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Emblem of West Bengal

2026-05-09T05:56:03Z

Flightsvilla: add article and improved wording

{{Short description|Official seal of the government of West Bengal, India and its history}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of West Bengal
| image = Emblem of India (brown).svg
| image_width = 180
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| year_adopted = 2026
| crest = [[Emblem of India]]
| torse =
| shield = Globe, Bengali character (ব), Map of West Bengal
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]]
| orders =
| other_elements = পশ্চিমবঙ্গ সরকার — Govt. of West Bengal
| earlier_versions =
| use =
|divisions_type=[[States and union territories of India |State]]|divisions=[[West Bengal]]
}}
The '''Emblem of West Bengal''' is the [[official seal]] of the [[Government of West Bengal|Government]] of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/landing|title=Egiye Bangla|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413171429/https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/landing|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Design==
The emblem consists of a circle depicting a globe with the state of [[West Bengal]] highlighted by a representation of the [[Bengali alphabet]]. The [[National Emblem of India]] appears above the globe and the emblem includes the name of the state in [[English language|English]] (i.e. West Bengal) and in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language (i.e. {{langx|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গ|translit=Pôśchim Bôṅgô}}). The central element of the emblem was also used by the state government's [[Biswa Bangla]] campaign to promote the sale of traditional Bengali handicrafts and textiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mamata-unveils-state-logo-with-biswa-bangla-theme/article10017127.ece|title=Mamata unveils State logo with Biswa Bangla theme|date=5 January 2018|publisher=|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107113245/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mamata-unveils-state-logo-with-biswa-bangla-theme/article10017127.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Historic emblems==
The current emblem was designed by [[Mamata Banerjee]], the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] of the state and was officially adopted in January 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/MamataBanerjeeOfficial/photos/pcb.1682887761778558/1682887521778582/?type=3&theater|title=Mamata Banerjee|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183755/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMamataBanerjeeOfficial%2Fphotos%2Fpcb.1682887761778558%2F1682887521778582%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26theater|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbxpress.com/official-state-emblem-west-bengal/|title=Official Emblem for the State of West Bengal - WBXPress|date=1 February 2018|publisher=|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183740/https://wbxpress.com/official-state-emblem-west-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the adoption of the new emblem in 2018, the state government used the National Emblem of India for official purposes but had adopted a distinctive logo for marketing purposes. This logo, known as "Banglarmukh" (''Face of Bengal''), depicted a female face surround by a red veil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hda.gov.in/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170417101209/http://hda.gov.in/|url-status=dead|title=HDA|date=17 April 2017|archivedate=17 April 2017}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Badge of British Bengal.svg|[[Emblem]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]
File:Coat of Arms of the Nawab of Bengal (top) and that of the Nawab of Murshidabad (bottom).png|Coat of Arms of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] (top) and [[Nawab of Murshidabad|Murshidabad]] (bottom)
File:Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png|Banglarmukh emblem used until 2018
</gallery>

== Autonomous district councils in West Bengal ==
;Gorkhaland
West Bengal has one [[autonomous district council]], the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]], which adopted its own emblem in October 2014. The emblem is a circular seal featuring a locomotive of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]], a woman picking [[tea]] leaves, a [[rhododendron]] flower and mountain peaks of the [[Himalayas]] surrounded by the name of the authority and two pairs of crossed [[Kukri]] daggers.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/GorkhalandTerritorialAdministration/photos/a.102800121374266/102814918039453/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424183756/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FGorkhalandTerritorialAdministration%2Fphotos%2Fa.102800121374266%2F102814918039453%2F |date=24 April 2023 }} {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/317888468348941/453201171484336 |archive-date = 2022-04-27| url = https://m.facebook.com/TheDarjeelingChronicle/posts/the-gta-logo-inaguratedthe-gorkhaland-territorial-administration-inaugurated-its/453201171484336/?locale2=fr_CA |title = The Darjeeling Chronicle on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Gorkhaland Territorial Administration seal.png|Emblem of the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]]
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-image127909913|title=West Bengal State of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving on the Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of graphic, ripple: 127909913|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107114530/https://www.dreamstime.com/west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-west-bengal-state-india-flag-textile-image127909913|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[State Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]
* [[Banglar Mati Banglar Jol]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/landing Government of West Bengal]

{{West Bengal}}
{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Symbols of West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Deportation of Indian nationals under Donald Trump

2026-05-07T16:26:28Z

Flightsvilla: Added A Pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Immigration policy of the second Trump administration sidebar |expanded=deportation}}
The [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] has been deporting [[Illegal immigration to the United States|undocumented immigrants]] of Indian origin since the [[first presidency of Donald Trump]]. According to [[Pew Research Center]], [[Undocumented immigrant population of the United States|undocumented immigrants of Indian origin made up the third-largest demographic]] in the US after Mexicans and Salvadorans in 2024. In February 2025, the Indian [[Enforcement Directorate]] began investigating 4,300 Indians suspected of entering the US illegally between 2021 and 2024.

On 5 February 2025, the US deported 104 Indian nationals on a military plane. This drew criticism from the political opposition in India. The deportation also attracted attention within the United States and elsewhere.

==Background==
According to the [[Pew Research Center]], there are an estimated 18,000 Indian nationals living in the US illegally, making them one of the largest group after nationals from [[Mexico]] and [[El Salvador]].<ref name="c608"/>

In 2023, 96,917 Indians were "caught or expelled" at the border, followed by 63,927 in 2022 and 30,662 in 2021. Immigrants from Punjab and Gujarat have used an immigration technique known as "[[Donkey flight|Dunki]]" to illegally enter the United States. The practice continues despite fears of deportation under the new Trump administration.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Banerji | first1=Annie | title='Unemployed for six months, nothing here for me': Indians risk 'Dunki' route to chase American Dream | website=Scroll.in | date=11 February 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/article/1063404/unemployed-for-six-months-nothing-here-for-me-indians-risk-dunki-route-to-chase-american-dream | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Dunki route illegal immigration: 'Dunki' route continues to thrive despite US crackdown on illegal immigration | website=Deccan Herald | date=5 February 2025 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/dunki-route-continues-to-thrive-despite-us-crackdown-on-illegal-immigration-report-3390384 | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>

A study at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] (JHU) found that the number of asylum seekers from India in the U.S. increased from 9,000 in 2018 to 51,000 in 2023, a 466% increase. Since the US immigration system allows foreigners arrested at the border to request asylum, these requests highlight a trend of increasing illegal immigration to the US.<ref name="x987">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Purav | title=Indians seeking asylum in US grew 470% in 5 years: Study | website=India Today | date=12 February 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/indians-seeking-asylum-in-us-border-grew-470-in-5-years-johns-hopkins-study-illegal-immigrants-2678970-2025-02-12 | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> The number of Indian nationals arrested for illegal border crossings in the U.S. rose from 1,000 in 2020 to 43,000 in 2023, a rise of 4,200%.<ref name="c509">{{cite web | title=Indian migrant arrests at US border up 4,200% since 2020, shows report | website=Business Standard | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/indian-migrant-arrests-at-us-border-soared-4-200-since-2020-report-125021300711_1.html | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, the Indian outlet [[Newslaundry]] investigated a route from Gujarat to the US. Agents took a fee, roughly ₹4,000,000 to ₹13,000,000 for illegal immigration into the US, and a number of them died whilst attempting this route. The investigation found that some [[Non resident Indian|NRIs]] from Gujarat acted as financiers for illegal immigrants from India to subsequently hire them below the minimum wage. Per the investigation, the illegal immigrants had to work for 3 to 4 years in order to pay their dues.<ref name="n399"/> In February 2025, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) announced that it had begun investigating at least 4,300 Indians suspected of having unlawfully entered the US between 2021 and 2024.<ref name="t307">{{cite web | last=Tiwary | first=Deeptiman | title=4,300 Indians under probe for illegally immigrating to US from 2021-24: ED | website=The Indian Express | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indians-probe-illegally-immigrating-us-ed-9822543/ | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

==First presidency (2017-2021)==
[[South Asian Americans Leading Together|South Asian Americans Leading Together (SAALT)]] estimated about 20,000 Indians feared deportation from the US after Donald Trump repealed the [[Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]] (DACA) programme in 2017.<ref name="v349">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=Indian Immigrants Fear Deportation After Donald Trump Scraps 'Dreamers' Plan | website=www.ndtv.com | date=6 September 2017 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/indian-immigrants-in-us-fear-deportation-after-donald-trump-repeals-daca-1746605 | access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

About 570 Indian nationals were deported to India in 2017, 790 in 2018, and 550 in the first 6 months of 2019.<ref name="r489">{{cite web | last=Bhardwaj | first=Ananya | title=50% more than first 6 months of 2018 | website=ThePrint | date=24 July 2019 | url=https://theprint.in/india/this-year-us-has-already-deported-550-indians-50-more-than-first-6-months-of-2018/266796/ | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref> On average, 1,550 Indians were deported annually during Trump's first term in the office. <ref>{{cite web | last=Biswas | first=Soutik | title=Nine surprising facts about Indians in the US | website=BBC Home | date=17 February 2025 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r56vr40jvo | access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

==Second presidency (2025-present)==
Following the inauguration of [[Donald Trump]], the Indian government under [[Narendra Modi]] announced that they would take back about 18,000 Indian nationals who are living in the US illegally.<ref name="c608">{{cite web | last=Ellis-Petersen | first=Hannah | title=Modi's government planning to repatriate 18,000 Indians living in US illegally | website=the Guardian | date=21 January 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/21/modi-government-planning-to-repatriate-18000-indians-living-in-us-illegally | access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

On 13 February 2025, Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] said during a press conference that "we have always said that those who are verified and are truly the citizens of India – if they live in the US illegally, India is ready to take them back".<ref name="e422">{{cite web | title=India to take back verified illegals: PM Modi amid US crackdown on immigrants | website=India Today | date=14 February 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-ready-to-take-back-illegal-immigrants-pm-modi-amid-trump-crackdown-2679834-2025-02-14 | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="y797">{{cite web | last1=Clinton | first1=Jane | last2=Aratani | first2=Lauren | last3=Mackey | first3=Robert | last4=Stein | first4=Chris | last5=Yang | first5=Maya | last6=Greve | first6=Joan E | last7=Sridhar | first7=Devi | last8=Loucaides | first8=Darren | last9=Krupa | first9=Jakub | title=Trump administration directs federal agencies to fire all probationary employees – as it happened | website=the Guardian | date=14 February 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2025/feb/13/rfk-lutnick-trump-musk-putin-ukraine-us-politics-live-news | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

Some Indian students were reported to have been quitting part-time jobs in the US due to fear of deportation.<ref name="i461">{{cite web | last=Nath | first=Sanstuti | title=Indian Students In US Quitting Part-Time Jobs Amid Trump's Deportation Threats | website=www.ndtv.com | date=8 February 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indian-students-in-us-quitting-part-time-jobs-amid-donald-trumps-deportation-threats-7662738 | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref> The students reported the increased scrutiny from law enforcement officers visiting their workplaces to check their documents.<ref name="i461"/>

In August, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs reported 1,703 Indians were deported from January 2025 - July 2025, averaging 8 deportations per day compared to 3 deportations per day under the Biden administration.<ref name="m972">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=DH Web | title=Trump 2.0 Impact: Daily Indian Deportations from US Rise from 3 to 8 | website=Deccan Herald | date=2025-08-02 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/8-indians-deported-every-day-under-trump-sharp-rise-from-3-during-biden-term-report-3662436 | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>
===Deportation of 104 Indians===
On 5 February 2025, about 104 Indian nationals were deported to India on a military plane from the US. The flight landed in [[Amritsar, Punjab]], making it the farthest deportation flight on a military plane.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ashraf | first=Anwar | title=Fact check: Misinformation spread online as Indians deported – DW – 02/05/2025 | website=dw.com | date=5 February 2025 | url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-deportation-of-undocumented-indian-workers-from-us-triggers-misinformation/a-71511351 | access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="n399"/><ref name="v433">{{cite web | last1=Iyer | first1=Aishwarya | last2=Mitra | first2=Esha | last3=Law | first3=Heather | title=At least 104 Indian citizens deported from US on military aircraft, say Indian officials | website=CNN | date=5 February 2025 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/05/asia/india-citizens-us-deportation-intl-hnk-latam/index.html | access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref> The immigrants were handcuffed and their legs were chained.<ref name="j495">{{cite web | last=Chaba | first=Anju Agnihotri | title=Inside US deportation of 104 Indians: 'Handcuffed, legs chained, struggled to use washroom for 40 hours' | website=The Indian Express | date=7 February 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/deportee-handcuffed-legs-chained-struggled-to-use-washroom-for-40-hrs-9820011/ | access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

This deportation was criticised by the opposition of the BJP-led Indian government. Indian MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] said, "We are protesting precisely this issue — that the manner in which the U.S. did what they did was really unacceptable." Opposition leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] urged PM [[Narendra Modi]] to look into this issue, and added that "Indians deserve Dignity and Humanity, NOT Handcuffs."<ref name="z051">{{cite web | last=Zargar | first=Arshad R. | title=Fury in India over U.S. allegedly flying deportees halfway around the world in handcuffs and leg chains | website=CBS News | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-deported-indian-migrants-handcuffs-leg-chains-military-flight-india/ | access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref> One Indian national described the deportation flight as "torture".<ref name="u886">{{cite web | title=Indian Migrant Says Deportation Flight Was 'Torture' | website=The New York Times | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000009982183/modi-trump-immigration-deportation.html | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

Congress MP [[Gaurav Gogoi]] criticised the Indian government for maintaining silence over the incident.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Hussain | first1=Aijaz | last2=Ngashangva | first2=Chonchui | title=Opposition lawmakers protest alleged mistreatment of Indian deportees by US | website=AP News | date=6 February 2025 | url=https://apnews.com/article/indian-illegal-immigration-protest-parliament-deportation-trump-90ae7999040196e3ce25dd3fa8e29137 | access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> External Affairs Minister [[S Jaishankar]] downplayed the incident and added that such deportations were not new. A number of Indian citizens questioned why the Modi-led government is silent over the incident contrary to the leaders of Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, and Honduras, who have raised the issue for their citizens.<ref name="n399">{{cite web | last=Bharathy Singaravel | first=Dhanya Rajendran | title=Why did the US deport Indians on a military aircraft? The role of Trump's crackdown | website=The News Minute | date=8 February 2025 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/why-did-indians-get-a-military-deportation-flight-trumps-hardline-policy-tells | access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>

Political analyst and former Indian government spokesperson [[Sanjay Baru]] said, "I’m quite surprised that my government has taken a weak-kneed approach." He added: "For a prime minister who thinks of himself as a tough political leader, he has caved in far too quickly."<ref name="d400">{{cite news | last=Mehrotra | first=Karishma | title=Controversial deportation flight to India hangs over Modi-Trump meeting | newspaper=Washington Post | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/13/modi-trump-white-house-india-immigration-tariffs/ | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref> Author [[Kingshuk Nag]] termed the poor treatment of Indian immigrants as having demonstrated an unequal relationship between the two countries.<ref name="t318">{{cite web | last=Mukherji | first=Biman | title=Outrage in India over 'inhumane' US deportation of undocumented migrants | website=South China Morning Post | date=11 February 2025 | url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3298258/outrage-india-over-inhumane-us-deportation-undocumented-migrants | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

Over 1,000 Indian nationals were deported on commercial flights in the previous year without any reported controversy.<ref name="z051"/>

On 7 February, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri said India has been notified about "487 presumed Indian nationals" who will be deported soon.<ref name="v066">{{cite web | last=Mohan | first=Geeta | title=487 more illegal Indian migrants to be deported from US soon: Government | website=India Today | date=12 February 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/illegal-indian-migrants-deportation-us-donald-trump-crackdown-2676324-2025-02-07 | access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

On 13 February, it was reported that two more deportation flights were expected to land in Amritsar, Punjab. Punjab finance minister [[Harpal Cheema]] wondered why the flights were landing only in Punjab but not Gujarat.<ref name="t521">{{cite web | title=2 more flights carrying Indians deported from US to land in Amritsar this week | website=Hindustan Times | date=13 February 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2-more-flights-carrying-indians-deported-from-us-to-land-in-amritsar-this-week-101739461464904.html | access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

===Deportation of 119 Indians===
On 15 February, there were reports that a deportation flight carrying 119 Indians will be landing in Amritsar, Punjab the same day. <ref>{{cite web | last=Bassi | first=Aseem | title=Two more US flights with illegal migrants to land in Punjab on February 15-16 | website=India Today | date=14 February 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/united-states-flights-illegal-indian-immigrants-amritsar-february-15-16-2679971-2025-02-14 | access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> Chief Minister [[Bhagwant Mann]] accused BJP at the centre of defaming Punjab by making Amritsar as the site for landing deportation flights. <ref name="y967">{{cite web | last=Chitre | first=Manjiri | title=US Plane With 119 Deported Indians To Land Today, Opposition Raises Questions | website=www.ndtv.com | date=15 February 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-plane-with-119-deported-indians-to-land-today-in-punjabs-amritsar-opposition-raises-questions-us-crackdown-on-immigration-7715342 | access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> The military plane carrying the deportees landed at Amritsar around 11:40 PM. Some of the deportees saw their families at the airport to welcome them.<ref name="o933">{{cite web | last=Chen | first=Liu Chuen | title=US Plane Carrying 2nd Batch Of 119 Indian Immigrants Lands In Amritsar | website=www.ndtv.com | date=15 February 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-military-plane-carrying-2nd-batch-of-indian-immigrants-lands-in-amritsar-7719655 | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> This time, male deportees were handcuffed, and Sikh deportees, in particular, had their turbans removed, this was criticised by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]]. <ref>{{cite web | last=Bajwa | first=Harpreet | title=US deportees on second flight back home handcuffed, chained; Sikh youth boarded without turban | website=The New Indian Express | date=16 February 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/16/us-deportees-on-second-flight-back-home-handcuffed-chained-sikh-youth-boarded-without-turban | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=Top Sikh Body Slams US Authorities For Not Allowing Some Deportees To Wear Turban | website=www.ndtv.com | date=16 February 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/top-sikh-body-sgpc-slams-us-authorities-for-not-allowing-sikh-deportees-to-wear-turban-7724169 | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deportees by State<ref name="o933"/>
|-
! State !! Number of Deportees
|-
| Punjab || 67
|-
| Haryana || 33
|-
| Gujarat || 8
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 3
|-
| Goa || 2
|-
| Maharashtra || 2
|-
| Rajasthan || 2
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 1
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 1
|}

Four of the deportees were subsequently arrested by Indian police for charges relating to murder, sexual assault on a minor and alleged snatching and theft.<ref name="v476">{{cite web | last=Bharat Khanna | first=Jaskaran Singh | title=3 deportees arrested on arrival for murder, sex assault; one detained | website=The Times of India | date=17 February 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-deportees-arrested-on-arrival-for-murder-sex-assault-one-detained/articleshow/118311176.cms | access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="j705">{{cite web | last=Goyal | first=Divya | title=Hours after landing, US deportee from Ludhiana arrested over pending non-bailable warrants | website=The Indian Express | date=17 February 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/ludhiana-deportee-detained-for-police-verification-us-deported-indians-9839592/ | access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref>

===Deportation of 112 Indians===
An American plane carrying 157 deported Indian nationals was set to arrive on 16 February in Amritsar, Punjab. <ref name="n763">{{cite web | last=Bajwa | first=Harpreet | title=Why Amritsar chosen? Political slugfest erupts over US planes carrying Indian deportees | website=The New Indian Express | date=16 February 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2025/Feb/16/why-amritsar-chosen-political-slugfest-erupts-over-us-planes-carrying-indian-deportees | access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> A US military plane carrying a total of 112 Indians landed at Amritsar on the same day. Subsequently, two flights with 33 of the deportees from Gujarat landed at [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="e123">{{cite web | title=U.S. deportees: Two flights with 33 Indians land at Ahmedabad airport from Amritsar | website=The Hindu | date=17 February 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/us-deportees-two-flights-with-33-gujarat-natives-land-at-ahmedabad-airport-from-amritsar/article69229705.ece | access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deportees by State
! State !! Number of Deportees<ref name="l986">{{cite web | last=Arora | first=Kusum | title=The Tortuous Routes Some Indians Are Taking to Get to Foreign Shores | website=The Wire | date=2025-02-17 | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/diplomacy/third-deportation-flight-from-us-exposes-a-nexus-of-donkers-using-dangerous-dunki-routes | access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref>
|-
| Haryana || 44
|-
| Gujarat || 33
|-
| Punjab || 31
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 2
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 1
|-
| Uttarakhand || 1
|}
===Deportation of 54 Indians===

On 26 October, 54 Indians from [[Harayana]] state were deported to India from the US. They were handcuffed.<ref name="p565">{{cite web | title=US Deportation: Sold land, crossed jungles, jailed abroad: 50 Haryana youths handcuffed, deported from US; agent vanishes with crores | website=The Times of India | date=2025-10-27 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/handcuffed-50-dunki-detainees-deported-from-us/articleshow/124829786.cms | access-date=2025-11-18}}</ref><ref name="k223">{{cite web | last=Saini | first=Kamal | title='My hopes are dashed': Illegal Indian migrants deported by US speak to BBC | website=BBC Home | date=2025-10-29 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgkj2yw122o | access-date=2025-11-18}}</ref>

=== Visa restrictions for Indian travel agents ===
In May 2025, in a major crackdown on Indian travel agents to curb illegal migration and [[human trafficking]], the United States [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] imposed visa restrictions on owners, executives and senior officials of travel agencies based and operating in India for knowingly facilitating illegal immigration to the United States. The move was intended to curb illegal immigration to the United States, an issue that previously brought the Donald Trump administration into focus as it oversaw hundreds of deportations. The immigration policy of the United States also aims to hold the facilitators of illegal immigration accountable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=US visa crackdown: Trump admin targets visa curbs on Indian travel agents aiding ‘illegal’ immigration to America |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/us-news/us-visa-crackdown-trump-admin-targets-visa-curbs-on-indian-travel-agents-aiding-illegal-immigration-to-america-11747665928680.html}}</ref>

This [[Travel visa|visa]] restriction policy is global and applies to individuals who otherwise qualify for the [[Visa Waiver Program]]. These actions are taken pursuant to section 212(a)(3)(C) of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act]].<ref name=":0"/>

===Aftermath===
The opposition party [[Indian National Congress]] cited how the deportation of [[Nepal|Nepalese nationals]] were carried out with chartered flights but the Indians were deported on a military plane while being handcuffed.<ref name="t242">{{cite web | last=B | first=Satya | title=Nepal Gets Charter, India Gets Handcuffs: Congress Protests | website=Gulte | date=2025-03-08 | url=https://www.gulte.com/political-news/343087/nepal-gets-charter-india-gets-handcuffs-congress-protests | access-date=2025-03-15}}</ref> [[Indian Youth Congress]] (IYC) president Uday Bhanu Chib criticised Modi for not raising the issue of inhumane treatment faced by deported Indian nationals.<ref name="k912">{{cite web | title=Youth Congress chief Uday Bhanu Chib demands rehabilitation, compensation for deported youth | website=The Times of India | date=2025-03-12 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/youth-congress-chief-uday-bhanu-chib-demands-rehabilitation-compensation-for-deported-youth/articleshow/118944899.cms | access-date=2025-03-15}}</ref> On April 4, Minister of State for External Affairs [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]], said 682 Indians have been deported from the US since January 2025. Singh added most of these individuals illegally entered the US.<ref name="q813">{{cite web | title=682 Indians deported from US since January, majority had attempted to enter illegally: MEA | website=Hindustan Times | date=2025-04-04 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/682-indians-deported-from-us-since-january-majority-had-attempted-to-enter-illegally-mea-101743759065097.html | access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> Indian students reported they were being asked to leave the United States by the officials due to offences such as over-speeding and shoplifting.<ref name="f833">{{cite web | title=Overspeeding to shoplifting: Minor offences resulting in deportation for Indian students in US | website=Hindustan Times | date=2025-04-08 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/overspeeding-to-shoplifting-minor-offences-resulting-in-deportation-for-indian-students-in-us-101744106731871.html | access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration]]
*[[Deportation and removal from the United States]]
*[[Illegal immigration to the United States]]
*[[Undocumented immigrant population of the United States]]
*[[Indian Americans|Indians in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web | last=Kugelman | first=Michael | title=Trump Is Scaring Indians | website=[[Foreign Policy]] | date=21 March 2017 | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/21/trump-is-scaring-indians-modi-visa-travel-ban-immigration/}}
* {{cite web | last=George | first=Varghese K. | title=460 Indians deported by the U.S in 2017 | website=The Hindu | date=16 January 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/460-indians-deported-by-the-us-in-2017/article22451246.ece | access-date=15 February 2025}}
* {{cite web | title=The Wire: Trump's Deportation Push Turns American Dream Into a Nightmare For Indians | website=New American Economy | date=24 February 2017 | url=https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/news/the-wire-trumps-deportation-push-turns-american-dream-into-a-nightmare-for-indians/ | ref={{sfnref|New American Economy|2017}} | access-date=15 February 2025}}
* {{cite news | last1=Gowen | first1=Annie | last2=Morello | first2=Carol | title=U.S. targets more than 270 Indians for deportation, says India's top diplomat | newspaper=Washington Post | date=24 March 2017 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/trump-administration-gives-target-list-of-illegal-immigrants-to-india/2017/03/24/cffcf49b-9a94-45a2-8908-994cfb8465c5_story.html | access-date=15 February 2025}}
* {{cite web | last=Bhattacherjee | first=Kallol | title=How will Trump treat illegal Indians? | website=The Hindu | date=9 November 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/how-will-trump-treat-illegal-indians/article68850162.ece | access-date=15 February 2025}}

{{Second presidency of Donald Trump}}

[[Category:Immigration policy of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in the United States]]
[[Category:Asian-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:Trump administration controversies]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:Deportation from the United States]]
[[Category:First presidency of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Karnataka

2026-05-05T21:52:18Z

Flightsvilla:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Karnataka]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Karnataka. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. In 2025, a same-sex couple filed a [[writ]] petition with the [[Karnataka High Court]], arguing that certain tax provisions resulted in unequal economic treatment for same-sex couples.

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different [[Religion in Karnataka|religion]]s, notably [[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]], [[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]], and Islam. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, [[Jainism in Karnataka|Jains]], Buddhists and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|accessdate=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/special-marriage-act-1954-inter-caste-inter-faith-love-jihad-bengaluru-kannada-56328|title=ಪ್ರೀತಿ, ಮದುವೆ, ಕಾನೂನು: ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ|work=Citizen Matters|date=27 January 2021|language=kn}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], cases of [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> Subsequently, the [[Government of Karnataka]] published the ''Karnataka Marriage (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Rules, 2006'' in the ''Karnataka Gazette'' on 18 April 2006. The measure provides for the registration of all marriages solemnized in the state irrespective of the religion of the parties. It created local registrars of marriages, which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificates]] upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. The marriage certificate requires the names of the "bride" and the "bridegroom".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bareactslive.com/KAR/kar205.htm#0|title=Karnataka Marriage (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Rules, 2006|work=Bare Acts Live|accessdate=15 September 2022}}</ref> The ''Karnataka Marriages (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1976'' does not explicitly ban same-sex marriages, and defines marriage simply as including [[remarriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bareactslive.com/KAR/kar204.htm#0|title=Karnataka Marriages (Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1976|work=Bare Acts Live|accessdate=15 September 2022}}</ref>

Traditional Kannada marriages ({{langx|kn|ಮದುವೆ}}, {{transliteration|kn|maduve}}; {{langx|tcy|ಮದಿಮೆ}}, {{transliteration|tcy|madime}}) are deeply rooted in custom and hold significant cultural importance. They involve elaborate pre-wedding preparations and culminate in key rituals, including the tying of the ''[[mangala sutra]]'' and the ''[[saptapadi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seasons5.com.au/kannada-wedding-venue-melbourne/|title=Kannada Wedding Traditions & Rituals|work=Seasons 5|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|Arranged marriage]] remains the prevailing norm across India, accounting for the vast majority of unions, and often placing pressure on LGBT individuals to marry partners of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, some same-sex couples have participated in traditional marriage ceremonies, although the marriages lack legal status in Karnataka. Nived Antony Chullickal and Abdul Rahim, originally from [[Kerala]], were married in [[Bangalore]] in December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=215153&u=kerala-gay-couple-gets-married-in-bengaluru-215153|title=Kerala gay couple gets married in Bengaluru|date=30 December 2019|work=Kaumudi}}</ref> "I really just wanted to get married to my boyfriend and shared pre-wedding photoshoot, firstly, as a message to everyone that it is better to be late than never and second, it is so good to come out and marry your partner. Our wedding was like any other wedding. I also wanted it to be an inspiration for people, so that they too can do the same, and now so many people have called me and I really feel good that I have been an inspiration for all", Chullickal told ''[[The News Minute]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pictures-meet-two-gay-couples-kerala-who-recently-got-married-115064|title=In pictures: Meet the two gay couples from Kerala who recently got married|work=The News Minute|date=31 December 2019}}</ref> In 2020, members of the [[Kodava people|Kodava]] community called for the "ostracisation" of Dr. Sharath Ponnappa, a Kodava, because he chose to wear traditional Kodava attire, the {{transliteration|kfa|kupya-chele}} ({{langx|kfa|ಕುಪ್ಯ-ಚೇಲೆ}}),{{efn|The {{transliteration|kfa|kupya-chele}} consists of the {{transliteration|kfa|kupya}}, a wraparound robe, and the {{transliteration|kfa|chele}}, a gold-embroidered silk sash worn around the waist. The {{transliteration|kfa|kupya-chele}} is worn by men on ceremonial occasions.}} at his marriage to Sundeep Dosanj, a [[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi American]], in the [[United States]] on 26 September 2020. K.S. Devaiah, the president of the Kodava Samaja in [[Madikeri]], a community group representing Kodava interests, noted that while there had been several instances of inter-caste marriages, this was the first same-sex marriage in the community. "This wedding, where the couple wore traditional Kodava attire, is an insult to the entire community. Hence, after a meeting the members of the Kodava Samaja, we have recommended ostracisation of Sharath Ponnappa from the community. [...] Gay marriage is one thing and wearing sacred Kodava attire to solemnise a gay marriage is another thing. We are against the latter", said Devaiah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gay-wedding-in-us-in-traditional-kodava-attire-angers-martial-community-back-home-in-karnataka-2945731.html|title=Gay Wedding in US in Traditional Kodava Attire Angers Martial Community Back Home in Karnataka|work=News18|date=9 October 2020}}</ref> Ponnappa, a [[California]] doctor, responded to the controversy, saying, "We knew there would be dissenters, but we have literally been fighting for acceptance since the day we were born, fighting to survive and be treated the same as our peers. However, we proudly choose to live our truth, celebrate our same-sex marriage and encourage the dissenters to open their minds and engage in positive dialogue to understand that all humans are created equally and deserve respect and love."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kodava-us-gay-marriage-attire-6717645/|title=After use of traditional attire in gay marriage ceremony, Kodava body calls for boycott of California doctor|work=The Indian Express|date=11 October 2020|first=Darshan|last=Devaiah}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/be-right-side-history-gay-couple-kodavas-outraging-over-their-wedding-attire-135084|title=Be on right side of history: Gay couple to Kodavas outraging over their wedding attire|work=The News Minute|date=11 October 2020|first=Prajwal|last=Bhat}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|kn|ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ವಾಸಿಸುವ ಸಂಬಂಧ}}, {{transliteration|kn|oṭṭige vāsisuva sambandha}}, {{IPA|kn|ˈɔʈːɪge ˈʋaːsɪsʊʋa ˈsɐmbɐn̪d̪ʱa|pron}}, or {{lang|kn|ಲಿವ್-ಇನ್ ರಿಲೇಶನ್}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/lifestyle/relationship/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-live-in-relationship/articleshow/123714851.cms|title=ಯುವಕರು ಲಿವ್-ಇನ್ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಕಾರಣವೇನು?|language=kn|date=5 September 2025|work=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref> {{transliteration|kn|liv-in rilēśan}}) are not illegal in Karnataka. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage. The [[Karnataka High Court]] has ruled that the criminal offence of [[Marital rape|marital cruelty]] under Section 498A of the [[Indian Penal Code]] applies to live-in relationships,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/karnataka-high-court/karnataka-high-court-ruling-section-498a-ipc-applicability-void-marriage-311535|title=Offence Of Cruelty Attracted Even To Live-In Relationships, Void & Voidable Marriages: Karnataka High Court|date=28 November 2025|work=LiveLaw|first=Mustafa|last=Plumber}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/cruelty-under-ipc-section-498a-attracted-even-in-live-in-relationship-cases-karnataka-high-court-3811357|title=Cruelty under IPC section 498A attracted even in live-in relationship cases: Karnataka High Court|date=26 November 2025|first=Ambarish|last=B|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> and has affirmed in accordance with the Supreme Court's ruling in ''D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal'' that women in live-in relationships are protected from domestic violence under the ''[[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56e66af2607dba6b5343704f|title=Mr. V.K.V Sarma v. Ms. Indra Sarma|work=Casmine|date=12 August 2011}}</ref> However, these state cases involved heterosexual couples. The Karnataka High Court has never ruled on a case involving same-sex live-in relationships, meaning that same-sex couples remain in a gray area. This signifies that their live-in relationships might not automatically enjoy protections that heterosexual "marriage-like" relationships receive.

In 2025, a same-sex couple, Anurag Kalia and Akhilesh Godi, filed a [[writ]] petition with the Karnataka High Court, arguing that certain tax provisions resulted in unequal economic treatment for same-sex couples. Godi had gifted Kalia a gold bracelet he had received from his father as part of the family heirloom. Under the ''[[Income-tax Act, 2025|Income Tax Act]]'', if the aggregate value of money or assets received during a year exceeds [[Indian rupee|₹]]50,000, the amount is taxed as "income from other sources". Items received from a "relative" are excluded from this provision. However, because their relationship is not legally recognized as a marriage in India, Kalia did not qualify as a "relative". The petition argues that this treatment violates Article 14 and 15 of the [[Constitution of India]], and that the statutory exemption for "relative[s]" should apply equally to same-sex partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/same-sex-couples-again-question-uneven-tax-law/articleshow/124692825.cms|title=Same-sex couples again question uneven tax law|work=Economic Times|date=20 October 2025|first=Sugata|last=Ghosh}}</ref>

===Transgender and intersex issues===
Like most of [[South Asia]], Karnataka recognizes a traditional [[third gender]] community known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' ({{lang|kn|ಹಿಜಡಾ}}, {{transliteration|kn|hijaḍā}}), historically holding respected community roles, and known for their distinct culture, communities led by [[gurus]], and traditional roles as performers. In Karnataka, the community is also referred to as {{transliteration|kn|jōgappa}} ({{lang|kn|ಜೋಗಪ್ಪ}}, {{IPA|kn|ˈdʒoːgɐpːa|pron}}), though they differ from the ''hijra'' culture. They are biologically male, but transition to female roles after being "possessed" by the goddess [[Renuka|Yellamma]], serving as spiritual priests, healers and performers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/society/gender/jogappas-goddess-gender|title=Jogappas, the Men Who Marry a Goddess to Become Women|date=1 December 2016|first=Makepeace|last=Sitlhou|work=The Wire}}</ref> The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' held that the Indian Constitution does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Legal-Progression-Social-Implications-Case-Comment-on-Supriyo-Chakraborty-Anr-v-Union-Of-India|title="Legal Progression & Social Implications Case Comment on Supriyo Chakraborty & Anr v. Union Of India"|work=Manupatra|date=27 May 2024|first1=Rajeev Pratap|last1=Singh Bhutyal|first2=Swasti|last2=Arya}}</ref> Some marriages of transgender people had already taken place prior to ''Supriyo''. In January 2018, transgender activist [[Akkai Padmashali]] married her partner in Bangalore. A second marriage took place in the same city in May 2018. The couple, originally from [[Krishnagiri]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], said, "We are glad that our marriage was registered and it is a special feeling and will cherish this our entire life." One of the partners added, "My family opposed our union and threatened me with dire consequences. They harassed me mentally and tried to blackmail me emotionally. But we had made up our mind and a few of our friends also supported us. We got married at a temple, but could not register it in Tamil Nadu due to some formalities which could not be fulfilled for various reasons. We took the help of Akkai and got the marriage registered. Without Akkai, we don't know how this could have happened." The marriage could be registered under the ''Hindu Marriage Act'' as both partners were of the opposite legal sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120618/big-leap-transgender-gets-her-marriage-registered.html|title=Big leap: Transgender gets her marriage registered|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=12 June 2018|location=Bangalore}}</ref>

==Historical and customary recognition==
The [[Halakki Vokkaliga]], an indigenous tribe living in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district, have been celebrating traditional lesbian marriages for "so long that none living in the community now knows when and how it began". One such wedding, known in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] as {{transliteration|kn|daḍḍuve maduve}} ({{lang|kn|ದಡ್ಡುವೆ ಮದುವೆ}}), is performed every year to honour [[Indra]] and pray that "the rain shouldn't be more or less than required". After the procession and rituals, the newly-weds, both of whom are dressed in [[sari]]s, are blessed and given gifts just as at any other wedding. A recent {{transliteration|kn|daḍḍuve maduve}} in 2022 took place in a Hindu temple honouring [[Ganesha]], who holds importance for the Halakki Vokkaliga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/lesbian-wedding-is-a-tradition-within-this-karnataka-community-heres-why-5759539.html|title=Lesbian Wedding Is A Tradition Within This Karnataka Community; Here's Why|work=News 18|date=16 August 2022|last=Kalasa|first=Soumya}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/uttara-kannada/viral-news-lesbian-wedding-is-a-tradition-in-this-uttara-kannada-halakki-okkaliga-community-here-is-why-sct-au49-429330.html|title=ಉತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಈ ಜಾತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎಷ್ಟೋ ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಸಲಿಂಗ ವಿವಾಹ; ಕಾರಣ ಗೊತ್ತಾ?|work=TV9 Kannada|date=17 August 2022|last=Chakre|first=Sushma|language=kn}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBTQ rights in Karnataka]]
*[[LGBTQ rights in India]]
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Regional Institute of Education, Mysore

2026-05-03T14:59:17Z

Flightsvilla: starting...

{{primary sources|date=January 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Short description|Indian educational institution, south Indian regional center of NCERT}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Regional Institute of Education, Mysore
| other_name = RIEM
| former_name = Regional College of Education, Mysore
| image = Main Building, RIE-Mysore.jpg
| image_size = 300px
|caption = Main building,Tech Block, New Block, Auditorium
| established = 1 August 1963
| type = Educational training and Research
| parent = [[NCERT]]
| affiliation = [[University of Mysore]], NCTE
| principal = Prof. Pradyumna Kumar Sethy
| academic_staff = 33
| administrative_staff = 65
| city = [[Mysore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| postalcode = 570006
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.31|N|76.61|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| language = English
| website = {{url|https://www.riemysore.ac.in}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
}}

'''Regional Institute of Education, Mysore''' (formerly Regional College of Education) is an educational institution and South Indian regional resource center of [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]]. It was established on 1 August 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/about-rie|title=RIE Mysore - About|website=Regional Institute of Education, Mysore|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131180207/https://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/about-rie|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was enacted to improve school education by providing training to young education enthusiasts before teaching service (pre-service) and also provide timely training to working teachers (in-service). RIE Mysore provides its educational services to the south Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Telangana]] and union territories of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Lakshadweep]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/a-new-1000-seat-dr-s-radhakrishnan-auditorium-at-rie-five-day-golden-jubilee-at-ciil/|title=A New 1000-Seat Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Auditorium At RIE; Five-Day Golden Jubilee At CIIL|work=Star of Mysore}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In-service courses provided by RIE Mysore is affiliated to state university, [[University of Mysore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/assets/Downloads-2012/February/List-of-Affilicated-colleges.pdf|title=List of affiliated colleges|website=University of Mysore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collegedunia.com/college/22148-regional-institute-of-education-rie-mysore|title=Regional Institute of Education - [RIE], Mysore|website=Collegedunia|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> and all the courses are recognized by National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ncte.gov.in/Website/Karnataka.aspx|title=Recognised Institutions (Karnataka)|website=National Council for Teacher Education}}</ref>

== Background ==
RIE Mysore, founded in 1963, is one of the five such institutions established by [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)]]. The other institutes are located at [[Ajmer]], [[Shillong]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]]. In annual report (2008-2009) of [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]], regional institute are defined as ''"Regional Resource Centers for school and teacher education"''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/pdf/Publication/AnnualReport/AnnualReport_eng_08-09/Chapter-25.pdf|title=Annual Report 2008-2009|website=NCERT}}</ref> It further extents the definition by defining RIEs as ''"centers striving for academic excellence, innovation, professional competence, commitment and the sharing of experiences and expertise"'' for constant improvement of education in their respective region.<ref name=":1" /> Even though all five institutes are under the direct administration of [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]], the courses offered are affiliated to universities near by. RIE Mysore is offers integrated courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level. In RIE, Mysore, The Principal as head of the Institution. Dean of Instruction and Administrative officer work under the head and regulate the academic activities and administrative activities of the institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/organizational-structure|title=Organizational Structure {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203195511/https://www.riemysore.ac.in/organizational-structure|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Institute consists of four main departments:

# Department of Education (DE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-of-education|title=Department of Education (DE) {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204203056/https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-of-education|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Department of Education in Science and Mathematics (DESM)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-education-science-and-mathematics-desm|title=Department of Education in Science and Mathematics (DESM) {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204203103/https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-education-science-and-mathematics-desm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Department of Education in Social Science and Humanities (DESSH)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-education-social-science-and-humanities-dessh|title=Department of Education in Social Science and Humanities (DESSH) {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203195713/https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-education-social-science-and-humanities-dessh|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Department of Extension Education (DEE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/department-extension-education-dee|title=Department of Extension Education (DEE) {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Apart from the undergraduate and post graduate courses, a higher secondary school called [[Demonstration School, Mysore|Demonstration school]] also works inside the campus which serves the institute to carry out innovative researches in education and also helps prospective teachers to observe, learn and practice teaching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dms.riemysore.ac.in/about-school|title=About School {{!}} DMS|website=dms.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

== Objectives ==

=== Major Academic objectives of the Institute ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />

# Designing and implementing innovative pre-service teacher training programmes at various levels.
# Conducting continuing education/in-service training programmes for capacity-building of the staff of DIETs, CTEs, IASEs and [[SCERT (disambiguation)|SCERTs]] and other educational functionaries of the States/Union Territories in the region.
# Carrying out research and development activities in various areas of concern of school education and teacher education.
# Offering consultancy on matters related to school education as well as teacher education.
# Providing academic support in school education and teacher education to States and [[Union Territories]] in the region.
# Assisting in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of centrally sponsored schemes in the region.
# Assisting the States in the development, field testing and evaluation of curriculum materials, textbooks and instructional materials.

== Courses offered ==
The pre-services courses of B.A.B.Ed, B.Sc.B.Ed, M.Sc.Ed, B.Ed, M.Ed are offered to students who qualify the Common Entrance Exam (CEE). Students have to apply online through [https://www.cee.ncert.gov.in www.cee.ncert.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201060626/https://cee.ncert.gov.in/ |date=1 February 2022 }}

=== Pre-service Courses ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/admissions/admissions-at-regional-institutes-of-education-1.2714665|title=Admissions at Regional Institutes of Education|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/about-rie|title=About RIE {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131180207/https://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/about-rie|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getmyuni.com/college/regional-institute-of-education-mysore|title=Regional Institute of Education, Mysore - Courses, Fees, Admission, Ranking, Review, Placements and more|website=www.getmyuni.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

The institute currently offers the following programmes. Maximum number of students accommodated in each course varies.

# '''B.A.B.Ed:''' Four year integrated course in [[Social science|Social Science]] and [[Humanities]] (55 seats)
# '''B.Sc.B.Ed:''' Four year integrated course in Science and Mathematics. There are two streams for this course, a ''[[Chemistry]], [[Botany]], [[Zoology]] (CBZ)'' stream and a [[Physics]], ''[[Chemistry]], [[Mathematics]] (PCM)'' Stream. (40+40=80 seats)
# '''M.Sc.Ed:''' Six year integrated course with specialization in [[Mathematics]] or [[Physics]] or [[Chemistry]] (66 seats)
# '''B.Ed:''' Bachelor of Education degree of two-year duration. (25(Humanities) + 25(Maths and Science)=50 seats)
# '''M.Ed:''' Masters in Education degree of two-year duration (55 seats)
# '''DCGC''': Diploma in guidance and counselling of one-year duration for teachers, teacher educators and School administrators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.successcds.net/admission/ncert-diploma-course-guidance-counselling-dcgc-2014-1959.html|title=NCERT Diploma in Guidance and Counselling Course 2020 Notification|date=2019-10-16|website=Admission Alerts 2019 India {{!}} Application Form Dates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
# '''Ph.D:''' The institute is a recognized research center of [[University of Mysore]]. The institute offers [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]] in science and education.

=== Online Courses ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ecourses.riemysore.ac.in/|title=RIE {{!}} Ecourses|website=ecourses.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>

RIE Mysore offers following online certificate course.

# Certificate in Educational [[Research methodology|Research Methodology]] (CERM)
# Certificate in Educational Program Evaluation (CEPE)
# Certificate Course in School Librarianship (CCSL)

== Laboratories ==
The institute offers courses in various aspects of science and education. It is equipped with a number of laboratories for different subjects, apart from that it also has a state of the art computer lab.

=== list of laboratories ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/laboratories|title=Laboratories {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217065316/http://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/laboratories|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Physics - 5 labs
* Chemistry - 9 labs
* Botany - 2 labs
* Zoology - 2 labs
* Mathematics - 1 lab
* Computer - 4 labs
* Geography - 2 lab
* Language - 1 lab
* Psychology laboratory and Physical Science/Biological Science methods laboratory - 1 lab
* Language Laboratory - 1 lab with 20 console
* E-learning Lab - 4 lab

== Library ==
The institute library harbors over 70,000 books on various disciplines. Apart from the books, the library houses for M.Ed. dissertations, Ph.D thesis, all in-house publications of Institute and several [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] publications. The library is completely automated and uses [[open source]] automation software. It also uses [[Online public access catalog|Online Public Access Catalog]] (OPAC).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riemysore.ac.in/about-library|title=About Library {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217064132/http://www.riemysore.ac.in/about-library|url-status=dead}}</ref> Library is open from 9:00 AM to 7:30 PM on regular working days. On holidays it functions from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM.

=== Library Collections ===
Source:<ref name=":2" />

Total Number of Books –70,000

Number of Back Volumes Journals – 6000

Total Number of Journals – 104

Indian Journal – 51

Foreign Journal – 20

Gift Journal – 33

Number of News Paper – 12

Number of Magazine – 12

== Other Facilities ==
The institute also have a [[science park]], Botany and Zoology museum of specimens. It has two [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] terminal, a branch of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] Bank, Four conference room and a health clinic with two resident doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/other-facilities|title=Other Facilities {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217065943/http://www.riemysore.ac.in/index.php/other-facilities|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Hostel==
The institute has hostel facilities too, well within its campus. The names of the hostels operated by the Institute are, viz.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riemysore.ac.in/~xtolflme/index.php/facilities|title=Hostels for Students {{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Mysuru|website=www.riemysore.ac.in|access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref>
* [[Ganga River|Ganga]] Hostel (for girls)
* [[Narmada River|Narmada]] Hostel (for girls)
* [[Krishna River|Krishna]] Hostel(for boys)
* [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] Hostel (for boys)
* [[Godavari River|Godavari]] Guesthouse
* [[Saraswathi]] Hostel (for girls)
== Institute anthem ==
Institute anthem was an eight line Sanskrit chant which was edited by then president of India, [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. S. Radhakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dmsalumnimysore.com/recent-events/president-dr-s-radhakrishnan-made-the-school-prayer-of-dms-secular|title=PRESIDENT DR. S. RADHAKRISHNAN MADE THE SCHOOL PRAYER OF DMS SECULAR - DMS Mysore Alumni|website=www.dmsalumnimysore.com|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205062148/http://www.dmsalumnimysore.com/recent-events/president-dr-s-radhakrishnan-made-the-school-prayer-of-dms-secular|url-status=dead}}</ref> The former chant mention different belief system. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. S Radhakrihnan]] added on the spot a line which included the names of [[Jesus]] and [[Muhammad|Mohammed]]. The chant now reads as:

''Yam Shaivaha Samupasathe''

''Shiva ethi brahmethi vedanthinaha''

''Bhoudhatha Buddha ethi pramanapatavaha''

''Karthethi Niyayikaha''

''Arhan Ethyatha Jaina Shasanarataha''

''Karmethi meemamsakaha''

''Kristhaha – kristha ethi Kriyapararathaha''

''Allethi Mohamadaha''

''Soyamvo vidadhathu vanchitha phalam''

''Trilokya naatho vibhuhu''

== Related Links ==

=== Library Links ===

* [http://koha.riemysore.ac.in/ KOHA OPAC]
* [http://ir.riemysore.ac.in:8080/jspui/ Institutional Repository] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131180204/http://ir.riemysore.ac.in:8080/jspui/ |date=31 January 2022 }}

=== Official websites ===

* [http://www.rieajmer.raj.nic.in/Home/HomePage.aspx RIE Ajmer]
* [https://riebhopal.nic.in/ RIE Bhopal]
* [https://www.riebbs.ac.in/ RIE Bhubaneswar]
* [http://www.riemysore.ac.in/ RIE Mysore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131180205/http://www.riemysore.ac.in/ |date=31 January 2022 }}
* [https://nerie.nic.in/ NE-RIE Shillong]
* [https://www.ncert.nic.in// NCERT]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mysore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Mysore State]]

Indraja Shankar

2026-04-30T21:48:15Z

Flightsvilla: made a data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indraja Shankar
| image = Indraja_Shankar.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Indraja in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|05|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| othername = Indraja Roboshankar
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2019–2025
| spouse = {{marriage|Karthik|2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/indraja-robo-shankar-announced-her-wedding-in-social-media?pfrom=home-third-row|title="அதிகாரபூர்வமான அறிவிப்பு விரைவில் வரும்!"- திருமணத்தை உறுதி செய்த இந்திரஜா ரோபோ சங்கர்|first=வெ.வித்யா|last=காயத்ரி|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta}}</ref>
| father = [[Robo Shankar]]
| mother = [[Priyanka Robo Shankar]]
| children = 1
}}

'''Indraja Shankar''' (born 17 May 2003) is an Indian former actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sister-from-another-mother-actor-indraja-cant-praise-aditi-shankar-enough-4661957.html|title=Sister From Another Mother': Actor Indraja Can't Praise Aditi Shankar Enough|work=news18.com|access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/indraja-shankar-age-robo-shankar-daughter-indraja-shankar-family-indraja-shankar-instagram-238322/|title=நம்ப முடியாத வெயிட் லாஸ்.. கோலிவுட்டில் கால் பதிக்க தயாராகும் ரோபோ சங்கர் மகள்!|work=The Indian Express|language=ta|date=22 December 2020}}</ref> She is the daughter of late Indian comedian [[Robo Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-19 |title=Robo Shankar: Kamal Haasan pays his last respects; Indraja's emotional outburst shatters the internet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/robo-shankar-kamal-haasan-pays-his-last-respects-indrajas-emotional-outburst-shatters-the-internet/articleshow/123997099.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career ==
Indraja debuted in the film ''[[Bigil]]'' in 2019 playing the role of a football player named Pandiyamma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/indraja-shankar-interview|title=கால்வலி மட்டுமே எலிமினேஷனுக்கு காரணமில்லை!|first=அய்யனார்|last=ராஜன்|date=29 September 2021|work=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|url-access=subscription|language=ta}}</ref> In 2021, she made her Telugu debut in the film ''[[Paagal]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paagal Movie Review : A quirky tale of love based on a flimsy story-line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paagal/movie-review/85323680.cms |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where she played one of [[Vishwak Sen]]'s lovers and featured in the song "Ee Single Chinnode". She also acted in the film ''[[Viruman]]'' in 2022.

She also participated in the reality show ''[[Survivor (Tamil season 1)]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Survivor Tamil, September 27, highlights: Indraja Shankar gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/survivor-tamil-september-27-highlights-indraja-shankar-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/86577905.cms|access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Indraja Shankar started her YouTube channel, ''[https://www.youtube.com/@UngalPandiyamma Ungal Pandiyamma]'', on January 30, 2024. She shares vlogs, videos from weddings and engagements, updates about her pregnancy, and glimpses into her life and work in the entertainment industry.

==Personal life==
On February 2, 2024, Indraja Shankar became engaged to her maternal uncle Karthick, and the couple married in a traditional [[Hindu]] wedding on March 24, 2024, in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indraja Shankar gets married to her long-term bestie Karthick; pics inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/indraja-shankar-gets-married-to-her-long-term-bestie-karthick-pics-inside/articleshow/108750535.cms|access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Later that year, they announced that they were expecting their first child while participating in the Tamil reality television show [[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5]]. On January 20, 2025, Indraja gave birth to a son.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TV couple Indraja Shankar and Karthick announce pregnancy on Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai 5 set|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-couple-indraja-shankar-and-karthick-announce-pregnancy-on-mr-and-mrs-chinnathirai-5-set/articleshow/112403361.cms|access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Bigil]]'' || Pandiyamma || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Until now, people either knew me as Pandiamma or Robo Shankar's daughter: Indraja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/until-now-people-either-knew-me-as-pandiamma-or-robo-shankars-daughter-indraja/articleshow/86684158.cms|access-date=2025-01-25 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2021 ||''[[Paagal]]'' || Baby ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="1"|2022 ||''[[Viruman]]'' || Kolavikkal ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Aghathiyaa]]'' || Priya ||
|-
|''[[Kooran (film)|Kooran]]'' || Chithra ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[TN 2026]]'' || Rukmini || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Natty-starrer TN 2026's teaser released |url=https://ianslive.in/natty-starrer-tn-2026s-teaser-released--20260402195141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260402150750/https://ianslive.in/natty-starrer-tn-2026s-teaser-released--20260402195141 |archive-date=2 April 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANSLive]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===

{| Class ="wikitable sortable"
!Year !!Show !! Role!! Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''Bigil Deepavali''
|Guest
|[[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]]
|As part of ''[[Bigil]]'' Promotions
|-
|2020
|''[[Kannana Kanne]]''
|Guest
|[[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]]
|With [[Robo Shankar]]
|-
|2021||''[[Survivor Tamil (season 1)|Survivor Tamil Season 1]]''|| Contestant || [[Zee Tamil]]
|Eliminated on Day 15<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-and-former-contestant-of-survivor-indraja-shankar-enjoys-a-devotional-trip-with-family/articleshow/100763245.cms|title=TV actress and former contestant of Survivor Indraja Shankar enjoys a devotional trip with family|date=5 June 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2023||''Tamizha Tamizha''|| Guest || [[Zee Tamil]]
|
|-
|2024||''[[Mr. and Mrs. Chinnathirai season 5]]''|| Contestant || [[Star Vijay]]
|Voluntary Exit
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10860565}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Indraja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:2003 births]]

Deiva Magan

2026-04-29T11:16:18Z

Flightsvilla: Added New Data...

{{short description|1969 film by A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{distinguish|Thevar Magan}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Deiva Magan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. C. Tirulokchandar|A. C. Tirulokchander]]
| screenplay = A. C. Tirulokchander
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]''|[[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]}}
| producer = Periyanna
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| cinematography = Thambu
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Shanthi Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969|9|5}}
| runtime = 188 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Deiva Magan''''' ({{IPAc-en|ð|ɛ|ɪ|v|ə|_|m|ə|ɡ|ən}} {{translation|Divine Son}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[A. C. Tirulokchandar|A. C. Tirulokchander]]. An adaptation of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]'' by [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]], it stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in three roles and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]], [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Nagesh]], [[V. Nagayya]] and [[Pandari Bai]] in supporting roles. The film is about a scarred man who attempts to reconnect with his estranged family.

Following the 1957 film ''Ulka'', ''[[Thayi Karulu]]'' (1962), ''[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]'' (1963) and ''Thayin Karunai'' (1965), ''Deiva Magan'' is the fifth film adaptation of the novel. Its screenplay was written to be largely different from those of the earlier films, most of which were poorly received. The film was produced by Periyanna of Shanthi Films, photographed by Thambu and edited by B. Kanthasamy, and the dialogues were written by [[Aaroor Dass]].

''Deiva Magan'' was released on 5 September 1969; it received critical acclaim, primarily for Ganesan's performance, and was a commercial success, running for more than 100 days in theatres. It won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Ganesan), and was the first South Indian film to be [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].

== Plot ==
Shankar is a successful businessman who has an [[inferiority complex]] due to his scarred face. When his wife Parvathi gives birth to a son who is also scarred, Shankar asks the doctor Raju to kill the child to prevent him from experiencing the same pain Shankar has experienced throughout his life. Rather than kill the baby, Raju takes him to an [[ashram]], where he is raised by its [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]] and named Kannan. Shankar and Parvathi are oblivious to Kannan's existence.

Kannan receives little affection growing up at the ashram. Meanwhile, his younger brother Vijay is raised with much fondness and pampering. Vijay falls in love with a girl named Nirmala, who rejects him. Vijay's friend Ananth regularly extracts money to construct a hotel, which Vijay manages to get for him. When Baba is dying, he tells Kannan he is not an orphan and to meet Raju to learn more about his past. Nirmala is revealed to be Raju's daughter.

Kannan meets Raju, who is shocked to see his resemblance to Shankar. At first, Raju refuses to tell Kannan about his parents but consents after Kannan guarantees he will only see his parents without revealing his identity. Kannan enthusiastically goes to see his parents at night but Shankar shoots him, thinking he is a thief. Nirmala later reciprocates Vijay's love. Kannan has a chance meeting with Parvathi at a temple, but she does not recognise him.

Parvathi tells Shankar what happened at the temple; Shankar believes it must be his firstborn and meets Raju, who confirms it. Shankar meets Kannan; he offers Kannan a large amount of money so he can live prosperously but does not invite him to live with them. Kannan rejects the money, saying he is content to know his parents. Vijay comes and asks his father for money; Kannan, who is hiding in a cupboard, gestures Shankar to give the rejected money to Vijay.

In the meantime, Ananth wants more money from Vijay, so he kidnaps Vijay and demands a large ransom from Shankar. When Shankar is about to leave with the ransom money, Kannan asks to go instead. Shankar refuses so Kannan knocks him out and goes to the planned meeting disguised as Shankar. Kannan rescues Vijay and kills Ananth but is mortally wounded in the process. Shankar, Parvathi and the police arrive at the scene of the shooting. Kannan dies in the arms of his mother, who accepts him as her son.

== Cast ==

* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Shankar, Kannan and Vijay
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Nirmala<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]] as Raju<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Ananth<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Boopathy
* [[V. Nagayya]] as the [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Parvathi<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Vijayasree]] as Julie<ref name="VikatanReview" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novel ''[[Ulka (novel)|Ulka]]'' by [[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]] had been adapted for the screen four times; a 1957 Bengali film by the same name,<ref name="Vamanan" /> a [[Kannada]] film ''[[Thayi Karulu]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulke1FGbJKs |title=ಟೈಗರ್ ಪ್ರಭಾಕರ್ Tragic Story {{!}} ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಸ್ವಾರಸ್ಯಗಳು-Cinema Swarasyagalu Ep-17 {{!}} Hariharapura Manjuanth |date=3 April 2021 |language=Kannada |publisher=Total Kannada Media - ಟೋಟಲ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ಮೀಡಿಯ |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721100610/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=ulke1FGbJKs&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=21 July 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> a [[Hindi]] film ''[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]'' (1963), and a Tamil film ''Thayin Karunai'' (1965). Despite the poor commercial performances of ''Ulka'', ''Meri Surat Teri Ankhen'' and ''Thayin Karunai'', director [[A. C. Tirulokchandar|A. C. Tirulokchander]] was interested in adapting the novel and wrote a screenplay that was largely different from those of the previous films.<ref name="Vamanan" /> The film was produced by Periyanna of Shanthi Films,<ref name="matters" /> and the dialogues were written by [[Aaroor Dass]]. The cinematographer was Thambu, the editor was B. Kanthasamy, and the art director was A. Balu.<ref name="poster" /> The film's working title was ''Uyiroviyam'' before it was retitled ''Deiva Magan''.<ref name="lions voice" />

[[Sivaji Ganesan]] portrayed three roles; Shankar and his twin sons Kannan and Vijay.<ref name="kamadenu" /> This was the second time Ganesan has portrayed three roles in one film; the first occasion was ''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=4 August 2001 |title=A doyen among actors |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30251491.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206104640/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30251491.ece |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> For the characterisation of Kannan, he drew inspiration from [[Quasimodo]], the protagonist of [[Victor Hugo]]'s novel ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'' (1831), making Kannan aggressive with "roughness and brute strength", while Vijay's body language was taken from that of filmmaker [[C. V. Sridhar]].<ref name="matters" />

=== Filming ===
Periyanna initially wanted to make the film to be made in colour but it was filmed in black and white at Ganesan's suggestion.<ref name="matters" /> The makeup for the scarred characters portrayed by Ganesan was done by R. Rangasamy and his son Jayanth Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayanth Kumar |first=R |date=27 June 2011 |title=Kollywood's make-up specialists of the 1960s |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jun/27/kollywoods-make-up-specialists-of-the-1960s-267023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902080308/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/jun/27/kollywoods-make-up-specialists-of-the-1960s-267023.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Rangasamy gave Ganesan's characters different looks; Shankar's look is sophisticated while Kannan was given a slightly darker skin tone than Vijay's. The original idea was for Kannan to resemble Quasimodo in the [[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)|1939 adaptation of ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'']] but Ganesan insisted the filmmakers reduce the character's unattractiveness after trying out prosthetics. He wanted viewers to sympathise with Kannan for his shortcomings without feeling repulsed by the character.<ref name="matters" /> Kannan is a [[sitar]] player but Ganesan did not know how to play the instrument; he pretended to play it instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2016 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 127 – சுதாங்கன் |trans-title=Celluloid king Sivaji Part 127 – Sudhangan |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8329 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190708111240/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8329 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref>

There were difficulties in filming the scene in which Kannan is hiding in a cupboard and gestures to Shankar to give a cheque to Vijay; the scene required Ganesan to change his look between takes because the camera could not be moved, meaning he had to stand in one spot, mouth his lines, quickly change his attire and makeup to play the second character, stand in the same place and act. To ease the process, he asked Tirulokchander to stand in for him. Kanthasamy told Tirulokchander this seven-minute-long scene needed trimming but after re-watching it several times, Tirulokchander refused because he could not find what to cut and liked the way Ganesan performed as the three characters.<ref name="matters" /><ref name="lions voice" /> The final cut of the film was initially {{Convert|4700.01|metres|feet|abbr=}}; after five cuts by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]], it was brought down to {{Convert|4695.84|metres|feet|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 October 1970 |title='Deiva Magan' (Tamil) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1970.97/page/n9/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231213070852/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1970.97/page/n9/mode/2up |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=1410 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack to ''Deiva Magan'' was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deiva Magan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/deiva-magan/MdN9M0HTJQY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206104036/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/deiva-magan/MdN9M0HTJQY_ |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Deivame Deivame Nandri Solven" is Ganesan's homage to politician [[C. N. Annadurai]], which is evident when it is played over a scene where Kannan screams "Anna".<ref name="matters" /> Kannadasan wrote the ''[[pallavi]]'' for a song. Tirulokchander and the others liked it, so Kannadasan completed writing the song and had a meeting where they listened to it. When an office boy came to serve them coffee, Kannadasan asked him whether he liked the song. The boy said though the song sounded good, he did not understand the meaning. Immediately, Kannadasan told Viswanathan to compose a different tune so he could write different lyrics. Despite those present objecting, Kannadasan persisted, resulting in the creation of the song "Kettadhum Koduppavane Krishna".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2019 |title=என்றென்றும் கண்ணதாசன் : வார்த்தைகளுக்கு அப்பாற்பட்ட உறவு (5) |trans-title=Kannadasan Forever: The relationship goes beyond words (5) |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/05/10135315/Relationship-to-words.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922134651/https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Sirappukatturaigal/2019/05/10135315/Relationship-to-words.vpf |archive-date=22 September 2019 |access-date=20 October 2020 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song, like many of Kannadasan's other songs, praises the Hindu god [[Krishna]] as "a simple god that responds to a poor man's prayer".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=Geetha |date=30 August 2018 |title=Kannadasan found Krishna within |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kannadasan-found-krishna-within/article24819404.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618120932/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/kannadasan-found-krishna-within/article24819404.ece |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The songs "Kaadhal Malar Kootam" and "Kaathalikka Katrukollungal" also became popular.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 December 2004 |title=Encomiums to an evergreen talent |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402511500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828090844/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402511500.htm |archive-date=28 August 2005 |access-date=5 June 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2019 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள் : தெய்வமகன் – ஆஸ்கருக்கு சென்ற முதல் படம் |trans-title=Golden Jubilee Movies : Deiva Magan – The first film submitted to the Oscars |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=76847 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200614141859/https://www.dinamalar.com/mgr/detail.php?id=76847 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length = 30:58 
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Anbulla Nanbare
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Deivame Deivame Nandri Solven
| extra2 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length2 = 5:23
| title3 = Kangal Pesuthamma
| extra3 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length3 = 2:42
| title4 = Kaadhal Malar Kootam
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Kaathalikka Katrukollungal
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 = 3:16
| title6 = Kettadhum Koduppavane Krishna
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length6 = 4:00
| title7 = Kettadhum Koduppavane Krishna
| note7 = version 2
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length7 = 3:52
| title8 = Koottathileya Yarthan
| extra8 = P. Susheela
| length8 = 3:45
}}

== Release ==
''Deiva Magan'' was released on 5 September 1969.<ref name="poster" /> Despite being released just four weeks after another Ganesan film, ''[[Nirai Kudam]]'', it was a critical and commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. The release of Ganesan's films ''[[Thirudan]]'' and ''[[Sivandha Mann]]'' in the following months also did not affect ''Deiva Magan''{{'s}} theatrical run.<ref name="matters" />

=== Reception ===
According to the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', most films in which one actor portraying multiple roles often have problems like impersonation and identity confusion, but the lack of these problems in ''Deiva Magan'' was an achievement for the director. The reviewer praised Ganesan's triple-role performance, mainly that of Vijay, and also appreciated [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]'s performance but felt [[Pandari Bai]] was under-used. The reviewer concluded the filmmakers had tried to build a hall with only one pillar and that pillar was Ganesan.<ref name="VikatanReview" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]''{{'s}} reviewer praised Ganesan's performance as Shankar, along with the performances of Pandari Bai and [[Nagesh]], but said the latter had "little to do with the story". The reviewer praised the set designs, Thambu's cinematography, and Viswanathan's music, concluding that Tirulokchander "can relax for having directed a successful commercial melodramatic film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 1969 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690913&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After watching the film, C. V. Sridhar appreciated Ganesan's performance as Vijay, saying only he "could have done it so beautifully".<ref name="matters" />

=== Accolades ===
At the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], ''Deiva Magan'' won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]] award and Ganesan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] award.<ref>{{Cite news |last=கணேஷ் |first=எஸ். |date=7 May 2017 |title=ஓல்டு இஸ் கோல்டு: ஒரே காட்சியில் மாறுபட்ட முகபாவங்களுடன் நடித்து அசத்தியவர்! |trans-title=Old is Gold: The man who excelled by portraying different faces in a single scene! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/27181 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200614171152/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/27181 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was selected as [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] nomination for the [[42nd Academy Awards]]; it was the first South Indian film to be submitted by India in the Best International Feature Film category.<ref name="matters" />{{sfn|Hardgrave|1979|p=120}}

== Legacy ==
[[Kamal Haasan]] has acknowledged various films as influences on ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990), namely ''Deiva Magan'' along with ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958) and ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973).<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan shares the backstory of Michael Madana Kama Rajan, Alphonse Puthren ecstatic |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101800/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of submissions to the 42nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=15 June 2018 |title=தெய்வ மகன் – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |trans-title=Deiva Magan – Then itself such a story! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3393-deivamagan-appave-appadi-kadhai-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175352/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/3393-deivamagan-appave-appadi-kadhai-3.html |archive-date=11 January 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="matters">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=5 September 2019 |title=50 Years of 'Deiva Magan': Why Sivaji Ganesan still matters... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivaji-ganesan-deiva-magan-turns-50/article29341412.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206084644/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivaji-ganesan-deiva-magan-turns-50/article29341412.ece |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=8 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=5 September 1969 |title=Deiva Magan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690905&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="VikatanReview">{{Cite web |date=21 September 1969 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் : தெய்வ மகன் |trans-title=Movie Review : Deiva Magan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42060--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200206100205/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/42060--2 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="lions voice">{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=சிம்மக் குரலோன் 90: காட்சியை வெட்ட மறுத்த திருலோகச்சந்தர்! |trans-title=The Lion's Voice 90: Tirulokchander refused to cut a scene! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/514347-simma-kuraloan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200614150900/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/514347-simma-kuraloan-3.html |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=14 June 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Vamanan">{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=30 April 2018 |title='தெய்வ மகன்' பெற்ற ஆஸ்கார் வெற்றி! |trans-title=The Oscar victory that ''Deiva Magan'' achieved! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/48306/கலைமாமணி-வாமனனின்-‘நிழலல்ல-நிஜம்’-–-125 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727173329/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/48306/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-125 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ&q=Deiva+Magan |title=Essays in the political sociology of South India |publisher=Usha |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-8364-0605-4}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. C. Tirulokchandar}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1969 drama films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. C. Thirulokachandar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Katoor dynasty

2026-04-29T07:14:33Z

Flightsvilla: made the stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Dynasty that ruled Chitral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

The '''Katoor dynasty''' (also spelled '''Katur''' and '''Kator''') was a dynasty, which along with its collateral branches ruled the sovereign and later [[princely state]] of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and its neighbours in the eastern [[Hindu Kush]] region for over 450 years, from around 1570 until 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia (vol.4,part-1)|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120815957|page=219|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvoqAQAAMAAJ|title=Smithsonian|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Smithsonian Associates|language=en}}</ref> At the height its power under Mehtar [[Aman ul-Mulk]] the territory controlled by the dynasty extended from [[Asmar]] in the [[Kunar Valley]] to [[Sher Qilla]] in the [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit]] valley.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush|last1=Cacopardo|first1=Alberto M.|last2=Cacopardo|first2=Augusto S.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=IsIAO|page=54|isbn=978-88-6323-149-6 |language=en}}</ref> The Mehtar of Chitral was an influential player in the power politics of the region as he acted as an intermediary between the rulers of [[Badakhshan]], the [[Yousafzai]] [[Pashtuns]], the [[Maharaja of Kashmir]] and later the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Amir of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov1tAAAAMAAJ|title=The Kalasha people of North-Western Pakistan|last=Lines|first=Maureen|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Emjay Books International|page=10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzSFAAAAIAAJ|title=1998 District Census Report of [name of District].: Chitral|last=(Pakistan)|first=Population Census Organisation|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Population Census Organisation, Statistics Division, Govt. of Pakistan|page=22|language=en}}</ref>

==Origins==
The name Katoor is an ancient one and has been in use long before the ancestor of the Katoors settled in Chitral in 1520. According to one theory, Katoor was a [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] title of nobility.<ref>Khan, Hussain (1996) ''Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural conference'' p. 135</ref> Katoor also means [[dragon]] in the archaic Bashgali dialect of [[Dardic languages|Kohistani]]. According to the royal history of the Katoor dynasty, their ancestor Ayub Baba who came to Chitral in 1520.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizuddin Aziz |first=Mohammad |title=Tarikh-E-Chitral |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-chitral-mohammad-azizuddiin-aziz-ebooks}}</ref> The title of Shah Katoor was given to Mohtaram Shah, the first ruler of the house, by a local holy man who claimed that his bravery and integrity were reminiscent of the pre-Islamic Katoor rulers of the region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0BuAAAAMAAJ|title=The story of Gilgit, Baltistan and Chitral: a short history of two millenniums AD 7-1999|last=Khan|first=F. M.|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Eejaz|page=20|language=en}}</ref>

==Territorial expansion==
When the dynasty was first founded by Shah Katoor, his domains included lower Chitral, [[Kunar Valley]], [[Garam Chashma|Lot-Kuh]], [[Torkhow Valley|Torkhow]] and [[Mulkhow]] regions of upper Chitral. Under Shah Katoor the II, [[Mastuj]] and the [[Yasin Valley]] also came under Katoor domination. The [[Kata people|Kati]] and Kom tribes of [[Kafiristan]], tribes of [[Dir Kohistan]], [[Swat Kohistan]] and [[Kalam, Swat|Kalam]] paid a yearly [[tribute]] to the Mehtar. Shah Katoor the III invaded [[Wakhan]] in retaliation for a raid on Chitral from Wakhan, and forced the Mir of Wakhan to pay tribute as well.<ref>Faizi, Inyatullah (1996) ''Wakhan, A Window Into Central Asia'' p. 50</ref> In 1876, Mehtar [[Aman ul-Mulk]] conquered the [[Golaghmuli Valley|Ghizer]] and [[Punial|Puniyal]] and laid siege to the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] garrison of the Maharaja of Kashmir in the [[Gilgit]] fort. During this time the tribes of [[Darel]], [[Tangir District|Tangir]] and [[Kandia Tehsil|Kandia]] and the state of [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] also paid tribute to the Mehtar of Chitral.<ref>Ghufran, Mirza ''Tareekh-e-Chitral''</ref> The Katoor dynasty's influence reached its peak under Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk, when territories of [[Golaghmuli Valley|Ghizer]], [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] and [[Ishkoman]] were conquered in 1880.<ref name=":0" />

== Descendants of the royal family of Chitral ==
[[File:H.H._Fateh-ul-Mulk,_Mehtar_of_Chitral.jpg|thumb|Mehtar [[Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir]], the current head of the Royal House of Katur and ceremonial Mehtar of Chitral]]
The descendants of the Katur dynasty are still widely respected and honoured in Chitral today. The last ruling Mehtar Muhammad Saif-ul-Mulk Nasir was educated at [[Aitchison College]].<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2013 |title=Brief History of Ex Mehter Chitral Prince Saif ul Mulk Nasir |url=http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185433/http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |newspaper=Chitral Times}}</ref> He had received [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] (1953) and Pakistan Republic Medal (1956).<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History of Ex Mehter Chitral Prince Saif ul Mulk Nasir |url=http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185433/http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
The family continues to be one of the strongest political families in the district, although it has not consistently aligned itself with any particular party in the district.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cutherell |first=Danny |title=Governance and Militancy in Pakistan's Chitral district |url=http://csis.org/files/publication/111128_Cutherell_ChitralDistrict.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022004/https://csis.org/files/publication/111128_Cutherell_ChitralDistrict.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> [[Shahzada Mohiuddin]], grandson of Shuja ul-Mulk, served as the [[Ministry of Tourism (Pakistan)|Minister of State for Tourism]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2013 |title=Future of five devolved PTDC motel employees uncertain |url=http://www.chitraltoday.net/2013/07/21/future-of-five-devolved-ptdc-motel-employees-uncertain/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183844/http://www.chitraltoday.net/2013/07/21/future-of-five-devolved-ptdc-motel-employees-uncertain/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013 |newspaper=Chitral Today}}</ref> He was twice elected as chairman of District Council Chitral, once as [[Local government in Pakistan|District Nazim]], and four times as [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Member National Assembly of Pakistan]] (MNA).<ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2013 |title=Familial glory: In Chitral and Swat, what's in a name? |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/539766/familial-glory-in-chitral-and-swat-whats-in-a-name/ |publisher=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Shahzada Mohiuddin also served as chairman of the National Assembly Standing Committee on Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas (KANA).<ref>{{cite news |title=MNA elected NA Committee Chairman |url=http://www.chitralnews.com/LN120.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127075049/http://www.chitralnews.com/LN120.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013 |newspaper=Chitral News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iftikhar Uddin |url=http://election.rtilive.pk/election/member_detail/79977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191751/http://election.rtilive.pk/election/member_detail/79977 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013 |publisher=Election Pakistan 2013}}</ref> The current head of the family, [[Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir]], was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|provincial assembly]] of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the [[2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election|2024 provincial elections]].<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2024 |title=Independent Candidate Fateh Ul Mulk Ali Nasir Wins PK-02 Election |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/independent-candidate-fateh-ul-mulk-ali-nasir-1793558.html |publisher=Urdu Point}}</ref>

=== Notable members of the royal family ===
[[Mata-ul-Mulk|Mata ul-Mulk]], one of the youngers son of Shuja ul-Mulk, served in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|first Kashmir war]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chibber |first=Manohar Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6TjAAAAMAAJ |title=Pakistan's Criminal Folly in Kashmir: The Drama of Accession and Rescue of Ladakh |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Manas Publications |isbn=9788170490951 |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for defeating the Indian forces in [[Skardu]] commanding the Chitral Bodyguard, during the [[Siege of Skardu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bikram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w-4VTtJ2xkC&q=mata%2520ul%2520mulk&pg=PA148 |title=Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997 |last2=Mishra |first2=Sidharth |date=1997-01-01 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788170236498 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lvfAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India |date=1988-01-01 |publisher=United Service Institution of India. |language=en}}</ref>

[[Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral|Burhan-ud-Din]], another son of Shuja ul-Mulk, served as commander of the [[Indian National Army]] in [[Burma]]. He also served as a [[Senate of Pakistan|Senator]] after the [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Burhanuddin |url=http://www.chitralnews.com/LT140.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813190835/http://www.chitralnews.com/LT140.htm |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=26 October 2013 |publisher=Chitral News}}</ref>

Colonel Khushwaqt ul-Mulk, one of the younger sons of Shuja ul-Mulk, served as the Commandant of [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) [[East Pakistan Rifles|Rifles]]. He was educated at the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]]) at Dehradun, [[India]]. Following his father's death in 1936 he became the governor of Upper Chitral.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2010 |title=Colonel Khushwaqt-ul-Mulk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/army-obituaries/7466601/Colonel-Khushwaqt-ul-Mulk.html |newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> He was a philanthropist and helped the [[Brooke Hospital for Animals]], the British-based equine charity, to set up a centre in Pakistan. At the time of his death, he was the most senior surviving military officer of the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shahzada Col (R) Khushwaqt ul-Mulk laid to rest in Mastuj |url=http://www.chitraltimes.com/newseng38a.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193402/http://www.chitraltimes.com/newseng38a.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> His youngest son Sikander ul-Mulk has captained the [[Shandur Polo Festival|Chitral Polo Team]] at [[Shandur Top|Shandur]] for over two decades.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2010 |title=Battle for the high ground: saving the polo festival at the world's highest pitch |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/battle-for-the-high-ground-saving-the-polo-festival-at-the-world-s-highest-pitch-1.534637}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No quarter given in world's highest polo match |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/25polo.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-11 |title=Shandur Polo Match |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2009/jul/10/pakistan |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chitral |first=Declan Walsh on how the 'Palin effect' is drawing tourists to |date=2005-07-06 |title=Few rules, no referee and the wildest polo anywhere as Pakistan towns battle it out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/07/pakistan.declanwalsh |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=26 beautiful photos you won't believe were taken in Pakistan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/pakistan/galleries/26-beautiful-photos-you-wont-believe-were-taken-in-Pakistan/shandur/ |work=The Telegraph}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His eldest son Siraj ul-Mulk has served in Pakistan Army and [[Pakistan International Airlines]] as a [[Pilot (aeronautics)|pilot]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Rina Saeed |date=2015-08-03 |title=Chitral floods: Why melting glaciers may not be the cause |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1197805 |publisher=Dawn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pass |first=Declan Walsh Shandur |date=2009-07-10 |title=In the middle of war, a game of polo breaks out in Pakistan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/10/pakistan-polo-hindu-kush |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Masood Ul Mulk|Masood ul-Mulk]], grandson of Shuja ul-Mulk, is a Pakistani expert on humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2011 |title=Pakistani Relief Expert to Speak at Cambridge |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/pakistan-emergency-relief-expert-to-speak-in-cambridge |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> He is the son of Khush Ahmed ul-Mulk, the last surviving son of Shuja ul-Mulk.<ref>{{cite book |last=Najib |first=Shireen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_6o1jKr2KUC&q=khush+ahmed+ul+mulk&pg=PA22 |title=My Life, My Stories |date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Dorrance Publishing |isbn=9781480900004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowersox |first=Gary W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVAN9pjnRzMC |title=The Gem Hunter: True Adventures of an American in Afghanistan |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=GeoVision, Inc. |isbn=9780974732312 |language=en}}</ref> Khush Ahmed ul-Mulk served in the British Indian Army. {{As of|2014}} he was the most senior surviving member of Chitral's royal family.

Taimur Khusrow ul-Mulk, grandson of Shuja ul-Mulk, and son of the daughter of the Nawab of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], served as a bureaucrat with the [[Government of Pakistan|Federal Government of Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-08 |title=Punjab governor's PS removed - The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/269319/punjab-governors-ps-removed/ |access-date=2016-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> and served as [[Accountant General]] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prior to his retirement in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |date=2015-08-01 |title=Accountability offices in Fata |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1197738 |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref>

==Rulers==

The rulers of the Kator dynasty with the date of their accession <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI1ZAAAACAAJ|title=Chitral: A Study in Statecraft, 1320–1969|date=2004-01-01|publisher=IUCN Pakistan, Sahrhad Programme|isbn=9789698141691|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|
# Sangeen Ali (I) 1560
# Muhtarram Shah Kator (I) 1585
# Sangeen Ali (II) 1655
# Muhammad Ghulam 1691
# Shah Alam 1694
# Shah Muhammad Shafi 1696
# Shah Faramurd 1717
# Shah Afzal (I) 1724
# Shah Fazil 1754
# Shah Nawaz Khan 1757
# Shah Khairullah 1761
# Shah Muhtarram Shah Kator (II) 1788
# Shah Afzal (II) 1838
# Muhtarram Shah Kator (III) 1854
# [[Aman ul-Mulk]] 1856
# [[Afzal ul-Mulk]] 1892
# [[Sher Afzal]] 1892
# [[Nizam ul-Mulk (Mehtar of Chitral)|Nizam ul-Mulk]] 1892
# [[Amir ul-Mulk]] 1895
# [[Shuja ul-Mulk]] 1895
# [[Nasir ul-Mulk]] 1936
# [[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]] 1943
# Saif-ur-Rehman 1949
# Muhammad Saif-ul-Mulk Nasir 1954
# [[Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir]] 2011
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Hidayat ur |title=The Genealogical History of the Last Royal Families of Chitral and Yasin: A Preliminary Study |journal=Journal of Persianate Studies |date=2011 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=208–232 |doi=10.1163/187471611X600396 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jps/4/2/article-p208_6.xml?rskey=SneNjI&result=3|url-access=subscription }}

[[Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Chitral (princely state)]]
[[Category:Mehtars of Chitral]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Chitral]]
[[Category:Princely rulers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Pakistan]]

Tropical Storm Matmo and Cyclone Bulbul

2026-04-26T00:07:25Z

Flightsvilla:

{{Short description|Pacific severe tropical storm and North Indian cyclone in 2019}}
{{other hurricanes|List of storms named Matmo|the 2019 tropical storm}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Tropical Storm Matmo Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Bulbul
| image = Bulbul 2019-11-09 0742Z.jpg
| caption = Cyclone Bulbul near peak intensity, just before landfall in [[West Bengal]] on November 9
| as = Severe Tropical Storm Matmo
| formed = October 28, 2019
| dissipated = October 31, 2019
}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA
| winds = 50
| pressure = 992
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 55
| pressure = 990
}}{{Infobox weather event/History
| as = Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Bulbul
| formed = November 5, 2019
| dissipated = November 11, 2019
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 75
| pressure = 976
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 105
| pressure = 955
| pressure-prefix =
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| deaths = 43 total
| year = 2019
| damages = 3410000000
| affected = [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Eastern India]], [[Bangladesh]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2019 Pacific typhoon season|2019 Pacific typhoon]] and [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons]]
}}

'''Severe Tropical Storm Matmo'''{{efn|The name ''Matmo'' ([[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]: måtmo, [[Help:IPA/Chamorro|[mɑtmo]]]) was contributed by the [[United States]] and means "heavy rain" in [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]].<ref>{{Cite web| title= List of names for tropical cyclones adopted by the Typhoon Committee for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea|url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html|archive-date= February 26, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200226083858/www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=Japan Meteorological Agency}}</ref>}} and '''Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Bulbul'''{{efn|The name ''Bulbul'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: بلبل, [[Help:IPA/Urdu|[bʊlbʊl]]]) was contributed by [[Pakistan]] and refers to the [[bulbul]] or the [[common nightingale]] (''Luscinia megarhynchos'') in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].}} (JTWC designation: '''''23W''''') were a pair of destructive [[tropical cyclone]]s that tracked in the Western [[Pacific Ocean]] and the North [[Indian Ocean]] in October and November 2019 respectively, killing 43 people and inflicting about [[United States dollar|US$]]3.537 billion in damage. Matmo was the 41st tropical depression and the 22nd named storm of the [[2019 Pacific typhoon season]], while Bulbul was the 9th depression and the 7th named storm of the [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. The cyclone formed on October 28 in the [[South China Sea]] and intensified into Tropical Storm ''Matmo'', as [[tropical cyclone naming|named]] by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA). On October 30, the storm made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in central [[Vietnam]], causing flooding. Matmo weakened while moving westward across [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], before degenerating into a remnant low later that day. The remnants of Matmo emerged into the [[Bay of Bengal]], redeveloping into a depression on November 5. Late the next day, it strengthened into a cyclonic storm, renamed ''Bulbul'' by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), although the JTWC continued to refer to it as ''Matmo''. The storm peaked on November 8, with [[maximum sustained winds]] of 140 km/h (85 mph) estimated by the IMD. On November 9, the cyclone made its final landfall in the eastern [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]], with the storm then turning to the northeast, and moving into [[Bangladesh]]. The system degenerated into a remnant low two days later, over northeastern India.

In India and Bangladesh, the storm caused [[storm surge]], heavy rains, and [[flash floods]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-bulbul-live-updates-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-severe-cyclonic-storm-kolkata-airport-to-suspend-ops/liveblog/71983808.cms|title=Cyclone Bulbul Live: Bulbul Cyclone crosses West Bengal coast|website=The Times of India|date=November 10, 2019 |access-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-bulbul-live-updates-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-severe-cyclonic-storm-kolkata-airport-to-suspend-ops/liveblog/71983808.cms|archive-date=2019-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TWC India">{{cite news |last1=Erdman |first1=Jonathan |title=Tropical Cyclone Bulbul Targets Eastern India, Bangladesh With Flooding Rain, Storm Surge, Winds |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2019-11-08-tropical-cyclone-bulbul-targets-eastern-india-bangladesh-flooding-rain |access-date=9 November 2019 |work=TWC India |publisher=TWC India |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108222208/https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2019-11-08-tropical-cyclone-bulbul-targets-eastern-india-bangladesh-flooding-rain |archive-date=8 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DS-Cyclone Bulbul">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Bulbul: 5 to 7 feet high storm surge may hit coastal areas |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/bulbul-may-hit-bangladesh-tomorrow-1824769 |access-date=9 November 2019 |publisher=The Daily Star |date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109054929/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/bulbul-may-hit-bangladesh-tomorrow-1824769 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, it is only the second storm to reach [[Saffir–Simpson scale#Category 1|hurricane-equivalent]] strength in the Bay of Bengal after moving over Mainland Southeast Asia, the first being another cyclone in [[1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Severe Cyclonic Storm Nine|October 1960]].<ref name="Matmo is reborn">{{cite news |title=Tropical Cyclone Matmo is reborn as Bulbul |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/tropical-cyclone-matmo-reborn-bulbul-191107140950836.html |accessdate=9 November 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108142206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/tropical-cyclone-matmo-reborn-bulbul-191107140950836.html |archive-date=8 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Matmo-Bulbul 2019 track.png}}

On October 28, a tropical depression formed near [[Palawan]], which was named ''[[Typhoon Matmo|Matmo]]'' by the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) on October 30. It quickly intensified into a severe tropical storm, packing 10-minute sustained winds up to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}, as it approached the Vietnamese coast. A quick moving storm, Matmo made [[landfall]] in [[Vietnam]] on the same day, bringing strong winds and heavy rain, causing moderate flooding and many road closures in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/weather-warning-tropical-storm-matmo-category-3-no-7-time-issued-october-30-2019|title=Weather Warning "Tropical Storm MATMO, category 3" - No. 7 Time Issued : October 30, 2019 - Thailand|website=ReliefWeb|date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113185057/https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/weather-warning-tropical-storm-matmo-category-3-no-7-time-issued-october-30-2019|archive-date=November 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Not long after landfall in Vietnam, it weakened into a tropical depression, later degenerating into a remnant low as its low-level circulation dissipated.<ref name="Prem">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/bulbul.pdf|title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "BUL BUL" over the Bay of Bengal (05th – 11th November 2019): Summary|website=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre – Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>

[[File:Matmo-Bulbul 2019-11-04 0830Z.jpg|thumb|Severe Tropical Storm Matmo's remnant re-organizing over the Andaman Sea on November 4, 2019.]]
On November 2, the remnants of Matmo emerged into the northern [[Andaman Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/nsfc-ntr110519.php|title=NASA tracking remnants of Tropical Cyclone Matmo|publisher=EukerAlert|date=November 5, 2019|access-date=November 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105212549/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/nsfc-ntr110519.php|archive-date=November 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Meteorological agencies began to show interest in the system, as it slowly began to reorganize and develop, with the storm developing a new low-level circulation on November 4.<ref name="Prem"/> It then fully reformed into a depression on November 5.<ref name="Prem"/> Upon strengthening into a cyclonic storm, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) assigned the name ''Bulbul''. It continued intensifying and strengthening for the next three days; however, the storm still
slowly moving northward, prompting the IMD to issue coastal warnings for Bangladesh and West Bengal of India, in addition to prohibiting all fishermen activity, beach activity, and boating in and around the Bay of Bengal. About a day later, Bulbul made landfall near [[Sagar Island]] in West Bengal, around 18:30 GMT on November 9, killing at least two people and weakening back to a Severe Cyclonic Storm, as it interacted with land and unleashed a high storm surge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50358663|title=Cyclone Bulbul makes landfall amid India and Bangladesh evacuations|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101052/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50358663|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Not too long after this land interaction, Bulbul rapidly weakened into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|deep depression]] on the next day, as it began to move over Bangladesh; however, the storm still continued to cause very heavy rain, before weakening into a well-marked low on November 11.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/deadly-cyclone-bulbul-weakens-depression-bangladesh-191110055831520.html|title=Deadly Cyclone Bulbul weakens over Bangladesh|website=Aljazeera|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110074228/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/deadly-cyclone-bulbul-weakens-depression-bangladesh-191110055831520.html|archive-date=2019-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Preparations==
===Bangladesh===

Ahead of Bulbul's landfall, Bangladeshi officials ordered 2.1 million people to evacuate coastal areas.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|via=ReliefWeb|date=November 14, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title=Bangladesh: Cyclone Bulbul – Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF Operation n° MDRBD023|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRBD023do.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209204252/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRBD023do.pdf|archive-date=December 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the cyclone, all the [[Junior School Certificate|JSC–JDC]] examinations on November 9, 11, and 12, and the [[National University, Bangladesh|National University]] examination on November 9 were suspended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/08/saturdays-jsc-jdc-exams-deferred-due-to-cyclone-bulbul|title=Cyclone Bulbul forces rescheduling of Saturday's JSC, JDC, National University exams|publisher=bdnews24.com|date=November 8, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108205410/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/08/saturdays-jsc-jdc-exams-deferred-due-to-cyclone-bulbul|archive-date=November 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2019/11/09/monday-s-jsc-jdc-exams-postponed-due-to-cyclone-bulbul|title=JSC, JDC exams on Nov 11 rescheduled due to cyclone Bulbul|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109102947/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/education/2019/11/09/monday-s-jsc-jdc-exams-postponed-due-to-cyclone-bulbul|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/11/10/cyclone-bulbul-tuesday-s-jsc-jdc-exams-rescheduled|title=Cyclone Bulbul: Tuesday's JSC, JDC exams rescheduled|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=November 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111014319/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2019/11/10/cyclone-bulbul-tuesday-s-jsc-jdc-exams-rescheduled|archive-date=November 11, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority]] suspended all sorts of activities at three maritime ports and riverine transport services during the cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/08/bangladesh-suspends-water-transport-as-cyclone-bulbul-nears|title=Bangladesh suspends maritime port operations, water transport as cyclone nears|publisher=bdnews24.com|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108173751/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/08/bangladesh-suspends-water-transport-as-cyclone-bulbul-nears|archive-date=November 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> All flights to and from [[Shah Amanat International Airport]] in [[Chittagong]] and [[Cox's Bazar Airport|Cox's Bazar]], [[Barisal Airport|Barisal]], [[Jessore Airport|Jashore]] domestic airports were cancelled for 14 hours owing to the inclement weather under the influence of the cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/flights-cancelled-for-cyclone-bulbul-1825117|title=Flights to and from Cox's, Ctg, Barisal, Jashore cancelled for 14hrs for 'Bulbul'|publisher=The Daily Star|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143240/https://www.thedailystar.net/country/flights-cancelled-for-cyclone-bulbul-1825117|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Health department officials in these districts formed 1,599 teams to attend to those affected by the cyclone. Around 56,000 volunteers were deployed to conduct rescue and relief efforts while the military bases at the coastal districts remain on alert.<ref name="bdnews2">{{cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/09/met-office-issues-danger-signal-10-for-mongla-payra-ports-as-cyclone-approaches-coast|title=Cyclone Bulbul to hit Bangladesh coast Saturday night|publisher=bdnews24.com|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109080308/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/09/met-office-issues-danger-signal-10-for-mongla-payra-ports-as-cyclone-approaches-coast|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> All coastal infantries of the [[Bangladesh Army]] prepared to take immediate action to provide assistance during and post cyclonic destruction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/11/09/cyclone-bulbul-army-deploys-teams-in-satkhira|title=Cyclone Bulbul: Army deploys teams in Satkhira|publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109134841/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/11/09/cyclone-bulbul-army-deploys-teams-in-satkhira|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Navy]] and the [[Bangladesh Coast Guard]] prepared to undertake emergency rescue and relief operations with warships and vessels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/09/cyclone-bulbul-naval-ships-ready-for-emergency-rescue-relief-efforts|title=Cyclone Bulbul: Naval ships ready for emergency rescue, relief efforts|publisher=bdnews24.com|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109145807/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2019/11/09/cyclone-bulbul-naval-ships-ready-for-emergency-rescue-relief-efforts|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Impact and aftermath==

===Vietnam===
Matmo destroyed 2,700 houses and 35 schools, causing 912 billion [[VND]] (US$39.4 million) in damage in [[Vietnam]], with majority of losses in two provinces: [[Quảng Ngãi]] and [[Bình Định]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.bienphong.com.vn/thiet-hai-do-thien-tai-trong-nam-2019-giam-ky-luc/ |title =Thiệt hại do thiên tai trong năm 2019 giảm kỷ lục |author=Nguyen Bich|work=Bienphong|language=Vietnamese|date = December 26, 2019|accessdate=October 3, 2021}}</ref> The storm also killed two people in the country.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://phongchongthientai.mard.gov.vn/FileUpload/2020-07/bFG9wLGe0Ueo0fQbTHIET%20HAI%20NAM%202019%20pdf.pdf|title=TỔNG HỢP THIỆT HẠI DO THIÊN TAI NĂM 2019|author=|publisher=[[Government of Vietnam]]|language=Vietnamese|date=July 1, 2020|accessdate=October 3, 2021}}</ref>

===Bangladesh===
[[File:Cyclone Bulbul (3).jpg|thumb|Rajrajeshwar Char of [[Chandpur, Bangladesh]] affected by cyclone Bulbul]]
Cyclone Bulbul caused severe damage across coastal Bangladesh, resulting in the deaths of 25 people.<ref name="Bang25"/> In the [[Khulna District]], 9,455 homes were destroyed and 37,820 were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 11, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title=Cyclone 'Bulbul' destroys 9,455 homesteads in Khulna|url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/223210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202738/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/223210|archive-date=December 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Across the [[Bagerhat District]], 8,788 homes were destroyed and 35,779 were damaged.<ref name="Bang25">{{cite news|newspaper=The Independent|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title=25 killed as cyclone Bulbul ravages coastal districts|url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/223328|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202745/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/223328|archive-date=December 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The nation's agriculture industry was severely affected, with {{convert|289006|hectare|acre|abbr=on}} of farmland—roughly 14 percent of the nation's total farmland—was damaged. Approximately 72,000 metric tons of crops were lost, with a total value of [[Bangladeshi taka|Tk]] 2.68 billion (US$31.6 million).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Daily Bangladesh|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title=Tk 268 cr damage in agriculture caused by Cyclone 'Bulbul'|url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/Tk-268-cr-damage-in-agriculture-caused-by-Cyclone-Bulbul/31391}}</ref>

===India===
====Odisha====
In [[Odisha]], the cyclone's outer bands produced heavy rain and [[squalls]], causing agricultural damage, uprooting trees, and knocking down power lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cyclone-bulbul-kills-man-in-kolkata-brings-heavy-rain-to-odisha/articleshow/71989407.cms|title=Cyclone Bulbul kills man in Kolkata, brings heavy rain to Odisha|work=Times of India|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110060020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cyclone-bulbul-kills-man-in-kolkata-brings-heavy-rain-to-odisha/articleshow/71989407.cms|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Although, as part of rescue, around 350 local villagers in the district of [[Balasore district|Balesore]] were taken to cyclone shelters as the storm neared.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/101119/cyclone-bulbul-around-350-people-take-shelter-at-baleswar-district.html|title=Cyclone 'Bulbul': Around 350 people take shelter at Baleswar district in Odisha|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110190455/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/101119/cyclone-bulbul-around-350-people-take-shelter-at-baleswar-district.html|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated {{convert|200000|hectare|acre|abbr=on}} of crops were damaged statewide.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=India Today|date=November 11, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title=Cyclone Bulbul: Power services in affected areas of Odisha, West Bengal restored|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-bulbul-power-services-affected-areas-odisha-west-bengal-restored-1617950-2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112183406/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-bulbul-power-services-affected-areas-odisha-west-bengal-restored-1617950-2019-11-11|archive-date=November 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Two people died in storm-related incidents.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Government of India|via=ReliefWeb|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title='Bulbul' claims 2 lives in Odisha, extensive damage to crops|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/bulbul-claims-2-lives-odisha-extensive-damage-crops|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120111436/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/bulbul-claims-2-lives-odisha-extensive-damage-crops|archive-date=November 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====West Bengal====
Bulbul's landfall in [[West Bengal]] around the Sunderban forest brought extremely heavy rain and winds up to 137 km/h (85 mph) across much of the southern portion of the state.<ref name="Toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-bulbul-live-updates-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-severe-cyclonic-storm-kolkata-airport-to-suspend-ops/liveblog/71983808.cms|title=Cyclone Bulbul kills 10 in West Bengal, 2.73 lakh families affected in the state|work=Times of India|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cyclone-bulbul-live-updates-odisha-west-bengal-brace-for-severe-cyclonic-storm-kolkata-airport-to-suspend-ops/liveblog/71983808.cms|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A 59-year-old man was killed after being electrocuted by a lamp post, and another was killed due to a collapsed wall. Before the cyclone even made landfall, however, a man was killed after a [[Cedrus|cedar tree]] branch fell on top of him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-bulbul-4-killed-normal-life-disrupted-in-west-bengal-11573375106806.html|title=Cyclone Bulbul: 7 killed, normal life disrupted in West Bengal|publisher=liveMint|date=November 10, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110190428/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cyclone-bulbul-4-killed-normal-life-disrupted-in-west-bengal-11573375106806.html|archive-date=November 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Fallen trees caused road blockages across the city of [[Kolkata]] as well, and members of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC) removed these blockages. Operations at [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] in Kolkata were suspended for 12 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/india/cyclone-bulbul-operations-at-kolkata-airport-1825135|title=Cyclone 'Bulbul': Operations at Kolkata airport suspended for 12 hrs|publisher=The Daily Star|date=November 9, 2019|access-date=November 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143250/https://www.thedailystar.net/india/cyclone-bulbul-operations-at-kolkata-airport-1825135|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout West Bengal, approximately 3.5 million people were directly affected by the cyclone; 14 people died in storm-related incidents. A total of 517,535 homes and {{convert|1489924|hectare|acre|abbr=on}} of crops were damaged or destroyed, with losses reaching [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 238.11 billion (US$3.34 billion).<ref name="IT_Nov17">{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=India Today|date=November 17, 2019|access-date=December 9, 2019|title=Cyclone Bulbul caused Rs 23,811 crore losses: West Bengal Government|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-bulbul-caused-rs23811-crore-losses-says-west-bengal-government-1619723-2019-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117153403/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-bulbul-caused-rs23811-crore-losses-says-west-bengal-government-1619723-2019-11-17|archive-date=November 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

West Bengal's Public Health Engineering department distributed 435,000 tarpaulins and 620,000 water containers in the affected areas.<ref name="IT_Nov17"/><gallery caption="Aftermath of Cyclone Bulbul in Bali Island of Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal">
File:Aftermath of Cyclone Bulbul in Bali Island of Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal 04.jpg
File:Aftermath of Cyclone Bulbul in Bali Island of Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal 03.jpg
File:Aftermath of Cyclone Bulbul in Bali Island of Indian Sundarbans, West Bengal 02.jpg|alt=
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Vietnam|Bangladesh|India}}
* [[List of storms named Matmo]]
* [[Weather of 2019]]
* [[Tropical cyclones in 2019]]
* [[List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones]]
* [[1876 Bengal cyclone]]
* [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]
* [[Cyclone Sidr]] (2007)
* [[Cyclone Nargis]] (2008)
* [[Tropical Depressions Wilma and BOB 05]] (2013)
* [[Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)]]
* [[Cyclone Fani]] (2019)
* [[Cyclone Amphan]] (2020)
* [[Cyclone Mocha]] (2023)
* [[Cyclone Senyar]] (2025)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190617222827/http://imd.gov.in/Welcome%20To%20IMD/Welcome.php India Meteorological Department]
*[https://www.bmd.gov.bd/ Bangladesh Meteorological Department]

{{2019 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}
{{2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulbul}}
[[Category:2019 Pacific typhoon season|Matmo]]
[[Category:2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Very severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:2019 disasters in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:November 2019 in Asia]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2019]]
[[Category:Western Pacific tropical storms|Matmo]]

Mizo clothing

2026-04-22T13:16:42Z

Flightsvilla: made new article w/ infobox

{{short description|Traditional and modern dress in Mizoram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Tawlhlohpuan Pattern Digitized.png|thumb|Example of {{lang|lus|Tawlhoh Puan}} ({{translation|Puan of No Retreat}}) pattern.]]
[[File:Mizoram Bango Nirtya performed at the 44th India International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2013.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Traditional Mizo attire during the [[Cheraw dance]]]]
'''Mizo clothing''' refers to the dress and garments worn by the [[Mizo people]] historically and in the modern day.

==History==
The earliest clothes worn by the Mizos were known as ''siapsuap'' (swing or flap) for women and ''hnawkhawl'' for men. Both genders would wear a skirt made of broadcloth from the bark of trees or reed which would cover up to the knee from the waist. The main difference in men's clothing was that it was woven in bigger pieces. This was used to cover up the upper half of the body from the elements.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=15}}

The Mizos eventually transitioned into cotton clothing known at ''puan halp''.{{sfn|Lalbiakthanga|1978|p=15}} The Mizos grew their cotton on their [[jhum]] lands and used their own tools to loom and weave cloth.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=64}} Cotton blooms were dried in the sun before being processed for weaving. The first stage was extracting the seeds from the cotton. This was accomplished via a machine known as ''herawt''.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=5}} A herawt is a homemade gin consisting of a frame holding two wooden rollers. The end of the rollers is carved into a screw grooved in opposing directions to each other. When the handles turned, the cotton is drawn and the seeds are squeezed out.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=64}}{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=5}} The next step is to distribute the cotton using a lasai. A lasai is a bamboo stick with a wide base and a narrow top, with a cane string tied similarly to a bow. The cotton is teased into this bow about five times to become clean.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=64}}{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=5}} Cotton is then placed on a smooth plank and rolled with the stem of a tall grass called ''hmunphiah'' to make cotton threat that is well spread and spool systematically. The cotton is stored in ''chawnzial'', a special bamboo mat that stores raw cotton for spinning. Thread is extracted from the cotton via a Hmui.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=5}} Hmui is a spinning wheel made from wood and cane. The spindle is made of iron and held via a wooden stand.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=64}} The threat was created for a huge skein of cotton using Ladinlek, a sharpened pieace of wood with holes drilled under the tips to wind the cotton yarn via bamboo sticks. A skein of cotton was cooked with rice to bind it and hung in the sun to dry on a ''lazar''.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=5}}{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=65}} A lazar is a bamboo pole supported by two upright posts, which is made for drying the hank of the thread. A large stick is placed between the hands of the thread. A lakhuih is used on the cotton to make it smooth and firm for weaving cloth.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=6}} Lakhuih is a comb for cotton yarn.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=64}}Lastly, the cotton is rolled off a machine known as a ''suvel'' into a ball of yarn.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=6}} A suvel is a revolving tool to spin balls of yarn around a small stone or pebble. It is made of wood and bamboo and designed to stand independently.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=65}}

Originally, the Mizos used a loom loom before transitioning into frame loom, Zo looms, and fly shuttles. it would take two weeks to prepare for one puan with 12kg of cotton reeled for several days on a dynamo. The loom weaver is secured with backstraps and lays one leg on the footrest. Weaving oversaw casting, plucking and striking. Depending on the complexity of the pattern, a basic puan is weaved over 2-3 day while a complex one can take up to a week. A puan is produced at a length of 50-65 inches long.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=6}}
[[File:The Lushai Mother.jpg|thumb|Mizo woman in the 1940s]]
Originally the Puan was a yard in length and 44-54 inches in breadth in a simple thick white cloth for both men and women. Another piece of a bigger size was given to men to cover their upperbody and use it as utility such as cold temperatures, bedding and blankets for sleeping in the [[zawlbuk]]. These Puan were known as ''Puanngo'' until the discovery of natural dyes, particularly the black dye made from certain roots and leaves. The tunics began to utilize a black border or black stripes. Over time more dyes were discovered with natural herbs and remedies to introduce more colours such as red, yellow, green and blue.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=21}} This led to an increase in design variations. The oldest Puan design is ''Kawkpuizikzial''. The ''Kawkpuizikzial'' was made in the likeness of a leafy vegetable with tips curled in small round loops. The next design following this would be the ''disul''. Following the first two designs, the Puan entered into the stage of ''puanchei'' with beautiful patterns. In the earlier days, the Puan was the only garment worn by the Mizos. It was worn via one end held on the left arm with the cloth wrapping around the waist from the backside the other end place under the right armpit and placed on the right shoulder to cover the whole body. The flaps on the cloth arranged in this way prevented the cloth from sliding off the body. After the introduction of a second cloth for the upper body of males, did new designs and dressing arrangements become introduced. The Puan also changed between the genders. Men would wear a puan typically from the waist to the knees, while women would wear their puan below their knees from their waist.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=22}}

With the advent of British interaction in the Lushai Hills, the tribes began to wear the ''kawrchei'' for covering the upper body of adult women. The ''kawrchei'' was made of two rectangular pieces, each about a yard long, with the breadth covering half of the body. The two pieces were sewn together in a way that permits arms to go into holes on the side, and the head on top. As a result, the ''kawrchei'' appeared more as a blouse.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=23}}

After the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British annexation of Mizoram]], Mizo culture began to change with the influence of Christianity and westernization. In the 1920s the ''puan'' began to decline among men and became obsolete or rare by the 1960s as a growing intellgentsia influenced clothing culture in [[Aizawl]]. By the 1940s, Mizo women began to adopt western fashion with braids, curls and hair accessories such as hair clips, ribbons and scarves. This was a departure from the historically style of smoothly combered hair tightened in a bun at the nape. Women adopted blouses with western designs using fabrics such as polyester from [[Silchar]] and [[Sylhet]] with introduction of necklaces, bangles and earrings. Since tailoring was part of the school curriculum for Christian education centres in Mizoram at the time, many women began to stitch their own clothes for themselves and their family influencing the fashion of Mizoram. Women who studied outside of Mizoram were exposed to cosmopolitan trends and brought back increasingly modern western fashion. This includes, miniskirts, dresses, long jackets, pants, kitten heels, Oxfords and Saris. The chieftainess [[Banaitangi]] who visited Cachar frequently adopted the Indian sari, along with Ziki the first women to attain master's degree studied outside of Mizoram and dressed in the Sari when visiting Sylhet. This is argued by Varsangzuali that Indian fashion held considerable influence before the adoption of Western attire.{{sfn|Varsangzuali|2023}}
[[File:Lushai woman reading western magazine.jpg|thumb|Mizo woman wearing a western blouse and puan.]]
Despite adoption of western attire, women continued to stitch and weave their ''puan''. Varsangzuali argues that women maintained the continuity of the ''puan'' which contributed to a unique hybridization of western and Mizo clothes. White blouses were paired with the ''puanchei'' or a plain white ''puan'' with a gown. Women also adopted wedding trousseaus. With educated men dressing in suits and boots, women matched the men in fashion by adopting heels, gowns and veils in weddings. However within the rural areas, access to footwear was a luxury which was difficult to afford. Shoes were perceived as a status symbol regardless of its quality such as leather, canvas, heel or sandals. However as it was not a common part of Mizo attire many people chose not to wear them and asserted it was too restricting.{{sfn|Varsangzuali|2023}}

Furthermore the influence of [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] introduced new influences in fashion. Self-care and cosmetics were introduced to the Mizos after the First World War when soldiers brought back soaps and cosmetics along with other items of grooming and cleanliness. The onset of World War Two significantly affected women's fashion in Mizoram as they were recruited into clerical positions, hospitals and auxiliary. Women would wear the uniform and be expected to wear shoes in the course of their service and this became integrated outside of their service and work. Influences of western fashion such as lipstick and hats also found their way to Mizo women via interactions with white women.{{sfn|Varsangzuali|2023}}

==Men's clothing==
[[File:Lushai child playing darkhuang.jpg|thumb|Mizo men wearing ''puan'']]
===Thangchhuah attire===
The thangchhuah would wear several unique pieces of attire for their position such as the puantial and diar. The puantial carried social significance and could only be worn by an individual who had performed the Thangchhuah ceremony. It could only be attained by sacrificing a [[gayal|mithun]] to the community several times in feasts. Apart from a ''thangchhuahpa'' this cloth could only be worn by a chief and his wife.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=69}}

Thangchhuah diar is a decorated turban that can only be worn by a thangchhuahpa after the Thangchhuah ceremony.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=72}} The thangchhuar kawr was a shirt produced from handwoven black cloth which was designed red, yellow and white checks.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=71}}
[[File:Pu Dara, interpretor and assistant to J. Shakespear.jpg|thumb|Pu [[Dâra]], interpreter and friend of [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] wearing a decorated turban.]]

===Chief attire===
Mangpuan was a specific cloth only to be worn by a chief and his wife on certain occasions.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=69}} Thlantla chang was a turban with the feathers of a [[Greater racket-tailed drongo|vakul]]. This could only be worn by a chief or a thangchhuahpa.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=72}}
[[File:Lushai man smoking tobacco.jpg|thumb|Lushai man smoking tobacco.]]

===Pasaltha attire===
Tawlhloh puan means the cloth of never retreating. This would be worn by warriors or leaders of raiding parties.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=69}} To wear the tawlhloh puan signified that a warrior would not return home unless they were victorious. It was produced at a length of 2 metres and a width of 1.5 metres with a white surface. Four black strips consisting of four interlaced threads were weaved into the design. During the colonial period, the Mizo pasaltha would wear the Tawlhloh puan to fight the British in the [[Lushai Rising]]. The tawlhloh puan eventually acquired popularity via use by wealhly women and associated with prestige rather than honor.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=8}}

Chawn is a special headdress worn by Mizo warriors. It is made of goat's hair, dyed in red and fixed piece of wood which has the feather of a [[hornbill]] attached to it. This turban could only be worn after a man completed a headhunting ceremony over an enemy killed.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=72}} A common man would wear a plain white turban known as a ''diarvar''.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=77}}

===Puandum===
Puandum means black cloth. ''Puan'' is cloth and ''dum'' is black. The puan would have a darkbackground and two edges would be kept red. This is then followed with bold bands of blue, yellow, green and pink. The puandum would hence be very colourful as the dark background was filled with bands of varying colors. The black wool would be stretched across the bands to make a deeper vibrant colour in the bands, however this would be intricate and difficult.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=33}} A girl was expected to weave one puandum to take with her in her ''thul'' (cane basket) when she would get married. If she had failed to do then she was expected to weave one soon after going to her in-law's place as it was socially looked down to not have one. It can also be used by a girl as dowry in marriage known as a ''zawlpuan''. Traditionally, a wife would cover her husband's corpse with her zawlpuan. In this context the puandum would be known as ''thihrin puan''(''thi'' means die).{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=33}}{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=69}} If a wife fails to do so, then she is accused of adultery and denied aid from her husband's relatives. This was also typically worn by young men who resided in the village [[zawlbuk]] at night. This cloth was also used during courtship known as ''dawnpuan phah''. This would be used when a couple slept together with the parent's permission. This cloth would also be worn during mourning during funerals.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=69}}{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=7}}

==Women's clothing==
===Puan===
There are four types of puan. Puanngo is a simple thick white cloth for casual wear. Puanrin is a white striped cloth with a black background. The puanrin is typically woven by women and worn for festivals by well-to-do girls.

Ngotekherh or puanhruih is woven with a white and black background with a contrasting stripe of black or white.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=71}} Ngotekherh was woven using only black and white threads. It consisted of simple patterns of black and white strips.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=8}} Two deep black borders were assigned to the long edges of the cloth. After this, black stripes were added to the edges depending on individual preference, which would be around 2-6. Sometimes the black edges are woven with patterns of white wool under the black warp. The quality of Ngotekherh is assessed on the absence of white streaks in the black bars and stripes. Black strips are also hidden among the white cloth areas to give a checkered appearance in certain light conditions.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=32}} The name Ngotekherh gained its named from the term 'hruih' describing the transverse stripes. While this puan was historically worn by both genders, it is now only worn by women. The ngotekherh was popularised via wealthy individuals in Mizo society.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=8}} The Ngoterkherh is a traditional puan that was highly prized. The alternative puanhruih, has the component ''hruih'' referring to the stripes of the cloth. However ''puanhruih'' is an obsolete name as Ngoterkherh has taken over in the vernacular. ''Ngote'' refers to a pet name for a young boy or girl, while ''kherh'' refers to the same meaning as ''hruih''. Ngotekherh was also used as a shawl by men who wore shirts later on. The Ngotekherh was most popular around the time of the [[Lushai Expedition]] until British annexation in the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]]. After British annexation, men adopted Western wear while women maintained the use of ngotekherh.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=31}}

Puanlaisen or puanchei is a cloth that is woven in multiple colors.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=71}} Puanchei is considered the most ornamental puan and difficult to weave. This is mostly considered an item of marriage or commonly used for festive dances. The origins of the ''puanchei'' are largely unknown.{{sfn|Chatterji|1978|p=37}} The mixture of colours require several strands of distinctly coloured yarns against a white fabric backdrop. The main colours used as red, black and white. While Puanchei is made for women, in some exceptions men can wear them too. The design of the Puanchei is estimated to have arrived in the middle of the 1800s via the [[Lai people|Pawi]] in Burma.{{sfn|Lalruatpuii|Miriami|Ngurtinkhuma|2022|p=8}}
[[File:Mizoram State Museum - 12.jpg|thumb|Traditional Mizo ''puan'' and ''vakiria'']]

===Simple attire===
Hmaram is a lengthy little skirt. The white warp runs horizontal to a black backdrop with motifs designed on it. Because the material isn't lengthy in terms of width is it worn below the navel and fastened at the waist. In the modern day this is worn rarely in festivals. Fenngo is a simple white skirt worn by women while working on a jhum. Kawlraisen also known as kawrchei is the traditional blouse worn by Mizo women. This was traditionally hand woven but is now typically mill produced.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=70}}

===Vakiria===
Vakiria is a special head dress for Mizo women. It is made of brass, porcupine quills with the tails of parrots and beetle wings hung horizontally. This headdress is worn for festivals and dances. Sometimes it is used as dowry for wealthy individuals.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=72}}

==Garments==
===Hair accessories===
Thimkual is a hair knot. The elder men would wear their hair in a knot at the top of the head. Most hairpins would be made of brass and obtained via Burmese trade routes. When a man courts a girl, he grants his thimkual to the girl as security of their commitment. A girl with multiple suiters would receive multiple thimkual. A bakkhil is a hairpin made of ivory, bone and metal, about six to eight inches long. Samkhuih is a hair comb that consists of bamboo or wood about three inches long. Teeth consisting of strips of bamboo, two inches long, are closely inserted and tied together as a thread similar to a [[flatcomb]].{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=73}}

===Earrings===
Earrings known as bengbeh were produced in several ways. The wealthiest individuals would wear ivory earrings termed ''saiha bengbeh'' inside their ears. It would stretch the earlobes out and make them hang outside of being worn. Poorer individuals would use a wooden earring in their lobe instead.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=73}} ''Thibeh'' was an earring that hanged off the earlobe as a single bead. ''Thibeh'' was a status symbol in which those who did not possess one was looked down upon. However, subjects under a Sailo chief were forbidden to wear it even if they could afford it. ''Thing bengbeh'' are wooden studded earrings. Men would pierce their ear with a small wooden stud of a flat head and half an inch in diameter. These were handed down generationally or used in dowry.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=74}}

===Necklaces===
''Thihna'' was an amber bead necklace. It was considered a costly priceless possession among Mizo women. The beads are proportionally threaded with a large bead in the middle. The origins of the ''thihna'' is estimated to derive from Burma. Children would wear an inferior version of the necklace known as ''thival''. ''Thifen'' was a necklace with beads of varying colours worn by both men and women and used specifically for dowry in marriage. ''Ralleng thi'' is a Naga inspired necklace worn by the Mizo introduced via the Ralleng people.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=74}} ''Tangkathi'' is a necklace which uses silver Indian coins instead of beads threaded together.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=75}}

===Belts===
''Darkawngchilh'' was a belt made for Mizo women consisting of an imported flat piece of silver. ''Darzai''
was a belt worn by both genders consisting of a long spring rod that is wrapped around the waist three times. ''Rangkha'' was a belt worn by the wealthiest individuals.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=75}}

===Bags===
Cotton bags were carried by Mizo men during raids and hunting expeditions, holding possessions such as food, weapons, tinder boxes and tobacco. ''Iptepui'' refers to a plaint white cloth bag which was assumed to have been produced in the 1600s before the Mizos entered Mizoram. The ''iptepui'' was popularised later outside of the limited wealthy elite in the 1700s. With the discovery of dyeing, the ''iptepui'' transformed into the ''iptechei''. The ''iptechei'' was developed in the 18th century and was heavily embroidered.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=76}}

==Dyes==
Before dyeing their clothes, the Mizos discovered uses of paints for other purposes. The juice of the Beraw tree extracted by burning the tree and mixed with the juice of a Japanese varnish tree (''meithui'') produced a dye known as Japan varnish. Japan varnish was historically used on gunpowder containers. Paint was also utilised during festivals on faces using soot, coal dust, oil or juice of fruits such as strawberries. With the adoption of the cotton weaved clothes new sources of dyes were utilized.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=88}}

White clothes were simply derived from cotton grown on their jhums when used in clothes. Black dye was found from the [[Strobilanthes cusia|Assam Indigo plant]] known as ''ting'' (Strobilanthes cusia). The leaves of the plant were collected and pounded in a wooden trough. The leaves are boiled in water along with the threads to be dyed. Ashes are added and the threads are taken out of the dye to be left to soak in the sun. The threads are wrung out and left to dry in the sun up to three times to maintain the colour. Red dye was procured with the outer layer of certain plants which was also pounded and boiled alongside threads. Blue dye is achieved from boiling the ''zawngbin'' plant with ashes for some time. Brown clothes were simply produced via brown cotton. Yellow dyes were procured via turmeric roots, crushed and boiled with the thread.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=89}}

After World War I, the return of Mizo servicemen in the labour corps saw the introduction of new dyes and colours in Mizo society.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=89}} During World War Two, veterans would bring back dyeing soaps. Eventually, Mizo clothes became produced with synthetic dyes, and dye powder/soaps became obsolete.{{sfn|Lianhmingthanga|1998|p=90}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=N. |title=Puan - The Pride of Mizoram |date=1978 |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Aizawl}}

*{{cite book |editor-last=Hmingthanzuali|editor-last2=Vanlalthanpuii|editor-first2=Mary|date=2023 |title= The Keepers of Knowledge: Writings from Mizoram |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3boDEQAAQBAJ&dq=Mizo+puan&pg=PT9 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Zubaan |page= |isbn=978-93-90514-96-0|chapter=Women's Fashion in Mizoram 1940-1960|last=Varsangzuali|first=Rosaline|publication-date=2022}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lalbiakthanga |title=The Mizos: A Study in Racial Personality |date=1978 |publisher=United Publishers |location=Guahati}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Lalruatpuii |first1=Esther |last2=Miriami |first2=H.|last3=Ngurtinkhuma|first3=Prof R.K |date=1 September 2022 |title=Library and Indigenous Knowledge of Mizo Traditional Weaving (with special reference to Puan having Geographical Identification Tag) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358734656 |journal= Library Philosophy and Practice|access-date=30 September 2024}}

*{{cite book |last1=Lianhmingthanga |title=Material Culture of the Mizo |date=1998 |publisher=Tribal Research Institute |location=Mizoram}}
{{Folk costumes}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Culture of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian clothing by state or union territory]]

Murder of Radhika Yadav

2026-04-22T11:16:57Z

Flightsvilla: made new page initial version

{{Short description|2025 murder in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title =
| image = Radhika Yada.jpeg
| image_name =
| caption =
| date = 10 July 2025
| time =
| place = [[Gurugram, Haryana]], India
| coordinates =
| also known as =
| type = [[Murder]], [[Honor killing]]
| cause =
| motive = Unknown
| first reporter =
| filmed by =
| outcome =
| reported death(s) = Radhika Yadav
| reported injuries =
| burial =
| inquiries = [[Haryana Police]]
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects = Deepak Yadav (her father)
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| publication bans =
| litigation =
}}

Radhika Yadav, a 25-year-old state-level tennis player and coach, was murdered by her father, Deepak Yadav, on 10 July 2025, in [[Gurugram, Haryana]], India. The case garnered significant media attention due to the victim's prominence in sports, and allegations of familial control and societal pressures as contributing factors. Deepak Yadav was arrested and confessed to the murder, citing disputes over Radhika’s tennis coaching and social taunts about her income. The case sparked widespread discussion on gender dynamics, domestic violence, and the challenges faced by female athletes in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Yadav's Murder: Psychology Of Pride, Patriarchy, And Prejudice |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/radhika-yadav-murder-tennis-player-murder-radhika-yadavs-murder-psychology-of-pride-patriarchy-and-prejudice-8867193 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
Radhika Yadav, born on 23 March 2000, was a state-level tennis player who competed in national and international tournaments, achieving a career-best ranking of 75 in the Girls Under-18 category. A shoulder injury two years prior to her death halted her competitive career, leading her to coach aspiring players by booking tennis courts across Gurugram, contrary to initial reports that she owned a tennis academy.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-07-12 |title=Radhika Yadav death: Murdered tennis player cremated, father says he was taunted for living off her income |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/murdered-tennis-player-radhika-yadav-cremated-father-says-he-was-taunted-for-living-off-her-income/article69803250.ece |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Her father, Deepak Yadav, aged 49–54 (sources vary), had invested over ₹2.5 [[crore]] in her tennis training, a point of contention in their relationship. The family, based in Sushant Lok-2 and Sector 57, Gurugram, was financially secure through real estate ventures, including property leasing and land deals. Deepak’s son had recently entered the real estate business, adding to the family’s wealth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=You spent Rs 2.5 crore on me, have faith: Radhika Yadav tried to counsel father |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tennis-player-murder-radhika-yadav-counselled-father-dispute-academy-2754744-2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=‘They couldn’t stand to see her independent’: Radhika Yadav’s friend alleges father controlled her for years before murder |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/they-couldnt-stand-to-see-her-independent-radhika-yadavs-friend-alleges-father-controlled-her-for-years-before-murder/articleshow/122414922.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=15 July 2025 |date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Radhika Yadav’s murder was pre-mediated, planned for three days, claims her friend Himaanshika |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/radhikas-murder-was-pre-mediated-planned-for-three-days-claims-her-friend-himaanshika/article69807745.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 July 2025 |language=en-IN |date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

== Murder ==
On 10 July 2025, at approximately 10:30 am, Radhika Yadav was shot four times in the back and waist allegedly by her father, Deepak Yadav, while cooking breakfast in their double-storey home in Sushant Lok-2, Gurugram. She was rushed to a hospital but succumbed to her injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-11 |title='Disturbing', 'had the prettiest smile': Tennis pros react to killing of Radhika Yadav, state-level player, by her father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/disturbing-had-the-prettiest-smile-tennis-pros-react-to-killing-of-radhika-yadav-state-level-player-by-her-father/articleshow/122378979.cms |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The murder weapon was a licensed pistol, and Deepak confessed to the crime, reportedly telling his brother Vijay Yadav, “''Maine kanya vadh kar diya hai''” (I have committed kanya vadh) and expressing a desire to be hanged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Committed Kanya Vadh, Want To Be Hanged...’ What Radhika Yadav's Father Said To His Brother |url=https://www.news18.com/india/committed-kanya-vadh-want-to-be-hanged-what-radhika-yadavs-father-said-to-his-brother-ws-l-9436865.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Radhika’s mother, Manju Yadav, was on the first floor during the incident and was later cleared of involvement by police, who found no evidence of her knowledge or participation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="I Had Fever, Was In My Room...": What Radhika Yadav's Mother Told Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/radhika-yadav-murder-case-tennis-player-deepak-yadav-gurugram-murder-case-what-radhika-yadavs-mother-told-cops-8857528 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
Deepak Yadav was arrested at the family’s residence shortly after the murder and sent to one-day police custody on 11 July 2025, followed by 14-day [[judicial custody]] on 12 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-07-11 |title=Radhika Yadav murder case: Court sends accused father Deepak Yadav to one-day police custody |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/gurugram-tennis-player-murder-deepak-yadav-accused-of-killing-his-daughter-radhika-court-custody-july-11-2025/article69799751.ece |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Gurugram killer-father Deepak Yadav sent to judicial custody for two weeks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/gurugram-killer-father-deepak-yadav-sentenced-two-week-judicial-custody-tennis-player-radhika-yadav-2754793-2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Gurugram police, led by officers like Inspector Vinod Kumar (Sector 56) and [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioner of Police]] Yashwant, investigated multiple angles, including:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=Radhika was inspired by Elvish Yadav, father spent Rs 2.5 crore on tennis: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/radhikas-father-spent-rs-25-crore-on-tennis-she-wanted-to-be-influencer-inspired-by-elvish-yadav-sources-2754318-2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-07-13 |title=My brother had confessed to killing his daughter: Slain tennis player Radhika Yadav's uncle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/my-brother-had-confessed-to-killing-his-daughter-slain-tennis-player-radhika-yadavs-uncle/article69806831.ece |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

• '''Tennis Coaching Dispute''': Deepak objected to Radhika’s coaching activities, feeling humiliated by village taunts that he lived off her income, despite his own rental income.<ref name=":0" />

• '''Social Media and Music Video''': A 2024 [[music video]], ''Karwaan'', featuring Radhika under LLF Records, surfaced online, prompting speculation about its role in the conflict. Police later ruled out any connection to the murder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Radhika Yadav's Music Video Colleague Inam Says She Wanted To Work In 'Film Line': 'Her Father Liked The Song' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/radhika-yadavs-music-video-colleague-inam-says-she-wanted-to-work-in-film-line-her-father-liked-the-song-article-152267290 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

• '''Relationship Rumors''': Initial reports suggested Deepak disapproved of Radhika’s desire to marry outside her caste, but her family and police dismissed this, finding no evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurya |first=Sunil |date=2025-07-13 |title=Radhika Murder Case: 'Wanted to marry by choice—was killed instead': Relatives say 'living off daughter's earnings' claim false; chats will expose truth |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/originals/news/radhika-yadav-murder-mystery-father-deepak-yadav-tennis-academy-135436181.html |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>

• '''WhatsApp Chats''': Conversations between Radhika and her coach, Ajay Yadav, revealed her desire to leave home and possibly move abroad due to familial restrictions, exacerbated by her shoulder injury and career shift.<ref name=":0" />

Police confirmed Deepak planned the murder, citing his depression over social mockery and his attempts to force Radhika to delete her [[social media]] accounts and stop coaching.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title='He was planning her murder for 3 days': Friend's explosive claims after tennis player Radhika Yadav shot dead by father {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/he-was-planning-her-murder-for-3-days-friends-explosive-claims-after-tennis-player-radhika-yadav-shot-dead-by-father-watch-g5gw2sdk |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:2025 murders in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Haryana]]
[[Category:Crime in Haryana]]
[[Category:People murdered in 2025]]
[[Category:Attacks in 2025]]
[[Category:Gun violence in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Filicides]]
[[Category:July 2025 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:July 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]

Hope Cooke

2026-04-19T18:16:10Z

Flightsvilla: made initial data first draft

{{Short description|Queen of Sikkim from 1963 to 1975}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Hope Cooke
| image = Hope Cooke, Queen of Sikkim (LOC ppmsca.30180).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Hope Namgyal, Queen of Sikkim in 1971, photograph by [[Alice Kandell]]
| succession = [[Queen consort]] of [[Sikkim]]
| reign = 1963–1975
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|6|24}}
| birth_place = San Francisco, California, US
| module={{Infobox person|child=yes| alma_mater = [[Sarah Lawrence College]]}}
| title = Gyalmo of Sikkim
| predecessor = Samyo Kushoe Sangideki
| successor = ''Monarchy abolished''
| regnal name = Hope La
| occupation = Author, lecturer
| house = [[Chogyal|Namgyal]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list
| [[Palden Thondup Namgyal|King Palden Thondup Namgyal]] (1963–1980; divorced)
| [[Mike Wallace (historian)|Mike Wallace]] (divorced)}}
| issue = Prince Palden Gyurmed Namgyal Princess Hope Leezum Namgyal Tobden (Mrs. Yep Wangyal Tobden)
| father = John J. Cooke
| mother = Hope Noyes
}}

'''Hope Cooke''' (born June 24, 1940) is the former Gyalmo ({{bo|t=རྒྱལ་མོ་|w=rgyal mo}}; [[Queen consort]]) of the 12th and last [[Chogyal]] (King) of [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html|title=The Fairy Tale That Turned Nightmare?|date=March 8, 1981|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Their wedding took place in March 1963. She was termed ''Her Highness The Crown Princess of Sikkim'' and became the ''Gyalmo of Sikkim'' at Palden Thondup Namgyal's coronation in 1965.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Preet Mohan Singh |date=2021-05-16 |title=When Hope Cooke, the American socialite wife of Sikkim king, asked for return of Darjeeling |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/when-hope-cooke-the-american-socialite-wife-of-sikkim-king-asked-for-return-of-darjeeling/659102/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> She is the first American-born Queen Consort.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=1973-04-07 |title=Sikkim's Royal Family Guarded As 15,000 Protest Near Capital (Published 1973) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/07/archives/sikkims-royal-family-guarded-as-15000-protest-near-capital-sikkims.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221101203039/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/07/archives/sikkims-royal-family-guarded-as-15000-protest-near-capital-sikkims.html |archive-date=2022-11-01 |access-date=2025-12-13 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1975 Namgyal was deposed and Sikkim merged into India as a result of internal turmoil, Indian intervention and a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]]. She had left her husband and the palace in the Himalayan kingdom in July, 1973, and returned to New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hope Cooke assails India over Sikkim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/13/archives/hope-cooke-assails-india-over-sikkim.html |url-status=live |website=The New York Times. April 13, 1975}}</ref> Cooke and her husband divorced in 1980. Namgyal died of cancer in New York City in 1982.<ref>{{cite news |title=Palden Thondup Namgyal, Deposed Sikkim King, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/30/obituaries/palden-thondup-namgyal-deposed-sikkim-king-dies.html |quote=The deposed King of Sikkim, Palden Thondup Namgyal, who had been undergoing treatment for cancer in New York, died last night from complications following an operation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. He was 58 years old. A family spokesman said his body was to be flown home to Sikkim for the funeral. ... |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date= January 30, 1982 |access-date=2015-02-22}}</ref>

Cooke wrote an autobiography, ''Time Change'' ([[Simon & Schuster]] 1981) and began a career as a lecturer, book critic, and magazine contributor, later becoming an [[urban historian]]. In her new life as a student of New York City, Cooke published ''Seeing New York'' ([[Temple University Press]] 1995); worked as a newspaper columnist (''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]''); and taught at [[Yale University]], [[Sarah Lawrence College]], and [[Birch Wathen Lenox School|Birch Wathen]], a New York City private school.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale Himalaya |url=http://himalaya.yale.edu/events/sikkim-film-and-discussion |access-date=December 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043327/http://himalaya.yale.edu/events/sikkim-film-and-discussion |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Cooke was born in San Francisco to John J. Cooke, a flight instructor, and Hope Noyes, an amateur pilot. She was raised in the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]].<ref name="nytimes1982">[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/30/obituaries/palden-thondup-namgyal-deposed-sikkim-king-dies.html?pagewanted=all Palden Thondup Namgyal, Deposed Sikkim King, Dies - Nytimes.Com]</ref> Her mother, Hope Noyes, died in January 1942 at age 25 when the plane she was flying solo crashed.<ref name="po">{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Cherie |title=Being a Queen Didn't Quite Work Out, but on This Cooke's Tour Hope Springs Eternal |url=https://people.com/archive/being-a-queen-didnt-quite-work-out-but-on-this-cookes-tour-hope-springs-eternal-vol-15-no-9/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=9 March 1981}}</ref><ref name=bio>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1513712/bio IMDb biography]</ref>

After her mother's death, Cooke and her half-sister, Harriet Townsend, moved to a New York City apartment across the hall from their maternal grandparents, Helen (Humpstone) and Winchester Noyes, the president of [[J. H. Winchester & Company]], an international shipping brokerage firm. They were raised by a succession of governesses.<ref name=po/> Her grandfather died when she was 12 and her grandmother died three years later. Cooke became the [[ward (law)|ward]] of her aunt and uncle, Mary Paul (Noyes) and [[Selden Chapin]], a former [[US Ambassador to Iran]] and [[US Ambassador to Peru|Peru]]. She studied at the [[Chapin School (Manhattan)|Chapin School]] in New York and attended the [[Madeira School]] for three years before finishing high school in Iran.<ref name=wa/>

== Marriage to the Crown Prince of Sikkim ==
[[File:Koning en koningin van Sikkim (1966).jpg|thumb|left|The King and Queen of Sikkim (1966)]]
In 1959, Cooke was a freshman majoring in [[Asian Studies]] at [[Sarah Lawrence College]] and sharing an apartment with actress [[Jane Alexander]]. She went on a summer trip to India and met [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]], Crown Prince of [[Sikkim]], in the lounge<ref>Duff, A. (2015) Requiem for a Himalayan Kingdom. Berlinn Ltd</ref> of the [[Windamere Hotel]] in [[Darjeeling]], India. He was a 36 year-old recent widower with two sons and a daughter. They were drawn to each other by the similar isolation of their childhoods. Two years later, in 1961, their engagement was announced, but the wedding was put off for more than a year because [[Astrology|astrologers]] in both Sikkim and India warned that 1962 was an inauspicious year for marriages.<ref name="nyt"/>

On March 20, 1963, Cooke married Namgyal in a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery in a ceremony performed by fourteen [[lama]]s. Wedding guests included members of Indian royalty, Indian and Sikkimese generals, and the [[US Ambassador to India]], [[John Kenneth Galbraith]].<ref name="nyt"/> Cooke [[Relinquishment of United States nationality|renounced her United States citizenship]] as required by Sikkim's laws and also as a demonstration to the people of Sikkim that she was not an "American arm" in the Himalayas.<ref name="ERG19760613">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19760613&id=B6xVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6804,2964388|title=Hope Cooke seeks to regain U.S. citizenship |work=Eugene Register-Guard|date=June 13, 1976|access-date=April 8, 2013}}</ref> She was dropped from the ''[[Social Register]]'' but the marriage was reported in ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' magazine. ''[[The New Yorker]]'' followed the royal couple on one of their yearly trips to the United States.<ref name="nyt"/> Although her husband was Buddhist, Cooke did not officially convert from Christianity to Buddhism though she had practiced Buddhism from an early age ([[Henry Kissinger]] once remarked "she has become more Buddhist than the population").<ref>Wheeler, S. (2015) [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/08/the-story-of-sikkims-last-king-and-queen-reads-like-a-fairy-tale-gone-wrong/ The story of Sikkim's last king and queen reads like a fairy tale gone wrong]</ref><ref>Cooke, H. (1980) Time Change. Simon & Schuster</ref><ref name="nytimes1982"/> Namgyal was crowned monarch of Sikkim on April 4, 1965. However, their marriage faced strains, and both had affairs: he with a married Belgian woman, and she with an American friend.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="po"/>

[[File:King and Queen of Sikkim and their daughter watch birthday celebrations, Gangtok, Sikkim (LOC ppmsca.30171).jpg|left|thumb|The King and Queen of Sikkim and their daughter watch birthday celebrations in Gangtok]]

At the same time, Sikkim was under strain due to pro-democracy crowds marching on the palace against the monarchy.<ref>Gray, Francine Du Plessix, [https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/08/books/the-fairy-tale-that-turned-nightmare.html The Fairy Tale That Turned Nightmare?], ''The New York Times'', March 8, 1981.</ref> Amidst this, Cooke had left for New York in July 1973, leaving her husband and the palace. On Thursday, April 10, 1975 the legislature in Sikkim voted to abolish the monarchy and seek full statehood in India. The King, [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]], was cloistered in his palace under protection.<ref name=":0" /> The couple separated in 1980.

In May 1975, Representative [[James W. Symington]] (D-MO) and Senator [[Mike Mansfield]] (D-MT) sponsored [[private bill]]s to restore her citizenship;<ref>{{USBill|94|HR|6855}} and {{USBill|94|S|1699}}; {{USStat|90|2976}} [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action?browsePath=1976%2FPRIVATELAW&granuleId=STATUTE-90-Pg2976&packageId=STATUTE-90&fromBrowse=true]</ref> however, after the bill passed the Senate, several members of the [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship|House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration]] objected{{why?|date=September 2025}}, and the bill had to be amended to grant her only [[Green card|U.S. permanent resident status]] before it could gain their support and pass Congress.<ref name="ERG19760613" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O_EiAAAAIBAJ&pg=2973,5196807|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616092212/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O_EiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=58sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2973,5196807|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2013|title=Once a Queen, She Just Wants To Be an American Citizen|work=The Palm Beach Post|date=June 13, 1976|access-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0055/1669347.pdf |title=6/15/76 S1699 Relief of Mrs Hope Namgyal |publisher=Federal Government of the United States |year=1975 |location=Washington D. C. |access-date=27 September 2022 |via=[[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum]]}}</ref> President [[Gerald Ford]] signed the bill into law on June 16, 1976.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y30xAAAAIBAJ&pg=6368,300195|title=Hope Cooke allowed to stay|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=June 17, 1976|access-date=April 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0248/whpr19760615-010.pdf |title=Gerald R. Ford Administration White House Press Releases |publisher=Federal Government of the United States |year=1976 |location=Washington D. C. |quote="The President has signed S. 1699 - Relief of Mrs. Hope Namgyal. This bill grants perm nent [sic] resident status to the American-born wife of the deposed Crown Prince of Sikkim" |access-date=27 September 2022 |via=[[Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum]]}}</ref> By 1981, she still had not been able to regain U.S. citizenship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/172311965 |title='Fairy tale princess' is grateful to be back in America|work=Chicago Tribune |date=March 26, 1981 |access-date=April 9, 2013|id={{ProQuest|172311965}} |quote=Miss Cooke seems firmly replanted in the United States, though she has not been able to regain her citizenship}}</ref> The royal couple divorced in 1980, and Namgyal died of cancer in 1982 in New York City.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19760613&id=B6xVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6804,2964388|title=Hope Cooke seeks to regain U.S. citizenship|work=Eugene Register-Guard|date=1976-06-13|access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/30/obituaries/palden-thondup-namgyal-deposed-sikkim-king-dies.html "Palden Thondup Namgyal, Deposed Sikkim King, Dies"], ''The New York Times'', January 30, 1982.</ref><ref name="privatebill">Ashley Dunn, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-04-mn-1209-story.html "Congress' Ticket for Foreigners: 'Private bills' have granted citizenship or residency to many who were ineligible under U.S. law."], ''Los Angeles Times'', February 4, 1992.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mpcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=3902,3319390|title=Hope Cooke's fate in hands of Ford, fairy-tale life ends|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=1976-06-14|access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y30xAAAAIBAJ&pg=6368,300195|title=Hope Cooke allowed to stay|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=1976-06-17|access-date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

== Later life ==
With child support from Namgyal and an inheritance from her grandparents, Cooke rented an apartment in the [[Yorkville, Manhattan|Yorkville]] area of New York City. This time around, she felt "profoundly displaced" in the city and started going on walking tours and then creating her own.<ref name=nym>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7uQCAAAAMBAJ&dq=Hope+Cooke&pg=PA31 "Cooke's Tours"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'', p.{{nbsp}}31 (September 26, 1988)</ref> She studied Dutch journals, old church sermons, and newspaper articles to acquaint herself with the city and lectured on the [[social history]] of New York. She wrote a weekly column, "Undiscovered Manhattan", for the ''[[New York (Daily News)|Daily News]]''. Her books include an award-winning memoir of her life in Sikkim, ''Time Change: An Autobiography'' (1981), an off-the-beaten-path guide to New York, ''Seeing New York'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/784_reg.html |title=Hope Cooke: Seeing New York |access-date=March 30, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502163923/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/784_reg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> developed from her walking tours, and, with [[Jacques d'Amboise (dancer)|Jacques d'Amboise]], she published ''Teaching the Magic of Dance''.<ref name=wa/>

Cooke remarried in 1983 to [[Mike Wallace (historian)|Mike Wallace]], a [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning historian and Distinguished Professor of History at [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]].<ref name=wa/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094942/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/history/facultyprofile/wallace.asp "Mike Wallace"], John Jay College of Criminal Justice website; accessed December 3, 2014.</ref> They later divorced. Her son, Prince Palden, a New York banker and financial advisor, married Kesang Deki Tashi and has a son and three daughters. Cooke's daughter, Princess Hope, graduated from [[Milton Academy]] and [[Georgetown University]], and married (and later divorced) Thomas Gwyn Reich, Jr., a US Foreign Service officer; she later remarried, to Yep Wangyal Tobden.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}

Cooke lived in London for a few years before returning to the United States, where she now lives in [[Brooklyn]] and currently works as a writer, historian, and lecturer.<ref name=wa>[[Michael T. Kaufman|Kaufman, Michael T.]] (February 24, 1993). [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/24/nyregion/about-new-york-when-east-met-west-and-walking-around-led-to-brooklyn.html "About New York: When East Met West and Walking Around Led to Brooklyn"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> She was a consultant for [[PBS]]'s ''[[New York: A Documentary Film]]'' (1999–2001).<ref>{{IMDb name|1513712}}</ref> Cooke has contributed to book reviews and magazines and lectured widely.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Political involvement and controversies==
Cooke, along with other advisors, was involved in policy formation for the Chogyal. One of this was to dig up the controversy around the grant of Darjeeling to the [[East India Company|East India Company (EIC)]]. She twisted it in turn to advocate for its return from India in an article published in 1967. The article put the trust between the Chogyal and Indian government in severe strain. Cooke was labelled as a "[[Trojan Horse]]" planted by [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to undermine the Indian government's efforts. There was local resentment against her, and the Sikkimese bureaucrats accused her of meddling in administrative decisions. She had diverted the Indian government aid funds for [[Bhutia]] interests, thereby alienating the Nepalese majority and fostering ethnic divide.<ref name=":1" />

She faced allegations of being an agent of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] during her tenure as queen, purportedly promoting American interests and opposing the merger of Sikkim, then an Indian protectorate. Her American background also fueled suspicions of CIA influence in Sikkim's affairs.<ref name="c905">{{cite web |date=March 27, 2024 |title=CIA एजेंट कैसे बन गई भारत की महारानी? खूबसूरती पर मर मिटे थे महाराजा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/sikkim-queen-hope-cooke-who-was-accused-of-being-an-american-cia-spy-8184095.html |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Her deliberate and repetitive interventions were seen as creating internal unrest and added fuel to the growing pro-democracy movements, which culminated in riots in April 1973. Amidst this, Cooke along with her children had left Sikkim and returned to New York in 1973, leaving behind her husband. In 1975, under the pro-democracy movement over 97% Sikkimese voted in a referendum to abolish monarchy, and integrate Sikkim with India.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== Publications ==
* ''Time Change: An American Woman's Extraordinary Story'', New York: Simon & Schuster (1981); {{ISBN|0-671-41225-6}}.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/28/books/books-of-the-times-an-adult-fairy-tale.html "Review of ''Time Change''"], ''The New York Times'', February 28, 1981.</ref>
* ''Teaching the Magic of Dance'' (with [[Jacques d'Amboise (dancer)|Jacques d'Amboise]]), New York: Simon & Schuster (1983); {{ISBN|0-671-46077-3}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oaGDOnKCJFkC&q=Hope+Cooke Seeing New York: History Walks for Armchair and Footloose Travelers]'', Philadelphia: Temple University Press (1995); {{ISBN|1-56639-289-6}}.
* Cooke wrote several articles for the ''Bulletin of Tibetology'', published by the [[Namgyal Institute of Tibetology]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibetology.net/publications/bulletin.html|title=Index of the "Bulletin of Tibetology"|date=5 April 2017|website=Namgyal Institute of Tibetology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428153152/http://www.tibetology.net/publications/bulletin.html|archive-date=April 28, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=5 April 2017|quote=Bulletin of Tibetology 1966 No.2- "The Sikkimese theory of land holding and the Darjeeling grant" by Hope Namgyal and Bulletin of Tibetology 1969 No.1- "Obituary: Princess Pema Choki" by Hope Namgyal|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=S1MEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Hope+Cooke&pg=PA36 Crowning of Hope Cook, Sarah Lawrence '63']" in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', April 23, 1965. p. 37.
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=LlYEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Hope+Cooke&pg=PA51 How Is Queen Hope Getting Along?]" ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', May 20, 1966, p. 51.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=swsfAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA28&article_id=5352,350300 "Hope Cooke: From American Coed to Oriental Queen"]. ''Family Weekly'' (August 2, 1964). ''[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]''.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110218144938/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896732,00.html "Where There's Hope"], ''TIME'', March 29, 1963
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=S1MEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36 LIFE 23 Apr 1965]
* [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900504-1,00.html "Sikkim: A Queen Revisited"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516164930/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900504-1,00.html |date=May 16, 2023 }}, ''TIME'', January 3, 1969
* [[University of Hawaii Museum]]. ''[https://www.flickr.com/photos/uhmuseum/4132497148 Sikkim – Woman's Informal Ensemble].'' ([[Kho (costume)|Kho]] dress worn by Hope Cooke in the 1960s, on Flickr).
*{{IMDb name|1513712}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cooke, Hope}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College alumni]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College faculty]]
[[Category:New York Daily News people]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort|Hope]]
[[Category:Sikkim monarchy]]
[[Category:Chapin family]]
[[Category:Indian exiles]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:Tour guides]]
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Manhattan]]
[[Category:American women historians]]
[[Category:Women from Sikkim]]
[[Category:American women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Madeira School alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Indian Anglicans]]
[[Category:20th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:21st-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Iran]]
[[Category:Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American women columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women]]
[[Category:Remarried queens consort]]
[[Category:Exiled royalty]]
[[Category:Princesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Nandini Mattu

2026-04-18T01:36:13Z

Flightsvilla: made initial post with sources

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nandini Mattu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Nandini Mattu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|06|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| height = 1.80 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_U20_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Downloads/Squads/AFC-U20-Women's-Asian-Cup-2026---squads.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=31 March 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]] [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]{{efn|Mattu played a forward earlier in her career.}}
| currentclub = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| clubnumber = 1
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = GMSSS Chandigarh
| years1 = 2022
| clubs1 = Bengaluru FC
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022
| clubs2 = Eves SC
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025
| clubs3 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Nandini Mattu''' (born 6 June 2007)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF Under 17 National Team -Nandini |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/194344 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional footballer from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. She plays as a midfielder or goalkeeper for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]. She has represented [[India women's national under-17 football team|India]] at the youth level internationally.

== Early life and education ==
Nandini is from [[Chandigarh]], Punjab. Her father Vijay Kumar is a Class IV employee at Udyog Bhavan in Sector 17, and her mother, Bharti, works as a domestic help. She did her schooling at [[Government Model Senior Secondary School, Sector-16, Chandigarh|Government Model Senior Secondary School]], Sector 22, Chandigarh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2024 |title=From ace striker to goalkeeper, Nandini eyes place in national team |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/from-ace-striker-to-goalkeeper-nandini-eyes-place-in-natl-team/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=International Youth Day: फुटबॉल का ऐसा जुनून... 16 साल में नंदिनी बन गईं भारतीय टीम की सदस्य |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/success-story-of-chandigarh-football-player-nandini-on-international-youth-day-2023-08-12 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She trained under coach Bhupinder Singh at the school.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Nandini started as a forward but later decided to become a goalkeeper following the suggestion from their coaches and senior players to take advantage of her height.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Sharda |first=Deepankar |date=3 December 2024 |title=From ace striker to goalkeeper, Nandini eyes place in national team |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/from-ace-striker-to-goalkeeper-nandini-eyes-place-in-natl-team/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> She played the Under 17 Women’s National Football Championship at Assam and based on her performance, she was selected among the 21 member Indian probable for the camp.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Chandigarh striker Nandini Kumar gets shot in the arm |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/chandigarh-striker-gets-shot-in-the-arm-419943/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Then, she was selected for the under 17 team and played for India in Jordan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharda |first=Deepankar |date=23 January 2023 |title=Chandigarhs Nandini gets call for U-17 football probables camp |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/chandigarhs-nandini-gets-call-for-u-17-football-probables-camp-473120/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In the Chandigarh Under 13 League, she was selected as the Best Player of the Tournament and in January 2022, she joined the Bengaluru Football Club’s residential academy on a four month contact.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2022 |title=14-yr-old Nandini beats the odds to join pro football club |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/14-yr-old-nandini-beats-the-odds-to-join-pro-football-club-370458 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> That led to her playing the Karnataka State Football Association's Women's A Division League and she scored a hattrick in her very first match against GRK Girls Football Club.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=Chandigarh News: इंडियन महिला लीग में ओडिशा एफसी के लिए खेलेंगी शहर की फुटबॉलर नंदिनी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/city-footballer-nandini-will-play-for-odisha-fc-in-the-indian-womens-league-chandigarh-news-c-16-pkl1043-630138-2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In July 2022, she was the top scorer in the pre-Subroto Cup tournament in Chandigarh and was part of the GMSSS 22 which qualified for the main Subroto Cup.<ref name=":22" /> In May 2024, she represented Chandigarh in the Senior Women’s National Football Championship for [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] final round in Kolkata, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women’s National Football Championship 2023/24 Final Round: Squad List |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/indian-football/senior-womens-national-football-championship-2023-24-final-round-squad-list/9233 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Chase Your Sport |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-05-09 |title=Sr women's football nationals: Tamil Nadu remain on top of Group A as Bengal storm back |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/sr-womens-football-nationals-tamil-nadu-remain-on-top-of-group-a-as-bengal-storm-back-1503298604.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

She was selected among the probables for the camp ahead of the friendlies against [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She made it to the senior India team in the first [[FIFA]] friendly against Maldives at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] on 1 January 2025 but did not get a chance to get into the playing XI and sat on the bench. She was replaced by Ribansi Jamu for the second match.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-01-01 |title=Indian women's football team coach Joakim Alexandersson makes six changes for second Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-maldives-joakim-alexandersson-make-six-changes-debut-blue-tigresses-news/article69050661.ece |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/194344 Nandini] at All India Football Federation.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandini Mattu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Footballers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Women's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Sanjeev Singla

2026-04-17T18:56:37Z

Flightsvilla: Starting First Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]]
| term = 2025
| image = Sanjeev singla 2020.jpg
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = Jawed Ashraf
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors of India to Israel|Ambassador of India to Israel]]
| term1 = 2019-2024
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pavan Kapoor]]
| successor1 = [[J. P. Singh]]
}}

'''Sanjeev Kumar Singla''' is currently [[India]]'s [[Ambassador]] to [[France]] and [[Monaco]] in the [[Embassy of India, Paris]]. He is an Indian [[Diplomat]] who previously served as India's Ambassador to [[Israel]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador {{!}} Embassy of India, France & Principality of Monaco |url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/ambassador/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.eoiparis.gov.in |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeev Kumar Singla appointed Ambassador of India to France |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-ambassador-of-india-to-france-3222144 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=MEA names Sanjeev Singla, Ajit Gupte as ambassadors to France, Germany |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/mea-names-sanjeev-singla-ajit-gupte-as-ambassadors-to-france-germany-124100700462_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009020303/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/mea-names-sanjeev-singla-ajit-gupte-as-ambassadors-to-france-germany-124100700462_1.html |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Singla joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title='Modi Sensed Israel to be Crucial Partner & Sent His Trusted one: Meet 'Expert' Envoy Singla in Tel Aviv |url=https://www.news18.com/india/modi-sensed-israel-to-be-crucial-partner-sent-his-trusted-one-meet-expert-envoy-singla-in-tel-aviv-8610381.html |access-date=12 Feb 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=10 Oct 2023}}</ref> He has served in various capacities in The Indian Missions at [[Paris]] (September 1999-December 2002), [[Dhaka]] (December 2005-December 2008) and [[Geneva]] (January 2009-August 2011). He also headquarters in Delhi in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] on the US desk (December 2002-June 2004), as Deputy [[Chief of protocol|Chief of Protocol]] (July 2004-December 2005), and as a Director at the Foreign Secretary’s Office (August 2011-October 2013).<ref name=am>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.indembassyisrael.gov.in/profile?id=lejRe |website=Embassy of India, Tel Aviv, Israel}}</ref>

Singla served as counsellor at the Indian embassy in [[Tel Aviv]] from November 2013 to July 2014 Tel Aviv.<ref name=ta>{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Shoshanna |title=Take a long-term view to tap business potential in India, ambassador advises |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/take-a-long-term-view-to-tap-business-potential-in-india-ambassador-advises/ |access-date=12 Feb 2024 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=1 Mar 2021}}</ref>

In July 2014 Singla was appointed as [[Private Secretary]] to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], replacing [[Vikram Misri]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjeev Kumar Singla appointed as PM's private secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-as-pms-private-secretary/article6231034.ece |access-date=12 Feb 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 Jul 2014}}</ref> he held the position from August 2014 until August 2019.<ref name=am/> In August 2015 he was promoted to the rank of a Joint Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Private Secretary to Narendra Modi promoted to the rank of to the rank of joint secretary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/private-secretary-to-narendra-modi-promoted-to-the-rank-of-joint-secretary/articleshow/48746544.cms |access-date=12 Feb 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=31 Aug 2015}}</ref>

In July 2019 Singla was chosen as [[Ambassador of India to Israel]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjeev Kumar Singla appointed as India's Ambassador to Israel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-as-indias-ambassador-to-israel/articleshow/70294378.cms |access-date=12 Feb 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] |date=19 Jul 2019}}</ref> and he assumed office in October 2019.<ref name=ta/>

In January 2025, he is the new indian Ambassador in France and Monaco.<ref>https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/ambassador/</ref>

Sanjeev is married to K. Nandini Singla, a diplomat.<ref>{{cite news |title=New ambassador to Portugal from Hubballi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/ambassador-portugal-hubballi-2069418 |access-date=12 Feb 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=8 Jul 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singla, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Israel]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to France]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}

Dumburnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:29Z

Flightsvilla: Added New Details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dumburnagar
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 1972
| electors = 10,551
| mla = Pakhi Tripura
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Dumburnagar Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || R. C. D. Rankhal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Pakhi Tripura || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumburnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pakhi Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,272 |percentage=60.15% |change={{increase}}16.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajprasad Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,664 |percentage=30.59% |change={{decrease}}26.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babrubahan Chakma |party=Independent politician |votes=444 |percentage=8.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Joy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,608 |percentage=29.56% |change= {{increase}}16.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,440 |percentage=53.60% |change= {{decrease}}7.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,551 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}32.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumburnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. C. D. Rankhal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,221 |percentage=56.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. D. Barma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,984 |percentage=43.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,237 |percentage=13.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,205 |percentage=61.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,720 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.49|91.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Mathura Prasad Mahato

2026-04-10T23:56:54Z

Flightsvilla: made first entry basic info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mathura Prasad Mahato
| image = File:Mathura Prasad Mahto.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| governor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Hemant Soren]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Revenue
* Land Reforms
| term_start = 13 July 2013
| term_end = 28 December 2014
| predecessor =
| state =
| constituency =
| office1 = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Tundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tundi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Raj Kishore Mahato]], AJSU
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor2 = Saba Ahmad, RJD
| constituency2 = [[Tundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tundi]]
| successor2 = [[Raj Kishore Mahato]], AJSU
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2014
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| Brother =
}}

'''Mathura Prasad Mahato''' is an Indian politician from the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. He is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]], elected three times in 2005, 2009 and 2019 from [[Tundi Assembly constituency|Tundi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12096|title=Mathura Prasad Mahato(JMM):Constituency- TUNDI(DHANBAD ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/jarka09/candidate.php?candidate_id=380|title=Mathura Prasad Mahato(JMM):Constituency- Tundri(Dhanbad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He was the Minister of Revenue and Land Reforms in the [[First Hemant Soren ministry|First Hemant Soren government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahto calls meet on land dues |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/mahto-calls-meet-on-land-dues/cid/451885 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=The Telegraph online}}</ref> He was the JMM and [[INDIA alliance]] candidate for [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. He belongs to the [[Kudmi Mahato]] community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/politics/830/jmm-decides-to-filed-mathura-prasad-mahto-against-chandra-prakash-choudhary-of-ajsu-in-giridih/|title=JMM decides to filed Mathura Prasad Mahto against Chandra Prakash Choudhary of AJSU in Giridih - Jharkhand State News|date=8 March 2024|website=jharkhandstatenews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Mathura Prasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Akashadoothu (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:46Z

Flightsvilla: new.

{{short description|Indian television drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Drama|Family Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
}}
| creator = M.Renjith
| based_on = [[Akashadoothu]]
| developer = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| writer = Santhosh Echikkanam
| director = Adithyan
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme = "കാടിലെ മൈനയെ പാട്ടുപഠിപ്പിച്ചതാര് ''Kaatile Mainaye Paattu Padipichathaaru'' by [[K. S. Chithra]]
| endtheme = "രാപ്പാടി കേഴുന്നുവോ" "Raappaadi Kezhunnuvo" by [[K. S. Chithra]]
| composer = Sanand George/[[Ouseppachan]] [[O. N. V. Kurup]] (lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 501
| executive_producer = [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]]
| producer = M.Renjith
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Rajaputra Visual Media
| channel = [[Surya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|10|24}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2013|10|4|df=y}}
| related = [[Akashadoothu]]
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network =
| released =
| native_name =
}}

'''Akashadoothu''' is 2011 Malayalam language Television drama <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/sep/25/and-did-they-live-happily-everafter-294542.html|title=And Did They Live Happily Everafter?|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> produced by M.Renjith aired on [[Surya TV]]. It is a sequel<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/promises-of-the-past/article2534149.ece|title=Promises of the past|first=Suneetha|last=Balakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 October 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> to 1993 Indian Malayalam-language drama film [[Akashadoothu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms|title=Row over Kerala State Films Award - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> directed by [[Sibi Malayil]].The film tells the tale of a widow suffering from [[leukemia]], the series takes off exactly 16 years after we saw the children going their separate ways after the funeral of their mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/culture/media/2012/sthreedhanam-second-part-is-on-miniscreen-102737.html|title=ആകാശദൂതിന് പിന്നാലെ സ്ത്രീധനവും മിനിസ്‌ക്രീനില്‍|first=Ravi|last=Nath|date=3 July 2012|website=malayalam.oneindia.com|language=ml}}</ref>

Malayalam actress [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]] plays the lead role of Meenu along with Veteran actors [[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]], [[Sukumari]], [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]], [[Seema G. Nair]], [[Prem Prakash]], [[Jose Prakash]] plays the supporting roles.

==Plot==
After the demise of Annie (Madhavi), the four children parts away and after sixteen years Meenu ( eldest daughter played by Chippy) tries to reunite with her younger brothers Tony, Rony and Monu. However things take an unexpected turn when they reunite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/akashadoothu|title=Akashadoothu Malayalam Mega Television Serial Online Drama|website=nettv4u}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]] as Meenu Nandagopan
*[[Shiju Abdul Rasheed]] as Adv.Nandagopan
*[[Prem Prakash]] as Aanjilimuttam Joy
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Jessy
*Vineeth as Monu a.k.a. Kevin David
*Anand VR as Tony
*_____ as Rony
*Sonia as Mollykutty Philip
*Saju Attingal as Philip
*[[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Dr.David
*Manju Satheesh as Mini
*[[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]] as Clara Kunjamma
* [[Sukumari]] as Brigathamma
*[[J. Pallassery]] as Nandagopan's father
*[[Meera Krishna]] as Krishna
*Kezia Joseph
*Santhosh Kurup
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Marykunju
*Rahul Mohan as Alex
*Varsha as Shirley
*Yathikumar as Xavier
*Kottayam Rasheed as Pulikattil Mathachan
*Murugan as Madhavan
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Father (Cameo Appearance)
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma|Aaranmulla Ponnamma]] as Anjilimoottil Annaamma
*[[Anil Murali]]
*Adithyan Jayan
*[[Priyanka Nair]]
*Sharika Menon as Nirmala
*Geetha Nair as Krishna's mother
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Krishna's father
*[[Ambika Mohan]]
*Vishnu Prakash as Nandagopan's brother
*Devu Krishnan
*Manoj as CI Cleetus
*Subhash Menon
*Ashraf Pezhumoodu
*Rajeev Pala
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
*Archana Menon
*Prakash
*Rugmini
*Sreekutty
*Anjana Appukuttan
*Srilakshmi
*[[Krishna Prabha]]

===Appearance from the movie===
*[[Maadhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Annie
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Johnny
*Seena Antony as Meenu
*Ben K Alexander as Monu
*Martin as Roni
*Joseph Antony as Tony
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Fr.Vattapara
*[[Subair]] as Dr. David
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Marykunju
*[[Suvarna Mathew]] as Mini

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television shows based on films]]
[[Category:Television series about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967

2026-03-29T00:48:42Z

Flightsvilla: Starting Some Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Indian law to prevent unlawful activities}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 
| legislature =
| imagesize = 150
| long_title = An Act to provide for the effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for matters connected therewith.
| citation = [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1967-37.pdf Act No. 37 of 1967]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented = 30 December 1967<ref name="UAPA, 1967 at NIA.gov.in"/>
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| amended_by = {{Plainlist|
* The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1969 (24 of 1969)
* The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1972 (31 of 1972)
* The Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1986 (4 of 1986)
* The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004 (29 of 2004)
* The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008 (35 of 2008)
* The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 (28 of 2019)}}
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967''' is an [[Indian law]] aimed at the prevention of unlawful activities associations in [[India]]. Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India.<ref name="UAPA, 1967 at NIA.gov.in">{{cite web|title=UAPA, 1967 at NIA.gov.in|url=http://nia.gov.in/acts/The%20Unlawful%20Activities%20%28Prevention%29%20Act,%201967%20%2837%20of%201967%29.pdf|publisher=NIA|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> The most recent amendment of the law, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 (UAPA 2019) has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as terrorists without following any formal judicial process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poddar |first=Rongeet |title=Constitutionality of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019: India's McCarthyism Moment |url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/constitutionality-of-indias-unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019-indias-mccarthyism-moment/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Oxford Human Rights Hub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Manu |date=2019-07-28 |title=UAPA Amendment : Why Giving Govt Power To Declare Individuals 'Terrorists' Is Problematic? |url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/uapa-amendment-individuals-terrorists-lok-sabha-problematic-146742 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> UAPA is also known as the "Anti-terror law".

The [[National Integration Council]] appointed a Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/National-Integration-Council-reconstituted/article16365938.ece|title=National Integration Council reconstituted|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-11-23}}</ref> Pursuant to the acceptance of recommendations of the committee, the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963 was enacted to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. In 2019, the BJP led NDA government claimed that in order to implement the provisions of 1963 Act, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Bill was introduced in the Parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/acts/The%20Unlawful%20Activities%20(Prevention)%20Act,%201967%20(37%20of%201967).pdf|title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|publisher=Nia.gov.in}}</ref>

[[United Nations special rapporteur]]s stated that the provisions of the UAPA 2019, contravenes several articles of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].<ref name="UN concern" /> ''[[BBC News]]'' has reported that people arrested and charged with UAPA find it harder to get bail.

== History ==

Pursuant to the acceptance by Government of a unanimous recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism appointed by the National Integration Council, the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, was enacted empowering Parliament to impose, by law, reasonable restrictions in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India, on the:
# Freedom of Speech and Expression;
# Right to Assemble peaceably and without arms; AND
# Right to Form Associations or Unions.

The object of this bill was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament and received the assent of the President on 30 December 1967. The Amending Acts are as follows:
# The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 1969<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestlaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/the-unlawful-activities-prevention-act-1967-37-of-1967.pdf|title=The unlawful activities (prevention) Act, 1967|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
# The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1972
# The Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1986
# The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004
# The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008
# The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/032013.pdf|title=The Unlawful Activities Prevention (Amendment) Act, 2012|publisher=Government of India|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref>
# The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-362501.pdf|title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

This last Amendment was enacted after [[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act|POTA]] was withdrawn by the Parliament. However, in the Amendment Act in 2004, most of provisions of POTA were re-incorporated. In 2008, after [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai attacks]], it was further strengthened. The most recent amendment has been done in 2019. According to the statement of objects and reasons, the Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 to make it more effective in preventing unlawful activities, and meet commitments made at the Financial Action Task Force (an intergovernmental organization to combat money laundering and terrorism financing).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2011-2159/|title=PRS {{!}} Bill Track {{!}} The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2011|website=www.prsindia.org|access-date=2016-08-15|date=29 December 2011}}</ref> In July 2019, the ambit of UAPA was expanded. It was amended allowing the government to designate an individual as a terrorist without trial. The previous versions of the Bill allowed for only groups to be designated as terrorists.<ref name="TH08072019" />

In a ruling passed on 1 February 2021, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that bail could be granted to accused if the right to speedy trial was violated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/uapa-cases-bail-fundamental-rights-speedy-trial-violation-supreme-court-section-43-d5-of-uapa-169235|title=Breaking-Violation Of Fundamental Right To Speedy Trial Is A Ground For Constitutional Court To Grant Bail In UAPA Cases: Supreme Court|date=1 February 2021|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref> In another significant judgement in 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that "membership of an unlawful organisation" constituted an offence under UAPA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=Mere Membership Of Unlawful Organization Is UAPA Offence: Supreme Court Overrules Its 2011 Precedents |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-passive-membership-banned-organisations-uapatada-arup-bhuyan-raneef-224628 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019==
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] by the Minister of Home Affairs, [[Amit Shah]], on 8 July 2019. The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. The Act provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. The act was passed in the Lok Sabha on 24 July and Rajya Sabha on 2 August. It received the assent of the president on 8 August.<ref name="PRS UAPA">{{cite web |title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=1 March 2022}} {{CC-notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

[[PRS Legislative Research]] explained the act below:<ref name="PRS UAPA" />

'''Who may commit terrorism''': Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it:
:(i) commits or participates in acts of terrorism,
:(ii) prepares for terrorism,
:(iii) promotes terrorism, or
:(iv) is otherwise involved in terrorism.
The Bill additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds.

'''Approval for seizure of property by NIA''': Under the Act, an investigating officer is required to obtain the prior approval of the Director General of Police to seize properties that may be connected with terrorism. The Bill adds that if the investigation is conducted by an officer of the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), the approval of the Director General of NIA would be required for seizure of such property.

'''Investigation by NIA''': Under the Act, investigation of cases may be conducted by officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police or above. The Bill additionally empowers the officers of the NIA, of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases.

'''Insertion to schedule of treaties''': The Act defines terrorist acts to include acts committed within the scope of any of the treaties listed in a schedule to the Act. The Schedule lists nine treaties, including the Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997), and the Convention against Taking of Hostages (1979). The Bill also adds another treaty to the list. This is the [[Nuclear Terrorism Convention|International Convention for Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism]] (2005).<ref name="PRS UAPA" />

== Mechanism ==
For prosecution under Section 13 of the UAPA, the permission of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) is required. However, for prosecution under Sections 16, 17 and 18, the permission of the respective State government is required.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Riots 'Conspiracy': In Tandem with MHA, Kejriwal Govt Clears Trial of Umar Khalid Under UAPA |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Delhi-Riots-Conspiracy-Tandem-MHA-Kejriwal-Govt-Clears-Trial-Umar-Khalid-UAPA |website=Newsclick |date=6 November 2020 |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> Section 25 allows the [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] to seize property it considers to be proceeds of terrorism, with the written consent of the [[Director General of Police]] (DGP) of the State. However, it is possible for the NIA officer to obtain the consent of the DGP of the NIA thus bypassing the State DGP.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bora |first1=Harsh |title=UAPA Amended: The Govt Is Stealing Our Liberty From Under Our Feet |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/uapa-draconian-amendments_in_5d5ab45ee4b0eb875f27018b |website=Huffpost |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> The police normally have 60 to 90 days to investigate a case and submit a charge-sheet failing which the accused may obtain default bail. However, under the UAPA, this pre-charge sheet time is extended to 180 days. Further, normal bail rules do not apply to an accused under Section 43(d)5 of the UAPA.<ref name="NIE23102018">{{cite news |last1=Ambasta |first1=Kunal |title=The law will not hold |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bhima-koregoan-uapa-elgaar-parishad-activists-arrest-urban-naxals-the-law-will-not-hold-5413419/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |agency=The Indian Express |date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="ICNICIN">{{cite web |title=Section 43D. Modified application of certain provisions of the Code. |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00001_196737_1517807318055&orderno=54 |website=Indiacode|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
UAPA is criticized for its low conviction rate, which is around 2%. According to the data shared by the [[Union Government]], in the period 2016 to 2020, 5,027 cases were registered under the act against 24,134 individuals. Only 212 of the 24,134 people were convicted and 386 were acquitted. This means, in the years 2016-2020, 97.5% of the people arrested under UAPA remain under prison awaiting trial.<ref>{{cite news |title=UAPA Case Data Suggests That Process Is Indeed the Punishment |url=https://thewire.in/government/uapa-case-data-process-punishment-home-ministry-rajya-sabha |access-date=2022-08-27 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2022-07-20}}</ref>

In July 2019 while introducing the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 the BJP led Union Government claimed that the bill would give it power to probe terror attacks on India, the Opposition parties in the Lok Sabha termed it draconian. The Opposition claimed that the Bill did not contain any provisions to prevent misuse. Specifically, the power to designate an individual as a terrorist before being proven guilty by trial, was criticised.<ref name="TH08072019">{{cite news |title=UAPA Bill draconian, terms Opposition in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uapa-bill-draconian-terms-opposition-in-lok-sabha/article28323449.ece |access-date=20 November 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition slams amendment to UAPA, call it draconian |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/opposition-slams-amendment-to-uapa-call-it-draconian-751479.html |access-date=20 November 2020 |agency=Deccan Herald |date=2 August 2019}}</ref> Critics of the UAPA consider the definitions of "terrorist", "like to threaten" and "likely to strike terror" to be very broad and open to misuse by the police as the burden of proof of innocence is on the accused.<ref name="NIE23102018" /> The example of [[Gaur Chakraborty]] among others is cited wherein he spent 7 years in prison during trial only to be acquitted of all charges, wherein the imprisonment during trial itself amounted to punishment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/CPI-Maoist-spokesperson-acquitted/article14499196.ece|title=CPI (Maoist) spokesperson acquitted|date=20 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, [[United Nations special rapporteur]]s stated that the provisions of the UAPA 2019, contravenes several articles of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].<ref name="UN concern">{{cite news |title=UN Special Rapporteurs express concerns over UAPA |url=https://www.theleaflet.in/un-special-rapporteurs-express-concerns-over-uapa/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=TheLeaflet |date=18 May 2020}}</ref>

Lawyer Rongeet Poddar wrote in the [[Oxford Human Rights Hub]], that UAPA 2019 has made it possible for the Union Government to designate individuals as terrorists without a due process of law. He wrote, "Neither the Amendment Bill nor the parent statute provides a concrete definition of terrorism. This opens a Pandora's box. Categorization as a 'terrorist' by the executive bears serious consequences, such as social boycott or loss of employment." Such labeling by the executive could lead to mob lynching by the vigilante groups in India. Calling it a "colourable legislation which bears the potential for abuse by the executive", he noted that the constitutionality of the act should be contested. He wrote, the UAPA 2019 "echoes laws made under the colonial regime to crush the freedom movement in the garb of ensuring public order."<ref name="Poddar2019">{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Rongeet |title=Constitutionality of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019: India's McCarthyism Moment {{!}} OHRH |url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/constitutionality-of-indias-unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019-indias-mccarthyism-moment/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |date=14 August 2019}}</ref>

As part of the [[K. G. Kannabiran]] Lectures on Law, Justice and Human Rights, Senior Advocate [[Mihir Desai]] in a lecture titled, "The Problem Of Preventive Detention in India", delivered on 23 November 2020, stated <blockquote>''"Preventive detention laws and special legislations like UAPA -- anti-terror laws as they are called -- allow the state to carve out exception for its own lawlessness. These are the laws which permit the state to claim that we are governed by the rule of law and on the other hand pass such legislations which violate the rule of law altogether. These are the laws which go against the basic tenets of the constitution, such as freedom, equality, right to life, liberty etc. It therefore becomes important to look at these laws which gives an exceptional power to the state over citizens -- to arrest them, to detain them, to charge them with offences which otherwise they may not be able to charge them with, keep them behind bars for years together, and also for ensuring that dissent in all forms is crushed."''<ref name="ll29112020">{{Cite web|author=Mihir Desai|date=29 November 2020|title=Preventive Detention Laws Allow State To Carve Out Exception For Its Lawlessness|url=https://livelaw.in/columns/preventive-detention-laws-allow-state-to-carve-out-exception-for-its-lawlessness-mihir-desai-senior-advocate-166547|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 November 2020|newspaper=LiveLaw}}</ref></blockquote>On 25 July 2021, Justice [[Aftab Alam (judge)|Aftab Alam]], former [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge spoke on a webinar titled "Discussion On Democracy, Dissent and Draconian Law – Should UAPA & Sedition Have A Place In Our Statute Books?". In the discussion, he called UAPA a "draconian law" and said that it was the UAPA that caused the death of Father [[Stan Swamy]] without a trial. Stan Swamy was an activist that was charged with UAPA for his alleged role in the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]] and links to the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] and later died in prison due to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sandhu|first=Kamaljit Kaur|date=October 13, 2020|title=This is what NIA's Bhima Koregaon chargesheet says about Stan Swamy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/this-is-what-nia-s-bhima-koregaon-chargesheet-says-about-stan-swamy-1731272-2020-10-13|access-date=2021-07-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Alam further stated that UAPA has a realistic conviction rate of 2%. He further stated that this law can lead to situations where case may fail but the accused would have been incarcerated for 8 to 12 years. He said in such cases, the case may have no legs to stand on but the accused has suffered and he concluded that in such cases the process becomes the punishment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Mehal|date=2021-07-25|title=In UAPA Cases The Process Itself The Punishment, It Stares Us In The Face In The Death Of Father Stan Swamy Without Trial: Justice Aftab Alam|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/uapa-cases-the-process-itself-the-punishment-stares--death-of-father-stan-swamy-justice-aftab-alam-178112|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2021, Delhi High Court called out UAPA misuse by the Union government by observing the state had broadened the scope of "terrorist activity" to include ordinary penal offences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yamunan |first1=Sruthisagar |title=Granting bail to activists, Delhi HC exposes abuse of UAPA – but flaws inherent in the law remain |url=https://scroll.in/article/997631/granting-bail-to-activists-delhi-hc-exposes-abuse-of-uapa-but-flaws-inherent-in-the-law-remain |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814070006/https://scroll.in/article/997631/granting-bail-to-activists-delhi-hc-exposes-abuse-of-uapa-but-flaws-inherent-in-the-law-remain |archive-date=14 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vishwanath |first1=Apurva |title=Delhi HC calls out misuse of UAPA, raises bar for State to slap terror tag |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-high-court-calls-out-misuse-of-uapa-raises-bar-for-state-to-slap-terror-tag-7360779/ |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

While the misuse of the law has been constantly debated, Police was also criticized for not invoking UAPA in some cases like the [[Haridwar hate speeches|Haridwar hate speech case]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/haridwar-hate-speeches-call-for-uapa-sedition-charges-advocate-dushyant-dave#read-more|title=Haridwar hate speeches call for UAPA, sedition charges: Advocate Dushyant Dave|website=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/haridwar-hate-speech-offenders-should-be-booked-under-uapa-says-congress-leader-kapil-sibal|title=Haridwar hate speech offenders should be booked under UAPA, says Congress leader Kapil Sibal|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

On 20 January 2022, ''[[BBC]]'' called the UAPA a draconian anti-terror law and reported that many protestors and journalists were arrested, detained or charged with UAPA. UAPA had made it harder for the accused to get bail. The PM [[Narendra Modi]]-led BJP Union Government has been accused of misusing UAPA to stifle dissent and target minorities in India.<ref name="Narsinghanand BBC">{{cite news |title=Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati: Who is the arrested Hindu priest? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59952851 |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="terrorism law used to silence critics">{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Hassan |first2=Aakash |title=How a terrorism law in India is being used to silence Modi's critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/10/how-terrorism-law-india-used-to-silence-modis-critics |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=The Guardian |date=2021-12-10}}</ref>

== Notable individuals charged under the Act ==
Between 2014 and 2020, 10,552 people were arrested under UAPA.<ref name="terrorism law used to silence critics" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Notable individuals charged under the act and their current status
!Name
!Notes
!Charge
!Year
!Current Status
|-
|[[Kobad Ghandy]]
|
|Sedition for [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite insurgency]], UAPA <ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Satish |title=73 yr old Maoist ideologue Kobad Ghandy gets bail |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/73-yr-old-maoist-ideologue-kobad-ghandy-gets-bail-768352.html|access-date=24 November 2020 |date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
|2009
|Acquitted in 2016<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Nirnimesh|date=2016-06-11|title=Kobad Ghandy cleared of terror charges|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Kobad-Ghandy-cleared-of-terror-charges/article14414779.ece|access-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Ferreira]]
|Human Rights Activist
|
|2007; Rearrested 2018
|Acquitted in 2012<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karlikar |first1=Nishikant |last2=Ali |first2=S. Ahmed |title=Knock on Ferreira's door came at 6am, arrest 9 hours later |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/knock-on-ferreiras-door-came-at-6am-arrest-9-hours-later/articleshow/65585938.cms |access-date=20 November 2020 |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Since August 2018, lodged in Taloja prison<ref name="Swamy letter">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title='Humanity is bubbling in Taloja prison,' Stan Swamy says in letter to friends |url=https://scroll.in/latest/978518/humanity-is-bubbling-in-taloja-prison-stan-swamy-says-in-letter-to-friends |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Binayak Sen]]
|Doctor and Human rights activist
|<ref>{{Cite news|first=Aman |last=Sethi|date=24 December 2010|title=Life term for Binayak Sen|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Life-term-for-Binayak-Sen/article15607002.ece|access-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref>
|2007
|
|-
|[[Mamman Khan]]
|Politician
|Accused of involvement in terrorist activity by instigating the [[2023 Haryana riots]] in Nuh. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuh violence: 6 months on, terror charges against Congress MLA Mamman Khan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-nuh-violence-police-add-terror-uapa-charges-on-congress-mla-mamman-khan-2505479-2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=Congress MLA Mamman Khan charged under UAPA for role in Nuh violence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/congress-mla-mamman-khan-charged-under-uapa-for-role-in-nuh-violence-101708537998525.html |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|2024
|
|-
|[[Gaur Chakraborty]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 19, 2016|title=City court acquits man held under UAPA after 7 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/City-court-acquits-man-held-under-UAPA-after-7-years/articleshow/53286367.cms|access-date=September 14, 2017|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|Incarcerated for 7 years
|Accused of involvement in terrorist activity and member of banned organisation
|2009
|Acquitted of charges in 2016
|-
|[[Shahina K. K.|K K Shahina]]
|Journalist
|Booked for threatening complainants in connection with a story revealing lapses in Karnataka Police investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-28 |title=Karnataka: No relief for Kerala journalist and 2 others in Madani case |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-relief-for-kerala-journalist-and-2-others-in-madani-case/articleshow/88532714.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911222319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-relief-for-kerala-journalist-and-2-others-in-madani-case/articleshow/88532714.cms |archive-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2023-06-30 |title=Journalist Shahina KK wins International Press Freedom Award 2023 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/journalist-shahina-kk-wins-international-press-freedom-award-2023-179144 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|December 2010
|Anticipatory bail in July 2011<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-06 |title=16 Indian Journalists Have Been Charged Under UAPA, 7 Are Currently Behind Bars |url=https://thewire.in/media/16-indian-journalists-have-been-charged-under-uapa-7-are-currently-behind-bars |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|-
|[[G.N. Saibaba]]
| Scholar, writer, human rights activist and professor
|Sentence to life for having Maoist link.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sebastian|first=Manu|date=2019-03-26|title=No Release For Professor G N Saibaba As Bombay HC Refuses To Suspend Sentence [Read Order]|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/prof-gn-sai-baba-bail-rejected-bombay-hc-143836|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>
|
| Acquitted by the Supreme court in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay HC Acquits G.N. Saibaba and Five Others in UAPA Case |url=https://thewire.in/law/bombay-hc-acquits-g-n-saibaba-and-five-others-in-uapa-case |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arrest of Kamran Yusuf|Kamran Yousuf]]
|Photojournalist
|Arrested in alleged terror funding case
|2017
|Acquitted from all charges in March 2022.
|-
|[[Thirumurugan Gandhi]]
| Human Rights Activist, founder - [[May 17 Movement]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|first=R.|last=Sivaraman|date=2018-08-09|title=May 17 Movement leader Thirumurugan Gandhi held in Bengaluru on charges of sedition|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/human-rights-activist-thirumurugan-gandhi-arrested/article24639529.ece|access-date=2019-07-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|2018
|
|-
|[[Sudhir Dhawale]]
|Dalit Rights Activist
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="Bhima">{{cite web |title=The People's Fighters: Meet the Five Arrested in the Bhima Koregaon Case |url=https://thewire.in/caste/meet-the-five-arrested-in-the-bhima-koregaon-case |website=The Wire |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|2018
|Granted bail on 9 January 2025.<ref name=9JAN/>
|-
|[[Mahesh Raut]]
|Tribal Rights Activist
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="Bhima" />
|2018
|
|-
|[[Shoma Sen]]
|Rights Activist/ Professor
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="Bhima" />
|2018
|Granted bail on 6 April, 2024.
|-
|[[Surendra Gadling]]
|Dalit and tribal rights lawyer
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="Bhima" />
|2018
|
|-
|[[Rona Wilson]]
|Secretary - Committee for Release of Political Prisoners
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="Bhima"/>
|2018
|Granted bail on 9 January 2025.<ref name=9JAN>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Activists Rona Wilson, Sudhir Dhawale get bail, six accused in Elgaar Parishad case still remain behind bars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/elgaar-parishad-case-bombay-hc-grants-bail-rona-wilson-sudhir-dhavale-9767431/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudha Bharadwaj]]
|Trade Unionist/Civil Rights Activist
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="Bhima"/>
|2018
|Granted bail on 9 December 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-09|title=Sudha Bhardwaj walks out of Byculla jail. Here are the bail conditions set by NIA court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sudha-bhardwaj-mumbai-byculla-jail-bail-conditions-7663810/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Varavara Rao]]
|Activist/Poet
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Free At Last: Poet Varavara Rao, 81, Released After Last Month's Bail|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/free-at-last-poet-varavara-rao-81-released-after-last-months-bail-2385277|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref>
|2018
|Granted bail on medical grounds
|-
|[[Vernon Gonsalves]]
|Trade unionist, activist and academic
|Accused in 2007 for Naxalite links and in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramesh|first=Mythreyee|date=2018-08-29|title=Who Is Vernon Gonsalves, the Activist Held for 'Naxalite' Links|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/who-is-vernon-gonsalves-bhima-koregaon-activist-arrest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419055243/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/who-is-vernon-gonsalves-bhima-koregaon-activist-arrest|archive-date=2021-04-19|access-date=2021-07-06|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en}}</ref>
|2007 & 2018
| Since August 2018, lodged in Taloja prison<ref name="Swamy letter" />
|-
|[[Gautam Navlakha]]
|Human Rights Activist/Journalist
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-14|title=Activist Gautam Navlakha before surrender: Accused guilty unless proven innocent is new norm|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/activist-gautam-navlakha-criticises-uapa-in-open-letter-before-surrender-6362016/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|2018
|
|-
|[[Asif Sultan]]
|Journalist
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuchay|first=Bilal|date=2021-05-31|title=Kashmiri journalist Aasif Sultan kept in jail for more than 1,000 days|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/kashmiri-journalist-aasif-sultan-kept-in-jail-for-over-1000-days|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702153612/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/31/kashmiri-journalist-aasif-sultan-kept-in-jail-for-over-1000-days|archive-date=2021-07-02|access-date=2021-07-06|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref>
|2018
|
|-
|[[Akhil Gogoi]]
|Peasant leader/ RTI Activist
|For [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA-NRC Protests]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Citizenship Act: Akhil Gogoi charged with criminal conspiracy, unlawful association under UAPA |url=https://scroll.in/latest/947078/citizenship-act-akhil-gogoi-charged-with-criminal-conspiracy-unlawful-association-under-uapa |website=Scroll India |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref>
|2019
|Acquitted in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=CAA protest case: NIA court clears Akhil Gogoi of all charges|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/caa-protest-case-akhil-gogoi-cleared-of-all-charges-by-nia-court/cid/1820887|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702005523/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/caa-protest-case-akhil-gogoi-cleared-of-all-charges-by-nia-court/cid/1820887|archive-date=2021-07-02|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Masrat Zahra]]
|Journalist
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Crackdown amid corona: Kashmir police book photojournalist Masrat Zahra under UAPA to send a message|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/kashmir-fir-photojournalist-masrat-zahra-crackdown-coronavirus|access-date=24 April 2020|website=Caravan}}</ref>
|2020
|Charged but not arrested.<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Anand Teltumbde]]
|Civil Rights Activist/Scholar
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhima Koregaon: Teltumbde organised weapons training in forests|url=https://www.sify.com/news/bhima-koregaon-teltumbde-organised-weapons-training-in-forests-news-national-ukonkwedfabfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206183012/https://www.sify.com/news/bhima-koregaon-teltumbde-organised-weapons-training-in-forests-news-national-ukonkwedfabfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2021|access-date=2020-10-15|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>
|2020
|Granted bail on 18 November 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thanawala |first1=Sarah |title=Bhima Koregaon: NIA court allows Anand Teltumbde to travel to Bengaluru to receive Basava Rashtriya Puraskar award – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/bhima-koregaon-nia-court-allows-anand-teltumbde-to-travel-to-bengaluru-to-receive-basava-rashtriya-puraskar-award/ |work=The Leaflet |date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Meeran Haider]]
|Student Activists
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Delhi violence: UAPA against students 'grave abuse of state power', says civil society group|url=https://scroll.in/latest/960062/delhi-violence-uapa-against-students-grave-abuse-of-state-power-says-civil-society-group|access-date=24 April 2020|website=Scroll|date=23 April 2020 }}</ref>
|2020
|Granted bail on 5 January 2026<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattar |first1=Ruchi |title=2020 Delhi riots case: SC distinguishes Umar Khalid & Sharjeel Imam's role from others to deny bail |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/2020-delhi-riots-case-sc-distinguishes-umar-khalid-sharjeel-imams-role-from-others-to-deny-bail/2818827/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=5 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Safoora Zargar]]
|Student Activists
|<ref name=":0" />
|2020
|Granted bail on 23 June 2020<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pregnant Jamia Student Safoora Zargar Gets Bail In Delhi Riots Case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/safoora-zargar-pregnant-jamia-miliia-islamia-student-arrested-in-april-in-delhi-riots-case-granted-bail-by-high-court-2250814?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|date=23 Jun 2020|publisher=[[NDTV]] |first1=Arvind |last1=Gunasekar |editor1-first=Deepshikha |editor1-last=Ghosh|access-date=23 Jun 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sharjeel Imam]]
|Activist
|Seditious speech during anti CAA protests in Delhi<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=No immediate Supreme Court relief for anti-CAA activist Sharjeel Imam|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-immediate-supreme-court-relief-for-anti-caa-activist-sharjeel-imam/article31677474.ece|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref>
|2020
|
|-
|[[Umar Khalid]]
|Human Rights Activist
|Accused in Delhi Riots<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-14|title=Umar Khalid: India student leader arrested over Delhi riots|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54143619|access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>
|2020
|
|-
|[[Stan Swamy]]
|Jesuit priest, tribals rights activist
|Accused in [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]]
|October 2020
|Died during incarceration - 2021
|-
|[[Ishrat Jahan (lawyer)|Ishrat Jahan]]
|Congress Councillor, Delhi
|Anti-CAA protests
|February 2020
|Granted bail on 14 March 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-14 |title=Delhi pogrom UAPA case: Ishrat Jahan gets bail |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/2022/03/14/delhi-pogrom-uapa-case-ishrat-jahan-gets-bail/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210754/https://maktoobmedia.com/2022/03/14/delhi-pogrom-uapa-case-ishrat-jahan-gets-bail/ |archive-date=2022-03-14 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Siddique Kappan]]
|Journalist
|Accused for having alleged links with banned terrorist organization [[Popular Front of India|PFI]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ameen|first=Furquan|title=Why a Muslim reporter in India has spent nearly 150 days in jail|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/2/why-muslim-reporter-india-has-spent-nearly-150-days-jail|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
|October 2020
|Granted bail on 9 September 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Nearly two years in jail, journalist Siddique Kappan gets bail from SC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/siddique-kappan-uapa-supreme-court-bail-plea-8140252/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Khurram Parvez]]
|Human rights activist
|Funding terror activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Saadhya |date=2021-11-23 |title=Who Is Khurram Parvez, the ‘Human Rights Defender’ of J&K Arrested Under UAPA? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/who-is-khurram-parvez-the-human-rights-defender-of-jk-arrested-under-uapa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124215155/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/who-is-khurram-parvez-the-human-rights-defender-of-jk-arrested-under-uapa |archive-date=2022-11-24 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref>
|November 2021
|
|-
|[[Yasin Malik]]
|Kashmiri Separatist
|Chief of banned JKLF.
Involvement in killing of four unarmed Indian Air Force officials in 1990 in Srinagar.
Funding Islamic Terrorism in Kashmir valley.
|May 2022
|Life imprisonment
|-
|[[Irfan Mehraj]]
|Journalist
|Collaboration with Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society, under investigation by NIA.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-21 |title=India arrests Kashmiri journalist amid ongoing media crackdown |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/21/kashmiri-journalist-irfan-mehraj-arrested-under-terrorism-charges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413193856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/21/kashmiri-journalist-irfan-mehraj-arrested-under-terrorism-charges |archive-date=2024-04-13 |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref>
|March 2023
|
|-
|[[Asiya Andrabi]]
|Kashmiri Separatist
|Separatist activity in Kashmir<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2026-03-24 |title=Delhi court sentences Kashmiri separatist Asiya Andrabi to life imprisonment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-court-sentences-kashmiri-separatist-asiya-andrabi-to-life-imprisonment-in-uapa-case/article70779484.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|August 2018
|Life imprisonment
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of organisations banned by the Government of India]]
*[[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002]]

==References==
<references />

==Bibliography==
*[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1470?sam_handle=123456789/1362 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967]— Updated text of the Act at [http://indiacode.nic.in/ India Code]
* {{cite web |title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=1 March 2022}}
* {{cite web |title=The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210355.pdf |website=egazette.nic.in |publisher=egazette |access-date=1 March 2022}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Constitutionality of India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2019: India's McCarthyism Moment |url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/constitutionality-of-indias-unlawful-activities-prevention-amendment-bill-2019-indias-mccarthyism-moment/ |website=Oxford Human Rights Hub, The Faculty of Law |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=1 March 2022}}
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=emb_title&v=30wFBnZWEQY Sr Adv Mihir Desai: The Problem of Preventive Detention in India]

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1967]]
[[Category:Crime in India]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]
[[Category:Terrorism laws in India]]

Indomania

2026-03-26T09:04:45Z

Flightsvilla: added references

{{Short description|Philia for India, Indian people and Indian culture}}{{Redirect|Indophilia|the sexual fetish|Asianophile}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

'''Indomania''' or '''Indophilia''' refer to the special interest that [[India]], [[Indian people|Indians]] and their [[Indian culture|cultures and traditions]] have generated across the world, more specifically among the cultures and civilisations of the [[Indian subcontinent]], as well those of the [[Arab world|Arab]] and [[Western world]]. The initial British interest in governing their newly absorbed territories awoke the interest in India, in particular its [[Culture of India|culture]] and [[History of India|ancient history]]. Later the people with interests in Indian aspects came to be known as [[Indologists]] and their subject as [[Indology]]. The opposite of Indomania is [[Indophobia]].

==History==

Historically, Indian civilization which is one of the [[List_of_ancient_great_powers#Ancient_India|ancient great powers]] has been widely regarded as an amalgamation of diverse range of rich cultures. Due to its ancient civilization and contributions, there are accounts of notable people who visited the nation and reviewed it with praises.

[[Philostratus]], in his book [[Life of Apollonius of Tyana]], recognized the experience of [[Apollonius of Tyana|Apollonius]] in India, he writes that Apollonius described:

{{quotation|In India I found a race of mortals living upon the Earth, but not adhering to it. Inhabiting cities, but not being fixed to them, possessing everything but possessed by nothing.<ref>"Brand New World: How Paupers, Pirates, and Oligarchs are Reshaping Business", .74, by Max Lenderman</ref>}}

2nd century Roman philosopher [[Arrian]] applauded India to be the nation of free people, he cites that he found no slaves in India at all,<ref>"Slavery", by Richard Oluseyi Asaolu</ref> and he further added:
{{quotation|No Indian ever went outside his own country on a warlike expedition, so righteous were they.<ref>"The Origins of the Europeans: Classical Observations in Culture and Personality", p. 133 by William S. Shelley</ref>}}

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], polymaths [[Al-Biruni]], the founder of [[Indology]], authored the Tarikh Al-Hind (''Researches on India''), which recorded the [[history of India|political]] and [[military history of India]] and covered India's [[Culture of India|cultural]], [[Science and technology in ancient India|scientific]], social and [[Indian Religions|religious]] history in detail.<ref name=Khan>{{cite journal | last1 = Khan | first1 = M. S. | year = 1976 | title = al-Biruni and the Political History of India | journal = Oriens | publisher = Brill | volume = 25/26 | pages = 86–115 | doi=10.2307/1580658 |jstor=1580658}}</ref> Similar writings on India were also found from the work of [[Al-Masudi]].
[[Muslim rule of India]] however mainly took place much later.

[[Al-Masʿūdī]] writes:
<blockquote>All historians who unite maturity of reflexion with depth of research, and who have a clear insight into the history of mankind and its origin, are unanimous in their opinion, that the Hindus have been in the most ancient times that portion of the human race which enjoyed the benefits of peace and wisdom. When men formed themselves into bodies, and assembled into communities, the Hindus exerted themselves to join them with their empire, and to subject their countries, to the end that they might be the rulers. The great men amongst them said, " We are the beginning and end; we are possessed of perfection, pre-eminence, and completion. All that is valuable and important in the life of this world owes its origin to us. Let us not permit that anybody shall resist or oppose us; let us attack any one who dares to draw his sword against us, and his fate will be flight or subjection."<ref>{{cite book | title= Meadows of gold and mines of gems | author= Mas'ûdi Ali-Abu'l-Hassan, ca. 956| page=152 https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl00masrich/page/152/mode/1up}}</ref></blockquote>

===Influence of India on Southeast Asia===
{{anchor | inf | Indianization | Indianisation | Influence }}
{{see also | Indianisation | History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia }}
[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|180px|right|Greater India, the zone of Indian cultural influence including the impact of Indian architecture on the architecture of other nations especially Southeast Asia.]]

With expansion of [[Indosphere]] cultural influence of [[Greater India]],<ref name="Hal1985">{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Hal|title=Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3|page=63}}</ref> through transmission of [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues | author = Guy, John | publisher = Metropolitan Museum of Art | year = 2014 | isbn = 9781588395245| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific | encyclopedia = Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism/The-spread-of-Hinduism-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Pacific}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kapur|author2=Kamlesh|title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465|year=2010|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4910-8|page=465}}</ref> and the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]<ref name="college">{{cite journal |last=Fussman |first=Gérard | title= History of India and Greater India |journal=La Lettre du Collège de France |issue=4 |pages=24–25 |year=2008–2009 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/756 |access-date=20 December 2016|doi=10.4000/lettre-cdf.756 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref> leading to [[Indianization of Southeast Asia]] through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native [[Indianized kingdom]]s<ref>{{citation |first=Pierre-Yves |last=Manguin |chapter=From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia |title=25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO |year=2002 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> which adopted [[Sanskritization|sanskritized language]]<ref name="academia edu">{{citation |last=Lavy |first=Paul | title= As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |pages=21–39 |number=1 |year=2003 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |access-date=23 December 2015|doi=10.1017/S002246340300002X |s2cid=154819912 }}</ref> and other Indian elements<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar 1933-|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref> such as the [[Indian honorifics|honorific titles]], [[Indian_name#Global_Indian_influence_in_names|naming of people]], [[Place_names_in_India#Global_Indian_influence_in_place_name|naming of places]], mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of [[Hindu_temple_architecture#Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India|Indian architecture]], [[Indian martial arts#Influence|martial arts]], [[Music of India#Globalization of Indian music|Indian music and dance]], [[Clothing in India|traditional Indian clothing]], and [[Indian_cuisine#Outside_India|Indian cuisine]], a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of Indian diaspora.<ref name=diasind1>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933–|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref>

==18th and 19th centuries==

The perception of Indian history and culture by Europeans was fluctuating between two extremes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Though the 19th century European writers had seen India as a cradle of civilization, their romantic vision of India was gradually replaced by "[[Indophobia]]", which marginalized Indian history and culture.<ref>[[Thomas Trautmann|Trautmann, Thomas R.]] 1997, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jR_LPnEH3GsC Aryans and British India]. Berkeley: University of California Press., Bryant 2001.</ref>

[[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel|Friedrich Schlegel]] wrote in a letter to Tieck that India was the source of [[Indo-European languages|all languages]], [[Indian philosophy|thoughts]] and [[Indian poetry|poems]], and that "everything" came from India.<ref>Ludwig Tieck und die Brüder Schlegel, Briefe. Edited by Lüdecke. Frankfurt/M. 1930.</ref> In the 18th century, [[Voltaire]] wrote:
<blockquote>I am convinced that everything has come down to us from the banks of the Ganges, – [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Jyotiṣa|astrology]], [[metempsychosis]], etc... It is very important to note that some 2,500 years ago at the least Pythagoras went from Samos to the Ganges to learn geometry...But he would certainly not have undertaken such a strange journey had the reputation of the Indians' science not been long established in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k92269t/f6.image|author=Voltaire|title=Lettres sur l'origine des sciences et sur celle des peuples de l'Asie (first published Paris, 1777)|date=15 December 1775}}</ref></blockquote>

Much of the early enthusiasm for Indian culture can be traced to the influence of [[Sir William Jones]]. Jones was only the second known Englishman to master [[Sanskrit]], after [[Charles Wilkins]]. His insight that the grammar and vocabulary of Sanskrit bore a resemblance to Greek and Latin was a key point in the development of the concept of the [[Indo-European family]] of languages. In February 1786 Jones declared Sanskrit to be 'more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either.' Jones translated into English the drama ''[[The Recognition of Sakuntala]]'' of [[Kalidasa]] and published it in 1789. The Calcutta edition was an immediate success and two London editions followed within three years. Jones also discovered that chess and algebra were of Indian origin. Every branch of Indian studies owed something to his inspiration.<ref>Keay, John, India Discovered, The Recovery of a Lost Civilization, 1981, HarperCollins, London, {{ISBN|0-00-712300-0}}</ref>

An important development during the British Raj period was the influence Hindu traditions began to take on western thought and [[new religious movements]]. [[Goethe]] borrowed from [[Kalidasa]] for the "Vorspiel auf dem Theater" in ''[[Goethe's Faust|Faust]]''. An early champion of Indian-inspired thought in the west was [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], who in the 1850s advocated ethics based on an "Aryan-Vedic theme of spiritual self-conquest" as opposed to the ignorant drive toward earthly utopianism of the superficially this-worldly "Jewish" spirit.<ref>"Fragments for the history of philosophy", [[Parerga and Paralipomena]], Volume I (1851).</ref> At the end of the introduction to the ''[[World as Will and Representation]]'', [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] claimed that the rediscovery of the ancient Indian tradition would be one of the great events in the history of the West.

Goethe and Schopenhauer were riding a crest of scholarly discovery, most notably the work done by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]]. (Goethe likely read Kalidasa's ''[[The Recognition of Sakuntala]]'' in Jones' translation.) However, the discovery of the world of [[Sanskrit literature]] moved beyond German and British scholars and intellectuals—[[Henry David Thoreau]] was a sympathetic reader of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]—and even beyond the [[humanities]].

Scholars like Schlegel also influenced some historians like [[Friedrich Creuzer]], [[Joseph Görres]] and [[Carl Ritter]], who wrote history books that laid more emphasis on India than usual.<ref>Stefan Arvidsson 2006:38 Aryan Idols.</ref>
[[File:Nicolas de Largillière, François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire (vers 1724-1725) -001.jpg|thumb|200px|upright=1.2|[[Voltaire]]]]

Commenting on the sacred texts of the Hindus, the [[Vedas]], [[Voltaire]] observed: <blockquote>The Veda was the most precious gift for which the West had ever been indebted to the East.<ref>"Lectures on the science of language, delivered at the Royal institution of Great Britain in 1861 [and 1863]", by [[Max Muller]], p. 148, originally from Oxford University</ref></blockquote>He regarded Hindus as "a peaceful and innocent people, equally incapable of hurting others or of defending themselves."<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1922 |editor-last=Chatterjee |editor-first=Ramananda |editor-link=Ramananda Chatterjee |title=Review and Notices of Books: Hindu Culture |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2868077;view=1up;seq=199 |journal=[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|The Modern Review]] |volume=32 |page=183}}</ref> Voltaire was himself a supporter of [[animal rights]] and was a vegetarian.<ref>''Pensées végétariennes'', Voltaire, éditions Mille et une nuits.</ref> He used the antiquity of Hinduism to land what he saw as a devastating blow to the Bible's claims and acknowledged that the Hindus' treatment of animals showed a shaming alternative to the immorality of European imperialists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/aug/21/extract|title=Meaty arguments|date=21 August 2006|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

[[Max Muller]] delivered a series of lectures regarding the religion and literature of India. In his fourth lecture, he said:

{{quotation|If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered over the greatest problems of life, and has found solutions of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant, I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself from what literature we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of the Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw the corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, more comprehensive, more universal, in fact more truly human a life... again I should point to India.<ref>"[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20847/20847-h/20847-h.htm#LECTURE_I India, What Can It Teach Us (1882)] Lecture IV"</ref>}}

[[Helena Blavatsky]] moved to India in 1879, and her [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society]], founded in New York in 1875, evolved into a peculiar mixture of western occultism and Hindu mysticism over the last years of her life.
Hinduism-inspired elements in [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]] were also inherited by the spin-off movements of [[Ariosophy]] and [[Anthroposophy]] and ultimately contributed to the renewed [[New Age]] boom of the 1960s to 1980s, the term ''New Age'' itself deriving from Blavatsky's 1888 ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]''.

==20th century==
{{See also|Sanskrit in the West|Ramakrishna's impact|Raga rock}}
The [[Hindu reform movement]]s reached Western audiences in the wake of the sojourn of [[Swami Vivekananda]] to the [[World Parliament of Religions]] in [[Chicago]] in 1893. Vivekananda founded the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], a Hindu missionary organization still active today.

Influential in spreading Hinduism to a western audience were [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] ([[Hare Krishna movement]]), [[Sri Aurobindo]], [[Mata Amritanandamayi]], [[Meher Baba]], [[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)|Osho]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] ([[Transcendental Meditation]]), [[Sathya Sai Baba]], [[Mother Meera]], among others.

[[Swami Prabhavananda]], founder and head of the Vedanta Society of Southern California, remarked that:

{{quotation|Toynbee predicted that at the close of this century, the world would be dominated by the West, but that in the 21st century, India will conquer her conquerors.<ref>The Spiritual Heritage of India: A Clear Summary of Indian Philosophy and Religion(1979)</ref>}}

During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a similar phase of Indomania in the [[Western world]], with a rise of interest in [[Culture of India|Indian culture]]. This was largely associated with the [[hippie]] [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]]; the [[hippie trail]], for example, was a journey that many Westerners undertook to India during this period. The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement [[Hare Krishna in popular culture|gained popularity]] in the 1960s. [[Cinema of India|Indian filmmakers]] such as the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali auteur]] [[Satyajit Ray]] as well as [[Music of Bengal|Bengali musicians]] such as [[Ravi Shankar]] gained increasing exposure in the Western world. [[Music of India|Indian musical]] influence, particularly [[Sitar in popular music|the use of]] the [[sitar]], became evident in [[jazz]] (see [[Indo jazz]]) and [[rock music]], among popular Western artists such as [[The Beatles]] (see [[The Beatles in India]]), [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Led Zeppelin]] and [[Jimi Hendrix]], among others, leading to the development of [[psychedelic music]] genres such as [[raga rock]] and [[psychedelic rock]].

==21st century==
In the 21st century, a notable amount of Indomania has been recorded due to India's improvement related to economic conditions, political changes, activism, etc.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

===Politics===
India is the world's largest democracy. The democratic nature of its politics has led many world leaders to praise Indian politics. [[George W. Bush]] commented: "India is a great example of democracy. It is very devout, has diverse religious heads, but everyone is comfortable about their religion. The world needs India."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/mar/03bush2.htm The world needs India: Bush] 3 March 2006</ref> During the [[Namaste Trump]] rally in February 2020, US President [[Donald Trump]] declared "America loves India. America respects India. And America will always be faithful and loyal friends to the Indian people."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowley |first1=Michael |title='America Loves India,' Trump Declares at Rally With Modi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/world/asia/trump-india.html |access-date=29 June 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Fareed Zakaria]], in his book ''[[The Post-American World]]'', described George W. Bush as "being the most pro-Indian president in American history."<ref>Zakaria, Fareed, The Post-American World, 2008 Cahapter VII, pp. 225-226</ref> In November 2012, Israel's President [[Shimon Peres]] remarked, "I think India is the greatest show of how so many differences in language, in sects can coexist facing great suffering and keeping full freedom."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-04/news/35594466_1_greatest-show-mahatma-gandhi-democracies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229042959/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-04/news/35594466_1_greatest-show-mahatma-gandhi-democracies|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2013|title=Israeli President Shimon Peres praises India as greatest 'show of co-existence' (4 December 2012)}}</ref>

===Education===
Indian languages have been taught in multiple nations, including the [[United States]].<ref>"Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans, Volume 2", p. 998, by Ronald H. Bayor</ref> In 2012, then prime minister of [[Australia]], [[Julia Gillard]] talked about [[Hindi]] and other prominent Asian languages to be taught in Australia.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-to-be-taught-in-australian-schools/article4041318.ece Hindi to be taught in Australian schools], 31 October 2012</ref>

A BBC report in 2012 showed how schools in the [[United Kingdom]] work together with online Indian mathematics tutors to teach students in the classroom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/education-17470518/indian-cyber-tutors-teach-uk-classes|title=Indian cyber tutors teach UK classes|work=BBC News|date=22 March 2012}}</ref>

===Science===
Despite anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan, the Pakistani newspaper ''[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]'' published a report on 7 November 2013, heading "Don't hate, appreciate", in which they praised [[Mars Orbiter Mission|India's Mars Mission]]; the report further noted, "Wars were fought, and martyrs were born. But, it's over. We are not in the race anymore. One of us has been to the moon, and now has their eyes set on Mars to become the first Asian country to reach the milestone."<ref>[http://www.newsyaps.com/pakistani-daily-praises-indias-mars-mission-admits-defeat-in-asian-tiger-race/70208/ Pakistani daily praises India's Mars mission, admits defeat in Asian tiger race] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131228150902/http://www.newsyaps.com/pakistani-daily-praises-indias-mars-mission-admits-defeat-in-asian-tiger-race/70208/ |date=2013-12-28 }} 7 November 2013</ref>

In response to the mission, the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' regarded India as "full of vigour and vitality, boasts obvious advantages and development potential."<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-24831105 China media: India's Mars mission], 6 November 2013</ref>

==By country==
In 2007, a poll conducted by [[GlobeScan]] for [[BBC World Service]] reported that the strongest pro-India sentiments were found in Indonesia, with 72% expressing a favourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=India 'most improved' country: Poll|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/India-most-improved-country-Poll/articleshow/1728864.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

India shares strong cultural, linguistic and historic bonds with [[Bangladesh]]. India supported Bangladesh's independence struggle in 1971, and Bangladeshi opinion is generally favourable to India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2014/jan/08/why-india-should-rethink-its-bangladesh-policy|title=Why India should rethink its Bangladesh policy|publisher=Dhakatribune.com|access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> In 2014, a [[Pew Research Center]] survey found that Israelis were the most pro-Indian sentiments worldwide, with 90% expressing a favourable view of India.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/chapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other/|title=Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America's Image | chapter=4: How Asians View Each Other|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=14 July 2014|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

[[Russia]] is also noted for its strong pro-Indian sentiment. Interest in Indian culture among Russians dates back several centuries. Early Russian travelers and scholars, such as [[Afanasy Nikitin]], documented India in the 15th century, and Indian philosophical traditions attracted Russian thinkers in subsequent eras, fostering early intellectual curiosity toward Indian cultural and spiritual thought.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Moscow (Russia) |url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/india-russia-cultural-relations.php |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=indianembassy-moscow.gov.in}}</ref> During the Cold War, Indian art and movies became popular in the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of an Indo-Soviet Cultural Affair |url=https://jordanrussiacenter.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-an-indo-soviet-cultural-affair |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Jordan Russia Center |language=en}}</ref> Surveys, approximately 85% of Russians report that they support India.<ref>[http://www.downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122232141/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |date=22 January 2015 }} ''[[BBC]]''</ref>

==Gallup Poll 2016==
As per Gallup's survey for Americans' favorite countries, India was polled as the sixth most favorable nation, with 75% having a positive view and 18% negative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1624/perceptions-foreign-countries.aspx|title=Country Ratings|first=Gallup|last=Inc.|date=21 February 2007}}</ref>

==BBC World Service polls==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; float:center; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f99;"|Results of the [[BBC World Service]] polls. Summary views of India's influence
!Year !! Positive %!! Negative %!! Pos-Neg %
|-
| 2007<ref name=bbc2007>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6421597.stm|title=Israel, Iran top 'negative list'|date=6 March 2007|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> || 37 || 26 || +11
|-
| 2008<ref name=bbc2008>{{cite web|url=https://byjoeybaker.com/bbc-poll-world-views-us-more-positively|title=BBC Poll: World views US 'more positively'|first=Joey|last=Baker|website=byjoeybaker.com|date=2 April 2008 }}</ref> || 42 || 28 || +14
|-
| 2009<ref name=bbc2009>{{cite web|url=http://acorn.nationalinterest.in/2009/03/31/why-do-europeans-take-a-dim-view-of-indias-international-role/|title=Why do Europeans take a dim view of India's international role? – The Acorn|website=acorn.nationalinterest.in}}</ref> || 39 || 33 || +6
|-
| 2010 || 36 || 30 || +6
|-
| 2011<ref name=bbc2012 /> || 40 || 28 || +12
|-
| 2012<ref name=bbc2012 >{{cite web|url=https://globescan.com/views-of-europe-slide-sharply-in-global-poll-while-views-of-china-improve/|title=Views of Europe Slide Sharply in Global Poll, While Views of China Improve - GlobeScan|date=10 May 2012}}</ref> || 40 || 27 || +13
|-
| 2013<ref name=bbc2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22624104|title=Germany tops BBC country image poll|work=BBC News|date=23 May 2013}}</ref> || 34 || 35 || -1
|-
| 2014<ref name=bbc2014 /> || 38 || 36 || +2
|-
| 2017<ref name=bbc2017>{{cite web|url=https://globescan.com/tag/bbc-world-service-survey/|title=BBC World Service Survey Archives - GlobeScan|website=GlobeScan|date=10 September 2020 }}</ref> || 37 || 39 || -2
|}
=== BBC poll 2017 ===
<div style="font-size: 90%">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; float:center; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f99;" colspan="2" |Results of 2017 [[BBC World Service]] poll. Views of India's influence by country<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Poll 2017|url=https://globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629130524/https://globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|archive-date=2020-06-29|access-date=2020-06-29}}</ref> Sorted by Pos-Neg
!Country polled !! Positive !! Negative !! Neutral !! Pos-Neg
|-
|{{flagcountry|USA}}
|49
|37
|14
|{{color|green|12}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}|| 1 || 33 || 66 ||{{color|red|-32}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}|| 11 || 62 || 27 ||{{color|red|-51}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}|| 23 || 35 || 42 ||{{color|red|-12}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mexico}}|| 42 || 33 || 25 ||{{color|green|9}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|France}}|| 39 || 53 || 8 ||{{color|red|-14}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|China}}|| 35 || 56 || 9 ||{{color|red|-21}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Canada}}|| 41 || 44 || 15 ||{{color|red|-3}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}|| 49 || 34 || 17 ||{{color|green|15}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|UK}}|| 56 || 38 || 6 ||{{color|green|18}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}|| 23 || 57 || 20 || {{color|red|-34}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}|| 32 || 44 || 24 || {{color|red|-12}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}|| 50 || 18 || 32 || {{color|green|32}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kenya}}|| 48 || 26 || 26 || {{color|green|22}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Russia}}|| 41 || 10 || 49 || {{color|green|31}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}|| 47 || 39 || 14 || {{color|green|8}}
|-
|{{Flagcountry|India}}
|56
|4
|40
|{{color|green|52}}
|-
|{{Flagcountry|Greece}}
|19
|27
|54
| {{color|red|-8}}
|-
|'''Global Average (India excluded)'''
|37
|39
|24
| {{color|red|-2}}
|}
</div>

===BBC poll 2014===
<div style="font-size: 90%">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; float:center; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"|Results of 2014 [[BBC World Service]] poll. Views of India's influence by country<ref name=bbc2014>{{cite web |url=https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |title=BBC World Service poll |publisher=Downloads.bbc.co.uk |date=3 June 2014|access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> Sorted by Pos-Neg
!Country polled !! Positive !! Negative !! Neutral !! Pos-Neg
|-
| {{flagcountry|Germany}} || 16 || 32 || 52 || -16
|-
| {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} || 21 || 58 || 21 || -37
|-
| {{flagcountry|Spain}} || 20 || 50 || 30 || -30
|-
| {{flagcountry|Israel}} || 9 || 34 || 57 || -25
|-
| {{flagcountry|Mexico}} || 26 || 37 || 37 || -11
|-
| {{flagcountry|South Korea}} || 36 || 47 || 17 || -11
|-
| {{flagcountry|France}} || 40 || 49 || 11 || -9
|-
| {{flagcountry|China}} || 27 || 35 || 38 || -8
|-
| {{flagcountry|Canada}} || 38 || 46 || 16 || -8
|-
| {{flagcountry|Peru}} || 26 || 31 || 43 || -5
|-
| {{flagcountry|Australia}} || 44 || 46 || 10 || -2
|-
| {{flagcountry|UK}} || 45 || 46 || 9 || -1
|-
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || 41 || 36 || 23 || 5
|-
| {{flagcountry|Turkey}} || 35 || 29 || 36 || 6
|-
| {{flagcountry|Chile}} || 35 || 21 || 44 || 14
|-
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} || 47 || 24 || 29 || 23
|-
| {{flagcountry|Japan}} || 34 || 9 || 57 || 25
|-
| {{flagcountry|Kenya}} || 53 || 23 || 24 || 30
|-
| {{flagcountry|Ghana}} || 53 || 22 || 25 || 31
|-
| {{flagcountry|Russia}} || 45 || 9 || 46 || 36
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} || 64 || 22 || 14 || 42
|}
</div>

===BBC poll 2007===
The international polling firm GlobeScan, which was commissioned by the BBC World Service to conduct the survey.
<div style="font-size: 90%">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px black; float:center; margin-left:1em;"
|+ style="background:#f99;" colspan="2"|Results of 2007 [[BBC World Service]] poll. Views of India's influence by country<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/India-most-improved-country-Poll/articleshow/1728864.cms |title=India 'most improved' country: Poll|publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=3 June 2007|access-date=2015-04-06}}</ref> Sorted by Pos-Neg
!Country polled !! Positive !! Negative !! Neutral !! Pos-Neg
|-
| {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} ||61 || 39 ||- || +22
|-
| {{flagcountry|Canada}} || 59|| 30|| 11|| +29
|-
| {{flagcountry|France}} || 40|| 30|| 11|| +10
|-
| {{flagcountry|Germany}} || 39|| 30|| 11|| +9
|-
| {{flagcountry|UK}} || 47|| 50 || 30 || -3
|-
| {{flagcountry|Russia}} || 26 || 37 || 37 || -11
|-
| {{flagcountry|Nigeria}} || 36 || 47 || 17 || -11
|-
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}} || 40 || 49 || 11 || -9
|-
| {{flagcountry|Portugal }} || 27 || 35 || 38 || -8
|-
| {{flagcountry|Hungary}} || 38 || 46 || 16 || -8
|}
</div>

==See also==

* [[Indianisation]]
* [[Indology]]
* [[Bibliography of India]]
* [[Neo-Vedanta]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Spirituality]]
* [[Western esotericism and Eastern religions]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Meenakshi Jain, The India They Saw (co-edited with Sandhya Jain, 4 Volumes, [[Prabhat Prakashan]]), {{ISBN|8184301065}}, {{ISBN|8184301073}}, {{ISBN|8184301081}}, {{ISBN|818430109X}}
*R.C. Majumdar. Classical accounts of India
{{Cultural appreciation}}

{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]

Exercise Vayushakti

2026-03-21T15:14:50Z

Flightsvilla: Added Info...

{{Short description|Firepower Demonstration Exercise of Indian Air Force}}

'''Exercise Vayushakti''' ({{Lit|Air Power}}) is a [[military exercise]] conducted by the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) to showcase how it can dominate the skies and support ground operations in a simulated wartime environment. Exercise Vayushakti involves fighter jets, helicopters and transport planes to demonstrate air defence capabilities of IAF typically held at [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="SG22022026">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Nisha |title=IAF to Display Future War-Fighting Capabilities with Rafale, Sukhoi and Tejas at Vayushakti-26 |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/india/iaf-to-display-future-war-fighting-capabilities-with-rafale-sukhoi-and-tejas-at-vayushakti-26-171789/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Sunday Guardian |date=22 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The exercise traces its origins back to the early 1950s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vayu Shakti 2024:Which fighter jets will take part in IAF's exercise ? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vayu-shakti-2024-which-fighter-jets-will-take-part-in-iafs-exercise-101706860749163.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The term is combination of two words, "[[Vayu]]" meaning Air (or Wind) and "[[Shakti]]" which means Power (or Strength).

== 2010 ==
The 2010 edition of the exercise was conducted on 28 February at the Chandan Fire Range, [[Pokhran]]. The exercise was conducted for two hours throughout the day, dusk, and night, showcasing the fire power and "[[blitzkrieg]]" capabilities of the Air Force in the presence of the then [[President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil]], and the then [[Defence Minister of India]], [[A. K. Antony]]. A total of 106 IAF aircraft took part in the exercise including frontline combat aircraft like [[Su-30MKI]], [[Mirage 2000]], [[MiG-27]] and [[MiG-29]]. [[Surya Kiran]] and [[Sarang display team]] displayed their [[aerobatics]] to their spectators. Other aircraft in the exercise included [[Mi-35]] attack helicopter, [[Mi-17]] medium-lift helicopter, [[Il-76]] heavy lift and [[An-32]] medium lift transport aircraft as well as an [[Beriev A-50#A-50EI|A-50EI]] AWACS. This edition was the debut for an AWACS. While around 70 of the aircraft took active part in the exercise, the rest of the aircraft were kept on reserve. As for the Fire Power Demonstration (FPD), the targets included mock radar sites, tanks, marshalling yards, terrorist camps, runways, BMP infantry fighting vehicles, blast pens and convoys among others. The [[Garud Commando Force]] of the Air Force were also [[paradropped]] as part of a drill to neutralise a [[terrorist camp]]. Other [[Indian Special Forces]] including Army's [[Para SF]] and [[MARCOS]] were also part of the exercise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-28 |title=IAF carries out fire power exercise using frontline aircraft |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iaf-carries-out-fire-power-exercise-using-frontline-aircraft-411725 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611030457/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iaf-carries-out-fire-power-exercise-using-frontline-aircraft-411725 |archive-date=2017-06-11 |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-03-03 |title=Vayu Shakti 2010 Exercise |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/vayu-shakti-2010-exercise-43.39 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616210308/https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/vayu-shakti-2010-exercise-43.39 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== 2019 ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2026}}

== 2024 ==
The 2024 edition began on 17 February at the [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Field Firing Range]] with the theme "''Navsah Vajra Praharam''" (Lightning Strike from the Sky).<ref name="FE17022024">{{cite news |title=Vayu-Shakti 2024: Indian Air Force All Set to Showcase Combat Power |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-vayu-shakti-2024-indian-air-force-all-set-to-showcase-combat-power-3397101/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Financial Express |date=17 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]], presided as the chief guest<ref name="IT17022024">{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=Over 120 Air Force aircraft showcase combat capabilities in Pokhran |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-force-aircraft-showcase-combat-capabilities-vayu-shakti-pokhran-2503578-2024-02-17 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=India Today |date=17 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> witnessing a large-scale firepower demonstration involving more than 120 aircraft that demonstrated the IAF's day-night offensive capabilities. The combat fleet featured 77 jets including the Su-30 MKI, MiG-29, Mirage-2000, Tejas (LCA), and Hawk advanced jet trainers along with 41 helicopters and five transport aircraft.<ref name="TP020224">{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Smruti |title=IAF's Vayu Shakti 2024 to showcase many firsts, line-up includes debut of Rafale & India-made Prachanda |url=https://theprint.in/defence/iafs-vayu-shakti-2024-to-showcase-many-firsts-line-up-includes-debut-of-rafale-india-made-prachanda/1950865/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=ThePrint |date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

The event saw the debut of the IAF's [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale fighter jet]], Prachanda LCH and the [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache attack helicopter]]. Indian Army [[HAL Rudra|Rudra helicopters]] also participated.<ref name="IT02022024">{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |title=IAF Vayu Shakti 2024: Rafale fighter jets, attack choppers to participate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-fighter-jets-attack-choppers-participate-iaf-vayu-shakti-2024-exercise-2496715-2024-02-02 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=India Today |date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Photo of the day: Vayu Shakti 2024 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/photo-of-the-day/photo-of-the-day-vayu-shakti-2024/91457/1 |access-date=28 February 2026 |date=15 February 2024}}</ref> A significant milestone of the 2024 exercise was the inaugural participation of IAF [[CH-47 Chinook]] which demonstrated rapid tactical deployment by airlifting the Indian Army's [[M777 howitzer|M-777 Ultra-Light Howitzers]].<ref name="DH17022024">{{cite news |title=Ex-Vayu Shakti 2024: IAF displays firepower with Rafale, LCH Prachand among 120 aircraft |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ex-vayu-shakti-2024-iaf-displays-firepower-with-rafale-lch-prachand-among-120-aircraft-2899333 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== 2026 ==

Centered on the theme "''Achook, Abhedya aur Sateek''" (Accurate, Invincible, and Precise), the exercise was held on 27 February at the IAF's [[Pokhran]] Field Firing Range near [[Jaisalmer]] in [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="FE27022026">{{cite news |title=Vayushakti-26: Full-spectrum air power on display as IAF validates combat readiness in drill |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/vayushakti-26-full-spectrum-air-power-on-display-as-iaf-validates-combat-readiness-in-drill/4156078/ |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Financial Express |date=27 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Fighter jets such as [[bae Hawk|Hawk]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[MiG-29]], [[Mirage 2000|Mirage-2000]], [[Rafale]] and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30 MKI]] participated<ref name="HT280226">{{cite news |title=IAF shows its prowess during Vayushakti-26 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iafshows-its-prowess-during-vayushakti26-101772216391264.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> however indigenously developed [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]] missed the drill due to grounding after a recent technical incident.<ref name="TW28022026">{{cite news |title=LCA Tejas Mk-1 may sit out IAF's firepower drill 'Exercise Vayushakti-26' on Friday |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2026/02/25/lca-tejas-mk-1-may-sit-out-iafs-firepower-drill-exercise-vayushakti-26-on-friday.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Week |date=25 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Transport and airlift planes like [[C-17]], [[C-130J]] and [[C-295]] along with Helicopters such as ALH [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]], LCH [[HAL Prachand|Prachand]] and [[Mi-17]] also participated to highlight air defence operations including offensive air strikes and special forces missions along with humanitarian and disaster response capabilities of IAF.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Air Force conducts Exercise 'Vayushakti-26' at Pokhran Range, Jaisalmer |date=2026-02-27 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2233778&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-28}}</ref><ref name="HT280226" /><ref>{{cite news |title=IN PHOTOS: Indian Air Force's rehearsal in Pokharan for Vayushakti exercise |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/photo/in-photos-indian-air-forces-rehearsal-in-pokharan-for-vayushakti-exercise-109826 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Mid-day |date=25 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The edition included the participation of 77 fighter aircraft, 43 helicopters and eight transport aircraft as well as 12,000 kg of explosives were deployed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-22 |title=From Rafale to Tejas: IAF gears up for full-spectrum air power display at Vayushakti-26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/from-rafale-to-tejas-iaf-gears-up-for-full-spectrum-air-power-display-at-vayushakti-26/articleshow/128672411.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17717720694563&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/from-rafale-to-tejas-iaf-gears-up-for-full-spectrum-air-power-display-at-vayushakti-26/articleshow/128672411.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Over 130 aircraft were mobilized for the drill which also featured advanced weapon systems [[Akash (missile)|Akash]], Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems (CUAS), Short Range Loitering Munitions (SRLM), and SpyDer performing missions across day, dusk, and night. [[Indian Army]]'s [[Bofors L70]] also took part.'''<ref name=":0" />'''<ref name="FE27022026" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Air Force's Exercise Vayushakti-26: A case study in India's combat readiness and integrated warfare |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2026/02/28/indian-air-forces-exercise-vayushakti-26-a-case-study-in-indias-combat-readiness-and-integrated-warfare.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

With guests from over 40 nations in attendance, the event marked two historic milestones: the debut of women pilots in the exercise and chief guest [[President of India|President]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] flying a sortie in the indigenously developed [[HAL Prachand]]. [[Para SF]] and [[Garud Commando Force]] were also part of the exercise.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="FP27022026">{{cite news |title=Exercise Vayu Shakti 2026: IAF to showcase live weapons, frontline fighters near Pak border |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/exercise-vayushakti-iaf-to-showcase-live-weapons-frontline-fighters-near-pak-border-13976387.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of exercises of the Indian Air Force]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[Iron Fist (exercise)]]
* [[Exercise Garuda]]
* [[Exercise Tarang Shakti]]
* [[Cope India]]
* [[Exercise Aakraman]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Indian military exercises]]
[[Category:Military aviation exercises]]

List of lieutenant governors of Eastern Bengal and Assam

2026-03-21T07:41:48Z

Flightsvilla: made first article v1...

{{short description|none}}
This is a list of holders of the
office of '''Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam'''. The office of the Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam happened in 1905 due to the creation of the province from the eastern portion of [[Bengal Presidency]] and the [[Assam Province]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Eastern Bengal and Assam}}</ref> The [[Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam]] existed alongside the Bengal Presidency until it was merged back into the Bengal Presidency and the Assam Province in 1912.<ref>{{cite book|quote=[25th June, 1912] WHEREAS His Majesty has been pleased to appoint a Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal as delimited by a Proclamation made by the Governor - General in Council, and dated the twenty second day of ...|page=51|title=Appendix to the Journal of the House of the Representatives}}</ref>

== List of lieutenant-governors ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Appointer
|-
|1
|[[Bampfylde Fuller|Sir Bampfylde Fuller]]
|
|16 October 1905
|20 August 1906
|[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|The Lord Curzon of Kedleston]]
|-
|2
|[[Lancelot Hare]]
|[[File:Lancelot Hare.jpg|frameless|110x110px]]
|20 August 1906
|1911
|[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|The Earl of Minto]]
|-
|3
|[[Charles Stuart Bayley|Sir Charles Stuart Bayley]]
|
|1911
|21 March 1912
|[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[List of governors of Bengal Presidency]]

[[Category:Colonial Bengal]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

Vavar

2026-03-11T03:20:27Z

Flightsvilla: small updated details for accuracy further and added references

{{short description|Legendary figure from Kerala}}
'''Vavar''' ({{IPA|ml|ʋaːʋər}}), known reverently as '''Vavarswami''', is a legendary figure from [[Kerala]]. He is traditionally believed to be a Muslim companion of the Hindu deity [[Ayyappan]]. Various legends describe Vavar’s origins, alternatively identifying him as an Arab sea raider, a revered Muslim mystic, a Syrian immigrant, or a warrior from the Pandya kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vavarambalam in Erumeli {{!}} Vavar Mosque {{!}} Sabarimala {{!}} Kottayam {{!}} Lord Ayyappa {{!}} Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/erumeli-vavar-mosque/213/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref>

The story of Vavar's association with Ayyappan is a significant aspect of the region's spiritual history. A shrine dedicated to Vavar is located at [[Sabarimala]], one of the most prominent pilgrimage sites in Kerala. Additionally, a mosque dedicated to Vavar is situated in [[Erumely]], opposite an Ayyappan temple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=KP Narayana |date=2015-12-27 |title=Before arriving at Sabarimala temple in Kerala, devotees visit a mosque |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/before-arriving-at-sabarimala-temple-in-kerala-devotees-visit-a-mosque/articleshow/50334905.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0013-0389}} </ref>

==Legend==
There are many legends about Vavar and his association with Ayyappan. Vavar was a [[Rowther|Hanafi Rowther]]. Vavar and his family migrated to the [[Pathanamthitta district]] area. The family later resorted to pirate activities to make a living. When Ayyappan defeated Vavar and his pirates, Vavar was impressed by the youth's valour and became the messenger of Lord Ayyappa and helped him in the wars in the mountainous region. As time passed, Vavar too became an ardent devotee of Ayyappa just like Kaduthaswami, and came to be known as Vavarswami. The old sword on the wall of the Vavar mosque symbolises the eminence of Vavar as a great warrior. It is believed that Lord Ayyappa himself instructed the King of the Pandya dynasty to build a mosque for Vavar at Erumely in Kottayam District. The Sabarimala shrine is about 50 km away, deep in the forest in [[Pathanamthitta district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/before-arriving-at-sabarimala-temple-in-kerala-devotees-visit-a-mosque/articleshow/50334905.cms|title = Before arriving at Sabarimala temple in Kerala, devotees visit a mosque|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Kumar|first1 = KP Narayana}}</ref>

In another variation, when Ayyappan was looking for tiger milk, he encountered Vavar and became friends. Later, Vavar joined along with him to carry out his mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ayyappa And Vavar : മതമൈത്രിയുടെ പ്രതീകമായി സന്നിധാനത്തെ വാവര് നട; പ്രസാദമായി നൽകുന്നത് പഞ്ചകകൂട്ട്; ഐതീഹ്യം ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/pathanamthitta/story-of-friendship-between-sabarimala-ayyappa-and-vavar/articleshow/95621795.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

In another variation, Vavar is a Muslim saint who came to the region to spread Islam. He joined forces with Ayyappan to defeat the outlaws.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A God, A Pirate and the Birth of a New Urban Religion in the Deccan |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-god-a-pirate-and-the-birth-of-a-new-urban-religion-in-the-deccan |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

In another variation, Vavar belonged to [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Desam]] near Madurai and his family reportedly fled to the Travancore region to escape an assault by a Pandyan minister, where they subsequently met and befriended Ayyappan.<ref name=":0" />

It is also believed that Vavar was born in [[Vaipur]] and the name of the village is derived from Vavar's ''oor''( malayalam for village/place).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ayyappa And Vavar : മതമൈത്രിയുടെ പ്രതീകമായി സന്നിധാനത്തെ വാവര് നട; പ്രസാദമായി നൽകുന്നത് പഞ്ചകകൂട്ട്; ഐതീഹ്യം ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/pathanamthitta/story-of-friendship-between-sabarimala-ayyappa-and-vavar/articleshow/95621795.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

In 1950, Sabarimala ''thanthri'' Kantararu Shankararu testified before the Kerala High Court that Vavar was a Muslim, born to Pathumma and Seythali. He emphasized that his shrine at Erumely adheres to Islamic tradition by containing no idols.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fb |last2=Tw |last3=Linkdin |last4=Whatsapp |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |title=Firebrand Hindu leader airs doubt on Vavar Swami's Muslim roots |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/sasikala-on-vavar-swami |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref>

==Vavar Palli and Vavarnada==
[[File:Vavarunada sabarimala.jpg|thumb|Vavarunada in Sabarimala]]
The Vavar Palli, also called the Erumeli Nainar Juma Masjid is dedicated to him. It is the place where Vavar is believed to have died. The shrine takecarers of the Vavar mosque are the Vettiplackal family, the descendants of Vavaruswamy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Abhish K. |date=2016-12-03 |title=Vavar mosque heralds harmony {{!}} Vavar mosque heralds harmony |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031216/vavar-mosque-heralds-harmony.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

Vavarnada is a shrine dedicated to Vavar in [[Sabarimala]] next to the main temple. As per Islamic teachings there is no idol, but just a carved stone slab symbolises the deity of Vavar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title=Embracing Harmony: Sabarimala's Unique Tradition of Praying at the Mosque of Vavar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/embracing-harmony-sabarimalas-unique-tradition-of-praying-at-the-mosque-of-vavar/photostory/105772988.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A green coloured silk cloth is hung across one of the three walls. The fourth side is open. An old sword is also kept near the wall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CK |first=Faisal |date=2018-11-20 |title=Sabarimala epitomises confluence of various faiths in India |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/sabarimala-epitomises-confluence-of-various-faiths-in-india |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> The main prasadam from the shrine consists of black pepper and rock sugar. These same items are given as offerings to Vavar as well. The prasadam is distributed in memory of Vavar, who is believed to have been a Siddha healer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അയ്യപ്പന് അരവണ; വാവരുസ്വാമിയുടെ പ്രസാദം എന്തെന്നറിയുമോ? |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/do-you-know-what-the-prasadam-of-vavar-swami-in-sabarimala/articleshow/125716297.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ayyanar]]
*[[Sabarimala]]
*[[Maalikapurathamma]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]

Indian passport

2026-03-10T19:54:42Z

Flightsvilla: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Passport of the Republic of India issued to Indian citizens}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox identity document|name=Indian Passport|cost=Adult (36 pages): [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,500<ref name="India pasSport fee">{{cite web|url=http://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/onlineHtml/feeDocument.html|title=Fee Structure : Document Advisor – Passport Seva|website=passportindia.gov.in|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323000042/http://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/onlineHtml/feeDocument.html|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Adult (60 pages): [[Indian rupee|₹]]2,000<ref name="India pasSport fee" /> Minor (36 pages): [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,000<ref name="India pasSport fee" /> 
''Note: If the application for renewal of passport is made under the Tatkaal (expedited processing), the additional Tatkaal fee of [[Indian rupee|₹]]2,000 is to be paid in addition to the regular application fee.''<ref name="India pasSport fee" />|date_first_issued=1920 (''first version'') 2019 (''Series 2019 [[Machine Readable Passport]]'') 2025 (''[[Biometric Passport]]'')|document_name=Indian passport|document_type=[[Passport]]|eligibility={{flagdeco|India}} [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizenship]]|expiration=10 years (Adult) 5 years (Minor)|image=Indian_Passport_(e-Passport,_2024).svg|image_caption=The front cover of an Indian Passport (2025)|purpose=Identification|using_jurisdiction={{flagdeco|India}} [[List of Passport Offices in India|Indian Passport Office]] ([[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]])|image2=File:Indianpassportbiopage2025.jpg|caption2=Identity Information Page of a Indian [[biometric passport]] [[Image:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]}}

An '''Indian passport''' is a [[passport]] issued by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of the [[Republic of India]] to [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizens]] for the purpose of international travel. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as proof of [[Indian nationality law|the Republic of India citizenship]] as per the [[Passports Act]] (1967). The Passport Seva (Passport Service) unit of the Consular, Passport & Visa (CPV) Division of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] functions as the issuing authority and is responsible for issuing Indian passports on application to all eligible Indian citizens. Indian passports are issued at [[List of Passport Offices in India|97 passport offices]] located across India and at [[List of diplomatic missions of India|197 Indian diplomatic missions]] abroad.<ref name="NPIndia">{{Cite web|title= MEA CPV Division|work= CPV|url= http://passport.gov.in/|access-date= 18 February 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409203408/http://www.passport.gov.in/|archive-date= 9 April 2008|url-status= live}}</ref>

Previously, passports were not popular among the masses due to a time-consuming and complicated process and limited access to the passport facilitation centres located only in major cities. With the expansion of centres and technological improvements, accompanied by increased outsourcing of professionals and an expanding middle-class, the percentage is expected to go up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-24 |title=Only 5.5 per cent of India's population have passports: report - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/passport-seva-project-passport-seva-kendra-mea-data-passports-85474-2017-07-24 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

As of 31 December 2023, 6.5 per cent of Indian citizens possessed a valid passport, with [[Kerala]] having the highest number of passport holders of all Indian states.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/7-2-of-indians-own-passports-number-set-to-cross-10-crore-soon/articleshow/96326226.cms | title=7.2% of Indians own passports, number set to cross 10 crore soon | India News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=19 December 2022 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|British Indian passport}}

=== British Indian Empire ===
[[British Indian passport]]s were issued to [[British subjects]] of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]], as well as to British subjects from other parts of the [[British Empire]], and subjects of the [[British protected state]]s in India (i.e. [[British protected person]]s of the '[[princely states]]').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasofbritempire.com/Dominions.html|title=Dominions 1931–1947|work=Historical Atlas of the British Empire|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085510/http://www.atlasofbritempire.com/Dominions.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> These passports were introduced in [[British India]] after the [[First World War]].<ref>[http://www.mumbaispace.com/passport/indian-passport.htm MumbaiSpace Indian Passport History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006112024/http://www.mumbaispace.com/passport/indian-passport.htm |date=6 October 2010 }}</ref> The ''Indian Passport Act of 1920'' required the use of passports, established controls on the foreign travel of Indians, and foreigners travelling to and within India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b54d18.html |title=Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 (No. 34 of 1920) |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007124726/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b54d18.html |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The passport was based on the format agreed upon by the 1920 [[League of Nations]] International Conference on Passports.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ips.gov.uk/passport/about-history-modern.asp |title=History of Passports |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415071658/http://www.ips.gov.uk/passport/about-history-modern.asp |archive-date=15 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the British Indian passport had very limited usage, being valid for travel only within the British Empire, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, Spain, Norway, Sweden and Holland.<ref name="V">{{cite book|title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia |author=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar|publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=162 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-231-13846-8}}</ref>

===Dominion of India===
The use of the passport was discontinued after the establishment of the [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in 1947, and its bearers were entitled to opt for [[Indian nationality law|Indian]], [[Pakistani nationality law|Pakistani]] or [[British nationality]].

Passport laws were made strict in both the countries in 1952. Initially, Indian passports were granted only to "respectable" people. A literacy test was required, and passports were denied to [[Communist Party of India]] members.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-62318476 | title=When Delhi and London colluded to deny passports to Indians | work=BBC News | date=2 August 2022 }}</ref> Only in 1967 did the Supreme Court rule that every citizen had the right to a passport.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1747577/ | title=Satwant Singh Sawhney vs D. Ramarathnam, Assistant ... on 10 April, 1967| date=1967-04-10}}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
Following the end of British rule, the [[Government of India]] began issuing national passports to its citizens, replacing British Indian travel documents. Early post-independence passports were simple paper booklets, often handwritten or typewritten, bearing the [[State Emblem of India]] and inscriptions in Hindi and English.

A statutory framework for passport issuance was established with the enactment of the Passports Act, 1967, which consolidated the central government's authority over the issuance, refusal, impounding, and revocation of passports. The Act remains the primary legislation governing passports in India. During the 1970s and 1980s, Indian passports were gradually standardized in format and printing. Security features such as lamination of the biographical data page were introduced to reduce tampering and forgery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=50 Years |url=https://indianembassyqatar.gov.in/users/assets/pdf/press/press__2071957166.pdf |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=indianembassyqatar.gov.in}}</ref>

In the 1990s, India adopted [[Machine-readable passport|Machine Readable Passports]] (MRPs) in accordance with standards established by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO). These passports incorporated a machine-readable zone (MRZ) on the identity page, enabling automated scanning at immigration checkpoints and improving border control efficiency. The introduction of MRPs aligned India with global civil aviation norms and facilitated international travel for Indian citizens.<ref name=":0" />

Select passport offices in India, as well as overseas missions, were authorised to issue regular ''India-Bangladesh Passport'' to Indian nationals resident in [[West Bengal]] and the [[Northeast India|North-Eastern States]]; ''India-Sri Lanka Passport'' to Indian nationals resident in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]; and the ''India-Pakistan Passport'' to Indian nationals whose ancestral homes lay on the other side of the [[Radcliffe Line]]. These three passports respectively permitted travel to [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]] only and were not valid for travel to other foreign countries. Both India and Bangladesh stopped issuing the India-Bangladesh Passport in 2013 due to changes in [[ICAO]] regulations.<ref name="ibscrap">{{cite news |title=41-year-old India-Bangladesh passport regime ends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/41-year-old-India-Bangladesh-passport-regime-ends/articleshow/26714666.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006170318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/41-year-old-India-Bangladesh-passport-regime-ends/articleshow/26714666.cms |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BDnews">{{cite news |author1=Nurul Islam Hasib |title=Indo-Bangla special passport to go |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/11/13/indo-bangla-special-passport-to-go |work=BdNews24.com |date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114001327/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/11/13/indo-bangla-special-passport-to-go |archive-date=14 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

During the 2010s and early 2020s, additional security features were incorporated into Indian passports, including holographic images, ultraviolet-visible elements, microprinting, and improved security paper.

In April 2024, The Union Government finally started the test rollout of [[Biometric passport|biometric passports]] to ordinary citizens. It started with the testing of the project at Regional Passport Offices (RPO) in [[Nagpur]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Jammu]], [[Goa]], [[Shimla]], [[Raipur]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jaipur]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Surat]], and [[Ranchi]]. In Tamil Nadu, the Regional Passport Office in Chennai started issuing e-passports on March 3, 2025. As of March 22, 2025, over 20,700 e-passports had been issued, receiving overall positive response. Since September 4th 2025, all Ordinary Passports issued have been ePassports from all Regional Passport Offices of India as well at Indian Embassies and Consulate worldwide due to the global launch of PSP 2.0. In 2025, India finished the phased rollout of [[Biometric passport|biometric passports]]

==Types==
[[File:Indian Passport (e-Passport, 2024).svg|left|thumb|284x284px|Cover of a ordinary passport.]]
{{color box|#001a34|border=silver}} '''Ordinary Passport''' (Navy Blue) is issued to ordinary citizens for private travel, such as for vacation, study and business trips (36 or 60 pages). It is a "Type PP" passport, where ''P'' stands for ''Personal''. Since 2025, all Ordinary Passports issued have been ePassports, with an embedded electronic [[microprocessor]] chip into the passport from all Regional Passport Offices of India as well at Indian Embassies and Consulate worldwide.
[[File:Indian Official Passport.svg|thumb|284x284px|Cover of an Official Passport]]
{{color box|white|border=silver}} '''Official Passport''' (White cover) is issued to individuals representing the Government of India on official business, including members of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] stationed abroad. It is a "Type S" passport, ''S'' stands for ''Service''. Since 2021, all Official Passports issued have been ePassports, with a data chip embedded into the document.
[[File:Indian Diplomatic Passport.svg|thumb|284x284px|Cover of a Diplomatic Passport]]
{{color box|maroon|border=silver}} '''Diplomatic Passport''' (Maroon cover) is issued to [[Indian Foreign Service|Indian diplomats]], [[Member of parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]], [[Union Council of Ministers|members of the Union Council of Ministers]], certain high-ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers, as well as their dependants. Upon request, it may also be issued to high-ranking state-level officials travelling on official business. It is a "Type D" passport, with ''D'' standing for ''Diplomatic''. Since 2008, all Diplomatic Passports have been ePassports, with a data chip embedded into the document. Visa requirements normally applied to Indian citizens are waived for Diplomatic Passport holders.

===Tatkaal and SVP===
''Tatkaal'' Passports (for urgent needs),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tatkaal passports|title=Tatkaal passports|url=http://www.passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/online/faqTatkaalPassports|website=www.passportindia.gov.in|publisher=CPV, Government of India|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422135656/http://www.passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/online/faqTatkaalPassports|archive-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and Short Validity Passport (SVP)<ref>{{cite web|title=Passport Seva Miscellaneous Queries|url=http://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/online/faqMiscellaneous|website=passportindia.gov.in|publisher=CPV, Government of India|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507144312/http://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/online/faqMiscellaneous|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> are also available and these are likely considered ''Ordinary Passports'' once issued.

==Physical appearance==

Early passports dating back to the British Empire were handwritten; in addition, more than a hundred thousand handwritten passports were issued between 1997 and 2000 with 20-year validity dates. These passports have been ruled invalid by the Indian government and holders must replace them with machine-readable versions with validity for 10 years due to [[ICAO]] regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/invalid-but-over-a-lakh-indian-handwritten-passports-still-in-circulation/story-CL9WfD5z1nOi8idmpSRptM.html |title=Invalid, but over a lakh Indian handwritten passports still in circulation |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=30 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230130543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/invalid-but-over-a-lakh-indian-handwritten-passports-still-in-circulation/story-CL9WfD5z1nOi8idmpSRptM.html |archive-date=30 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Versions prior to 2021 had deep bluish cover with golden coloured printing. The [[Emblem of India]] emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words '''भारत गणराज्य''' in [[Devanagari]] and '''REPUBLIC OF INDIA''' were inscribed below the Emblem whereas '''पासपोर्ट''' in [[Devanagari]] and '''PASSPORT''' in English were inscribed above the emblem.

The latest version of 2021 has the official name of the country and "Passport" engravings' positions changed mutually. The passport has the passport number perforated. The pages have been re-designed.

The standard passport contains 36 pages, but frequent travellers can opt for a passport containing 60 pages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://services.vfsglobal.com/usa/en/ind/apply-passport|title = | vfsglobal - vfsglobal}}</ref>
[[File:Indianpassportbiopage2025.jpg|thumb|Biographic Page of Indian Passport]]

===Identity Information Page===
* The Bio data page contains the following information:
** Type: '''P'''- Stands for "'''Personal'''", if it's a '''Diplomatic''' or '''Service''' passport then it listed as "'''D'''" or "'''S'''"
** Code: (listed as '''IND''' for "[[India]]")
** Nationality: '''[[Indian people|भारतीय / INDIAN]]'''
** Passport number
** Surname
** Given name(s)
** Date of birth
** Sex
** Place of birth
** Place of issue
** Date of issue
** Date of expiry
** Photo of passport holder
** Ghost picture of the passport holder (only passports issued since 2013)
** Signature of the passport holder
**The information page ends with the [[machine-readable passport|Machine Readable Passport]] Zone (MRZ).
[[File:Indianpassportbackpage2025.jpg|thumb|Demographic Page of Indian Passport]]

=== Demographic Page ===

* Name of Father/Legal Guardian
* Name of Mother
* Name of Spouse
* Address
* Old passport no. with date and place of issue
* File number

==Passport note==
All passports contain a note in Hindi and English, nominally from the [[President of India]], addressing the authorities of all countries and territories:

{{cquote|{{lang|hi|इसके द्वारा, भारत गणराज्य के राष्ट्रपति के नाम पर, उन सब से जिनका इस बात से सरोकार हो, यह प्रार्थना एवं अपेक्षा की जाती है कि वे वाहक को बिना रोक-टोक, स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक आने-जाने दें, और उसे हर प्रकार की ऐसी सहायता और सुरक्षा प्रदान करें जिसकी उसे आवश्यकता हो ।

भारत गणराज्य के राष्ट्रपति के आदेश से}}}}

{{cquote|These are to request and require in the Name of the President of the Republic of India all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford him or her, every assistance and protection of which he or she may stand in need.

::By order of the President of the Republic of India
}}

The note bearing page is typically stamped and signed by the issuing authority ([[List of passport offices in India|Passport Office]]) in the name of the [[President of India]].

===Languages===
The text of Indian Passport is printed in [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]], the two official languages of India. (As per article 343 of the [[Indian Constitution]]).

===Emigration check===
[[File:Warning inside Ankit Love's 2006 Republic of Inda passport.jpg|thumb|A page in the Indian passport (issued before 2007) with Emigration check note. In passports issued after 2007, a blank first page means Emigration Check Not Required status.]]

Holders of '''Emigration Check Required (ECR)''' type passports need a clearance called an Emigration Check from the Government of India's Protector of Emigrants when going to selected countries on a work visa. This is to prevent the exploitation of Indian workers (especially the unskilled and less-educated) when going abroad, particularly to Middle Eastern countries. ECR type passport holders travelling on a tourist visa do not need a clearance; this is known as an Emigration Check Suspension.

'''Emigration Check Not Required (ECNR)''' status passports are granted to:
* Indian nationals born abroad;
* Indian nationals holding at least a [[Secondary School Certificate|matriculation certificate]];
* All holders of diplomatic or official passports.
* All gazetted government servants;
* All [[Income tax in India|income-tax payers]] (including agricultural income-tax payers) in their individual capacity;
* All graduate and professional degree holders (such as architects, doctors, engineers, chartered accountants, scientists, lawyers, etc.);
* Spouses and dependent children of category of certain holders of ECNR passports;
* Seamen in possession of a [[Continuous Discharge Certificate|continuous discharge certificate]];
* Sea Cadets and Deck Cadets who have:
** Passed their final examination on a three-year BSc Nautical Sciences Course at [[Training Ship Chanakya|TS Chanakya]], Mumbai; and
** Undergone three months' pre-sea training at any of the government-approved training institutes such as TS Chanakya, TS Jawahar, TS Rehman, Maritime Training Institute ([[Shipping Corporation of India|SCI]]), or [[National Institute of Personnel Management]], Chennai, after production of identity cards issued by the Shipping Master at [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], or [[Chennai]];
* Persons holding a Permanent Immigration Visa, such as visas issued by the UK, USA, or Australia;
* Persons possessing a two years' diploma from any institute recognized by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) or the State Council of Vocational Training (SCVT), or persons holding a three years' diploma or equivalent degree from an institution such as a polytechnic recognized by the [[Union government of India|union]] or a [[State governments of India|state government]];
* Nurses possessing qualifications recognised under the [[Indian Nursing Council|Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947]];
* All persons above the age of 50 years;
* All persons who have been staying abroad for more than three years (whether in one continuous period or in aggregate), as well as their spouses;
* All children up to the age of 18 years.

In accordance with a ruling by the Ministry of External Affairs, passports issued from 2007 onwards do not have the ECNR stamp affixed; instead, a blank page 2 of the passport is deemed to have been ECNR endorsed. As a result, only ECR stamps are now affixed to Indian passports. For passports issued before January 2007, no notation in the passport means ECR. For passports issued in or after January 2007, no notation in the passport means ECNR. If Emigration Check is Required, there will be an endorsement in the passport regarding ECR.

===Features===
Since 25 November 2015, Indian passports that are handwritten or with an original date of expiry extending to 20 years have not been valid under [[ICAO]] travel regulations.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Got-a-handwritten-passport-Renew-it-by-Nov-25-2015/articleshow/29528688.cms the ''Times of India'' website article] accessed 29 January 2016</ref> With more recent Indian passports the personal particulars of the passport holder, that were hitherto printed on the inner cover page, are printed on the second page of the document. Another added security feature in the newer non-handwritten passports is a ghost picture of the holder found on the right side of the second page. Apart from stymieing criminals from printing fake passports, recent changes also help prevent smudging of the document because of inkjet printers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passports-with-added-security-features-dispatched/article4606963.ece|title=New passports with added security features dispatched|first=P.|last=Oppili| newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 April 2013|access-date=26 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305215004/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passports-with-added-security-features-dispatched/article4606963.ece|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/A-ghost-in-your-passport-to-make-it-tamper-proof/articleshow/19501219.cms|title=A ghost in your passport to make it tamper-proof|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730003056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-12/chennai/38490593_1_passport-officer-c-senthil-pandian-quality-control|archive-date=30 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Fees==
The price for a standard passport in India:<ref name=Fees>{{cite web|title=Indian Passport Fees|url=http://www.passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/pdf/FeeAdvisory.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=19 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118052841/http://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/pdf/FeeAdvisory.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Indian Rupees}}1500 – Fresh issuance or reissue of passport (36 pages, standard size) with 10-year validity.
* {{Indian Rupees}}2000 – Fresh issuance or reissue of passport (60 pages, 'jumbo' size) with 10-year validity.
* {{Indian Rupees}}3500 – First time applicant or renewal with expedited ('tatkaal') service (36 pages) with 10-year validity.
* {{Indian Rupees}}4000 – First time applicant or renewal with expedited ('tatkaal') service (60 pages) with 10-year validity.
* {{Indian Rupees}}1000 – Fresh passport issuance for minors (below 18 years of Age) with 5-year validity or till the minor attains the age of 18, whichever is earlier.
* {{Indian Rupees}}3000 – Duplicate passport (36 pages) in lieu of lost, damaged or stolen passport.
* {{Indian Rupees}}3500 – Duplicate passport (60 pages) in lieu of lost, damaged or stolen passport.

Indian passports can also be issued outside India, for which fees vary by country.

Senior citizens and children below the age of 8 years get a 10% discount according to the official fee structure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/onlineHtml/feeDocument.html | title=Fee Structure : Document Advisor | Passport Seva }}</ref>

==Issuance==

===Passport Seva Kendra===
{{Further|List of passport offices in India}}
In September 2007, the Indian [[Union Council of Ministers]] approved a new passport issuance system under the Passport Seva Project. As per the project, front-end activities of passport issuance, dispatch of passports, online linking with police, and Central Printing Unit for centralised printing of passports will be put in place. The new system is trying to be 'timely, transparent, more accessible and reliable manner' for passport issuance. The applicant has to apply for fresh/reissue of passport through the Passport Seva system at one of the 77 Passport offices known as "Passport Seva Kendra"s operating throughout the country.

=== Passport Seva Programme (PSP) Version 2.0 ===
On the occasion of the 13th [[Passport]] Seva Divas, held in June 2025, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar]] commended the work of passport officials both within India and abroad. He highlighted their role in what he described as a “remarkable transformation” in passport service delivery over the past decade.

During the event, the Minister officially announced the nationwide implementation of [[e-passport]]s, marking a significant advancement in the Indian passport infrastructure. He also unveiled updates under the Passport Seva Programme (PSP) Version 2.0, which introduces the use of advanced and emerging technologies aimed at improving efficiency, security, and transparency in the issuance and management of passports.

In a post on social media platform X, [[S. Jaishankar|Jaishankar]] reiterated the government’s commitment to citizen-centric governance and praised the dedication of passport personnel who contributed to modernizing the passport delivery system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-25 |title=India launches e-Passport: Here's everything you need to know about how to apply online, eligibility, and key benefits |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-india-launches-e-passport-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-how-to-apply-online-eligibility-and-key-benefits-3892261/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref>

==Visa requirements==
Visa requirements for [[Indian citizen]]s are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of [[India]].

===Passport Power Ranking and visa-free travel===
{{main|Visa requirements for Indian citizens}}

[[File:Visa Requirements for Indian Citizens.svg|450px|thumbnail|right|Visa requirements for Indian citizens
{{legend|#001e78|Republic of India}}
{{legend|#1191e5|[[Freedom of movement]]}}
{{legend|#22b14c|Visa not required/ETAS/ETA}}
{{legend|#79d343|Visa available both on arrival or online (eVisa)}}
{{legend|#b5e61d|Visa on arrival}}
{{legend|#61c09a|eVisa}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|Visa required prior to arrival}}]]As of 2025, [[The Passport Index]] currently ranks the Indian passport at 66th place out of 199<ref group="note">"Passports of 193 United Nations member countries and 6 territories (ROC Taiwan, Macao (SAR China), Hong Kong (SAR China), Kosovo, Palestinian Territory and the Vatican) for a total of 199 are considered."[https://www.passportindex.org/about.php]</ref> passports on global ranking with a mobility score of 74 (based on visa-free, visa on arrival and ETA access to nations or territories).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Passport Dashboard {{!}} Passport Index 2025 |url=https://www.passportindex.org/passport/india/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Passport Index - Global Mobility Intelligence |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2025 Indian citizens have visa-free entry to 71 countries, 56 visa on arrival facility to countries and e-visa or ETA to 64 countries with a UK/US/CA/EU tourist and business visa or residency and Permanent residency.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Visa facility for Indian Nationals (ordinary passport){{!}} Ministry of External Affairs |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/VFFIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806171130/https://www.mea.gov.in/VFFIN.htm |archive-date=2025-08-06 |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=Countries you can travel to with a Schengen visa on an Indian passport [Verified] |url=https://www.atlys.com/blog/countries-indian-passport-holders-can-visit-with-schengen-visa |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.atlys.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-17 |title=Countries To Visit with a UK Visa on an Indian Passport |url=https://www.atlys.com/blog/countries-you-can-visit-with-uk-visa-on-indian-passport |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.atlys.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Complete Guide to Visa on Arrival Countries for Indian Passport Holders |url=https://wise.com/in/blog/visa-on-arrival-for-indians |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Wise |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Indian citizens in possession of a valid United States Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free: Albania, Argentina, Bahamas, Belarus, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Serbia, Singapore, South Korea, Uruguay, Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Kosovo, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Saba.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid United States Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a visa-on-arrival: Antigua and Barbuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Armenia, Bahrain, Nicaragua, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid United States Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a e-visa: Turkiye.

Indian Citizens in possession of a valid Canada Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free: Bahamas, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Uruguay, Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Kosovo, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Saba.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid Canada Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a visa-on-arrival: Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Belize, Oman, United Arab Emirates.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid UK Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free: Albania, Bahamas, Georgia, Ireland, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Serbia, Singapore, Uruguay, Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Gibraltar, Kosovo, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Saba.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid UK Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a visa-on-arrival: Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid United Kingdom Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a e-visa: Turkiye.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid Multiple Entry Visa from EU Member States in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Moldova, Panama, Serbia and Kosovo

Indian citizens in possession of a valid Multiple Entry Visa from EU Member States in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a visa-on-arrival: Armenia, United Arab Emirates.

Indian citizens in possession of a valid EU Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) and gain a e-visa: Turkiye.

Indian citizens are allowed to live, work, and study in Nepal under the provisions laid out by the [[Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]] as well in Bhutan.

===Foreign travel statistics===
According to the statistics these are the numbers of Indian visitors to various countries in 2017 (unless otherwise noted)
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Foreign travel statistics
|-
! Destination !! Number of visitors
|-
| {{flag|American Samoa}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doc.as.gov/research-and-statistics/statistical-yearbook/|title=Statistical Yearbook – Department of Commerce|access-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075959/http://doc.as.gov/research-and-statistics/statistical-yearbook/|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 63
|-
| {{flag|Angola}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minhotur.gov.ao/download.aspx?id=1576&tipo=publicacao |title=Anuário de Estatística do Turismo |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613205143/http://www.minhotur.gov.ao/download.aspx?id=1576&tipo=publicacao |archive-date=13 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 9,170
|-
| {{flag|Antarctica}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iaato.org/tourism-statistics|title=Tourism Statistics – IAATO|website=iaato.org|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414174925/https://iaato.org/tourism-statistics|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 222
|-
| {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.antiguahotels.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Arrivals-By-Country-2017.xlsx|title=Tourism Statistics for Antigua and Barbuda|website=antiguahotels.org|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004435/http://members.antiguahotels.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Arrivals-By-Country-2017.xlsx|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 366
|-
| {{flag|Australia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/dam/assets/document/1/7/0/a/a/2006578.pdf |title=Tourist visits to Australia |access-date=6 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202648/http://www.tourism.australia.com/content/dam/assets/document/1/7/0/a/a/2006578.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 302,200
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}{{refn|group=note|name=Overnight|Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.austriatourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2017g-kalenderjahr-2016-hochrechnung-zusfassung.pdf |title=Kalenderjahr 2016: Erstmals über 140 Millionen Nächtigungen (Calendar year 2016: Over 140 million overnight stays for the first time) | language=de |access-date=30 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214102501/https://www.austriatourism.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2017g-kalenderjahr-2016-hochrechnung-zusfassung.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2017 }}</ref>
| 147,300
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.az/source/tourism/en/002_4en.xls|title=Number of foreign citizens arrived to Azerbaijan by countries|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625222619/https://www.stat.gov.az/source/tourism/en/002_4en.xls|archive-date=25 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 6,012
|-
| {{flag|Barbados}}{{refn|group=note|name=Overnight}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://corporate.visitbarbados.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2016-annual-statistical-report.pdf |title=Barbados - 2016 Annual Statistics Report |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235817/https://corporate.visitbarbados.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2016-annual-statistical-report.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 900
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/binaries/2016%20land%20van%20herkomst%20FR_tcm326-283903.xls|title=Tourisme selon pays de provenance 2016|access-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820201211/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/binaries/2016%20land%20van%20herkomst%20FR_tcm326-283903.xls|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 44,898
|-
| {{flag|Bhutan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourism.gov.bt/resources/annual-reports|title=Annual Reports|first=Phunstho|last=Namgay|website=Tourism Council of Bhutan|access-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184532/https://www.tourism.gov.bt/resources/annual-reports|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 172,751
|-
| {{flag|Bolivia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/estadisticas-por-actividad-economica/industria-manufacturera-y-comercio-8|title=INE – Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Turismo|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031210105/https://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/estadisticas-por-actividad-economica/industria-manufacturera-y-comercio-8|archive-date=31 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1,338
|-
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bhas.ba/saopstenja/2018/TUR_02_2017_12_0_EN.pdf |title=TOURISM STATISTICS Cumulative data, January – December 2017 |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529233751/http://www.bhas.ba/saopstenja/2018/TUR_02_2017_12_0_EN.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1,700
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statsbots.org.bw/|title=Statistics Botswana|website=Statistics Botswana|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321114159/http://www.statsbots.org.bw/|archive-date=21 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 17,413
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/2016-02-04-11-53-05/item/download/784_28e96970a52eb457d54bb9c5f454029a.html |title=Ministério do Turismo |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209083535/http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/2016-02-04-11-53-05/item/download/784_28e96970a52eb457d54bb9c5f454029a.html |archive-date=9 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 16,916
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismcambodia.org/mot/index.php?view=statistic_report|title=Tourism Statistics Report|website=www.tourismcambodia.org|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318153512/http://www.tourismcambodia.org/mot/index.php?view=statistic_report|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 46,131
|-
| {{flag|Canada}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/66-001-p/66-001-p2016012-eng.pdf|title=Service bulletin International Travel: Advance Information|website=statcan.gc.ca|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111232/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/66-001-p/66-001-p2016012-eng.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 261,801
|-
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}{{refn|group=note|name=Air|Data for arrivals by air only.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caymanislands.ky/statistics/visitorarrivals/airvisitorarrivals.aspx|title=Welcome to the Cayman Islands Department of Tourism (CIDOT) Destination Statistics Website.|work=CIDOT|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722081209/http://www.caymanislands.ky/statistics/visitorarrivals/airvisitorarrivals.aspx|archive-date=22 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 292
|-
| {{flag|Chile}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Shriji |title=Documents Required for Passport in India |url=https://www.meramaal.com/blog/documents-required-for-passport/ |access-date=24 October 2018 |date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024113341/https://www.meramaal.com/blog/documents-required-for-passport/ |archive-date=24 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 4,468
|-
| {{flag|China}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/tourism/2015statistics/inbound.htm|title=China Inbound Tourism Statistics in 2015|website=www.travelchinaguide.com|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629043720/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/tourism/2015statistics/inbound.htm|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/234149/tourists-in-china-by-country-of-origin/|title=Tourists in China by country of origin 2016 – Statistic|website=Statista|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704123638/https://www.statista.com/statistics/234149/tourists-in-china-by-country-of-origin/|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 799,100
|-
| {{flag|Colombia}}<ref>The data obtained on request. [http://www.mincit.gov.co/index.php Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo de Colombia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606030533/http://www.mincit.gov.co/index.php |date=6 June 2017 }}</ref>
| 5,402
|-
| {{flag|Congo}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2012|Data for 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apicongo.org/code/Annuaire_statistique_du_tourisme_Congo_2012.pdf |title=Annuaire Statistique du Tourisme au Congo 2012 (Statistical Yearbook of Tourism in the Congo 2012) | language=fr |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522065419/http://www.apicongo.org/code/Annuaire_statistique_du_tourisme_Congo_2012.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2,373
|-
| {{flag|Costa Rica}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.go.cr/es/estadisticas/informes-estadisticos.html|title=Informes Estadísticos – Instituto Costarricense de Turismo – ICT|website=www.ict.go.cr|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324025918/http://www.ict.go.cr/es/estadisticas/informes-estadisticos.html|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 7,415

|-
| {{flag|Croatia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref name="TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2017">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2017/04-03-02_01_2017.htm |title=TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2017 |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021704/https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2017/04-03-02_01_2017.htm |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 55,745
|-
| {{flag|Dominica}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourism.gov.dm/images/documents/dominica_2015_visitor_report.pdf|title=2015 Visitors Statistics Report|website=tourism.gov.dm|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005202659/http://tourism.gov.dm/images/documents/dominica_2015_visitor_report.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 97
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bancentral.gov.do/estadisticas_economicas/turismo/|title=BCRD – Estadísticas Económicas|website=www.bancentral.gov.do|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203221506/http://www.bancentral.gov.do/estadisticas_economicas/turismo|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 4,649
|-
| {{flag|Eswatini}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekingdomofswaziland.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57|title=Swaziland Tourism – Swaziland Safari – Swaziland Attractions – Useful Links – Research|website=www.thekingdomofswaziland.com|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208230614/http://www.thekingdomofswaziland.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=57|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 6,867
|-
| {{flag|France}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-4pages-60-EVE2015.xlsx |title=84,5 millions de touristes étrangers en France en 2015 (84.5 million foreign tourists in France in 2015) | language=fr | format=XLSX |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106104838/http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-4pages-60-EVE2015.xlsx |archive-date=6 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 524,055
|-
| {{flag|French Polynesia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Tourisme/EFT/Details.aspx|title=Données détaillées|website=www.ispf.pf|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114194448/http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Tourisme/EFT/Details.aspx|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 379
|-
| {{flag|Georgia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017|Data for 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gnta.ge/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017-eng.xlsx|title=International arrivals 2017|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120201/https://gnta.ge/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017-eng.xlsx|archive-date=7 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 59,732
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016|Data for 2016}}<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/BinnenhandelGastgewerbeTourismus/Tourismus/MonatserhebungTourismus2060710161125.xls?__blob=publicationFile Tourismus in Zahlen 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114949/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/BinnenhandelGastgewerbeTourismus/Tourismus/MonatserhebungTourismus2060710161125.xls?__blob=publicationFile |date=4 March 2017 }}, Statistisches Bundesamt</ref>
| 231,244
|-
| {{flag|Guam}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}{{refn|group=note|name=Air|Data for arrivals by air only.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guamvisitorsbureau.com/research-and-reports/research/visitor-arrival-statistics|title=Visitor Arrival Statistics – Research – Research and Reports|website=www.guamvisitorsbureau.com|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172456/https://www.guamvisitorsbureau.com/research-and-reports/research/visitor-arrival-statistics|archive-date=7 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 8
|-
| {{flag|Hong Kong}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.discoverhongkong.com/common/images/about-hktb/pdf/tourism_stat_12_2017.pdf |title=Monthly Report - Visitor Arrival Statistics : Dec 2017 |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024525/http://www.discoverhongkong.com/common/images/about-hktb/pdf/tourism_stat_12_2017.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 392,853
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}{{refn|group=note|name=Overnight}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://szakmai.itthon.hu/documents/28123/4083489/MTE_4001_105x210_LA4_StatElozetes_2016_ENG_NEW.pdf/db033798-0c79-4c38-8d7a-38c44a72c45f|title=TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232642/http://szakmai.itthon.hu/documents/28123/4083489/MTE_4001_105x210_LA4_StatElozetes_2016_ENG_NEW.pdf/db033798-0c79-4c38-8d7a-38c44a72c45f|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 33,134
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/index?Publikasi%5BtahunJudul%5D=&Publikasi%5BkataKunci%5D=kunjungan+wisatawan&yt0=Tampilkan |title=Badan Pusat Statistik |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183505/https://bps.go.id/index.php/publikasi/index?Publikasi%5BtahunJudul%5D=&Publikasi%5BkataKunci%5D=kunjungan+wisatawan&yt0=Tampilkan |archive-date=14 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 422,045
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>[https://motwebmediastg01.blob.core.windows.net/nop-attachment/8674_tourist_arrivals_israel-dec_2017.xlsx TOURIST ARRIVALS TO ISRAEL (EXC. DAY VISITORS & CRUISE PASSENGERS) BY NATIONALITY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133159/https://motwebmediastg01.blob.core.windows.net/nop-attachment/8674_tourist_arrivals_israel-dec_2017.xlsx |date=22 April 2018 }}, Ministry of Tourism</ref>
| 58,000
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bancaditalia.it/statistiche/tematiche/rapporti-estero/turismo-internazionale/download/ANNO-DEFINITIVO-2016.zip|title=IAGGIATORI STRANIERI NUMERO DI VIAGGIATORI|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183144/https://www.bancaditalia.it/statistiche/tematiche/rapporti-estero/turismo-internazionale/download/ANNO-DEFINITIVO-2016.zip|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 225,000
|-
| {{flag|Jamaica}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jtbonline.org/report-and-statistics/monthly-statistics/ |title=Monthly Statistical Report December 2017 Vol xxvii No 12 |access-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075157/http://www.jtbonline.org/report-and-statistics/monthly-statistics/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1,834
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/ttp/sta/PDF/E2015.pdf|title=2015 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures|publisher=[[Japan National Tourism Organization]]|website=jnto.go.jp|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090151/http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/ttp/sta/PDF/E2015.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 103,084
|-
| {{flag|Jordan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Statistics/2015-Latest2/Arrive2015/2.2.xls|title=Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413160108/http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Statistics/2015-Latest2/arrive2015/2.2.xls|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 57,720
|-
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publicationsCompilations?lang=ru&_adf.ctrl-state=qxt6nxycv_128&_afrLoop=10506052476958360|title=Статистические сборники|website=stat.gov.kz|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221143441/http://stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publicationsCompilations?lang=ru&_adf.ctrl-state=qxt6nxycv_128&_afrLoop=10506052476958360|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 21,890
|-
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stat.gov.kg/ru/publications/sbornik-turizm-v-kyrgyzstane/|title=Туризм в Кыргызстане – Архив публикаций – Статистика Кыргызстана|website=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165347/http://www.stat.kg/ru/publications/sbornik-turizm-v-kyrgyzstane/|archive-date=14 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 19,600
|-
| {{flag|Laos}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismlaos.org/show.php?Cont_ID=43|title=Statistical Reports on Tourism in Laos|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204153230/http://www.tourismlaos.org/show.php?Cont_ID=43|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 4,343
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Overnight}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/en/transp/transp__ikgad__turisms/TU0020.px/?rxid=a79839fe-11ba-4ecd-8cc3-4035692c5fc8|title=TUG02. Visitors staying in hotels and other accommodation establishments by country of residence-PX-Web|website=csb.gov.lv|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183239/http://data.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/en/transp/transp__ikgad__turisms/TU0020.px/?rxid=a79839fe-11ba-4ecd-8cc3-4035692c5fc8|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 5,476
|-
| {{flag|Lebanon}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cas.gov.lb/images/Excel/SMB/2016/Tourism%202016.xls|title=Arrivals according to nationality during year 2016|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113175643/http://www.cas.gov.lb/images/Excel/SMB/2016/Tourism%202016.xls|archive-date=13 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 15,610
|-
| {{flag|Macao}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?lang=en-US|title=DSEC – Statistics Database|website=www.dsec.gov.mo|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121193417/http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?lang=en-US|archive-date=21 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 148,121
|-
| {{flag|Madagascar}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourisme.gov.mg/publications/|title=Publications – Statistiques|date=27 May 2015|website=tourisme.gov.mg|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106105904/http://www.tourisme.gov.mg/publications/|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2,234
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2023|Data for 2023}}<ref>[https://www.tourism.gov.my/files/uploads/Malaysia-Tourism-Key-Performance-Indicators-2023.pdf Malaysia-Tourism-Key-Performance-Indicators-2023]</ref>
| 671,846
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.mv/packages/december-2017/|title=December 2017 – Ministry of Tourism|website=www.tourism.gov.mv|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015956/http://www.tourism.gov.mv/packages/december-2017/|archive-date=25 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 83,019
|-
| {{flag|Mali}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2014|Data for 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://officetourismemali.com/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=41%3Aannuaires-statistiques-2014&id=7%3Aannuaires-statistiques&Itemid=163&lang=en |title=ANNUAIRE 2014 |access-date=6 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107062853/http://officetourismemali.com/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=41%3Aannuaires-statistiques-2014&id=7%3Aannuaires-statistiques&Itemid=163&lang=en |archive-date=7 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1,500
|-
| {{flag|Mauritius}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref name="auto"/>
| 86,294
|-
| {{flag|Mexico}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/Visitantes%20por%20Nacionalidad.aspx|title=Visitantes internacionales por vía aérea por principal nacionalidad|website=sectur.gob.mx|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404115241/http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/Visitantes%20por%20Nacionalidad.aspx|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 59,020
|-
| {{flag|Mongolia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tourism.ub.gov.mn/?p=6163 |title=2017 Оны Жилийн Эцсийн Мэдээг 2016 Онтой Харьцуулсан Мэдээ |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084308/http://tourism.ub.gov.mn/?p=6163 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1,888
|-
| {{flag|Montenegro}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2014}}{{refn|group=note|name=Overnight}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://monstat.org/userfiles/file/turizam/dolasci%20i%20nocenja%202014/godisnja/Tourism%20in%20Montenegro%20-%202014.pdf|title=Table 4. Foreign tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries, 2014|website=monstat.org|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071320/http://monstat.org/userfiles/file/turizam/dolasci%20i%20nocenja%202014/godisnja/Tourism%20in%20Montenegro%20-%202014.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1,131
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmartourism.org/images/tourism-statistics/2015.pdf|title=Myanmar Tourism Statistics 2015|work=Central Statistical Organization|publisher=Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development|access-date=5 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229161735/http://www.myanmartourism.org/images/tourism-statistics/2015.pdf|archive-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
| 34,628
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}{{refn|group=note|name=air|Data for arrivals by air only.}}<ref>[http://www.tourism.gov.np/images/download/Nepal_Tourism_Statistics_2015_forwebsite_edited.pdf Tourism Statistics 2015 p.20,31] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184002/http://www.tourism.gov.np/images/download/Nepal_Tourism_Statistics_2015_forwebsite_edited.pdf |date=31 January 2017 }}</ref>
| 75,124
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbtc.nl/web/file?uuid=14ce81b8-1d9b-41b3-9752-0486de987d58&owner=388ad020-d235-4624-86a4-d899f855a216&contentid=61341 |title=Toerisme in perspectief 2018 |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080628/https://www.nbtc.nl/web/file?uuid=14ce81b8-1d9b-41b3-9752-0486de987d58&owner=388ad020-d235-4624-86a4-d899f855a216&contentid=61341 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 155,000
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/international-travel-and-migration-december-2017 |title= International travel and migration: December 2017 |publisher= Statistics New Zealand |access-date= 2 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190055/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/international-travel-and-migration-december-2017 |archive-date= 2 February 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| 61,440
|-
| {{flag|Oman}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/wcm/connect/mot/b19fd0f9-7774-4525-9381-fa4b9f80abf2/Number+of+Tourists+to+Oman+from+2011-2017.xlsx?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=b19fd0f9-7774-4525-9381-fa4b9f80abf2 |title=Number of Tourists to Oman from 2011-2017 |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011532/http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/wcm/connect/mot/b19fd0f9-7774-4525-9381-fa4b9f80abf2/Number+of+Tourists+to+Oman+from+2011-2017.xlsx?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=b19fd0f9-7774-4525-9381-fa4b9f80abf2 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 321,161
|-
| {{flag|Panama}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atp.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/estadistica_de_enero_a_diciembre_2015-1-7.pdf |title=VARIACIÓN ABSOLUTA Y RELATIVA DEL INGRESO DE VISITANTES POR EL AEROPUERTO 2015 INTERNACIONAL, SEGÚN DOMICILIO PERMANENTE Y MES. AÑOS:2014-2015 (Absolute and relative variation in visitor income by the 2015 International Airport, according to permanent address and month,. Years: 2014-2015) | language=es |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127031220/http://www.atp.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/estadistica_de_enero_a_diciembre_2015-1-7.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 6,748
|-
| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tpa.papuanewguinea.travel/evodocs/155,4,1,74,3,0/20170228190837/2016-annual-arrivals.evo.pdf |title=Visitors Arrival Analysis, Total 2016|access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114725/http://www.tpa.papuanewguinea.travel/evodocs/155,4,1,74,3,0/20170228190837/2016-annual-arrivals.evo.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 4,293
|-
| {{flag|Peru}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://datosturismo.mincetur.gob.pe/appdatosTurismo/Content1.html|title=datosTurismo|website=datosturismo.mincetur.gob.pe|access-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014204301/http://datosturismo.mincetur.gob.pe/appdatosTurismo/Content1.html|archive-date=14 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 7,201
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://e-services.tourism.gov.ph:8080/didcs/Static%20Documents/dec2017_table2.pdf |title=VISITOR ARRIVALS TO THE PHILIPPINES BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE - JANUARY-DECEMBER 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180753/http://e-services.tourism.gov.ph:8080/didcs/Static%20Documents/dec2017_table2.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 107,278
|-
| {{flag|Qatar}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitqatar.qa/binaries/content/assets/media/documents-and-reports/en/annual-tourism-performance-report_2016_en_compressed.pdf|title=2016 Annual Tourism Performance Report|website=visitqatar.qa|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030714/https://www.visitqatar.qa/binaries/content/assets/media/documents-and-reports/en/annual-tourism-performance-report_2016_en_compressed.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 333,708
|-
| {{flag|Romania}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/anexa_date/turism12e16.xls |title=The distribution of Romanian tourists' arrivals in the establishments of tourists' reception, by tourist areas, in December 2016 compared to December 2015 | format=XLS |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306032635/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/anexa_date/turism12e16.xls |archive-date=6 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 16,753
|-
| {{flag|Russia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/38479 |title=Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ |publisher=Fedstat.ru |date=18 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018081650/https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/38479 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 130,400
|-
| {{flag|Seychelles}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbs.gov.sc/downloads/visitor-arrivals-annual-summary201801/download|title=Downloads}}</ref>
| 13,518
|-
| {{flag|Singapore}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stb.gov.sg/statistics-and-market-insights/Pages/statistics-Visitor-Arrivals.aspx|title=Visitor Arrivals|website=www.stb.gov.sg|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122112656/https://www.stb.gov.sg/statistics-and-market-insights/Pages/statistics-Visitor-Arrivals.aspx|archive-date=22 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1,272,069
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}{{refn|group=note|name=Overnight}}<ref>{{cite web| url=https://slovak.statistics.sk/PortalTraffic/fileServlet?Dokument=37cad1a8-79c2-400e-983a-ee0a39bf4bbb | title=Základné ukazovatele za ubytovacie zariadenia cestovného ruchu SR za rok (Basic indicators for accommodation facilities of the Slovak tourism industry for the year) | language=sk| access-date=2023-12-30}}</ref>
| 6,805
|-
| {{flag|South Africa}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022015.pdf |title=TOURISM 2015 |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122120313/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-51-02/Report-03-51-022015.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 85,639
|-
| {{flag|South Korea}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kto.visitkorea.or.kr/eng/tourismStatics/keyFacts/KoreaMonthlyStatistics/eng/inout/inout.kto|title=Korea, Monthly Statistics of Tourism – key facts on tourism – Tourism Statistics|website=kto.visitkorea.or.kr|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012090152/http://kto.visitkorea.or.kr/eng/tourismStatics/keyFacts/KoreaMonthlyStatistics/eng/inout/inout.kto|archive-date=12 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 123,416
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=23984|title=Tabla23984|website=www.ine.es|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213001324/http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=23984|archive-date=13 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 141,122
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sltda.gov.lk/sites/default/files/Page2Dec16.pdf|title=TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2016|website=sltda.gov.lk|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216092111/http://www.sltda.gov.lk/sites/default/files/Page2Dec16.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 356,729
|-
| {{flag|Suriname}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.surinametourism.sr/files/2017%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%20ARRIVALS%20BY%20COUNTRY%20OF%20RESIDENCE_Qyv.pdf|title=Suriname Tourism Statistics|website=www.surinametourism.sr|access-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143627/https://www.surinametourism.sr/files/2017%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%20ARRIVALS%20BY%20COUNTRY%20OF%20RESIDENCE_Qyv.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1,045
|-
| {{flag|Taiwan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat.taiwan.net.tw/system/Download/%E8%A1%A805.xls|title=Visitor Arrivals by Nationality|website=taiwan.net.tw|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324162114/http://stat.taiwan.net.tw/system/Download/%E8%A1%A805.xls|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 40,846
|-
| {{flag|Tanzania}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2016}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2016 International Visitors' Exit Survey Report. International Tourist Arrivals. pp. 73–77|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/trade/The2016_International%20_Visitors'_Exit_Survey_Report.pdf|website=nbs.go.tz/|publisher=NBS Tanzania|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113211637/http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/trade/The2016_International%20_Visitors'_Exit_Survey_Report.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 69,876
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref name=MOTS>{{cite web|title=สถิติด้านการท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 (Tourism Statistics 2017)|url=http://www.mots.go.th/more_news.php?cid=414|website=Ministry of Tourism & Sports|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818175041/http://www.mots.go.th/more_news.php?cid=414|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Statistics |url=https://www.mots.go.th/more_news_new.php?cid=583}}</ref>
| 1,595,754
|-
| {{flag|Timor-Leste}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2014}}{{refn|group=note|name=air|Data for arrivals by air only.}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dili-em-Numerus-2014-.pdf |title=DILI EM NÚMEROS 2014 - ESTATÍSTICA MUNICIPIO DE DILI (Dili in numbers 2014 - Dili municipal statistics) | language=pt |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018202633/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dili-em-Numerus-2014-.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 799
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/Eklenti/56766,2017decemberbulletinxls.xls?0|title=NUMBER OF ARRIVING-DEPARTING VISITORS, FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075611/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/Eklenti/56766,2017decemberbulletinxls.xls?0|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 86,996
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2013/tyr/tyr_e/vig2017_e.htm|title=Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2017 year, by countries|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114110752/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2013/tyr/tyr_e/vig2017_e.htm|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 23,173
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>Statistics for the Emirate of Dubai [https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/Themes/Pages/Tourism.aspx?Theme=30 Dubai Statistics, Visitor by Nationality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003133417/https://www.dsc.gov.ae/en-us/Themes/Pages/Tourism.aspx?Theme=30 |date=3 October 2017 }}</ref>
| 2,073,000
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/leisureandtourism/datasets/overseasresidentsvisitstotheuk|title=Annual estimates on visits and spending in the UK by overseas residents, by purpose and region of visit|publisher=Office of National Statistics|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721043514/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/leisureandtourism/datasets/overseasresidentsvisitstotheuk|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 525,000
|-
| {{flag|United States}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2017}}{{refn|group=note|name=USA|Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2017/table28|title=Table 28. Nonimmigrant Admissions (I-94 Only) By Selected Category Of Admission And Region And Country Of Citizenship: Fiscal Year 2016|date=16 May 2017|website=dhs.gov|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107123856/https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2017/table28|archive-date=7 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2,055,480
|-
| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}{{refn|group=note|name=Y2015|Data for 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/3572|title=Распределение въехавших в Республику Узбекистан иностранных граждан по странам в 2015 году|website=data.gov.uz|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130215607/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/3572|archive-date=30 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 18,100
|-
| {{flag|Zambia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics|title=Tourism Statistical Digests|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701081029/http://www.mota.gov.zm/index.php/downloads/data-and-statistics|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 25,517
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/index.php/download/tourism-trends-statistics-2015-annual-report/|title=Tourism Trends and Statistics 2015 Annual Report – Zimbabwe A World Of Wonders|website=www.zimbabwetourism.net|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005819/http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/index.php/download/tourism-trends-statistics-2015-annual-report/|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 5,421
|}

{{reflist|group=note}}

==Gallery of historic images==
<gallery>
File:BIpassport.jpg|British Indian passport issued during the colonial days
File:India-Pakistan passport.jpg|Indian passport, valid only for India-Pakistan travel, issued to migrants to enable them to visit family, friends and ancestral homes located on the other side of the Radcliffe line
File:Indian Passport note 1949.jpg|Passport issued by the [[Dominion of India]] (1947–1950)
File:Indian Passport 1986.jpg|Cover of a passport (1986)
File:Ordinary Passport India 2021.jpg|Passport Cover (used till March 2021)
File:Indian Passport.svg|Indian Ordinary Passport (2021)
File:Indian Official Passport.svg|Indian Official Passport (2021)
File:Indian Diplomatic Passport.svg|Indian Diplomatic Passport (2021)
File:Indian_Passport_(e-Passport,_2024).svg|Indian Ordinary Passport (2024) with Biometric Passport logo
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
* [[Visa requirements for Indian citizens]]
* [[Visa policy of India]]
* [[Indian citizenship|Indian nationality law]]
* [[Overseas Citizenship of India]]
* [[The Passports Act]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Passports of India}}
* {{official website|http://passportindia.gov.in/|Official website of Indian Passport Office}}

{{Indian Travel Documents}}
{{Indian Identity Documents}}
{{Passports}}
{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Passports by country]]
[[Category:Indian nationality law]]
[[Category:Identity documents of India]]

Salempur Anandipur

2026-03-10T01:00:37Z

Flightsvilla: Starting New Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Salempur Anandipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Salempur Anandipur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Salempur Anandipur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.08312|N|78.44313|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.286
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 355
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Salempur Anandipur''' ({{IAST|Salempur Ānandīpur}}) is a small village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 355, in 58 households.

== Geography ==
Salempur Anandipur is located southeast of Firozabad and is surrounded by level farmland. Nearby villages include [[Luhari, Firozabad|Luhari]] to the northwest, [[Matamai]] to the northeast, [[Phulaichi]] and [[Kindarpur]] to the southeast, and [[Anandipur Karkauli]] to the southwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Salempur Anandipur had a population of 355, in 58 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 57.2% male (203) and 42.8% female (152). The 0–6 age group numbered 54 (31 male and 23 female), making up 15.2% of the total population. 54 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 15.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Salempur Anandipur as having a population of 211 people (123 male and 88 female), in 32 households and 32 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Salempur Anandipur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 147 people (88 male and 59 female), in 30 households and 27 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 318 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Salempur Anandipur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Sri Purandara Dasaru

2026-03-03T22:30:31Z

Flightsvilla: basic added article to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Purandara Dasaru
| image =
| caption =
| director = C. V. Raju R. Ramamurthy
| producer = Smt Jayalakshmi
| writer =
| screenplay = C. V. Raju
| starring = [[K. S. Ashwath]] [[R. Nagendra Rao]] [[Udaykumar]] Rajashankar
| music = [[C. N. Pandurangan]]
| cinematography = Rajaram Meenakshi Sundaram
| editing = C. V. Raju
| studio = Sri Hamsa Chithra
| distributor = Sri Hamsa Chithra
| released = {{Film date|1967|df=y}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Sri Purandara Dasaru''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಶ್ರೀ ಪುರಂದರದಾಸರು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by C. V. Raju and produced by Smt Jayalakshmi. The film stars [[K. S. Ashwath]], [[R. Nagendra Rao]], [[Udaykumar]] and Rajashankar. The musical score was composed by [[C. N. Pandurangan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/sri-purandara-dasaru-1967|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Sri-Purandara-Daasaru-1967/9219802606|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref> This film is the third Kannada film based on the life of [[Purandara Dasa]], following the 1937 film ''[[Purandaradasa (film)|Purandaradasa]]'' and the 1964 film ''[[Navakoti Narayana]]''.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[R. Nagendra Rao]]
*[[Udaykumar]]
*[[Rajashankar]]
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*Venkatesh
*[[Raghavendra Rao]]
*Vadiraj
*Rathnakar
*Ganapathi Bhat
*[[Master Sridhar]]
*Chittibabu
*Ramachandra Shastry
*[[Dwarakish]]
*Bangalore Nagesh
*Rajendra Krishna
*Kuppuraj
*Srikanth
*Niranjan
*Lakshmaiah
*[[Dinesh (Kannada Actor)|Dinesh]]
*Shivaram
*Dattharaj
*Iyengar
*Bapayya
*Swamy
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]]
*[[Mynavathi]]
*[[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
*Ramadevi
*Papamma
*Saroja
*Janaki
*Shanthamma
*[[Kutty Padmini]]
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[C. N. Pandurangan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Sri-Purandaradasaru-K0000843|title=Sri Purandaradasaru Songs|accessdate=2015-01-20|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadidano Ranga" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || Purandaradasa || 03:06
|-
| 2 || "Aparadhi Nanallaa" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Purandaradasa || 03:14
|-
| 3 || "Chandrachooda" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] || Purandaradasa || 03:02
|-
| 4 || "Jagadodharana" || M. Balamuralikrishna || Purandaradasa || 03:16
|-
| 5 || "Kandu Kandu Nee Yenna" || M. Balamuralikrishna || Purandaradasa || 03:26
|-
| 6 || "Sakalagrahabala" || P. B. Sreenivas || Purandaradasa || 03:03
|-
| 7 || "Sri Gananatha" || M. Balamuralikrishna, Sarojini || Purandaradasa || 05:56
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "If for nothing else, the music would make the Kannada film [''Sri Purandara Dasaru''] worth the while."<ref>{{cite news |title=Morning shows |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690308&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 March 1969 |pages=5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. N. Pandurangan]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Indra (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:42:32Z

Flightsvilla: added info

{{short description|2008 film by H Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Indra
| image = Indra (2008 film).jpeg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = H Vasu
| producer = V Kuppaswamy B Suresh
| writer = B. A. Madhu
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = H. Vasu
| story = [[Suresh (director)|Suresh]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Namitha]]
| music = V. Harikrishna
| cinematography = Krishna Kumar
| editing = M. Verman
| studio = [[Super Good Films|Super Good Combines]]
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2008|5|25}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Indra''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[masala film]] starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Namitha]] in the lead roles. It is a remake of 2003 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]''.

''Indra'' was released on 25 May 2008 and became an average grosser at the box office.

== Premise ==
Indra's dreams of living a normal life gets shattered when his brother Rayanna and sister-in-law gets killed by a [[Mumbai]]-based crime boss. With this, Indra sets on a crusade to exact vengeance for Rayanna's death.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Rayanna and Indra
*[[Namitha]] as Janaki
*[[Sanghavi]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Anandaraj]]
*[[Harish Raj]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*Siddarth
*[[Vinaya Prasad]]
*Thimme Gowda as Ramashastry
*Anitharani
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*Kalpana
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar]]
*Ganesh Rao
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*Lochan
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] and released by Ashwini Recording Company.

{{Infobox album
| name = Indra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = June 18, 2008
| recorded = 2008
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 22:08
| label = Ashwini Recording Company
| producer = V. Harikrishna
| prev_title = [[Gaalipata]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = Arjun
| next_year = 2008
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:08
| title1 = Daari Bidi
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:08
| title2 = Raja Ninnane
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Ye Galasi
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra3 = [[Suchitra]]
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Gum Gum
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Malathy Lakshman]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length4 = 4:58
| title5 = Rainbow
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj
| extra5 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length5 = 3:53
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "The fast-paced story does not effectively translate into a brisk narration".<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssi/20080530.htm| title = Indra: Only for Darshan fans - Rediff.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "This is a usual run-of-the-mill Darshan film that has nothing much to boast except his double role for the first time".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/mobile/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14685627&ctid=5&cid=2427 |title=Movies' Review |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140616153839/http://www.sify.com/mobile/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14685627&ctid=5&cid=2427 |archive-date=16 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12189502}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2008 action films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Nataraja Service

2026-03-03T21:30:24Z

Flightsvilla: made initial entry from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nataraja Service
| image = Nataraja_Service_poster.jpg
| director = [[Pawan Wadeyar]]
| producer = [[N. S. Rajkumar]]
| screenplay = Pawan Wadeyar
| story = Pawan Wadeyar
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
*[[Mayuri Kyatari]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Arul K. Somasundaram
| editing = Suresh Arumugam
| studio = Omkar Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2016|11|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nataraja Service''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[romantic comedy|romantic emotional comedy]] film directed by [[Pavan Wadeyar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Pavan-Wadear-returns-to-comedy-with-Nataraja-Service/articleshow/49458292.cms|title=Pavan Wadeyar returns to comedy with Nataraja Service|publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> produced by [[N.S. Rajkumar]] and presented by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Puneeth-Presents-Nataraja-Service/2015/09/10/article3019128.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006104726/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Puneeth-Presents-Nataraja-Service/2015/09/10/article3019128.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2015|title=Puneeth Presents Nataraja Service |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It stars [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] and [[Mayuri Kyatari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12381-mayuri-is-sharan-s-heroine-in-nataraja-service.html|title=Mayuri is Sharan's Heroine in Nataraja Service|publisher=Chitraloka|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606021847/https://chitraloka.com/news/12381-mayuri-is-sharan-s-heroine-in-nataraja-service.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Anoop Seelin]] whilst the cinematography was by Arul K. Somasundaram.

==Cast==
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Nataraja
* [[Mayuri Kyatari]] as Sahana
* [[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Inspector Venkatesh
* Apoorva
* Silli Lalli Anand
* Yathiraj
* Nagaraj Murthy
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] in a special appearance in the song "Allah Allah Nataraja Bartonella"

== Production ==
Principal photography for the film began in October 2015. The shooting was held at [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore]], [[Shimoga]], [[Davanagere]], [[Mandya]], [[Dandeli]] and [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] locations and was completed in early June 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13247-nataraja-service-shooting-completes.html|title=Nataraja Service Shooting Completes|date=6 June 2016|publisher=Chitraloka|archive-date=28 May 2023|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528054855/https://chitraloka.com/news/13247-nataraja-service-shooting-completes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After several announcements, the film was finally released on 17 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13994-nataraja-service-releasing-on-november-17th.html|title=Nataraja Service Releasing on November 17th|date=13 November 2016|publisher=Chitraloka|archive-date=6 June 2023|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606014548/https://chitraloka.com/news/13994-nataraja-service-releasing-on-november-17th.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Nataraja Service
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 29 Jul 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:19
| language = Kannada
| label = JP Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Anoop Seelin]] composed the film's background score and soundtrack. An opening song of the film is sung by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and penned by [[Pavan Wadeyar]]. According to Wadeyar, the song speaks about the "benefits of walking" and has a philosophical message as the theme.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharadhaa|first=A|title= Nataraja Service Rolls with a Song |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Nataraja-Service-Rolls-with-a-Song/2015/11/26/article3146635.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151214212407/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Nataraja-Service-Rolls-with-a-Song/2015/11/26/article3146635.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 14 December 2015 |publisher= [[The New Indian Express]]|date= 26 November 2015}}</ref> The audio was released on 28 July 2016.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =14:19
| title1 = Allah Allah
| lyrics1 = [[Pawan Wadeyar]]
| extra1 = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| length1 = 3:16
| title2 = Nataraja Service
| lyrics2 = Pawan Wadeyar
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length2 = 3:47
| title3 = Kattale Tumbida
| lyrics3 = Arasu Anthare
| extra3 = Apoorva Sridhar
| length3 = 3:59
| title4 = Latte Latte
| lyrics4 = Pawan Wadeyar
| extra4 = Anoop Seelin
| length4 = 3:17
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/NatarajaService Facebook page]
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Pavan Wadeyar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nataraja Service}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavan Wadeyar]]

Naruda Donoruda

2026-03-03T17:50:21Z

Flightsvilla: expand details to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|2016 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox film
| name = Naruda Donoruda
| image = Naruda Donoruda.jpg
| caption = Poster of the Movie
| director = Mallik Ram
| producer = Supriya Yarlagadda John Sudheer Pudhota
| writer = Kittu Vissapragada
| based_on = [[Vicky Donor]] (Hindi)
| story = [[Juhi Chaturvedi]]
| starring = [[Sumanth]] [[Pallavi Subhash]] [[Tanikella Bharani]]
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| cinematography = Shaneil Deo
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]] Rama Reels
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016|11|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 131 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Naruda Donoruda''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, directed by Mallik Ram and produced by Supriya Yarlagadda and John Sudheer Pudhota. The film is a remake of the 2012 [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] film ''[[Vicky Donor]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vicky-donor-telugu-remake-to-go-on-floors-this-month/|title='Vicky Donor' Telugu remake to go on floors this month.|website=The Indian Express|date=2015-12-01|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> It stars [[Sumanth]] and [[Pallavi Subhash]] in lead roles, while [[Tanikella Bharani]] plays a pivotal role. The music was composed by [[Sricharan Pakala]] and released on [[Aditya Music]]. The film was released on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pressks.com/world/sumanth-naruda-donaruda-movie-release-date-confirmed/8140/|title=Sumanth Naruda Donoruda Movie Release Date Confirmed {{!}} Press News Release|last=Admin|first=Press Ks|date=2016-10-22|newspaper=Press News Release|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vicky (Sumanth), an unemployed man, with seemingly no purpose in life, lives with his grandmother and widowed mother (Rajya Lakshmi). Their family survives on a beauty parlour business. Dr Aanjaneyulu (Tanikella Bharani) runs an infertility clinic, and is in search of a good sperm donor. He comes across Vicky, and is enamored by him and his forefathers. After some convincing, Vicky eventually starts selling his sperm to Aanjaneyulu, filling the lives of many childless couples with joy. It's a win-win for Vicky and Aanjaneyulu as both grow rich.

Meanwhile, Vicky falls in love with a divorced bank employee, Aashima Roy (Pallavi Subhash). Never revealing that he's a sperm donor, Vicky marries her. But problems arise when Aashima gets to know the truth. Vicky eventually reconciles with his wife, after Aanjaneyulu helps her understand the true benefits of sperm donation.

== Cast ==
* [[Sumanth]] as Vikram "Vicky"
* [[Pallavi Subhash]] as Ashima Roy
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Dr. Anjeneyulu
* [[Suman Setty]] as Koti
* [[Rajyalakshmi]] as Vikram's mother

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naruda Donoruda
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Sricharan Pakala
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio = Studio 102 Studio ONE Abbey Road Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:35
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Sricharan Pakala
| prev_title = [[Guntur Talkies]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[PSV Garuda Vega]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|wdIvBJsENsA|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

Music composed by Sricharan Pakala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/naruda-donaruda|title=Naruda Donoruda (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), an album by Sricharan Pakala|website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> Music released on [[Aditya Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:35
| title1 = Theerame
| lyrics1 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra1 = Naresh Iyer, Sri Vidya
| length1 = 04:49
| title2 = Alalu Aagavala
| lyrics2 = Krishna Madineni
| extra2 = Poojan Kohli, Soundarya Sakalya
| length2 = 04:22
| title3 = Pelli Beatu
| lyrics3 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra3 = Poojan Kohli, Jyotsna Pakala, Saicharan Pakala
| note3 = Rap: Sricharan Pakala, Rahul Ganapathi, [[Siddu Jonnalagadda]], Lanka Sonthoshi
| length3 = 03:02
| title4 = Kaasu Paisa
| lyrics4 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra4 = [[Siddu Jonnalagadda]], S.Anant Srikar, [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
| length4 = 02:41
| title5 = Ayyo Baasu
| lyrics5 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra5 = Mohammed Abid Ali
| length5 = 02:57
| title6 = Roju Ila
| lyrics6 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra6 = Hemachandra, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length6 = 03:11
| title7 = Nee Valane
| lyrics7 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra7 = Ishaq Vali, Saicharan Pakala, S.Anant Srikar
| length7 = 03:32
| title8 = Nee Valane(Sad)
| lyrics8 = Chaitanya Varma
| extra8 = Sri Vidya, Sricharan Pakala
| length8 = 02:01
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
[[Deccan Chronicle]] gave 2 out of 5 stars stating "Naruda Donaruda is a fresh subject which could have been made much better. Except for Thanikella Bharani’s performance in a few scenes, the movie has nothing interesting. And it’s not a good comeback for Sumanth".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/051116/naruda-donaruda-movie-review-a-bad-remake.html|title=Naruda Donaruda movie review: A bad remake.|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=2016-11-05|access-date=2019-11-24}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>
[[The Indian Express]] stated "Watch it for Tanikella Bharani’s performance. But don’t expect it to be a joyride right through. Entertainment is on offer only in parts, the rest is boring".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/nov/05/naruda-donaruda-review-this-donor-is-not-a-perfect-match-1535064.html|title=Naruda Donaruda review: This donor is not a perfect match|website=The Indian Express|date=2016-11-05|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6269286}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Sperm donation]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sricharan Pakala]]

{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Ghanaur

2026-02-22T00:39:54Z

Flightsvilla: reworked section per standard format

{{Update|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghanaur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.33|N|76.61|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 255
| population_total = 5754
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 140702
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghanaur''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat|Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Patiala district]] in the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]] and it is Sub-Tehsil of [[Rajpura]] with powers of Joint Magistrate.

A 1904 Punjab States Gazetteer lists Ghanaur among the [[Taoni]] Rajputs' [[chhat]]s (principal villages).<ref>{{cite book |title=Punjab States Gazetteers. Volume XVII-A: Phulkian States. Patiala, Jind and Nabha (with maps) |publisher=Punjab Government Press |location=Lahore |date=1909 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2935 |access-date=2026-02-20 |pages=65-66}}</ref>
==Geography==
Ghanaur is located at {{coord|30.33|N|76.61|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/23/Ghanaur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ghanaur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 255 metres (836 feet).

The Battle of Ghanaur happened here.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ghanaur had a population of 5754. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ghanaur has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 60%. In Ghanaur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The Ghagar river flows near ghanaur. Narvana branch canal also touches the North side of town.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Patiala district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patiala district]]
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Jesus & Mary Academy Darbhanga

2026-02-21T10:31:23Z

Flightsvilla: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jesus Mary Academy
| image = Jmadbg.jpg
| image_size =
| motto = ''Let there be light''
| established = {{start date and age|1996}}
| type = [[Private School]]
| chairman =
| principal = Dr. Madhurima Sinha
| address = Allalpatti
| city = [[Darbhanga]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| faculty = Full time
| area = {{convert|5|acre|m2}}
| nickname = JMA
| colors = Light Blue, White
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| website = No official Facebook page
}}
'''Jesus & Mary Academy''', is a [[Private school|private]] [[secondary school]] at Allalpatti, [[Laheriasarai]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Jesus and Mary Academy, Allalpatti |url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/jesus-and-mary-academy-allalpatti-darbhanga |website=Careers360}}</ref> Jesus & Mary Academy is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] based in [[Darbhanga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jesusmaryacademy.com/ |title=Jess & Mary Academy |website=www.jesusmaryacademy.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216065944/http://jesusmaryacademy.com/ |archive-date=2013-12-16}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Darbhanga]]
* [[Laheriasarai]]
* [[Darbhanga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jesus and Mary Academy Darbhanga}}
[[Category:Education in Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Bihar]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Bihar]]

Munitions India

2026-02-15T05:54:44Z

Flightsvilla: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian weapons production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Munitions India Limited
| native_name =
| logo = Munitions_India_Limited's_logo.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| image_size =
| type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertaking]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|2021|10|01}}
| defunct =
| fate =
| successors =
| predecessor = [[Ordnance Factory Board]]
| hq_location = Ammunition Factory Khadki
| hq_location_city = [[Pune]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Sanjay Hazari (Chairman & Managing Director) Rakesh Ojha (Director Operations & Director HR)
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| divisions = {{Unbulleted list|Ammunition Factory Khadki|Cordite Factory Aruvankadu|[[High Energy Projectile Factory|High Energy Projectile Factory Tiruchirapalli]]|High Explosive Factory Khadki|Ordnance Factory Bhandara|Ordnance Factory Bolangir|Ordnance Factory Chanda Chandrapur|Ordnance Factory Dehu Road|Ordnance Factory Itarsi|Ordnance Factory Khamaria|Ordnance Factory Nalanda|Ordnance Factory Varangaon}}
| industry = Defence Production
| products = {{plainlist|[[Ammunition]], [[Explosives]], [[Rocket (weapon)|Rockets]]}}
| website = https://munitionsindia.in
}}
'''Munitions India Limited''' (MIL) is an Indian state-owned defence company, headquartered in [[Pune]], India, established in 2021 as part of the restructuring and corporatisation of the [[Ordnance Factory Board]] into seven different [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public Sector Undertakings]].<ref name="mint2021">{{cite news |last1=Roche |first1=Elizabeth |title=New defence PSUs will help India become self-reliant: PM |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=mint |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Seven new defence companies, carved out of OFB, dedicated to the Nation on the occasion of Vijayadashami |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1764148 |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]] |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=Modi to launch seven new PSUs this week, Defence Ministry approves Rs 65,000-crore orders |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 October 2021}}</ref> Munitions India primarily manufactures [[ammunition]], [[explosives]], [[rocket (weapon)|rockets]] and [[bomb]]s for the use of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], foreign militaries and domestic civilian use.

The budget allocated for MIL has seen an increase in the 2020s. The defence [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|PSU]] was allocated a budget of Rs 577 crore in FY2023, Rs 580 crore in FY2024 (RE), and Rs 745.45 crore in FY2025, the highest among the seven defence PSUs. This is a part of the infrastructure modernisation plan, and to increase the war reserves of the Indian Armed Forces to sustain long-drawn wars. The sum is to be invested in modernising equipment, increasing production capacity, and including new manufacturing lines for ammunition of 30mm and 40mm [[Grenade launcher|grenade launchers]].<ref name=":1" />

==Products==
Some notable products of Munitions India include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Products « MIL |url=https://munitionsindia.in/all-products/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=munitionsindia.in}}</ref>

* [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher]]
* Hand Grenade
* [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb]]
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/fsapds-ammunition FSAPDS]
* Shivalik Multi-Mode Hand Grenade (MMHG)
* 155 mm High Explosive Extended Range Full Bore (Boat Tail) shell
* [https://munitionsindia.in/products/mine-maindeka/ Maindeka] Naval Mine
* Air to Ground 1000 lb bombs ([https://munitionsindia.in/products/bomb-1000-lbs-he/ High Explosive], Thermobaric<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aero India 2023: Munitions India to start mass producing 1,000 lb thermobaric bombs |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2023-munitions-india-to-start-mass-producing-1000-lb-thermobaric-bombs |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>)
* 68 mm Air to Ground [[Rocket (weapon)|Rockets]] (HE, HC and Training rounds)
* Mortar Bombs (81 mm, 51 mm)
* Large Caliber Ammunition
** [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] (HE M-107, Illuminating rounds, HE ERFB, Screening Smoke rounds)
** 130 mm (HE rounds)
** [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition|125 mm]] (HE, [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]] rounds)
** [[105 mm calibre|105 mm]] ([[Indian Field Gun|IFG]] HE, IFG Illuminating, Screening Smoke rounds)
* Medium Caliber Ammunition
** [[Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle|84 mm]] (HE, Smoke, Illuminating (ILLG) rounds)
** 30 mm ([[High-explosive incendiary|HE/I]], [[Armour-piercing ammunition|AP]]/[[Tracer ammunition|T]], HE/T rounds for [[BMP-2#India|BMP-II]])
*Small Caliber Ammunition ([[20 mm caliber|20 mm]] rounds for [[anti-materiel rifle]], [[14.5×114mm]], [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 x 51 mm]], [[7.62×54mmR|7.62 x 54 mmR]], [[5.56×45mm NATO|5.56 x 45 mm]], [[9×19mm Parabellum|9×19 mm]])

=== Under Development ===

==== Ramjet-Propelled Artillery Shell ====
As of February 2020, [[IIT Madras]], in partnership with [[IIT Kanpur]], [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] and [[Research Centre Imarat]], is working on redesigning an existing [[155 mm caliber|155 mm shell]] using [[ramjet]] propulsion that can cover 60 km+ range. It will be made compatible with [[Haubits FH77]], [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]], [[K9 Thunder#India|K9 Vajra-T]] and [[ATAGS (howitzer)|ATAGS]]. The shell will incorporate a Precision Guidance Kit for trajectory correction. IIT Madras will ensure that Munitions India can manufacture the shells. A number of technological advances have already been verified. The development team is awaiting product validation and prototyping now that the design is complete. Prototype is expected to be developed within three to four years.<ref name="WION">{{cite news |last1=MP |first1=Sidharth |date=21 February 2020 |title=IIT-M working on next-gen Ramjet-powered 155mm artillery shells for Indian Army |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/iit-m-working-on-next-gen-ramjet-powered-155mm-artillery-shells-for-indian-army-282090 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921163017/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/iit-m-working-on-next-gen-ramjet-powered-155mm-artillery-shells-for-indian-army-282090 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=22 August 2022 |publisher=WION}}</ref>

The project was started in 2020 by partnering with the [[Army Technology Board]]. Early trials of a scaled down system was conducted from an IIT Madras developed 76 mm gun confirmed the fundamental idea. Internal and external ballistics were validated by subsequent testing carried out in September 2025 at the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)#School and Centre|School of Artillery]], which successfully demonstrated clean gun exit, stable flight, and ramjet activation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=IIT Madras develops ramjet-assisted Artillery Shells |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2213738&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=2026-01-09 |title=In a 1st in world, Army set to deploy ramjet-powered shells for 155mm artillery guns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-1st-in-world-army-set-to-deploy-ramjet-powered-shells-for-155mm-artillery-guns/articleshow/126330397.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

With this approach, the range of conventional shells will be enhanced by 30–50% without losing their lethality. It was approved by the Army Technology Board. It can be retrofitted onto all the existing 155 mm artillery shells. As of December 2025, developmental tests at [[Pokhran#Pokhran Test Range|Pokhran Field Firing Range]] and IIT Madras had been successful, showing that the shell can depart the gun efficiently at wider operational zones.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib Kr |date=2025-12-31 |title=Indian Army to be world’s first to use ramjet-powered 155 mm artillery shells |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/12/31/indian-army-to-be-worlds-first-to-use-ramjet-powered-155-mm-artillery-shells.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

By 12 January 2026, IIT Madras successfully conducted successful in-house tests of the ramjet unit. The ramjet engine was incorporated into an in-service 155 mm artillery shell, replacing the traditional [[base bleed]] unit. The project is led by IIT Madras [[Aerospace Engineering]] department faculty P.A. Ramakrishna and retired Indian Army officer [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt General]] P R Shankar among others.<ref name=":2" /> Range improvements were demonstrated in trials carried out on different artillery platforms. The range in [[K9 Thunder#India|K9 Vajra-T]] increased from 36 km to approximately 62 km, in [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]], the range is from approximately 30 km to approximately 55 km, and in [[ATAGS (howitzer)|ATAGS]], it is from approximately 40 km to nearly 70 km.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Shankhyaneel |date=2026-01-12 |title=IIT Madras Tests Ramjet-Assisted Artillery Shells That Extend Gun Range By Nearly 50% |url=https://www.news18.com/india/iit-madras-tests-ramjet-assisted-artillery-shells-extends-gun-range-by-nearly-50-ws-kl-9826178.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=news18.com}}</ref> A [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher#Ramjet propulsion|similar technology]] is expected to be developed for [[rocket artillery]].<ref name=":2" />

==== 155 mm Smart Artillery Shell ====
The development of 155 mm Smart Ammunition for the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] by Munitions India and [[IIT Madras]] was reported in February 2024. The period of development is roughly two years. The goal is to improve the accuracy and lethality of artillery shells during terminal impact. The smart shell can be launched from [[155 mm caliber|155 mm]] 39- and 45-[[Caliber (artillery)|calibre]] guns including [[Dhanush (howitzer)|Dhanush]], [[ATAGS (howitzer)|ATAGS]] and K9 Vajra-T. It will achieve a [[circular error probable]] (CEP) of {{Convert|10|m||abbr=on}} against {{Convert|500|m||abbr=on}} CEP for conventional shells. It requires housing of miniaturize electronics and sensors package with guidance, navigation, and [[Control surface (aviation)|control system]]. To improve accuracy, the smart artillery round will use [[NavIC]], with a [[GPS]] backup. It will be interoperable with all of the [[Indian Army]]'s artillery guns to accommodate various tactical requirements. The smart shell will incorporate three-mode fuse operation, fin stabilization, and [[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]] control.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-06 |title=IIT Madras to spearhead development of India's first Indigenous 155mm Smart Ammunition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iit-madras-to-spearhead-development-of-indias-first-indigenous-155mm-smart-ammunition/articleshow/107462407.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> A minimum range of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a maximum range of {{convert|38|km|mi|abbr=on}} are anticipated. The smart shell will have three explosion modes: delayed, height of burst, and point detonation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Madras to develop smart ammunition {{!}} Indian Institute of Technology Madras |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-develop-smart-ammunition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241127110656/https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-develop-smart-ammunition |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.iitm.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Sidharth |date=5 February 2024 |title=IIT-M and Munitions India to develop smart ammo for 155mm artillery guns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/iit-m-and-munitions-india-to-develop-smart-ammo-for-155mm-artillery-guns-687132 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2024-02-09 |title=India Announces Maiden Precision Artillery Round Development |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2024/02/09/india-precision-artillery-round/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-05 |title=IIT Madras to develop smart ammunition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iit-madras-to-develop-smart-ammunition/article67813804.ece |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Exports ==
The UAE purchased 40,000 and 50,000 155 mm artillery ammunition in 2017 and 2019, respectively. In 2017 and 2019, the order was valued at approximately $40 million and $46 million, respectively. The known buyers of 155 mm shells have been the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Armenia]]. Unidentified European nation—likely [[Poland]] or [[Slovenia]]—just bought the artillery munitions, as per reports in February 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-08 |title=Munitions India Bags Largest Export Order From Saudi Arabia; To Supply 155MM Artillery Shells Worth $225M |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/munitions-india-bags-largest-export-order-from-saudi-arabia-to-supply-155mm-artillery-shells-worth-225m/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=The EurAsian Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2019-08-03 |title=In its largest ever export order, OFB to supply 50,000 Bofors shells to UAE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/in-its-largest-ever-export-order-ofb-to-supply-50000-bofors-shells-to-uae/articleshow/70501461.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Videos from Ukraine have recently surfaced, showing the artillery ammunition manufactured in India being used by [[Ukrainian forces]] in [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. Social media posts in both the Russian and Ukrainian languages reported what seemed to be Indian 155mm artillery shells likely falling into Ukraine. It was rumored that the weaponry consisted of MIL-produced HE ERFB BT shells.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2024-01-05 |title=Russia flags supply of India-made 155mm artillery shells to Ukraine |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/russia-flags-supply-of-india-made-155mm-artillery-shells-to-ukraine/articleshow/106553525.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

MIL and its partner, Nadrah Company, inked a $225 million deal at World Defense Show 2024 to provide artillery ammunition to [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-07 |title=MIL inks $225-million ammunition contract with Saudi Arabia government |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mil-inks-225-million-ammunition-supply-contract-to-saudi-arabia/article67821711.ece |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

As of March 2024, Munitions India has export orders worth ₹6,000 crore, to be supplied till 2026-27. The leading customers are UAE, Vietnam, and one undisclosed country from Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=2024-03-05 |title=Ammunitions maker Munitions India's export orders swell to ₹6,000 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ammunitions-maker-munitions-indias-export-orders-swell-to-6000-crore/article67916528.ece |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023 and early 2024, the company exported 500 tonnes of explosive to Germany's [[Rheinmetall]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-06-25 |title=Reliance Defence bags Rs 600 crore export order from Germany’s Rheinmetall |url=https://theprint.in/defence/reliance-defence-bags-rs-600-crore-export-order-from-germanys-rheinmetall/2670062/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> An initial shipment of 144 tonnes of explosive was done in October 2023. Two additional shipments were undertaken with the final shipment in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-10-05 |title=Alarm after defence PSU sells explosives to banned German Company |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/alarm-after-defence-psu-sells-explosives-to-banned-german-company/articleshow/113971338.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In FY 2023-24, about Rs. 2,000 crores (i.e. 28.5%) of contracts of MIL contracts were from export orders. The total business for the same period was of Rs. 7,000 crore by value.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2024-07-25 |title=Govt’s capital infusion into MIL a sign for scaling-up explosive manufacturing capabilities to meet long-drawn war challenges |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/govts-capital-infusion-into-mil-a-sign-for-scaling-up-explosive-manufacturing-capabilities-to-meet-long-drawn-war-challenges/article68446004.ece |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The Hindu Businessline |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*Other PSUs formed from the Ordnance Factory Board:-
**[[Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited]] (AWE), Kanpur
**[[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] (AVANI), Chennai
**[[Gliders India Limited]] (GIL), Kanpur
**[[India Optel Limited]] (IOL), Dehradun
**[[Troop Comforts Limited]] (TCL), Kanpur
**[[Yantra India Limited]] (YIL), Nagpur

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India| state = collapsed}}

[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]

Social security in India

2026-02-14T19:07:40Z

Flightsvilla:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Socialism sidebar}}

[[India]] has a semblance of [[social security]] legislative framework governing social security, encompassing multiple labour laws and regulations. These laws govern various aspects of social security, particularly focusing on the welfare of the workforce. The primary objective of these measures is to foster sound industrial relations, cultivate a high-quality work environment, ensure legislative compliance, and mitigate risks such as accidents and health concerns. Moreover, social security initiatives aim to safeguard against social risks such as retirement, maternity, healthcare and unemployment while tax-funded social assistance aims to reduce inequalities and poverty. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web | title=FAQs Social Security Benefits in India {{!}} Rödl & Partner | url=https://www.roedl.com/insights/india-faqs-social-security-benefits#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20social%20security%20benefits,%2C%201972%2C%20and%20the%20Employees' | access-date=2024-12-25 | website=www.roedl.com}}</ref> The [[Directive Principles of India|Directive Principles of State Policy]], enshrined in Part IV of the [[Indian Constitution]] reflects that India is a [[welfare state]]. Article 41 of the [[Indian Constitution]], which is one of the [[Directive Principles of India|Directive Principles of State Policy]] states that, ''The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want''. Food security to all Indians are guaranteed under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]] where the government provides highly subsidised food grains or a food security allowance to economically vulnerable people. The system has since been universalised with the passing of [[The Code on Social Security, 2020]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/SS+Policy+&+Code+-+Full+presentation+24-4-17.pdf|title=Unknown}}{{Dead link | date=December 2024 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> These cover most of the Indian population with social protection in various situations in their lives.<ref name="auto2"/>

== Overview ==
The Government's social security and welfare expenditures are a substantial portion of the official budget and as well as the budgets of social security bodies, and state and [[Local government in India|local governments]] play roles in developing and implementing social security policies. Additional welfare measure systems are also uniquely operated by various state governments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok |first=Sowmiya |date=2020-04-04 |title=Welfare schemes, well-oiled PDS helping Tamil Nadu's poor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/welfare-schemes-well-oiled-pds-helping-tn-poor/story-HgNMVaFI96sEHS71iU5YHO.html |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Reethu |date=2020-05-04 |title=COVID-19: West Bengal Announces Rs 10 Lakh Health Insurance For Frontline Workers, Journalists |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/good-governance/covid-19-west-bengal-health-insurance-20911 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=The Logical Indian}}</ref> [[Aadhaar]] is utilised to distribute welfare measures in India.

The comprehensive social protection system of India can be categorised as the follows: social assistance (in the form of welfare payments in cash or kind funded through taxations) and mandatory social security contributory schemes mostly related to employment. The Code on Social Security, 2020 is part of the Indian labour code that deals with employees' social security and have provisions on retirement pension and provident fund, healthcare insurance and medical benefits, sick pay and leaves, unemployment benefits and paid parental leaves.<ref>[https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/SS_Code_Gazette.pdf The Code on Social Security 2020]. Ministry of Law and Justice. The Gazette of India.</ref>

The largest social security programs backed by The Code on Social Security are:

* The [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation]] as a mandatory defined contribution retirement plan for private sector employees. It also provides for basic life and disability insurance.
* A maternity leave benefit of 6 months alongside a one time medical bonus of Rs 3000. A further crèche allowance is to be provided by the company until the 1st year of the child.
* The [[Employees' State Insurance]] for healthcare and unemployment benefits along with sick pays and maternity benefits.
* The [[Unified Pension Scheme]] as the mandatory [[Pay-as-you-go pension plan]] for civil servants.
* The [[National Pension System]] which is increasingly gaining popularity as a voluntary option.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty |first=Amitava |date=26 February 2020 |title=National Pension System: NPS, APY gaining popularity among pension seekers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/national-pension-system-nps-apy-gaining-popularity-among-pension-seekers/1881445/ |website=Financial Express |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> These are funded through social insurance contributions on the payroll.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabharwal |first1=Manish |last2=Mehrishi |first2=Rajiv |date=21 April 2021 |title=Covid is an opportunity to make structural changes to our largest health insurance and pension schemes |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/covid-india-pension-scheme-health-insurance-7282123/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
* The [[National Food Security Act, 2013]], that assures food security to all Indians, is funded through the general taxation.

==Budget==
As per the Economic Survey of the Government of India of 2022–23, the general government (federal, states and local bodies combined) expenditure on social protection (direct cash transfers, financial inclusion, social benefits, health and other insurances, subsidies, free school meals, rural employment guarantee and housing grants for the low income), was approximately {{INRConvert|2130000|c}}, which was 8.3% of gross domestic product (GDP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/eschapter/echap06.pdf|title=Economic Survey, Government of India. 2022-2023|accessdate=8 March 2024}}</ref> These are not part of the employment related social security which are managed separately by individual bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India |title=Expenditure on Social Services increased by more than one percentage points as proportion of GDP during last five years: Economic Survey |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1577032 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> If the funds spent by the EPFO, ESI and the various other provident fund bodies are taken into account, the total spending by the general government of India (centre, states and cities all together) is 12.8% of the GDP or {{INRConvert|3320000|c}}.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_soclscty.pdf |title=National portal of India |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521100837/https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_soclscty.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==National level social security bodies and programs==
This section covers some of the social programs and welfare measures in place in India at the federal level. These can be categorized into two: 1) Social security, which mostly run through mandatory or voluntary contributions on the payroll and 2) Social assistance, which is funded through taxes.<ref>Dezan Shira & Associates (2013) [2021]. [https://www.india-briefing.com/news/introduction-social-security-system-india-6014.html/ Introduction to the Social Security System in India]. Indian Briefing.</ref><ref>[https://labour.gov.in/general-overview General Overview]. Ministry of Labour and Environment, Government of India.</ref> These programs' funding can be categorised as: non-contributory and tax-payer-funded, employer-funded and lastly, joint-funded (contributed by both the employer and the employee and partially contributed by the government).

===Social Security===
These are retirement, healthcare, disability, childcare, gratuity and provident fund and insurance programs mostly governed by The Code on Social Security, 2020, most of which are mandatory for all Indian and foreign employees' working in India.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_8|doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_8|chapter = Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India|title = Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3)|series = IMISCOE Research Series|year = 2020|last1 = Pellissery|first1 = Sony|last2 = Jain|first2 = Saloni|last3 = Varghese|first3 = Geo|pages = 147–161|isbn = 978-3-030-51236-1|s2cid = 229255287}}</ref>

====Unified Pension System for Civil Servants====

The unified pension system is a pension system for civil servants in India, that replaces the defined-benefit, unfunded, [[Old Pension Scheme]]. In the unified pension system, a civil servant contributes 10% of their salary while the government contributes 18% each month on their behalf. After retirement, the civil servant receives 50% of their basic pay of the average of the last 12 months preceding retirement. The pension is indexed to inflation and increases every years.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unified Pension Scheme Must Pave the Way to Fiscal Prudence If It is to Work | url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/unified-pension-scheme-fiscal-prudence/amp | access-date=2024-12-25 | website=m.thewire.in}}</ref>

====Public Provident Fund====
{{main| Public Provident Fund (India)}}

The '''Public Provident Fund''' ('''PPF''') is a voluntary savings-tax-reduction social security instrument in [[India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ppf-rate-to-fetch-7-6-why-it-is-still-a-winner/articleshow/62283053.cms|title=PPF rate to fetch 7.6%: Why it is still a winner|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 January 2018 }}</ref> introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The scheme's main objective is to mobilize small savings for social security during uncertain times by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income tax benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=PPF Scheme |url=https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/web/personal-banking/public-provident-fund-ppf |access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The scheme is offered by the [[Government of India|Central Government]]. Balance in the PPF account is not subject to attachment under any order or decree of court under the Government Savings Banks Act, 1873.
The 2019 Public Provident Fund Scheme, introduced by the Government on 12 December 2019, resulted in the rescinding of the earlier 1968 Public Provident Fund Scheme. The minimum yearly contribution is Rs 500 and the yearly returns is guaranteed at 7.1%. One can withdraw the entire amount after 15 years or partially before anytime in case of social causes such as unemployment.

====National Pension System====
{{main|National Pension System}}

This is thought to eventually become the national pension system of India which initially started to replace the civil servant's pension system. Civil Servants who joined service before 2004 are entitled to the Civil Service Pension Scheme and the General Provident Fund. These were established in 1972 and 1981 respectively. It was a defined benefit system that the employees did not contribute to and the pension was funded through the general state budget. To qualify for a pension, one must have been in service for at least ten years and the pensionable age was 58. The retired employee received 50% of his/her last salary as the monthly pension. Due to the severe financial burden that this system was placing on government finances that it was abolished for new civil service employees from the year 2004 and replaced by the [[National Pension System]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2003 |title=Govt to scrap pension scheme for new staff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/govt-to-scrap-pension-scheme-for-new-staff/articleshow/235447.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The [[National Pension System|National Pension System (NPS)]] is a defined contribution pension system administered and regulated by the [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]] (PFRDA), created by an Act of the Parliament of India. The NPS started with the decision of the Government of India to stop defined benefit pensions [[Old Pension Scheme]] (OPS) for all its employees who joined after 1 January 2004.

The employee contributes 10% of his gross salary to the system while the employer contributes a matching amount. At the official age of retirement, the employee can withdraw 60% of the amount as a lump sum while 40% needs to be compulsorily used to buy [[annuity]] that will be used to pay a monthly pension. The system tries to achieve a target of 50% of the last salary of the employee. This system has been made compulsory for all civil servants but voluntary for others. In the General Provident Fund Scheme, the employee needs to contribute at least 6% of his gross salary and there is a guaranteed return of 8%. The employee can withdraw the lump sum amount when he/she retires.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

====Employees' Provident Fund Organisation====
{{Main|Employees' Provident Fund Organisation}}

It is the most important social security body that covers most employees in India and accords them with social protection and is governed by [[The Code on Social Security, 2020]]. It runs three social security schemes for workers and employees in India. A provident fund is a kind of retirement scheme. It is mandatory for every private and self-employee (civil servants are covered by the [[National Pension Scheme|Civil Servant's Pension System]]) under The Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952.

Under this statutory act, an employee contributes 12% of his or her monthly salary and his or her employer contributes a matching amount, while the government contributes 1% of the employees’ salary, with a total contribution of 25% of the employee's gross salary. The contributions go towards three social security schemes: the mandatory provident fund, a pension scheme and a disability and life insurance. The entire 12% contribution of the employee goes towards the Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme (EPF), while from the employer's share of 12%, 3.67% goes to the Employees’ Provident Fund and 8.33% goes towards the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS) along with 1% contribution of the government while 0.5% contribution of the employer goes to the Employees’ Deposit-Linked Insurance (EDLI).

Employees affiliated to this body are also covered automatically by the [[Ayushman Bharat|National Health Protection Scheme]] health insurance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mintgenie.livemint.com/amp/news/personal-finance/epf-subscribers-might-get-ayushman-bharat-health-insurance-coverage-soon-report-151663737303727 | title=EPF subscribers might get Ayushman Bharat health insurance coverage soon: Report }}</ref> The employee withdraws the amount deposited for the provident fund along with the interest accumulated once the employee reaches the statutory retirement age. In case of death or disability during work, the dependent or the disabled employee gets a monthly pension throughout their life. The pension schemes guarantees a basic minimum pension for the employees life after retirement. Retirement age currently stands at 60 in all establishments covered by the EPFO.<ref name="auto1"/> Overall, the system tries achieving 50% of the employee's last salary.<ref>[https://www.epfindia.gov.in/site_en/For_Employees.php Employees' Provident Fund Organisation] [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], Government of India</ref>

====Employees' State Insurance====
{{Main|Employees' State Insurance}}

[[Employees' State Insurance]] (abbreviated as ESI) is a social security and [[health insurance]] fund for Indian workers. The fund is managed by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) according to rules and regulations stipulated in the ESI Act 1948. This fund is managed by the ESI Corporation (ESIC) according to rules and regulations stipulated there in the ESI Act 1948, which oversees the provision of healthcare and cash benefits to the employees and their family. ESIC is a '''Statutory and an Autonomous Body''' under the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]].

For all employees earning {{INRConvert|21000|}} or less per month as wages, the employer contributes 3.25% and the employee contributes 0.75%, total share 4%. ESI scheme is a type of social security scheme for employees in the organised sector. The employees registered under the insurance are entitled to medical treatment for themselves and their dependents, [[Unemployment benefits|unemployment benefit]], sick pay and maternity benefit in case of women employees.

In case of employment-related [[disability|disablement]] or death, there is provision for a [[Disability benefits|disablement benefit]] and a family pension respectively.<ref name="ccs">{{cite web |last1=Gopinath |first1=M |last2=Krishna |first2=Hari |date=13 November 2013 |title=Employee State Insurance: For a handful of contribution, a bagful of benefits24 February 2011 |url=http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/interns2003/chap6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113124934/http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/interns2003/chap6.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |website=[[Centre for Civil Society]], India}}</ref>{{rp|67}} Outpatient medical facilities are available in 1418 ESI dispensaries and through 1,678 registered medical practitioners. Inpatient care is available in 145 ESI hospitals and 42 hospital annexes with a total of 19,387 beds. In addition, several state government hospitals also have beds for the exclusive use of ESI Beneficiaries. Cash benefits can be availed in any of 830 ESI centres throughout India.<ref name="rep0809">{{cite web|url=http://esic.nic.in/CIRCULARS/AR0809.pdf|title=Annual Report 2008-2009|publisher=Employees' State Insurance Corporation|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref>{{rp|13,16}}

====National Health Protection Scheme====
{{Main|Healthcare in India|Ayushman Bharat Yojana}}

People working in the organised sector either get health insurance through the [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] or the [[Employees' State Insurance]]. Ayushman Bharat Yojana also provides coverage to the poor and people working in the unorganised sector. These two are public health insurance funds that has coverage that includes 3 days of pre-hospitalisation and 15 days of post-hospitalisation expenses. Around 1,400 procedures with all related costs like OT expenses are taken care of.

This public health insurance is fully tax-payer funded and the entire premium is borne by the centre and the states in a 60:40 share. The program is estimated to cost the government {{INRConvert|99000|c}} by 2026, highlighting one of the few social security scheme that is not undergoing a budget cut.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/human-development/what-will-determine-the-costs-of-prime-minister-s-jan-arogya-yojana.html | title=What will govern the costs of Prime Minister's Jan Arogya Yojana? }}</ref> PMJAY and the E-card provide a coverage of ₹5 lakh ($6860) per family, per year, thus helping the economically vulnerable obtain easy access to healthcare services for free.

====Atal Pension Yojna (APY)====
{{Main|Atal Pension Yojana}}

It is a voluntary basic supplementary pension scheme, mostly intended for people surviving on mini-jobs, short-terms contracts or daily-wage earners. It is open to all saving bank/post office saving bank account holders in the age group of 18 to 40 years and the contributions differ, based on pension amount chosen. Subscribers would receive the guaranteed minimum monthly pension of ₹1,000 or ₹2,000 or ₹3,000 or ₹4,000 or ₹5,000 at the age of 60 years.

Under APY, the monthly pension would be available to the subscriber, and after him to his spouse and after their death, the pension corpus, as accumulated at age 60 of the subscriber, would be returned to the nominee of the subscriber. The minimum pension would be guaranteed by the Government, i.e., if the accumulated corpus based on contributions earns a lower than estimated return on investment and is inadequate to provide the minimum guaranteed pension, the Central Government would fund such inadequacy from the general budget. Alternatively, if the returns on investment are higher, the subscribers would get enhanced pensionary benefits.<ref>[https://financialservices.gov.in/new-initiatives/schemes Schemes. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)]. Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.</ref>

====Maternity Benefits====

According to The Code on Social Security, 2020, all women employees are entitled to 26 weeks of fully paid maternity leaves. This benefit could be availed by women for a period extending up to a maximum of 8 weeks before the expected delivery date and the remaining time can be availed after childbirth. For women who are having 2 or more surviving children, the duration of paid maternity leave shall be 12 weeks (i.e. 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after expected date of delivery). Maternity leave of 12 weeks to be available to mothers adopting a child below the age of three months from the date of adoption as well as to the "commissioning mothers" (defined as a biological mother who uses her egg to create an embryo planted in any other woman).

A woman needs to work and contribute for at least 80 days in the years when she plans on availing this benefit. This social security measure is fully-funded by the employer and mandatory for all establishments operating in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/introduction-social-security-system-india-6014.html/ | title=Introduction to India's Social Security System | date=6 May 2022 }}</ref>

====Accident Assurance Scheme====
{{Main|Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana}}
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is available to people (Indian Resident or NRI) between 18 and 70 years of age with bank accounts. It has an annual premium of {{INRConvert|12}} exclusive of taxes. The GST is exempted on Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana. The amount is automatically debited from the account. This insurance scheme can have one year cover from 1 June to 31 May and would be offered through banks and administered through public sector general insurance companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revexpo.com/review/pradhan-mantri-suraksha-bima-yojana-pmsby/|title=Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)-accidental insurance|website=revexpo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

In case of unexpected death or full disability, the payment to the nominee will be {{INRConvert|2|l}} and in case of partial Permanent disability {{INRConvert|1|l}}. Full disability has been defined as loss of use in both eyes, hands or feet. Partial Permanent disability has been defined as loss of use in one eye, hand or foot.<ref name="Woes">{{citation |title=Jan Suraksha: Social security for masses, pricing woes for insurers |date=8 May 2015 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jan-suraksha-social-security-for-masses-pricing-woes-for-insurers-115050900786_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Advertise">{{citation |title=Banks advertise Pradhan Mantri Bima Yojana ahead of the roll out |date=8 May 2015 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/n6uNxsGr1kytGMNBXklVTI/Banks-advertise-Pradhan-Mantri-Bima-Yojana-ahead-of-the-roll.html |work=Livemint}}</ref> Further, death due to suicide, alcohol, drug abuse, etc. are not covered.

===Social Assistance and Grants===
These are rights-based social assistance programmes funded through the general taxation and have [[statutory]] backing.<ref name="auto"/><ref>[https://accountabilityindia.in/sites/default/files/rights_based_welfare_state_aiyar_walton.pdf Rights, Accountability and Citizenship:
Examining India's Emerging Welfare State] accountabilityindia.in</ref>

====National Food Security Safety Net====
{{Main|National Food Security Act, 2013}}
The National Food Security Safety Net is one of the most comprehensive food security program and the most expensive social benefit program in the world amongst all developing countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modi-govts-largest-ration-subsidy-scheme-for-80-cr-indians-buy-rice-wheat-at-this-price/1909103/ | title=Modi govt's largest ration subsidy scheme for 80 Cr Indians; check full details of govt plan | date=25 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/budget/data/how-india-spends | title=Union Budget of India: How government allocates funds | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It aims to provide [[Subsidy|subsidized]] food grains to approximately two thirds of the country's 1.2 billion people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-defers-promulgation-of-ordinance-on-Food-Security-Bill/articleshow/20569710.cms|title=Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill|publisher=Times of India|date=13 June 2013}}</ref> It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, [[retrospective effect|retroactive to]] 5 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite press release|title = The National Food Security Bill, 2013 Receives the Assent of the President, Published in the Gazette of India as Act No. 20 of 2013| url =http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99309|publisher = Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/7714/food-security-act-to-be-implemented-from-july-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717103430/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/7714/food-security-act-to-be-implemented-from-july-5|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 July 2014|publisher=[[Bloomberg TV India]]}}</ref>

The National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India. It includes the [[Midday Meal Scheme]], [[Integrated Child Development Services]] scheme and the [[Public Distribution System]]. Further, the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements. The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two-thirds of the population (75% in rural areas and 50% in urban areas).

Under the provisions of the bill, beneficiaries of the [[Public Distribution System]] (or, PDS) are entitled to {{convert|5|kg|lb}} per person per month of cereals at the following prices:
* [[Rice]] at {{INR Convert|3}} per kg
* [[Wheat]] at {{INR Convert|2}} per kg
* Coarse grains ([[millet]]) at {{INR Convert|1}} per kg.

In addition to grains and cereals, 2 kg of protein-rich high quality lentils and pulses are also provided for free to per person per month.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/economy/why-modi-govts-prized-food-scheme-went-from-dal-of-choice-to-no-dal-at-all/688960/ | title=Why Modi govt's prized food scheme went from 'dal of choice' to no dal at all | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=5 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/news/india/what-is-pradhan-mantri-gareeb-kalyan-anna-yojana-how-will-it-help-80-crore-migrant-workers-4071885/ | title=What is Pradhan Mantri Gareeb Kalyan Anna Yojana? How Will it Help 80 Crore Migrant Workers? }}</ref> Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals. In 2022, the general government (centre and states combined) spent about 6.3% of its budget on this programme with a total allocation of {{INRConvert|530000|c}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/a-k-bhattacharya-nirmalajis-new-headache-food-scheme-extension/20230105.htm | title=Nirmalaji's New Headache: Food Scheme Extension }}</ref> In the absence of the availability of food grains with the government, the beneficiaries under the act receives food security allowance benefits directly into their bank accounts.

====Free School Meals====
{{Main|Midday Meal Scheme}}

The Midday-Meal is a [[school meal]] programme of the [[Government of India]] designed to better the [[nutrition]]al standing of school-age children nationwide and is governed by the statutory act [[National Food Security Act, 2013]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp207424.pdf|title = India: A Desk Review of the Mid-Day Meals Programme|date = July 2007|last = Chettiparambil-Rajan|first = Angelique|accessdate = 28 July 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131020230641/http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp207424.pdf|archive-date = 20 October 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government, government aided, local body, Education Guarantee Scheme, and alternate innovative education centres, ''[[madrasa]]'' and ''[[kuttab|maqtab]]s'' supported under [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]], and National Child Labour Project schools run by the ministry of labour.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |url=http://mdm.nic.in/Files/Right%20to%20information/Frequently_Asked_Questions_on_MDM.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Mid Day Meal Scheme |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004336/http://mdm.nic.in/Files/Right%20to%20information/Frequently_Asked_Questions_on_MDM.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Serving 120,000,000 children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, it is the largest of its kind in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://mdm.nic.in/aboutus.html |title=About the Mid Day Meal Scheme |publisher=Mdm.nic.in |access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

Under article 24, paragraph 2c<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx|title = Convention on the Rights of the Child|date=20 November 1989|publisher=United Nations|accessdate = 28 July 2013}}</ref> of the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]], to which India is a party,<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502160113/http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_hr.html|archive-date=2 May 2010|url =http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_hr.html|title = India and United Nations – Human Rights|accessdate = 28 July 2013}}</ref> India has committed to yielding "adequate nutritious food" for children. The programme has undergone many changes since its launch in 1995. The Midday Meal Scheme is covered by the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]]. The legal backing to the Indian school meal programme is akin to the legal backing provided in the US through the [[National School Lunch Act]].

====Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin and Urban)====
{{Main|Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana}}
This is India's flagship assistance for housing designed specifically to reduce rural and urban homelessness and poverty. Under the scheme, financial assistance worth {{INRConvert|420000}} in plain areas and {{INRConvert|530000}} in difficult areas (high land area) is provided for construction or upgradation of houses for low income groups and retirees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iay.nic.in/netiay/more_cons.htm|title=More...|access-date=4 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125005751/http://iay.nic.in/netiay/more_cons.htm|archive-date=25 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Central Government]], which covers 60% of the cost, allocated a budget of {{INRConvert|48000|c}} for both rural and urban regions. The states are supposed to cover the remaining 40%.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=Budget 2022: Govt allocates Rs 48k crore for universal housing, pushes for easy approvals for middle class and EWS in urban areas |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/budget/union-budget-pm-awas-yojana-fund-nirmala-sitharaman-7751310/}}</ref>

These houses are equipped with facilities such as a toilet, LPG cooking gas connections, electricity connection, and piped drinking water in convergence with other schemes e.g. [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan toilet]]s, [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana|Ujjwala Yojana LPG gas connection]], Saubhagya Yojana electricity connection, etc.<ref name="house9">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/10-lakh-homes-built-under-pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana-gramin-government/articleshow/61875599.cms 10 lakh homes built under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin): Government], PTI, Economic Times, 1 Dec 2017.</ref> The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmayg.nic.in/netiay/home.aspx|title=Home | Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin | Ministry of Rural Development | GOI|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919094529/https://pmayg.nic.in/netiay/home.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Maternity Benefit for Self-employed or Unemployed Women====
{{Main|Pradhan Mantri Matri Vandana Yojana}}

Pradhan Mantri Matri Vandana Yojana is a maternity benefit programme run by the government of [[India]] for low-income households. It was introduced in 2017 and is implemented by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)|Ministry of Women and Child Development]]. It is a [[conditional cash transfer]] scheme for pregnant and lactating women of 19 years of age or above for the first live birth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Dipa |date=19 May 2017 |title=Modi Government's Maternity Benefits Scheme Will Likely Exclude Women Who Need It the Most |url=https://thewire.in/gender/maternity-benefit-programme |publisher=The Wire India}}</ref> It provides a partial wage compensation to women for wage-loss during childbirth and childcare and to provide conditions for safe delivery and good nutrition and feeding practices.

In 2013, the scheme was brought under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]] to implement the provision of cash maternity benefit of {{INRConvert|6|k}} stated in the Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pucl-plea-in-sc-questions-delay-in-implementation/article7265775.ece |title=PUCL plea in SC questions delay in implementation |work=The Hindu |date=2015-05-31 |access-date=2015-12-23}}</ref> The eligible beneficiaries would receive the incentive given under the [[National Health Mission|Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)]] for Institutional delivery and the incentive received under JSY would be accounted towards maternity benefits so that on an average a woman gets {{INRConvert|6|K}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana |url=https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/women-and-child-development/women-development-1/pradhan-mantri-matru-vandana-yojana |website=vikaspedia.in |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> The total financial cost of this benefit (both the centre and states together) was {{INRConvert|2475.89|c}} in 2020, highlighting steady cuts in budgetary allocation over the years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1809705 | title=Implementation Status of Pmmvy }}</ref>

====Integrated Child Development Services====
{{Main|Integrated Child Development Services}}

It is a government programme in India which provides food, [[preschool]] education, [[primary healthcare]], cash transfers to families, immunization, health check-up and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers.<ref name=ICDS>{{Cite web |url=https://icds-wcd.nic.in/icds.aspx |title=INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES (ICDS) SCHEME |publisher=Government of India|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> The scheme was launched in 1975, discontinued in 1978 by the government of Morarji Desai, and then relaunched by the Tenth Five Year Plan.

Tenth five-year plan also linked ICDS to ''[[Anganwadi]]'' centres established mainly in rural areas and staffed with frontline workers.<ref name="Improving Child Nutrition?">{{cite journal | access-date=11 February 2015 | url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPUBSERV/Resources/477250-1187034401048/dasgupta.pdf | title=Improving Child Nutrition? The Integrated Child Development Services in India | date=2005 |author1=Michael Lokshin |author2=Monica Das Gupta |author3=Michele Gragnolati andOleksiy Ivaschenko | journal=[[Development and Change]] | volume=36 | issue=4 | pages=613–640| doi=10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00427.x }}</ref> In addition to fighting [[malnutrition]] and ill health, the programme is also intended to combat [[gender inequality]] by providing girls the same resources as boys.

During the 2018–19 [[fiscal year]], the Indian central government allocated ₹16,335 crores ($2.18 billion) to the programme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accountabilityindia.in/budget/briefs/download/1812|title=Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015641/https://www.accountabilityindia.in/budget/briefs/download/1812|url-status=dead}}</ref> The widespread network of ICDS has an important role in combating rural malnutrition especially for children of weaker and marginalised groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Has the ICDS helped reduce stunting in India?|url = http://www.ideasforindia.in/article.aspx?article_id=1513|website = www.ideasforindia.in|accessdate = 2015-10-09|archive-date = 20 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020135733/http://www.ideasforindia.in/article.aspx?article_id=1513|url-status = dead}}</ref>

====National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme====
{{Main|National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005}}

[[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005]], is a [[social welfare]] measure that aims to guarantee the '[[right to work]]'. It is considered to be one of the world's largest public work programs. This act was passed in September 2005 under the UPA government of Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]].
It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Rural Development|year=2005|url=http://nrega.nic.in/Nrega_guidelines.pdf|access-date= 5 November 2013|website=" Ministry of Rural Development", [[Government of India]]|title=The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) – Operational Guidelines|page=1}}</ref><ref name=NDA>{{citation|title=Nationwide review of rural job scheme NREGS ordered by government |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 October 2015 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/nationwide-review-of-rural-job-scheme-nregs-ordered-by-government/articleshow/49264512.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160406145800/http://economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/nationwide-review-of-rural-job-scheme-nregs-ordered-by-government/articleshow/49264512.cms |url-status=live |archive-date=2016-04-06 |last1=Chitravanshi |first1=Ruchika }}</ref> As of 2021, the government allocated {{INRConvert|73000|c}} for this scheme. Together with the central and state governments, the net allocation was {{INRConvert|201666|c}} in 2021, a massive increase from the budgeted estimate in order to counter the economic loss caused by the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2020/decoding-the-budget/budget-2020-govt-reduces-spending-on-mgnrega-allocates-rs-60000-crore-for-fy21/story/395294.html|title = Budget 2020: Govt reduces spending on MGNREGA, allocates Rs 60,000 crore for FY21| date=2 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/985693/budget-centre-allocates-rs-73000-crore-to-mgnrega-34-less-than-revised-estimate-for-2020-21|title=Budget: Centre allocates Rs 73,000 crore to MGNREGA – 34% less than revised estimate for 2020-'21|date=2 February 2021 }}</ref> In 2023, the program's budget has been slashed by the centre to {{INRConvert|60000|c}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/union-budget/union-budget-2023-mgnrega-allocation-down-by-nearly-32-activists-rue-cut-1186849.html | title=Union Budget 2023: MGNREGA allocation down by nearly 32%, activists rue cut | date=February 2023 }}</ref>

====National Social Assistance Scheme====
{{Main|National Social Assistance Scheme}}

The National Social Assistance Programme is a [[Centrally Sponsored Scheme]] of the [[Government of India]] that provides solidarity financial benefits to elderly people who were unable to work and has no other pension rights, widows/widowers who's left without the family breadwinner and persons with disabilities in the form of [[social pension]]s. As of 2023, there are more than 29 million NSAP beneficiaries in India.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://nsap.nic.in/ | title=National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)| publisher=Ministry Of Rural Development, [[Government Of India]] | access-date=21 July 2023 | archive-date=20 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620042941/https://nsap.nic.in/ | url-status=dead}}</ref> The central government's allocation to the NSAP budget (which forms 60% of the expenditure on this scheme) is {{INRConvert|9636|c}} in 2023, highlighting constant cuts to the budget over the years.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/social-security-and-the-story-of-two-budgets/article66522398.ece | title=Social security and the story of two Budgets | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Welfare measures in various states==
Below are some of the measures undertaken at the state level for social security and welfare purposes in India.

===West Bengal===
{{More citations needed|subsection|date=May 2023}}
'''[[Kanyashree Prakalpa]]''' ({{langx|bn|কন্যাশ্রী}}) is an initiative taken by the [[Government of West Bengal]] to improve the life and the status of the girls, by helping economically backward families with cash so the families do not arrange the [[Child marriage in India|marriage of their girl child]] before 18 years because of economic problems. The purpose of this initiative is to uplift those girls who are from poor families and thus can't pursue higher studies due to tough economic conditions. It has been given international recognition by the United Nations Department of International Development and the [[UNICEF]].

The scheme has two conditional cash benefit components:
# The first is K1, an annual scholarship of ₹1,000/- to be paid annually to the girls from 13 to 18 years of age group for every year that they remain in education, provided they are unmarried at the time. Originally, in 2013–14 and 2014–15, the annual scholarship was ₹500/-.
# The second benefit is K2, a one-time grant of 25,000/-, to be paid when girls turn 18, provided that they are engaged in an academic or occupations pursuit and are unmarried at the time.
The term 'education' encompasses [[Secondary education|secondary and higher secondary education]], as well as the various vocational, technical and sports courses available for this age group. Although the annual scholarship is payable only when girls reach Class VIII, this criterion is waived for girls with special needs whose disability is 40% or more.

Recently, the bar of income has been withdrawn by the State Government, thus every girl can apply for this scheme. The scheme was previously only open to families whose annual income was equal to or less than {{INRConvert|1.2|l}}, but girls with special needs, i.e. girls who have lost both parents, as well as for girls residing in Juvenile Justice homes, had this criterion waived.

===Tamil Nadu===
'''[[Amma Unavagam]]''' ({{langx|ta|அம்மா உணவகம்}}) is a food [[subsidy|subsidisation programme]] run by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. It is a first of the kind scheme run by any government in India. It has been an inspiration for many states like Odisha, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh which later proposed similar schemes seeing its success.<ref name="sharprises">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa : A political career with sharp rises and steep falls|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article16760118.ece|access-date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

Under the scheme, [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporations]] of the state-run canteens serving subsidised food at low prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-budget-restaurants-to-be-renamed-amma-unavagam/article4448654.ece |title=New budget restaurants to be renamed Amma Unavagam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2013}}</ref> The genesis of the scheme could be traced to the concept of rural restaurants promoted by [[Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/rural-poverty-removal-by-_b_6703368|title=How Village Restaurants Could Change The Lives Of The Rural Poor|date=7 March 2015|website=HuffPost|accessdate=8 March 2024}}</ref>
The literal meaning of the name of the scheme Amma Unavagam is Mother's canteen. ''Amma'' translates to ''mother'' in Tamil, but is also a reference to Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa|J Jayalalithaa]], who introduced this restaurant chain as part of government schemes aimed at aiding economically disadvantaged sections of society.<ref name="mother">{{cite news|title=Mother of welfare schemes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Mother-of-welfare-schemes/article16761095.ece1|access-date=6 December 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Welfare State]]
*[[Welfare reform]]
*[[Pensions in India]]
*''[[Only 15 paise reaches the beneficiary]]''
* [[Social safety net]]
* [[Social security]]
* [[Social policy]]
* [[Unemployment benefits]]

===Comparisons===
* [[Social programs in the United States|American social programs]]
**[[Social Security (United States)|U.S. Social Security]]
*[[Social security in Australia|Australian social security]]
* [[Social programs in Canada]]
*[[Italian welfare state|Italian welfare]]
*[[Welfare in New Zealand|New Zealand welfare]]
* [[Scandinavian welfare model]]
**[[Welfare in Sweden|Swedish welfare]]
**[[Social security in Sweden|Swedish social security]]
**[[Welfare in Finland|Finnish welfare]]
*[[Welfare state in the United Kingdom|UK welfare]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] (All works are issued in [[Public domain]])|access-date=2007-11-06|title=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: India, December 2004)}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Asia topic|Welfare in}}
{{Asia topic|Social security in}}
{{Economy of India}}
[[Category:Welfare in India| ]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India| ]]
[[Category:Public economics]]
[[Category:Government aid programs]]
[[Category:Social security]]
[[Category:Social programs]]
[[Category:Welfare economics]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Social security in India]]

Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh

2026-01-29T03:13:30Z

Flightsvilla: made first pg w/ sources

{{short description|1695 Persian-language history chronicle}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = Sujan Rai
| orig_lang_code = fa
| translator =
| country = [[Mughal Empire]]
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| subject = History of India
| genre = non-fiction
| published = 1695 (manuscript); 1918 (printed)
| publisher =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
}}
'''''Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh''''' ({{Langx|fa|خلاصة التواریخ}}, "Epitome of History") is a [[Persian language]] [[chronicle]] written by [[Sujan Rai Bhandari]] in the [[Mughal Empire]] of present-day India. It deals with the history of [[Hindustan]] (northern [[Indian subcontinent]]), and it also contains details about the contemporary Mughal Empire. Sujan Rai completed the book in 1695 CE, during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]]. An insertion about Aurangzeb's death was later added to the original copy by a transcriber.

Alternative transliterations of the book's title include ''Khulasat-Al-Tavarikh'' and ''Khulasatu-t-Tawarikh''.

== Authorship and date ==

The author's name is not given anywhere in the actual book, but the transcribers' notes in several manuscripts mention him as Sujan Rai. Some manuscripts appended Bhandari or Batalvi to his name.<ref name="MA_2011"/> The title [[Munshi]] is also prefixed to his name. One such manuscript calls him the "Munshi of Munshis".<ref name="IH_7">{{cite book |url=http://kblibrary.bih.nic.in/Vol07/BP012.htm |title=Indian History - Vol 7, No. 540 |chapter=Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh |pages=12–14 }}</ref>

Rai was a [[Khatri]] Hindu from [[Batala]]. As a young man, he had served as a ''dabir'' (secretary) to some nobles.<ref name="MA_2011"/> He knew the [[Hindustani language|Hindi]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages.<ref name="IH_7"/>

''Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh'' was completed in the 40th year of Aurangzeb's reign, corresponding to 1695 CE. Most of the manuscripts contain a brief account of Aurangzeb's death at the end, written abruptly in a small number of lines. This section is believed to be an insertion in an early copy by a transcriber and was repeated in subsequent copies.<ref name="MZH_1918"/>

== Contents ==

=== Preface ===

The book has a long preface, which contains a list of 27 Persian and Sanskrit historical works used as references:<ref name="MA_2011">{{cite book |author1=Muzaffar Alam |author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |title=Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWYWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT414 |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52790-3 |pages=414–419}}</ref><ref name="IH_7"/>

'''Persian translations of Sanskrit works'''

# ''[[Razmnama|Razm-Namah]]'', translation of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by [[Abdul Qadir Badayuni]] and Sheikh Muhammad Sultan Thanesari; commissioned by [[Akbar]]
# Translation of ''[[Ramayana]]''; commissioned by Akbar
# Translation of ''[[Harivamsa]]'', translated by Maulana Tabrezi; commissioned by Akbar
# ''Jog Basisht'', translation of ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' by Shaikh Ahmad; commissioned by [[Dara Shikoh]]
# ''Kitab Bhagawat ''
# ''Gulafshan'', translation of ''[[Singhasan Battisi]]''
# Translation of Bidhadhar's ''Rajavali'' by Nibahuram
# Translation of [[Kalhana|Pandit Raghu Nath]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', by Maulana Imad-ud-Din

'''Persian-language texts'''

# ''Tarikh-i-Mahmud Gaznawi'' by Maulana Unsuri; about [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Sultan Shihab-ud-Din Guri''; about [[Muhammad of Ghor]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Sultan'' Ala-ud-Din Khalji; about [[Alauddin Khalji]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi'' by Maulana A'azz-ud-Din Khalid Khani; about [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Afaghina'' by Husain Khan Afghan
# ''[[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafar Namah]]'' by [[Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi|Sharaf-ud-Din Ali Yazdi]]; about [[Timur]]
# ''Timur Namah'' by Hatifi; about Timur
# ''[[Akbarnama|Akbar Namah]]'' by Abu'l Fazl; about [[Akbar]]
# ''Tarikh-i Akbar'' Shahi by Ata Beg Qazwini; about [[Akbar]]
# ''Akbar Namah'' by Shaykh Ilahdad Munshi Murtada Khani; about [[Akbar]]
# ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari'' by Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad Bakshi; about [[Akbar]]
# ''Iqbal Namah''
# ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Jahangir Namah]]''; about [[Jahangir]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Shah Jahan'' by Waris Khan, corrected by Sa'd Ullah Khan; about [[Shah Jahan]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Alamgiri'' by Mir Muhammad Kazim; about [[Aurangzeb]]
# ''Tarikh-i-Bahadur Shahi''; about [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]]

'''Other works'''

# ''[[Padmavat]]''
# ''[[Baburnama|Tarikh-i-Baburi]]''; about [[Babur]]; translated from [[Turki]] by Mirza Abad-ur-Rahim Khan Khanan
# ''[[Tarikh-i-Kashmir]]'', translated from the Kashmiri language by Maulana Shah Muhammad Shahabadi

=== Geography of India during Aurangzeb's reign ===

The description of Hindustan in the book:<ref name="MA_2011"/><ref name="MZH_1918"/>

* People and their customs
* Flora and fauna
* Geography of [[subah (country subdivision)|subahs]] (provinces) of the Mughal Empire
** Chief towns and rivers
** Handicrafts and other products
** Interesting localities and Buildings
** Subdivisions ([[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]] and [[mahallah|mahals]]), including revenues

The following provinces are covered in the book:<ref name="JS_1901">{{cite book |title=India of Aurangzib |author=Jadunath Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |publisher=Kinnera |date=1901 |pages=xii-xvi }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
# [[Shahjahanbad]] ([[Delhi]])
# Akbarabad ([[Agra]])
# [[Allahabad]]
# [[Awadh]]
# [[Bihar]]
# [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
# [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
# [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
# [[Berar Subah|Berar]]
# [[Khandesh]]
# [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]]
# [[Ajmer]]
# [[Ahmedabad]] ([[Gujarat]])
# [[Thatta]]
# [[Multan]]
# [[Lahore]]
# [[Kashmir]]
# [[Kabul]]
{{div col end}}

The descriptions of many provinces, especially those away from the author's native [[Punjab region]], are borrowed from ''Ain-i-Akbari''.<ref name="JS_1901"/> The book gives a detailed and original account of Punjab, especially the [[Lahore]] subah and the [[Batala]] sarkar.<ref name="MZH_1918"/>

=== Hindu kings of India ===

This part gives an account of the pre-Islamic rulers of India, especially [[Delhi]]. It covers kings from the time of the legendary [[Pandava]] ruler [[Yudhishthira]] to Rai Pithora ([[Prithviraj Chauhan]]). The book gives a list of the rulers' names, the period of their reigns and a short account. This section is more of legends than history.<ref name="MZH_1918"/>

=== Muslim kings of India ===

This part gives details of the Muslim rulers, from Nasir-ud-din [[Sabuktigin]] to Aurangzeb. A large portion of this part is borrowed from other works mentioned in the preface. The information unique to ''Khulasat-i-Tawarikh'' includes an account of the contest between Aurangzeb and his brothers.<ref name="MZH_1918"/>

=== Aurangzeb's death ===

Some copies contain an insertion about Aurangzeb's death, inserted by a transcriber. This part mentions that Aurangzeb died in [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]], Deccan. The date of his death was Friday, the 28th Zulqada of the year 1118 A.H., three hours after dawn. His age at time of his death is given as 91 years 17 days and 2 hours. The period of his reign is stated as 50 years, 2 months and 28 days.<ref name="MZH_1918"/>

== ''Editio princeps'' ==

In 1918, [[Archaeological Survey of India]]'s M. Zafar Hasan made available the first ''[[editio princeps]]'' of the book. He had come across a reference to the book in [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]'s ''Asar-us-Sanadid''. He then started searching for manuscripts of the book, and consolidated them into a printed edition.<ref name="MZH_1918">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/SujanRaiKhulasatAlTavarikh/Sujan%20Rai_Khulasat%20al-Tavarikh#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Khulasatu-t-Tawarikh |editor=M. Zafar Hasan |publisher=VT J. & Sons |year=1918 |pages=i-iii }}</ref>

The five manuscripts used by Hasan were the following:<ref name="MZH_1918"/>

# A partly worm-eaten, but complete copy. It seems to be comparatively older, since it doesn't contain the description of Aurangzeb's death. It is written in the [[Shikasta Nastaʿlīq|Shikasta]] calligraphic style. Its completion is dated to the first year of the reign of Muiz-ud-din Alamgir II. It was procured from Delhi.
# Written in the [[Nastaliq]] calligraphic style. It is dated to year 1864 of the [[Vikram Samvat]] (1808-09). It was written in the [[Jaipur]] town, during the reign of Jagat Singh II of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], a vassal of the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar II]]. It was procured from [[Lucknow]].
# It is written in Nastaliq characters. The year of composition is illegible. It was procured from [[Moradabad]].
# It is written in Nastaliq characters. The copy is worm-eaten, but complete. There is no date of transcription. It was procured from [[Sardhana]].
# An incomplete copy that ends with the deposition of Emperor Shah Jahan. First three pages are missing. Written in the Shikasta style. It was procured from Delhi.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160812013655/http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/30126 Critical Editiontranslation And Annotation Of Khulasat-ut-twarikh] (2006) by Shahbaz Amil; includes partial English translation
* ''[https://archive.org/details/SujanRaiKhulasatAlTavarikh Khulasatu-t-Tawarikh]'' (1918), M. Zafar Hasan's edition in PDF format
* ''[https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp India of Aurangzib]'' by Jadunath Sarkar; includes English translations of selected portions from ''Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh''
* [http://ir.amu.ac.in/10107/ Critical edition of the Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh] by Irshad Alam, in Persian

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1695 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1695 in India]]
[[Category:1690s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:17th-century history books]]
[[Category:Indian chronicles]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian books]]

1549 in India

2026-01-26T17:25:11Z

Flightsvilla: quick enhanced content based on references additionally and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1549}}

Events from the year '''1549 in India'''.

==Events==
* [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s tomb [[Chinshjh]] is constructed in [[Sasaram]]

==Births==
* [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]], linguist and missionary to [[Portuguese India]] is born in [[Wiltshire]], England (dies [[1619 in India|1619]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alden |first1=Dauril |title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 |date=1996 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-2271-1 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC |access-date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1548}}

[[Category:1549 by country]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1549 in Asia]]
[[Category:1540s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Rakesh Desai

2026-01-18T15:13:03Z

Flightsvilla: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Rakesh Desai''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Desai Rakesh Gunvantbhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NAVSARI(NAVSARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4949 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-26 |title=Gujarat elections 2022: Will Navsari voters again favour BJP? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/news/gujarat-elections-2022-will-navsari-voters-again-favour-bjp/articleshow/95785918.cms |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Navsari Assembly constituency in [[Navsari district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Navsari Assembly Seat Result: भाजपा के राकेश गुणवंतराय देसाई ने लहराया परचम, 1.06 लाख वोटों से जीते |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/navsari-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-gujrat-election-result-rakesh-gunvantray-desai-deepak-baroth-upesh-patel-aap-loser-winner-5009651.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Navsari Election Result 2022LIVE: BJP के DESAI RAKESH GUNVANTBHAI की हुई जीत, BSP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/navsari-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276938 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Desai is from [[Navsari district|Navsari]], Gujarat. He is the son of Gunvantrai Desai and Kundanben Desai. He completed his diploma in automobiles engineering with plant training and passed the examinations in 1988 conducted by the Technical Examination Board, Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Desai won from [[Navsari Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 106,875 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Deepak Baroth of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 72,313 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrabi |first=Saima |date=2022-12-08 |title=Navsari Election Result 2022 Live Updates: BJP Wins in This Gujarat Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/navsari-election-result-2022-live-news-updates-bjp-aap-congress-gujarat-counting-of-votes-today#read-more |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navsari Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Navsari constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/navsari-175 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/navsari-175 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Navsari district]]

Last Film Show

2026-01-13T06:49:32Z

Flightsvilla: made first details v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Last Film Show
| image = Chhello Show (Last Film Show) poster.jpeg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Pan Nalin]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Pan Nalin
*Dheer Momaya
*[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
*Marc Duale}}
| writer = Pan Nalin
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Bhavin Rabari
*Bhavesh Shrimali
*Richa Meena
*Dipen Raval
*Paresh Mehta
}}
| music = Cyril Morin
| cinematography = Swapnil S. Sonawane
| editing = Shreyas Beltangdy Pavan Bhat
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Orange S.A.|Orange Studio]]
*[[Jugaad Motion Pictures]]
*Monsoon Films
*Stranger 88
*[[Film Heritage Foundation]]
*Virginie Films
*Incognito Films
*[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
*Chhello Show LLP}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Samuel Goldwyn Films]]
* [[Siddharth Roy Kapur|Roy Kapur Films]]<ref name=rkf>{{cite web|title=Roy Kapur Films to Distribute Pan Nalin's 'Last Film Show' in India|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=12 September 2022|access-date=20 September 2022|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/last-film-show-india-release-pan-nalin-roy-kapur-films-1235369343/}}</ref>
* [[PVR Pictures]]<ref name=rkf/>
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|06|10|[[Tribeca Film Festival|Tribeca]]|2022|10|14|India}}
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| runtime = 110 minutes
}}

'''''Last Film Show''''', also known as '''''Chhello Show''''', is a 2021 Indian Gujarati-language [[coming of age film|coming-of-age]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Pan Nalin]]. It stars Bhavin Rabari, Bhavesh Shrimali, Richa Meena, Dipen Raval and Paresh Mehta.<ref name=":0" /> The film premiered at the 20th [[Tribeca Film Festival]] on 10 June 2021 and was theatrically released in India on 14 October 2022.

This film was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]],<ref name="AA12">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-20 |title=Gujarati movie Chhello Show is India's entry for 2023 Oscars |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhello-show-is-india-entry-for-oscars-2023-95-academy-awards-8161851/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and subsequently got Shortlisted in the category.<ref name="short">{{cite web |title=2023 OOscars: Shortlists for 95th Academy Awards Unveiled |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-shortlists-95th-academy-awards-unveiled-1235285262/ |website=Hollywood Reporter |date=21 December 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022}}</ref>

==Plot==
Nine-year-old Samay (Bhavin Rabari) from [[Chalala]], a village in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Gujarat]], India spends an entire summer watching films, from the projection booth of a rundown movie place, by bribing the projectionist - Fazal (Bhavesh Shrimali). He is absolutely mesmerized by films and filmmaking, to the point that he decides to become a filmmaker, unaware of the heartbreaking times that await him.

==Cast==
* Bhavin Rabari as Samay
* Bhavesh Shrimali as Fazal, Projectionist
* Richa Meena as Baa, Samay's mother
* Dipen Raval as Bapuji, Samay's father
* Paresh Mehta as Cinema manager
* Vikas Bata as Nano
* Rahul Koli as Manu
* Shoban Makwa as Badshah
* Kishan Parmar as ST
* Vijay Mer as Tiku
* Alpesh Tank as Mr. Dave, Teacher
* Tia Sebastien as Leela Mila
* Jasmin Joshi as Rathor

==Production==
[[File:Pan Nalin on the shoot of 'The Last Film Show'.jpg|thumb|Pan Nalin on the shoot of ''Last Film Show'' in [[Rajkot]], Gujarat, India in 2019]]
The film is semi-autobiographical as Nalin was born and brought up in [[Adtala]] village in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2021-04-22 |title=Pan Nalin's 'The Last Film Show' Marks Return to Big-Screen Experience at Tribeca Festival (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/last-film-show-tribeca-festival-spotlight-pan-nalin-1234957622/ |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Six village boys from local communities of the region were cast. The film was shot in villages and railway station in Saurashtra. He also brought old celluloid Hindi films and a technician to run projectors.<ref name=":0" /> The cast is mostly made of child actors. Dilip Shankar, Nalin's friend and casting director, assisted Nalin in casting the child actors. The film was shot in March 2020, just before the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]]. The post-production was completed during the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandya|first=Sonal|date=10 June 2021|title=Heart of Chhello Show is the jugaadu spirit, says filmmaker Pan Nalin|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/10/29972|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613191459/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/10/29972|url-status=live|archive-date=13 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film is produced by Dheer Momaya's [[Jugaad Motion Pictures]], Nalin's Monsoon Films and Marc Duale's Stranger88 in co-production with Virginie Lacombe's Virginie Films and [[Eric Dupont (producer)|Eric Dupont]]'s Incognito films.<ref name=":0" />

The film focuses on hope and innocence. It also highlight ending culture of single-screen cinema and 35mm celluloid films in India.<ref name=":0" />

==Release==
Ahead of its premiere, the film was acquired by Neue Visionen for [[Germany]], Karma Films for [[Spain]], [[Shochiku]] for [[Japan]], Red Cape and Nachson for [[Israel]] and [[NOS (Portuguese company)|Nos Lusomundo]] for [[Portugal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ramach|first1=Naman|last2=ran|date=2021-06-09|title=Tribeca Title 'The Last Film Show' Racks up Global Sales, Reveals Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/tribeca-the-last-film-show-sales-1234992189/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Variety}}</ref>

The film premiered at the Spotlight section of the 20th [[Tribeca Festival]] on 10 June 2021. It was the first Gujarati film that was selected for this section of the festival.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Pan Nalin's Gujarati film Chhello Show to open Tribeca Film Festival's Spotlight section|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pan-nalins-gujarati-film-chhello-show-to-open-tribeca-film-festivals-spotlight-section-9571021.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427125406/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pan-nalins-gujarati-film-chhello-show-to-open-tribeca-film-festivals-spotlight-section-9571021.html |archive-date=27 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Vaishali|last=Rathod|title=Pan Nalin: The premiere of 'Chhello Show' at the Tribeca is great news for Gujarati and Indian cinema - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/pan-nalin-the-premiere-of-chhello-show-at-the-tribeca-is-great-news-for-gujarati-and-indian-cinema/articleshow/82385931.cms|access-date=2021-05-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=Chhello Show trailer: A boy is transformed by the magic of cinema |website=Cinestaan |date=11 June 2021 |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/11/30016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613181805/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/11/30016 |url-status=live |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

More than a year after its premiere at Tribeca, [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]'s Roy Kapur Films acquired the rights to present and distribute ''Last Film Show'' in its home country of India, in partnership with [[PVR Pictures]], the motion picture distribution arm of [[PVR Cinemas]].<ref name=rkf/> The film was theatrically released in Gujarat and on screens across India on 14 October 2022.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=20 September 2022 |title=Oscars: India Selects 'Last Film Show' For International Feature Race |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/oscars-india-last-film-show-international-feature-1235122848/#:~:text=Last%20Film%20Show%20world%20premiered,across%20India%20on%20October%2014. |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
===India ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|94|7.7|16|ref=yes|access-date=October 14, 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/last_film_show|title=Last Film Show|via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> Prahlad Srihari of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called the film "an ode to movie-going, as movie-making".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srihari|first=Prahlad|title=Tribeca Film Festival 2021: Pan Nalin's Last Film Show is an ode to how we interact with cinema as kids|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tribeca-film-festival-2021-pan-nalins-last-film-show-is-an-ode-to-how-we-interact-with-cinema-as-kids-9714581.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Firstpost|date=2021-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614063653/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tribeca-film-festival-2021-pan-nalins-last-film-show-is-an-ode-to-how-we-interact-with-cinema-as-kids-9714581.html |archive-date=14 June 2021 }}</ref> Tanzeem Pardiwalla of ''[[Mashable|Mashable India]]'' rated it 5 out of 5, praising its direction, cinematography, theme, story and performances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pardiwalla|first=Tanzeem|title=Tribeca 'Last Film Show' Review: A Visually Stunning Love Letter To Cinema|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/22907/tribeca-last-film-show-review-a-visually-stunning-love-letter-to-cinema?amp=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Mashable India|date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616042858/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/22907/tribeca-last-film-show-review-a-visually-stunning-love-letter-to-cinema?amp=1 |archive-date=16 June 2021 }}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 stars and called it "a gem that is both rooted and universal".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=14 October 2022 |title=Chhello Show Review: Visually Arresting, Emotionally Engaging Coming-Of-Age Tale |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chhello-show-review-visually-arresting-emotionally-engaging-coming-of-age-tale-4-stars-3430228 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> Shwetha Kesari of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it a 4 out of 5 stars and praised it for its performances and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=14 October 2022 |title=Chhello Show Review: Pan Nalin's ode to cinema is a winner, Oscar or not. But Oscar, please |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chhello-show-review-pan-nalin-ode-to-cinema-bhavin-rabari-oscar-2023-2284664-2022-10-13 |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Nandini Oza of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and said that "Human relations have been captured beautifully".<ref>{{cite web |title='Chhello Show' review: An ode to childhood innocence and love for cinema|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/10/15/chello-show-review-an-ode-to-childhood-innocence-and-love-for-cinema.html|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' and wrote "''Chhello Show'' is a reminder of what happens when film evolves into cinema".<ref>{{cite web|title='Chhello Show' Review: A Glorious Tribute to the Art of Cinema and Human Spirit|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/chhello-show-review-full-film-the-last-film-show-indian-oscar-entry#read-more|website=[[The Quint]]|date=14 October 2022 |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> Deepa Gahlot of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film pays tribute to the tribe that cannot imagine cinema being anything but a large screen experience in a dark hall. And no rewind or fast forward button".<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhello Show Review: Bitter Sweet Memories|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/chhello-show-review/20221014.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]''{{'}}s [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] rated it 3/5 and compared it to ''[[Cinema Paradiso]]'' stating that "''Chhello Show'' is slender in comparison, but works all the same as an enchanting, bitter-sweet reminiscence".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M.M. |date=13 October 2022 |title=Last Film Show (Chhello Show) movie review: Bitter-sweet though somewhat slim ode to cinema |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/last-film-show-chhello-show-movie-review-bitter-sweet-though-somewhat-slim-ode-to-cinema-11439961.html |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that "it has a familiar problem, and that is the gaze through which some elements are turned exotic or too-pretty."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=14 October 2022 |title=Chhello Show movie review: A steeped-in-nostalgia story about love for cinema |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chhello-show-movie-review-a-steeped-in-nostalgia-story-about-love-for-cinema-8207992/ |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the film for theme, story, cinematography, direction and performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2022-10-13 |title='The Last Film Show' (Chhello Show) movie review: A dreamy, moving tribute to cinema |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-last-film-show-chhello-show-movie-review-a-dreamy-moving-tribute-to-cinema/article65995926.ece |access-date=2022-10-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== International ===
Richard Whittaker of ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' said that the film was "as visually intoxicating as it was thematically rich".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittaker |first=Richard |date=21 April 2022 |title=Indie Meme Review: Last Film Show |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2022-04-21/indie-meme-review-last-film-show/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref> David Ehrlich of ''[[IndieWire]]'' gave the film a B+, calling it "an ethereal take on the magic of movies".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ehrlich |first=David |date=16 June 2021 |title='Last Film Show' Review: An Indian Boy Creates His Own Cinema in a Sweet Ode to the Movies |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/06/last-film-show-review-tribeca-1234644762/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2022}}
The film was nominated for the Audience Award in the Narrative section at the 20th [[Tribeca Festival]], held from 9 to 20 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=24 June 2021 |title=Tribeca Festival Winners: 'Catch The Fair One' And 'Blind Ambition' Nab Audience Awards, Joining Juried Nods For 'The Novice', 'Brighton 4th', 'Ascension' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/tribeca-festival-2021-winners-films-1234777532/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> It was nominated for the Tiantan Awards at the [[11th Beijing International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Liz |last=Shackleton |date=21 July 2021 |title=Beijing film festival unveils line-up for 2021 physical edition |language=en |work=Screen Daily |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/beijing-film-festival-unveils-line-up-for-2021-physical-edition/5161799.article |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> It won the Audience Award at the World Cinema section of the 44th [[Mill Valley Film Festival]], held from 7 to 17 October 2021.<ref name="auto"/> It won the Golden Spike Award for the Best Picture at the 66th [[Valladolid International Film Festival]] (Seminci), held from 22 to 29 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foreman |first=Liza |date=1 November 2021 |title=Pan Nalin's 'Last Film Show' Tops Valladolid |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/valladolid-film-festival-2021-winners-1235101739/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> It was nominated for the Best Feature Film - [[Avant-garde|Avante-Garde]] and Genre at the 23rd [[Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema]], held from 20 April to 1 May 2022.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} It won the Luminaries Jury Award - Special Mention at 14th [[Milwaukee Film Festival]], held from 21 April to 5 May 2022.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

At the [[69th National Film Awards]] announced in August 2023 the film won two awards - "Best Feature Film in Gujarati" and "[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]" for Bhavin Rabari.<ref>{{cite web |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 - Winners announced |url=https://www.brutimes.com/2023/08/69th-National-Film-Awards-2023-Winners-announced.html |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 95th Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:2010s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pan Nalin]]
[[Category:Semi-autobiographical films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]

List of Telugu films of 1990

2026-01-07T04:22:45Z

Flightsvilla: fixed issues

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu language film industry]] based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1990 in film|1990]].

==1990==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music !! Sources
|-
|''[[20va Shatabdam]]''|| [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Lizzy (actress)|Lizzy]], [[Suman Ranganathan]] || [[J. V. Raghavulu]] ||
|-
|''[[Aayudham (1990 film)|Aayudham]]''|| K. Murali Mohan Rao || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Ghattamaneni Ramesh Babu]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] || [[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''Adadhi''|| A. Mohan Gandhi || Siva Krishna, [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Aamani]] || [[Raj Koti]] ||
|-
|''Abhisarika''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]], Ashok, Srinivas, Sarika || Krishna Teja ||
|-
|''Adavi Diviteelu''|| [[R. Narayana Murthy]] || [[R. Narayana Murthy]], [[Devadas Kanakala]], [[P. Ravishankar]] || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] ||
|-
|''[[Aggiramudu]]''|| || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Gautami]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]] || [[Chakravarthy (music composer)|Chakravarthy]]||
|-
|''[[Agni Sakshi (1990 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''|| M. A. Aziz || [[Murali Mohan]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Shobana]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]||
|-
|''[[Agni Pravesam]]'' || [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]] || Bhargav, [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] || [[Nallori Sudhir Kumar]] ||<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1990/Apr/27-apr-1990.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913124751/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1990/Apr/27-apr-1990.pdf | archive-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alajadi]]''|| T. Bharadwaja || [[Bhanuchander]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Alludugaru]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Shobana]], [[Jaggayya]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''Ankitham''|| Bandaleswara Rao || [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], Vijaya Rekha|| ||
|-
|''[[Ankusam]] ''|| [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], Jeevitha, [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Anna Thammudu (1990 film)|Anna Thammudu]]''||Krishna||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Gautami]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Balachandrudu]]''||Krishna||[[Mahesh Babu]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]'' || Rajasekhar || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Gautami]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]] || [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' || B. Gopal || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Divya Bharti]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]'' || [[Prathap Pothan]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Gautami]], [[Girish Karnad]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Chevilo Puvvu]]''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Chinnari Muddula Papa]]''||[[Vaasi Reddy]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam]]''||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)|Guru Sishyulu]] ''|| Muthuraman || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Sumalatha]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''Idem Pellam Baboi''|| Ravi Teja || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| ''[[Iddaru Iddare]]'' || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Inspector Rudra]]''|| Krishna Ghattamaneni || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]]|| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]] ''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] ||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1990 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''||[[Jandhyala]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kadapa Redamma]]''|| Bharathwaja || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || ||
|-
|''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Kartavyam]]''||[[Mohan Gandhi]]||[[Vijayashanti]], [[Vinod Kumar (actor)|Vinod Kumar]], [[Nirmalamma]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Kodama Simham]]''|| Murali Mohan Rao || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Kokila (1990 film)|Kokila]]''||[[Geetha Krishna]]||[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Shobhana]], [[Sarath Babu]]|| || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] ||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Amrish Puri]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]''|| B. Gopal ||[[Balakrishna Nandamuri|Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]]|| Chakravarthy ||
|-
|''[[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]''||[[K. Madhu]]||[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Jeevitha]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mahajananiki Maradalu Pilla]]''||[[Vallabhaneni Jhanardan]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Nirosha]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mama Alludu]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Jayachitra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Manasu Mamata]]''|| Mouli || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] || [[M. M. Keeravani]] ||
|-
|''[[Master Kapuram]]''||[[P. N. Ramachandra Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Gayatri || ||
|-
|''[[Matti Manushulu]]''|| [[B. Narsing Rao]] || [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mrugathrushna]]''||[[P. Sambasiva Rao]]||[[Revathy]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[P. L. Narayana]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Muddula Menalludu]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Vijayashanti]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Balakrishna Nandamuri|Balakrishna]], [[Shobana]], [[Nirosha]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''Navayugam''||[[K. Aditya]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], Vinod Kumar|| ||
|-
|''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''||[[Kranthi Kumar]]||[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Shobana]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Police Bharya]]''||Mohan Gandhi||[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Prananiki Pranam]]''||Chalasani Rama Rao||[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Prema Khaidi]] ''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]], [[Malashri]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||
|-
|''[[Prema Yuddham]]''||[[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]||[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Amala Akkineni]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Prema Zindabad]]''||[[Jandhyala]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Qaidi Dada]]''|| T. L. V. Prasad || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'' || Ravi Raja Pinisetty || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Rambha Rambabu]]''||[[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]||[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], Parijaata|| ||
|-
|''[[Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy]]''||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Vanisri]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sathruvu]]'' ||[[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Vijayashanti]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmanandam]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Udhyamam]]''|| K. Ranga Rao || [[Bhanuchander]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] || ||
|-
|''[[Yamadharma Raju]]''|| Ravi Raja Pinisetty || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] || [[Raj–Koti]] ||
|-
|''[[Yauvana Poratham]]''|| || || ||
|-
|''[[Yuvabharatham]]''|| M. S. Gopinath || || ||
|}

== Dubbed films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
|-
|''[[Durga (1990 film)|Lakshmi Durga]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || ''[[Durga (1990 film)|Durgaa]]'' || Tamil || [[Baby Shamili]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] ||
|-
| ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] || ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || Tamil || [[Raghuvaran]], [[Revathi]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Shamili]] ||
|-
|''[[Samrajyam]]''|| [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]]|| ''[[Samrajyam]]'' || Malayalam || [[Mammootty]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] ||
|-
|}

== Highest Grossing ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Number
! Film
! Cast
! Director
|-
| 1.
|''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari|Jagadeeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]''
| [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sridevi]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]]
| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
|-
| 2.
|''[[Bobbili Raja]]''
| [[Venkatesh Daggubati]], [[Divya Bharati]], [[Vanisri]]
| [[B. Gopal]]
|-
| 3.
|''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]''
| Chiranjeevi, [[Vijayashanti]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], Amrish Puri
| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 4.
|''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]''
| [[Balakrishna Nandamuri|NBK]], Vijayashanti, Sarada, [[Mohan Raj]]
| B. Gopal
|-
| ''[[Sathruvu|Shatruvu]]''
| Venkatesh Daggubati, Vijayashanti, [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|
|-
| Nagastram
| [[Krishna Ghattamaneni]], Vijayashanti
| Krishna Ghattamaneni
|-
| [[Kodama Simham]]
| Chiranjeevi, Radha, [[Mohan Babu]]
| K. Murali Mohan Rao
|-
| rowspan="3" | 5.
| ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''
| NBK, [[Sobhana]], [[Nirosha]]
| A. Kodandarami Reddy
|-
| ''[[Alludugaru]]''
| Mohan Babu, Sobhana, [[Jaggayya]]
| K. Raghavendra Rao
|-
| ''[[Magaadu (1990 film)|Magaadu]]''
| [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
| [[K. Madhu]], Jeevitha
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1990 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1990]]
[[Category:Lists of 1990 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1990 in Indian cinema]]

Koch people

2026-01-02T22:54:28Z

Flightsvilla: reworked details based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Ethnic group in India and Bangladesh}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{distinguish|Rajbongshi people|Koch (caste)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Koch people
| image = A Koch woman.jpg
| caption = Koch woman in Rangtia, Sherpur District, Bangladesh.
| regions = {{Flagcountry|India}} {{flag|Nepal}} {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| region1 = {{Flagcountry|India}}
| pop1 = 36,434<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Assam]]
| pop2 = 12,550<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Assam |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref>
| region3 = [[Meghalaya]]
| pop3 = 23,199<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1700.XLSX |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| pop4 = 13,702
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2023-09-27-09-50-a3672cdf61961a45347ab8660a3109b6.pdf|title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex|year=2021|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|page=33|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104610/http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop5 = 1,635
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population Monograph of Nepal Volume II |url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |work=Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal |year=2014 |access-date=9 Apr 2024}}</ref>
| langs = [[Koch language|Koch]]
| rels = [[Animism]]<ref name="koch">"The Koch included in this report are those who preserved their tribal
dialects, animistic religion and non-Hindu cultures and traditions." {{harv|Kondakov|2013|p=5}}</ref> {{•}}[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&dq=Islam+among+Bodo+Kacharis+and+Rabhas&pg=PA367 |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |date=2013-10-21 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |pages=367 |language=en}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups = [[Garo people]], [[Rabha people]], [[Mech people]]
}}

The '''Koch''' are a small trans-border ethnic group of [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]] in [[India]] and northern [[Bangladesh]].<ref>"Koch is a people group mainly found in the Indian states of Meghalaya and Assam and in northern Bangladesh. The Koch people call themselves Kocho (in Meghalaya) or Kocha (in Lower Assam). The number of Koch in Meghalaya is about 25,000 people (Census 2011). {{harv|Kondakov|2020|p=1}}</ref> The group consists of nine matrilineal and strictly exogamous clans, with some of them preserving a hitherto sparsely documented [[Boro-Garo languages|Boro-Garo]] language called [[Koch language|Koch]], whereas others have switched to local varieties of [[Indo-Aryan language]]s.<ref>"The clans are matrilineal and strictly exogamous (Koch 1984:180), i.e. marriages are not permitted within the same clan. The first six groups have preserved their original Tibeto-Burman forms of speech while the remaining three have long switched to local Indo-Aryan varieties." {{harv|Kondakov|2020|p=1}}</ref> It is a [[Scheduled Tribe]] in [[Meghalaya]], [[India]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_meghalaya.pdf The STs in Meghalaya are predominantly rural (84.4 per cent). Individual ST wise, Koch are overwhelmingly confined to rural areas (97.2 per cent), followed by Raba (92.6 per cent), Hajong (91.4 per cent), and Garo (88.7 per cent). On the contrary, higher urban population has been registered among Synteng (28.2 per cent) and Khasi (18.6 per cent).]</ref>{{efn|In Meghalaya, Koches are government notified scheduled tribe.{{sfnp|Census of India|ps=.}} }} Koches want to preserve their language, culture and heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/koch-union-seeks-to-preserve-culture/cid/1448703 |title=Koch union seeks to preserve culture |work=The Telegraph |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

The Koch people in this group are those who have preserved their languages, their animistic religions and follow non-Hindu customs and traditions.<ref name="koch"/> They are related but distinguished from the empire building Koch (the [[Rajbongshi people]]) and the Hindu caste called [[Koch (caste)|Koch]] in [[Upper Assam]] which receives converts from different tribes.<ref>"The Koch of western Meghalaya also claim relationship with those empire-building Koch. On the other hand, Koch is known as a Hindu caste found all over the Brahmaputra Valley (Majumdar 1984: 147), and receives converts to Hinduism from different tribes (Gait 1933: 43)." {{harv|Kondakov|2013|p=4}}</ref>

== Etymology of ''Koch'' ==
According to Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, western Kamrud (Kamrup) was inhabited by the ''Koch'', ''[[Mech tribe|Mech]]'' & ''[[Tharu people|Tharu]]''.{{sfnp|Salam|1902|p=65}} In [[Yogini Tantra]], Koches were called as Kuvachas.<ref>"The ''Yogini Trantra'', which was composed in Assam itself in about the 16th century, refers to the Koches as ''kuvachas''" {{harv|Nath|1989|p=3}}</ref> According to the Fatiyah-i-Ibriah written between 1661 and 1663, [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] was inhabited by Koch.<ref>"[[Cooch Behar State|Cooch behar]] was inhabited by Makh (Mech) and Kuj (Koch). Raja belong to First tribe" {{harv|Salam|1902|p=11}}</ref>

== Groups and clans ==
The Koch people consist of nine ethno-linguistic groups: ''Tintekiya'', ''Wanang'', ''Koch-Rabha/Kocha'', ''Harigaya'', ''Margan'', ''Chapra'', ''Satpari'', ''Sankar'' and ''[[Banai (sub-tribe)|Banai]]''. These groups are generally endogamous, with very little intermarriages till recently. Each of these nine groups have [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] and strictly exogamous clans called ''nikini''.{{sfnp|Kondakov|2013|p=5}} The matrilineal rules of the Koch are not as rigid as the [[Garo people|Garo]] and the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] peoples.{{sfnp|Kondakov|2013|p=7}}

The group that is known as ''Kocha'' in Assam's [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] and [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] districts, identify with the [[Rabha people]], and are also known as ''Koch-Rabha''. Since the name ''Koch'' in Assam is associated with the caste [[Koch (caste)|Koch]], this identity allows the Kocha people to benefit from state support that are open to the Rabha but not to the Koch.{{sfnp|Kondakov|2013|p=6}} Advisor of Koch Development Council, writer and social worker Indramohan Koch said that the government of Meghalaya accorded ST status to Koch People while the Assam Government had not recognised them as Koch but ST status had been given in the name of Rabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajbongshis misinterpretating Koch History : All Assam Koch Students' Union |work=The Sentinel |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/rajbongshis-misinterpreting-koch-history-all-assam-koch-students-union-509079 |date=30 October 2020|access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>

==Languages==
{{main|Koch language}}
The [[UNESCO]] report mentions Koch language as "[[Endangered language|Definitely Endangered]]".<ref name=Dattamajumdar>{{Cite journal |last=Datta Majumdar |first=Satarupa |date=11 December 2020 |title=Ethno-Linguistic Vitality of Koch |journal=The Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=55 |url=http://www.ubplj.org/index.php/bjll/article/view/1874 |doi=10.5750/bjll.v12i.1874 |s2cid=230569881|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Koch language is spoken in the states of Assam ([[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Nagaon district|Nagoan]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] districts) and Meghalaya ([[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]], [[South West Garo Hills district|South-West Garo Hills]], [[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]] and [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] districts). It is also spoken in some parts of North Bengal and in Bangladesh.<ref name="Dattamajumdar" /> The different Koch groups are associated with different varieties of the Koch language<ref>"Even at the time of Grierson's work early in the twentieth century it was noted that each group of the Koch spoke a different dialect (Grierson 1903: 96). The fact was later documented by D.N. Majumdar and S.N. Koch, and is now supported by the findings of this survey." {{harv|Kondakov|2013|pp=7–8}}</ref>—at home and within their own group they use their own mother tongues; within the Koch groups they usually use the ''Harigaya'' variety which is understood by many other Koch groups; and outside the community they use [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Garo language|Garo]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and [[English language|English]].{{sfnp|Kondakov|2020|p=1}} The relationship between the six Koch speech varieties are rather complex. They represent a dialect chain that stretches out from Koch-Rabha in the north to Tintekiya Koch in the south. This is diagrammatically represented as — Koch-Rabha (Kocha)→ Wanang→ Harigaya→ Margan→ Chapra→ Tintekiya, where the adjacent dialects exhibit more lexical similarity than those at the ends.<ref name=Dattamajumdar/> Among the nine endogamous groups, six have retained their own language; whereas the ''Satpari'', ''Sankar'' and ''Banai'' speak either an Indo-Aryan variety called ''Jharua'', or [[Hajong language|Hajong]] (which is also sometimes referred to as ''Jharua'').{{sfnp|Kondakov|2013|p=8}}

== History ==
In [[Tabaqat-i Nasiri|Takabat-i-Nasiri]], which contain records of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]]'s expedition into [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] in 1205 A.D, there is mention that the people inhabiting between the country of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhanawati (Gauda)]] and [[Tibet]] were the Kunch (Koch), Mej/Meg (Mech) and Tiharu ([[Tharu people|Taru]]).<ref>"From there, he [Bakhtiyar Khalji] was tempted to invade “Bhutan and Tibet” and went against Assam, calle Kamrud (sic, with a “d”). The description of his disastrous campaign provides us with some information about the populations (Siraj 1881: 560-1): In the different parts of those mountains which lie between Tibbat and the country of Lakhanawati are three races of peoples, one called the Kūnch [N66], the second the Mej (Meg), and the third the Tihārū; and all have Turk countenances.They have a different idiom, too, between the languages of Hind and Turk [N77]." {{harv|Jacquesson|2008|p=16}}</ref><ref>"(A)n account of the two expeditions of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji to the kingdom of Kamarupa (ancient assam) in the first part of the 13th century, noted that during that time this region..Kamarupa was inhabited by Kunch(Koch), Mej/Meg (Mech), Tiharu (Taru) tribes of Turks countenance. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|S.K Chatterji]] in this connection rightly observes that their Mongoloid features and speech made a distinct impression upon the Turks, who were also members of the same race" {{harv|Nath|1989|p=3}}</ref> In Persian history, these population (Koch, Mech, Tharu) possessed the physiognomy of the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and the [[Mongols]] and their language was different from the rest of the subcontinent.<ref>"(W)e read in Persian history that these races [Koch, Mech, Taru] had Turki countenances (i.e slanting eyes, snub nose, high cheek-bones and yellow complexion of the Mongols), and they spoke a 'different idiom' from the language of India proper" {{harv|Chatterji|1951|p=101}}</ref>

== Notes and references ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096 |title=Kirata-Jana-Krti |last=Chatterji |first=S.K |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1951 |location=Calcutta}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Jacquesson |first=François |date=2008 |title=Discovering Boro-Garo |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf |journal=History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Kondakov |first=Alexander |editor1-first=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=Hyslop |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Morey |editor3-first=Mark W |editor3-last=Post |date=2013 |title=Koch dialects of Meghalaya and Assam: A sociolinguistic survey |journal=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=5 |pages=3–59 |publisher=Cambridge University Press India |doi=10.1017/9789382993285.003 |isbn=9789382993285}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Kondakov |first=Alexander |date=2020 |title=Outline of Harigaya Koch Grammar |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/32/61/30/32613089348164783135897741672857876054/sillcdd_46.pdf |journal=Language and Culture Documentation and Description |access-date=9 June 2021}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC |last=Nath |first=D. |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1989 |isbn=8170991099}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/riyazussalatinhi00saliuoft/page/n3 |title=Riyazu-s-salatin; a history of Bengal |last=Salam |first=Maulavi Abdus |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1902}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |website=Census India |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead |ref={{harvid|Census of India}} }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Tribes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Kamtapur]]

Social problem film

2025-12-21T22:06:36Z

Flightsvilla: cleanup layout for consistency

{{Short description|Narrative movie about a social issue}}
{{not to be confused with|Social film}}

A '''social problem film''' is a [[narrative film]] that integrates a larger [[social conflict]] into the individual conflict between its characters. In the context of the United States and of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]], the genre is defined by fictionalized depictions of social crises set in [[Realism (arts)|realistic]] American domestic or institutionalized settings.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Film Genres: The American Social Problem Film {{!}} Film & Digital Media at UC Santa Cruz|url=https://film.ucsc.edu/courses/2016-17/fall/film_160|access-date=2021-03-09|website=film.ucsc.edu}}</ref>

==Background==
Like many [[film genre]]s, the exact definition is often in the eye of the beholder; however, Hollywood did produce and market a number of topical films in the 1930s, and by the 1940s, the term "[[social problem]]" film, or "message" film, was conventional in its usage among the film industry and the public.<ref name=":6" />

Many characteristics that have grown to define the social problem film revolve around the perceived consciousness of the nation about a certain social issue and integrating that issue into a [[narrative structure]]. Social problems such as the horrors of war, suffering of the poor, addiction, the rights of women, and the inhumanity of a certain world are often put on display. The problem with defining this type of film as a genre lies within the ability it has to separate itself from films that display similar style, as a lot of films do address social issues. However, the social problem film differentiates itself by focusing on the problems within the historical context of the current time, dealing with the social issue of a certain era as it applies to that era with a style that is much more [[Didacticism|didactic]] than its contemporaries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=MacCann|first=Richard Dyer|date=1964|title=The Problem Film in America|journal=Film and Society}}</ref> Furthermore, the social problem film allows further immersion into a certain issue than other genre films. For instance, [[Gangster film|gangster]] and [[Prison film|prison]] films will reflect certain features of a social issue but won't actually fully explore the problem in the way that would qualify it for this genre.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Roffman I Purdy II|first=Peter I Jim II|date=1981|title=Prototypes: Gangsters, Fallen Women, and Convicts|journal=The Hollywood Social Problem Film}}</ref>

== Defining characteristics ==

=== Historical context and didactic nature ===
An important fact of the social problem film is its ability to react and display a social problem that is relevant to the current era it was produced in. It specifically addresses an issue while the issue is still part of the national consciousness, often forming an argument for what the problem actually is through the narrative and character development. Early social problem films often blended ideological feelings of the time into a narrative which translated it into a message for audiences to absorb. This can be evidenced within certain sociological experiments that occurred revolving around the ability for a film to change public perception. A prime example of this is the representation of anti-semitism within the film ''[[Gentleman's Agreement]]'' (1947) and the subsequent sociological study by Russell Middleton that measured perceived anti-semitism before and after seeing the film. Surprisingly the film seemed to positively affect the subjects as the majority of people who participated in the study had markedly less anti-semitic feelings than before they saw the film. Although there are certain factors that need to be considered this study seems to indicate once again the primary didactic nature of the social problem film as well as the tackling of subject matter relevant to the current era of the film and how audiences of the historical period perceived such a message.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Middleton|first=Russell|date=1960|title=Ethnic prejudice and Susceptibility to Persuasion|journal= American Sociological Review|volume=25|issue=5|pages=679–686|doi=10.2307/2090140|jstor=2090140}}</ref>

This phenomenon of historical context and audience reaction created an interesting balance between the teaching nature of the film and its ability to contain an interesting narrative.<ref name=":0" /> Oftentimes the earlier films of the classical era can be seen as a bit preachy, often appearing less like a fictional feature and more like a public service announcement. This is displayed in the common occurrence of a teaching moment often near the end of the film where a character will literally give a speech often referring to the social message the film is attempting to portray. Examples can be seen through the judges at the end of ''[[Wild Boys of the Road]]'' (1933) and ''[[Where Are My Children?]]'' (1916), both of which provide a lesson in monologue form that almost seems separate from the fictional narrative being presented. This relevance to the problem of the era the film resides in lends a sort of didactic authority to this type of film that others may not have. For instance, ''Where Are My Children?'' had trouble getting through the [[National Board of Review]] to public release due to reviewers believing that audiences were being provided with misleading information regarding birth control. They believed that the film was more educational in nature rather than a fictional narrative addressing a social issue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Stamp|first=Shelley|date=2002|title=Taking Precautions, or Regulating Early Birth-Control Cinema |editor1-last=Bean |editor1-first=Jennifer M. |editor2-last=Negra |editor2-first=Diane |encyclopedia=A Feminist Reader in Early Cinema |publisher=Duke University Press |pages=270–297 |doi=10.1215/9780822383840-011 |isbn=0822329999}}</ref>

=== Focused narrative on characters and institutions ===
The social problem film often takes a larger social issue during its respective era and displays it in a much more focused way. The problem will be expressed through a narrative often involving a few characters, often a family or an individual that traverses the film world experiencing the perceived social issue. Oftentimes they will interact directly with social institutions meant to display the social problems. The typifying of these institutions is styled based on the overall ideological message of the film, either being portrayed as ineffective or idealized as a proper solution. These can be seen throughout the development of the social problem film and even into contemporary times as the form of the social problem film changed. Examples of this style of narrative are apparent within films such as ''[[The Soul of Youth]]'' (1920) in which the larger problem of delinquent children with no home is portrayed through the ineffectiveness of the orphanage the protagonist resides in juxtaposed with the idealized life of the family of the judge he eventually settles in with. Another instance that deserves to be mentioned comes once again from ''[[Wild Boys of the Road]]'' (1933) in which the film reaches its climax as the protagonists are being dealt with by a judge, bringing the larger social issue into an individualist lens by applying the solution of a nationwide problem to a few individual experiences.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Roffman I Purdy II|first=Peter I Jim II|date=1981|title=Unemployment- Doing Your Part|journal=The Hollywood Social Film}}</ref>

Another important social problem film dealing with institutions is the [[alcoholism]] themed ''[[Days of Wine and Roses (film)|Days of Wine and Roses]]'' (1962). The film follows the progressive demise of a couple due to their inability to control their drinking, once again devolving a larger societal problem onto a focused set of characters. It does, however, offer a solution in the form of the institution of [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] which serves as an effective way to treat one's self. A sociological study conducted by Elizabeth Hirschman revealed that the film's portrayal was indeed relatable to addicts and alcoholics who after watching the film viewed AA as a viable option to address their problem. This effect on the real population indicates the interaction that social problem films hope to have on their audience in comparison to films meant to purely entertain while skimming the surface of certain issues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Elizabeth C. |last2=McGriff |first2=Joyce A. |title=Recovering Addicts' Responses to the Cinematic Portrayal of Drug and Alcohol Addiction |journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing |date=1995 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=95–107 |doi=10.1177/074391569501400109|s2cid=159190466 }}</ref>

A more contemporary instance of the focused narrative of characters and institutions in the social problem film is the ineffectiveness and cruelty of the military hospital in ''[[Coming Home (1978 film)|Coming Home]]'' (1978), a film about returning vets from Vietnam. The mistreatment and negligent behavior affecting all vets in the hospital is reduced to the experiences of two or three characters.

=== Real life insertions and location shooting ===
One aspect that is widely seen within the social problem film is the usage of non-actors to portray either background characters or voices of reason within the narrative as well as the desire to film scenes on location. Both of these factors help lend authenticity and relation to the real world which is essential to the genre. Some notable examples are the inclusion of actual Judge [[Ben Lindsey (jurist)|Ben Lindsey]] playing himself in the previously mentioned film ''[[The Soul of Youth]]'' (1920).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0011721/|title=The Soul of Youth (1920)|website=[[IMDb]] |date=15 August 1920}}</ref> This insertion created an environment the audience knew was based in reality and thus lent a sense of authenticity to the didactic nature this genre possesses. The presence of a figure from the real world directly confronts the idea that the messages displayed in social problem films must be confirmed by real-life counterparts. It lends a sense of integrity reminiscent of journalism or a documentary film.<ref name=":1" />

[[Location shooting]] is a factor that although not limited to the social problem film, has grown to exemplify certain factors within the genre. The idea of shooting outside of a studio and in the real environment again strengthens the films authenticity in the same way non-actors do. A film that utilized this style of shooting in order to gain this sense of realism is the previously mentioned ''[[Wild Boys of the Road]]'' (1933). The film's scenes that are set within the train yard that the children temporarily reside in is shot on location in an actual train yard in [[Glendale, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024772/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt|title=Wild Boys of the Road (1933)|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>

Perhaps the most notable instance of the idea of real-life insertions is the opening scene of ''[[Border Incident]]'' (1949), a social problem film about Mexican immigration following the instituting of the [[Bracero program|Bracero Program]] in 1942 meant to alleviate the shortage of farm-hand work in the United States. The film opens with a flyover shot of farmland as an unseen narrator describes the landscape, the lack of labor, and the subsequent creation of the bracero program in response. This is an insertion of a program that actively was occurring during the production of this film. This reality-based narrative combines with the voice over, which mentions borders no less than five times to subtly push an ideology of mutual dependency towards the audience while allowing itself the appearance of being an authentic representation of the situation, showing again the effect real life insertions can have on the social problem films ability to affect its viewers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conley|first=Tom|date=2007|title=Border Incidence|journal=Cinema Without Borders}}</ref>

=== Transit and family ===
Many social problem films contain a theme of transit and the importance of familial relationships. These factors lend further authenticity to the genre as the audience seems to often follow the protagonist as he or she travels a necessary journey to arrive at a viable solution. Internal journeys are often mirrored in literal transportation of the characters. This can be seen in the traveling across the nation in ''[[Wild Boys of the Road]]'' (1933), the trip to the doctor's office in ''[[Where Are My Children?]]'' (1916), and the international migration of farmworkers in ''[[Border Incident]]'' (1949). Similarly, the idea of the family is apparent within this genre, oftentimes the idea of the family is of utmost importance. There is a finality in terms of the protagonist's descent when he or she has lost the trust and support of their family, and thus the social problem is often resolved by a return to these ideals. Although wartime feelings can account for some of this, it is important to note that this theme is maintained throughout the development of the genre. Even in more contemporary social problem films such as ''[[Coming Home (1978 film)|Coming Home]]'' (1978) and ''[[The Good Lie]]'' (2014), there is a sense of familial importance, the former in terms of his "brothers" who he stands by no matter what, and the latter in the form of their tribe members who travel thousands of miles for a new life.

==History==

===Progressive Era===
The genre first appeared in the late 1910s and 1920s as an attempt to imbue quality and [[Realism (arts)|realism]] into cinema, a new medium that was struggling to be taken seriously by the [[American middle class]].<ref name=":5" />

Historian Kay Sloan has shown how various [[Reformism|reformist]] groups made social problem shorts and features during the [[Silent era|silent era of film]]. Generally, these dealt with [[prohibition]], [[labor relations]], and concerns over "[[Sexual slavery|white slavery]]." The ideologies of these Pre-World War I productions often aligned with concerns over the worker and the interaction that filmmakers had with real-world problems. This was important to the development of the genre as it was the first foray into displaying issues of the common man but was not successful in terms of offering a viable solution. Rather, the [[Didactic fiction|didactic]] nature of these films indicated an [[Upper middle class in the United States|upper-middle class]] solution to labor issues; oftentimes it would take the presence of a non-working class negotiator to resolve the issues that laborers in the films dealt with.<ref name=":7" />

The discovery of the effect of and utilization of the '[[happy ending]]' was also implemented during this time. The happy ending left a [[Catharsis|cathartic]] effect on its audience, leaving them satisfied with the social message being provided. This itself is an imperative to the social problem genre due to its demonstration of directors' and filmmakers' desire to affect social change through movies.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Sloan|first=Kay|date=1985|title=A Cinema in Search of Itself: Ideology of the Social Problem Film During the Silent Era|journal=Cineaste}}</ref> As a genre, however, these [[Progressivism in the United States|Progressive]] statements did not touch off a long-lasting concern in the film industry, which was solidifying behind [[Standardization|standardized]] product, [[oligopoly]], and the [[Star system (filmmaking)|star system]].

===1930s===
[[Warner Brothers]], under [[Darryl F. Zanuck]], began making topical films "ripped from the headlines." These "[[Headliner (show)|headliners]]" generally were cheaply made, gritty in their [[Realism in aesthetics|realist aesthetic]], and foregrounded a [[Working class in the United States|working-class]] milieu and [[New Deal]] political sympathies. The social problem films of this era reflected the general [[national consciousness]] of the New Deal. Many of these films fed into a [[Populism in the United States|populist]] form of thought meant to instill confidence among the nation in the wake of the [[Great Depression]], supporting the platform of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], which supposedly would alleviate the unemployment issue facing the United States at that time.<ref name=":2" />

These films also put the obligation of finding work on the individual while displaying the benefits of having a neighborly attitude of helping those in need back to [[sustainable living]]. This is particularly displayed in such films as ''[[Wild Boys of the Road]]'' (1933), in which the protagonist runs away from home with friends in an attempt to find work, only to end up arrested and in need of assistance, which is subsequently granted by a judge. The film's interaction with New Deal ideologies is reflected in the confident tone of the judge as he grants aid to the homeless kids presented to him, the progressive nature of neighborly helpfulness is thrust upon the audience without allowing them to contemplate the fact that it took a [[Middle class|middle-class]] figure to save the unemployed.<ref name=":2" />

Just as the New Deal gave confidence in the short term but lagged in long-term growth for employment, so did the social problem films of this time depict a sense of optimism even when stuck in the non-progressive narrative of a middle-class savior.<ref name=":2" />

The most notable work of the genre during this time was [[Mervyn LeRoy|Mervy LeRoy]]'s ''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang]]'' (1932), whose success led [[Warner Brothers]] and other studios to copy the formula.

Meanwhile, at [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Frank Capra]] made his reputation (among the industry and filmgoing public alike; a rarity in that period) by developing his signature blend of social problem film and [[Screwball comedy film|screwball comedy]]. Working with writer [[Robert Riskin]], he would develop, repeat, and refine this blend in films like ''[[Mr. Deeds Goes to Town]]'' (1936), ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'' (1939), and ''[[Meet John Doe]]'' (1941).

=== 1940s and postwar films ===
The social problem films of the [[Postwar film|postwar period]] marked a noticeable shift away from economic problems to ones of social and psychological adjustment. This is perhaps due to the idea of returning veterans' ability to become reestablished in civilian society.<ref name=":8" /> The genre in this climate, into the 1950s, was typified by the works of [[Samuel Fuller]], [[Elia Kazan]], and [[Douglas Sirk]].<ref name=":5" />

As the thoughts and feelings of the nation progressed from worrying about unemployment to the horrors of war and rehabilitation of those suffering from addiction, so did the social problem film adapt to the national consciousness of its time. One national fear was that these returning veterans would be bitter among their return, changed from the horrors they had seen, while also feeling a lack of proper reciprocation back home. Also factoring in was the idea that the [[nuclear family]] had been broken up.<ref name=":8" />

Chronicling three returning veterans adjusting to civilian life, ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives]]'' ([[William Wyler]], 1946) was particularly powerful in that it served as a soothing to the anxieties felt by many Americans about the returning of veterans to society. It addressed post-war social problems through its optimistic portrayal of the struggle for normalization, using a protagonist who had lost both hands in the war, notedly played by [[Harold Russell]], a non-professional actor who had that same experience. The film also depicts the intense [[male bonding]] that occurs during wartime in a positive way, showing the support each of the men have for each other. It also shows the struggles they face upon returning to their pre-war lives, although in an attempt to alleviate national anxiety the film ultimately resolves itself into a happy ending in which everything is reconciled. While this film follows the general guidelines of a social problem film from the [[Classical Hollywood cinema|classic era]] such as the usage of non-actors, the importance of historical context, a [[Melodrama|melodramatic]] feeling, and the didactic nature of the genre, the identification and solution to the social problem is less of a warning to society and more about increasing positive feelings in a nation reeling from the horrors of war.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Gerber|first=David|date=1994|title=Heroes and Misfits: The Troubled Social Reintegration of Disabled Veterans in ''The Best Years of Our Lives''|issue=4|journal= American Quarterly|volume=46|pages=545–574|doi=10.2307/2713383|jstor=2713383}}</ref>

Social problem film also addressed other specific issues that plagued the postwar environment in America. For instance, [[Billy Wilder]]'s ''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]'' (1945) focused on [[alcoholism]], inaugurating a cycle of films dealing with [[Drug abuse|drug]] and [[alcohol abuse]]; and ''[[Gaslight (1944 film)|Gaslight]]'' (1944), based on an earlier play, dramatized and became the namesake for the [[Psychological abuse|psychologically-abusive]] technique later known as [[gaslighting]]. Touching on mental health, [[Bedlam (1946 film)|''Bedlam'']] (1946) caused outrage among Americans,<ref name=":9" /> affecting the already-fragile national attitude of the time.

One social issue that was integrated within United States society was the categorization of minorities together as one group; [[African Americans]], [[Asian Americans]], [[American Jews|Jews]], and [[LGBT in the United States|homosexuals]] were all discriminated against without distinction. However, awareness of this problem was considerably raised through the evils of [[Nazism]] and [[the Holocaust]] being revealed to the world as a result of this type of hatred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitfield|first=Stephen J.|date=2014|title=The Theme of indivisibility in the Post-War Struggle Against Prejudice in the United States|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|doi=10.1080/0031322x.2014.922773|volume=48|issue=3|pages=223–247|s2cid=143870568}}</ref> [[Antisemitism]] became a worldwide topic of discussion after the suffering endured by the Jewish people, and the social problem film responded by attempts to represent such problem. Some films that tackled anti-Semitism and racism during this time were ''[[Pinky (film)|Pinky]]'' (1949) and ''[[Home of the Brave (1949 film)|Home of the Brave]]'' (1949). ''[[Gentleman's Agreement]]'' (1947), in particular, follows a journalist as he decides to pass for Jewish in order to understand their experience. The efforts in ''Gentleman's Agreement'' were criticized by Jewish critics for not really delving into Jewish culture at all as well as not going deep enough into the effect of the Holocaust. The film was also seen as depicting anti-Semitism as a nasty habit rather than discrimination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carr|first=Steve|date=2011|title=Jew and Not-Jew: Anti-Semitism and Postwar Hollywood Social Problem Film|journal=Modern Jewish Experiences in World Cinema}}</ref> At a commercial level, however, the film succeeded and was able to affect audiences in a way that reduced prejudicial feelings towards Jews.<ref name=":3" />

===1950s and 1960s===
While [[McCarthyism]], in the form of the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], dampened some of Hollywood's enthusiasm for left-leaning critiques of American society,<ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2018/cteq/red-hollywood-1996-2014/ Rehabilitating the Hollywood Left in Thom Andersen and Noël Burch’s Red Hollywood (1996/2014) - Senses of Cinema]</ref> the genre continued nonetheless over the next two decades. [[Robert Wise]]'s science-fiction film ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'' (1951) urged international cooperation in matters of violence and world security in an environment of [[Cold War]] mistrust and [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear]] paranoia: the "message" is literally delivered to the Earth by a civilized extraterrestrial. [[Stanley Kramer]]'s various exposés of racism—''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958), ''[[Pressure Point (1962 film)|Pressure Point]]'' (1962), and ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' (1967)—became synonymous with the genre. Moreover, "juvenile delinquency films" combined the censorious tone of social problem films with [[exploitation film]] and [[melodrama]].

A series of journalistic pieces on the ineffectiveness of mental health facilities also lead to an increase in public awareness about the social problem of [[mental health care]]. The national attitude of the time was already in a fragile state due to the public revelation of Nazi horrors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Erb|first=Cynthia|date=2006|title='Have You Ever Seen the Inside of One of Those Places': Psycho, Foucault, and the Postwar Context of Madness|journal=Cinema Journal |volume=45|doi=10.1353/cj.2006.0043|issue=4|pages=45–63}}</ref> This, combined with the untrusting environment and Cold-War tensions, was reflected in a bevy of films about mental health, the ineffectiveness of treatment, and the way that affected individuals can be helped.

The social problem genre reflected issues of mental health and addiction particularly well through films like ''[[Bigger Than Life]]'' (1956),<ref>[https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2009/cteq/bigger-than-life/ “God was wrong”: Nicholas Ray’s Bigger Than Life - Sense of Cinema]</ref> which was consequently based on an article titled "Ten Feet Tall" published in ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1955/09/10/ten-feet-tall|title=TEN FEET TALL.|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=3 September 1955}}</ref> The film follows a protagonist in a healthy, happy familial relationship who is forced to take [[cortisone]] for a rare disease, ultimately abusing the medication which then results in mental health issues. The hospital and doctors in the film are shown as incompetent and unwilling to believe anything the patient tells them, even supplying him with more cortisone when he shows [[Drug seeking behaviour|drug-seeking behavior]].

''Bigger Than Life'' also shows a marked shift from the social problem films of [[Classical Hollywood cinema|classic Hollywood]] that was caused by a myriad of factors. In 1948, the [[Paramount Decree|Paramount Decrees]] were instituted after a landmark [[antitrust case]] by the United States against the major studios of the time. What followed was a restriction on many forms of distribution, marketing, and time between film runs. This resulted in a shifting of power from the major studios of the time, who thusly needed to find a new way to market their films. The creation of [[CinemaScope|Cinemascope]], which widened the [[aspect ratio]] allowing for [[widescreen]] viewing, and was seen as the beginning of the end of the classical era of Hollywood. Having access to these new technologies that the social problem film, too, would adapt, ''Bigger Than Life'' exhibited less [[Didactic method|didactic]] speech, instead allowing more interpretation from the audience as to what the social problem was.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conant|first=Michael|date=1982|title=The Paramount Decrees Reconsidered|journal=Law and Contemporary Problems}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
A big theme among films of the 1970s was the [[Vietnam War]]; films such as ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978) and ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' (1979) focused on exposing the extreme conditions, both mentally and physically, that soldiers face during deployment.

The social problem film, on the other hand, came back to its common theme of returning veterans, exemplified by the critically acclaimed ''[[Coming Home (1978 film)|Coming Home]]'' (1978), which followed a woman whose husband was away on tour as she volunteers at the veteran hospital and befriends a crippled soldier. The way in which the film interacts with narrative and with its audience, however, demonstrated a shift in form that reflected attitudes of the time. The period through the 1960s and 1970s was when [[second-wave feminism]] became apparent, raising awareness about inequalities regarding many social issues, though it mainly focused on [[White feminism|white upper-class feminism]]. This national consciousness of feminist ideals, combined with a wartime environment that was largely a failure, as well as the inability to fully care for veterans, is expressed through ''Coming Home''<nowiki/>'s narrative and characters while also maintaining certain factors of the classic social problem film. The [[Feminization (sociology)|feminization]] of the Vietnam experience can be seen through the protagonist Luke, who is able to allow Sally to transcend her role as a stereotypical military wife, while also feminizing himself as he progresses into his move back to society. The more passive and stereotypically feminine he becomes, the more he is allowed to leave the horrors of Vietnam behind. This type of characterization differs greatly from the characters seen in earlier returning veteran social problem films, which often portrayed the veteran as ultra-masculine and his wife as a traditional [[Homemaking|homemaker]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jeffords|first=Susan|date=1985|title=Friendly Civilians: Images of Women and Feminization of the Audience in Vietnam Films|journal=Issue |volume=4 |issue=7 }}</ref>

Furthermore, the narrative of ''Coming Home'' depicts a marked difference from earlier social problem films. Rather than pushing a [[Didactic method|didactic]] theme on the audience, the story goes back and forth between didacticism and following more of a [[Soap opera|soap-opera]] romance formula.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kroll|first=Jack|date=1978|title=Vietnam Hero Worship|journal=Newsweek}}</ref> (As result, it is sometimes difficult to discern what the film wants us to focus on.) However, the film does maintain certain characteristics of the social problem film, such as a focused narrative, ending on a didactic speech, and usage of non-actors to portray the veterans at the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077362/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=Coming Home (1978)|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== Contemporary social problem films ==
As the United States transitioned into the [[Contemporary history|contemporary era]], the social issues that encompassed the country have adapted to focus on different aspects of the problems, especially in the case of [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] and the [[veteran]] experience, both of which feature heavily in the classic social problem film. For instance, the theme of ''[[Border Incident]]'' (1949) was the immigration of [[Migrant farm workers|migrant farmworkers]] from Mexico. The returning-veteran social problem films ''[[The Best Years of Our Lives|Best Years Of Our Lives]]'' (1946) and [[Coming Home (1978 film)|''Coming Home'']] (1978) focused on the treatment as well as the rehabilitation of veterans.

In the contemporary United States, an immigration social issue that has been relevant for years is the idea of refugee [[Asylum in the United States|asylum]], whereas the returning-veteran storylines now often focus on the addiction to war and the inability to function normally without it.

[[Refugees of Sudan|Sudanese refugees]], in particular, are of focus as their country is plagued in civil war, yet asylum in the United States had been blocked due to terrorist fears. A contemporary social problem film that addresses this issue is ''[[The Good Lie]]'' (2014), which follows the life of a group of Sudanese children as they escape their village to a refugee camp and come to America as adults. The beginning of the film does a decent job of representing the struggle over 25,000 children faced while trekking across Africa enduring the elements, animals, and soldiers trying to kill them as it follows the protagonists as they make the journey themselves, losing some along the way.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geltman |first1=Paul L. |last2=Grant-Knight |first2=Wanda |last3=Mehta |first3=Supriya D. |last4=Lloyd-Travaglini |first4=Christine |last5=Lustig |first5=Stuart |last6=Landgraf |first6=Jeanne M. |last7=Wise |first7=Paul H. |title=The 'Lost Boys of Sudan': Functional and Behavioral Health of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors Resettled in the United States |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |date=2005 |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=585–591 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.159.6.585|pmid=15939860 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It utilizes classic techniques such as location shooting at the refugee camp and the usage of real refugees as background characters. However, the film has much more in common with the form of social problem films such as ''Coming Home''. It not only stars a famous actress, [[Reese Witherspoon]], but ultimately utilizes engagement with the narrative much more than trying to preach to its audience. As the protagonist group arrives in America, the film experiences a shift from displaying the plight of these refugees to a culture clash of sorts as they struggle to adapt to American customs and realize the ineffectiveness of the bureaucratic systems meant to help them. Like ''Coming Home'', the audience is not being put in a space where the film is meant to be purely educational, rather they are encouraged to discern the social problem from the drama being displayed. This is shown in the frustration of some reviewers who claim the plot seems manufactured and does not focus enough on certain social issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jagernath|first=Kevin|date=2014|title=TIFF review: "The Good Lie"|journal=The Playlist}}</ref> This particular aspect of the changing form of the social problem film is largely due to audiences desire to be entertained as well as satiated with a well-formulated story to engage in.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corliss|first=Richard|date=2014|title=The Lost Boys Come to America|journal=Time Magazine}}</ref>

Another instance in which this becomes palpable is in the changing representation of returning veterans. The effects of wartime on American society are fluid depending on the situation and national feelings of the time. This is evident as post-WWII films often focused on a return to home for the veterans, encouraging family life and spousal support, as well as the revealing of the capability of humans to commit evil, resulting in forays into addressing these issues. Then during Vietnam, the [[feminist movement]] combined with national feelings of regret created both [[Hypermasculinity|hyper-masculine]] films depicting the horror of battle but also the returning veterans plight and a more [[formulaic]] approach to narrative instead of a [[Didacticism|didactic]] one.<ref name=":0" /> The current era, then, is focused on international conflict within the middle east which has created a division in terms of ideology in the US. The social problem film has adapted to encompass these feelings through films such as ''[[Green Zone (film)|Green Zone]]'' (2010), which addresses the idea of false motivations for entering the [[war against Iraq]].

More pertinent to the social problem film genre, however, is the idea of returning veterans; whereas the treatment of veterans has been displayed on screen, the contemporary social problem goes beyond that scope, and rather into the psyches of the soldiers themselves and the systems that perpetuate their situation. This is done through the depiction of war as an addiction, another type of social problem—a way that films of the 20th century did not consider.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Burgoyne |first1=Robert |title=Embodiment in the war film: ''Paradise Now'' and ''The Hurt Locker'' |journal=Journal of War & Culture Studies |date=2012 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1386/jwcs.5.1.7_1|doi-access=free|hdl=10023/3473 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This is the case in ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' (2009), which depicts an [[Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)|Explosive Ordnance Disposal]] team in Iraq. Although it did shoot on location in [[Jordan]], utilize non-actors, and focus on a small group of people, the film is much more in line with recent social problem films in that it focuses on [[characterization]], [[storytelling]], and filming stylization to portray its social issue more than straightforward preaching. The film is both cinematic and visceral, interweaving aspects of the war in documentary-like style juxtaposed with the usage of sound and technological advances to create an intense, encapsulating narrative. Again, the viewer is meant to see the protagonist's mundane home life compared to his experience on tour, where he seems more at home. The film begins on a quote that equates war to a drug, and ends on the protagonist's 'days on tour' counter resetting to 0, indicating both the hardship faced by military personnel and how it shapes them into being more like machines built for a purpose rather than purely motivated soldiers.<ref name=":4" /> These scenes show a palpable shift from telling the audience how to feel via ending monologue, to displaying the problem and letting audiences interpret it for themselves.

=== Television and social media ===
With the development of new technologies such as television, it was inevitable that programming about social issues would become apparent. From documentaries for social justice to public broadcasting about local issues, the television is able to be accessed in ways movies can't. Certain programming such as ''[[The Biggest Loser]]'' address a specific social problem such as obesity in a setting which is presented as reality. However, in reality, the whole thing is pretty much scripted. Contestants waive their rights to creating their own story-line and are trained to point of collapsing, not a healthy way to address weight loss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2015/01/18/contestant-reveals-the-brutal-secrets-of-the-biggest-loser/|title=New York Post|date=18 January 2015}}</ref> This pseudo-reality is problematic in that it presents a certain social problem, along with a viable solution, like diet and exercise, yet it doesn't speak to the cultural issues and systematic factors like cheap fast food in poverty-stricken areas.

The rise of [[social media]] has led to a transformation of many established systems, such as advertising, news, protests, campaigning, and exposure to other cultures. The ability to instantly connect with an event occurring and to share something with the public instantly has led to a new development of networks that can be accessed at the click of a mouse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Dijck|first=Jose|date=2013|title=Facebook and the Imperative of Sharing|journal=The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media}}</ref> So just as these other aspects of life were effected so is the idea of the social problem film. The ability for users to obtain, via [[YouTube]], actual real-life video of events occurring around the world makes it tougher for filmic representations to become the didactic entity they need to be in order to fit in the genre. For instance, with over 100,000 results for a search on Iraq war footage, it becomes difficult to depict a sense of reality in which the viewer can relate purely, therefore the filmmaker's artistic influence becomes more apparent. This combined with the development of news programming via television has created a sort of environment where the social problem film was forced to change form, the majority didactic approach was no longer satisfactory as people have access to actual footage, therefore the implementation of deeper characterization and richer narratives became relevant in the more contemporary entries into this genre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twp.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/cinematic-war-deliberations-2012.original.pdf|title=Cinematic War: More Powerful Than Your Video Journal|last=Preston|first=Kate|date=2011}}</ref>

An example of controversial social problem television is ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' as it dealt with [[teen suicide]], [[rape]] and [[bullying]].<ref>[https://education.fsu.edu/why-schools-need-step-suicide-prevention-efforts Why Schools Need to Step Up Suicide Prevention Efforts|College of Education]</ref>

==Examples==
Social issues touched on by this genre can include:

* '''Age and intergenerational conflict'''
** ''[[The Wrestler (2008 film)|The Wrestler]]'' (2008)
** '''Childhood and adolescence'''
*** ''[[The 400 Blows]]'' (1959)
*** ''[[Kids (film)|Kids]]'' (1995)
* '''Class'''
** ''[[La Grande Illusion]]'' (1937)
** ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' (2019)
** '''Poverty'''
*** ''[[Hillbilly Elegy (film)|Hillbilly Elegy]]'' (2020)
* '''Climate and pollution'''
** ''[[WALL-E]]'' (2008)
* '''[[Consumer culture]]'''
** ''[[Fight Club]]'' (1999)
* '''[[Crime film|Crime]] and delinquency'''
** ''[[Blackboard Jungle]]'' (1955)
* '''Trafficking and [[war on drugs]]'''
** [[Sicario (2015 film)|''Sicario'']] (2015)
* '''Immigration and immigrant experience'''
** ''[[Border Incident]]'' (1949)
* '''Education'''
** ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997)
* '''Family life and values'''
** ''[[Where Are My Children?]]'' (1916)
** ''[[Ordinary People]]'' (1980)
** ''[[Juno (film)|Juno]]'' (2007)
* '''Health, mental health, and illness'''
** ''[[Bigger Than Life]]'' (1956)
** ''[[A Child Is Waiting]]'' (1963)
** ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975)
** '''Substance abuse'''
*** ''[[Leaving Las Vegas]]'' (1995)
*** ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016)
*** [[Beautiful Boy (2018 film)|''Beautiful Boy'']] (2018)
* '''Labour'''
** ''[[Modern Times (film)|Modern Times]]'' (1936)
** [[The Grapes of Wrath (film)|''The Grapes of Wrath'']] (1940)
** ''[[Norma Rae]]'' (1979)
** ''[[Germinal (1993 film)|Germinal]]'' (1993)
* '''Race, racism, and discrimination'''
** ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958)
** ''[[Pressure Point (1962 film)|Pressure Point]]'' (1962)
** ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'' (1967)
** ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989)
** ''[[American History X]]'' (1998)
** ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004)
** ''[[District 9]]'' (2009)
** ''[[Zootopia]]'' (2016)
** ''[[Green Book (film)|Green Book]]'' (2018)
* '''Sex discrimination'''
** ''[[The Children's Hour (film)|The Children's Hour]]'' (1961)
** ''[[Far from Heaven]]'' (2002)
** ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (2005)
* '''Social values and pressures'''
** ''[[Dead Poets Society]]'' (1989)
** ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009)
* '''Censorship'''
** ''[[Storm Center]]'' (1956)
* '''Technology, media, and society'''
** [[Network (1976 film)|''Network'']] (1976)
** ''[[The Truman Show]]'' (1998)
** ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' (1994)
* '''Rape'''
**''[[Outrage (1950 film)|Outrage]]'' (1950)
* '''Urban and rural life'''
**''[[Boyz N' the Hood]]'' (1991)
** The aforementioned ''Hillbilly Elegy''
* '''[[Religion]]'''
** ''[[Elmer Gantry (film)|Elmer Gantry]]'' (1960)
* '''[[Gun violence]]'''
** ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]'' (2002)
** ''[[American Gun (2005 film)|American Gun]]'' (2005)
* '''War and veteran life'''
** ''[[Paths of Glory]]'' (1957)
** ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978)
** ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (1987)
** ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]'' (1989)
** ''[[The Hurt Locker]]'' (2009)

==See also==
* [[Message picture]]
* [[Social science fiction]]
* [[Social thriller]]
* [[Very special episode]]
* [[Social realism]]
* [[Oscar bait]]
* [[Identity politics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Roffman, Peter, and Jim Purdy. ''The Hollywood Social Problem Film''. {{ISBN|0-253-12707-6}}
* Sloan, Kay. 1988. ''The Loud Silents: Origins of the Social Problem Film''. University of Illinois Press. {{ISBN|0-252-01544-4}}
{{Film genres}}
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Social issues]]

Nilganj

2025-12-11T06:23:41Z

Flightsvilla:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nilganj
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
File:The Rhythm of Labor and Wate.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.76117|N|88.42462|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,662
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700121
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Noapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Noapara]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Nilganj''' is a village in [[Barrackpore II]] [[Community development block in India|CD Block]] in [[Barrackpore subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=330| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative location Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
| minipog-x = 66 | minipog-y = 120
| scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12|nolabels=1
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|46|24|N|88|21|49|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Barrackpore| numbered1=M | mark-title1=[[Barrackpore]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barrackpore |labela2=Cantonment| mark-title2=[[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]| numbered2=0| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Ruiya (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|14|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Titagarh| numbered7=M | mark-title7= [[Titagarh]] (M)|shape-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khardaha| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Khardaha]] (M)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|41|31|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Panihati| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Panihati]] (M)|
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Bilkanda]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|42|41|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Talbandha| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Talbandha]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|3|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Chandpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|24|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Teghari| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Teghari]] (CT)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|42|7|N|88|23|22|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sodepur| numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Sodepur]] (N)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|48|N|88|22|48|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Agarpara| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Agarpara]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|42|15|N|88|26|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[New Barrackpore]] (M)|
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)|
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|40|2|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Belgharia| numbered20=N| mark-title20= [[Belgharia]] (N)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|10|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|38|40|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Dum Dum| numbered22=M| mark-title22= [[Dum Dum]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[North Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|37|48|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= South Dumdum| numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[South Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|39|40|N|88|24|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Nimta| numbered25=N| mark-title25= [[Nimta]] (N)|shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= Nilganj (N)|shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black 
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Location===
[[Chak Kanthalia]], [[Ruiya]], [[Patulia]] and [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] form a cluster of census towns around [[Titagarh]]/ [[Khardaha]]. [[Karna Madhabpur]], with the CD Block headquarters, is located nearby.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

===Police station===
[[Khardaha#Police station|Khardaha]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Khardaha Municipal area and [[Barrackpore II]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work = List of Police Stations with telephone numbers | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 11 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143852/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Nilganje had a total population of 2,662, of which 1,381 (52%) were males and 1,281 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 225. The total number of literates in Nilganje was 2,049 (84.08% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 25 July 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Nilganj is located at the crossing of the Barrackpore-Barasat Road (part of [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|State Highway 2]]) and the Nilganj Road.<ref name=google/>

===Bus===
====WBTC Bus====
* E32 Nilganj Depot - [[Howrah Station]]
* S11 Nilganj Depot - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* C29 [[Barasat]] - [[Barrackpore]] Court
* DS-34 Barrackpore - Barasat
====Private Bus====
* 81 [[Barasat]] - [[Barrackpore]] Fishery Gate
* 81/1 [[Barasat]] - [[Bally, Bally-Jagachha|Rajchandrapur]]

===Train===
The nearest railway stations are [[Barasat Junction railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon line]] and [[Barrackpore railway station]] on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-kalyani-simanta-local-31311/16438/325/958#st | title = 31311 Sealdah-Kalyani Simanta Local | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-bangaon-local-33811/17298/325/7814#st |title = 33811 Sealdah-Bangaon local |work= Time Table| publisher= India Railinfo | access-date = 15 June 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
[[St. Mary's Technical Campus Kolkata]], a private engineering college, was established at Saibona, near Nilganj, in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://stmarysgroup.com/organs/kolkata/kolkata.php | title = St. Mary's Group of Institutions, Kolkata | publisher = St. Mary's | access-date = 25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://collegedunia.com/college/57967-st-marys-technical-campus-kolkata | title = St. Mary’s Technical Campus Kolkata | publisher = College Dunia |access-date = 25 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in North 24 Parganas district]]

Atul Punj

2025-12-07T15:05:31Z

Flightsvilla: done.

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| caption = Atul Punj
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| years_active =
| organisation = [[Punj Lloyd]]
| known_for = Founder of [[Punj Lloyd]]
| title =
}}
'''Atul Punj''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[businessman]] who is the chairman and managing director of [[Punj Lloyd]]. He is married to [[Vasuki Sunkavalli]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=29158658&symbol=9273418 | title=Atul Punj Executive Chairman, Chairman of Corporate Social Responsibility Committee and Member of Stakeholders Relationship Committee Cum Shareholders' / Investors' Grievance Committee, Punj Lloyd Ltd. | work=The Hindubloomberg Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2009 |title=India's Richest: #67 Atul Punj |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/77/india-billionaires-09_Atul-Punj_5ZYK.html |accessdate=9 August 2015 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2012 |title=Building castles from the air |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/tca-srinivasa-raghavan/building-castles-from-the-air/article2817566.ece |accessdate=9 August 2015 |work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punj, Atul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in construction]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Kaliachak Assembly constituency

2025-11-03T19:49:29Z

Flightsvilla: small cleanup structure for consistency also and added references

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kaliachak
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
| constituency_no = 49
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Kaliachak Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Kaliachak Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2099 | access-date= 21 July 2014|work = West Bengal | publisher= ECI}}</ref> There are two new constituencies in the area – [[Mothabari Assembly constituency]] and [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency]].

Kaliachak Assembly constituency was part of [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Kaliachak (North)||[[A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Kaliachak (South)||Sowrindra Mohan Misra||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="vidhansabha1952"/>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Kaliachak||Mahibur Rahman Choudhury||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>||
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Promode Ranjan Bose||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||N.Islam||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Shamsuddin Ahamed||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Shamsuddin Ahamed||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Shamsuddin Ahamed||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Ahamed Shamsuddin||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Promode Ranjan Bose||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||[[Dinesh Chandra Joarder]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Dinesh Chandra Joarder||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||[[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Biswanath Ghosh||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|}
For MLAs from the area in subsequent years see [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency]] and [[Mothabari Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Biswanath Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Kaliachak assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury of Congress defeated Biswanath Ghosh of CPI(M) in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Dinesh Joardar of CPI(M) defeated Ahmed Shamsuddin of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Promode Ranjan Bose of CPI(M) defeated Ahmed Shamsuddin of Congress in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Ahmed Shamsuddin of Congress defeated Promode Ranjan Bose of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp49.htm | title = 49 - Kaliachak Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Shamsuddin Ahamed of Congress won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> N. Islam of CPI(M) won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Promode Ranjan Bose, Independent, won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Mahibur Rahman Choudhury of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]],<ref name=vidhansabha1952/> when independent India’s first election was held, there were two seats in Kaliachak. Abul Barkat Ataul Gani, Independent, won the Kaliachak (North) seat. Sowrindra Mohan Misra of Congress won the Kaliachak (South) seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|24.86|88.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]

2019 Chennai water crisis

2025-10-21T03:57:26Z

Flightsvilla: general cleaned up intro for consistency also and updated info

{{Short description|2019 water crisis in Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The '''2019 Chennai water crisis''' was a [[Water scarcity|water crisis]] occurring in [[India]], most notably in the coastal city of [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |last2=Megson |first2=Jody |last3=Wu |first3=Jin |first1=Ganesh |title=How One of the World's Wettest Major Cities Ran Out of Water |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-02-03/how-a-water-crisis-hit-india-s-chennai-one-of-the-world-s-wettest-cities |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=3 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On 19 June 2019, Chennai city officials declared that "Day Zero", or the day when almost no water is left, had been reached, as all the four main reservoirs supplying water to the city had run dry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/20/world/chennai-satellite-images-reservoirs-water-crisis-trnd/index.html|title=Chennai, India, is almost out of water. Satellite images show its nearly bone-dry reservoirs|date=20 June 2019|first1=Paul P.|last1=Murphy|first2=Gianluca|last2=Mezzofiore|website=CNN|accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Varadhan |first=Sudarshan |date=20 June 2019 |title=Hotels, companies cut back on water use as taps run dry in Chennai |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher= |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hotels-companies-cut-back-on-water-use-as-taps-run-dry-in-chennai-119061900873_1.html |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> Two years of deficient monsoon rainfall, particularly in late 2017 and throughout much of 2018 had led to this crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chennai-rain-tamil-nadu-water-crisis-imd-1552766-2019-06-20|title=Rain respite for parched Chennai, IMD predicts moderate showers for next 6 days|author=India Today Web Desk|date=20 June 2019|website=India Today|accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref>

Because tap water has stopped running, some families have been relying on alternative water sources such as distant, unreliable public water pumps, and costly private water tankers.<ref name="washPo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/06/28/major-indian-city-runs-out-water-million-people-pray-rain/?noredirect=on|title=As a major Indian city runs out of water, 9 million people pray for rain|last1=Masih|first1=Niha|last2=Slater|first2=Joanna|date=28 June 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Water management in Chennai}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|13.0816|80.2153}}
| zoom=9
| float = right
| width = 300
| height = 260
| fullscreen-option =
| caption = The four reservoirs
| title =
| nolabels = 1


| mark-coord = {{coord|13.0083|80.0582}}
| label = Chembarambakkam
| label-pos = right


| mark-coord1 = {{coord|13.1592|80.1765}}
| label1 = Red Hills
| label-pos1 = right

| mark-coord2 ={{coord|13.22310|80.14568}}
| label2 = Cholavaram
| label-pos2 = right

| mark-coord3 ={{coord|13.1823|79.8614}}
| label3 = Poondi
| label-pos3 = right

| mark-coord4 ={{coord|13.0814|80.2679}}
| label4 = CHENNAI
| label-pos4 = right
| label-color4 = black
| label-size4 = 12
}}
Chennai is a city of over 11 million people, around the size of New York City, and is the fourth largest city in India.<ref name="DowntoEarth">downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/chennai-water-crisis-a-wake-up-call-for-indian-cities-66024
</ref> The city is an automotive engineering hub and contains many automotive factories that are built around the reservoirs of the city. Mismanagement of the city’s water resources and weak monsoons for the last four years reduced the city’s reservoirs to 0.1% of normal capacity in June 2019.<ref name="DowntoEarth"/> Water became a valuable resource in Chennai and experienced exploitation as wealthier residents paid to dig deep bore wells on their land and sold water to other residents or businesses.<ref name=" NPR">{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/07/18/742688141/the-water-crisis-in-chennai-whos-to-blame-how-do-you-fix-it | title=The Water Crisis In Chennai, India: Who's To Blame And How Do You Fix It? | newspaper=NPR.org | date=18 July 2019 | publisher=NPR | accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> This practice was allowed by the government and resulted in the groundwater [[aquifer]] to be drained dramatically at twice the level of annual recharge. Protests erupted over the Chennai government’s lack of action on the issue as the water was no longer a basic human right in Chennai.<ref name=" NPR"/> The government also faced pressure on their management of the city’s four main reservoirs; Poondi, Cholavaram, Redhills and Chembarambakkam.<ref name=" DowntoEarth"/> Factories and infrastructure built in the catchments of these reservoirs were unregulated and therefore much of the rain that fell ended up in the ocean or used in excess by these factories. This further exacerbated the issue and limited the amount of water that entered the reservoirs for public consumption. Monsoon rains in 2019 have been more plentiful than in years past and have raised the reservoir levels to around 30% capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/india-water-supply-agency-declares-chennai-water-secure/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122140550/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/india-water-supply-agency-declares-chennai-water-secure/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 November 2019|title = India: Water Supply Agency Declares Chennai Water Secure|date = 20 November 2019}}</ref> Chennai has declared itself water secure because of the recent rains but concern remains about the future of [[water security]] in Chennai and many other Indian cities such as Bangalore which have similar regulation issues. An Indian government think tank predicted that 21 Indian cities will be out of groundwater by 2020, and the impact of future droughts in India brought upon by [[climate change]] will put the entire country at risk unless stronger regulations are put in place.<ref>thediplomat.com/2019/08/Chennai'sman-made-water-crisis/</ref>

Chennai has historically relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish its water reservoirs since the rivers are polluted with sewage.

There are four reservoirs in the city, namely, Red Hills, Cholavaram, Poondi and Chembarambakkam, with a combined capacity of 11,057 mcft.<ref name="Hindu_RainsReplenishReservoirs">{{Cite news| last = Lakshmi | first = K. | title = Rains replenish city's reservoirs | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 23 October 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rains-replenish-citys-reservoirs/article4023519.ece | accessdate = 3 July 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Water Level of Chembarambakkam Lake (15 March 2017).jpg|thumb|Water Level of Chembarambakkam Lake (15 March 2017)]]

===Extreme drought===
Three years of failed monsoon in 2016, 2017, and 2018. The 2018 monsoon season was one of the driest ever recorded in Chennai, as only 343.7 mm of rain had fallen compared to an average of 757.6 mm, which was a 55% rainfall deficit. Additionally, the entire state of Tamil Nadu had recorded a 23% rainfall deficit in that season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dry-end-to-monsoon-season-all-time-low-rainfall-in-city-met/articleshow/67211934.cms|date=23 December 2018|accessdate=1 July 2019|title=Dry end to monsoon season, all-time low rainfall in the city: Met | Chennai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A [[2019 heatwave in India and Pakistan|major heatwave in India]] from May to June 2019 further increasing the problem by evaporating any water still left in reservoirs.

===Government mismanagement===
Government mismanagement and unplanned construction has also been a factor to blame for this crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/chennais-day-zero-its-not-just-meteorology-but-mismanagement-thats-made-the-city-run-dry/article28197491.ece|title=Chennai's Day Zero: It's not just meteorology but mismanagement that's made the city run dry|first=K.|last=Lakshmi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 June 2019|accessdate=1 July 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Impact==
[[File:Private Water Tanker in Chennai (15 March 2017).jpg|thumb|Private Water Tanker in Chennai (15 March 2017)]]
Millions of people are without consistent access to water. A lack of rainwater and groundwater has left four [[reservoirs]] that supply water to the city completely dry. The inability to meet the demand for water has forced businesses like hotels and restaurants to close. Water tankers from areas of [[Tamil Nadu]] unaffected by drought have been bringing water into some areas of the city. However, government tankers can take up to a month to appear after requested, so many families, wealthy residents, and business owners have opted to pay for costly private water tankers. The poor who live in [[slums]] do not have this option; a family in Chennai's slums may receive as little as {{convert|30|L|usgal|abbr=off}} of water every day compared to an average American household which uses {{convert|1150|L|usgal|abbr=off}} of water a day.<ref name="cnnChennai1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/india/chennai-water-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html|title=India's sixth biggest city is almost entirely out of water|last=Yeung|first=Jessie|date=19 June 2019|website=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620090605/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/india/chennai-water-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 June 2019|url-status=|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="washPo"/>

Many fights over water have also broken out due to the conflict. In one such conflict that occurred on 15 June 2019, a woman was stabbed and the perpetrator was turned in to the police.<ref name="stabbed">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/15/28-year-old-chennai-woman-stabbed-by-neighbour-over-water-dispute-1990355.html|title=28-year-old Chennai woman stabbed by neighbour over water dispute|date=15 June 2019|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cape Town water crisis]] – a similar water crisis that occurred in Cape Town, South Africa in 2018

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation |last=Kalia |first=Bhrigu |title=Water Crisis in Cities: The Case of 'Day Zero' in Chennai, India |date=2020 |url=https://ic-sd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Bhrigu-Kalia.pdf}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Water Crisis}}
[[Category:2010s in Chennai]]
[[Category:Water scarcity]]
[[Category:2019 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Water in India]]

Diocese of Warangal

2025-08-24T08:03:46Z

Flightsvilla: Added Entry...

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Telangana, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Warangal
|latin = Dioecesis Varangalensis
|country = [[India]]
|local = वारंगल के सूबा
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Our Lady of Fatima Cathedral, [[Fatimanagar]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 24,702
|population = 7,724,845
|population_as_of = 2010
|catholics = 66,385
|catholics_percent= 0.9
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Udumala Bala Showreddy]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Anthony Poola]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website =
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal''' ({{langx|la| Varangalen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Warangal]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] in India.

==History==
* 22 December 1952: Established as Diocese of Warangal from the Diocese of Hyderabad

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Warangal ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Udumala Bala Showreddy]] (23 May 2013 – present)
** Bishop [[Thumma Bala]] (17 November 1986 – 12 March 2011)
** Bishop [[Alphonso Beretta]], [[P.I.M.E.]] (8 January 1953 – 30 November 1985)

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/wara0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dwara.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|17.9837|N|79.5246|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warangal}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1952]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Telangana]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Warangal]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize

2025-08-22T13:13:51Z

Flightsvilla: made initial bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian non-fiction book prize}}
{{Update|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox award|awardname=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize|sponsor=[[New India Foundation]]|country=India|eligibility=Non-fiction books about contemporary and modern India|firstawarded=2018}}
The '''Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize''' is awarded annually for non-fiction books on modern or contemporary India which were published in the preceding year. The Prize was established in 2018 by the [[New India Foundation]], a charitable trust that also awards research fellowships and book grants to Indian scholars and writers. Winners of the prize include politician and writer [[Jairam Ramesh]], and historian [[Ornit Shani]], and authors shortlisted for the prize include [[Aanchal Malhotra]], Sujatha Gidla, [[Katherine Eban]], [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], [[Piers Vitebsky]], [[Alpa Shah]], and [[Manoranjan Byapari]].

== Establishment ==
The Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize was established by the New India Foundation, a charitable organisation which also awards research fellowships and book grants for Indian writers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New India Foundation |url=https://www.newindiafoundation.org/nif |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=New India Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Trustees of the foundation include political scientist [[Niraja Gopal Jayal]], businessmen Manish Sabharwal and [[Nandan Nilekani]], historians [[Ramachandra Guha]], and [[Srinath Raghavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New India Foundation Trustees |url=https://www.newindiafoundation.org/trustees |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=New India Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> The foundation provides grants for scholars and writers who are writing non-fiction and fiction books about India, and also provides translation grants for works translated from Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Kanishka |title=How the New India Foundation is dealing with the pandemic for its fellowships for non-fiction books |url=https://scroll.in/article/970459/how-the-new-india-foundation-is-dealing-with-the-pandemic-for-its-fellowships-for-non-fiction-books |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Scroll.in |date=16 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize was established in 2018, to recognise and foster non-fiction writing about India, and is awarded annually for books published in the preceding year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New India Foundation Book Prize |url=https://www.newindiafoundation.org/book-prize |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=New India Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> The prize is awarded to authors of any nationality, for books published in any language, and comes with a financial award of {{INRConvert|15|l|year=2022}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=The New India Foundation announces an annual non-fiction book prize worth Rs 15 lakh |url=https://shop.scroll.in/book/874799/the-new-india-foundation-announces-an-annual-non-fiction-book-prize-worth-rs-15-lakh |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Books which have already been the subject of fellowships awarded by the foundation are ineligible, and the jury is composed of the foundation's trustees.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]]

== Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Winner
!Shortlist
!Source
|-
|2018
|[[Milan Vaishnav]], ''[[When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics]]'' (Yale University Press 2017)
|
* Abhinav Chandrachud, ''The Republic of Rhetoric: Free Speech and the Constitution of India'' (Penguin India)
* [[Aanchal Malhotra]], ''Remnants of a Separation: A History of Partition Through Material Memory'' (Harper Collins)
* [[Anirudh Krishna]], ''The Broken Ladder: The Paradox and Potential of India’s One Billion'' (Penguin Random House)
* Sujatha Gidla, ''[[Ants Among Elephants]]: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India'' (HarperCollins)
* [[Francesca R Jensenius]], ''Social Justice Through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India'' (Oxford University Press)
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=New India Foundation announces its shortlist for the first Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize |url=https://shop.scroll.in/book/892488/new-india-foundation-announces-its-shortlist-for-the-first-kamaladevi-chattopadhyay-nif-book-prize |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2018-10-27 |title=Milan Vaishnav wins first Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/award-for-milan-vaishnav/article25349920.ece |access-date=2022-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Ornit Shani]], ''How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of the Universal Franchise'' (Penguin Random House India)
|
* [[Manoranjan Byapari]], I''nterrogating My Chandal Life: An Autobiography Of A Dalit'' (Sage Publications)
* [[Rohit De]], ''A People's Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic'' (Princeton University Press)
* [[Snigdha Poonam]], ''Dreamers: How Young Indians Are Changing Their World'' (Penguin Viking)
* [[Alpa Shah]], ''Nightmarch: A Journey into India's Naxal Heartlands'' (HarperCollins)
* [[Piers Vitebsky]], ''Living Without the Dead: Loss and Redemption in a Jungle Cosmos'' (University of Chicago Press)
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-11 |title=NIF Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Book Prize 2019 awarded to Ornit Shani's How India Became Democratic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/nif-kamaladevi-chattopadhyay-book-prize-2019-awarded-to-ornit-shanis-how-india-became-democratic-7635271.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Jointly awarded to:

* [[Amit Ahuja]]'', Mobilizing the Marginalized: Ethnic Parties without Ethnic Movements'' (Oxford University Press)
* [[Jairam Ramesh]], ''A Chequered Brilliance: The Many Lives of VK Krishna Menon'' (Penguin Random House)
|
* [[Arun Mohan Sukumar]],''Midnight’s Machines: A Political History of Technology in India'' (Penguin Random House)
* [[Arupjyoti Saikia]], ''The Unquiet River: A Biography of the Brahmaputra'' (Oxford University Press)
* [[Katherine Eban]], ''Bottle of Lies: Ranbaxy and the Dark Side of Indian Pharma'' (Juggernaut)
* [[Stephen Alter]], ''Wild Himalaya: A Natural History of the Greatest Mountain Range on Earth'' (Aleph Book Company)
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-20 |title=New India Foundation has announced the shortlist for the third edition of the Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/kamaladevi-chattopadhyay-nif-book-prize-2020-shortlist/article33142354.ece |access-date=2022-10-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize announces joint winners for 2020 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/kamaladevi-chattopadhyay-nif-book-prize-announces-joint-winners-for-2020/2148715/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Financialexpress |date=13 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Dinyar Patel]], ''Naoroji: Pioneer of Indian Nationalism'' (Harvard University Press)
|
* [[Ashutosh Bhardwaj]], ''The Death Script: Dreams and Delusions in Naxal Country'' (Fourth Estate, HarperCollins Publishers)
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] & [[Pratinav Anil]], ''India’s First Dictatorship: The Emergency, 1975-77'' (HarperCollins Publishers)
* [[Sumathi Ramaswamy]], ''Gandhi in the Gallery: The Art of Disobedience'' (Roli Books)
* [[Radhika Singha]], ''The Coolie’s Great War: Indian Labour in a Global Conflict 1914-1921'' (HarperCollins Publishers);
* [[Vinay Sitapati]]. ''Jugalbandi: The BJP Before Modi'' (Penguin Random House).
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Dinyar Patel wins Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize for 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/dinyar-patel-wins-kamaladevi-chattopadhyay-nif-book-prize-for-2021-101638347773003.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New India Foundation: 2021 Shortlist |url=https://www.newindiafoundation.org/nif-book-prize-2021-shortlist |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=New India Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Shekhar Pathak]], ''The Chipko Movement: A People’s History'' (translated from the Hindi by Manisha Chaudhry, Permanent Black and Ashoka University)
|
* [[Swethaa S Ballakrishnen]], ''Accidental Feminism: Gender Parity and Selective Mobility Among India’s Professional Elite (''Princeton University Press)
* [[Ghazala Wahab]], ''[[Born a Muslim]]: Some Truths about Islam in India (''Aleph Book Company)
* [[Suchitra Vijayan]], ''Midnight’s Borders: A People’s History of Modern India'' (Context/Westland)
* [[Rukmini S]]., ''Whole Numbers and Half Truths: What Data Can and Cannot Tell Us About Modern India'' (Context/Westland)
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay NIF Book Prize for 2022 announces its shortlist of five nonfiction books |url=https://scroll.in/article/1036823/kamaladevi-chattopadhyay-nif-book-prize-for-2022-announces-its-shortlist-of-five-nonfiction-books |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Scroll.in |date=8 November 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2023
|[[Akshaya Mukul]]
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2024
|[[Ashok Gopal]], ''A Part Apart: The Life and Thought of [[B. R. Ambedkar|B.R. Ambedkar]]''
|
* [[Neerja Choudhry]], ''How Prime Ministers Decide'' (Aleph)
* [[Radhika Iyengar]], ''Fire on the Ganges: Life Among the Dead in Banaras'' (HarperCollins)
* [[Kunal Purohit]], ''H-Pop: The Secretive World of Hindutva Pop Stars'' (HarperCollins)
* [[Chitralekha Zutshi]], ''Sheikh Abdullah: The Caged Lion of Kashmir'' (HarperCollins).
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=NIF Book Prize 2024: Ashok Gopal bags award for his Ambedkar biography 'A Part Apart' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/nif-book-prize-2024-ashok-gopal-bags-award-for-his-ambedkar-biography-a-part-apart/article68875140.ece |access-date=2025-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2018]]

S. Pangnyu Phom

2025-08-12T00:11:36Z

Flightsvilla:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
'''S. Pangnyu Phom''' is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He has been elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] in the 2008, 2013 and 2018 elections from the [[Longleng (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Longleng constituency]] as a candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was minister of Health and Family Welfare in the [[Fourth Neiphiu Rio ministry]] from 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-neiphiu-rio-takes-cm-oath-cabinet-moves-to-rename-indira-stadium-5091437/ | title=Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio takes CM oath, cabinet moves to rename Indira stadium | date=9 March 2018 | newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/know-all-about-incumbent-neiphiu-rio-the-new-chief-minister-of-nagaland-1821287 | title=All About Neiphiu Rio, Nagaland's Chief Minister For Fourth Term | date=8 March 2018 | publisher=NDTV }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neiphiu-rio-takes-oath-as-nagaland-cm/articleshow/63215461.cms |title=Neiphiu Rio takes oath as Nagaland CM |access-date=8 October 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624103224/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neiphiu-rio-takes-oath-as-nagaland-cm/articleshow/63215461.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/senior-politician-neiphiu-rio-back-as-nagaland-cm-1185069-2018-03-08 Senior politician Neiphiu Rio back as Nagaland CM]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kohima/neiphiu-rio-a-man-born-to-rule/articleshow/63229908.cms Neiphiu Rio, a man born to rule]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5945 Myneta]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phom, Pangyu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]

[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Longleng district]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

{{Nagaland-BJP-politician-stub}}

Krishna Istha

2025-07-05T05:52:12Z

Flightsvilla: made the stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Istha
| image = Krishna_Istha_Barcelona_2024.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|25|2019|10|09}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Comedian, writer, performance artist
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
| style =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| family =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|krishnaistha.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Krishna Istha''' (born {{birth based on age as of date|25|2019|10|09|noage=1|slash=y}})<ref name="refi-9oct2019">{{cite web |last1=Bridgeman |first1=Laura |last2=Istha |first2=Krishna |title=A Butch Dandy & A Trans Man Get Real About The Intersection Of Their Identities |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/butch-trans-l-with-the-t |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=[[Refinery29]] |date=9 October 2019}}</ref> is a comedian, writer, and [[performance artist]] based in [[London]].<ref name="refi-9oct2019" /><ref name="muk-13jun2023">{{cite news |last1=Lawes |first1=Ruth |title=Trans artist trying to conceive baby among winners of Netflix documentary fund |url=https://metro.co.uk/2023/06/13/trans-artist-trying-to-conceive-among-winners-of-netflix-doc-fund-18940776/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[MetroUK]] |date=13 June 2023}}</ref> They have performed across the [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Australia]], and the [[United States of America]].

==Early life and influences==
Istha, who is of Indian descent, is originally from [[Bangalore]].<ref name="refi-9oct2019" /><ref name="ee-3jul2019">{{cite news |last1=Codling |first1=Lauren |title=LGBTQ+ performer Krishna Istha talks life and comedy |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/lgbtq-performer-krishna-istha-talks-life-and-comedy/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[Eastern Eye]] |date=3 July 2019}}</ref> They grew up in [[Sydney]].<ref name = "fab"/>

Istha first became interested in stand-up comedy after seeing performances by [[Zoë Coombs Marr]] and [[Hannah Gadsby]]. This experience broadened their perspective on the potential of stand-up comedy and its inclusivity. Growing up, Istha recalls being a "goofy" child, often engaging in performances to make others laugh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=Exclusive Interview: performance artist Krishna Istha on Hannah Gadsby's Gender Agenda Netflix special "I realized what I was doing was actually stand-up comedy" |url=https://thequeerreview.com/2024/03/11/interview-krishna-istha-on-hannah-gadsbys-gender-agenda-netflix-comedy-special/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Queer Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Since 2013, Krishna Istha has been involved in various artistic endeavors across theatre, opera, comedy, and performance art.<ref name = "wheeler">{{Cite web |title=Krishna Istha |url=https://www.wheelercentre.com/people/krishna-istha/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[The Wheeler Centre]] |language=en-AU}}</ref>

Istha’s first solo show, ''Beast'', directed by Zoë Coombs Marr, is a stand-up comedy piece that reflects on their experience being [[transgender]].<ref name="ee-3jul2019" /><ref name="aa-ki">{{cite web |title=Krishna Istha |url=https://www.artsadmin.co.uk/profiles/krishna-istha/ |website=[[Artsadmin]] |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> They've also been part of ''Fck Fabulous*'', a variety show by [[Yana Alana]]<ref name = "fab">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-18 |title=F*ck Fabulous Is Anti-Glamour, Neo-Punk, Says Sarah Ward |url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/artsentertainment/scene-events/fuck-fabulous-is-anti-glamour-neo-punk-says-sarah-ward/202361 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Star Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> and have collaborated on a play with [[Travis Alabanza]] and [[Emma Frankland]] for a company of young trans actors.<ref name = "wheeler"/>

In 2017, Istha helped establish the Australian chapter of the Cocoa Butter Club, alongside [[Dani Boi]]. The cabaret and performance night showcases and celebrates [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] and [[people of color|performers of colour]], with events running quarterly at the Melba Spiegeltent in [[Melbourne]]. The Cocoa Butter Club Australia also staged a sold-out show at [[Arts Centre Melbourne]] as part of the [[Midsumma Festival]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This Midsumma comedy show is searching for non-toxic masculinity |newspaper=Time Out Melbourne |url=https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/news/this-midsumma-comedy-show-is-searching-for-non-toxic-masculinity-011819 |last1=Russell |first1=Stephen A. }}</ref>

In 2020, Istha was awarded a [[bursary]] from [[Artsadmin]] to support their artistic work.<ref name="aa-ki" /><ref name="aa-abs">{{cite web |title=Artists' Bursary Scheme |url=https://www.artsadmin.co.uk/project/artists-bursary-scheme/ |website=[[Artsadmin]] |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>

Istha wrote for season 4 of the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]'', which was released in 2023.<ref name="gq-22sep2023">{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Jack |title=How the writers of Sex Education got queer and trans representation right for season 4 |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/sex-education-season-4-trans-representation |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=[[GQ]] |date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, Istha won a grant from [[Arts Council England]] to produce their show, ''First Trimester'',<ref name="pn-23oct2023">{{cite news |last1=Chudy |first1=Emily |title=Trans Sex Education writer to stage new show seeking sperm donor from audience |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/23/trans-sex-education-writernew-show-sperm-donor/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=23 October 2023}}</ref> which was performed at [[Battersea Arts Centre]]. This performance explored their journey to start a family as a [[transmasculine]] person with their partner. The show featured intimate live interviews between Istha and participants in search of a suitable [[sperm donor]],<ref name="qx-6nov2023">{{cite news |title=Writer and performer Krishna Istha chats about First Trimester, Battersea Arts Centre 1 – 11 November. |url=https://www.qxmagazine.com/2023/11/writer-and-performer-krishna-istha-chats-about-first-trimester-battersea-arts-centre-1-11-november/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[QX Magazine]] |date=6 November 2023}}</ref> focusing on qualities beyond genetics. The performance was also the subject of the documentary short film ''Sperm Donors Wanted!'', directed by [[Logan Rea]], with the help of a Netflix Documentary Talent Fund.<ref name="muk-13jun2023" />

In March 2024, Istha appeared in a Netflix comedy special, ''[[Hannah Gadsby's Gender Agenda]]'', hosted by [[Hannah Gadsby]] and also featuring fellow [[genderqueer]] comedians [[Alok Vaid-Menon|Alok]], [[Chloe Petts]], [[DeAnne Smith]], [[Jes Tom]], [[Asha Ward]], and [[Mx. Dahlia Belle]].<ref name="var-12feb2024">{{cite news |last1=Hailu |first1=Selome |title=Hannah Gadsby's Netflix Special 'Gender Agenda' Sets Lineup of Genderqueer Comedians: Jes Tom, Alok and More (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/hannah-gadsby-netflix-special-gender-agenda-queer-comedy-1235907944/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=12 February 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Istha is [[non-binary]] and transmasculine,<ref name="pn-24sep2023">{{cite news |last1=Wratten |first1=Marcus |title=How Sex Education season 4 became one of the best examples of trans+ representation in TV history |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/24/sex-education-season-4-trans-representation-cal-abbi-roman/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=24 September 2023}}</ref> and goes by ''[[Singular they|they/them]]'' pronouns.<ref name="diva-21sep2023">{{cite news |last1=Crosara |first1=Nic |title=Sex Education writer on telling authentic trans stories |url=https://diva-magazine.com/2023/09/21/sex-education-writer-on-telling-authentic-trans-stories/ |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[Diva (magazine)|Diva]] |date=21 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|krishnaistha.com}}
*{{instagram|krishnaistha}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7564027}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Istha, Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Entertainers from London]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from London]]
[[Category:Non-binary comedians]]
[[Category:People from Hackney, London]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Indian non-binary actors]]

Ram Charan Agarwal

2025-06-02T16:12:08Z

Flightsvilla: starting...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Ram Charan Agarwal''' (1917 - 1977) was an Indian politician and freedom fighter who served as Deputy Mayor of Delhi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He is the father of [[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggarwal, Shri Jai Parkash |url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/aspfile/Jai%20Parkash%20Aggarwal.htm |website=Delhi Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

== Honors ==

*[[File:Stamp of India - 2009 - Colnect 159904 - Ramcharan Agarwal.jpeg|thumb|'''Ramcharan Agarwal''' in 2009 Stamp of India.]]In 2009, [[India Post]] honored him by issuing stamp on him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ramcharan Agrawal |url=https://istampgallery.com/ramcharan-agarwal/ |website=iStampGallery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMEMORATIVE STAMPS |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/News/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf |website=India Post}}</ref>
*In 2021, he got tribute years after his death by [[Mahabal Mishra]], [[Shaktisinh Gohil]] and [[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली के पहले उप महापौर व स्वतंत्रता सेनानी लाला रामचरण अग्रवाल को किया याद |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-remembering-delhis-first-deputy-mayor-and-freedom-fighter-lala-ramcharan-agarwal-22262159.html |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=स्वतंत्रता सेनानी लाला राम चरण अग्रवाल को उनके जन्मदिवस पर दी श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/delhi-ncr/news/tributes-paid-to-freedom-fighter-lala-ram-charan-agarwal-on-his-birthday-129174998.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Ram}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]

Odontotermes preliminaris

2025-03-21T11:28:40Z

Flightsvilla: new...

{{Short description|Species of termite}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Odontotermes preliminaris
| authority = (Holmgren, 1911)
| synonyms = *''Termes preliminaris'' Holmgren, 1911
}}

'''''Odontotermes preliminaris''''', is a species of [[termite]] of the genus ''[[Odontotermes]]''. It is native to [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309665163 | title=An annotated checklist of termites (Isoptera) from Sri Lanka | publisher=National Science Foundation | accessdate=16 February 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q30591979}}

[[Category:Termites]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1911]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
{{termite-stub}}

Nehru Science Centre

2025-03-13T16:32:24Z

Flightsvilla: add references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Science museum in Worli, Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Nehru Science Centre
| image =Entrance of Nehru Science Center.JPG
| imagesize =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.990633|72.818669|display=inline}}
| established = 1985
| location ={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| type =Science centre, Education centre
| visitors=2908765 [As on 31 March 2018]<ref>''Activity report 2017-18''. NCSM</ref>
| director = Umeshkumar Rustagi
| curator =
| publictransit =
| website = [http://www.nehrusciencecentre.gov.in/ nehrusciencecentre.gov.in]
}}
'''Nehru Science Centre''' (NSC) is the largest interactive science centre in India. It is located in [[Worli]], Mumbai. The centre is named after India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. In 1977, the centre started with the 'Light and Sight' exhibition, and then in 1979 a Science Park was built. On 11 November 1985 it was opened to the public by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>
{{cite news
| title = IIT-B, Nehru Science Centre to bring internet to rural schools across state
| author = Mihika Basu
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]
|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/iit-b-nehru-science-centre-to-bring-internet-to-rural-schools-across-state/#sthash.YE0uFnYb.dpuf
| date = Jul 16, 2015
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| title = Six amazing things you can see at Mumbai's Nehru Science Centre
| author =
| publisher = [[DNA India]]
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-six-amazing-things-you-can-see-at-mumbai-s-nehru-science-centre-1872794
| date = January 15, 2014
}}</ref>[[File:Nehru science center18.JPG|thumbnail|Nehru Science Centre, [[Worli]]]]
In 1977, Nehru Science Centre, conceived as a Science & Technology Museum in late sixties, took final shape as India's largest interactive science centre, to match the world trends in such public institutions. The centre opened its first semi-permanent exhibition `Light & Sight' in 1977 followed by the world's first ever Science Park in 1979, during the International Year of the child. On 11 November 1985 the full-fledged science centre was finally opened to public by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].

Nehru Science Centre, the largest Science Centre in the country has a sprawling {{convert|8|acre|m2}} of science park with varieties of plants, trees and shrubs.
More than 500 hands-on and interactive science exhibits on energy, sound, kinematics, mechanics, transport, etc. are installed in the park. The NSC building, with its unique architecture, houses several permanent science expositions on various theme.

[[National Council of Science Museums]] (NCSM), the parent body of Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai, with its 25 science centres / museums all over the country, has the best infrastructure and skilled manpower to conceptualise, design, develop and organise high quality science exhibits and other related educational programmes and activities.

The centre is one of the four national level science museums in NCSM, working as the Western Zone Headquarters with five science centres in Nagpur, Calicut, Bhopal, Dharampur and Goa under its umbrella, caters to the people in the Western part of India. As a part of its activities, the centre organises regular extensive science education programmes, activities and competitions for the benefit of the common people and students in particular.

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#CCFFFF; color:black; width:22em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Former Directors
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*Amalendu Bose
*[[Saroj Ghose]]
*R M Chakrabarti
*G S Rautela
*S M Khened
*A S Manekar
*S M Khened
*Subhabrata Chaudhuri

|}

More than 500 hands-on and interactive science exhibits are based on various aspects of science and technology, and there is a collection of some historical artefacts of science and technology. The 3D Science Show is also organised at the centre.
[[File:Nehru Science Center.JPG|thumb|250px|NSC is famous for its Distinct shape]]

Nehru Science Centre, conceived as a Science & Technology Museum in late sixties, took final shape as India's largest interactive science centre in 1977 to match the world trends in such public institutions. The centre opened its first semi-permanent exhibition `Light & Sight' in 1977 followed by the world's first ever Science Park in 1979, during the International Year of the child. The full- fledged science centre was finally opened to public on 11 November 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.

[[National Council of Science Museums]] (NCSM), the parent body of Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai, with its 29 Science Centres / Museums all over the country, has the best infrastructure and skilled manpower to conceptualise, design, develop and organise high quality science exhibits and other related educational programmes and activities.

==See also==
* [[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium|Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore]]
* [[List of science centers#Asia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nehru Science Centre}}
* [http://www.nehrusciencecentre.gov.in/ Official website]
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1985]]

Lou Majaw

2025-01-23T01:27:01Z

Flightsvilla: quick update

{{Short description|Indian musician (born 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| image = Lou Majaw live.JPG
| alt = Lou Majaw wearing a light-coloured, sleeveless print t-shirt, playing acoustic guitar and singing into a microphone onstage
| caption = Majaw performing in 2011
| landscape = yes
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 1947
| origin = [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, India
| instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[folk rock]]|[[blues]]}}
| occupation = Musician
| years_active =
| current_member_of =
| past_member_of = {{hlist|Dynamite Boys|Vanguards|Supersound Factory|Blood and Thunder}}
| website =
}}

'''Lou Majaw''' (born 1947) is an Indian musician from [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, known for his [[Bob Dylan]] tribute shows.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5016926.stm | work=BBC News | first=Soutik | last=Biswas | title=Homage to Bob Dylan – Indian style | date=25 May 2006}}</ref>

Born into a poor family, Majaw could not afford to own any musical instruments as a child. In a friend's house, he was introduced to the music of [[Bill Haley (musician)|Bill Haley]] and [[Elvis Presley]], and he taught himself to play guitar at school.<ref name="bbc" /> Majaw eventually moved to [[Kolkata]], where he sang in bars and pubs for various groups, such as the Dynamite Boys, Vanguards, Supersound Factory, and Blood and Thunder.<ref name="bbc" /> Majaw discovered [[Bob Dylan]]'s music in 1964 and nearly a decade later, in 1972, organized the first Dylan tribute concert in his hometown;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/bob-dylan-birthday-24-may-shillong-meghalaya-rock-city-lou-majaw-dylan-cafe-a7745176.html|title=Inside the Indian town obsessed with Bob Dylan|work=The Independent|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> he has maintained the tradition every year since.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/meet-lou-majaw-india-s-bob-dylan/story-M7AeOUDFlslgv2l4nqi2DP.html|title=Meet Lou Majaw, India's Bob Dylan|date=23 May 2015|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>

On 24 October 2016, Majaw received the [[Bhupen Hazarika]] Award from the governor of [[Assam]] for his lifelong contribution to music.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.easternfeed.com/lou-majaw-presented-4th-bhupen-hazarika-national-award/ | work=Eastern Feed | title=Lou Majaw presented 4th Bhupen Hazarika National Award | date=24 October 2016}}{{dead link||date=January 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, a documentary film about Majaw's life, titled ''The Platinum Gong'', was released. It was directed by [[Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrating the Showman |url=https://epaper.assamtribune.com/full-page-pdf/epaper/pdf/2023/03/03/horizon/4731 |website=assamtribune.com |date=3 March 2023 |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, Majaw was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Letters]] degree by the [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. D.Litt. to Zubeen Garg and Lou Majaw at 10th USTM Convocation – USTM |url=https://ustm.ac.in/event/hon-d-litt-to-zubeen-garg-and-lou-majaw-at-10th-ustm-convocation/ |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Time |first=Pratidin |date=27 August 2024 |title=USTM Holds 10th Convocation, Honors Zubeen Garg and Lou Majaw |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/north-east/meghalaya/ustm-holds-10th-convocation-honors-zubeen-garg-and-lou-majaw |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=Pratidin Time}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majaw, Lou}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian rock musicians]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Khasi people]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Meghalaya]]

{{guitarist-stub}}
{{India-musician-stub}}