names =
| yearsactive =
| known for = ''[[Trumbo (2015 film)|Trumbo]]'' (2015) ''[[Captain Fantastic (film)|Captain Fantastic]]'' (2016)
| occupation = Film producer
}}

'''Shivani Rawat''' is a film producer based in [[New York City|New York]] known for producing [[independent films]] like ''[[Danny Collins (film)|Danny Collins]]'' (2015), ''[[Trumbo (2015 film)|Trumbo]]'' (2015), ''[[Captain Fantastic (film)|Captain Fantastic]]'' (2016) and ''[[Brian Banks (film)|Brian Banks]]'' (2018).<ref name="Bloomberg_2017">{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=David |title=The Sundance Kid's Hot Streak |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/the-sundance-kid-s-hot-streak |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=Bloomberg UK |date=11 January 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002603/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/the-sundance-kid-s-hot-streak |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the founder and CEO of ShivHans Pictures, a production company that supports feature films that do not fit into the [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/hotel-mumbai-producer-shivani-rawat-1203178838/|title='Hotel Mumbai' Producer Shivani Rawat Steps Up to the Plate for Indie Films|first1=Ramin|last1=Setoodeh|date=April 3, 2019|access-date=May 14, 2020|archive-date=May 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515173008/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/hotel-mumbai-producer-shivani-rawat-1203178838/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.producedbyconference.com/los-angeles/team-member/shivani-rawat/|title=Shivani Rawat|work=Produced By Conference |access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=2020-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812112857/https://www.producedbyconference.com/los-angeles/team-member/shivani-rawat/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, former head of [[Miramax]] and [[HBO Films]], Julie Goldstein, joined ShivHans Pictures as Head of Production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/julie-goldstein-joins-shivhans-as-head-production-1293639|title=Julie Goldstein Joins ShivHans Pictures as Head of Production (Exclusive)|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=7 May 2020|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515203635/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/julie-goldstein-joins-shivhans-as-head-production-1293639|url-status=live}}</ref> Rawat was invited to join the Executives Branch of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ACADEMY INVITES 398 TO MEMBERSHIP |url=http://press.oscars.org/news/academy-invites-398-membership |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=press.oscars.org |language=en}}</ref>

Rawat is a board member for Annenberg Inclusion Initiative at the [[USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/annenberg-inclusion-initiative/aii-board-members/shivani-rawat |title=Shivani Rawat | USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism |publisher=Annenberg.usc.edu |date=2018-09-17 |accessdate=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2020-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526012607/https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/annenberg-inclusion-initiative/aii-board-members/shivani-rawat |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, the American film distribution company [[Bleecker Street (company)|Bleecker Street]] entered into an exclusive distribution deal with ShivHans Pictures, ensuring the US distribution for all its films.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexandra Cheney |url=https://variety.com/2014/biz/news/ex-focus-features-chief-launches-distribution-company-1201282198/ |title=Ex-Focus Features Chief Launches Distribution Company – Variety |publisher=Variety.com |date=2014-08-13 |accessdate=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2020-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622005913/https://variety.com/2014/biz/news/ex-focus-features-chief-launches-distribution-company-1201282198/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rawat attended [[Welham Girls' School]] in Dehradun Uttarakhand India, and is a graduate of [[The New School]] and [[New York Film Academy]].<ref name="Bloomberg_2017"/><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://variety.com/2015/film/news/could-producer-shivani-rawat-be-the-next-megan-ellison-1201454654/|title = Could Producer Shivani Rawat be the Next Megan Ellison?|date = 19 March 2015|access-date = 29 May 2020|archive-date = 8 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120957/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/could-producer-shivani-rawat-be-the-next-megan-ellison-1201454654/|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
|2013 || ''[[Rajjo]]'' || Actress only; as Sakina
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || ''[[Trumbo (2015 film)|Trumbo]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/tiff-trumbo-feted-at-thr-822931 |title=TIFF: 'Trumbo' Feted at THR-Hosted Dinner With Bryan Cranston, John Goodman |publisher=Hollywood Reporter |date=2015-09-14 |accessdate=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407190509/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/tiff-trumbo-feted-at-thr-822931/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || Producer
|-
| ''[[Danny Collins (film)|Danny Collins]]''<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || Executive Producer
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Captain Fantastic (film)|Captain Fantastic]]'' || Producer
|-
|rowspan=4| 2018 || ''[[The Polka King]]''<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || rowspan="4"| Producer
|-
| ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'' (Uncredited)
|-
| ''[[Brian Banks (film)|Brian Banks]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=Justin Kroll |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/tom-shadyac-brian-banks-shivhans-pictures-1202402906/ |title='Bruce Almighty' Helmer to Direct 'Brian Banks' Biopic – Variety |publisher=Variety.com |date=2017-04-28 |accessdate=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2020-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305084949/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/tom-shadyac-brian-banks-shivhans-pictures-1202402906/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Beirut (film)|Beirut]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nziff.co.nz/2018/archive/beirut/|title=NZIFF: Beirut|via=www.nziff.co.nz|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=2020-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131030553/https://www.nziff.co.nz/2018/archive/beirut/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/special-events/beirut-thrills-at-the-2018-spring-kcet-cinema-series|title='Beirut' Thrills at the 2018 Spring KCET Cinema Series|date=April 5, 2018|website=KCET|access-date=May 14, 2020|archive-date=April 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405191217/https://www.kcet.org/special-events/beirut-thrills-at-the-2018-spring-kcet-cinema-series|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2020 || ''[[Wander Darkly]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/108621-sundance-2020-announces-118-feature-films/|title=Sundance 2020 Announces 118 Feature Films|first=Scott|last=Macaulay|date=4 December 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406134037/https://filmmakermagazine.com/108621-sundance-2020-announces-118-feature-films/|url-status=live}}</ref> || rowspan="2"|Producer
|-
| ''[[The Water Man (film)|The Water Man]]''
|-
| ''[[The Trial of the Chicago 7]]'' || Executive producer
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Ice Road]]''<ref>{{cite web |author=Mike Fleming Jr |url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/laurence-fishburne-takes-the-ice-road-with-liam-neeson-shivhans-to-co-fi-with-code-entertainment-1202856582/ |title=Laurence Fishburne The Ice Road Liam Neeson; Shivhans Code Entertainment – Deadline |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=2020-02-11 |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2021-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513152458/https://deadline.com/2020/02/laurence-fishburne-takes-the-ice-road-with-liam-neeson-shivhans-to-co-fi-with-code-entertainment-1202856582/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || rowspan="2" | Producer
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Ice Road: Vengeance]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2961544}}
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/the-sundance-kid-s-hot-streak Bloomberg profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405212713/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5517bfea5d9ee British Film Institute profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Shivani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:American women film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:American women television producers]]
[[Category:People from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Television producers from New York City]]
[[Category:Film producers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:The New School alumni]]
[[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]
[[Category:New York Film Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Paremmakkal Thoma

2026-01-06T15:37:36Z

Floorsingurgaon: Stub

{{Short description|Indian author and administrator}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = Mar
| name = Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
| honorific-suffix =
| title = Administrator of the [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archeparchy of Kodungalloor]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Mar Toma Paremmakkal Governor of ''All India''
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| successor =
| diocese = [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Kodungallur]]
| ordination = 1786
| enthroned = 1786
| ended = 1799
| predecessor = [[Kariattil Mar Ousep]]
| birth_name = Thoma
| birth_date = 10 September 1736
| birth_place = [[Kadanad]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]] (modern day [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1799|3|20|1736|9|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]] (modern day [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| buried = [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nationality =
| signature =
| religion = [[Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)]]
}}

'''Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar''' (1736–1799) is the author of ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'' (1790), the first ever [[Travel literature|travelogue]] in an Indian language. Also known as ''Roma Yatraa Varthamanapusthakam'', it postulates that the foundation of Indian nationalism rests on the basic principle that India should achieve civic self-rule.<ref name=Malekandathil>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Pius |last=Malekandathil|title=Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam |encyclopedia=NSC Network |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2013/01/28/nazrani-history-and-discourse-on-early-nationalism-in-varthamanapusthakam/|year=2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> Long before the debates on nationalism shaking the intellectual circles of Europe, Asia, and Africa, Thoma Kathanar offers a distinctive positionality as a minority Syriac Christian priest and subsequent administrator of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archdiocese of Cranganore]] with transnational ties to Portuguese ecclesiology who nevertheless argues in favor of autonomous civic Indian governance.<ref name=Malekandathil/>

{{Nasrani People}}

He was also a polyglot, an efficient administrator and priest of the ''Malankare Kaldaya Suriyani Sabha'' (known officially as the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] since 1923), who tried to bring about unity in the Church and also to maintain its unique heritage.<ref name=Malekandathil/>

Paremmakkal Thoma was born as the fourth child of Paremmakkal Itty Chandy and Anna of [[Kadanad]] in [[Kottayam]] district on 10 September 1736. Initially he studied [[Sanskrit]] and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] from teachers nearby. Then he joined [[Alengad]] [[Seminary]] to learn [[Latin]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and for priesthood. In 1761, he was ordained as a Kathanar (priest). He served as vicar in different churches up to 1778.<ref name=Malekandathil/>

Thomma Kathanar made tireless efforts to bring about unity in the Church in Kerala which had split following the [[Coonan Cross Oath]]. He also strived to get bishops from among the members of the Catholic Church in Kerala, and also to retain the rich heritage of the Malabar Church. In order to achieve those goals he undertook a hard and perilous journey to [[Rome]] in 1778 along with [[Kariattil Mar Ousep]] Malpan.<ref name=Malekandathil/>

The description of this journey is recorded in his book ''Varthamanapusthakam'', considered to be the first travelogue among all Indian languages. The historic journey to Rome to represent the grievances of Kerala's Syrian Catholics started from the boat jetty in [[Athirampuzha]] in 1785. From [[Athirampuzha]] they first proceeded to [[Kayamkulam]] by a country-boat. The journey then took them to Chinnapattanam, as [[Chennai]] was then known. From there they went to [[Kandy]] in [[Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]] of today). From [[Ceylon]] they sailed to [[Cape of Good Hope]] at the tip of [[Africa]]. They were to sail to [[Portugal]] from there but adverse winds drifted their ship in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] taking it to the coast of [[Latin America]]. A further journey from the Latin American coast took them to their destination.<ref name=Malekandathil/>

The journey to the destination took more than a year. While they were in [[Europe]], [[Kariattil Mar Ousep]] was ordained in [[Portugal]] as the [[Bishop]] of [[Kodungalloor]] Archeparchy.<ref name=Malekandathil/> The two representatives of the Kerala Catholic Church succeeded in convincing the church authorities in [[Rome]] and [[Lisbon]] about the problems in [[Kerala]] Church. On their way back home they stayed in [[Goa]] where Mar Ouseph Kariattil died. Upon realizing that his end was near, Mar Kariattil appointed Thoma Kathanar as the ''Governador'' (governor) of [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] [[Archdiocese]] after him,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishop.php?id=76 |publisher=The Syro-Malabar Church |access-date=28 September 2013 |title=Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002062026/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishop.php?id=76 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and handed over the cross, chain and ring, the tokens of his power, which had been presented to him by the Portuguese queen.

Although the headquarters of Archdiocese of Kodungallur was at Pookkaatt, Aripalam muri of [[Mukundapuram taluk]] before their journey, the new Governador administered the affairs of the church establishing his headquarters at [[Angamaly]]. Paremmakkal was organised and led an assembly of the Catholic Saint Thomas Christians (''Palazhayakūttukār'') in Angamāly [[St. George Syro-Malabar Basilica, Angamaly|Saint George's Great Church]], that enacted the [[Angamaly Padiyola|''Angamāly Padiyōla'']] on 1 February 1787.<ref name = "basilica">{{cite web|title=Padiyola|publisher=St.George's Basilica, Angamāly|url=http://angamalybasilica.com/template.php?id=36&page=15&catid=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723194912/http://angamalybasilica.com/template.php?id=36&page=15&catid=36 |archive-date=2012-07-23}}</ref> This assembly protested against the colonial subjugation of the native Christians and strongly urged for the consecration of native bishop among them.<ref name=Malekandathil/> 1790, the headquarters of the [[Archdiocese]] had to be shifted to [[Vadayar]] because of the attacks of [[Tippu Sultan]]. In the last four years of his life, Thoma Kathanar managed church administration from his own parish, [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]].
{{quote|The history of travelogues in Malayalam is short but exciting and absorbing. The first work in the genre Varthamapusthakam was written by P. Thoma Kathanar (1736–99) in the latter part of the eighteenth century but its existence was totally forgotten by later generations. It was discovered in 1935 and was printed next year. Sankaran Namboothiri informs that Kathanar accompanied K. Yausep Malpan in his journey from Parur to Rome. They went by foot up to Madras from where they sailed. They took along route via Cape of Good Hope, South America and Lisbon. The voyage lasted nearly eight years." It is-certainly one of the most valuable travel accounts available in any Indian language.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |first=Sisir Kumar |last=Das |page=253}}</ref>}}

Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar remained the Governador for thirteen years. He died on 20 March 1799.

''Vathamanapusthakam'' was first published in the 18th century<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100801012522/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/literaryadition.htm Literary Tradition]. keralahistory.ac.in. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref> but was forgotten for centuries, being re-discovered in 1935 and first printed in Malayalam in 1936 by Luka Mathai Plathottam at Athirampuzha St Marys Press.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|title=The legacy of Kerala|year=2008|publisher=D C Books|location=Kottayam, Kerala|isbn=9788126421572|edition=1st DCB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Varthamanappusthakam|url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/|archivedate=27 April 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://enchantingkerala.org/kerala-monuments/arnose-padiri-house.php Kottyam]</ref> The manuscript of the book is kept at the St Thomas Christian Museum in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smcim.org/liturgical_researcch3.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071029115805/http://www.smcim.org/liturgical_researcch3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2007 |title=Museum |publisher=The Syro-Malabar Church |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==

[https://www.nasrani.net/2010/06/05/the-story-of-joseph-the-indian-with-a-historical-appraisal-of-the-affairs-of-st-thomas-christians/ Joseph the Indian]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar, Varthamanappusthakam, transl. By P.J. Podipara, Rome, 1971

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathanar, Paremmakkal Thoma}}
[[Category:1736 births]]
[[Category:1799 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar priests]]

Naziruddin Ahmad

2025-11-26T00:39:47Z

Floorsingurgaon: added a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1889|12|25}}
| birth_place = Kulia, [[Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date =
| alma_mater = Surendranath Law College of the [[University of Calcutta]]
| profession = [[Advocate]]
| office = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
}}
{{Short description|Member - Constituent Assembly of India}}
'''Naziruddin Ahmad''' was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] representing [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug4NAQAAMAAJ&q=Naziruddin+Ahmad, |title=Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report |date=1999 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=1170 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rudranghsu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7dCH_IYbt8C&dq=Naziruddin+Ahmad%2C&pg=PT130 |title=The Great Speeches of Modern India |date=2011-10-01 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-234-8 |language=en}}</ref> He had been critical of the Drafting Committee and draft constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Aakash Singh |title=Who wrote the Preamble to the Indian Constitution? That is one of the secrets this book probes |url=https://scroll.in/article/947611/who-wrote-the-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution-that-is-one-of-the-secrets-this-book-probes |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bengal contingent at the Constituent Assembly |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-bengal-contingent-at-the-constituent-assembly |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref> He talked about inclusion of interplanetary travel in the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Republic Day: In the 73rd year of our Constitution, how many of the concerns in it will we rectify? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/republic-day-73rd-year-of-constitution-how-many-concerns-will-we-rectify-7738868/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ahmad was born on 25 December 1889 in Kulia, [[Bardhaman district]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constituent_assembly_members/naziruddin_ahmad |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.constitutionofindia.net}}</ref> He studied at the Burdwan Raj Collegiate School.<ref name=":0" /> He earned a law degree from the Surendranath Law College of the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Ahmad practised law at the [[Calcutta High Court]] and the [[Federal Court of India]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1919, he was elected vice-chairman of [[Bardhaman]].<ref name=":0" /> He was appointed the public prosecutor of Bardhaman district in 1924 and served till 1928.<ref name=":0" /> He worked at the Burdwan Muhammedan Association as its secretary.<ref name=":0" /> He founded and edited Burdwan Vani.<ref name=":0" /> He was also the secretary of Bengal Raiyat Association.<ref name=":0" />

Ahmad served in the Bengal Legislative Council and was the whip in the government of [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]].<ref name=":0" /> He was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India from the Muslim League.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Naziruddin}}
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:People from Bardhaman]]
[[Category:Bengali lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Jos Alukkas

2025-10-18T16:53:10Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{short description|Indian jewelry company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jos Alukkas
| logo = Josalukkalogo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = Private
| founder = Jos Alukkas
| location = Jos Alukkas Corporate Office, Fathima Nagar, Aristo Road, East Fort, Thrissur – 680005
| area_served = [[South India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Jos Alukkas (Chairman)|Varghese Alukkas (Managing Director)|Paul J. Alukkas (Managing Director)|John Alukkas (Managing Director)}}
| industry = [[Retailing]]
| products = Jewellery
| num_employees = 3500+
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.josalukkasonline.com/}}
}}

'''Jos Alukkas''' Jewellery is a jewellery brand based in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India. Founded in 1964, the company has expanded from a family-owned business to a significant participant in the gold, diamond, and platinum jewellery market throughout India.

==History==
The company's founder, Jos Alukkas, established a small jewellery unit in Thrissur in 1964. Under his guidance, the brand introduced the standardization of gold with the 916 purity certification, which has become a widely adopted benchmark in the Indian jewellery industry. Jos Alukkas is also known for pioneering the concept of "gold supermarkets," which are large-format stores featuring extensive collections of jewellery. Today, the Jos Alukkas Group, chaired by Jos Alukkas and managed by his sons Varghese Alukkas, Paul J. Alukkas, and John Alukkas, operates over 60 large-format jewellery showrooms across India and employs more than 5,000 people.

==Online presence and expansion==
Jos Alukkas Jewellery was one of the early Indian jewellers to launch an online store, increasing accessibility for jewellery shopping. The brand provides a range of certified gold, diamond, and platinum jewellery. The Jos Alukkas Group has also diversified into the real estate sector through its subsidiary, Jos Alukkas Properties, which has completed more than 20 projects in South India.

==Recent developments==
* The brand launched its new premium diamond collection, "Nityara," unveiled by actress [[Keerthy Suresh]].
* Jos Alukkas announced a ₹5,500 crore investment plan to open 100 new stores across India over the next 7–8 years.
* Actor [[R. Madhavan]] was signed as the brand's pan-India ambassador.
* Jos Alukkas unveiled its latest jewellery collection, "Ivy," at a Mumbai event.

{{thrissur topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jos Alukkas}}
[[Category:Jewellery retailers of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies of Thrissur]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2001]]

{{india-company-stub}}

Sadayappa Vallal

2025-10-13T15:49:11Z

Floorsingurgaon:

{{Short description|Indian velir}}
'''Sadayappa Vallal''' was a wealthy 12th-century ''[[Velirs|velir]]'' (chief) who had his residence at both Puduvai ([[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]) and [[Thiruvennainallur|Thiruvenainallur]] in India.<ref name="Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna from very early times to the Portug[u]ese period, C. Rasanayagam">Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna from very early times to the Portug[u]ese period, C. Rasanayagam</ref> He was known for his [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] activities. He was a close friend and a patron of [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], the Tamil poet who wrote ''[[Ramavataram]]'' (popularly known as ''Kamba Ramayanam''). He was also associated closely with Pararajasingam, the king of Kandy, [[Ceylon]].<ref name="Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna from very early times to the Portug[u]ese period, C. Rasanayagam"/><ref name="A primer of Tamil literature By M. S. Purnalingam Pillai">{{cite book |title=A Primer of Tamil literature |first=M. S. Purnalingam |last=Pillai |year=1904 |publisher=Ananda Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA116 |pages=116, 131}}</ref>

==Patronage of Kambar==
Kambar had a number of patrons but Sadayappa Vallal was foremost among them. He attended the wedding of Kambar's son; according to one story, on seeing that all the seats were taken, took an unassuming position standing on the side of the ceremony. Kambar, in gratitude for Sadayappa Vallal's patronage and forbearance, lauded Sadayappa Vallal every 1000 stanzas in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epic ''Kamba Ramayanam''.<ref name="A primer of Tamil literature By M. S. Purnalingam Pillai"/>

According to tradition, Kambar's son, Ambikapathi was later put to death for having fallen in love with the [[Chola]] King's daughter and Kambar himself had to flee. In his old age, he was then supported and patronised by his friend Sadaiyappan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tamil Polity, c. A.D. 600 - c. A.D. 1300 |first=R. |last=Rajalakshmi |publisher=Ennes Publications |year=1983}}</ref>

==King Pararajasingam==
Sadayappa Vallal was also a close friend of King Pararajasingam of Kandy, Ceylon. When Kandy was hit by a [[famine]], he immediately came to the aid of his friend by sending [[rice]] and other necessities in numerous [[ship]]s. He is praised for this event as thus (loosely translated):

{{quote|Sangaran Sadayan of the liberal hand, who sent mountain loads of paddy in thousand ships to the country of Kandy for a Tamil verse composed in his praise by King Pararajasingan, wearing the honey dripping garland was of Chola Mandalam<ref name="Ancient Jaffna: being a research into the history of Jaffna from very early times to the Portug[u]ese period, C. Rasanayagam"/>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=The Tamils and Their Culture |first=K. S. Ramaswami |last=Sastri |publisher=Annamalai University |year=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoIdAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=Tamil Literature |first=M. S. Purnalingam |last=Pillai |orig-date=1929 |edition=Reprinted |year=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120609556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA229 |page=229}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vallal Sadaiyappa}}
[[Category:12th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

{{more categories|date=June 2022}}

Scam 2019

2025-09-29T11:40:25Z

Floorsingurgaon: put up the article needs work!

{{Short description|Indian Assamese webseries}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Notability|1=Web|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| director = RK
| screenplay = Bhaskar Deka
| story = Aabhijeet Sharma
| producer = Aabhijeet Sharma
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[Jatin Bora]]
* [[Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika]]
* [[Maytrayee Goswami]]
* [[Manik Roy]]
* [[Yankee Parasar]]
* RK
}}
| cinematography = Bitul Das
| editor = Jhulan Krishna Mahanta
| music = Rideep Das
| company = Red Cinemas
| released = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Assamese
}}
'''''Scam 2019''''' is an Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]] webseries streaming on Red Cinemas OTT App.<ref name="thehindu-2025-06-06">{{cite news |title=Assamese web series spotlights NRC ‘scam’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/assamese-web-series-spotlights-nrc-scam/article69664976.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The series stars [[Jatin Bora]] in the lead role, is directed by RK and produced by Aabhijeet Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/scam-2019-trailer-assamese-web-series-promises-political-intrigue-1225153-2025-06-06|title=Scam 2019 trailer: Assamese web series promises political intrigue|date=June 6, 2025|website=India Today NE}}</ref>

It stars Jatin Bora as the protagonist Aabhijeet Sharma, with Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika appearing in a negative role. The series also features Maytrayee Goswami, Manik Roy, Yankee Parasar and RK in pivotal roles. The series is based on a senior government official, who was accused of fraudulently including the names of illegal immigrants in the updated NRC.

== Cast ==
*Jatin Bora as Aabhijeet Sharma
*Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika as Director
*Maytrayee Goswami as Kalpana
*Manik Roy as Niloy Seal
*Yankee Parasar as Sukanya Baruah
*RK as Ranjeev Kakati
*Hiemakshi Borah as Pranjana Kashyap
*Sidharth Roy as Sheikh
*Bhabesh Das as Mr Bhuyan
*Arsana Pujari as Mrs Bhuyan
*Mobidul Islam as Mr Borthakur
*Parnali Sharma as Mrs Borthakur
*Naba Jyoti Mahanta as Rahmat
*Diganta Bhattacharya as Nilotpal Hazarika
*Mridul Sharma as Bacardi Sharma
*Spandan Barthakur as Samujjal Bhattacharya
*Nipu as Abhay
*Betal as Ajay
*Mirza Arif Hazarika as Arif
*Babu Das as Chotu

== Episodes ==

=== Episode 1 - Hukum ke Ghulam ===
Director joins his new office. Sharma sees a ray of hope after years of battle.

=== Episode 2 - The Transition Time ===
As Sharma digs deeper, he unveils new truths about the Director.

=== Episode 3 - Dilli Dil se Dur Nahi ===
Sharma goes to Delhi to apologize in front of the magistrate as he is termed as a political agent by the Director.

=== Episode 4 - The War is Always On ===
While the Director has fled, Sharma is left all alone in this battle of truth and deception.

== Production and release ==
The principal shoot of the series kickstarted in January 2024, soon after the announcement of the series. The teaser of the series was unveiled on 29 October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=Scam 2019 Teaser Released, Promises a Thrilling Ride |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/23283 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-29 |title=Assam: Teaser Released for Upcoming Webseries Scam 2019 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/breakingnews/assam-teaser-released-for-upcoming-webseries-scam-2019 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref> and the official trailer on 6 June 2025, through the YouTube channel of Red Cinemas 18+.<ref name="thehindu-2025-06-06"/> Although the makers claimed the series to be based on a fictional story, ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "the trailer indicates it is closer to reality than fiction".<ref name="thehindu-2025-06-06"/>

On 6 June 2025, the makers launched a new OTT App and announced that the series would premiere directly through the streaming platform on 27 June 2025.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The official release through its OTT platform ''Red Cinemas'', consists of four episodes, being released in [[Hindi|Assamese]] with [[English language|English]] subtitles.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt37377832}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Assamese-language television shows]]

{{India-television-stub}}

St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute

2025-08-27T11:07:56Z

Floorsingurgaon: reworked intro and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox college

| motto = India's advanced teaching and learning centre for Syriac language and heritage
| mottoeng =
| type = Research Institute
| parent = Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
| name = St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute
| other_name = SEERI
| image =
| established = 1985
| students =
| location =
| president = Thomas Mor Koorilos, Archbishop of Tiruvalla.
| principal =
| affiliations = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
| dean =
| director = Dr. Jacob Thekeparampil
| city = Baker Hill, Kottayam
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 686002
| campus =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| faculty =
| language = Syriac, English, French, German, Italian, Armenian, Greek, Coptic, Ge’ez, Latin
| website = {{URL|http://seeri.org//}}
| logo =
}}
'''St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute''' ('''SEERI''') is a centre for [[Syriac studies]] located in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]. It is a research centre of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]].<ref name="Panicker">{{Cite web|last=Panicker|first=Rev Dr Gheevarghese|last2=SEERI|title=India’s SEERI Center for Syriac Studies|url=https://cnewa.org/magazine/indias-seeri-center-for-syriac-studies-30668/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=CNEWA|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Named after the Syriac saint, [[Ephrem the Syrian]], SEERI was inaugurated on 14 September 1985 by [[Mathews I|Marthoma Mathews I, Catholicos]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=WELCOME TO SEERI.ORG|url=http://seeri.org/EcumenicalFocus.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=seeri.org}}</ref> It works in collaboration with various churches that share the Syriac patrimony to foster [[ecumenism]] and deepen the mutual understanding of these churches in the study and search of their common heritage.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Öffentlichkeitsarbeit|first=Georg-August-Universität Göttingen-|title=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, Kottayam - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen|url=https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/st.+ephrem+ecumenical+research+institute,+kottayam/325195.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.uni-goettingen.de|language=de}}</ref> It is sponsored and supported by the Archeparchy of Tiruvalla of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]].

SEERI was developed to be a place for the advanced teaching and learning of the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] language and heritage in India, as well as making available manuscripts, documents, and source books necessary for such study and research.<ref name=":0" />

SEERI's first doctoral dissertation, ''The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century'', was completed by Mar Aprem Mooken in 2000.<ref name="MarAprem">{{cite web | last=Mooken | first=Aprem | title=The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century | date=2003 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara | publisher=St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI) | location=Baker Hill, Kottayam}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==
SEERI is a research center of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi]] and affiliated with the [[Catholic University of America]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=University|first=Catholic|title=Outreach|url=https://semitics.catholic.edu/alumni-and-giving/outreach/index.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=The Catholic University of America|language=en}}</ref>

== Administration ==

=== Presidents and director ===
The President is [[Thomas Mor Koorilos]], [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] [[Archbishop]] of [[Tiruvalla]].<ref name="WELCOME TO SEERI.ORG">{{Cite web|title=WELCOME TO SEERI.ORG|url=http://seeri.org/|access-date=2020-09-17|website=seeri.org}}</ref>

The Director is Jacob Thekkeparambil.<ref name="WELCOME TO SEERI.ORG"/>

=== Notable faculty ===
*[[Baby Varghese|Rev. Dr. Baby Varghese]]
*Rev. Dr. Jacob Thekeparampil (Director)
*Rev. Fr. John Kannanthanam
*Rev. Dr. Johns Abraham Konat
*Dr. Kuriakose Valavanolickal
*Rev. Fr. Kuriakose Moolayil Corepiscopa
*Rev. Fr. Mathew Kuttiani
*Rev. Fr. Raju Parakkott (Asst. Director)
*Rev. Dr. Sebastian Naduthadom
*Rev. Dr. Stephen Plathottathil OIC
*[[Thomas Koonammakkal|Rev. Dr. Thomas Koonammakkal]] (Dean of Studies)
*Rev. Fr. Varghese Varghese, Kaloor

== Publications ==
*''The HARP'': (English periodical) A review of Syriac, Ecumenical and Oriental Studies. Contains articles of renowned writers from all over the world.
*''MŌRĀN ETH'Ō'' (Monographs - occasional English publications)
*''S.C.C'': (SEERI Correspondence Course in English on Syrian Christian heritage. Complete set includes 12 books. The course is to be completed in two years. 9 books have already been published).
*''Blue Series'': German translations of Syriac Liturgical text.
*''Madrōsō'' (Malayalam)
*''Nuhro'' (Malayalam)
*''AWSĀR SLAWŌT'O'' (translations from Syriac to English)<ref name="Panicker"/>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[http://www.catholicate.net Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]
*[http://www.seeri.org/ SEERI homepage]
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute}}
[[Category:Research institutes in Kerala]]
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Kerala]]

Bharata Khanda

2025-08-13T21:06:09Z

Floorsingurgaon: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[Names of India#Bharat]]

Barchhabuzurg

2025-08-07T11:00:07Z

Floorsingurgaon: new initial info more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barchhabuzurg
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.56883793672398|N|76.90881333335008|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barchhabuzurg''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Barchhabuzurg Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | title = harangaov police station phone number | date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police | archive-date = 30 November 2021 | access-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]