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Hinduism in the West Indies

2026-05-30T08:29:25Z

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{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}

{{Hinduism by country}}
'''[[Hinduism]]''' is the leading single religion of the [[Indo-Caribbean]] communities of the [[West Indies]]. Hindus are particularly well represented in [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]. The [[Cayman Islands]] also hosts a sizable Hindu population, with 2.4 percent of the country affiliating with the religion. Smaller groups of Indo-Caribbeans live elsewhere in the Caribbean, especially [[Puerto Rico]], [[Jamaica]], [[Belize]], [[Martinique]], [[Barbados]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Saint Lucia]], and [[Bahamas]].

== Hinduism by territories ==

===Anguilla===
The total Hindu population of [[Anguilla]] is 58 as of the 2011 Census.<ref name="anguillanews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html |title=Local & Regional by AnguillaLNT a SMG Product - Anguilla's Preliminary Census Findings #5: "Who are we? – Ethnic Composition and Religious Affiliation" |publisher=Anguillanews.com |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521021835/http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This represents 0.42% of the population and is an increase of 13 from the previous count of 45 (0.39%, taken from the 2001 Census).<ref name="anguillanews1"/> Hinduism is also the 7th fastest growing religion by percent (28.9%) and the 9th fastest by absolute change (13). Hindus also contributed 0.61% of the total population gain.<ref name="anguillanews1"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Population'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''0.39%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''45'''
|-
| '''2010'''
| '''0.42%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''58'''
|-
|}

===Antigua and Barbuda===
The percentage of Hindus in [[Antigua and Barbuda]] as of the 2011 Census is 0.4%, or 379 adherents.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://ab.gov.ag/pdf/2011_population_and_housing_census.pdf |title=Government of Antigua and Barbuda : 2011 Population and Housing Census |publisher=Ab.gov.ag|access-date=2015-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514074915/http://ab.gov.ag/pdf/2011_population_and_housing_census.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-14 }}</ref> This represented growth of more than 40% from the 2001 Census, which showed that there were 157 active followers.<ref>Calculation: <math>100 \div (\tfrac{379}{157}) = 41\tfrac{161}{379}</math></ref> This growth made the number of Hindus surpass Presbyterians (170 to 142), Salvation Army (369 to 365) and Islam (189 to 208).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Antigua.pdf |title=2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Sub-project |publisher=Caricomstats.org |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817123708/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Antigua.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://ab.gov.ag/pdf/2011_population_and_housing_census.pdf |title=Government of Antigua and Barbuda : 2011 Population and Housing Census |publisher=Ab.gov.ag |access-date=2015-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514074915/http://ab.gov.ag/pdf/2011_population_and_housing_census.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-14 }}</ref> The population is mainly made up of Indian immigrants, who alone make up over 1.1% of the total population. Most Hindus are from the category of Indian/East Indian, which makes up less than 5%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=AC|title=Antigua and Barbuda |publisher=[[Joshua Project]]|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Population'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''0.4%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''379'''
|-
| '''2015'''
| '''0.51%'''
| style="background: #00A300" | '''477'''
|-
|}

===Bahamas===
According to the 2010 Census, there were a total of 428 Hindus living in the [[Bahamas]], making up 0.12% of the total population.<ref name="statistics.bahamas.gov.bs">{{cite web|url=http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/083063500.pdf |title=Total Population by Sex, Age-Group and Religion|publisher=Statistics.bahamas.gov.bs |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref> The 2010 census showed that slightly more than half of Hindus (around 220 people) in the Bahamas are younger than age 34.

===Barbados===

Today, [[Barbados]] has 2,000 Indians living in the country. They came as recently immigrants from Guyana. Because of the huge Indian population, Hinduism became one of the growing religions of Barbados. The 2000 Census showed the number of Hindus in Barbados to be at 840, which accounted for 0.34% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Barbados.pdf |title=2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Sub-project |publisher=Caricomstats.org |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005441/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Barbados.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2010 Census showed that the number of Hindus rose by 215 people (or 25%) to be at 1,055.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Barbados Volume 1 |publisher=stats.gov.bb |access-date=2015-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220332/http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This increased Hinduism's share of the total Barbados population from 0.34% in 2000 to 0.46% in 2010.

===Bermuda===
Most of the Hindus in [[Bermuda]] are of [[South India]]n/[[Tamil people|Tamil]] descent. The population of Hindu's in Bermuda is 0.2%.<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=BD |title=Country - Bermuda |publisher=Joshua Project |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref>

===Cayman Islands===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Population'''
|-
| '''2000'''
| '''0.25%'''
| style=" " | '''98 '''
|-
| '''2008'''
| '''1%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''510'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''0.8%'''
| style="background:pink" | '''454'''
|-
| '''2021'''
| '''1.7%'''
| style="background:lightgreen" |
'''1,191'''
|}
Hinduism is the fastest growing religion in the [[Cayman Islands]], with the population skyrocketing in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MISSIONS ATLAS PROJECT CARIBBEAN AREA CAYMAN ISLANDS |url=http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/cayman_islands.pdf}}</ref> Previously, there were only 98 Hindus in the Caymans according to the 2000 census (about 0.25% of the population).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prolades.com/encyclopedia/countries/english/religion-cayman-09-eng.pdf |last=Holland|first=Clifton L|title=Encyclopedia of Religious Groups in Latin America and the Caribbean: Religion in the Cayman Islands |publisher=PROLADES |date=8 January 2011 |access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415180459/http://www.prolades.com/encyclopedia/countries/english/religion-cayman-09-eng.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 2008 census, the number of Hindus increased to 510 (1% of the total population).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislativeassembly.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/9781821.PDF |title=The Cayman Islands' compendium of statistics 2008 |publisher=legislativeassembly.ky |access-date=2022-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023034000/http://www.legislativeassembly.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/9781821.PDF |archive-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> The 2010 Census showed the number of Hindus decreasing to 454 (0.8% of the total Cayman Islands population). In 2021, the Hindu population increased to 1,191 (1.7% of the population). Most of them reside in the capital [[George Town, Cayman Islands|George Town]]. The highest proportion of Hindus is in the districts of [[East End, Cayman Islands|East End]] (6.6%) and [[North Side, Cayman Islands|North Side]] (3.8%).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2021 Population and Housing Census Report |url=https://www.eso.ky/2021-population-and-housing-census-report.html |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=www.eso.ky}}</ref><ref name="eso.ky">{{Cite web |title=The Cayman Islands' 2010 Census of Population and Housing Report |url=https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/File/The%202010%20Cayman%20Islands%20Census%20Report.pdf}}</ref>

=== Cuba ===
{{further|Hinduism in Cuba}}
Hindus who live in Cuba accounted for 0.2% of the population in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|title=Cuba: Religious Adherents, 2010 (World Christian Database)|website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]]|access-date=January 26, 2018|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141323/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_63_2.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Dominica ===
{{further|Religion in Dominica}}
A non-negligible amount of Hindus live in Dominica, accounting for under 0.1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_69_2.asp|title=The Association of Religion Data Archives {{!}} National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=2017-10-16|archive-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108161217/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_69_2.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Grenada===
According to the 2011 census there are 210 Hindus in Grenada forming 0.2% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Non-Institution Population in Private Dwellings by Religious Composition 2011 and 2001 and Percentage Change -|url=https://stats.gov.gd/subjects/population-2/non-institution-population-in-private-dwellings-by-religious-composition-2011-and-2001-and-percentage-change/|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-CA}}</ref>

According to [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]], there were 866 Hindus in [[Grenada]] accounting 0.7% of the total population in 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=95c | title=World Religion Database, National Profile}}</ref>

===Guadeloupe===
{{further|Hinduism in Guadeloupe}}

Hinduism is a minority religion in [[Guadeloupe]], followed by a small fraction of [[Indo-Guadeloupeans]]. According to a statistics data, Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the people in Guadeloupe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.religion-facts.com/en/191|title = Religions in Guadeloupe}}</ref>

===Martinique===
{{further|Hinduism in Martinique}}

Hinduism is followed in the Martinique by a small fraction of [[Indo-Martiniquais]]. As of 2007, Hinduism constitute 0.3% of the population of Martinique.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MIDDLE AMERICA & CARIBBEAN MARTINIQUE |url=http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/martinique_profile.pdf}}</ref>

===Jamaica===
{{further|Hinduism in Jamaica}}

[[Jamaica]] was once home to 25,000 Hindus until the mid-20th century. However, most of them were converted to Christianity and assimilated into Afro population. In the last few decades, the population of Hindus in Jamaica decreased steeply. In the 1970s, 5,000 identified themselves as Hindus. With there population further declining to 1,453, according to the 2001 census. Since then, the Hindu population of Jamaica has risen, and it has become the second largest religion (after Christianity) in Jamaica. [[Diwali]] (pronounced Divali), the festival of lights, is celebrated in Jamaica every year. The 2011 Census showed that the number of Hindus in Jamaica increased by 383 people to be at 1,836 adherents.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20121104/focus/focus4.html|title=Religion and the 2011 census|website= [[Jamaica Gleaner]] |author=Rev. Clinton Chisholm|date= November 4, 2012|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Hinduism's share of the total Jamaican population increased from 0.06% in 2001 to 0.07% of the population in 2011.<ref name=":4" />

===Montserrat===
According to the 2023 census, there are 48 Hindus in Montserrat constituting 1.1% of its population,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population by religion, 2001, 2011 and 2023 |url=https://statistics.gov.ms/subjects/social-and-demographic-statistics/population-and-demography/population-by-religion-2001-2011-and-2023/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=Statistics Department Montserrat |language=en-US}}</ref> which is slightly higher than the 31 Hindus counted in 2001 census, which constituted 0.8% of the total population and forming the 4th largest religious entity.<ref name="caricomstats1">{{cite web |url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Montserrat.pdf |title=2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Sub-project |publisher=Caricomstats.org |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331192516/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Montserrat.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/search?q=100%2F%283838%2F31%29&go=Submit&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=100%2F%283838%2F31%29&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=fc68e38ff5214f2d84f0bc5f8e3857ef |title=100/(3838/31) |publisher=Bing.com |date=2006-12-17 |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref> Hindu males numbered 20 and made up 1.0% of the total number of males in the 2001 Census, with 11 Hindu females making up 0.6% of the female total.<ref name="caricomstats1"/>

=== Puerto Rico ===
As of 2020, there were 2,957 Hindus in [[Puerto Rico]] making 0.09% of the population according to ARDA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=182c | title=World Religion Database, National Profile}}</ref>

===Saint Kitts and Nevis===
Hindus made up 1.82% of the total population of [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] according to the 2010 census <ref name="SaintKittis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.gov.kn/topics/demographic-social-statistics/population/population-by-religious-belief-2011/|title=Population by Religious Belief 2011|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> up from 0.8% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/search?q=100%2F%2846325%2F371%29&go=Submit&qs=n&form=QBRE&pq=100%2F%2846325%2F371%29&sc=0-0&sp=-1&sk=&cvid=9705258080d1400a8fd9cef6cb62d60b |title=100/(46325/371) |publisher=Bing |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref> There are 860 Hindus in Saint Kittie and Nevis.<ref name="SaintKittis"/><ref name="caricomstats2">{{cite web |url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf |title=2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Sub-project |publisher=Caricomstats.org |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005511/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hinduism is currently the second largest religion in St. Kitts-Nevis after Christianity.<ref name="SaintKittis"/><ref name="caricomstats2"/>

===Saint Lucia===
Most of the Indian community in [[Saint Lucia]] have converted to Christianity. Only 325 people were reported as Hindus in the 2001 census (0.2% of the total population [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325043445/http://www.stats.gov.lc/cenpub_f.pdf census]). The 2010 Census showed the percentage total of Hindus had increased to 0.3%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://204.188.173.139:9090/stats/images/OtherPublications/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231014920/http://204.188.173.139:9090/stats/images/OtherPublications/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-31 |title=2010 Population and Housing Census |publisher=204.188.173.139:9090 |access-date=2015-05-20 }}</ref>

===Saint Vincent and the Grenadines===
The 2000 census reported 83 Hindus in [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] making up 0.08% of the total population.<ref name="stats.gov.vc">{{cite web |url=http://stats.gov.vc/CensusSurveys.aspx.aspx |title=Census & Surveys |publisher=Stats.gov.vc |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327010234/http://www.stats.gov.vc/CensusSurveys.aspx.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2000 Census showed that Hindus in St Vincent-Grenadines were overwhelmingly male, with only 77 females for every 100 males on average. The 2000 Census also showed a very youthful Hindu population, with less than 1.5% of Hindus being classified as "elder".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redatam.org/binsvg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=SVG2001&lang=Eng|title=Redatam::CELADE, ECLAC - United Nations|website=www.redatam.org|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

===Trinidad and Tobago===
[[File:Waterloo Temple, Trinidad.jpg|thumb|right|[[Temple in the Sea]]]]
{{further|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago}}

Hinduism is a minority but significant religion in [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]], making up over 22% in the 2011 census, the second largest religion in the islands. Hinduism has had a presence for 170 years, when the first Indians came to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/trinidad-and-tobago-pm-kamla-persad-commemorates-170-years-of-indian-arrival/articleshow/47480224.cms|title=Trinidad and Tobago PM Kamla Persad commemorates 170 years of Indian arrival|author= IANS |date= May 30, 2015|website=[[The Economic Times]]|location=Port of Spain|access-date=26 January 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313060014/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/trinidad-and-tobago-pm-kamla-persad-commemorates-170-years-of-indian-arrival/articleshow/47480224.cms| archive-date= March 13, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Turks and Caicos Islands===
The Indian population in the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] is mostly of [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] origin.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} The community mostly is employed in retail jewellery and electronics business, in addition to some doctors, nurses, teachers, chartered accountants and other sectors. Many Indians are self-employed, and some are employed in the local hospitality industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Turk_and_Caicos_Islands_Jan2015.pdf | title=India - Turks and Caicos Islands Relations | publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India | date=January 2015 | access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref>

===United States Virgin Islands===
According to the 2011 census there were more than 528 Hindus in the [[United States Virgin Islands]] (1.9% of the population). Most of them were recent immigrants from India, and most of them reside on [[St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Demographics census in VGB|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/BVI/VGB-2016-09-08.pdf|website=data census.in}}</ref>

===British Virgin Islands===
According to the 1991 census, Hindus constituted 2.16% of the population of [[British Virgin Islands]], which then decreased to 1.95% in the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prolades.com/encyclopedia/countries/english/religion-cayman-09-eng.pdf|title=2000 Round of Population and Housing Census Data Analysis Sub-Project, Nation Census Report, The British Virgin Islands |publisher=CARICOM |access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109110723/https://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/BVI.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It further decreased to 1.88% in 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Virgin Islands 2010 Population and Housing Census Report |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/BVI/VGB-2016-09-08.pdf}}</ref>

==Hindu populations according to the latest Census==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country / Territory !! Hindu population !! Percentage of population !! Census year !! References
|-
| Guyana || 213,282 || 31.0% || 2020 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=22 |format=PDF |title=Chapter II: Population Ccomposition: 2.1 Race/Ethnic Composition |publisher=Statisticsguyana.gov.gy |access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref>
|-
| Suriname || 120,623 || 23.1% || 2015 || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |title=Algemeen Bureau Voor De Statistiek - Suriname |access-date=2019-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105905/http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago || 240,100 || 24.33% || 2020 (est.) || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |title=Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report|publisher=Central Statistical Office|access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Puerto Rico || 3,865 || 0.13% || 2020 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population, by religious composition {{!}} Puerto Rico (2010−2020) − Data, Charts & Analysis |url=https://statbase.org/data/pri-population-by-religious-composition/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=statbase.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Jamaica || 1,836 || 0.07% || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20121104/focus/focus4.html|title=Religion and the 2011 census|website=jamaica-gleaner.com|date=4 November 2012 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Barbados || 1,055 || 0.38% || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |title=2010 Population and Housing Census of Barbados Volume 1 |publisher=stats.gov.bb |access-date=2015-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220332/http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Saint Lucia || 500 || 0.3% || 2010 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf |title=Home |publisher=Stats.gov.lc |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112605/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Bahamas || 428 || 0.12% || 2010 || <ref name="statistics.bahamas.gov.bs"/>
|-
| United States Virgin Islands || 400 || 1.9% || 2011 || <ref name=":2" />
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda || 379 || 0.4% || 2011 || <ref name=":1" />
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis || 860 || 1.82% || 2011 || <ref name="SaintKittis"/>
|-
| Grenada || 210 || 0.20% || 2011 || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Non-Institution Population in Private Dwellings by Religious Composition 2011 and 2001 and Percentage Change - |url=https://stats.gov.gd/subjects/population-2/non-institution-population-in-private-dwellings-by-religious-composition-2011-and-2001-and-percentage-change/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines || 83 || 0.08% || 2001 || <ref name="stats.gov.vc"/>
|-
| Anguilla || 58 || 0.42% || 2011 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ai/statistics/census/Demography%20%26%20Culture%20tables.htm |format=PDF |title=Demographic Tables : Table of Contents |publisher=Gov.ai |access-date=2015-05-20 |archive-date=24 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150450/http://gov.ai/statistics/census/Demography%20%26%Culture%20tables.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Montserrat || 48 || 1.1% || 2023 || <ref name=":0" />
|-
| Cayman Islands || 1,191 || 1.7% || 2021 || <ref name=":3" />
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[Indo-Caribbean]]
** [[Indo-Trinidadian]]
* [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Hinduism in South America]]
* [[Hinduism in the United States]]
* [[Hinduism in Canada]]
* [[Caribbean Shaktism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''This article contains [[public domain]] material from the [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Guyana]] (1995).''

{{Caribbean topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In The West Indies}}
[[Category:Hinduism by country|West Indies]]
[[Category:Religion in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Hinduism in the Caribbean| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean religion]]

Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur

2026-04-28T17:39:00Z

Flash255: added new location

{{Short description|Murugan Temple in Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Subramanya Swamy Temple
| native_name =
| image = Thiruchendur11.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Entrance to the temple
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| deity = [[Murugan]]
| festivals = {{Ubl |[[Vaikasi Visakam]] | [[Surasamharam]] |[[Thaipusam]] }}
| temple_board = [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| location = [[Tiruchendur]], [[Thoothukudi district]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|8|29|45|N|78|7|45|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| elevation_m =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{Url|tiruchendurmurugan.hrce.tn.gov.in}}
}}

'''Subramanya Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Hindu god]] [[Murugan]], located in [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]] (''Arupadai Veedu''), a set of foremost and sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Murugan. It is also one of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s.

The temple complex is located in the eastern end of the town on the shores of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html|title=Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959|work=[[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In 2016, it was the fourth Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu to get an [[ISO certification]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ISO accreditation for Tiruchendur temple |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2078532.ece |access-date=4 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> A reenactment of [[Surasamharam]], the victory of Murugan over the [[asura]] [[Surapadman]], is a major festival, and attracts thousands to the temple.

== Mythology ==
[[File:Muruga defeats Surapadman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|A painting depicting Murugan facing off [[Surapadma]]]]

The history of Thiruchendur is related to the mythology of [[Hindu god]] [[Murugan]]. According to the seventeenth-century CE text ''Kanda Puranam'' (the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] rendition of the older ''Skanda Purana)'', the asura brothers [[Surapadman]], [[Simhamukha|Simhamukhan]] and [[Tarakasura|Tarakasuran]] performed tapas to Shiva, who granted them with various weapons and a wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the [[Trailokya|three worlds]].<ref name="Civaraman">{{cite book |title=Kandha Puranam |first=Akila |last=Civaraman |isbn=978-8-179-50397-3 |publisher=Giri Trading |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820142627/https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC |url-status=live |p=55}}</ref><ref name="Handelman">{{cite book |title=One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology |last=Handelman |first=Don |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-004-25739-9 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWJTAQAAQBAJ |p=31-34}}</ref> When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, Murugan was born, to take on the asuras.<ref name="Civaraman"/><ref name="Handelman"/> Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear [[vel]], an embodiment of the power of [[Shakti]] (Parvati).<ref name="Handelman"/>

Texts ''Kanda Puranam'' and ''[[Kumarasambhavam]]'' recount a war fought by Murugan against the asuras. As Murugan was born to save the devas from the tyranny of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras.<ref>{{cite book |title=Works of Kalidasa:Kumarasambhava |year=1901 |last=Kalidasa |author-link=Kalidasa |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ |access-date=21 August 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821045435/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |pages=120-135}}</ref><ref name="Clothey">{{cite book |first=Fred W. |last=Clothey |title=The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC |year=1978 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-90-279-7632-1 |page=55, 121-}}</ref> Murugan killed Tarakasura and Simhamukha and faced off with Surapadma in the final battle in Tiruchendur. Surapadma took a large form with multiple heads, arms and legs trying to intimidate Murugan. When Murugan threw his vel, Surapadma escaped to the sea and took the form of a large [[mango tree]], which spread across the three worlds. Murugan used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into a [[peacock]] and a [[rooster]], respectively. After Surapadma was killed, Murugan took the peacock as his [[vahana]] and the rooster as his [[Pennon|pennant]].<ref name="Handelman"/>

A reenactment of [[Surasamharam]], the victory of Murugan over the [[asura]] [[Surapadman]], is a major festival, and attracts thousands to the temple.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=Lakhs throng Palani, Tiruchendur temples |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/lakhs-throng-palani-tiruchendur-temples/articleshow/107159554.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tiruchendur-Temple-Painting-Panel-1.jpg|left|upright=0.6|thumb|A painting illustrating the war between in 1649.]]
{{see|Dutch Occupation of the Thiruchendur Temple}}

The temple complex at Tiruchendur was occupied by the [[Dutch East India Company]] from 1646 to 1648 CE, during the course of their war with the [[Portuguese East India Company|Portuguese]]. The local people tried to free the temple, and the Dutch were finally evicted from the temple on the orders of [[Thirumalai Nayak]], the [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayak ruler]] of the region. However, while leaving, the Durch removed two [[Utsava murti|utsava murtis]] (sculptures) of Murugan and took it with them. During their sea voyage, as they encountered strong winds, and dropped them in the middle of the sea. Vadamlaiyappa Pillai later retrieved the idols in 1653. The story is depicted in paintings inside the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century European Expansion and Indigenous Response|last=Vink|first=Markus|isbn=978-9-004-27262-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ&q=tiruchendur+dutch&pg=PA347|year=2015 |publisher=[[BRILL Publishers]] |page=347}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thiruchendur_Temple_Rajagopuram.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|Rajagopuram]]

The temple is one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]] (''Arupadai Veedu''), a set of foremost and sacred Hindu temples, dedicated to Murugan.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2022 |title=Tiruchendur Subramanya Swamy temple among 2,500 shrines in Tamil Nadu set for makeover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tiruchendur-subramanya-swamy-temple-among-shrines-in-tamil-nadu-set-for-makeover-8102718/ |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It is also one of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil [[Shaivite]] [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Appar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/359/tiruchendur-thiruchendilandavar-temple|title=Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal|work=Senthil (Tiruchendur|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vtlist2.php|title=Thevara Vaipu Thalangal|work=Shiva Temples|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The temple complex is located in the eastern end of the town on the shores of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It measures {{cvt|91|m}} north to south, {{cvt|65|m}} east to west, and has a nine-tier [[gopuram]] (tower gate), that is {{cvt|157|ft}} high.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&pg=PT387|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-024-3|pages=387–}}</ref> The large gopuram is a prominent feature of the [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu]] [[Tamil architecture]].<ref>{{cite book| first= Francis D.K.| last= Ching| year= 2007| title= A Global History of Architecture| publisher= John Wiley and Sons| location= New York| isbn= 978-0-471-26892-5| page= [https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin/page/762 762]| display-authors= etal| url= https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin/page/762}}</ref>

The principal entrance faces south, and opens into the first of two [[prakaram]]s, the first of which is lined with rows of [[Yali (mythology)|yalis]]. The inner sanctum of the temple is in a cave and the main deity, or [[moolavar]], is Murugan as a saintly child, portrayed in a granite carving.<ref name="Clothey" />

Nali Kinaru, a sacred well fed by a freshwater spring, is located {{cvt|100|m}} south of the temple. Devotees undergo a [[Ritual purification|ritual cleansing]] by bathing in water from the well after bathing in the ocean.<ref name="Clothey" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Murugan temples}}
{{Vaippu sthalam}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Kasireddy Narayan Reddy

2026-04-28T14:51:40Z

Flash255: creating info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:Kasireddy Narayanreddy.jpg|thumb|Kasireddy Narayanreddy]]
'''Kasireddy Narayan Reddy''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency]] in [[Nagarkurnool district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Kalwakurthy Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Narayan Reddy Kasireddy wins Kalwakurthy with 75858 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kalwakurthy-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470996-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Kalwakurthy Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kalwakurthy-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687952.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Kalwakurthy]], Ranga Reddy district. His late father Durga Reddy is from an agricultural family. He completed his Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering at [[Vinayaka Missions University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narayan Reddy Kasireddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KALWAKURTHY(RANGAREDDY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=117 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 75,858 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Talloju Achary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a narrow margin of 5,410 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalwakurthy Constituency Election Results 2023: Kalwakurthy Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/kalwakurthy |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalwakurthy Election Result 2023 Live, Kalwakurthy Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-kalwakurthy-constituency-83.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=News ABP Live |language=en|date=2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan Reddy, Kasireddy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]

Chadalavada Aravinda Babu

2026-04-24T23:27:10Z

Flash255: Added Some Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chadalavada Aravinda Babu
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1960
}}
'''Chadalavada Aravinda Babu''' (born 1960) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly winning the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency]] in Palnadu district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasaraopet Assembly Election Results 2024: Narasaraopet Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/narasaraopet-constituency-result-1097 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasaraopet Constituency Election Results 2024: Narasaraopet Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/narasaraopet |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Babu is from Narasaraopet. His father is Mohan Rao. He is a medical doctor. He did his specialisation in Orthopaedics, earning his M.S. at NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aravinda Babu Chadalavada(TDP):Constituency- NARASARAOPET(GUNTUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=46 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Babu won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Narasaraopet Assembly constituency representing Telugu Desam Party. He polled 103,167 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Gopireddy Srinivasa Reddy]] of YSR Congress Party, by a margin of 19,705 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aravinda Babu Chadalavada, TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Aravinda Babu Chadalavada, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/aravinda-babu-chadalavada-01097-4 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasaraopet Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Narasaraopet Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/narasaraopet-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier he lost the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election to the same opponent from YSR Congress party by a margin of 32,277 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |title=Dr Chadalavada Aravinda Babu: Political Journey, News & Updates - Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024 |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/andhra-pradesh/assembly-elections |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Narasaraopet Assembly constituency}}{{#section:Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadalavada, Aravinda Babu}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala

2026-04-23T09:31:29Z

Flash255: Adding the info needs work

{{Short description|Former Additional Judge of Bombay High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala
| office = [[Judge|Additional Judge]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start = 13 February 2019
| term_end = 11 February 2022
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|3|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paratwada]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala''' (born 11 March 1969) is an Indian lawyer. She was previously an [[Judge|additional judge]] of the [[Bombay High Court]], but resigned in 2022, after the [[Supreme Court of India]] took the extraordinary step of refusing to confirm her appointment to the High Court as a permanent judge, after she delivered several controversial judgments concerning cases of sexual assaults against women and children.

== Early life and education ==
Ganediwala was born in 1969 in Paratwada in Amravati District in Maharashtra. She has B.Com., LL.B, and LL.M degrees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Chief Justice and Sitting Judges: Mrs. Pushpa Ganediwala|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/processjshowReq.php?bhcpar=bmlkPTU3|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Bombay High Court}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Litigation ===
Ganediwala initially practiced law in Amravati District Court, and also lectured on law at Amravati University.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, she returned to private practice, following her resignation as an additional judge of the Bombay High Court.<ref name=":4" />

=== Judicial ===
Ganediwala was appointed as a District Judge in 2007, and served on the City Civil Court in [[Mumbai]] and the District and Family Courts in [[Nagpur]]. She later became the Principal District and Sessions Judge in [[Nagpur]], and subsequently was appointed as the Registrar-General of the Bombay High Court.<ref name=":0" />

In 2018, Ganediwala was one of several judges who were considered for appointment to the Bombay High Court, but was not appointed after the Bombay High Court recommended against it. The Supreme Court of India accepted the Bombay High Court's adverse recommendations and decided to defer consideration of her appointment. In 2019, Ganediwala's appointment was reconsidered, and she was appointed as an additional judge in the Bombay High Court.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Devika|date=2019-02-08|title=Bombay HC {{!}} Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala appointed as Additional Judge|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/02/08/bombay-hc-pushpa-virendra-ganediwala-appointed-as-additional-judge/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SC collegium clears elevation of four judges to Bombay HC|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/sc-collegium-clears-elevation-of-four-judges-to-bombay-hc/articleshow/65816157.cms|access-date=2020-10-19|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

As Registrar-General of the Bombay High Court, Ganediwala took the widely reported decision of suspending City Civil and Sessions Judge Ajay Dinode, while he was hearing a case relating to an alleged [[NSEL case|Rs.56,000 million fraud]] in relation to the [[National Spot Exchange|National Spot Exchange Limited]], causing the case to be delayed further.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sharmeen|last=Hakim |title=Bombay HC asks judge hearing NSEL case to step down|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/bombay-hc-asks-judge-hearing-nsel-case-to-step-down/articleshow/59292914.cms|access-date=2022-06-20|newspaper=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|date=24 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Setback for NSEL trial? Bombay HC asks judge hearing case to step down|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/setback-for-nsel-trial-bombay-hc-asks-judge-hearing-case-to-step-down-2311583.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

Ganediwala has, along with two other judges, commuted death penalty sentences to life imprisonment in two cases while sitting on the Bombay High Court, in 2019. Both cases concerned the offence of murder.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Project 29A at the National Law University, Delhi|date=|title=The Death Penalty in India {{!}} 2019 Annual Statistics Report|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a843a9a9f07f5ccd61685f3/t/5e20be0912182f60dea07deb/1579204115243/2019Statistics.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=National Law University Delhi}}</ref>

In 2020, Ganediwala heard and passed directions in a number of cases relating to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. In September 2020, Ganediwala and another judge heard a case concerning the shortage of available hospital beds and treatment facilities for patients with COVID-19 in Nagpur, Maharashtra, and directed the State [[Government of Maharashtra]] to make available sufficient staff and facilities for treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-11|title=Ensure enough beds, doctors available for Covid-19 patients: Bombay HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ensure-enough-beds-doctors-available-for-covid-19-patients-bombay-hc/story-BKS5YHaNspBJp2IGQEaOpO.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In the same month, Ganediwala rejected a plea to have the [[Joint Entrance Examination]] postponed (a national assessment examination held for admission to engineering courses) in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as widespread flooding in parts of Maharashtra, but directed the examining authorities to facilitate re-examinations for those who could not attend the scheduled examination date because of these difficulties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-01|title=Bombay High Court refuses to stay JEE-Main examination|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bombay-high-court-refuses-to-stay-jee-main-examination/article32493243.ece|access-date=2020-10-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In October 2020, Ganediwala and another judge directed government-run hospitals to constitute a panel and provide treatment to a pregnant woman who had been denied hospital consultations on the grounds that she had tested positive for COVID-19, and compared the treatment of patients with COVID-19 to the generational, social, and public discrimination caused by the practice of [[untouchability]] against [[Dalit]] communities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title='COVID-19 patients are not untouchables': Bombay HC slams hospital for refusing to examine pregnant woman|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/covid-19-patients-are-not-untouchables-bombay-hc-slams-hospital-for-refusing-to-examine-pregnant-woman/23041299|access-date=2020-10-19|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref>

Ganediwala has spoken publicly about the need to reduce pending cases in the family courts in Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Make efforts to reduce pendency of cases: Justice Ganediwala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/make-efforts-to-reduce-pendency-of-cases-justice-ganediwala/articleshow/74408274.cms|access-date=2020-10-19|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and has criticised [[Maharashtra Police]] for failing to conduct investigations sufficiently, linking this to acquittals in criminal cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-28|title=Lax, shoddy investigation leads to acquittals|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/lax-shoddy-investigation-leads-to-acquittals/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2021 sexual assault judgments and resignation ===
In January 2021, Ganediwala adjudicated an appeal against a trial court that had convicted a 39-year-old man of taking a 12-year-old female child to his home on the pretext of offering her food, and sexually assaulting her. The trial court had sentenced the offender to three years in prison, which is the minimum sentence for sexual assault against children under the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] (POCSO Act). Ganediwala reduced the three-year sentence to one year, holding that while the man had committed the offense of 'outraging a woman's modesty' under section 354 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], it did not amount to a sexual offense against a child because he had groped her through her clothing. Ganediwala ruled that for an offense to qualify as sexual assault under the POCSO Act, there had to be "...skin to skin contact with sexual intent." The decision was widely reported.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Groping 'Without Skin-To-Skin Contact' Does Not Qualify As Sexual Assault: Bombay HC|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-groping-without-skin-to-skin-contact-sexual-intent-not-fall-under-sexual-assault-bombay-hc/371661|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=Not sexual assault if minor is groped without skin to skin contact, intent: HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/not-sexual-assault-if-minor-is-groped-without-skin-to-skin-contact-intent-hc-101611496504698.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hakim|first=Sharmeen|date=2021-01-24|title=Pressing Breasts Without Disrobing Not 'Sexual Assault' As Per POCSO Act But Offence Under Sec 354 IPC : Bombay High Court|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/pressing-breasts-without-disrobing-not-sexual-assault-pocso-bombay-high-court-168845|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Neha|title=Groping 12-year-old child without removing her clothes not 'sexual assault' under POCSO Act, but only 'outraging modesty' under IPC: Bombay HC|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/nagpur-bench-bombay-high-court-pocso-conviction-reversed|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref> She also adjudicated in two more cases concerning sexual assault against minors. In a second case, Ganediwala ruled that the acts of a man who took touched a female child's hand and exposed himself to another five-year-old female child did not constitute offences under POCSO because there was no physical contact between the children and the man.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saigal|first=Sonam|date=2021-01-28|title=Bombay High Court judge quashes another POCSO conviction|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/holding-girls-hands-opening-pants-zip-no-sexual-assault-under-pocso-says-bombay-high-court/article33684750.ece|access-date=2021-01-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In a third case decided in the same period, Ganediwala acquitted a man convicted of sexual assault against a woman, holding that the survivor's testimony was unreliable, and that the absence of signs of violent struggle indicated it could not have been non-consensual.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Neha|title=Bombay High Court acquits rape convict after victim's testimony fails to inspire confidence|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/bombay-high-court-acquits-rape-convict-after-victims-testimony-fails-to-inspire-confidence|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vidya |title=Bombay HC acquits man of rape, says impossible for a single man to gag victim, remove her clothes without scuffle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bombay-hc-acquit-man-rape-impossible-man-gag-victim-clothes-scuffle-1763911-2021-01-29|access-date=2021-01-30|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Ganediwala attracted wide criticism for the first concerning 'skin to skin' contact, and the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights|National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights]] asked the Maharashtra government to file a letters patent appeal in the Bombay High Court, to have the judgment reversed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=NCPCR asks Maharashtra govt to file appeal against Bombay HC judgment on sexual assault|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncpcr-asks-maharashtra-govt-to-file-appeal-against-bombay-hc-judgment-on-sexual-assault-7161042/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The [[National Commission for Women]] also expressed their intention to appeal the ruling, noting that it would have "...a cascading effect on various provisions involving safety and security of women in general but also subject all women to ridicule."<ref>{{Cite web|title='Ruling will have cascading effects': NCW to challenge Bombay High Court's groping judgment|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/25/ruling-will-have-cascading-effects-ncw-to-challenge-bombay-high-courts-groping-judgment-2254969.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Several public figures and women's rights activists criticised the interpretation offered by Ganediwala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Taapsee Pannu, Riteish aghast at Bombay HCs verdict that groping without skin to skin contact isnt sexual assault|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-riteish-deshmukh-express-shock-after-bombay-hc-rules-that-groping-without-skin-to-skin-contact-isn-t-sexual-assault-101611560553837.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=25 January 2021|title=Obnoxious, unacceptable, outrageous: Activists on Bombay HC judgement|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/obnoxious-unacceptable-outrageous-activists-on-bombay-hc-judgement/articleshow/80448373.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Retired Judge Ajay Thipsay described the order as "not sound" and "...a little absurd," noting that there was no legal basis for Ganediwala's requirement of 'skin to skin' contact within the Act.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Saigal|first=Sonam|date=2021-01-25|title=HC order 'bad in law', say child rights experts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/hc-order-bad-in-law-say-child-rights-experts/article33662241.ece|access-date=2021-01-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Child rights activists noted that the language of POCSO specifically criminalizes attempts at sexual assault as well, and that this had not been considered.<ref name=":1" /> Politician [[Brinda Karat]] described Ganediwala's reasoning as unacceptable, noting that the case raised "questions of the competence and standards of those mandated to bring justice in sexual assault cases."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion: Groping A Child, If Shirt Is On, Isn't Sex Assault, Says Court|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/when-groping-a-child-is-not-considered-sexual-assault-2357929|access-date=2021-01-26|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

On 27 January 2021, the Attorney-General of India mentioned the ruling before the Supreme Court, noting that it warranted the Court's attention and describing it as a "...very disturbing conclusion." The Supreme Court agreed to hear the matter ''[[suo motu]]'' and temporarily stayed the judgment, allowing the Attorney-General to file a petition for a more detailed consideration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Debayan|title=[BREAKING] Supreme Court stays Bombay High Court judgment which ruled skin-to-skin contact necessary for offence of 'sexual assault' under POCSO|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-stays-bombay-high-court-order-skin-to-skin-contact-necessary-offence-sexual-assault-pocso|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref> On 29 January, the Supreme Court withdrew a recommendation that they had made on 22 January 2021 to make her appointment permanent, mentioning the three sexual assault rulings above as the reason for questioning her fitness to continue as a High Court judge.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahapatra|first=Dhananjay|date=30 January 2021|title=Controversial Pocso rulings cost Bombay high court judge her confirmation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/controversial-pocso-rulings-cost-hc-judge-her-confirmation/articleshow/80594664.cms|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Instead, on 13 February 2021 she received a one-year extension on her position as an additional judge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Devika|date=2021-02-13|title=Justice Pushpa Virendra Ganediwala, earlier recommended to be made permanent, gets 1 year extension as Additional Judge of Bombay HC|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/02/13/justice-pushpa-virendra-ganediwala-gets-1-year-extension-as-additional-judge-of-bombay-hc/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> In November 2021, Ganediwala's judgment on the requirement of 'skin to skin' contact was overruled by the Indian Supreme Court, which held that such an interpretation was contrary to the POCSO Act and would subvert its aims.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Supreme Court: 'Sexual intent', not 'skin-to-skin' contact, key in POCSO assault case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-skin-to-skin-contact-bombay-high-court-pocso-7628888/|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

On 22 January 2021, the Supreme Court confirmed the Bombay High Court's recommendation that Ganediwala's appointment should be made permanent but withdrew that recommendation on 29 January 2021 in light of three rulings that Ganediwala made, all of which involved acquittals or reductions of sentences in cases concerning sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Neha|title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends appointment of Justice PV Ganediwala as Permanent Judge of Bombay High Court|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-collegium-resolution-permanent-judge-appointment-bombay-high-court|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bench|first=Bar &|title=[POCSO Acquittals] Supreme Court Collegium withdraws recommendation to make Bombay High Court judge permanent|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/pocso-judgments-supreme-court-collegium-withdraws-recommendation-make-bombay-high-court-judge-pushpa-ganediwala-permanent|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref> On 17 December 2021, the Supreme Court confirmed that her appointment to the High Court would not be made permanent, and accordingly, she would be demoted back to the district judiciary once her temporary term at the High Court ended.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-17|title=Supreme Court Collegium drops judge who gave skin-to-skin order|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bombay-hc-sc-collegium-drops-judge-7676927/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> On 11 February 2022, she resigned two days before her High Court term ended.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-11|title=Denied elevation, judge who gave 'no skin-to-skin contact' order resigns|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/denied-elevation-judge-who-gave-no-skin-to-skin-contact-order-resigns-7766888/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Attorney General for India v. Satish]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganediwala, Pushpa Virendra}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]

Dampa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:34Z

Flash255: Added A Page Added Tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dampa
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Dampa highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 2
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[R. Lalthangliana]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
| latest_election_year =
| electors = 16,158
}}

'''Dampa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mamit district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2|Lalrobiaka
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2|[[Lalrintluanga Sailo]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|[[2025 elections in India#Mizoram|2025^]]
|[[R. Lalthangliana]]
|-
|}
^By election

==Election results==
===2025 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 elections in India#Mizoram|Mizoram Legislative Assembly by-election, 2025]]: Dampa<ref name="2025 Dampa Assembly constituency By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=2025 Dampa Assembly constituency By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S162.htm |access-date=15 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115103831/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S162.htm |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R. Lalthangliana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/mizo-national-front-nominates-former-minister-r-lalthangliana-for-dampa-bye-election-1590209|title=Mizo National Front nominates former Minister R Lalthangliana for Dampa bye-election|work=The Assam Tribune|accessdate=4 September 2025}}</ref>
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 6,981
|percentage = 40.05
|change = {{increase}}4.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vanlalsailova
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 6,419
|percentage = 36.83
|change = {{increase}}2.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = John Rotluangliana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,394
|percentage = 13.73
|change = {{decrease}} 4.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalhmingthanga Sailo
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,541
|percentage = 8.84
|change = {{decrease}} 2.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 45
|percentage = 0.26
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 562
|percentage = 3.22
|change = {{increase}}1.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:17351}}
|percentage = 83.07
|change = {{decrease}}4.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Dampa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalrintluanga Sailo]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 6,218
|percentage = 35.65
|change = {{decrease}}2.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vanlalsailova|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=5,926|percentage=33.97|change={{increase}}21.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lalhmingthanga Sailo|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,146|percentage=18.04|change={{decrease}}9.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vanhlalmuaka|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,060|percentage=11.81|change={{decrease}}8.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lalramdingngheti|party=Independent politician|votes=51|percentage=0.29|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=42|percentage=0.24|change={{decrease}}0.26}}
{{Election box majority|votes=292|percentage=1.68|change={{decrease}}9.15}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=17,443|percentage= 87.02|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Dampa<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalrintluanga Sailo]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5840
|percentage = 37.99
|change = {{increase}}2.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalrobiaka|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4183|percentage=27.21|change={{decrease}}16.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Er. K. Lalrimawia|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3051|percentage=19.85|change={{increase}}19.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=F. Lalrintluangi|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=1920|percentage=12.49|change={{decrease}}7.69}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Lalrinzuala Chawngthu
|party = PRISM
|votes = 133
|percentage = 0.87
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lianzuala|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=106|percentage=0.69|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalchhuvela|party=Independent (politician)|votes=33|percentage=0.21|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lalawmpuia Chhangte|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=28|percentage=0.18|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=77|percentage=0.50|change={{increase}}0.28}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1657|percentage=10.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=15,371|percentage=83.87|change={{decrease}}4.15}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Dampa<ref name=Miz2013>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrobiaka
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6172
|percentage = 43.27
|change = {{increase}}2.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Liansuama
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5011
|percentage = 35.13
|change = {{decrease}}0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrimawia
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 2878
|percentage = 20.18
|change = {{increase}}0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. Laltawnliana
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 121
|percentage = 0.85
|change = {{decrease}}1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 81
|percentage = 0.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1161
|percentage = 8.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 17315
|percentage = 88.02
|change = {{increase}}1.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Dampa<ref name="eci">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrobiaka
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5004
|percentage = 41.12
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrintluanga Sailo
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 4324
|percentage = 35.53
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalhmingthanga Sailo
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 2387
|percentage = 19.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. Hmingthansanga
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 270
|percentage = 2.22
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zakhuma
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 115
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalawmpuia Chhangte
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 69
|percentage = 0.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 680
|percentage = 5.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12169
|percentage = 87.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}
{{coords|23.49|92.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Mamit district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alai Payuthey

2026-04-16T02:27:28Z

Flash255:

{{short description|2000 Indian film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{redirect|Alaipayuthey|the Singaporean TV series|Alaipayuthey (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Alai Payuthey.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| screenplay = Mani Ratnam
| story = Mani Ratnam [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| producer = Mani Ratnam G. Srinivasan [[Ayngaran International|K Karunamoorthi]] [[Ayngaran International|Rohan Manickavasagar]]
| starring = [[R. Madhavan]] [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[Madras Talkies]]
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|04|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Alai Payuthey''''', also spelled as '''''Alaipayuthey''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|l|aɪ|p|ɑː|j|ʊ|ð|eɪ}} {{translation|Waves are flowing}}), is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic musical film]] co-written, co-produced, and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], starring [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] (in her penultimate film role). The film explores the tensions of married life between two young people who elope and the maturing of love among urban Indians who are conflicted between tradition and modernity. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].

The film's story is mostly [[nonlinear narrative|recollected in flashbacks]] by Karthik (Madhavan), on how he and Shakthi (Shalini) fall in love against the backdrop of [[Chennai]] and its suburban trains, against the wishes of their parents. The film had a mostly positive reception by critics.

The film made its European premiere at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] in 2001. It was shown at various film festivals nationally and internationally. It was dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the title ''Sakhi''.<ref name=":0" /> ''Alai Payuthey'' was later remade and released in [[Hindi]] in 2002, as ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'', directed by [[Shaad Ali]].

== Plot ==
Karthik Varadarajan is an independent and free-spirited software engineering graduate from a wealthy family who owns a [[Startup company|startup]] along with his friends. At a friend's wedding, he meets Shakthi Selvaraj, a medical student from a middle-class family. The duo constantly bumps into each other on the [[Chennai Suburban Railway|local commuter trains]] they both use, and they eventually fall in love. Karthik pursues Shakthi aggressively and proposes marriage. Shakthi, however, is reluctant. Karthik manages to convince Shakthi and requests his parents to formally ask Shakthi's parents for her hand in marriage. However, when the parents meet, they do not get along, and Shakthi calls off the relationship altogether and leaves for an extended medical camp in [[Kerala]].

While apart, both Karthik and Shakthi realise that they are desperately in love and decide to get married without the knowledge or consent of their parents. They continue living separate lives after marriage, meeting outside of their homes and hoping that their parents will see eye to eye at some point in the future, and can be informed of the marriage. However, when the family of a [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]] executive Raghuraman arrives at Shakthi's house one day to discuss a prospective wedding alliance between Raghuraman and Shakthi's elder sister Poorni, developments ensue, resulting in Shakthi's parents attempting to fix her marriage to Raghuraman's younger brother Shyam. Shakthi confesses to her parents and Raghuraman's family that she is already married, leading to the alliance being called off and her parents throwing her out of the house. Karthik also divulges the same to his parents and is also asked by his father to leave his house.

Karthik and Shakthi start living together in a partially constructed apartment, and while all goes well for a while, they soon find that marriage is not as easy as they expected, and living under the same roof results in a large number of conflicts. The marriage gets increasingly tense as both have to cope with frustrations and disappointments. Shakthi soon learns that her father has been diagnosed with [[jaundice]] and requests Karthik to visit him at the hospital. Karthik declines, citing her father's hatred of him as the main reason. He eventually agrees to meet him the following day, but by the time they reach her house, Shakthi's father has died. Wracked with guilt, the two return home, their relationship taking a turn for the worse. The two stop talking to each other.

Meanwhile, Karthik takes it upon himself to fix Poorni's broken alliance with Raghuraman. He arranges a blind date between the two, which initially fails. However, with more meetings, Poorni and Raghuraman become closer. This development takes place without Shakthi's knowledge. Karthik waits until Poorni and Raghuraman's marriage is confirmed before deciding to tell Shakthi. But Shakthi witnesses Poorni hugging Karthik in gratitude at the railway station, and misunderstands, worsening their relationship.

Shakthi eventually learns from Poorni about her husband's efforts to get her married and is overcome with guilt. Meanwhile, at the startup company that Karthik founded with his friends, the group receives a call that confirms an important contract. The friends celebrate. Overcome with joy, and impatient to share the news with his wife, Karthik sets off on the same evening to the railway station to pick her up as is their usual routine. In her rush to get home and make up with Karthik, Shakthi meets with an accident. Karthik waits for her, and as she fails to turn up, he searches desperately for her throughout the city, ultimately discovering her in the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] of a hospital. Karthik learns that Shakthi is registered under another name and is in a coma after having undergone brain surgery.

An [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer, Ram, claims that he caused the accident and admitted Shakthi to the hospital. As Karthik vents out his frustration on Ram, his wife intervenes and lets Karthik know that she was the person who caused the accident and injured Shakthi, and her husband was merely trying to protect her by taking the blame himself. Karthik observes Ram and notes that he has a lot to learn from the latter. He proceeds to see Shakthi and admits that he could have been a better husband. Shakthi wakes up from her coma, and the two reconcile.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Karthik Varatharajan
* [[Shalini (actress, born 1979)|Shalini]] as Dr. Sakthi
* [[Jayasudha]] as Saroja
* [[Swarnamalya]] as Poorani
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Sedhu
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Varatharajan
* Raviprakash as Selvaraj
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Karthik's sister-in-law
* [[Venu Arvind]] as Aarumugam
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Karthik's mother
* [[Sukumari]] as Sakthi's aunt
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Nayar
* Hari Nair as Raguraman
* [[Karthik Kumar]] as Shyam
* [[Medha Ragunath]] as Karthik's colleague
* [[R. Sundaramoorthy]] as Nadar
* Kumar Natarajan as Ganesh
* Prema as Prema
* Chitra as Chitra
* Raj Naveen as Raj
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Ram I.A.S (cameo)
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Meena Ram (cameo)
* [[Sophiya Haque]] (special appearance in the song "September Madham")<ref>{{Cite news |last=Holla |first=Anand |date=18 January 2013 |title=Sophiya Haque led a life as colourful as her repertoire |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sophiya-Haque-led-a-life-as-colourful-as-her-repertoire/articleshow/18073763.cms |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116124806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sophiya-Haque-led-a-life-as-colourful-as-her-repertoire/articleshow/18073763.cms |archive-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Rangammal]] (special appearance in the song "Yaaro Yaarodi Unnoda Purushan")
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===

Mani Ratnam opted to make a romantic film with relative newcomers after his 1998 Hindi film ''[[Dil Se..]]'' and signed on small screen actor [[R. Madhavan]] to make his acting debut in Tamil films. Madhavan had done a sandalwood talc ad for [[Santosh Sivan]] in 1996 and the veteran cinematographer gave photographs of the actor to [[Mani Ratnam]] during the casting process of ''[[Iruvar]]''. The director had made Madhavan audition for a role in the film but turned him down citing that "he thought his eyes were too young" and assured "that they would work together some other time". In 1999, Mani Ratnam rang Madhavan up suddenly and told him to "Come down and we will do a photo session. I am starting a film with you", much to the actor's surprise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganapati |first=Priya |date=8 March 2000 |title='People remember scenes, not episodes' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/08madh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709061247/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/mar/08madh.htm |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Mani Ratnam initially wanted to cast a debutant in the lead female role as well and carried out a screen test with [[Vasundhara Das]], before signing on [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] to play the role in the film in April 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2000 |title=Interviews with Vasundhara |url=http://ganeshyamala.tripod.com/vasundharadas/id6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917010123/http://ganeshyamala.tripod.com/vasundharadas/id6.html |archive-date=17 September 2013 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=Ganeshyamala.tripod.com}}</ref>

[[Swarnamalya]] was selected to play the role of Poorni after the director spotted her on a television show and subsequently asked her to screen test for the film. The actress appeared without make-up in the film and also dubbed her own lines.<ref name="view">{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Sandya |date=2000 |title=Alaipayuthey: Alai + Payuthey = Mani Ratna Formula.... |work=Indolink.com |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/2000/tnyspecial.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210005955/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/2000/tnyspecial.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> Theatre actor, [[Karthik Kumar]] of Evam, also marked his film debut with a minor supporting role as a potential suitor to Shakti.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2003 |title=Their world's a STAGE |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/09/stories/2003090900230100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318152918/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/09/stories/2003090900230100.htm |archive-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> Prior to the release of his breakthrough film ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999), [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was approached by Mani Ratnam to play the role of Swarnamalya's fiancé but turned down the offer.<ref name="caravan">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=1 December 2013 |title=Man of Steel |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/man-steel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918094317/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/man-steel |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2014 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref> Television actress [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] made her film debut with this film appearing as Madhavan's sister-in-law while Raviprakash appeared as Shalini's father thus making his acting debut with the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2009 |title=My First Break |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3021939.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721040830/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3021939.ece |archive-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2006 |title=Combining romance with action |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/combining-romance-with-action/article3173322.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124052709/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/combining-romance-with-action/article3173322.ece |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> Pondy Ravi appeared as a police officer, and the film is considered his "first break".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa |date=14 March 2013 |title=Cop in! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-in/article4508374.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318065004/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cop-in/article4508374.ece |archive-date=18 March 2013 |access-date=8 January 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mani chose producer [[Pyramid Natarajan]] to portray the character of Madhavan's father.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2007 |title=My first break |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3024009.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124052738/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3024009.ece |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> [[Azhagam Perumal]] who was one of the assistant directors in the film was chosen to portray the small role of a house owner as Mani Ratnam was looking for "someone like [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] to play the quirky house owner".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=4 April 2015 |title=Villages nourish me |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/villages-nourish-me-alagam-perumal/article7067987.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520194551/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/villages-nourish-me-alagam-perumal/article7067987.ece |archive-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>

The film also required two leading actors to appear in supporting roles with [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] chosen to do a role. After considering either [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Mammootty]], or [[Mohanlal]], Mani Ratnam signed [[Arvind Swamy]] to play another role, with ''Alai Payuthey'' becoming the pair's fourth production together.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 1999 |title=Mani's one-song wonder |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/07ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226045726/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jun/07ss.htm |archive-date=26 December 2014 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[P. C. Sreeram]] renewed his collaboration with Mani Ratnam after seven years, with the director toggling between [[Santosh Sivan]] and [[Rajiv Menon]] for his other projects.<ref name="view" /> [[A. R. Rahman]] was initially signed on just to compose the background score for the film as the film was originally planned to be songless; however after a change of heart, nine songs were recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1999 |title=Mani Ratnam's films musically – Situations and Raagas {{!}} Mani Ratnam – Sounds of success |url=http://www.geocities.ws/dirmanirathnam/musmani.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514044442/http://www.geocities.ws/dirmanirathnam/musmani.htm |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=Geocities.ws}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini |title=alai payuthey article |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/alaipayuthey/alaipayuthey_article.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114005543/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/alaipayuthey/alaipayuthey_article.htm |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=Pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2000 |title=Weaving emotions into celluloid |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210221.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016143829/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210221.htm |archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="ka">{{cite magazine |date=2 April 2000 |title=அலைபாயும் அனுபவங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-04-02/page/n29/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622122109/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-04-02/page/n29/mode/2up |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=28–29 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Maheshwar Fort - Exterior 03.jpg|thumb|The song "Snegithane" was shot at Fort Ahilya of the [[Holkar]] dynasty, in [[Maheshwar]].]]
The film began without an official launch, like other Mani Ratnam projects, and it was initially expected that filming would be wrapped up in under four months. During the first seven days of the shoot, Mani Ratnam filmed portions featuring Shalini and made Madhavan stay on the sets and watch his process of film-making.<ref name="view" /> The first scene the actor shot was the post-interval scene featuring Shakthi's mother played by [[Jayasudha]]. The song sequences ''Evano Oruvan'', and ''September Matham'' was shot at Western India Plywood Guest house and the [[Dharmadam Island]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payyambalam beach in frames of Kerala on celluloid |url=http://keralamovielocations.com/beaches/payyambalam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226173118/http://keralamovielocations.com/beaches/payyambalam.html |archive-date=26 February 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=keralamovielocations.com}}</ref> "Evano Oruvan" was shot at Kannur as the song sequence demanded rain and the crew had to wait for many days for monsoon to shoot.<ref name=ka /> The team shot at [[Srinagar]] in late for 25 days, becoming the last production team to shoot in the area until 2003 as a result of the [[Kashmir]] conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2003 |title=Kashmir's Mission: Shoot for films |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-01-16/news/27561576_1_film-crew-mission-kashmir-srinagar |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202180416/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-01-16/news/27561576_1_film-crew-mission-kashmir-srinagar |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2000 |title=Sumptuous fare for film-goers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/14/stories/09140227.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150112012420/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/14/stories/09140227.htm |archive-date=12 January 2015}}</ref> The song "Pachai Nirame" was shot at Kashmir. For the song, Sreeram revealed since the song "called for vibrant colours in pastel shades", he used a graduated filter to enhance colour and used lot of filters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2004 |title=Through the eyes of P C Sreeram |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/20sd2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229170255/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/20sd2.htm |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |at=slide 2}}</ref> A "meet the stars" publicity event was held at Music World in [[Spencer Plaza]] in March 2000, with the gathering being described as a success.<ref name="view" /> About the production process, Madhavan revealed that he learnt about the technical aspects of film-making from the director and mentioned that he even learned the entire script of the film, irrespective of whether he was in the scene or not, claiming that working with Mani Ratnam inspires that sort of involvement and dedication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Saraswathy |title=Madhavan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6005438&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324200850/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6005438&cid=2408 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Alai Payuthey (soundtrack)}}

The music score that accompanies the film was composed by A. R. Rahman. Upon release, the album met with widespread critical acclaim, selling over six lakh cassettes, and went on to win the [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Vinay |date=25 August 2000 |title=Gramophone pitch gets louder in the South -- Acquires rights for Telugu songs from Sea Records |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/08/26/stories/192602rg.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204015046/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/08/26/stories/192602rg.htm |archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref> This was Rahman's 50th film as composer.<ref name=ka /> The soundtrack features 10 songs composed by Rahman, with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]], except for the title song "Alai Payuthey" (which was created by the 18th-century [[Carnatic music]] composer [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]], who also set it to the [[Raga|raagam]] Kanada). The song "Yaro Yarodi" later appeared in the 2008 American film, ''[[The Accidental Husband]]''. The audio rights were sold to [[Saregama]], a prominent music label in the 1999s.

[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] worked as chorus singer for the film while [[Clinton Cerejo]] made his debut as playback singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2007 |title=Destiny's child |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/destinys-child/article2240734.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604050816/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/destinys-child/article2240734.ece |archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2014 |title=Clinton Cerejo live in concert today |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/clinton-cerejo-live-in-concert-today/article6625270.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604050814/https://www.thehindu.com/features/november-fest/clinton-cerejo-live-in-concert-today/article6625270.ece |archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Song "Kadhal Sadugudu" provided major breakthrough for its singer [[S. P. Charan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2008 |title=Grill Mill |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article3023633.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604050813/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article3023633.ece |archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==

''Alai Payuthey'' was released on 14 April 2000, during [[Puthandu]] (Tamil New Year).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=15 April 2018 |title=Not a happy new year |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/apr/15/not-a-happy-new-year-5537.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606054825/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/apr/15/not-a-happy-new-year-5537.html |archive-date=6 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' said, "The wavy movements are not restricted to the title card alone. Alaipayuthey goes backward and forward in time and the movement holds a thin thread of suspense too. The oscillation from joy and levity to seriousness and sorrow creates impressive waves", The lead pair performance was praised saying, "Shalini once again proves that she is a natural performer while Madhavan sails through the litmus test with ease".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2000 |title=Film Review: "Alaipayuthey" |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165140/http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> [[Shobha Warrier]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a middling review citing that the film is "old wine in an old bottle" and that "the only person who scores good marks in the film is P. C. Sreeram", saying "he has used his camera as a paintbrush and the strokes are so stunningly beautiful that, once the film is over, one remembers only the visual treat". In regard to performances, the critic mentions that Madhavan "looks pleasant and handsome and does his job splendidly until the end, where he looks totally lost in the most crucial scene" and that Shalini "is very beautiful but not as open as she used to be as a child star".<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=15 April 2000 |title=A simple love story |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/15alai.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315091357/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/15alai.htm |archive-date=15 March 2009 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

''Tamil Star'' wrote "A technically near-perfect film but lacking in intensity".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie: Alay Payuthe |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/alay/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822120430/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/alay/ |archive-date=22 August 2005 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Tamil Star }}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Shalini and Madhavan while also appreciating the cameos of Aravind Swamy and Kushboo and also for showing post-marriage friction beautifully.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=23 April 2000 |title=அலைபாயுதே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-04-23/page/80/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230127122443/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-04-23/page/80/mode/2up |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' praised the music, direction, acting and cinematography but felt Lalitha and Sukumari were underutilised and also noted that "concentrating more on technical perfection has affected the emotional content of the film".<ref>{{cite web |title=Alai Payuthey |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6007463&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229090623/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6007463&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Music Director – Tamil]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Kamath">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Vinay |date=25 August 2000 |title=Gramophone pitch gets louder in the South – Acquires rights for Telugu songs from Sea Records |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/08/26/stories/192602rg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204015046/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/08/26/stories/192602rg.htm |archive-date=4 February 2014 |access-date=17 February 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |date=24 March 2001 |title=Trophy time for tinseldom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/24/stories/0424401t.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113163735/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/24/stories/0424401t.htm |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut – South]]
| [[R. Madhavan]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Best Male Debut – South">{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Best Debutants down the years... |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407023932/https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=14 March 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer – South]]
| [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=The Stars! The Sparkle! The Glitz and the Glow Of The 48th Filmfare Awards (South) In Hyderabad |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2001/ifocus2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040906211912/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2001/ifocus2.html |archive-date=6 September 2004 |access-date=6 September 2004 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
|{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]]
| [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322071213/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-date=22 March 2016 |access-date=19 October 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ||[[Swarnalatha]] – "Evano Oruvan.." ||{{won}}
|}

== Other versions ==
''Alai Payuthey'' was dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the title ''Sakhi''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=19 April 2020 |title=Sakhi initially had no songs and a different ending: Madhavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sakhi-initially-had-no-songs-and-a-different-ending-madhavan/articleshow/75233697.cms |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226074042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sakhi-initially-had-no-songs-and-a-different-ending-madhavan/articleshow/75233697.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' by [[Shaad Ali]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2008 |title=Cine quiz |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/cine-quiz/article3022655.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023035400/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/cine-quiz/article3022655.ece |archive-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> This was the first time where the director had sold off production rights' of his films to be remade in another language as he had previously opted to dub and release the film himself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2011 |title=Thalapathi goes to Bollywood |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Thalapathi-goes-to-Bollywood/articleshow/10827073.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105193530/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-21/news-interviews/30429402_1_hindi-film-bharat-shah-second-film |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Alai Payuthey'' began a successful film career for Madhavan and launched him as a [[romantic hero]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=13 February 2006 |title=Love's rush hour |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/loves-rush-hour/article3187222.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124060841/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/loves-rush-hour/article3187222.ece |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> He has since gone on to become a regular part of the cast in Mani Ratnam's productions and featured in leading roles in ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001), ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002), ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004) and ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2002 |title=Cinema'' should'' entertain |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600870100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212021757/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600870100.htm |archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> Meanwhile, Shalini had already agreed to call time on her career before release due to her pending marriage with [[Ajith Kumar]] and ''Alai Payuthey'' became her penultimate release. Swarnamalya also received several film offers after her critically acclaimed performance, but consecutive failures of eight of her ten movies since failed to catapult her into the leading bracket of actors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2007 |title=A powerful comeback for her |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/10/stories/2007071050380200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916055728/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/10/stories/2007071050380200.htm |archive-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> Post-release, the actress had also expressed her disappointment at several of her scenes being edited out of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2001 |title=Promises are never kept |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan313.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010207034826/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan313.asp |archive-date=7 February 2001 |access-date=12 April 2014 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> In July 2011, [[Janani (actress)|Janani Iyer]] said she considered a role like Shalini's character from the film as "really challenging".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=23 July 2011 |title=Itsy Bitsy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/itsy-bitsy/article2287657.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215072233/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/itsy-bitsy/article2287657.ece |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] revealed that the scene prior to the song "Evano Oruvan" was "almost straight out of real life" and that he "tried to incorporate such moments" in his films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=16 December 2012 |title=Romance, this way |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/romance-his-way/article4204970.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222124759/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/romance-his-way/article4204970.ece |archive-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> The film created an interest for weddings held in temples.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somasundaram |first=Jayanthi |date=2 June 2014 |title=Love, pray, marry |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/love-pray-marry/article6075222.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709002043/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/love-pray-marry/article6075222.ece |archive-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> The song "Yaaro Yaarodi" was used in the American film ''[[The Accidental Husband]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Richa |date=2020-10-14 |title=7 Hollywood films with popular Indian songs |url=https://mediaindia.eu/cinema/hollywood-films-with-bollywood-songs/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Several other directors have made cultural references to ''Alai Payuthey'', with both scenes and songs being alluded in their films. The scene where Madhavan proposes Shalini in the train was spoofed in ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010) where Bhaskaran ([[Arya (actor)|Arya]]) tries to do the same with Chandrika ([[Nayanthara]]) but fails. When Madhavan saw that film, he said "It was a pleasant shock to see this clip feature in [''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'']. It was such a sweet tribute to me. After watching this sequence, I was quite amused to see how thin I was back then!"<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2010 |title=I'm very fond of Arya: Madhavan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Im-very-fond-of-Arya-Madhavan-/articleshow/6566336.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104181030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-17/news-interviews/28254058_1_lover-boy-three-idiots-first-movie |archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> In ''[[Budget Padmanabhan]]'' (2000), Vivek speaks to [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]] through cups attached with wires. Vivek utters Madhavan's dialogue from the film by mimicking his voice, he then hurts [[Theni Kunjarammal]]'s eye by singing the film's song.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Budget Padmanabhan |date=2000 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=KRG Film International}}</ref> In ''[[Majunu]]'' (2001), Vivek impresses lady by singing "Yaro Yarodi" in a telephone booth with his friends while she was speaking on the telephone but lady reveals that her husband was a police inspector, then he sings 'En Garuvam Azhindhadhadi' from the line of a song "Snegithane".<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Majunu |date=2001 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Cee (I) TV Entertainment}}</ref> In ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' (2001), Vivek and Kovai Sarala's characters sing "Snegithane" in a humorous vein.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Shahjahan |date=2001 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Super Good Films]]}}</ref> In the Telugu film ''[[Athanu]]'' (2001) when AVS's character turns to look at Sana's character, "Snehithudaa" plays in the background.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGoqvC_25P0|title=Athanu Telugu Full Length Movie {{!}} Sai Kumar {{!}} Rachana {{!}} Chakri @skyvideostelugu|date=20 December 2017|time=12:50-13:33|via=YouTube}}</ref>

The Hindi television series ''[[Beintehaa]]'' was dubbed in Tamil as ''Alaipayuthe''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2014 |title=An emotional rollercoaster |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-emotional-rollercoaster/article6420403.ece |url-status=live |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124065649/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-emotional-rollercoaster/article6420403.ece |archive-date=24 January 2022}}</ref> Songs from the film inspired several film titles – ''[[Snegithiye]]'' (2000), ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' (2003), ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007), ''Pachai Nirame'' (2008), ''[[Ragasiya Snehithane]]'' (2008) and ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snehitheye |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/snehitheye.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200336/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/snehitheye.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=7 February 2018 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> The initial publicity posters of ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) were inspired from various films including ''Alai Payuthey''.{{Sfn|Prasad|2011|page=50}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite magazine |last=Prasad |first=Vrinda |date=March 2011 |title=Poster Mania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBkXAOmQDhoC&q=alaipayuthey&pg=PA50 |magazine=[[South Scope]]}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Madras Talkies}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 musical films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about interpersonal relationships]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set on trains]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Madras Talkies films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Sukhveer Singh Maiserkhana

2026-04-12T13:45:43Z

Flash255: added new biography!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Maur Assembly constituency|Maur]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Jagdev Singh Kamalu]] ([[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]])
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Maisarkhana
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
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}}
'''Sukhveer Singh Maiserkhana''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Maur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Maur Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) Committee on Public Accounts<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref name="Committee on Government Assurances">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Maur Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Maur Assembly constituency|2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImR3Wm5WRFk0RVd0NGd2dlN0bGowZGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT3pheWxkZ2YyK2ZtMzBcL0k2U2s1M0E9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjA1M2FkYjFiYTc0YjJkYzMzZjk5NjJhYjY2MGEyNWY4ZTFjYWMxMjVmNzY0ZTVmNzk2Y2U3N2JlMmRmOWY0NDAifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Maur
| before= [[Jagdev Singh Kamalu]] ([[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]])
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Bathinda district]]

Adithya Varma

2026-04-05T12:40:26Z

Flash255:

{{short description|2019 film directed by Gireesaaya}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Adithya Varma poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gireeshaaya
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Arjun Reddy]]''|[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]}}
| producer = Mukesh Mehta

| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dhruv Vikram]]
*[[Banita Sandhu]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = '''Soundtrack:''' [[Radhan]] '''Score:''' [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = E4 Entertainment
| distributor = E4 Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|21|worldwide|2019|11|22|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 167 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adithya Varma |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/adithya-varma-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00oty1mzu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200532/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/adithya-varma-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00oty1mzu |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Adithya Varma''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil film|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by Gireeshaaya in his directorial debut and produced by Mukesh Mehta under E4 Entertainment. The film stars [[Dhruv Vikram]] in his acting debut and [[Banita Sandhu]] in her Tamil debut, while [[Priya Anand]] appears in a supporting role. A remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017) directed by [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]], it follows the titular character, a [[high-functioning alcoholic]] surgeon who has anger management problems. He pushes himself down a self-destructive path after the marriage of his girlfriend Meera; following which, the film focuses on his downfall and subsequent resurgence.

The film was originally directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]] under the title ''[[Varmaa]]'' and shot between March and September 2018; however, in February 2019, due to creative differences, E4 Entertainment decided to re-launch it with a new cast and crew; only Dhruv and music composer [[Radhan]] were retained. While the original version had cinematography and editing by [[M. Sukumar]] and [[Sathish Suriya]], the new version had [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and [[Vivek Harshan]]. The new version, titled ''Adithya Varma'', began filming in March 2019 and ended in May.

Originally scheduled to release on 8 November 2019, the film was postponed due to distribution issues. The film was released worldwide on 21 November 2019, and in India, the next day. The film opened to positive reviews from critics and became a successful venture at the box office. Dhruv was awarded the Best Debut Actor at the [[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]] Tamil.

== Plot ==
Adithya Varma is the youngest son of wealthy business tycoon Vasudevan Varma. He is studying [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] in [[Mangalore]], India. Despite being a brilliant student, he has severe [[anger management]] issues that earn the wrath of the dean of the college. Adithya's aggressive nature also earned him a reputation among his juniors as a college bully. After having a brawl alongside his friend Tarun against members of the opposing team during an inter-college football match, the dean asks Adithya to either apologise or leave the college. Adithya initially chooses to leave, but stays back after meeting an [[Extraversion and introversion|introverted]] first-year student, Meera Shetty because he experienced love at first sight.

Adithya and his friend Parthi enter a third-year classroom and announce that Adithya is in love with Meera and asserts that she is exclusive to him. Initially afraid, Meera starts adjusting herself to Adithya's overbearing attitude. She eventually reciprocates his feelings and they develop an intimate relationship. Adithya graduates with an [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree and leaves for [[Mussoorie]] to pursue a master's degree in orthopaedic surgery. Over the course of three years, Adithya's and Meera's relationship becomes stronger. Months later, Adithya visits Meera's house, where her father Manohar Shetty sees them kissing and throws Adithya out.

Manohar opposes her and Adithya's relationship due to Adithya's brash behaviour and also because they belong to different [[Caste system in India|castes]]. Adithya demands that Meera must make a decision within six hours; otherwise he will end their relationship. Following this incident, Meera's parents seize her phone, making her unable to contact Adithya. By the time she manages to visit Adithya's house, he is drunk, injects morphine into himself, and becomes unconscious for two days. Meera is then forcibly married to someone from her caste. Adhi learns about the marriage from Parthi and goes to her house in protest. He is assaulted and gets arrested for making a scene. Adhi's father, Vasudevan Varma, ostracises him from the family home for damaging his reputation.

With Parthi's help, Adhi finds a rented apartment and joins a private hospital as a surgeon. To cope with his emotions, he starts taking drugs, attempts one-night stands, buys a pet dog and names it after Meera and drinks alcohol; all of which are unsuccessful. Within months, he becomes a highly successful surgeon and a [[high-functioning alcoholic]] who is both respected and feared by the hospital's staff members, one of the reasons being his high surgery count. Adhi's self-destructive behaviour and refusal to move on worry Parthi and Tarun. He persuades one of his patients, Priya Menen, a leading film star, to have a no-strings relationship with him, which he ends when she falls in love with him.

On a day off, Adhi unwillingly agrees to perform life-saving surgery and collapses with dehydration. The hospital staff examine his blood samples, which show traces of alcohol and cocaine. The hospital chief files a case against Adhitya, who accepts the truth on the grounds of violating his professional ethics during an in-house court hearing, despite Parthi making arrangements to bail him out. Adhi's medical license is cancelled for five years and he is evicted from the flat. The next morning, Parthi manages to reach Adithya to convey his grandmother's death; he meets Vasudevan, and they reconcile. Adhi gives up his self-destructive habits soon after.

While leaving for a vacation, Adhi sees a pregnant Meera sitting in a park. Convinced that she is unhappy with her marriage, Adhi meets her after returning from his vacation. Meera reveals that she left her husband days after their marriage and continued to work in a clinic. She tells Adhi that he is the child's father, and they reunite. The pair marries, and Meera's father apologises for misunderstanding their love for each other.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dhruv Vikram]] as Dr. Adithya Varma (a.k.a. "Adi"), an alcoholic surgeon
* [[Banita Sandhu]] as Dr. Meera Shetty, Aditya's lover
* [[Priya Anand]] as Priya Menen, an actress who consults Dr. Adi for treatment but later she falls in love with him
* [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] as Vasudevan Varma, Adithya's father<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=6 November 2019 |title=For the first time in my life, I said 'no': Raja on his return to Tamil cinema after a 20-year exile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profile/article29900048.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004113251/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profilefrom-kadalora-kavithaigal-to-adithya-varma-tamil-cinemas-quintessential-soft-spoken-hero-raja-returns-after-a-20-year-exile/article29900048.ece |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=7 November 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Dheepa Ramanujam]] as Bhavani Varma, Adithya's mother
* Anbu Thasan as Dr. Parthi, Adithya's best friend
* [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] as Siddharth Varma, Adithya's brother
* [[Soundariya Nanjundan]] as Dr. Keerthy, Adithya's friend
* Gireesh Krish Nair as medical college Dean
* Kartavya Kabra as Samar (Aditya's enemy)
* Dhanush as Dr .Tharun, Adithya's friend also Keerthy's lover
* [[Leela Samson]] as Adithya's grandmother<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balu |first=Aparajitha |date=2019-10-22 |title='Adithya Varma' Trailer: What Works, What Doesn't, All The Details Here |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/adithya-varma-trailer-here-what-works-what-doesnt-all-the-details-here/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025121754/https://silverscreen.in/news/adithya-varma-trailer-here-what-works-what-doesnt-all-the-details-here/ |archive-date=25 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Manohar Shetty, Meera's father
* Meena Vemuri as Mallika Shetty, Meera's mother
* Usha Elizabeth as Usha, Adithya's maid
* Alekhya Harika as Nurse
*[[Bhagyalakshmi]] as Judge
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Lawyer<ref name=":0" />
* Anitha Sampath as Newsreader
}}

Additionally, Priya Anand's [[Shih Tzu]] Bumblebee plays the title character's pet dog.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=28 October 2019 |title=Location Diaries: Priya Anand, Dhruv and Vikram's doggy tales on 'Adithya Varma' sets |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/28/location-diaries-priya-anand-dhruv-and-vikrams-doggy-tales-on-adithya-varma-sets-2053873.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029045405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/28/location-diaries-priya-anand-dhruv-and-vikrams-doggy-tales-on-adithya-varma-sets-2053873.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] made a uncredited appearance in the song "Dhooram" as a visitor in Dehradun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=Video: Chiyaan Vikram in Adithya Varma! Dhruv Vikram Shares Unseen Video! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/chiyaan-vikrams-shot-in-adithya-varma-unseen-video-ft-dhruv-vikram.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328075357/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/chiyaan-vikrams-shot-in-adithya-varma-unseen-video-ft-dhruv-vikram.html |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=8 February 2019 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Original ===
{{Main|Varmaa}}
In September 2017, it was announced that E4 Entertainment had bought the rights to remake the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' (2017) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=E4 Entertainment snaps Arjun Reddy remake rights |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/e4-entertainment-snaps-arjun-reddy-remake-rights-news-malayalam-rjqkbsegejcfa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190220100730/http://www.sify.com/movies/e4-entertainment-snaps-arjun-reddy-remake-rights-news-malayalam-rjqkbsegejcfa.html |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The following month, [[Bala (director)|Bala]] was chosen to direct the yet-untitled Tamil remake.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2017 |title=Bala to direct Arjun Reddy remake |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/09/bala-to-direct-arjun-reddy-remake-1669234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027224909/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/09/bala-to-direct-arjun-reddy-remake-1669234.html |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 10 November 2017, the title was announced as ''Varma'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Aashna |date=10 November 2017 |title=Arjun Reddy's Tamil Remake Will Be Called Varma |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arjun-reddys-tamil-remake-will-be-called-varma-1773968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205000149/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arjun-reddys-tamil-remake-will-be-called-varma-1773968 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |access-date=20 February 2019 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> later amended to ''Varmaa''.<ref name="reshot">{{Cite news |date=7 February 2019 |title=E4 Entertainment not happy with Bala's Varmaa; to re-shoot the Arjun Reddy remake with a new team |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/07/e4-entertainment-not-happy-with-of-balas-varmaa-to-re-shoot-the-arjun-reddy-remake-with-a-new-team-10004.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/07/e4-entertainment-not-happy-with-of-balas-varmaa-to-re-shoot-the-arjun-reddy-remake-with-a-new-team-10004.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Raju Murugan]] was chosen to pen the dialogues.<ref name="starts-rolling">{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=3 March 2018 |title=Varma, Arjun Reddy Tamil remake, starts rolling |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/varma-arjun-reddy-tamil-remake-starts-rolling/story-8hDVHCwLT59xj9tK1DfyaK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142936/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/varma-arjun-reddy-tamil-remake-starts-rolling/story-8hDVHCwLT59xj9tK1DfyaK.html |archive-date=6 March 2018 |access-date=6 March 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[M. Sukumar]] was selected to handle the cinematography<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2018 |title=Varma, Tamil remake of Arjun Reddy, to feature debutante Megha Choudhary opposite Dhruv Vikram |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varma-tamil-remake-of-arjun-reddy-to-feature-debutante-megha-choudhary-opposite-dhruv-vikram-4686451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725220205/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varma-tamil-remake-of-arjun-reddy-to-feature-debutante-megha-choudhary-opposite-dhruv-vikram-4686451.html |archive-date=25 July 2018 |access-date=25 July 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> and [[Sathish Suriya]] was chosen as the film editor, after having earlier worked for Bala's ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1043700724335489026 |user=editorsuriya |title=#Varma my second film with the legend #bala sir. Enjoyed working on Varma. #E4Entertainment and Happy Birthday #DhruvVikram |author=Sathish Suriya |author-link=Sathish Suriya |date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215704/https://twitter.com/editorsuriya/status/1043700724335489026 |archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> Producer Mukesh Mehta said the remake would be 20 minutes shorter than the Telugu original.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=9 August 2018 |title=It's raining remakes in Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaatrin-mozhi-varma-raining-remakes-in-kollywood/article24643041.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180921140849/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaatrin-mozhi-varma-raining-remakes-in-kollywood/article24643041.ece |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s son [[Dhruv Vikram]] was cast as the male lead, in what would have been his acting debut.<ref name="starts-rolling" /> It would have been the debut for the [[Kolkata]]-based model [[Megha Chowdhury]], who was chosen to play the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Model Megha to debut opposite Dhruv in 'Varma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/model-megha-to-debut-opposite-dhruv-in-varma/articleshow/64851284.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727015921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/model-megha-to-debut-opposite-dhruv-in-varma/articleshow/64851284.cms |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=4 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Akash Premkumar was chosen to play the lead character's best friend.<ref name="Ashok">{{Cite news |last=Balaji |first=Gautham |date=8 August 2018 |title=City boy makes it big with Bala's next |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080818/city-boy-makes-it-big-with-balas-next.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821041233/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080818/city-boy-makes-it-big-with-balas-next.html |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in early March 2018 at [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]],<ref name="starts-rolling" /> and a week later, after completing the first schedule there, the crew shifted to Chennai for the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2018 |title='Arjun Reddy' Tamil remake: Makers of 'Varma' complete first schedule in Nepal |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-tamil-remake-makers-varma-complete-first-schedule-nepal-77722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180921141613/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arjun-reddy-tamil-remake-makers-varma-complete-first-schedule-nepal-77722 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=2 September 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> However, shooting of the film was briefly stalled due to the Tamil Film Producers Council strike, but resumed in April after the strike ended.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Director Bala resumes 'Varma' shoot |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-bala-resumes-varma-shoot-news-tamil-seykWnaecehje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424074810/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-bala-resumes-varma-shoot-news-tamil-seykWnaecehje.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The final schedule of the film took place in August 2018, for which the team had shifted to [[Tiruvannamalai]].<ref name="Ashok" /> It was completed in September 2018, thus principal photography of the film has [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2018 |title=Dhruv Vikram wraps up 'Varma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikram-wraps-up-varma/articleshow/65854669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180918142033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikram-wraps-up-varma/articleshow/65854669.cms |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== New version ===
On 7 February 2019, E4 Entertainment issued a press statement stating that they would go for a re-shoot of the entire film as they were not satisfied with the final cut provided by Bala. They added that the film would be relaunched with a completely new cast and crew while retaining Dhruv.<ref name="reshot" /> Bala decried these comments, saying it was his own decision to quit the film "in order to safeguard creative freedom" because he was asked to make changes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2019 |title=Varmaa controversy: Director Bala says he stepped down after he was asked to make changes to the Dhruv Vikram-starrer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/09/varmaa-controversy-director-bala-says-he-stepped-down-after-he-was-asked-to-make-changes-to-the-dhr-10036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210042225/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/09/varmaa-controversy-director-bala-says-he-stepped-down-after-he-was-asked-to-make-changes-to-the-dhr-10036.html |archive-date=10 February 2019 |access-date=10 February 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> This became the first such incident in the history of Tamil cinema that the producer of the film refuses to release the film due to unsatisfactory final cut despite the completion of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |first=Raja |date=7 February 2019 |title=Varmaa: Tamil remake of cult Telugu film Arjun Reddy dropped; producers and director Bala at loggerheads |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varmaa-tamil-remake-of-cult-telugu-film-arjun-reddy-dropped-producers-and-director-bala-at-loggerheads-6047231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124526/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varmaa-tamil-remake-of-cult-telugu-film-arjun-reddy-dropped-producers-and-director-bala-at-loggerheads-6047231.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=7 February 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> On 19 February 2019, the new title ''Adithya Varma'' was announced.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2019 |title=Arjun Reddy's Tamil remake now titled Adithya Varma, new poster out |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/arjun-reddy-s-tamil-remake-now-titled-adithya-varma-new-poster-out/story-j1uCmVAcs2uzGN6kWawpUO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190219152339/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/arjun-reddy-s-tamil-remake-now-titled-adithya-varma-new-poster-out/story-j1uCmVAcs2uzGN6kWawpUO.html |archive-date=19 February 2019 |access-date=19 February 2019 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Mehta said the new version would begin filming in March 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=12 February 2019 |title=Why did the producers of 'Varmaa' decide to shoot the film from scratch again? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varmaa-controversy-bala/article26248051.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220103143/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/varmaa-controversy-bala/article26248051.ece |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=13 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with ''Arjun Reddy'' writer-director [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]'s assistant Gireesaaya was announced as the new director, making his directorial debut. [[Banita Sandhu]] was announced as the heroine, in her Tamil film debut, as well as [[Priya Anand]] as the supporting actress. Anbu Thasan joined the cast in March as the title character's friend, replacing Akash Premkumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2019 |title=Anbu Thasan to play Dhruv's friend in Adithya Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anbu-thasan-to-play-dhruvs-friend-in-adithya-varma/articleshow/68357762.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190313101953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anbu-thasan-to-play-dhruvs-friend-in-adithya-varma/articleshow/68357762.cms |archive-date=13 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Ravi K. Chandran]] and [[Vivek Harshan]] were announced as the cinematographer and the editor respectively.<ref name="Adithya Varma teaser">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kzOQPafU8c |title=Adithya Varma {{!}} Official Teaser HD {{!}} Dhruv Vikram {{!}} Gireesaaya {{!}} Ravi K Chandran ISC {{!}} BanitaSandhu |date=16 June 2019 |publisher=E4 Entertainment |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190616055913/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kzOQPafU8c |archive-date=16 June 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Principal photography for ''Adithya Varma'' began on 11 March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=Adithya Varma: Dhruv Vikram's Tamil remake of Arjun Reddy goes on floors |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/adithya-varma-dhruv-vikrams-tamil-remake-of-arjun-reddy-goes-on-floors-340551.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190313102207/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/adithya-varma-dhruv-vikrams-tamil-remake-of-arjun-reddy-goes-on-floors-340551.htm |archive-date=13 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref> Following the filming of a song sequence in [[Portugal]] (including [[Lisbon]]) in mid-April 2019, 65% of the film's shoot was complete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title='Adithya Varma' shoot progressing at fast pace! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/adithya-varma-shoot-progressing-at-fast-pace-news-tamil-teqnBBfdhifci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190416110804/http://www.sify.com/movies/adithya-varma-shoot-progressing-at-fast-pace-news-tamil-teqnBBfdhifci.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Major portions of the film had been completed in mid-May,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2019 |title=It's a wrap for Dhruv Vikram's Adithya Varma |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/15/its-a-wrap-for-dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-11604.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190516093335/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/15/its-a-wrap-for-dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-11604.html |archive-date=16 May 2019 |access-date=16 May 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> with the exception of patchwork scenes, for which Ravi K. Chandran's son [[Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran|Santhana Krishnan]] handled the cinematography.<ref name=":0" /> Principal photography wrapped in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-16 |title=Dhruv Vikram wraps up shooting of 'Adithya Varma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikram-wraps-up-shooting-of-adithya-varma/articleshow/70244229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250924075326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikram-wraps-up-shooting-of-adithya-varma/articleshow/70244229.cms |archive-date=2025-09-24 |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Further|Adithya Varma (soundtrack)}}The film's soundtrack and score were respectively provided by [[Radhan]] and [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], who also contributed for ''Arjun Reddy''.<ref name="Adithya Varma teaser" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=New version of Arjun Reddy Tamil remake titled Adithya Varma |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/19/new-version-of-arjun-reddy-tamil-remake-titled-adithya-varma-10177.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416112955/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/19/new-version-of-arjun-reddy-tamil-remake-titled-adithya-varma-10177.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album was preceded by two singles: "Edharkadi" and "Yaen Ennai Pirindhaai", released on 16 August and 23 September 2019, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Dhruv Vikram debuts as a singer in Adithya Varma! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhruv-vikram-debuts-as-a-singer-in-adithya-varma-news-tamil-tiolVUabajcfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814120821/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhruv-vikram-debuts-as-a-singer-in-adithya-varma-news-tamil-tiolVUabajcfe.html |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2019 |title=Dhruv Vikram to celebrate his birthday by releasing a single from Adithya Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dhruv-vikram-to-celebrate-his-birthday-by-releasing-a-single-from-adithya-varma/articleshow/71244076.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213062813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dhruv-vikram-to-celebrate-his-birthday-by-releasing-a-single-from-adithya-varma/articleshow/71244076.cms |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The album in its entirety was launched on 18 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruv, Vikram at Adithya Varma audio launch |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhruv-vikram-at-adithya-varma-audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-tkxkMjhdjehda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023091729/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhruv-vikram-at-adithya-varma-audio-launch-imagegallery-kollywood-tkxkMjhdjehda.html |archive-date=23 October 2019 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> For all the songs (with the exception of "Yaen Ennai Pirindhaai"), Radhan reused the tunes from his own compositions from ''Arjun Reddy''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Sruthi |date=9 November 2019 |title=Music Review: Adithya Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-adithya-varma/articleshow/71970857.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110161834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-adithya-varma/articleshow/71970857.cms |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Adithya Varma'' was initially scheduled to release on 8 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title='Adithya Varma' to release on November 8 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adithya-varma-to-release-on-november-8-news-tamil-tjcmFMddcejhh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190902113747/https://www.sify.com/movies/adithya-varma-to-release-on-november-8-news-tamil-tjcmFMddcejhh.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In a turn of events, the makers postponed the release due to distribution problems and did not initially reveal the new release date. Later, the makers announced that the film will be released on 21 November 2019.<ref name="November 21" />

''Adithya Varma'' was given an [[A certificate]], from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], despite the makers of the film hoping it would receive a [[U/A certificate]].<ref name="November 21">{{Cite news |date=6 November 2019 |title=Dhruv Vikrams Adithya Varma gets A certificate and is all set to release on November 21 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/06/dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-postponed-to-november-21-arjun-reddy-banita-sandhu-15353.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106134027/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/06/dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-postponed-to-november-21-arjun-reddy-banita-sandhu-15353.html |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=6 November 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> E4 later pushed the film's Indian release to 22 November, a day after the worldwide release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Selvanayagam |date=13 November 2019 |title=ரிலீசுக்கு முன்பே ரசிகர்களை கலங்கடிக்கும் துருவ் விக்ரம்... 'ஆதித்ய வர்மா' படம் நவம்பர் 21ம் தேதிதான் ரிலீஸ்... ஆனால் இங்கில்லை! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/aditya-varma-release-on-21st-novemebr-q0wvrh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118032812/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/aditya-varma-release-on-21st-novemebr-q0wvrh |archive-date=18 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-18 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> Shakthi Film Factory acquired the film's Tamil Nadu distribution rights when it was titled ''Varmaa'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2019 |title='Varma': Actor Suriya launches the trailer of Bala's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varma-actor-suriya-launches-the-trailer-of-balas-next/articleshow/67456046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112081607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varma-actor-suriya-launches-the-trailer-of-balas-next/articleshow/67456046.cms |archive-date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ADITHYA VARMA CHENNAI BOX OFFICE REPORT |url=http://chennaiboxoffice.com/adithya-varma-box-office-report/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203215252/http://chennaiboxoffice.com/adithya-varma-box-office-report/ |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |website=chennaiboxoffice.com}}</ref> but E4 later acquired them for ''Adithya Varma''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=8 July 2019 |title=Adithya Varma producer weighs on why Kabir Singh's success isn't a deterrent for Dhruv Vikram's debut film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adithya-varma-producer-weighs-on-why-kabir-singhs-success-isnt-a-deterrent-for-dhruv-vikrams-debut-film-6951951.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190708043257/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adithya-varma-producer-weighs-on-why-kabir-singhs-success-isnt-a-deterrent-for-dhruv-vikrams-debut-film-6951951.html |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The film opened in 350 screens worldwide, making it the biggest for a debut hero's film, and according to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the film had made a pre-release business of {{INRConvert|16|c|lk=}}, including the theatrical, digital and satellite rights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2019-11-20 |title=How will 'Adithya Varma' fare at the box office? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adithya-varma-is-here/article30027604.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622143404/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adithya-varma-is-here/article30027604.ece |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Adithya Varma'' collected {{INRConvert|6.86|c|lk=}} during its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-28 |title=Adithya Varma tops Tamil Nadu box office; Vijay's Bigil pulls in Rs 80 cr distributor share in state |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adithya-varma-tops-tamil-nadu-box-office-vijays-bigil-pulls-in-rs-80-cr-distributor-share-in-state-7711211.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The [[teaser trailer]] for ''Varmaa'' was released on 23 September 2018. It was widely ridiculed and criticised on social media,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2018 |title=Dhruv Vikram contributes first remuneration for rebuilding Kerala |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/dhruv-vikram-contributes-first-remuneration-for-rebuilding-kerala-kerala-flood-relief-1.3169102 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190509110850/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/dhruv-vikram-contributes-first-remuneration-for-rebuilding-kerala-kerala-flood-relief-1.3169102 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> while a critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' called it "a failed attempt to remake the original".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2018 |title=Director Bala fails to bring charm of 'Arjun Reddy' in 'Varma' trailer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/23/director-bala-fails-to-bring-charm-of-arjun-reddy-in-varma-trailer-1876102.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924121347/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/sep/23/director-bala-fails-to-bring-charm-of-arjun-reddy-in-varma-trailer-1876102.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The teaser for ''Adithya Varma'' was released on 16 June 2019.<ref name="Adithya Varma teaser" /> It was positively received by a number of critics, in contrast to the teaser for ''Varmaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2019 |title=Adithya Varma teaser out: Dhruv Vikram tries his best to match up to Vijay Deverakonda in Arjun Reddy remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/adithya-varma-teaser-out-dhruv-vikram-tries-his-best-to-match-up-to-vijay-deverakonda-in-arjun-reddy-remake-1549874-2019-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190616080611/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/adithya-varma-teaser-out-dhruv-vikram-tries-his-best-to-match-up-to-vijay-deverakonda-in-arjun-reddy-remake-1549874-2019-06-16 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title='Adithya Varma' teaser: Dhruv Vikram shines in this Arjun Reddy remake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adithya-varma-teaser-dhruv-vikram-shines-in-this-arjun-reddy-remake/article27955389.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190616080408/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adithya-varma-teaser-dhruv-vikram-shines-in-this-arjun-reddy-remake/article27955389.ece |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborthy |first=Antara |date=16 June 2019 |title=Adithya Varma teaser: Dhruv Vikram plays the quintessential heartbroken lover in Arjun Reddy remake |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/adithya-varma-teaser-dhruv-vikram-plays-the-quintessential-heartbroken-lover-in-arjun-reddy-remake-5782969/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616080357/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/adithya-varma-teaser-dhruv-vikram-plays-the-quintessential-heartbroken-lover-in-arjun-reddy-remake-5782969/ |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2019 |title=Dhruv Vikram's Adithya Varma teaser is promising |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-teaser-is-promising/articleshow/69810051.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190616080110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-teaser-is-promising/articleshow/69810051.cms |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was unveiled on 19 October 2019, coinciding with the film's audio launch event.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=MQEuFT5DUeY |title=Adithya Varma | Official Trailer HD | Dhruv Vikram | Gireesaaya | E4 Entertainment |date=19 October 2019 |publisher=E4 Entertainment |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022105131/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQEuFT5DUeY |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=Dhruv Vikram's 'Adithya Varma' trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-trailer/articleshow/71700268.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404014117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruv-vikrams-adithya-varma-trailer/articleshow/71700268.cms |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film's television premiere took place on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 26 January 2020, coinciding with [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyR5vccD9M4&feature=youtu.be |title=Adithya Varma - Promo 2 {{!}} Sunday Special Movie @ 6.30pm {{!}} 26th January 2020 {{!}} Sun TV |date=23 January 2020 |language=en |publisher=Sun TV |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725023027/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyR5vccD9M4&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=25 July 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Adithya Varma'' received positive reviews from critics praising the performance of Dhruv, and the adaptation of the film from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2019 |title=Vikram gets emotional after Adithya Varma release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-gets-emotional-after-adithya-varma-release/articleshow/72184029.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124195730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-gets-emotional-after-adithya-varma-release/articleshow/72184029.cms |archive-date=24 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars rating "A well-made, if overtly faithful, remake of ''Arjun Reddy'' with Dhruv".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=22 November 2019 |title=Adithya Varma Movie Review: A well-made, if overly faithful, remake with Adithya Varma. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/adithya-varma/movie-review/72179520.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122170910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/adithya-varma/movie-review/72179520.cms |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[India Today]] gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Dhruv Vikram makes a strong debut with Adithya Varma, but the story gets repetitive if you have watched Arjun Reddy and Kabir Singh."<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Janani |date=22 November 2019 |title=Adithya Varma Movie Review: Dhruv Vikram is faithful in Arjun Reddy remake |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-is-faithful-in-arjun-reddy-remake-1621730-2019-11-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116140307/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-is-faithful-in-arjun-reddy-remake-1621730-2019-11-22 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=2020-07-11 |work=India Today}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and summarised "''Adithya Varma'' has proved that Dhruv is a super talented performer who can be the next chocolate boy of Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2019 |title=Adithya Varma review: A faithful remake in which Dhruv shines |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/adithya-varma-review-a-faithful-remake-in-which-dhruv-shines-review-tamil-tlwmdqibaacec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122102454/https://www.sify.com/movies/adithya-varma-review-a-faithful-remake-in-which-dhruv-shines-review-tamil-tlwmdqibaacec.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

[[Hindustan Times]] reviewed it as "The highlight of this faithful remake of Telugu hit Arjun Reddy is the performance of debutant Dhruv Vikram. He is refreshing and sincere as a flawed medical student."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=Adithya Varma movie review: Dhruv Vikram is earnest, sincere in this remake of Arjun Reddy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-is-earnest-sincere-in-this-remake-of-arjun-reddy/story-luO5F8m9GcwLznTX73qGEI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813114429/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-is-earnest-sincere-in-this-remake-of-arjun-reddy/story-luO5F8m9GcwLznTX73qGEI.html |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai, writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.25 out of 5 and reviewed "''Adithya Varma'' is a raw and hard-hitting film which rides on Dhruv Vikram's performance. This is a star in the making; truly, a chip off the old block."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2019-11-22 |title=Adithya Varma movie review: This hard-hitting Arjun Reddy remake rides on Dhruv Vikram's performance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adithya-varma-movie-review-this-hard-hitting-arjun-reddy-remake-rides-on-dhruv-vikrams-performance-7688471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518115507/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adithya-varma-movie-review-this-hard-hitting-arjun-reddy-remake-rides-on-dhruv-vikrams-performance-7688471.html |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stated "Dhruv Vikram shines in this faithfully-remade problematic film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=Adithya Varma movie review: Dhruv Vikram shines in this faithfully-remade problematic film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-6132021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711082844/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-6132021/ |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

S. Srivatsan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The third installment of this script still has no proper justification for the lead character's aggressiveness, despite a decent showing from Dhruv Vikram in his Tamil debut."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2019-11-22 |title='Adithya Varma' movie review: A faithful 'Arjun Reddy' remake that retains its soul, but lacks conviction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/adithya-varma-review-a-faithful-arjun-reddy-remake-that-retains-its-soul-but-lacks-conviction/article30049895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011005225/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/adithya-varma-review-a-faithful-arjun-reddy-remake-that-retains-its-soul-but-lacks-conviction/article30049895.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=2020-07-11 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "Like ''Arjun Reddy'', this is a beautifully made film. The director allows it to breathe. Ravi K Chandran doesn't romanticise the already Romantic story. Except in a few shots, his palette is neutral, natural.., the editor Vivek Harshan cuts many scenes a few frames earlier than you'd expect the “finish” (the segues are amazingly dynamic)...I don't recall the editing pattern of ''Arjun Reddy'', but these rhythms feel refreshingly new for Tamil cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2019-11-22 |title=Adithya Varma Movie Review: Dhruv Vikram Makes A Confident Debut In A Faithful, Competent, Well-Crafted Remake |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-makes-a-confident-debut-in-a-faithful-competent-well-crafted-remake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004113248/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/adithya-varma-movie-review-dhruv-vikram-makes-a-confident-debut-in-a-faithful-competent-well-crafted-remake |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=2020-01-31 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
! Nominee
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020 || [[13th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] || Best Debut – Male || rowspan="3" |[[Dhruv Vikram]]|| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2019 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115084844/http://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=2020-05-07 |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |location=India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]] Tamil|| Best Debut Actor (Male) || {{Won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 was a grand affair! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-was-a-grand-affair-imagegallery-kollywood-ubho6zdafcife.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107223714/https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-was-a-grand-affair-imagegallery-kollywood-ubho6zdafcife.html |archive-date=7 January 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 October 2020 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about depression]]
[[Category:Films about surgeons]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Dano-Mughal Treaty

2026-03-29T11:09:29Z

Flash255:

{{Infobox treaty
| name = Dano-Mughal Treaty
| long_name = Peace treaty between the Danish East India Company and the Mughal Empire
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| context = The Mughal Empire and Denmark–Norway end the [[Dano-Mughal War]]
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 1698
| location_signed = [[Bengal]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiry =
| date_expiration =
| mediators =
| negotiators = {{noflag}} Mohammed Ajumad {{flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} [[Thomas Schmertz]] {{flagicon|Denmark–Norway}} [[Andreas Andræ]]
| original_signatories =
| signatories =
| parties = {{noflag|[[Mughal Empire]]}} {{flagcountry|Denmark–Norway}}
| ratifiers =
| depositor =
| depositories =
| citations =
| language =
| languages =
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 =
| footnotes =
}}{{Short description|Treaty between the Mughal Empire and Denmark-Norway}}
The '''Dano-Mughal Treaty''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Freden med Bengalen'') was a [[peace treaty]] between the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Denmark–Norway]] ending the 56-year-long [[Dano-Mughal War]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |pages=459}}</ref>

== Treaty history ==
{{Further|Dano-Mughal War#Late phase (1669-1698)|label1=Late phase (1669-1698)}}
During the closing years of the [[17th century]], [[Denmark]] wished to reestablish its commercial presence in [[Bengal]], and they again tried to negotiate a peace.<ref name=":02" /> Despite previous decades of aggression against the Danes, the Mughals received the Danes well in 1698.<ref name=":02" /> [[Andreas Andræ]], together with [[Thomas Schmertz]], was sent to Bengal with ships, Indian servants, money, [[Product (business)|wares]], and Danish settlers and traders.<ref name=":02" /> They were able to conclude peace with the Bengali governor Mohammed Ajumadi.<ref name=":02" />

== Stipulations ==
According to the treaty, there were three stipulations:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sejerø |first=Olav |title=Mønter og skibe fra kaperkrigen |url=https://www.danskmoent.dk/artikler/oskaper.htm |website=danskmoent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Feldbæk |first=Ole |title=Kolonierne i Asien og Afrika |publisher=Politikens forlag |year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Olsen |first=Gunnar |title=Dansk Ostindien, 1616-1732 |publisher=Fremad |year=1966 |volume=II}}</ref>

* The [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India company]] abandoned all old claims.
* [[Bengal]] waived compensation for the more than 30 ships taken.
* The Danish East India company was to have all the trading rights it previously possessed, and also the right to establish a lodge at the [[Hooghly River|Hoogly river]]

Additionally, the Danes gifted the [[prince]] 15.000 [[Rupee|rupees]] and four [[Cannon|cannons]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Coolhaas |first=Ed |title=Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden van Heren XVII Der Verenigde Oostinische Compagnie |year=1960 |volume=I |location= |pages=185–205 |language=dutch}}</ref> Furthermore, the lease to a piece of land at the [[Gondalpara]], [[Hooghly River|Hoogly river]] (near [[French India|French Chandernagore]]) was to be paid for 30.000 rupees over ten years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De Dansk-Ostindiske Koloniers Historie |volume=II |pages=25}}</ref> This would later become known as [[Dannemarksnagore]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serampore var en glemt dansk koloni mens den var koloni |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/serampore-var-en-glemt-dansk-koloni-mens-den-var-koloni/ |website=Videnskab.dk|date=14 June 2023 }}</ref> where the Danes established a factory which became their basis of trading presence in Bengal.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=Da Fattiromany blev taget: En dansk Kup i Bengalen 1714 |publisher=Vikingen |year=1940 |pages=31 |language=Danish}}</ref> This would end more than 50 years of war between the two nations and reestablish Danish presence in Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Christian IV]]
| width = 200
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background colour = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
| image1 = Karel van Mander III (1606-70) - Christian IV, King of Denmark (1577-1648) - RCIN 402924 - Royal Collection.jpg
| caption1 = King Christian IV of Denmark, “''Head and Lord of the whole Company''”
}}
== Outcome and conclusion ==
{{See also|Military Revolution}}The [[Danish East India Company|Danish East India Company's]] war against the Mughal Empire is a part of the European exertion of dominance over large parts of the world, and central to early modern world historiography.<ref name=":02" /> The explanation to this European exertion mainly lay in the [[Military Revolution|military revolution]] paradigm, which states that Europeans held a crucial advantage in military technology over Asians, during the [[16th century|16th]], and [[17th century|17th centuries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=See |title=Western Arms in Maritime Asia in the Early Phases of Expansion |pages=13-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey |title=The Military Revolution: Military innovation and the rise of the West,1500-1800 |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1988 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> This supports the explanation to why Indian merchants had difficulties for resisting against Danish attacks.<ref name=":02" />

New research shows that if (or when) [[Eurasia|Eurasian]] governments choose to adopt a commercial oriented naval force, they could quickly incorporate the needed military technologies and strategies for defeating [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] in naval combat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=The Western Encounter with Islam |year=2004 |pages=48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |title=Did Zheng Chenggong Need a Drunk German’s Help to Capture the Dutch Colony of Taiwan? |publisher=Revista de Cultura |year=2008 |pages=56-76}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

The [[Dano-Mughal War]] well illustrates the differences between the governmental relationships to maritime commerce and violence.<ref name=":02" /> By all measures Denmark was small and poor compared to the Mughal Empire.<ref name=":02" /> Yet the Danish monarchy, under [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]], was willing to exercise state power and protect seaborne commerce. Christian offered unconditional support to his East Indian company, never wanting to reliquidate it, despite serious losses.<ref name=":02" /> The Mughals in contrary, were not among the Asian powers that choose to adopt a strategy of using naval force for commercial gains and had a less direct relation and support for their merchants as that of the Danes.<ref name=":02" />

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Danish East India Company}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}
* {{Annotated link|Danish India}}
* {{Annotated link|Dannemarksnagore}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Treaties of Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Danish India]]

Chithralaya Gopu

2026-03-28T15:22:03Z

Flash255:

{{short description|Indian screenwriter and director (born 1931)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitralaya Gopu
| image = Chitralaya Gopu 2015.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Gopu at the play "Chocolate Krishna" in 2015
| birth_name = Sadagopan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1931|7|02}}<ref name="death1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article413724.ece |title=Happy 80th birthday, Chitralaya Gopu! |date=2 July 2011 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223183851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article413724.ece |archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer, director
| yearsactive = 1959–1990
| spouse = Kamala
| children = 4
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Sadagopan''' (better known as '''Chitralaya Gopu''') is an Indian screenwriter and director who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has written nearly 60 films, and directed 27 of them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/happy-80th-birthday-chitralaya-gopu/164294-60-120.html |title=Happy 80th birthday, Chitralaya Gopu! |date=4 July 2011 |website=[[IBN Live]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141209142349/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/happy-80th-birthday-chitralaya-gopu/164294-60-120.html |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> He scripted dramatic films such as ''[[Moondru Dheivangal]]'' and ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'' and comedies such as ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'', ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'', ''[[Patti Sollai Thattathe]]'' and ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-relaxed-mood-Chitralaya-Gopu/article16815321.ece |title=In relaxed mood – 'Chitralaya' Gopu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2010-02-18 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206082228/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-relaxed-mood-Chitralaya-Gopu/article16815321.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
[[C. V. Sridhar]] and Sadagopan were childhood friends since their schooldays in St. Joseph's High School, [[Chengalpattu]].<ref name="Sridhar">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/film-director-sridhar-dead/article1361013.ece |title=Veteran film director Sridhar dead |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=21 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316051717/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/21/stories/2008102154260400.htm |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> Both were playwrights; Sridhar wrote stage plays and played the hero while Sadagopan wrote the humorous parts and played the comedian.<ref name="Reminiscence">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Looking-back-with-a-smile/article15938930.ece |title=Looking back with a smile |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 July 2009 |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316061749/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/looking-back-with-a-smile/article659092.ece |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> Later, when Sridhar had the opportunity to direct a film, he asked Sadagopan to join him and produce the comedy track.<ref name="Chithralaya">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112014160200.htm |title='Chithralaya' Gopu, proprietor of Mannar & Co, Oho Productions |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=20 November 2005 |access-date=6 February 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316060216/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112014160200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Heaven">{{Cite news |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2010/11/24/stories/2010112450090100.htm |title=Memories of Madras: Heaven on earth |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anusha |date=24 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316053322/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2010/11/24/stories/2010112450090100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> The film ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' (1959) was a hit and Sridhar started his own production house, [[Chitralaya]].<ref name="Sridhar" /><ref name="Cult">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200810210329.htm |title=Sridhar – The man with the midas touch |date=21 October 2008 |work=The Hindu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316051219/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200810210329.htm |archive-date=16 March 2014 |agency=PTI}}</ref> Sadagopan became popularly known as 'Chitralaya' Gopu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/mar/03/thamizh-talkies-when-the-pen-isnt-thought-to-be-mighty-10355.html |title=Thamizh Talkies: When the pen isn't thought to be mighty |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=3 March 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206112234/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/mar/03/thamizh-talkies-when-the-pen-isnt-thought-to-be-mighty-10355.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He received the Kalaimamani Award from Chief Minister, Jayalalithaa in 1992.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

He directed and acted in television forays, such as ''Washingtonil Thirumanam'', which was shot in the U.S.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

== Personal life ==
Gopu is married to Kamala, a novelist.<ref name="Reminiscence" /> They have four sons.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/fathima-babuditrected-thaarama-tallyaa-was-impressive/article8253010.ece |title=An account of family ties |last=Balasubramanian |first=V. |date=18 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817060931/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/fathima-babuditrected-thaarama-tallyaa-was-impressive/article8253010.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/Gopu-is-Gold-29-06-12.html |title=Gopu Is Gold |last=Rekhs |date=29 June 2012 |website=Behindwoods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200206112346/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/Gopu-is-Gold-29-06-12.html |archive-date=6 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:160px;"| Film
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:250px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width=65 | Writer
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Kalyana Parisu]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Kalai Kovil]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Pyar Kiye Jaa]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Remake of ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Kodimalar]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Nenjirukkum Varai (1967 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Ooty Varai Uravu]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Anubavam Pudhumai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Veettuku Veedu]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Moondru Deivangal]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Sumathi En Sundari]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Athaiya Mamiya]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Penn Ondru Kanden]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Galate Samsara]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Kalamadi Kalam'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Rasi Nalla Rasi'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Alankari'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Aasaikku Vayasillai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Dhairyalakshmi'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Raja Veettu Kannukkutty]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Thanga Mama 3D]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Vellai Manasu'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Thendrale Ennai Thodu]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Dilli Babu'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Last film<ref name="Reminiscence" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1367024}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopu, Chitralaya}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

M. A. G. Osmani

2026-03-27T01:49:28Z

Flash255: updated page

{{Short description|Bangladeshi military general & revolutionary (1918–1984)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Bangladesh)|General]]
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani
| native_name = {{no bold|মোহাম্মদ আতাউল গনী ওসমানী}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = M. A. G. Osmani Photo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = 1st [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Commander-in-Chief of Bangladesh Army]]
| president = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]
| primeminister = [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
| successor = [[K. M. Shafiullah]] {{small|(as Chief of Army Staff)}}
| term_start = 12 April 1971
| term_end = 6 April 1972
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1918|9|01}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1984|2|16|1918|9|01}}
| birth_place = [[Sunamganj]], [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[London]], United Kingdom
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| nickname = ''Bangabir''
| awards = [[File:Independence Award Ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Independence Award]]
| resting_place = [[Shah Jalal Dargah Cemetery]] [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
| office1 = [[Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology|Minister of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology]]
| term_start1 = 16 March 1973
| term_end1 = 7 April 1974
| predecessor1 = [[Mollah Jalaluddin Ahmed]]
| successor1 = [[KM Obaidur Rahman]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Shipping (Bangladesh)|Minister of Ports Shipping and IWT]]
| term_start2 = 13 April 1972
| term_end2 = 7 April 1974
| predecessor2 = ''Position Established''
| successor2 = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| termstart3 = 7 March 1973
| termend3 = 24 January 1975
| predecessor3 = ''Position Established''
| successor3 = [[Muhammad Ashraf Ali]]
| constituency3 = [[Sylhet-6]]
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1939–1947) {{PAK}} (1947–1967) {{flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] (1971–1972)
| branch = {{ubl|{{army|British India}}
|{{army|Pakistan}}|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} [[Mukti Bahini]]|{{army|Bangladesh}}}}
| serviceyears = 1939–1967, 1971–1972
| unit = [[Indian Army Service Corps]] [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]] [[East Bengal Regiment]]
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-9.svg|20px]] [[General (Bangladesh)|General]] [[File:BD Army General Star Plate.svg|30px]]
| commands = *Commander-in-Chief of [[Mukti Bahini]]
* Commandant of [[East Bengal Regimental Centre]]
* CO of [[Senior Tigers|1st East Bengal Regiment]]
* CO of [[14th Punjab Regiment]]
* CO of [[East Pakistan Rifles]]
* Military Operations Directorate of the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
* [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[1972 Bangladesh Rifles mutiny]]
* [[3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état|First Siege of Dhaka]]
{{tree list/end}}
| party = Jatiya Janata Party
| otherparty = {{Color box|{{party color|Awami League}}|border=darkgray}} [[Awami League|Bangladesh Awami League]]
| alma_mater = [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Indian Military Academy]]
}}

'''Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani'''{{efn|[[Bir Uttom|BU]], [[Psc (military)|psc]]}}{{efn|{{langx|bn|মুহাম্মদ আতাউল গনী ওসমানী}}}} (1 September 1918 – 16 February 1984) was a Bangladeshi [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]], revolutionary and politician. His military career spanned three decades, beginning with his service in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1939. He fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] during [[World War II]], and after the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he joined the [[Pakistan Army]] and served in the [[East Bengal Regiment]], retiring as a [[colonel]] in 1967. Osmani joined the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] in 1971 as the [[commander-in-chief]] of the nascent [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]]. Regarded as the founder of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]], Osmani retired as a [[four star rank|four star general]] from the [[Bangladesh Army]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.army.mil.bd/List-of-Chief-of-Army-Staff |title=List of Chief of Army Staff|website=[[Bangladesh Army]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222231022/https://www.army.mil.bd/List-of-Chief-of-Army-Staff |archive-date=22 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/the-man-who-inspired-us-during-war-1456906|title=The man who inspired us during war|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=September 2017}}</ref>

Osmani entered politics in independent Bangladesh, serving as a member of parliament and [[cabinet minister]] in the government of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. Along with [[Mainul Hosein]], he resigned from parliament in opposition to the creation of the one party state of [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]. He advised the government on restoring the chain of command in the military after the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|15 August coup]]. He contested the [[1978 Bangladeshi presidential election]] against [[Ziaur Rahman]]. Osmani died in London in 1984 and was buried in his hometown [[Sylhet]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/remembering-our-hero-11040 | title=Remembering our Hero | date=14 February 2014 |work=The Daily Star}}</ref>
{{toclimit|3}}

==Early life==
Osmani was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] landowning family in [[Sunamganj]], Sylhet, [[Assam Province]], [[British India]], on 1 September 1918. He was a descendant of Shah Nizamuddin Osmani, a 14th-century associate of [[Shah Jalal]]. His Home village is in [[Dayamir Union]] within [[Osmani Nagar Upazila]] of [[Sylhet District]].

Osmani attended Cotton School in [[Sylhet]], matriculating at [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School]] in 1934. He studied English and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/13-history-of-bangladesh/biography/239-muhammad-ataul-ghani-osmani-bangabir-summary-biography-of-muslim-and-bengali|title=Muhammad Ataul Ghani (M. A. G.) Osmani (Bangabir)|website=Londoni}}</ref> He won the Pritoria Prize for excellence in English.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p238">{{cite book |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |year=2011 |title=Misrakathana |publisher=Ananyā |location=Dhaka |language=bn |oclc=755214448 |page=238}}</ref> Osmani studied [[geography]] at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and graduated in 1938. He enrolled as a cadet at the [[Indian Military Academy]] the following year.

==Military career==
When he joined the [[British Indian Army]], Osmani was a member of the 4th Urban Infantry ([[Indian Territorial Force]] unit) from 1939 to 1940 while he was a university student.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p238"/> On 5 October 1940, he received a regular commission as a [[second lieutenant]] in the British Indian Army's Royal [[Indian Army Service Corps]] (RIASC).<ref name="Indian_Army_List_41">{{cite book|pages=1000|title=Indian Army List for July 1941|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1941}}</ref> Osmani was initially attached to the 2nd Battalion, [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington Regiment]], which was tasked with a New Delhi depot.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=241}}</ref> After he completed the Short Mechanical Transport Course (November 1940 - February 1941) and Junior Tactical Course (February - April 1941), he was attached to a mechanical transport battalion of the [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Corps]] and posted to Burma during [[World War II]].<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p128">{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=128}}</ref>

===British Indian Army (1941–1947)===
Osmani was promoted to the ranks of war-substantive lieutenant and temporary captain on 17 February 1941.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=328A|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref> He received a battlefield promotion to acting major on 23 February 1942, with further promotions to war-substantive captain (temporary major) on 23 May.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/> Between 1941 and 1945, he held the posts of platoon commander, battalion adjutant, company [[Second-in-command|2IC]] and battalion commander. From November 1944 to February 1945, Osmani was a grade-two general staff officer at his formation headquarters, completing the Senior Officers Course after the war.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239">{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=239}}</ref>

He was attached to British Indian Army HQ Bihar and ODisha Area from May to July 1946. On 13 July 1946, Osmani was granted a regular commission in the British Indian Army, with a promotion to substantive captain on 5 October 1946.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=268|title=Indian Army List-Special Edition (August 1947)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref> He subsequently completed the Senior Officers Course in February 1947, and was promoted to local [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="Islam p18">Akthar Ul Islam, Sheikh, ''Sadhinota Judher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmany'' p. 18, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> He was posted to British Indian Army GHQ in [[Shimla|Simla]] in the Quartermaster General and Ordnance Branches until August 1947. From August to 6 October 1947 he served as GSO-2 at the HQ of [[Claude Auchinleck]] in New Delhi. Although Osmani had passed the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] examination, he declined a foreign-service position in 1947 to remain with the Pakistan Army.<ref name="Islam p18"/> He witnessed the end of the British Indian Army, representing Pakistan during the division of army assets between India and Pakistan.<ref name="General Osmany p128">''General Osmany'' p.128</ref>

==={{anchor|Career in the Pakistani Army}}Pakistan Army===
After India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947, Osmani joined the Pakistan Army on 7 October 1947. He was promoted to acting lieutenant colonel on 7 January 1948. He was assigned to general-staff headquarters as GSO-1, Coordination, Planning and Personnel.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239"/>

Osmani attended the Long Term Staff Course at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]], [[Quetta]], Pakistan and served with [[Yahya Khan]], [[Tikka Khan]] and [[A. A. K. Niazi]], all of whom led the Pakistan Army against his Bangladesh forces in 1971. After completing the course, Osmani joined the staff of army chief of staff Reginald Hutton in January 1949 and (as chair of a committee tasked by [[Douglas Gracey]] to evaluate army enlistment standards) recommended the establishment of cadet colleges in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Islam p18"/> He later became an assistant [[adjutant general]].

===={{anchor|Joining the Infantry Arm}}Infantry====
After serving as a staff officer for eight years, Osmani joined the Pakistan Army infantry. With a rank of major and after induction training, he joined the 5/14 Punjab. He was posted as 2IC and company commander of the 5th Punjab Battalion of the [[14th Punjab Regiment]], part of a brigade commanded by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], in 1950. Osmani became commander of the 105th Brigade Training Team in January 1951 and commander of the 5/14 Punjab in May, followed by a four-month tour of duty in Kashmir and [[Waziristan]].<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239"/><ref>Hamid, Lt. Col. (ret.) Muhammad A., ''Felay Asha Shainik Jiban'' p42, {{ISBN|984-412-099-3}}</ref>

Osmani disagreed with [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] Gen. Ayub Khan<ref>Siddiqi, Brig Gen. (ret.) A.R., ''The Military in Pakistan Image and Reality'' Chapter 1</ref> over the treatment of [[Ishfakul Majid]], the senior Bengali army officer in who was falsely accused in the [[Rawalpindi conspiracy]] and forced to resign.<ref>Khan, Maj Gen. (ret.) Fazal Muqeem, ''Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership'' p45, p94,</ref> In August 1951, Osmani left 5/14 Punjab and was posted as third CO of the 1st [[East Bengal Regiment]], the first Bengali to hold the post, in October.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |year=1999 |script-title=bn:সেনাবাহিনীর অভ্যন্তরে আটাশ বছর |title=Senābāhinīra abhyantare āṭāśa bachara |trans-title=Twenty-eight years inside the army |location=Dhaka |publisher=Mowla Brothers |language=bn |page=20 |oclc=42761824}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Tour of duty in East Pakistan (1950–1956)}}East Pakistan (1950–1956)====
Osmani became the CO of the 1st East Bengal Regiment, stationed in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] as part of the 107th Brigade, on 8 November 1951. He chose Bengali songs for regimental marching and its band ("Chol Chol Chol" by Kazi Nazrul Islam, "Gram Chara oi ranga matir poth" by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and ''Dhono Dhanne Pushpe Bhora'' by D.L. Roy), and the ''Brotochari'' (introduced by Gurusaday Dutta) became the regimental dance.<ref>Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, ''O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany)'', p 62, {{ISBN|978-984-8866-18-4}}</ref> Osmani ordered his NCOs to submit daily situation reports in Bangla.<ref name="General Osmany' p90">''General Osmany'', Peer, M. Ataur Rahman, p. 90</ref> This display of Bengali culture was frowned on by his Punjabi superiors,<ref>Akthar Ul Islam, Sheikh, ''Sadhinota Juddher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmany'' p. 20, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> who disliked the adoption of what they saw as [[Hindu]] culture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anam |first1=Tahmima |title=Robindronath Tagore's legacy lies in the freedom-seeking women of his fiction|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/rabindranath-tagores-legacy-lies-in-the-freedomseeking-women-of-his-fiction-2279473.html |work=The Independent |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Osmani was commandant of the East Bengal Regimental Centre in Chittagong from February 1953 to January 1955.

He commanded the 107th Brigade in Jessore from April to October 1953 (when he was promoted to major), rejoining 1 EBR as CO until February 1954. After Osmani completed the GHQ law course and left the EBRC, he became an additional commandant (later deputy director) of the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] under the provincial government of East Bengal in March 1955.<ref name="General Osmany' p90"/> In the EBR, he expanded the recruitment of non-Bengali minority groups and ended recruiting from West Pakistan.<ref>''General Osmany'', Peer, M. Ataur Rahman, p. 101</ref>

==={{anchor|Last post: Staff Officer GHQ Pakistan}}GHQ Pakistan===
Osmani was promoted to lieutenant colonel and became a senior advisor at [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] headquarters in Baghdad as part of the Pakistan military delegation from December 1955 to May 1956. He was promoted to acting colonel in May 1956, joining the Pakistan Army GHQ at [[Rawalpindi]] as deputy director for military operations (DDMO).<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239"/> In August and September 1957 he served as an acting brigadier, serving as DDMO until May 1966. Osmani received the permanent rank of colonel in 1961, and received advanced weapons training in the United States three years later. He served under [[Gul Hassan Khan]] in 1964, who felt that Osmani had been passed over for promotion. Khan allowed him to focus on the Bengal regiments.<ref>Hassan Khan, Lt. General Gul, 'Memories of Lt. General Gul Hassan', pp. 265-267, {{ISBN|0-19-547329-9}} | Bengali Translation: 'Pakistan Jokhon Bhanglo' University Press Ltd. 1996 {{ISBN|984-05-0156-9}}</ref>

By 1958 Osmani was deputy director of the general staff and then deputy director of military operations under [[Yahya Khan]], a position he held until his retirement eight years later. Although he reached the rank of colonel in the first decade of his career, during the next decade he did not receive a promotion. During Osmani's tenure as DDMO in the General Staff Branch, he was a Pakistan Army advisor at CENTO, [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] and Pakistan Air Defence Committee meetings.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=242}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Bengali soldier recruitment bottleneck}}Bengali recruitment bottleneck====
Pakistan mustered six infantry divisions and one armoured brigade after the division of the British Indian army in 1947. These formations were neither fully equipped nor staffed. The number of Bengali officers and soldiers in the Pakistan armed forces was small, due to the British preference for recruiting from the [[martial race]]s and the departure of many non-Muslim Bengali personnel for the Indian Army. The Pakistan Army raised two battalions of the East Bengal Regiment from 1947 to 1950, and [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab regiments]] were inherited from the British Indian Army. The [[Azad Kashmir Regiment]] was created soon after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].

When Osmani joined GHQ in 1956, three East Bengal regiments and the East Bengal Regimental Centre (EBRC) were part of the Pakistan Army. Over the next nine years the number of Punjab Regiment battalions grew (reorganised in 1956) and reached almost 50, the [[Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force]] and [[Baloch Regiment|Baluch Regiments]] grew. Many senior army officers believed in the martial-race theory, and considered Bengalis "poor" military material. Pakistani officers favoured mixed regiments over Bengali ones and some officers felt that increasing the number of Bengali formations threatened Army unity.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'' p10, {{ISBN|984-05-1373-7}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Role in the 1965 War}}Role in 1965 war====
Osmani was sidelined by the Pakistani generals, despite his service as DDMO during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Instead he devoted himself to the East Bengal regiments. He complained that the Pakistani press suppressed the contributions of his 1st Bengal unit, which was posted in [[Kasur]] during the war.<ref>Siddiqi, Brig. (ret.) A. R., ''The Military in Pakistan: Image and Reality'', p. 110, {{ISBN|9694022827}}</ref> Successive Bengali and non-Bengali COs of the 1 EBR built on Osmani's foundation, and under the command of A. T. K. Haque its battalion received 17 awards for gallantry (including two [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]s and nine [[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]s)—the largest number of awards of any Pakistan unit in the war. When Osmani visited the unit and recommended a [[Nishan-e-Haider]] for a member, he was reportedly furious when the battalion CO disregarded his recommendation.<ref>Siddiqi, Brig. (ret.) A. R., ''The Military in Pakistan: Image and Reality'' p. 135, {{ISBN|9694022827}}</ref> He organised Bengal regimental reunions, seizing every opportunity to enhance the reputation of Bengali units.

After the war, Osmani chaired the committee tasked with determining future army-reserve and logistical requirements and was president of the Army Sports Control Board from July 1965 to April 1966. On 16 May 1966, he went on leave prior to retirement (LPR).{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Osmani's successor as DDMO was [[Rao Farman Ali]]. Ali wrote that he was horrified at Osmani's treatment by the army; his office was run-down, Osmani was kept out of the loop and office employees treated him with disdain. Osmani was not promoted, perhaps, according to Ali, because he was Bengali and deemed untrustworthy by the high command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Rao Farman Ali |author-link=Rao Farman Ali |year=1992 |title=How Pakistan Got Divided |location=Lahore |publisher=Jang Publishers |page=18 |oclc=28547552}}</ref>

===Retirement and continued influence===
Osmani retired from the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] on 16 February 1967. Although he had failed to increase the number of Bengal regiments, the Pakistani high command (at the recommendation of Maj. Gen. [[Khwaja Wasiuddin]]) put the existing regiments through a battery of exercises in West Pakistan to test their adaptability and combat readiness. The evaluator of the exercises said the Bengali units performed well, their pride in representing East Pakistan a component of their success, and opposed their replacement with mixed regiments.

The Pakistani high command did not increase the number of Bengali units until 1969, when (after a pledge by Yahya Khan) the number of Bengal Regiment battalions were increased to 10 and all new units were ordered to ensure a minimum 25-percent annual Bengali representation among their recruits.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'' p. 10, {{ISBN|984-05-1373-7}}</ref> Osmani, known as "Papa Tiger", was revered by the Bengali troops because of his efforts on their behalf. Although he was not the senior-most Bengali officer ([[Ishfakul Majid]], commissioned out of Sandhurst in 1924, was older) and did not reach the highest Bengali rank in the Pakistani army (as did Lt. General Khwaja Wasiuddin), Osmani, Wasiuddin and [[Mahmudur Rahman Majumdar|M. R. Majumdar]] were patrons of the Bengali troops.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'' p. 11</ref>

=={{anchor|Entry into politics}}Political activity==
Osmani was not directly involved in the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]]. Those involved sought his opinion through Khandker Nazmul Huda (Accused No. 27, sub-sector commander of the [[Bangladesh Forces|BDF]] in 1971 and a Bangladesh Army colonel in 1975), and Osmani recommended a political solution for the discrimination faced by Bengalis in Pakistan.<ref>Ali, Col (ret.) Shawkat, ''Satya Mamla Agartala'' p109, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-60-9}}</ref> He had been questioned in 1958, before the trials began, on issues related to the case.<ref>Ali, Col (ret.) Shawkat, ''Satya Mamla Agartala'' p189, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-60-9}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Awami League Candidate}}Awami League candidate===
After his retirement Osmani entered East Pakistani politics, joining [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] in 1970. As an [[Awami League]] candidate, he was elected to the national assembly from the [[Balaganj]]-[[Fenchuganj Upazila]] area of Sylhet. Osmani did not serve as a Pakistani MNA, because after the beginning of the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] he joined its provisional government.

=={{anchor|Leadership during Bangladesh War of Independence|Role in Bangladesh Liberation War|Resignation}}Bangladesh War of Independence==
[[File:March71.PNG|325px|right|thumb|alt=Military map of Bangladesh|Pakistani and Bengali units on 25 March 1971, during [[Operation Searchlight]]; some unit locations are not shown.]]

Osmani and Ishfakul Majid formed part of the military advisory team for the Awami League leadership in 1971. As the political crisis deepened in March, many Bengali officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces looked to Bengali politicians for guidance and Osmani coordinated the clandestine meetings. Bengali military officers, alarmed by the build-up of Pakistani forces and concerned about their own safety,<ref>Shamsul Arefin, Maj. (ret.) A.S.M, ''History, Standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p3, {{ISBN|984-05-0146-1}}</ref><ref>Ahmad, Col. (ret.) Oli, ''Revolution Military Personnel and The War of Liberation in Bangladesh'' p115-125, {{ISBN|978-3838393421}}</ref><ref name="Khandker, Air Vice Marsha p7">Khandker, Air Vice Marsha (ret.) A.K, Moyeedul Hasan, Mirza, Wing Commander (ret.) S.R., ''Muktijuddher Purbapar'' p. 7, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-22-7}}</ref> maintained contact with Rahman;<ref>Shamsul Arefin, Maj. (ret.) A.S.M, ''History, Standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p. 4, {{ISBN|984-05-0146-1}}</ref> some maintained contact with Awami League leaders through Osmani, who reportedly agreed to coordinate the activities of Bengali units.<ref>Ahmad, Col. (ret.) Oli, ''Revolution Military Personnel and The War of Liberation in Bangladesh'' p. 125, {{ISBN|978-3838393421}}</ref> Toeing the party line, he advised the officers (including M. R. Mazunder, Chittagong martial-law administrator and Rezaul Jalil, CO of the 1st EBR) against "rash" actions.<ref name="Khandker, Air Vice Marsha p7"/>

==={{anchor|Planned preemptive strike}}Operation Searchlight===
Before the crackdown the student and youth wings of the Awami League set up training camps and trained volunteers with Bengali helpers and student cadets. The league leadership declared independence on 7 March 1971. Bengali ex-servicemen held rallies supporting independence; officers and troops kept abreast of the political situation in East Pakistan, which was becoming uncertain and confrontational. Majid and Osmani reportedly designed a military plan of action:<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p64">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p64</ref> capture the Dhaka airport and Chittagong seaport, sealing off the province. The EPR and police would capture Dhaka, aided by Awami League volunteers, and cantonments would be neutralised by Bengali soldiers. Bengali officers advised sabotaging the fuel dumps at [[Narayanganj]] and Chittagong to ground Pakistani air power and cripple armed-force mobility.

The Awami League leadership, attempting a political solution,<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p64"/> did not endorse action or preparation for conflict by Bengali soldiers before the crackdown. Warnings by Bengali officers that the Pakistan Army was preparing to strike were ignored, and junior Bengali officers were told by their superiors to be prudent and avoid political issues.

The Pakistan Army caught the Bengali political leadership and soldiers by surprise. Resistance to [[Operation Searchlight]] was spontaneous and disorganised,{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} and nearly all the Awami League leadership fled to Calcutta.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1992|p=99}}</ref> Bengali soldiers were largely unaware of the larger situation; many units performed routine duties as late as 31 March, rebelling only under Pakistani attack. A general amnesty for Bengali troops suggested by Pakistani generals on 31 March was ignored.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} [[Group Captain]] [[A. K. Khandker|A.K. Khandkar]] witnessed the departure of Yahya and warned Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Pakistani troop movements.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p70">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p70</ref><ref>Khandker, Air Vice Marsha (ret.) A.K, ''1971 Bhetore Baire'' p40-41, {{ISBN|978-984-90747-4-8}}</ref><ref>Khandker, Air Vice Marshal (ret.) A.K, Moyeedul Hasan, Mirza, Wing Commander (ret.) S.R., ''Muktijuddher Purbapar'' p15-18, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-22-7}}</ref> His 26 March declaration of independence was largely unnoticed.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p75</ref> No countrywide communication reached Bengali soldiers to begin the uprising; they rebelled when they were attacked or heard news of the Pakistani attack.

Osmani was at the home of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman when Bengali officers informed Awami League leaders of Yahya Khan's departure and the army movements.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p70"/> After Rahman refused to go into hiding, Osmani hid in Dhaka until 29 March, shaved off his moustache (he was known as "the man attached to a moustache")<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p12</ref> and left for the Indian border. He went to Jingira, then by boat to Daudkandi (where suspicious residents detained him before the brother of the local member of parliament helped free him).<ref>Pir, M. Ataur Rahman, ''Revolution Military Personnel and The War of Liberation in Bangladesh'' p. 128, {{ISBN|978-3838393421}}</ref> Osmani walked and crossed the Gomoti by boat (with the help of a Bengali army signal corps officer),<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p. 29, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> reaching India by 2 April 1971.

===Meetings at Teliapara===
Osmani arrived at Teliapara, where the 2nd and 4th [[East Bengal Regiment]]s (EBR) established a temporary base with a member of the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] on 2 April 1971. He held a meeting of Bengali officers on 4 April, attended by M. A. Rab, 2 EBR CO K. M. Shafiullah, 4 EBR CO Khaled Musharraf, 8 EBR CO Ziaur Rahman, Salahuddin Reza, Qazi Nurujjaman and Shafat Jamil. Osmani proposed that the 2nd and 4th EBR occupy [[Comilla|Cumilla]], and asked Jaman to formulate a fire plan. After objections by other officers that the battalions would incur crippling losses, the proposal was dropped.<ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p35, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref>
Zia proposed that all available forces surround Chittagong, to hold the area as long as possible; this idea was also dropped as impractical.<ref name="Noor-Ujjaman, Col p30">Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p30, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> The commanders agreed to send two companies (one each from 2 and 4 EBR) to aid the 8th EBR under [[Ziaur Rahman]].

Four sector commanders were appointed: [[Khaled Musharraf]], [[K M Shafiullah]], Abu Osman Chowdhury and Salahuddin Reza.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Safiullah |first1=K. M. |author1-link=K. M. Shafiullah |title=Bangladesh at War |year=1989 |publisher=Academic Publishers |oclc=24300969 |page=76}}</ref> On 7 April, Osmani instructed Q. N. Jaman to oversee operations in Sylhet.<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p35, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> The officers agreed that a [[government in exile]] should be formed, with the Bengali forces under its authority.

Osmani toured Mukti Bahini positions in Sylhet, and on 9 April he visited Aziz with 2 EBR Charlie Company near Sylhet.<ref>Akthar Ul Islam, Sheikh, ''Sadhinota Juddher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmani'' p195, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> That day another conference took place, attended by Director General Rustomji of the BSF and Bengali officers. At the meeting Osmani was elected commander of Bengali forces,<ref>Rafikul Islam, Major (ret.) PSc.(ret.), ''Muktijuddher Itihas'' p189, {{ISBN|984-437-086-8}}</ref> and an agreement was reached with Indian officers on logistical assistance. The need to form a Government in exile was agreed, to distinguish the struggle from a mere military revolt.<ref name="Noor-Ujjaman, Col p30"/> The conference abruptly adjourned when Osmani left after he heard that five [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] jets were inbound.<ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p39, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref><ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p31-32, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> The following day, three more sector commanders were appointed: Nazmul Huq (Rajshahi-Pabna) and captains for Rangpur-Dinajpur and Barisal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Safiullah |first1=K. M. |author1-link=K. M. Shafiullah |title=Bangladesh at War |year=1989 |publisher=Academic Publishers |oclc=24300969 |pages=101}}</ref> The Pakistan Army appointed A. A. K. Niazi [[General officer commanding|GOC]] for East Pakistan the same day. On 12 April, the Bengali government in exile at Agartola appointed Osmani commander of the [[Mukti Bahini]]. With the formation of the Bangladesh government on 17 April 1971, he was reinstated to active duty and appointed commander-in-chief.
[[File:M A G Osmani.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of M.A.G. Osmani at [[Mujibnagar]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]]]

==={{anchor|Initial Activities as the Commander-in-Chief}}Early activities as commander-in-chief===
[[File:March71b2.PNG|300px|right|thumb|Operation Searchlight: Pakistan army operation 10 April  - 19 June. Not to scale; some troop movements and locations are indicative only.]]

Osmani took command of the Mukhti Bahini after 17 April 1971. Since the Bengali forces were geographically isolated and lacked command staffs and a communications network, real-time command was impossible. Osmani allowed the sector commanders to fight as they saw fit, while he toured the sectors and met with Indian officials in New Delhi and [[Kolkata]] concerning weapons and communications. Although India did not offer material aid, it helped design Mukhti Bahini structure and expressed the possibility of future Indian intervention.

The Bengalis put up an unexpectedly stiff resistance, derailing the initial Pakistani estimate of pacifying East Pakistan by 10 April. Their initial success was unsustainable. They began experiencing a lack of trained men, officers, coordination, a central command structure and supplies (despite some aid from the BSF) although most of the country was still free of Pakistani control. The Pakistani Army airlifted its 9th and 16th Infantry Divisions to Bangladesh by 10 April, and was poised to seize the initiative. [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], after a briefing by the departing East Pakistan GOC, implemented a strategy<ref>Niazi, Lt. Gen. A.A.K, ''The Betryal of East Pakistan'', p92-93</ref> to clear all large cities of insurgents and secure Chittagong; to control and open all river, road and rail networks; to drive the insurgents away from the country's interior, and to launch combing operations across Bangladesh to wipe out the insurgency.

Bengali field commanders adopted a strategy of "holding as much area for as long as possible".<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p147, p174</ref> The Bengali political leadership hoped to keep the Pakistanis confined to the cities, while the government in exile sought diplomatic recognition and the resistance prepared for guerrilla warfare<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p147</ref> and awaited expected Indian military intervention.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 1971'', p53, note 67, {{ISBN|984-05-0121-6}}</ref>

===Indian involvement===
After the crackdown, [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] met with Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 3 April and requested additional aid.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 1971'', p11-14</ref> BSF was offering limited aid to the resistance.<ref name="Jacob p36-37">Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p36-37</ref>

Although some Bengali leaders and Indian officers expected prompt Indian military intervention,<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p53">Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 1971'', p53 note-67</ref> Sam Manekshaw explained to the Indian cabinet that the army's [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] would not be ready until 15 November at the earliest.<ref name="Jacob p36-37"/><ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p181-183</ref> The Indian government chose involvement over intervention; Eastern Command took over East Pakistan operations on 29 April, and on 15 May it launched [[Operation Jackpot]] to arm, train, equip, supply and advise the Mukti Bahini. An Indian diplomat told Osmani that an expectation of Indian armed intervention in April was unrealistic.<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p53"/>

==={{anchor|Rebuilding the Bangladesh Force (BDF)}}Rebuilding the Mukti Bahini===
[[File:TRK ¼ Ton 4×4 Kaiser Willis Jeep Wagoner.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Kaiser Jeep]] wagon used by Osmani to visit the front during the war]]

From April to June Osmani toured to boost morale and gather information, meeting with his Indian counterparts and setting up the Bangladeshi command structure. The Indian Army launched Operation Jackpot; by mid-June Bengali soldiers were driven into India, developing the infrastructure for a sustained, coordinated guerrilla campaign. Although the Bengali high command had begun to rebuild and redeploy Mukti Bahini units in mid-May,<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p. 211</ref> in June and July, Mukti Bahini activity slacked off and the insurgency faltered.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p100">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p100</ref> Running the war was difficult because of the shortage of trained officers. From 17,000 active-duty Bengali soldiers (Army and EPR) who faced Pakistan on 25 March 1971, about 4,000 were taken prisoner.<ref>Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, Part I, Chapter VI, para II</ref>

A sector coordinators' conference, chaired by Prime Minister [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], was held by the government in exile from 10 to 15 July. Osmani was absent on the first day of the conference, since he had resigned as commander-in-chief the previous day.<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p50">Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p50</ref> A group of Bengali officers had discussed the creation of a war council, with the senior army officers as members. The plan, presented by Q. N. Zaman<ref name="Shafiullah, Maj p161-162">{{cite book |last1=Safiullah |first1=K. M. |author1-link=K. M. Shafiullah |title=Bangladesh at War |year=1989 |publisher=Academic Publishers |oclc=24300969 |page=154}}</ref> and supported by Ziaur Rahman, was for a separate operational wing to run the war and lessen the burden on Osmani. Osmani, possibly misinterpreting its intent, resigned,<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p50"/> but returned to his post the following day. The conference defined the operational area, strength, command structure and role of the Mukti Bahini. Osmani remained commander-in-chief with M. A. Rab as chief of staff. Bangladesh was divided into 11 combat sectors, with commanders selected (or reconfirmed) for each. Of the eleven proposed sectors eight were organized and active by July,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Safiullah |first1=K. M. |author1-link=K. M. Shafiullah |title=Bangladesh at War |year=1989 |publisher=Academic Publishers |oclc=24300969 |pages=154, 156}}</ref> with sectors five and eleven following in August. Sector 10 (east of [[Teknaf Upazila|Teknaf]] and [[Khagrachari District|Khagrachari]]) was never activated, and it was incorporated into sector one.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Mukti Bahini was divided into regular forces and freedom fighters. The regular forces consisted of defecting Bengali soldiers and retired Pakistan Army and EPR personnel. They were organised into three brigades, later known as Z, K and S Force. The shortage of trained regular troops meant that most of the forces were former EPR troops or new recruits. Trained army, EPR and police personnel were formed into sector troops: lightly armed conventional units commanded by army officers.<ref name="Rafiq, Maj p231-232">Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p231-232</ref> The freedom fighters were primarily deployed within Bangladesh.

=={{anchor|Strategy for the Campaign}}Strategy==
Although Osmani made strategy decisions and liaised with Indian officers from July to December 1971, he did not organize an operation like the [[Tet Offensive]] or lead a battle similar to [[Dien Bien Phu]] as commander-in-chief. His strategy (a product of his military career and the demands of the situation on the ground) influenced his leadership style, and he relied on his background in the Southeast Asian sector during World War II.

On 15 May the [[Indian Army]] began to help build the liberation force, and an Indian officer was appointed liaison between the Bangladesh government in exile and the Indian Army. Khaled Musharraf and Osmani met at Teliapara in [[Sylhet District]] and prepared a paper on war strategy.<ref>Muniruzzaman, Talukder, ''The Bangladesh Revolution And Its Aftermath'', p. 107 ,{{ISBN|984-05-10975}}</ref> Camps were set up to train a Bangladesh force of 30,000 regular soldiers and 70,000 guerrillas.<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation'', p42</ref>

==={{anchor|The initial Strategy (July - September 1971)|Two ways to skin a cat}}July–September 1971===
Osmani was a conventional soldier with orthodox views, and his initial strategy reflected his background. Uncertainty over the timing, scope and scale of Indian military intervention was another influence. His priority was to raise a conventional force of regular battalions and use them to free an area around Sylhet, organizing countrywide guerrilla activity as a secondary effort.<ref name="Jacob p43-44">Jacob, Lt. Gen JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation'', p43-44</ref><ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p53-55</ref> The Bangladesh government in exile asked Osmani to use the one abundant resource available (manpower), and he did not object to the plan of sending thousands of guerrillas into Bangladesh with minimal training. It was hoped that some of the guerrillas would attain expertise through experience.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p234-233</ref>

Although Indian planners assisted in raising three additional battalions and three artillery batteries, they insisted that the guerrillas be given due attention and Osmani did not object. He disagreed with the Indians on the location of the free area; they suggested Mymensingh, but Osmani opted for Sylhet and got his way. While the EBR battalions prepared, in July the Mukti Bahini began deploying 2,000-5,000 guerrillas in Bangladesh each month. At the sector commanders' meeting, the Mukti Bahini agreed to increase raids and ambushes and destroy power stations, railway lines, storage depots, communications systems, bridges and culverts, fuel depots, trains and watercraft to thin out Pakistani forces and increase their vulnerability.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p227</ref>

==={{anchor|Action and Reaction: June - September 1971}}Action and reaction (June–September)===
[[File:Ban71may.PNG|thumb|275px|right|alt=Military map of East Pakistan in May 1971|Pakistani deployment in May 1971, after reorganization of Eastern Command forces following Operation Searchlight (some unit locations not shown)]]

The Pakistan army, after expelling the Mukti Bahini from Bangladesh by May 1971, experienced relative peace in June and July. Mukti Bahini activity had lessened during the months of preparation. The Indian army began shelling border outposts (about half of the 370 outposts were destroyed by the end of July)<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p45">Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 1971'', p45</ref> to facilitate infiltration into occupied territories. Bengali regular forces were not ready for operation until mid-July. With the conflict largely centred around the India-East Pakistan border region, the Pakistani Eastern Command began reorganizing their forces to consolidate control of the province.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness To Surrender'', p92</ref> An East Pakistan Civil Armed Force,<ref>Niazi, Lt. Gen AAK, ''The Betryal of East Pakistan'', p105-106</ref> with 17 operational wings,<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca,: Birth of a Nation'', pp189-190</ref> was raised from West Pakistani and Bihari volunteers, [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] (50,000), [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] and Al Shams (5,000 from each unit).<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p105</ref> Five thousand police were flown in from West Pakistan.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p96">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p96</ref>

Pakistani authorities continued their campaign,<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p94</ref> rejecting calls for political compromise and a general amnesty.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p96"/> The army deployed in the towns, and the paramilitary units were deployed in the countryside. EPCAF took over the border-control and internal-security duties of the defunct EPR. Pakistani forces occupied 90 crucial border outposts.<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p45"/> ''Ad hoc'' units were often created by adding EPCAF troops and Razakars to a skeleton army formation for deployment in forward areas.<ref>Quereshi, Hakeem A., ''The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War: A Soldiers Narrative'' p95, 111</ref>

==={{anchor|The Monsoon Offensive|Silver Linings among dark clouds|The one two punch|Effectiveness}}Monsoon Offensive===
[[File:Bansec71.PNG|325px|right|thumb|alt=Military map of Bangladesh in November 1971|Partial representation of Pakistani and Mukti Bahini forces in November 1971; some location are approximate.]]
Mukti Bahini numbers and activity began increasing in June, the Pakistan Army deployed Razakars and the EPCAF. Unable to match the Indians shell for shell, they relied on barrages in selected areas and developed an intelligence network.<ref>Quereshi, Maj. Gen. Hakeem A, ''Indo Pak War of 1971'', p108 – p110</ref><ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'' p284</ref> Denied permission to launch preemptive cross-border strikes, artillery ambushes were laid for Mukti Bahini infiltrators and [[demining]] operations conducted.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p100"/> By July–August, Pakistani authorities concluded that they had contained the Mukti Bahini's Monsoon Offensive.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1992|p=96}}</ref>

The sector commanders reviewed Mukti Bahini activities from June to August, and Osmani made an overall assessment in September. The findings were disappointing;{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} their network had not taken root, with many guerrillas withdrawing under Pakistani pressure.<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'' p94</ref> Amid Mukti Bahini supply problems,<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'' p292</ref> Bangladesh was losing ground in the international arena.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p274, p292</ref> Although regular Bengali regular troops attacked the BoPs with spirit, more training, better communication and coordination with the Indian Army were needed for a successful conventional campaign.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p114</ref><ref>Rafiqul Islam, ''A Tale of Millions'', p236</ref> The attack on Kamalpur by the 1st EBR was repulsed, but the 3rd EBR attack on Bahadurabad was successful; attacks by the 2nd, 11th and 4th EBR had mixed results.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'' p297</ref>

The failure of the Monsoon Offensive required the Bangladeshi high command to rethink their strategy. Osmani initially considered dismantling the Z, K and S Forces, sending platoons from the forces to aid the Mukti Bahini. Although his associates prevailed against this, he deployed the Z Force battalions to aid the Mukti Bahini around Sylhet.

=={{anchor|Osmani as C-in-C: Leadership style}}Leadership style==
Osmani did not [[Micromanagement|micro-manage]], delegating responsibility to the shorthanded sector commanders;<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p50"/><ref name="Rafiq, Maj p231-232"/> the distance between Kolkata and the sector HQs and the absence of direct links (communications were channeled through the Indian Army) gave him little choice. The absence of an integrated command structure made it impossible to quickly implement strategy.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', pp. 51–52, 56.</ref> Osmani lived a Spartan life, wore simple clothes, ate soldiers' food and used camp furniture in Kolkata during the war, acting as an example for his men.<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p43</ref><ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'' p222</ref>

He insisted on protocol when dealing with his Indian counterparts. As commander-in-chief, Osmani's position equaled that of [[Sam Manekshaw]]; to the Indians, his stubbornness in dealing with the lieutenant generals made him difficult to work with.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p54</ref> He was pragmatic enough not to allow protocol to impede the war effort, and did not see Indians working through Khandker<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p44</ref> as circumventing his authority.

With a brusque manner and volatile temper, Osmani sometimes criticised subordinates in public. He discussed the framework of the future Bangladesh army and other issues unrelated to the war while touring the front, to the bemusement and irritation of fellow officers. Osmani opposed politicising the Bangladesh forces (supported by Prime Minister [[Tajuddin Ahmed]]),<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p26</ref> appointing officers on merit. Although only Awami League members were initially recruited for the Mukti Bahini for security reasons, in September Osmani opened recruitment to all willing to fight for Bangladesh (again with the prime minister's support). Although sector commanders had previously recruited Awami League nonmembers, Osmani turned a blind eye.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p223</ref>

He used his image and place in the Bangladesh forces to his advantage. Osmani's problem-solving ability was limited to the agenda of India and the Bangladesh government in exile. He would often break a deadlock by threatening to resign. Osmani's bluff was called only once; when Bangladesh forces were placed under the joint command headed by J. S. Aurora, Ahmed agreed to accept a written resignation and Osmani dropped the issue.<ref name="Moyeedul Hasan p155">Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p155</ref>

=={{anchor|Controversial Issues}}Controversies==

=== {{anchor|Issues regarding ''Mujib Bahini''}}Mujib Bahini ===
Although Osmani was commander-in-chief of all Bangladesh forces, a number of units were beyond his control. Bengali fighters raised bands to fight the Pakistanis in several areas of Bangladesh (e.g.the [[Kader Bahini|Kaderia Bahini]], led by [[Abdul Kader Siddique|Tiger Siddiqi]] of Tangail is the best-known),{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} and they operated independently. Although Osmani was unconcerned, the [[Mujib Bahini]] worried the Bangladesh government in exile. The Mujib Bahini leadership, initially allowed by Osmani to recruit students and other youths, had an organized, well-armed, trained force with a primary allegiance to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and their commanders rather than the Bangladesh government.

No one doubted the skill of the Mujib Bahini or their commitment to Bangladesh. Trained by Sujan Singh Uban, an Indian Army insurgency expert, they operated under the direction of the [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] and outside the Bangladesh [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. Mujib Bahini members were better trained<ref name="Shafiullah, Maj p161-162"/> and armed than their Mukti Bahini counterparts.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p278</ref> The Bangladeshi government and military leadership were concerned because most Mujib Bahini recruits were former Mukti Bahini members.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'', p276</ref><ref>Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. K.M, ''Bangladesh at War'', p161-163</ref> Mujib Bahini activities often hindered Mukti Bahini operations, creating misunderstanding and distrust. Clashes occurred between the groups, and the Indian Army and other organizations supporting the Bengali resistance were dissatisfied with Mujib Bahini activity.<ref>Rafiqul Islam, Maj., ''A Tale of Millions'' p279</ref>

The government in exile unsuccessfully attempted to bring the Mukti Bahini under Osmani by diplomatic means, approaching R&AW director Ramnath Kao.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p71</ref> By August it was clear that their independence was detrimental to the war effort. Osmani threatened to resign unless they were brought within the chain of command.<ref>Moyeedul Hasan, ''Muldhara 71'', p72-74</ref> A meeting with [[Durga Prasad Dhar]] on 29 August produced an agreement that Mukti Bahini would inform sector commanders before beginning operations. After another meeting with Ramnath Kao on 18 September, R&AW did not relinquish their control of the Mukti Bahini.

On 21 October Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed met with Indira Gandhi, who ordered Dhar to resolve the issue. He told B. N. Sarkar to meet with Mujib Bahini leaders and take.

=== {{anchor|Absence in the December 16 Surrender Ceremony}}Absence from surrender ceremony ===
There are various opposing view points why General Osmani was absent from the surrender ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) part 46 - controversial absence of Colonel MAG Osmani, Muktijuddhas speed up victory - History of Bangladesh |url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/history-of-bangladesh?id=162 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032922/http://www.londoni.co/index.php/history-of-bangladesh?id=162 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=16 August 2015 |work=Londoni}}</ref> According to Indian officer Major General KV Krishna Rao, Osmani's helicopter was shot at by the Pakistan army, and it was not flight-ready to transport him to Dhaka. Others claim that the helicopter was shot down in an area that was cleared by the Indian army, and the Indian rescue jeep arrived at the scene very quickly after the incident. This issue was not investigated by either the Indian or Bangladesh army, and remained unclear.

=== {{anchor|Liberation War Medals}}Medals ===
The Bangladeshi government issued four medals of valor to the freedom fighters: the [[Bir Sreshtho]], [[Bir Uttom]], [[Bir Bikrom]] and [[Bir Protik]]. The list of recipients was made by Osmani and several sector commanders at the beginning of 1972.<ref name="autogenerated50">Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p50, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> When it was published, it was criticised and initially cancelled; Osmani was accused of bias for supporting the list.<ref name="autogenerated50"/><ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p74, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=236}}</ref>

=={{anchor|General of Bangladesh Army}}Bangladesh Army general==
After the war ended with the surrender of the Pakistan armed forces to the joint command of India and Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, Osmani arrived in Dhaka on 22 December and set up his HQ (probably in the Log Area HQ Building in the Dhaka cantonment).<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudho: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p128, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> On 9 January 1972, he arranged an [[honor guard]] to greet Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on his return to [[Tejgaon Airport]].<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p23, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> The Bangladeshi government decided to promote him to a [[Two-star rank|four-star ranked officer]] (the first in Bangladeshi history) through a [[battlefield promotion]] to maintain the chain of command in the army. He was promoted on 7 April 1972, effective retroactively on 16 December 1971.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p128" />

==={{anchor|Sector Commander Conference, 2–11 January 1972}}Sector commander conference (2–11 January 1972)===
Osmani and the Mukti Bahini senior sector commanders met in Dhaka from 2 to 11 January 1972 to discuss the future of the Bangladesh armed forces and other issues. Wounded sector-eleven commander Abu Taher and the commander of the closed sector nine were not present. A committee was set up to form a national militia from the Mukti Bahini and members of the former [[Border Guards Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]]. Sector-three commander A. N. M. Nuruzzaman was chosen to command the militia.

The armed forces were reorganized, with army, navy, air force and police personnel ordered to rejoin their respective organizations and former EPR members joining the new Bangladesh Rifles.<ref name="Zaman, Maj p185">{{cite book |last1=Imamuz Zaman |title=Bangladesh War of Liberation |year=2001 |publisher=Columbia Prokashani |oclc=49820892 |page=185}}</ref>

===Disturbance at Pilkhana===
On 16 February 1972, tension between Mukti Bahini members and former EPR members who had not fought in the war erupted into a shootout in Pilkhana. Although Osmani was informed of the incident, he was unable to enter Pilkhana due to the ongoing gunfire. The firing stopped at the arrival of President Mujibur Rahman, and Osmani. Rahman defused the situation. It was decided to keep the EPR intact as the [[Bangladesh Rifles]] and create another force, [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]], from the Mukti Bahini members.<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p35, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> In April 1972 the Bangladeshi government abolished the post of commander-in-chief, replacing it with a Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Air Staff and Chief of Naval Staff to separate the services' command structures.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=158}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Civilian Cabinet Minister|Resignation from Cabinet}}Cabinet minister==
[[File:Awami League.jpg|thumb|left|Osmani with [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]], [[Abdul Malek Ukil]], and [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]]]
Although Osmani may have hoped to become defense minister,<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p40, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> when the government abolished the post of commander-in-chief he retired from the Army on 7 April and was appointed Minister for Air and Inland Water Transport five days later (armed-forces personnel may not hold political office).

Osmani resigned from the cabinet in May 1975, after the introduction of a one-party government in accordance with the fourth amendment to the [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]]. He and [[Mainul Hosein]] resigned from the [[Awami League]] in protest of the abolition of democracy in Bangladesh by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Osmani briefly was an advisor to the president on 29 August 1975, after Rahman's assassination.

==={{anchor|First Army Chief of Staff in Independent Bangladesh}}Army chief of staff===
[[M. A. Rab]], the first Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Army (12 April 1971 - 7 April 1972), was promoted to [[Major general]] and retired on 7 April 1972. Osmani, reportedly consulted about his successor, recommended [[K. M. Shafiullah]].<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p22">{{cite book |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |year=1999 |title=Senābāhinīra abhyantare āṭāśa bachara |publisher=Mowla Brothers |location=Dhaka |language=bn |page=22 |oclc=42761824}}</ref> The four serving senior army officers who joined Mukti Bahini in March 1971 from the Pakistan Army were [[Salahuddin Mohammad Reza]], [[Chitta Ranjan Dutta]], [[Ziaur Rahman]] and [[Shafiullah]].<ref name="Shamsul Arefin, Maj p182">Shamsul Arefin, Maj. (ret.) A.S.M, ''History, Standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p.182, {{ISBN|984-05-0146-1}}</ref>
Ziaur Rahman joined the war on 25 March 1971, and Shafiullah joined three days later.<ref name="Shamsul Arefin, Maj p182"/> Although they were commissioned in the Pakistan Army on the same day (completing the 12th PMA Long Course on 18 September 1955), Rahman was above Shafiullah in the final rankings.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p22"/> Osmani disliked Rahman, and wanted to discharge him after the battle of Kamalpur. However, Osmani may not have made a recommendation and Shafiullah's appointment may have been a political decision.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p128"/><ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p41, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Cadet College Crisis}}Cadet college crisis===
In 1972, the Bangladeshi government issued a presidential decree in 1972 changing the cadet colleges to government colleges. A delegation of former cadets visited Ziaur Rahman, who helped them obtain an appointment with Osmani. Osmani discussed the issue with President Mujib Rahman, and the decree was withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |pages=37–43}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Lt. General Wasiuddin}}Khwaja Wasiuddin===
[[Khwaja Wasiuddin]] was the most senior ranked East Pakistani officer in the Pakistan Army<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p57, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> after the forced retirement of Maj. Gen. [[Ishfakul Majid]] in 1951.<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Tinti Sena Avutthan O Kitho Na Bola Kotha'' p135</ref> Wasiuddin was ranked Lieutenant General commanded the Pakistan Army's [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] in 1971 (based in [[Multan]], Punjab). He planned to defect but was unable to do so when he was posted to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Rawalpindi Army HQ]] as the [[Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)|master general of ordnance]].<ref>Khalilur Rahman, Maj. Gen. (ret.), ''Purbapar 1971'' p27, {{ISBN|984-465-404-1}}</ref> After Pakistan's defeat, he opted for Bangladesh and was interned in his home. Wasiuddin went to London in October 1972 before coming to Bangladesh. Osmani and Wasiuddin served together in 1959 at Rawalpindi GHQ, and they had a cordial relationship.<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p33, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref>

Osmani met Wasiuddin at the airport, and introduced him to Awami League leaders. At age 54, Wasiuddin's experience would have benefited the Bangladesh Army. It was rumoured that Osmani would recommend him to the government as Army Chief of Staff, but some Mukti Bahini members of the army staff threatened to resign. Although Osmani was reportedly hurt by the turn of events,<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Felay Asha Sainik Jiban'' p137-p138, {{ISBN|984-412-099-3}}</ref> Wasiuddin received an ambassadorship. When Shafiullah (who replaced Rab as Chief of Staff in April) asked Rahman about the rumours, the president reportedly said that only a tested patriot would be a chief of staff.<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p57-58, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref>

=={{anchor|The Jatiya Janata Party|Personal life|Presidential Defense Adviser}}Presidential defense advisor==
Osmani did not support the [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|15 August 1975 assassinations]], and did not tolerate undue criticism of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Felay Asha Sainik Jiban'' p137, {{ISBN|984-412-099-3}}</ref><ref>Akthar Ul Islam, Sheikh, ''Sadhinota Juddher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmani'' p59, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> He accepted a post as defense advisor (the equivalent of a cabinet minister) to [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]], who took over as president after the 15 August coup and may have been involved. Osmani, who ignored advice to avoid the Mostaq government,<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p73, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> was appointed to the post after [[Ziaur Rahman]] was appointed Army Chief of Staff on 24 August 1975 and [[Khalilur Rahman (general)|Khalilur Rahman]] became Chief of Staff in the Defense Ministry.<ref name="autogenerated79">Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p79, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref><ref>Hossain, Brig. Gen. (ret.) Sakhawat, ''Bangladesh: Roktakto Addhay'' p69, {{ISBN|984-445-085-3}}</ref> Although it was a cabinet post, Osmani did not draw a salary.<ref>Pir, M. Ataur Rahman, ''General Osmani'' p105</ref> He visited several Army formations, stressing the need for discipline and morale, and may have hoped to prevent further bloodshed with his influence on the armed forces.<ref>Pir, M. Ataur Rahman, ''General Osmani'' p91</ref><ref>Hossain, Brig. Gen. (ret.) Sakhawat, ''Bangladesh: Roktakto Addhay'' p72, {{ISBN|984-445-085-3}}</ref> As defense advisor, he did not oppose the promotion of the 15 August coup leaders or the reinstatement of retired army officers<ref name="autogenerated79"/> involved in the coup. The coup leaders had installed themselves in Bangabhaban, disregarding the army chain of command,<ref>Hossain, Brig. Gen. (ret.) Sakhawat, ''Bangladesh: Roktakto Addhay'' p57, {{ISBN|984-445-085-3}}</ref> and Osmani accepted the situation. He tried to implement the decision to disband the [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]], placing its members in police and [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansar]] organizations, before Ziaur Rahman received approval to integrate Rakkhi Bahini formations into the army in October 1975. The coup leaders maintained control of the [[1st Bengal Lancers (Bangladesh)|1st Bengal Lancers]] and 2nd Field Artillery Regiment<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p. 81, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref><ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' pp. 107, 129, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref> (involved in the 15 August coup) and deployed outside the army chain of command. Their actions, demonstrating the weakness of the chain of command, created a ''de facto'' parallel command structure.<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Tinti Sena Avutthan O Kitho Na Bola Kotha'' p71-75</ref><ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p. 129, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref>

When [[Khaled Musharraf]] learned of the [[Jail Killing Day|killing of four political leaders]] in [[Dhaka Central Jail]], he and some staff went to [[Bangabhaban]] to negotiate a [[peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. Khandker Mostaq and Osmani spent the day negotiating, and [[Shafaat Jamil]] came to [[Bangabhaban]] to meet Musharraf. As he and his soldiers entered the meeting room, he heard Mostaq browbeating Musharraf, "I have seen many brigadiers and general of [the] Pakistan Army! Don't try to teach me!" This angered the 2IC of the [[1st East Bengal Regiment]], who drew his gun and said, "And now you will see majors of Bangladesh Army." Mostaq dropped to the floor, Osmani stood between him and the officers and then asked Jamil to restore order. After Mostaq resigned and a new government was formed, Osmani resigned.<ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' pp. 137-138, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref>

== Presidential Campaign ==
Osmani later stood as a Presidential candidate against CMLA Lt. General Ziaur Rahman. As the army had complete control over the electoral process, Osmani lost by a landslide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |title=Bangladesh: a legacy of blood |date=1986 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |isbn=978-0-340-39420-5 |location=London}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Award Ribbon.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Victory Medal.JPG|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Songbidhan Padak(Constitution Medal).JPG|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=War Medal 1965(Tamgha-e-Jang, A.H.1385).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Independence Award]]'''
''(Independence Award)'' (posthumous)
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Joy Padak]]'''
''(Victory Medal)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Songbidhan Padak]]'''
''(Constitution Medal)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945|War Medal]]'''
'''[[War Medal 1939-1945|1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']]
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II]]'''
'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Coronation Medal]]'''

'''(1953)'''
|}

==Death==
[[File:Epitaph of M.A.G Osmani.JPG|thumb|alt=Monument to Osmani|Epitaph of Osmani at the [[Shah Jalal Dargah]]]]
In 1983, at age 65, Osmani was diagnosed with cancer at the [[Combined Military Hospital]] (CMH) in Dhaka and was flown to London for treatment at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] at government expense. Most of his time in the UK was spent at the home of his nephew and niece, Mashahid Ali and Sabequa Chowdhury.<ref name="unsw.press">{{cite web | title=Border Crossings: My Journey as an Outsider | url=https://unsw.press/books/border-crossings/ }}</ref> He died on 16 February 1984.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Osmany, General Mohammad Ataul Ghani |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Osmany,_General_Mohammad_Ataul_Ghani |editor1-last=Sirajul Islam |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Osmani's body was flown to Bangladesh, and he was buried with full military honours adjacent to his mother's grave in Darga, Sylhet.<ref name="unsw.press"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Osmani International Airport.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Front of Osmani International Airport terminal|The airport in Osmani's hometown, Sylhet, has been named in his honour.]]

Osmani, nicknamed ''bongobahadur'' (Braveman of Bengal), had a major role in organising the Bangladesh armed forces. The international airport in his hometown, Sylhet, was named ''Osmani Antorjatik Biman Bondor'' ([[Osmani International Airport]]) for him. [[Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College|MAG Osmani Medical College]] and the city's state-run hospital also commemorate him. ''Osmani Memorial Auditorium'' in [[Dhaka]], Osmani Primary School is in the [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://osmani.towerhamlets.sch.uk/|title=Osmani Primary School|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Osmani Museum]] is in Sylhet. Osmani Hall (an auditorium) is also there in [[School of Infantry and Tactics]] (SI&T), a student residency hall named G. M. A. G. Osmani Hall in [[Bangladesh University of Textiles|BUTEX]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://businesspostbd.com/national/making-graduates-stand-out-taking-textile-sector-further | title=Making graduates stand out, taking textile sector further }}</ref> a student residency hall named Osmani Hall in [[Military Institute of Science and Technology|MIST]], a military training institution for officers and soldiers of [[Bangladesh Army]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.daily-sun.com/magazine/details/332664| title=Lest We Forget, the Legacy of MAG Osmani | date=30 August 2018 |work=Daily Sun| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220071856/https://www.daily-sun.com/magazine/details/332664 | archive-date=20 December 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Military of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Subject bar
| commons = Category:Muhammad Ataul Goni Osmani
| d = y
| q = y
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osmani, M. A. G.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Muslims]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ministers of civil aviation and tourism of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi generals]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]
[[Category:People from Osmani Nagar Upazila]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Ministers of shipping of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi anti-fascists]]
[[Category:Bengali military personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi military personnel]]
[[Category:Sylhet Government Pilot High School alumni]]

Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891

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Flash255:

{{Short description|Act of Imperial Legislative Council of India}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}

{{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| imagesize = 200
| long_title = An Act to amend the Law of Evidence with respect to Bankers’ Books.
| citation = Act No. 18 of 1891
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 13 March 1891
| date_commenced = 1 April 1892
| status = in force
}}
The '''Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891''' is an act in India dating from the British colonial rule, that is still in force largely unchanged.

== History ==

In the late 19th century, the banking industry in India was a rapidly developing industry. Every year, new banks were being established, some by Indian businessmen, and others by mostly European owners. The main question which arose was whether the rules of evidence in Indian banking would be governed by British legislation, as India was then a [[British Raj|British colony]]. As a result, it was decide to adapt and adopt the [[Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879]] ([[42 & 43 Vict.]] c. 11) of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] to [[Indian banking]]. The Indian Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891 was therefore enacted and continues to be in force to the present day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/42-43/11/enacted|title=Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879}}</ref>

== Tenets and precepts ==
The main tenets and precepts of the Act are that whenever any bank or banker is compelled to provide evidence to a court or judge, the original documents need not be produced and that a copy of the original documents are sufficient for legal purposes.<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1976331/ Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/ACA/ACT006.HTM|title=Bankers Books Evidence Act, 1891|website=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref>

Today, the Act is also in force in the former British colonies of [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]], which were formerly ruled as parts of undivided India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-67.html|title=The Bankers' Book Evidence Act, 1891|website=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khalidzafar.com/laws-of-pakistan/bankers-book-of-evidence-act-1891/|title=Bankers Book of Evidence Act, 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pakistanlawyer.com/2016/07/26/bankers-books-evidence-act-1891/,%20https://pakistanlawyer.com/2016/07/26/bankers-books-evidence-act-1891/|title=Bankers' Book Evidence Act, 1891 | PAKISTAN LAWYER|date=26 July 2016}}</ref>

== Review and reform ==

The Act has been further amended by the [[Information Technology Act, 2000]] which expanded the meaning and scope of ''Bankers Books'' to include computer documents, files and external storage. Now any banking related evidence can be produced in electronic format with no requirement for paperwork.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/bankerbookact/bankerbookact.html|title=Bankers Book Evidence Act}}</ref>

== Court cases involving the act ==

There have been many court cases involving the Bankers' Books Evidence Act, 1891:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/financial-services/823596/evidentiary-value-of-bank-records|title=Evidentiary Value Of Bank Records - Finance and Banking - India|website=www.mondaq.com}}</ref>

* ''M/s [[ICICI Bank]] Limited v. [[Kapil Dev Sharma]]''
* ''Sonu and Amar v. The State of [[Haryana]]''
* ''Om Prakash v. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]''
* ''M/s Ashoka Chemicals v. Bharatiya Hindu Shudhi Sabha Trust''
* ''Ishwar Das Jain v. Sohan Lal''
* ''Radheshyam G. Garg v. Safiyabai Ibrahim Lightwalla''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2322/1/A1891-18.pdf The Text of the Act]
*[https://legislative.gov.in/actsofparliamentfromtheyear/bankers-books-evidence-act-1891 Indian Parliament version]

[[Category:1891 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Negotiable instrument law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]

2016 Uri attack

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Flash255: cleaned up structure to improve readability

{{Short description|Attack on Indian troops by insurgents in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2016 Uri attack
| place = [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
| combatant1 = Insurgents
| combatant2 = [[India]]
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]]
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Indian Army]] 
Indian Army 4 Para (special forces)
| casualties2 = 19 killed, 19-30 injured
| casualties1 = 4 killed
| image = Kashmir region 2004.jpg
| partof = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| date = {{start date and age|2016|09|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
The '''2016 Uri attack''' was carried out on 18 September 2016 by four militants from [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] against an [[Indian Army]] brigade headquarters near the town of [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. 19 Indian soldiers were killed in the attack, and 19–30 others were injured. It was reported by the [[BBC News|BBC]] as having been "the deadliest attack on [[Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir|security forces in Kashmir]] in two decades".<ref name="uri">{{cite news|title=Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969|access-date=18 September 2016|agency=BBC News|date=18 September 2016}}</ref>

Jaish-e-Mohammed, a Pakistan-based [[Jihadism|jihadist]] organization (designated as a [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organization by the India, Australia, the US, and UK among others,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) Terrorist Group, India |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-profile/india/jaish-e-mohammed-jem |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=South Asian Terrorism Portal}}</ref> and proscribed by Pakistan in 2002<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |last2=Miglani |first2=Sanjeev |date=2019-05-01 |title=U.N. blacklists leader of Pakistan-based militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/asia-pacific/un-blacklists-leader-of-pakistan-based-militant-group-jaish-e-mohammed-idUSKCN1S74F7/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref>), was involved in the planning and execution of the attack.<ref name="susperps">{{cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |last2=Roy |first2=Shubhajit |date=28 September 2016 |title=Uri attack: Jaish-e-Muhammad suspects in hand, evidence shown to envoy |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uri-attack-jaish-suspects-in-hand-evidence-shown-to-envoy-3053717/ |work=Indian Express}}</ref> At the time it was carried out, the [[Kashmir Valley]] was [[2016–2017 Kashmir unrest|experiencing high levels of violent unrest]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtar |last2=Phillips |first2=Rich |last3=Berlinger |first3=Joshua |date=19 September 2016 |title=Soldiers killed in army base attack in Indian territory of Kashmir |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/18/asia/india-kashmir-attack/ |access-date=21 September 2016 |quote=After a few years of relative calm in Indian-administered Kashmir – largely considered one of the world's most tumultuous geopolitical flashpoints since the India-Pakistan partition – the region has been gripped by unrest for more than two months.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/32651887/suspected-rebels-attack-major-indian-army-base-in-kashmir|title=India blames Pakistan militants for Kashmir attack which killed 17|work=Yahoo|date=19 September 2016|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919132241/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/32651887/suspected-rebels-attack-major-indian-army-base-in-kashmir/ |archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==
The 2016 Uri attack, which resulted in the deaths of 19 Indian soldiers, was swiftly attributed by India to militant groups allegedly operating from Pakistan, leading to significant diplomatic fallout and military escalation.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Transcript of Joint Briefing by MEA and MoD (September 29, 2016) | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/27446/Transcript_of_Joint_Briefing_by_MEA_and_MoD_September_29_2016 | access-date=2025-08-18 | website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref>

Additionally, since 2015, insurgents had increasingly taken to high-profile ''[[fidayeen]]'' attacks (suicide attacks) against the Indian security forces: in July 2015, three insurgents [[2015 Gurdaspur attack|attacked]] a bus and police station in [[Gurdaspur]], and earlier in 2016, 4–6 terrorists [[2016 Pathankot attack|attacked]] the [[Pathankot Air Force Station]]. Indian authorities had blamed [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]] for the latter attack.<ref name="Panda2">{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |date=September 19, 2016 |title=Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India’s Options? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920125634/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref>

Also, since 8 July 2016, the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir region had been undergoing continuous unrest following the killing of [[Burhan Wani]], local militant of the [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref name="DW">{{Cite web |title=Militant raid kills 17 soldiers in Kashmir |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indian-troops-suffer-deadly-kashmir-ambush/a-19559690 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=dw.com}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Hari |last2=Anand |first2=Geeta |date=2016-09-18 |title=17 Indian Soldiers Killed by Militants in Kashmir |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/world/asia/17-indian-soldiers-killed-by-militants-in-kashmir.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="CBC">{{cite news |title=17 Indian soldiers, 4 militants killed in Kashmir attack |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/kashmir-attack-1.3767723}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Militants sneak into Indian army base and mow down sleeping soldiers in Kashmir, killing 17 |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-india-kashmir-20160918-snap-story.html}}</ref> The killing sparked violent protests against the Indian government in the valley,<ref name="time">{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Rishi |date=2016-09-19 |title=Terror Attack in Kashmir Sparks Fears of India-Pakistan Conflict |url=https://time.com/4498891/kashmir-uri-attack-india-pakistan-military-conflict/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919105153/https://time.com/4498891/kashmir-uri-attack-india-pakistan-military-conflict/ |archive-date=2016-09-19 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Time}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera1">{{Cite web |title=17 Indian soldiers killed in attack on Kashmir base |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/9/18/17-indian-soldiers-killed-in-attack-on-kashmir-base |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> leading to the protests being described as the "largest anti-India protests" against Indian rule in recent years.<ref name="CBC" /><ref name="WP">{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Aijaz |date=18 September 2016 |title=17 soldiers killed in attack at Indian army base in Kashmir |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/suspected-militants-attack-indian-army-base-in-kashmir/2016/09/17/23674c1a-7d4a-11e6-8064-c1ddc8a724bb_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919141627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/suspected-militants-attack-indian-army-base-in-kashmir/2016/09/17/23674c1a-7d4a-11e6-8064-c1ddc8a724bb_story.html |archive-date=2016-09-19 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=More than a dozen Indian soldiers killed in Kashmir attack |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-than-a-dozen-indian-soldiers-killed-in-kashmir-attack/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=CBS News}}</ref>

==Attack==
At around 5:30 a.m. on 18 September, four insurgents attacked an [[Indian Army]] brigade headquarters in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], near the [[Line of Control]] in a pre-dawn ambush. They were said to have lobbed 17 grenades in three minutes. As a rear administrative base camp with tents caught fire, 17 army personnel were killed during the attack. An additional 19–30 soldiers were reported to have been injured. A gun battle ensued lasting six hours, during which all the four individuals were killed.<ref name="attack">{{cite news |date=18 September 2016 |title=Tents set on fire, troops shot while coming out |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/militants-attack-army-battalion-in-uri-tents-set-on-fire-troops-shot-while-coming-out/article9120925.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117064440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Militants-attack-Army-battalion-in-Uri-Tents-set-on-fire-troops-shot-while-coming-out/article55943226.ece |archive-date=17 November 2022}}
</ref><ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=September 19, 2016 |title=Uri attack: An inside story of how it happened |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uri-attack-inside-story-pashtun-map-pakistani-ammunition-jash-e-mohammed-341761-2016-09-18 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="plan">{{Cite news |date=2018-07-14 |title=Sequence of the Uri attack & the plan of the terrorists |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sequence-of-the-uri-attack-the-plan-of-the-terrorists/articleshow/54397873.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=Quint/> Combing operations continued to flush out additional militants thought to be alive.<ref name="uri"/>

Most of the Indian soldiers had suffered casualties and subsequently those who died were from the 10th battalion, [[Dogra Regiment]] (10 Dogra) and 6th battalion, [[Bihar Regiment]] (6 Bihar).<ref name="Quint">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-18 |title=Uri Attack: Most of the 17 Soldiers were martyred in a Tent Fire |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/militants-attack-army-headquarters-in-uri-kashmir-firing-ongoing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928210033/https://www.thequint.com/india/2016/09/18/militants-attack-army-headquarters-in-uri-kashmir-firing-ongoing |archive-date=28 September 2016 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Quint}}</ref> One of the injured soldiers succumbed to his injuries on 19 September at RR Hospital in [[Delhi Cantonment]], [[New Delhi]], followed by another soldier on 24 September, bringing the death toll to 19.<ref name="BSF_jawan">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uri-attack-odia-bsf-jawan-succumbs-to-injuries-death-toll-rises-to-19/|title=Uri attack: BSF jawan succumbs to injuries, death toll rises to 19|publisher=The Indian Express|date=25 September 2016|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="succumbed">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/one-more-soldier-succumbs-to-injuries-toll-rises-to-18-in-uri-attack-army/story-ebPHK9AVNZY98gIAR3X1XP.html|title=One more soldier succumbs to injuries, death toll rises to 18 in Uri attack|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-19 |title=Uri attack: Death toll touches 18, India decides to isolate Pakistan on the global stage |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/uri-attack-death-toll-touches-18-india-decides-to-isolate-pakistan-on-the-global-stage-3011334.html |access-date=2016-09-19 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

The casualties were primarily believed to have occurred as a result of non-[[fire retardant]] transition tents. This was the time of a troops shift, whereby troops from 6 Bihar were replacing troops from 10 Dogra. The incoming troops were housed in tents, which are normally avoided in sensitive areas around the [[Line of Control|LoC]] like [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]. The insurgents snuck into the camp breaching heavy security and seemed to know exactly where to strike. Seven of the personnel killed were support staff, including cooks and barbers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-18 |title=High casualties due to transition tents|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/High-casualties-due-to-transition-tents/article14987259.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221225930/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/High-casualties-due-to-transition-tents/article14987259.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=September 20, 2016 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Divyanshu Dutta |title=Uri Base Caught Off-Guard Despite Specific Intel? Army Investigates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uri-base-caught-off-guard-despite-specific-intel-army-investigates-1461701 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
On 19 September, Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], Defence Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[Dalbir Singh]], National Security Advisor [[Ajit Doval]] and other officials of the Home and Defence ministries met to review the security situation in Kashmir, particularly in areas along the Line of Control.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2016 |title=Uri attack: Rajnath Singh, Manohar Parrikar, NSA, Army chief meet to discuss Kashmir |work=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uri-attack-rajnath-singh-manohar-parrikar-nsa-army-chief-meet-to-discuss-kashmir-3038767/ |access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> The [[National Investigation Agency]] filed a [[first information report]] regarding the attack and took over the investigation from [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] on 20 September.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2016 |title=Uri terror attack: NIA files FIR, begins probe |publisher=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uri-terror-attack-nia-files-fir-begins-probe/articleshow/54424217.cms |access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

[[Pakistan International Airlines]] cancelled flights to some parts of Kashmir on 21 September in the aftermath of the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=PIA cancels flights to Northern areas due to airspace restrictions|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1185715/pia-cancels-flights-northern-areas-due-air-space-restrictions/|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> Security around the army installation in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] was intensified following the attack, while soldiers on both the Indian and Pakistani side of Line of Control were placed on high alert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Troops on high alert along LoC|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/troops-high-alert-along-loc/|publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]]|date=22 September 2016|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

===Postponement of SAARC summit===
In the wake of the attack, India cancelled its participation in the [[19th SAARC summit]] to be held in November in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan. The Ministry of External Affairs issued a statement, saying, "India has conveyed to current SAARC Chair Nepal that increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in the region and growing interference in the internal affairs of Member States by one country have created an environment that is not conducive to the successful holding of the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in November 2016." "In the prevailing circumstances, the Government of India is unable to participate in the proposed Summit in Islamabad", the statement said.<ref>{{cite web |last=Razdan |first=Nidhi |date=September 28, 2016 |title=PM Narendra Modi Will Not Attend SAARC Summit In Pakistan |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-pulls-out-of-saarc-summit-in-islamabad-1467221 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

Regarding India's withdrawal from the scheduled SAARC summit in Islamabad, Pakistan's Foreign Office termed the withdrawal "unfortunate", and posted a rejoinder stating: "As for the excuse used by India, the world knows that it is India that has been perpetrating and financing terrorism in Pakistan." The statement included a reference to Indian national [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]], detained by Pakistan for espionage, and accused India of violating international laws by interfering inside Pakistan.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |date=27 September 2016 |title=India pulls out of SAARC summit in Islamabad |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1189456/india-pulls-saarc-summit-islamabad |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>

Later, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Bhutan also withdrew from the summit.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dhaka-kabul-thimphu-too-blame-islamabad-saarc-summit-to-be-called-off-3054953/ | title=SAARC summit to be called off as Dhaka, Kabul and Thimphu too slam Islamabad | work=The Indian Express | date=29 September 2016 | access-date=24 September 2016 | author=Roy, Shubhajit | location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jayanth |last2=Giri |first2=Anil |date=28 September 2016 |title=SAARC summit collapses after India and three other members pull out |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html |access-date=29 September 2016 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 30 September 2016, Pakistan stated that the summit scheduled for 9 and 10 November in Islamabad would be held on alternative dates.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=1 October 2016 |title=SAARC summit 'postponed indefinitely' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/saarc-summit-postponed-indefinitely/article9170272.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221175630/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/SAARC-summit-%E2%80%98postponed-indefinitely%E2%80%99/article15420825.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Indian retaliation===
{{See also|2016 Indian Line of Control strike}}
On 28 September, ten days after the attack, the Indian Army conducted retaliatory [[Surgical strike|surgical strikes]] on alleged launch-pads used by militants in [[Pakistan Administered Kashmir]].<ref name="Economist">{{Cite news |title=Reversing roles |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2016/10/06/reversing-roles?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Jamal |first=Umair |title=India Pakistan Conflict: what is next for the historic foes? |publisher=Al Jazeera Centre for Studies |date=17 November 2016 |url=http://studies.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2016/11/17/fa613052c2b84f21a192cb060ef4601d_100.pdf |page=3 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704045606/http://studies.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2016/11/17/fa613052c2b84f21a192cb060ef4601d_100.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-28 |title=Surgical strikes video out, shows terror casualties, damage to bunkers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/surgical-strikes-video-out-shows-terror-casualties-damage-to-bunkers-pakistan-border-indian-army-5236452/ |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Indian Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) Lt Gen [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]] said that it had made a preemptive strike against "terrorist teams" who were preparing to "carry out infiltration and conduct terrorist strikes inside [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and in various metros in other states".<ref name=BBC2>{{cite web|title=Kashmir attack: India 'launches strikes against militants'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37504308|website=BBC News|access-date=29 September 2016|date=29 September 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' while citing Indian reports, reported that Indian commandos crossed the [[Line of Control]] and struck at the safe houses, allegedly killing approximately 150 Kashmiri militants.<ref name=Economist/>

===Bilateral boycott===
Following the uproar after the Uri attack, Indian Motion Picture Producers Association (IMPPA) decided to ban all Pakistani actors, actresses and technicians working in India until the situation returns to normal.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/imppa-passes-resolution-temporarily-ban-pakistani-artists-india-twitter-reacts-695956|title=IMPPA passes resolution to temporarily ban Pakistani artists in India; Twitter reacts|first=Suparno|last=Sarkar|work=ibtimes.co.in|date=29 September 2016}}</ref> Bollywood artists were divided towards the ban with some justifying it while some questioning its benefits.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web |date=3 October 2016 |title=Salman Khan, Nana Patekar, Ranbir Kapoor: Here's what Bollywood said on Pak actors ban |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/salman-khan-nana-patekar-ranbir-kapoor-heres-what-bollywood-said-on-pak-actors-ban-3031294.html |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Indian TV entertainment channel ''[[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]]'' announced discontinuation of airing Pakistani TV shows on the channel.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2016 |title=After Pak Show ban, Zindagi Channel to bank on Indian, Turkish content |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/after-pak-show-ban-zindagi-channel-to-view-indian-television-content-3063351/ |work=Indian Express}}</ref> The Pakistani government responded in October with a blanket ban on all Indian television and radio programming in Pakistan.<ref name="bans_Indian">{{cite news|title=Pakistan bans all Indian TV and radio as tensions mount|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37731089|access-date=21 October 2016|agency=BBC News|date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), the national governing body for cricket in India, ruled out the possibility of reviving bilateral cricket ties with Pakistan in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 2016 |title=Uri attack aftermath: BCCI chief Anurag Thakur says no question of playing cricket with Pakistan |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/bcci-chief-anurag-thakur-says-no-question-of-playing-cricket-with-pakistan-after-uri-attack-3018372.html |work=Firstpost}}</ref> BCCI also asked the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) to not group Indian and Pakistan cricket teams together in international tournaments, keeping in mind border tensions between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=India, Pakistan Shouldn't be Grouped Together in International Events: BCCI to ICC |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/news/india-pakistan-shouldnt-be-grouped-together-in-international-events-bcci-to-icc-cricket-1468631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114652/http://sports.ndtv.com/news/india-pakistan-shouldnt-be-grouped-together-in-international-events-bcci-to-icc-cricket-1468631 |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016 |work=NDTV Sports}}</ref> [[Badminton Association of India]], the governing body for badminton in India, decided to boycott the Pakistan International Series scheduled to be held in Islamabad in October, as an act of "solidarity" with the government's diplomatic offensive against Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2016 |title=Indian badminton association boycotts series in Pakistan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/indian-badminton-association-boycotts-series-in-pakistan/story-yNlpCUO4kTGqHNrQqLOVLI.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Investigation==

An initial investigation into the attack indicated that there were several procedural lapses at the camp. According to the standard security procedures, any tall grass and bushes around vital security installations should be trimmed. However, this procedure was not followed by the Uri camp which might have allowed insurgents to sneak into the camp undetected using the tall grass and bushes around the perimeter. In addition, the probe also indicated that two manned guard posts failed to detect the intrusion because the coordination between them might have been poor. It also indicated that the terrorists had infiltrated the Indian territory through [[Haji Pir Pass]] on the intervening night of 16–17 September and stayed in Sukhdar village which is located at a vantage point that allows an unhindered view of the layout of the camp as well as movement of the personnel in it.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uri-terror-attack-Many-procedural-lapses-at-Army-camp-says-initial-probe/articleshow/54466648.cms| title=Uri terror attack: Many procedural lapses at Army camp, says initial probe, Times of India, 22 September 2016.| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Perpetrators===
[[File:The Director General Military Operations (DGMO) Lt. Gen. Ranbir Singh briefing the media on the terrorist attack at Army Camp, in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir on September 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|The Director General Military Operations (DGMO) Lt. Gen. [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]] briefing the media on the terrorist attack at Army Camp, in Uri, a day after the attacks, on September 19, 2016.]]
The Director General of military operations, Lieutenant-General Ranbir Singh, said that there was evidence{{clarify|date=December 2017}}{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} that the individuals involved in the attack belonged to [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]].<ref name="congressional">{{Cite journal| last = Cronin| first = Audrey Kurth| author2 = Huda Aden| author3 = Adam Frost| author4 = Benjamin Jones| title = Foreign Terrorist Organizations| journal = CRS Report for Congress| pages = 40–43| publisher = Congressional Research Service| location = Washington, D.C.| date = 2004-02-06| url = https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf| access-date = 2009-12-02| archive-date = 4 March 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304065259/http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32223.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> He established a hotline contact with his Pakistani counterpart and conveyed India's serious concern on the issue.<ref name=IndiaToday/><ref name="web">{{Cite news |date=2016-09-18 |title=Jaish terrorists behind Uri attack, had items with Pakistani markings: Army |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaish-terrorists-behind-uri-attack-had-items-with-pakistani-markings-army/articleshow/54392506.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Singh also stated that the militants used [[incendiary ammunition]] to set fire to the tents.<ref name=IndiaToday/><ref name="NIA begins">{{Cite news |date=2016-09-19 |title=NIA team begins probe, visits Uri encounter site|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/NIA-team-begins-probe-visits-Uri-encounter-site/article14988737.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221230019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/NIA-team-begins-probe-visits-Uri-encounter-site/article14988737.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Indian Ministry of External Affairs said:{{quote|In the recent incidents, we have recovered a number of items that include GPS from the bodies of terrorists with coordinates that indicate the point and time of infiltration across the LoC and the subsequent route to the terror attack site; grenades with Pakistani markings; communication matrix sheets; communication equipment; and other stores made in Pakistan, including food, medicines and clothes.<ref name=envoy/>}}

Whilst, on 29 September, National Investigation Agency officials said:{{Quote|text=Until now, little hard evidence has emerged to link the perpetrators of the terror attack in Uri to specific jihadist groups in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uri-terror-attack-soldiers-dead-nia-probe-results-pakistan-lashkar-planned-3041576/|title=Uri attack probe: Terrorists locked soldiers in cook house, store|date=2016-09-21|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref>}}

Former Pakistani General [[Pervez Musharraf]] said the weapons that India reported as used by militants, and reported to have Pakistani markings, could be procured anywhere in the world, not just in Pakistan.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-21 |title=Pervez Musharraf blasts on “double standards” of India on terrorism |url=https://channel24.pk/breaking-news/2016/09/21/pervez-musharraf-blasts-india-terrorism/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Channel 24}}</ref> Musharraf further said since many American weapons had inadvertently fallen into the hands of the [[Taliban]], it is possible for Pakistani weapons to have been acquired by the perpetrators without Pakistani involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uri attack: Pervez Musharraf denies terrorists used Pakistani weapons |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/pakistan/story/uri-attack-pervez-musharraf-denies-terrorists-used-pakistani-weapons-342262-2016-09-21 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today}}</ref>

On 25 September, the Indian Army announced that two Pakistani nationals{{efn|The two individuals were identified as Ahasan Kursheed of [[Khaliana Kalan]]{{coord|34|4|30|N|73|53|10|E|name=Khaliana Kalan|display=none}} and Faisal Hussain Awan of [[Potha Bainsi|Potha Jahangir]]{{coord|33|7|51|N|73|52|31|E|name=Potha|display=none}}.}} from [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]] were arrested by the [[Border Security Force]] in the Uri sector. They were said to have been recruited by Jaish-e-Muhammad two years ago for the purpose of acting as guides to infiltrating groups in the Uri sector. These guides themselves did not have a role in the Uri attack. They were being questioned for gathering intelligence about infiltration attempts.<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Ehsan |first=Mir |date=2016-09-25 |title=Two JeM ‘guides’ arrested in Uri: Army |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uri-attack-two-jem-guides-from-pok-arrested-army-3048685/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Pakistan denied these allegations.<ref name="SSA">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286447/|title=Two guides from Muzaffarabad facilitated Uri attackers, India tells Pakistan|work=Dawn|first=Syed Sammer|last=Abbas|date=27 September 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|quote=Pakistan on Tuesday promptly rejected Indian allegations of its involvement in the Uri army base attack, soon after Indian authorities said they had shared "evidence" with Pakistan High Commissioner to New Delhi Abdul Basit.}}</ref> On 26 February 2017, India's National Investigative Agency (NIA) decided to file a closure report after failing to find any evidence against the two men whom they accused of facilitating the Uri army base attack.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2017 |title=India fails to substantiate claim of Pakistan's involvement in Uri attack |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1339596/india-fails-substantiate-claim-pakistans-involvement-uri-attack/ |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

On 25 October 2016, the Indian media reported that street "posters" in [[Gujranwala]], Pakistan, attributed to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) claimed responsibility for the Uri attack.<ref name="respperp">{{cite news |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=25 October 2016 |title=In posters pasted on Gujranwala streets, Lashkar claims responsibility of Uri Attack |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/exclusive-uri-attack-in-posters-pasted-on-gujaranwala-streets-lashkar-claims-responsibility-3101738/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Posters in Pakistan town show Lashkar claiming responsibility for Uri attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uri-attack-let-terror-hafiz-saeed-pakistan-348396-2016-10-25 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> The posters claimed that one of LeT's fighters Mohammad Anas, code-named Abu Saraqa, died in the Uri attack, and there would be a funeral prayer followed by a speech by the LeT chief [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]] on 25 October. The poster also claimed death of 17 Indian soldiers in Uri attack. After the images of the poster circulated on the Internet, the organisation claimed that it was a hoax. [[Abbas Nasir]], the former editor of ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', confirmed the report about the posters on Twitter but stated that the funeral prayers have been postponed.<ref name="confirm">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Aarti Tikoo |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba claims responsibility for Uri terror attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lashkar-claims-responsibility-for-uri-terror-attack/articleshow/55047490.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Reactions==
===India===
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and members of his cabinet condemned the attack.<ref name="uri"/> Minister of Defence [[Manohar Parrikar]] and Indian Army chief General Dalbir Singh visited [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] soon after the attack to assess the ongoing military operations and review the security situation in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/parrikar-army-chief-visit-kashmir-review-security/|title=Parrikar, Army chief visit Kashmir, review security|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Parrikar instructed the army to take firm action against those responsible for the attack and also stated that the deaths of the soldiers "will not go in vain."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-uri-attack-manohar-parrikar-instructs-army-to-take-firm-action-1460286|title=After Uri Attack, Manohar Parrikar Instructs Army To Take 'Firm Action'|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=18 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Home Minister Rajnath Singh accused Pakistan of what he called its "continued and direct support to terrorism and terrorist groups," calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" that should be "isolated."<ref>{{cite web |date=September 18, 2016 |editor-last=Sanyal |editor-first=Anindita |title=Isolate 'Terrorist State' Pakistan, Says Rajnath Singh After Kashmir Attack |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/isolate-terrorist-state-pakistan-says-rajnath-singh-after-kashmir-attack-1460127 |work=NDTV}}</ref> Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre stated that the "entire nation was traumatised" over the death of the soldiers and was "united in this hour of grief." He also stated that the Prime Minister, Home Minister and Defence Minister had come to a conclusion that some sort of a "response" needs to be given to Pakistan.<ref name="Bhamre">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uri-terror-attack-mos-defence-bhamre-confirms-death-toll-still-17/story-XdSsKIzLVLxzm1tCOM1GwO.html |title=MoS defence denies reports of 3 more Uri attack deaths |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=19 September 2016}}
</ref>

[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External Affairs]] [[Sushma Swaraj]] and former Army chief [[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]] stated that India will give a "befitting reply" to the attack. He called upon the Indian Armed Forces to scale up their security and described a cold and calculated response as the need of the hour. He also called for an investigation into the shortcomings which led to the attack while stating that the Army should decide its response "coolly" with proper planning.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/india-will-give-a-cold-calculated-and-befitting-reply-says-general-vk-singh-on-uri-attack/381581/|title=India will give a cold, calculated, and befitting reply, says General VK Singh on Uri attack|publisher=The Financial Express|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/VK-Singh-calls-for-probe-into-lacunas-which-led-to-Uri-attack/articleshow/54405818.cms|title=VK Singh calls for probe into lacunas which led to Uri attack|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=Times of India|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Many{{vague|date=September 2016}} Indian politicians and public figures have condemned the attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uri-terror-attack-Demands-rise-for-befitting-reply-to-Pakistan/articleshow/54404645.cms|title=Uri terror attack: Demands rise for 'befitting reply' to Pakistan|first=Shailaja|last=Neelakantan|publisher=Times of India|date=19 September 2016|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> Former Indian diplomats and foreign policy experts{{who|date=September 2016}} have said that India had been driven to the wall and that a measured and effective response was needed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uri attack: India driven to the wall, say diplomats |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uri-attack-india-driven-to-the-wall-say-diplomats/article9121284.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221230019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/NIA-team-begins-probe-visits-Uri-encounter-site/article14988737.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=25 September 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opposition [[Indian National Congress]] has said that there was no more scope for constructive dialogue with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-19 |title=No scope for constructive dialogue with Pak post Uri attack: Congress |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/no-scope-for-constructive-dialogue-with-pak-post-uri-attack-congress-116091900885_1.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Later on the same day, India called upon the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] to urge Pakistan to put an end to cross-border infiltration and dismantle the non-state militant infrastructure since the likes of [[Hafeez Saeed]] (the chief of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]) and [[Syed Salahuddin]] (the chief of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]) can hold huge rallies in Pakistan's main cities. It suggested that active support for such groups has become the "new normal" in Pakistan. It claimed that "zero tolerance" to non-state militancy was an international obligation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-20 |title=Active support for terrorists like Hafiz Saeed, Syed Salahuddin new normal in Pakistan: India at UN Human Rights Council |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/active-support-for-terrorists-like-hafiz-saeed-syed-salahuddin-new-normal-in-pakistan-india-at-un-human-rights-council/articleshow/54416144.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Indian government summoned the Pakistani envoy and handed him a dossier that alleged Pakistani involvement as well as a warning that Pakistan needs to rein in militants they say operate from Pakistan.<ref name="envoy">{{Cite web |last=Razdan |first=Nidhi |date=September 21, 2016 |title=3 Days After Uri Attack, India Hands Pakistan Envoy Evidence And A Warning |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/days-after-uri-attack-india-summons-pakistan-envoy-abdul-basit-1464745 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

On 24 September, Prime Minister Modi formally responded to the attack during a BJP rally in Kozhikode, Kerala; in his address, he charged Pakistan with responsibility for the attack, saying that India would "never forget" Uri and would "leave no stone unturned to isolate Pakistan in the world." He called upon the citizens of both India and Pakistan to fight against poverty. "I want to say that India is ready for a war... India is ready for a war on poverty. Let both countries fight to see who would eradicate poverty first... I want to tell the youth of Pakistan, let's have a war on ending unemployment... I want to call out to the children in Pakistan, let's declare war on illiteracy. Let's see who wins."<ref name="Kozhikode">{{cite news |last=Mathew |first=Liz |date=25 September 2016 |title=PM Modi speaks to people of Pakistan: Let us go to war against poverty, unemployment... let's see who wins |agency=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-narendra-modi-speaks-to-the-people-of-pakistan-lets-go-to-war-against-poverty-unemployment-lets-see-who-wins-3048329/ |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

In further responding to the attack, on 26 September, the Indian government stated it would exercise its rights under the 1960 [[Indus Waters Treaty]] to the full and would expand its utilisation of its rivers flowing through Jammu and Kashmir. Talks under the aegis of the Permanent Indus Commission, to which any disputes may be submitted, would cease "until terror comes to an end." The body had most recently met in July 2016.<ref name="suspend_Indus">{{cite news |date=26 September 2016 |title=India suspends talks on Indus water pact |agency=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-likely-to-suspend-indus-water-commission-talks/article9150223.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221185227/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-suspends-talks-on-Indus-water-pact/article15000771.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> The government subsequently stated it would review Pakistan's most-favoured-nation (MFN) trade status, which India had granted in 1996.<ref name="MFN">{{cite news |date=27 September 2016 |title=India to review MFN status to Pakistan on Thursday |agency=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-review-pakistans-mfn-status-on-thursday/article9153752.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226021148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-to-review-MFN-status-to-Pakistan-on-Thursday/article15002296.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
Pakistan's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Ministry]] rejected India's allegations of involvement in the attack. The ministry asserted that India had a "tendency" of accusing Pakistan for incidents inside its territory, adding that "in the past many Indians were involved in the terrorist acts for which India had blamed Pakistan."<ref name=Dawn/> The ministry deemed Indian statements as "vitriolic."<ref name =BBC3>{{cite news|title=Kashmir attack: Pakistan hits back at India accusations|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37405719|access-date=19 September 2016|agency=BBC News|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
During a press conference in [[London]], Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] linked the incident to the recent unrest and [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights issues in Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2016 |title=Uri attack could be a 'reaction' to situation in Kashmir, says Sharif |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uri-attack-could-be-a-reaction-to-situation-in-kashmir-sharif/article9142318.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221215027/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Uri-attack-could-be-a-%E2%80%98reaction%E2%80%99-to-situation-in-Kashmir-says-Sharif/article14995768.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Interior Minister [[Nisar Ali Khan]] said there were several contradictions within [[Indian media]] reports over the evidence, and claimed India was imposing censorship when their "lies were exposed."<ref>{{cite news |last=Tanoli |first=Qadeer |date=24 September 2016 |title=Govt to bring Brahamdagh back through Interpol |work=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1187406/run-govt-bring-brahamdagh-back-interpol/ |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zuberi |first=Madeeha |date=24 September 2016 |title=India has no evidence: Nisar |work=AAJ News |url=https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/10359699 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> Defence Minister [[Khawaja Muhammad Asif]] termed the attack an "inside job", saying that no proof was provided substantiating India's allegations, and said India was not serious about solving the [[Kashmir dispute]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1286423/|title=Uri attack an inside job, says Khawaja Asif|work=Dawn|first=Adil Aziz|last=Khanzada|date=27 September 2016|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/india-staged-uri-attacks-says-pakistan-defence-minister-khawaja-asif-695528|title=India staged Uri attacks, says Pakistan Defence Minister Khawaja Asif|work=International Business Times|date=27 September 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|first=Mangala|last=Dilip}}</ref> Pakistan's envoy in New Delhi, [[Abdul Basit (diplomat)|Abdul Basit]], told India's Foreign Secretary [[S. Jaishankar]] that India sought to divert world attention from state atrocities in Kashmir by blaming the attack on Pakistan. Basit also added that if India was serious about the investigations, it should not avoid allowing independent investigators to probe it.<ref name="SSA"/>

In the hours following the attack, Pakistan's military established a [[hotline]] with the Indian military. The Pakistani military rejected Indian accusations, saying that infiltration was not possible across the heavily guarded LOC. Pakistan's Director General of Military Operations also asked the Indian military to provide actionable intelligence.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Syed Sammer |date=September 18, 2016 |title=Pakistan rejects India's allegations of involvement in terrorist attack in held Kashmir |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1284555}}</ref>

Pakistan's [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Raheel Sharif]] claimed that India was propagating a "hostile narrative" in response the attack and also stated that the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani armed forces]] were "prepared to respond to the entire spectrum of direct and indirect threat."<ref>{{cite news|title=India propagating 'hostile narrative' about Uri attack: Pak Army chief|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/india-propagating-hostile-narrative-about-uri-attack-pak-army-chief/story-LFHNi2z8BFDPow4xtjMGSM.html|access-date=19 September 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

In response to India's suspension of cooperation over the Indus Waters Treaty, [[Sartaj Aziz]] said India could not revoke the treaty unilaterally as per the IWT's provisions and international laws, and said such a move would be taken as an act of "war and hostilities." Aziz said Pakistan would approach the [[United Nations Security Council]] in that event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violation of water treaty risks war, senior Pakistan official warns |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/violation-of-water-treaty-risks-war-senior-pakistan-official-warns-1.1903026 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Gulf News}}</ref>

==International Reactions==
;Countries
* '''{{flagu|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}''' – [[Afghan Ambassador to India]] [[Shaida Mohammad Abdali]] condemned the attack. Pledging his nation's support to Prime Minister Narendra Modi's call for a strong and firm action against the perpetrators, Ambassador Abdali said: "We fully support PM Modi's call for strong and firm action against those who terrorise people, and those who use terrorism as an instrument of foreign policy; seeing this for many years. Whoever uses terrorism shouldn't only be isolated but also held accountable."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2016 |title=Uri attack: Afghan envoy calls for joint strategy to fight terrorist groups |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/uri-attack-afghan-envoy-calls-for-joint-strategy-to-fight-terrorist-groups-116091901080_1.html }}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Armenia}}''' – Armenia condemned the attack and expressed condolences to "families of killed and friendly people of India".<ref name=ibt/>
* '''{{flagu|Bahrain}}''' – Bahrain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs affirmed the nation's "full support to the friendly Republic of India in their actions to counter terrorism" and called for "concerted efforts to eliminate it (terrorism) and cut off its funding."<ref name=ibt/>
* '''{{flagu|Bangladesh}}''' –Bangladesh High Commissioner to India Syed Muazzem Ali <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/foreign-secretary/mr-syed-muazzem-ali|title=Mr. Syed Muazzem Ali {{!}} Welcome to MOFA Website|website=mofa.gov.bd|access-date=2016-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927021916/http://www.mofa.gov.bd/foreign-secretary/mr-syed-muazzem-ali|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> condemned the attack.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shakil |first=Marya |date=19 September 2016 |editor-last=Beg |editor-first=Mirza Arif |title=Uri Terror Attack: Bangladesh Stands With India, Says Envoy |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/uri-terror-attack-bangladesh-stands-with-india-says-envoy-1293717.html |work=News 18}}</ref> Bangladesh – MOFA has not yet released a press release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/media/press-release|title=Press Release {{!}} Welcome to MOFA Website|website=mofa.gov.bd|access-date=2016-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912232224/http://mofa.gov.bd/media/press-release|archive-date=12 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The country has also withdrawn from the 19th [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] summit scheduled to be held in Islamabad, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikari |first=Somak |date=28 September 2016 |title=India Pulls Out Of SAARC, Bangladesh & Afghanistan Follow. Pak Heads Towards Total Isolation |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-pulls-out-of-saarc-meet-as-it-looks-to-isolate-pakistan-diplomatically-after-uri-terror-attack-262520.html |access-date=2016-09-29 |website=India Times}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Bhutan}}''' – The Foreign Ministry issued a statement that read: "Bhutan strongly condemns terrorism in all its forms and stands with India in the fight against terrorism. Such heinous acts of terrorism calls for the need to step up international cooperation to combat the scourge of terrorism that poses a severe threat to the peace and stability of all countries."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/bhutan-condemns-uri-attack_1931286.html|title=Bhutan condemns Uri attack|work=Zee News|date=19 September 2016|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Canada}}''' – Acting High Commissioner Jess Dutton issued a statement condemning the attack and extending Canada's condolences to the victims and their families. "We are appalled by these attacks and stand with the Government of India in the fight against terrorism."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/highlights-faits/2016/2016-09-19_Canada-condemns-attack_condamne-attaque_Uri.aspx?lang=en | title=Canada condemns attack on Indian Army camp at Uri | work=Government of Canada: Canada in India | date=19 September 2016 | access-date=20 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218192746/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/india-inde/highlights-faits/2016/2016-09-19_Canada-condemns-attack_condamne-attaque_Uri.aspx?lang=en | archive-date=18 December 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|China}}''' – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Ministry]] issued a statement condemning the attack and expressed sympathy towards the families of the slain soldiers as well as the injured soldiers. It also expressed concerns about rising tensions in the Kashmir region and called upon India and Pakistan to hold dialogue and consultations in order to solve their differences and counter-terrorism operations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uri-attack-china-pakistan-india-341931-2016-09-19 | title=China condemns Uri attack, but wants India, Pakistan to have 'dialogue'| work=India Today | first=Ananth |last=Krishnan |date= 19 September 2016 |access-date= 19 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|France}}''' – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development issued a statement condemning the attack and calling for a peaceful settlement to disputes in Kashmir. "France condemns in the firmest terms the terrible terrorist attack committed on 18 September against an Indian Army camp in the Kashmir region. It expresses its condolences to the families of the 17 Indian soldiers killed in this attack. France stands beside India in the struggle against terrorism. It calls on each state to effectively fight against terrorist groups operating on its territory or from its territory against other countries. France reaffirms its commitment for a peaceful and structured settlement of differences in the region of Kashmir."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/inde/http-publication-diplomatie-gouv-fr-fr-dossiers-pays-inde-evenements/article/inde-attaque-terroriste-18-09-16 | title=Inde – Attaque terrorist (18 September 2016) (fr) | work=France – Diplomacy | date=18 September 2016 | access-date=18 September 2016 | archive-date=27 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027205855/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/inde/http-publication-diplomatie-gouv-fr-fr-dossiers-pays-inde-evenements/article/inde-attaque-terroriste-18-09-16 | url-status=dead }}</ref> France also called for "decisive actions" against anti-India terrorist organisations, including [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref name="toi-21sep">{{cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=Shyam |date=21 September 2016 |title=Condemning Uri terror attack, France, Russia score direct hits against Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Condemning-Uri-terror-attack-France-Russia-score-direct-hits-against-Pakistan/articleshow/54429098.cms |access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Germany}}''' – Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] condemned the attack and said, "our thoughts are with the families of the murdered soldiers and with the many people who have been injured, some seriously."<ref name="FE">{{cite news|title=Uri terror attack: After Russia, now Germany and Japan stand with India; condemn terrorist strike|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-terror-attack-after-russia-now-germany-and-japan-stand-with-india-condemn-terrorist-strike/383379/|access-date=20 September 2016|date=20 September 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref> He added, "Germany stands resolutely at India's side in the fight against terrorism. At the Indo-German counterterrorism consultations, which will take place in a few days' time, we will further discuss the threats to our two countries' societies.".<ref name="FE"/>
* '''{{flagu|Italy}}''' – Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Paolo Gentiloni]] condemned the attack "in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)| Jammu and Kashmir]]." He offered "deepest condolences to the families of the victims and to the Indian authorities," also affirming "Italy's solidarity with India in a common fight against terrorism to promote peace and security in the world."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/2016/09/l-italia-condanna-l-attacco-terroristico.html | title=Italy condemns Kashmir terror attack. Minister Gentiloni offers his condolences | work=Farnesina (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Cooperation) | date=19 September 2016 | access-date=22 September 2016 | archive-date=6 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106143723/https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/comunicati/2016/09/l-italia-condanna-l-attacco-terroristico.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Japan}}''' – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement which read: "The Government of Japan strongly condemns the terrorist attack on the Indian Base in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]], and extends its sincere condolences to those who lost their lives and their bereaved families, and expresses its heartfelt sympathy to those who were injured."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2016 |title=Japan, Russia condemns Uri terror attack, express solidarity with India |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/japan-russia-condemns-uri-terror-attack-express-solidarity-154319032.html |access-date=20 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920170357/https://in.news.yahoo.com/japan-russia-condemns-uri-terror-attack-express-solidarity-154319032.html |archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Maldives}}''' – Maldives{{who|date=September 2016}} condemned the attack, saying that it has "always condemned international terrorism, especially those originating from outside, defeating and eliminating which requires international collaboration and cooperation in good faith."<ref name=ibt/>
* '''{{flagu|Mauritius}}''' – Mauritius{{who|date=September 2016}} condemned the attack and said that it "stands in solidarity with the Government of India and with all those committed to the fight against terrorism."<ref name=ibt/>
* '''{{flagu|Mongolia}}''' – Mongolia{{who|date=September 2016}} expressed its deep regret in regards to the attack and said that the "terrorist attack must not be a disruption of efforts for strengthening the regional stability and mutual understanding in the region."<ref name=ibt/>
* '''{{flagu|Nepal}}''' – In a message to his Indian counterpart, Prime Minister [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal|Prachanda]] said he was of the firm belief that the perpetrators behind this heinous act will be brought to justice at the earliest. He reiterated the Nepali government's position of unequivocally condemning non-state militancy in all its forms and manifestations and said that such acts must be firmly and resolutely dealt with. Prachanda also extended his heartfelt condolences and sympathies to the bereaved families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indialivetoday.com/nepal-condemns-uri-attack/32471.html|title=Nepal condemns Uri attack|date=19 September 2016|work=indialivetoday.com|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322125741/http://www.indialivetoday.com/nepal-condemns-uri-attack/32471.html|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.np/press-release-terrorist-attack-uri/|title=Press Release on the Terrorist Attack in Uri|date=2016-09-19|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Qatar}}''' – Qatar{{who|date=September 2016}} condemned the attack, stressing its "condemnation of such criminal acts which aim to undermine security and stability."<ref name=ibt>{{cite news|last1=Bhat|first1=Aditya|title=International community supports India, strongly condemns Uri attack|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/uri-attack-here-how-international-community-responded-694476|access-date=21 September 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Russia}}''' – The Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement condemning the attacks, and also offered condolences to the families of victims. The Ministry also expressed concern about the terrorist attacks near the Line of Control stating, "We are also concerned about the fact that, according to New Delhi, the army base near Uri was attacked from Pakistani territory." The ministry added, "We believe that this criminal act will be investigated properly, and that its organisers and perpetrators will be held accountable. We confirm our continued support for the Indian government's counterterrorism efforts."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Korablinov|first1=Alexander|title=Russia strongly condemns Uri attack|url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2016/09/19/russia-strongly-condemns-uri-attack_631299|website=Russia & India Report|access-date=29 September 2016|date=19 September 2016}}</ref> On 19 September, Indian media claimed that Russia was cancelling a joint military exercise with Pakistan that had been scheduled to begin on 24 September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uri Attack fallout: Russia calls off military exercise with Pakistan|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uri-attack-fallout-russia-calls-of-military-exercise-with-pakistan/382372/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=29 September 2016|date=19 September 2016}}</ref> However, Russian forces arrived in Pakistan on 23 September and commenced the exercises as scheduled.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1186889/russian-forces-arrive-pakistan-first-ever-joint-military-exercise/|title=Russian forces arrive in Pakistan for first-ever joint military exercise|work=Express Tribune|date=23 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Saudi Arabia}}''' – Saudi Arabia{{who|date=September 2016}} expressed its "strong condemnation and denunciation of the terrorist attack that targeted an Indian military base in the Uri area of north Kashmir, killing and wounding dozens."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kasturi |first=Charu Sudan |date=20 September 2016 |title=Caution and clamour on Uri response |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/caution-and-clamour-on-uri-response/cid/1517694 |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921202716/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160921/jsp/nation/story_109374.jsp#.V-KMklR97IU |archive-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Singapore}}''' – Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] condemned the attack during an official visit to India on 4 October. "Singapore condemns terrorism in all forms and we express condolences to the victims of the terror attack in Uri."<ref name="Singapore">{{cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=4 October 2016 |title=Singapore condemns terrorism in all forms |agency=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/singapore-condemns-terrorism-in-all-forms/article9184259.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229225229/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Singapore-condemns-terrorism-%E2%80%98in-all-forms%E2%80%99/article15425523.ece |archive-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|Sri Lanka}}''' – President [[Maithripala Sirisena]] called PM Modi to condemn the attack and offered condolences to the families of the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PMOIndia/status/778224808345542658|title=PMO India on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> The Foreign Ministry issued a statement that read the attack and reaffirmed the "urgent need for sustained" regional and global cooperation to eliminate terrorism. "In the hour of grief, the Government of Sri Lanka offers its condolences to the families of the victims of the attack."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/sri-lanka-condemns-terror-attack-in-kashmirs-uri_1931268.html|title=Sri Lanka condemns terror attack in Kashmir's Uri|work=Zee News|access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> On 30 September, Sri Lanka postponed its participation for the SAARC summit, saying the prevailing environment in the region was not conducive.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-30 |title=Another jolt to Pakistan as Sri Lanka pulls out of SAARC Summit|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/Now-Sri-Lanka-pulls-out-of-SAARC-Summit/article55925783.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407103203/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/Now-Sri-Lanka-pulls-out-of-SAARC-Summit/article55925783.ece |archive-date=7 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|South Korea}}''' – South Korea{{who|date=September 2016}} extended its "deepest condolences and sympathy to the innocent victims of the terrorist attack and their bereaved families," adding that terrorism is an unjustifiable crime against humanity.<ref name=ibt/>
* '''{{flagu|Turkey}}''' – Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing sorrow over the "heinous attack," extending its condolences "to the families of soldiers who lost their lives" and wishing those injured a speedy recovery. The ministry said it was "deeply concerned about the increasing tension and casualties occurring recently in Jammu and Kashmir," and expressed hope that problems would be "settled through dialogue and within the framework of the relevant UN resolutions."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-229_-18-september-2016_-press-release-regarding-the-terrorist-attack-perpetrated-in-jammu-and-kashmir.en.mfa | title=No: 229, 18 September 2016, Press Release Regarding the Terrorist Attack Perpetrated in Jammu and Kashmir | work=Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs | date=18 September 2016 | access-date=20 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919132836/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-229_-18-september-2016_-press-release-regarding-the-terrorist-attack-perpetrated-in-jammu-and-kashmir.en.mfa | archive-date=19 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|UAE}}''' – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation issued a statement "renewing the nation's firm stand against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, its solidarity with the Republic of India and its support to all actions it may take to confront and eradicate terrorism". It further offered deepest condolences and sympathy to the families of the victims, as well as the government and people of India, and wished a speedy recovery to those who had been injured.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395300099805.html | title=UAE condemns terrorist attack against Indian military base in Kashmir | work=Emirates News Agency | date=18 September 2016 | access-date=18 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918201320/http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates-international/1395300099805.html | archive-date=18 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|United Kingdom}}''' – Foreign Secretary [[Boris Johnson]] condemned the attack. "The UK strongly condemns this morning's terrorist attack in Indian-administered Kashmir. I offer my deepest condolences to the victims and their families and friends. The UK condemns all forms of terrorism, and stands shoulder to shoulder with India in the fight against terrorism, and in bringing the perpetrators to justice."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/fco-press-release-foreign-secretary-condemns-attack-in-indian-administered-kashmir | title=FCO Press Release: Foreign Secretary condemns attack in Indian-administered Kashmir | work=Gov.uk | date=18 September 2016 | access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|United States}}''' – State Department spokesperson [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]] said: "The United States strongly condemns the terrorist attack on an Indian army base in Kashmir during the early morning of September 18. We extend our condolences to the victims and their families. The United States is committed to our strong partnership with the Indian government to combat terrorism."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/09/262053.htm | title=Indian Army Brigade Headquarters in Uri | work=U.S. Department of State | date=18 September 2016 | access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>
: The Chairman of the [[United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade|US House Subcommittee on Terrorism]], Congressman [[Ted Poe]] from Texas, along with [[Dana Rohrabacher]] from California, introduced a bill in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] calling for a declaration of Pakistan as a "state sponsor of terrorism." The bill HR6069 requires the president to issue a report within 90 days detailing Pakistan's role in supporting international terrorism followed by discussion from the [[US Secretary of State]]. Ted Poe said in a statement that Pakistan was not only an untrustworthy ally but it has also aided and abetted the enemies of the United States. He called the Uri attack the "latest consequence of Pakistan's longstanding irresponsible policy of supporting and providing operational space for '[[jihad]]i' terrorist groups".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1185650/us-lawmakers-move-bill-designate-pakistan-terrorist-state/|title=US lawmakers move bill to designate Pakistan a terrorist state|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://poe.house.gov/2016/9/chairman-poe-introduces-the-pakistan-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-designation-act Chairman Poe introduces the Pakistan State Sponsor of Terrorism Designation Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924055218/http://poe.house.gov/2016/9/chairman-poe-introduces-the-pakistan-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-designation-act |date=24 September 2016 }}, Press release, U. S. Congressman Ted Poe (official website), 20 September 2016.</ref>
: '''{{flagu|Venezuela}}''' – [[President of Venezuela|Venezuelan President]] [[Nicolás Maduro]] expressed solidarity with the people of India and stated: "We are committed along with our brotherly people of the world to get into the depth of this problem that has generated proliferation of terrorist movements, which doesn't respect life and the need for coexistence of people."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-condemns-uri-terror-attack/articleshow/54402038.cms | title=UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemns Uri terror attack | work=Economic Times | date=19 September 2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

;Organizations
* '''{{flagu|United Nations}}''' – On 19 September, [[Ban Ki-moon]], the spokesperson of the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], issued a statement which condemned the attack and expressed his deepest sympathy and condolences to the families of the soldiers who lost their lives and to the government of India. He also wished a speedy recovery to those who were injured during the attack and hoped that the perpetrators of the army base will be identified and brought to justice.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uri-attack-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-condemns-3038462/ | title=Uri terror attack: UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemns act| work=The Indian Express | date=19 September 2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
* '''{{flagu|European Union}}''' – An EU spokesperson issued a statement calling for solidarity against non-state militancy and expressing condolences to the families of the victims of the attack. "Yesterday's terrorist attack against the Uri Indian military camp demonstrates once again that terrorism has no boundaries, and that it is a global threat. As far as the European Union is concerned, we are committed to working with our partners and the international community at large to combat terrorism in all its forms. Our first thoughts and condolences go to the victims of this attack and to their families. We wish a quick recovery to those who were injured."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/node/10040_en|title=Attack at the Indian Army Camp in Uri – eeas – European Commission|work=europa.eu}}</ref>

==Media==
The ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' noted that Kashmir was already in international headlines at the time of the Uri attack due to the anti-India protests. It further noted that immediately after the attack, [[mainstream media]] in India and Pakistan engaged in "angry" rhetoric towards each other.<ref name="DWmedia">{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Arafatul |date=2016-09-20 |title=Media's controversial role |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-indian-and-pakistani-media-are-covering-kashmir-unrest/a-19562791 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=DW}}</ref> A video of Indian soldiers chanting "Pakistan, hear this loud and clear: If ... war breaks out you will be obliterated" went viral. ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' noted that many Indian media had openly called for a war on Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kugelman |first=Michael |date=September 24, 2016 |title=Could India and Pakistan Go to War? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/could-india-and-pakistan-go-to-war/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924171006/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/could-india-and-pakistan-go-to-war/ |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' suggested that the fallout from the Uri attack would hurt Pakistani artists in India.<ref name="ITartist">{{Cite web |title=Uri aftermath: Pakistan artists to be banned in India? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/indo-pak-tension-break-cultural-ties-343034-2016-09-24 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] gave all Pakistani artists in India 48 hours to leave the country and warned that they would be "hunted down".<ref name="IndiaExpressArtists">{{Cite web |title=All Pakistani artists have left Mumbai, will hunt down whoever is still left: MNS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/sep/25/all-pakistani-artists-have-left-mumbai-will-hunt-down-whoever-is-still-left-mns-1522852.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Subhash Chandra]] also said Pakistani artists should leave.<ref name=ITartist/> [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee TV]] considered terminating Pakistani shows. The Indian Motion Picture Producers Association (IMPPA) decided to ban all Pakistani actors, actresses and technicians in India till the situation returned to normal.<ref name="auto2"/> However Bollywood artists were divided towards the ban with some justifying it while some questioning its benefits.<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

On 18 September, the [[Times of India]] revealed that the army personnel recovered a map from the attackers which had markings in the [[Pashtun language]] and indicated a detailed plan of action. Four [[AK-47]] rifles and four [[grenade launcher|under barrel grenade launchers]] along with ammunition were also recovered. According to the Indian Army, some of the items had Pakistani markings.<ref name=web/> This was denied by the [[National Investigation Agency]].

''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'' noted that the timing of the attack coincided with the Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s visit to New York to address the [[United Nations General Assembly]] the following week.<ref name="Diplomat">
{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Shawn |date=19 September 2016 |title=17 Indian Soldiers Killed in Kashmir: India-Pakistan Tensions Heating up |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/17-indian-soldiers-killed-in-kashmir-india-pakistan-tensions-heating-up/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919074133/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/17-indian-soldiers-killed-in-kashmir-india-pakistan-tensions-heating-up/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Diplomat}}
</ref> ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]'', in another article, said that the attack was "designed" to increase public pressure against the Modi government's engagement with Pakistan.<ref name="Panda">
{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |date=September 19, 2016 |title=Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India’s Options? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920125634/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/gurdaspur-pathankot-and-now-uri-what-are-indias-options/ |archive-date=20 September 2016 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> It also reported that there was specific intelligence input from the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] two days earlier that an attack was being planned against army formations close to the LOC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Chandan |date=2016-09-21 |title=Exclusive: Uri Avenged, Army Conducts Surgical Strikes Across LoC |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/uri-avenged-2-india-paras-special-forces-cross-loc-uri-sector-jammu-and-kashmir-pakistan-neutralise-20-terrorists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922133609/https://www.thequint.com/uri-attack/2016/09/21/uri-avenged-2-india-paras-special-forces-cross-loc-uri-sector-jammu-and-kashmir-pakistan-neutralise-20-terrorists |archive-date=22 September 2016 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Quint}}</ref> The intelligence agency had said that three ''fidayeen'' squads were launched from [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. One of them attacked Uri, another went to [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] where it was engaged by the security forces, and the third is believed to be targeting Srinagar highway.<ref name="intel">{{Cite web |title=Uri attack: There was specific intelligence inputs; IB alerted army units on Thursday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uri-attack-specific-intelligence-inputs-ib-alert-army-units-341740-2016-09-18 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today}}
</ref> The [[India Today Television]] mentioned that, according to unnamed intelligence sources, Pakistan was plotting a "spectacular event" ahead of Nawaz Sharif's speech to the UN General Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uri attack: Pakistan plots spectacular event ahead of Sharif's UN speech, report Intel sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/pakistan-nawaz-sharif-un-speech-intel-sources-445271-2016-09-18 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=India Today}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]] (Indian retaliation to this attack)
* [[India-Pakistan Relations]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* [[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]
* [[Avrodh: The Siege Within]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
* Amit Sharma. [http://dbvideos.bhaskar.com/trending/how-terrorists-attacked-uri-30412.html "Complete Coverage: URI Attack In 2 Minute (SEPT. 18, 2016) 3:30 AM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219184949/http://dbvideos.bhaskar.com/trending/how-terrorists-attacked-uri-30412.html |date=19 February 2019 }}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Uri attack}}
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 2016]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents attributed to Pakistani jihadist groups]]
[[Category:September 2016 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2016]]
[[Category:Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:September 2016 in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on military headquarters]]
[[Category:Attacks on office buildings in India]]

Darlings (film)

2026-03-20T01:31:38Z

Flash255: added references

{{short description|2022 Hindi film by Jasmeet K. Reen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Darlings
| image = Darlings poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Jasmeet K. Reen
| producer = [[Alia Bhatt]] [[Gauri Khan]] Gaurav Verma
| writer = Parveez Sheikh Jasmeet K. Reen
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Alia Bhatt
*[[Shefali Shah]]
*[[Vijay Varma]]
*[[Roshan Mathew]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] Mellow D Ajay Lobo '''Score:''' [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = Nitin Baid
| studio = [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] Eternal Sunshine Productions
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|08|05}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Darlings''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] film co-written and directed by Jasmeet K. Reen, in her directorial debut, from a screenplay by Parveez Sheikh, and produced by [[Alia Bhatt]] (in her debut production), [[Gauri Khan]] and Gaurav Verma under the banners [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and Eternal Sunshine Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Shah Rukh Khan and Alia Bhatt present Darlings; Shefali Shah, Vijay Varma, Roshan Mathew join the cast |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-present-darlings-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-roshan-mathew-join-cast/ |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="offending">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Darlings: Alia Bhatt, Shah Rukh Khan collaborate for dark comedy, warn 'offending women can be dangerous' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/darlings-alia-bhatt-to-produce-dark-comedy-warns-offending-women-can-be-dangerous-for-health-7209453/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2021 |title=Alia Bhatt begins shoot for debut production venture 'Darlings' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alia-bhatt-begins-shoot-for-debut-production-venture-darlings/article35117566.ece |access-date=2022-11-01 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film stars Bhatt herself, [[Shefali Shah]], [[Vijay Varma]] and [[Roshan Mathew]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alia Bhatt's starrer Darlings sold to Netflix for Rs 80 Crore |url=https://dubaibliss.com/alia-bhatts-starrer-darlings-sold-to-netflix-for-rs-80-crore/ |website=Dubai Bliss |date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-s-red-chillies-backs-alia-bhatt-s-debut-production-darlings-1774249-2021-03-01|title=Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies backs Alia Bhatt's debut production Darlings|date=1 March 2021|work=India Today|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref>

''Darlings'' was released on [[Netflix]] on 5 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2022 |title=Alia Bhatt's maiden production 'Darlings' to premiere on Netflix in August |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/alia-bhatts-maiden-production-darlings-to-premiere-on-netflix-in-august/articleshow/92668839.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Shah Rukh Khan produced Alia Bhatt starrer Darlings to release on Netflix|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-produced-alia-bhatt-starrer-darlings-release-netflix/|date=7 February 2022|access-date=7 February 2022|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 May 2022 |title=Alia Bhatt's maiden production 'Darlings' to release on Netflix |url=https://theprint.in/features/alia-bhatts-maiden-production-darlings-to-release-on-netflix/968648/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> It received positive reviews from the critics. The film received more than 10 million watching hours globally in its opening weekend, the highest for any non-[[English language]] original Indian film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alia Bhatt's Darlings amasses over 10 million viewing hours in three days|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/alia-bhatts-darlings-amasses-over-10-million-viewing-hours-in-three-days-11044411.html/amp|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=11 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022|quote=The film has the highest global opening ever for a non-English original Indian film with more than 10 million viewing hours.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alia Bhatt's Darlings clocks 10 million viewing hours in three days|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatts-darlings-clocks-10-million-viewing-hours-in-three-days-8082957/lite/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref>

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Darlings'' received 11 nominations, including Best Web Original Film, Best Director in a Web Original Film (Reen) and Best Actor in a Web Original Film (Varma), and won five awards, including Best Actress in a Web Original Film (Bhatt) and Best Supporting Actress in a Web Original Film (Shah).<ref name="filmfare" /><ref name="filmfareW" />

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
Hamza Shaikh is an alcoholic who consistently beats his wife Badrunissa "Badru" Shaikh (née Ansari) after drinking. Badru finds many ways to try and make him quit drinking, one of which is insisting she & Hamza have a child. Hamza is constantly in a tiff with the rest of the society members for a renovation of the chawl they reside in. Badru attends one of the meetings in which the final decision on the renovation of the building is to be taken. She attends the meeting, despite Hamza asking her not to, and is beaten up again. Zulfi, who does odd jobs around the chawl, often visits Badru and her mother Shamshunissa "Shamshu" Ansari. He is aware of the torture Badru suffers from each day, and files a complaint against Hamza. Hamza is arrested but promises Badru he will quit drinking once they have a child. Badru gets Hamza out of jail, but suffers more abuse at his hands. Hamza then finds out that his liver is damaged and he needs to quit drinking or he'll die. That evening, upon returning home, Hamza learns that Badru is pregnant with their child, and he pretends to quit drinking because of his promise. Meanwhile, Hamza is hell-bent on knowing who filed the complaint against him. He eventually finds out that Zulfi did it and that Badru knew about it the whole time. Despite knowing that Badru is pregnant, Hamza hits her, because he suspects that Badru and Zulfi are having an affair. Hamza beats Badru and pushes her down a flight of stairs, which results in her suffering a [[miscarriage]]. On this day Hamza was not under the influence of any alcohol, so Badru is finally able to see that Hamza is truly an abusive husband. After being hospitalized and losing her child, Badru vows to treat Hamza just the way he treated her.

She comes home and feeds him sleeping pills, ties his hands and feet, and beats and tortures him. Meanwhile, Hamza's boss at work comes home to enquire about him. Badru and Shamshu lie that he has gone to the village as his father died, but are unable to get away with it. They tell him that Hamza is sick. Badru starts injecting the shots inside Hamza, which her mother got with the help of Kasim. Hamza escapes by lying to Zulfi while the women have gone out to file a fake missing complaint for him. Immediately after, the police visit to enquire about the missing Hamza. They suspect an affair between Zulfi and Badru and try to arrest Zulfi, who claims that he is in love with Shamshu. The police are confused and ask them all to come to the station. Shamshu kisses Zulfi and confirms her desire. Hamza has come to the police station, only to tell the police that Badru and her mother are torturing him. The police don't believe his story. Badru, Shamshu, and Zulfi arrive at the police station to bring him back home. Shamshu and Zulfi suggest they tie Hamza to a railway track to kill him. They tie him to the railway track when Badru realizes that she is turning out to be just like Hamza and unties him just before a train passes by. Hamza now released vows to take revenge on Badru, but when he is run over by a train. On the way back home, Shamshu comes clean to Badru that her father also brutally abused the former, even after Badru was born. Shamshu, too, had killed Badru's father with Kasim's help in disposing the body. She then filed a missing complaint about her husband but the police could never find him. Shamshu assures Badru that she took the correct decision of leaving him for good before he died of everything when his father deserves punishment, and Hamza too. A few days later, they hold a funeral for Hamza. Badru roams around the city independently, happy that she is free, with hopes for a better future.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Badrunissa "Badru" Ansari–Sheikh
* [[Shefali Shah]] as Shamshunissa "Shamshu" Ansari, Badru's mother
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Hamza Sheikh, Badru's Ex-husband
* [[Roshan Mathew]] as Zulfi, Shamshu's love
* [[Vikram Pratap]] as Abdul, medical store owner <ref name="Roshan Mathew on Darlings: This one has been a jarringly different experience">{{cite news |last1=EasternEye |title=Roshan Mathew on Darlings: This one has been a jarringly different experience |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/roshan-mathew-on-darlings-this-one-has-been-a-jarringly-different-experience/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808044946/https://www.easterneye.biz/roshan-mathew-on-darlings-this-one-has-been-a-jarringly-different-experience/ |archive-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Kasim Kasai
* [[Vijay Maurya]] as Inspector Rajaram Tawde
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Janardhan Jadhav
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Ticket Collector Damle, Hamza's boss<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=Kiran Karmarkar on his role in Darlings, extinction of stardom, Marathi industry not growing like Telugu industry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kiran-karmarkar-on-his-role-in-darlings-extinction-of-stardom-marathi-industry-101659402870929.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |title='DARLINGS' REVIEW {{!}} 5 August 2022 – Film Information |date=5 August 2022 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/darlings-review-5-august-2022/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Neha Kakkar]] as Herself (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Pre-production started by early January 2021 and the film was planned for 2021 release,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Mayukh |date=2021-02-16 |title=Alia Bhatt, Shah Rukh Khan Team Up For Darlings |url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-shah-rukh-khan-team-up-for-darlings/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Man's World India |language=en-GB}}</ref> it was announced on behalf of [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] through a motion poster by Shah Rukh Khan on March 1, 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan announces 'Darlings' starring Alia Bhatt and Shefali Shah - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-announces-darlings-starring-alia-bhatt-and-shefali-shah/articleshow/81269181.cms |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Set in Mumbai against the backdrop of a conservative lower-middle-class neighborhood, the film was hinted as a story of a quirky mother-daughter duo, sailing through circumstances with courage and love. Also, the motion poster, as a statutory warning translated to: "Offending women can be very injurious to your health".<ref name=":0" /> The film marks Alia Bhatt's first production, under the banner Eternal Sunshine Productions'.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alia Bhatt turns producer with 'Darlings' under banner Eternal Sunshine Productions |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/alia-bhatt-turns-producer-with-darlings-under-banner-eternal-sunshine-productions/articleshow/81272950.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref> Apart from Bhatt playing the lead, Shefali Shah was roped in to play the parallel lead,<ref name="offending" /> followed by [[Roshan Mathew]] and [[Vijay Varma]]. Producer Gaurav Verma (Red Chillies Entertainment) mentioned: "Darlings is a move forward in a direction where they would want to collaborate with fresh talent and nurture their perspective." Talking about the casting, the debutante director Jasmeet K. Reen was quoted: "...we have a dream cast and the perfect ‘partners in crime’ if I can call them that. We couldn't have asked for anything more and now I can't wait to get on the floor!"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Koimoi com |date=2021-03-01 |title=Darlings: Alia Bhatt & Vijay Varma Collaborate For A Dark Comedy, Shah Rukh Khan To Share A Special Role With Alia |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/darlings-alia-bhatt-vijay-varma-collaborate-for-a-dark-comedy-shah-rukh-khan-to-share-a-special-role-with-alia/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> Bhatt added that the film was a powerful story with a lot of humor and doses of dark comedy.<ref name=":2" />

On her character preparation as 'Badru', Bhatt stated, it was picking up authentic sort of lingo of the area in [[Byculla]], Mumbai which was a mixture of Urdu, English, Hindi and Marathi and heard in film dialogues.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Alia Bhatt on Darlings: 'Just like my food, I want my films to be flavourful and different' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-on-darlings-just-like-my-food-i-want-my-films-to-be-flavourful-and-different-10969491.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> When she heard the script, she realised it was the time to produce films where she is a pivotal character and with this film, the genre shifted very quickly''.''<ref name=":6" /> Bhatt's character also had an essence from the fable [[The Scorpion and the Frog|The Scorpion and The Frog]], where she added: "...little ambiguous for you to decide that who is the bicchu (scorpion) in the story", and she wanted the audience to actually play with and understand.<ref name=":6" />

In an interview with ''[[The Outlook Magazine|Outlook Magazine]]'', Mathew stated that the treatment for this role was a trial-and-error attempt, comfortable with his diction in Hindi, where he was clear with expectations of the role in few days of filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=Roshan Mathew: I Still Think Of Myself As A Newcomer |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-roshan-mathew-i-still-think-of-myself-as-a-newcomer/391852 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> Further interviews by Outlook Magazine wherein Varma hinted on the film story: "It will question what you like and don't like. It's just going to be a roller coaster. Relationships are shown in such a way that you won't know whose side you are going to be after 10 minutes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=Vijay Varma Feels That 'Darlings' Will Make Audience Challenge Their Judgement Of People |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-vijay-varma-feels-that-darlings-will-make-audience-challenge-their-judgement-of-people/407833 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2021, Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar were onboarded to compose the original songs for the film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt's Darlings Welcomes Gulzar, Vishal Bhardwaj on Board |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/alia-bhatts-darlings-welcomes-gulzar-vishal-bhardwaj-on-board-46919.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> By June, Bhatt announced she was preparing for the film and shared a photograph on Instagram to acknowledge the script reading.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darlings: Alia Bhatt Begins Prepping For Her New Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/darlings-alia-bhatt-begins-prepping-for-her-new-film-2466361 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced with scenes featuring Bhatt and Varma in Mumbai on July 3, 2021.<ref name=":1" /> Bhatt shared her monochrome photos from the sets where she was seen sitting in her make-up van, rehearsing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt starts shooting for Darlings, reveals she was nervous in new post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/alia-bhatt-starts-shooting-for-darlings-reveals-she-was-nervous-in-new-post-1823436-2021-07-03 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=India Today |date=3 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Shah joined the cast in July<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-05 |title=Shefali Shah starts shooting for dark comedy Darlings, also starring Alia Bhatt; actor shares update on social media |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shefali-shah-starts-shooting-for-dark-comedy-darlings-also-starring-alia-bhatt-actor-shares-update-on-social-media-9779681.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> but wrapped up filming for her scenes by August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-05 |title=Shefali Shah wraps up Darlings with a kiss to Alia Bhatt, says 'nothing prepares me for goodbyes' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/darlings-alia-bhatt-debut-production-wraps-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-roshan-mathew-see-photos-7439558/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> September 7, 2021, Bhatt announced that filming was completed and shared a few behind the scenes stills and videos from the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Alia Bhatt wraps Darlings shoot, says 'see you at the movies' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-wraps-darlings-shoot-says-see-you-at-the-movies-101631026798754.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Marketing==
In March 2021, a promotional video and motion logo of the film were released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Chillies Entertainment and Eternal Sunshine Productions present 'DARLINGS' – Red Chillies Entertainment |url=https://www.redchillies.com/news/red-chillies-entertainment-and-eternal-sunshine-productions-present-darlings |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.redchillies.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Alia Bhatt unveils her 1st production dark comedy Darlings with Shah Rukh Khan; To act in it with Shefali Shah |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/alia-bhatt-unveils-her-1st-production-dark-comedy-darlings-shah-rukh-khan-act-it-shefali-shah-626459 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627104302/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/alia-bhatt-unveils-her-1st-production-dark-comedy-darlings-shah-rukh-khan-act-it-shefali-shah-626459 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shriya |date=2021-03-01 |title=SRK shares Alia Bhatt's maiden production 'Darlings' first look: Yeh comedy thodi dark hai |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/srk-announces-alia-bhatt-s-maiden-production-darling-first-look-yeh-comedy-thodi-dark-hai-688035 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> A teaser poster featuring the official logo of the film was released as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaid |first=Kritika |date=1 March 2021 |title=Alia Bhatt Announces Her Production House' First-Ever Film 'Darlings' Along With Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/alia-bhatt-announces-her-production-house-first-ever-film-darlings-along-with-shah-rukh-khans-red-chillies-4459212/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=India.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In May 2022, Netflix India released a promotional announcement video for the film, featuring the cast.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-05-24 |title=Alia Bhatt's 'Darlings,' Produced by Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment, Boarded by Netflix |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/alia-bhatt-darlings-shah-rukh-khan-netflix-1235275854/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=Darlings: Alia Bhatt's Maiden Production Venture To Release Directly On Netflix |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/darlings-alia-bhatt-s-maiden-production-venture-to-release-directly-on-netflix-news-198277 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref> An announcement video revealing the release date for the teaser trailer was released in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1543941129938554880|user=NetflixIndia|title=Kya hai Darlings? Kaun hai Darlings? Kab hai Darlings? Kidhar hai Darlings? Zara sun lo Darlings.|author=[[Netflix|Netflix India]]}}</ref> On 5 July 2022, the film's official [[Teaser (trailer)|teaser]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Tanushree |date=5 July 2022 |title=Darlings teaser out now. Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah, Vijay Varma's dark comedy looks promising |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/darlings-teaser-out-now-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-s-dark-comedy-looks-promising-1970368-2022-07-05 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and two posters were released.<ref name="bwh" /><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1544185707329363968|user=NetflixIndia|title=Kya ek meindak aur bichhoo dost ho sakte hain? Darlings, watch on 5th August, only on Netflix. #Darlings #DarlingsOnNetflix|author=Netflix India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1544255890349367296|user=NetflixIndia|title=Excuse me darlings, ye comedy thodi dark hai. #Darlings, watch on 5th August, only on Netflix. #DarlingsOnNetflix.|author=Netflix India}}</ref> On 25 July 2022, the film's official trailer was released; a launch event was held in support of it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=25 July 2022 |title='Darlings' Trailer Shows Alia Bhatt's Vengeful Wife in Netflix's Indian Dark Comedy |url=https://collider.com/darlings-movie-trailer-alia-bhatt-vijay-varma/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 July 2022 |title=Darlings Trailer Launch: Alia Bhatt reveals Shah Rukh Khan usually doesn't co-produce films but did it for her : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/darlings-trailer-launch-alia-bhatt-reveals-shah-rukh-khan-usually-doesnt-co-produce-films-but-did-it-for-her/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Darlings
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] Mellow D And Ajay Lobo
| released = 2 August 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Vishal |last2=D |first2=Mellow |date=2 August 2022 |title=Darlings – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/darlings/K3ELoI4EO24_ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Vishal |last2=D |first2=Mellow |date=2 August 2022 |title=Darlings (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2CC7SjZUz7ua9SwvwBJBmy?si=wZHwQ5EJRYmI431H_xvUhQ |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:23
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|NxTYGSN2mGQ|Darlings - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The [[film score]] is composed and produced by [[Prashant Pillai]], while the soundtrack is written by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and Mellow D with lyrics by [[Gulzar]] and the latter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2021 |title=Darlings: Alia Bhatt starrer ropes in Gulzar, Vishal Bhardwaj to compose lyrics and music |work=[[India TV|India TV News]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/darlings-alia-bhatt-starrer-ropes-in-gulzar-vishal-bhardwaj-to-compose-lyrics-and-music-689605 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=Gulzar, Vishal Bhardwaj roped in for music for Alia Bhatt's 'Darlings' |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-gulzar-vishal-bhardwaj-roped-in-for-music-for-alia-bhatts-darlings-369054 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[WION]]}}</ref>

[[Zee Music Company]] released the film's official three-track soundtrack album on 2 August 2022; the lead single "La Ilaaj", sung by [[Arijit Singh]], Vishal Bhardwaj, and Debarpito Saha, was released some hours prior to it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2021 |title=Gulzar and Vishal Bhardwaj join the team of Alia Bhatt starrer Darlings |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/gulzar-vishal-bhardwaj-join-team-alia-bhatt-starrer-darlings/ |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=2 August 2022 |title=Darlings new song La Ilaaj out. Alia Bhatt loves it, says 'it was perfect for the moment' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/darlings-new-song-la-ilaaj-out-alia-bhatt-loves-it-says-it-was-perfect-for-the-moment-1982905-2022-08-02 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Darlings (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/darlings-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1637627363 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 10:23
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = La Ilaaj
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], Debarpito Saha
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Bhasad
| note2 = Music and Lyrics by Mellow D
| extra2 = Mellow D
| length2 = 2:38
| title3 = Pleaj!
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length3 = 3:21
}}

==Release==
''Darlings'' was released on 5 August 2022 on Netflix.<ref name="bwh">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 July 2022 |title=Darlings starring Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah, Vijay Varma to premiere on Netflix on August 5, first teaser unveils new mystery |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/darlings-starring-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-premiere-netflix-august-5-first-teaser-unveils-new-mystery/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=7 July 2022 |title=Netflix to stream Alia Bhatt-starrer 'Darlings' on 5 August |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/netflix-to-stream-alia-bhatt-starrer-darlings-on-5-august-11657169244471.html |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|LiveMint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Alia Bhatt's 'Darlings' to release on Netflix in August |url=https://theprint.in/features/alia-bhatts-darlings-to-release-on-netflix-in-august/1025224/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=[[The Print|ThePrint]]}}</ref>

Following the acquisition of the film's rights by [[Netflix]] in February 2022, [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] announced that the film skipped theatrical release, and will digitally premiere as an [[List of Netflix original films (since 2022)|original]] on the streaming platform.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Red Chillies Entertainment & Eternal Sunshine Productions' DARLINGS, coming soon to NETFLIX |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/red-chillies-entertainment-and-eternal-sunshine-productions-darlings-coming |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=About Netflix}}</ref> In July 2022, the film's release date was announced as 5 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prauney |first=Chabita |date=5 July 2022 |title=Darlings Teaser: Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah And Vijay Varma In A Dark Fable |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/darlings-teaser-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-and-vijay-varma-in-a-dark-fable-3128227 |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=[[NDTV|NDTV Movies]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2022 |title=Alia Bhatt Darlings to premiere on Netflix on August 5; teaser out |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alia-bhatt-darlings-netflix-release-date-teaser-out/article65602041.ece |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Viewership ===
''Darlings'' had the highest global opening for a non-English Indian film, with audiences spending more than 10 million hours watching it in its opening weekend, according to a statement released by the streaming service to the [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title=Darlings: Alia Bhatt and Vijay Varma's domestic violence film wows India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62488896?xtor=AL-72-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bbbc.news.twitter%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D|access-date=12 August 2022|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title='Darlings' Takes India By Storm; Alia Bhatt Domestic Violence Dark Comedy Has Netflix's Highest Global Opening For Non-English Indian Film|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/darlings-domestic-violence-alia-bhatt-netflix-highest-global-opening-non-english-indian-film-1235090777/|access-date=12 August 2022|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Darlings'' received positive reviews with praise towards the storyline and performances of the cast.<ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=Shefali Shah talks about her 'unexpected' kiss scene in Darlings: 'That took me completely by surprise, ye kya ho gaya'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shefali-shah-says-her-unexpected-kiss-scene-in-darlings-took-her-by-surprise-101660240778964-amp.html|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=12 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022|quote=The dark comedy by director Jasmeet K Reen has received critical acclaim}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=6 August 2022|title=Shah Rukh Khan pampers himself by watching Alia Bhatt starrer Darlings on his day off; says 'This is not an endorsement'|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-pampers-watching-alia-bhatt-starrer-darlings-day-off-says-not-endorsement/|access-date=6 August 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|quote=The film has been receiving rave reviews by critics and audience.}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Janhvi Kapoor Lauds Alia Bhatt for Her Movie Darlings: 'Another Winner! No Words for You'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/janhvi-kapoor-lauds-alia-bhatt-for-her-movie-darlings-another-winner-no-words-for-you-5701729.html|website=[[News 18]]|date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022|quote=Darlings that was released on August 5 has created quite a buzz among fans and critics. Not only did the dark comedy garner favourable reviews for its storyline but also for the stellar performances by the cast Shefali Shah, Alia Bhatt and Vijay Varma.}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite web|title=Janhvi Kapoor reviews Alia Bhatt's Darlings, lauds her 'unparalleled talent'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/janhvi-kapoor-reviews-alia-bhatt-s-darlings-lauds-her-unparalleled-talent-1984531-2022-08-06|website=[[India Today]]|date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022|quote=Darlings opened to a thunderous response from the critics and audience alike.}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Shah Rukh Khan is 'pampering' himself by watching Darlings on his day off: 'This is not an endorsement'|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-is-pampering-himself-by-watching-darlings-on-his-day-off-8073506/lite/|access-date=6 August 2022|website=[[The Indian Express]]|quote=The film has been receiving rave reviews.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|70|5.2|20|consensus=}}<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=darlings_2022|type=m|title=Darlings|access-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "''Darlings'' is very much its own film. There is generosity of spirit, which makes it eminently watchable".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2022|title=Darlings, with Strong Performances by Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah and Vijay Varma, Has Lots Going for it|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/netflix/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-with-strong-performances-by-shefali-shah-and-vijay-varma-has-lots-going-for-it/|website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Pooja Biraia Jaiswal of ''[[The Week (India)|The Week]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Except for a few instances here and there, ''Darlings'' feels as real as can get. You cannot but feel a part of the narrative yourself, when you root for the victim and feel agonised by her misery".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title='Darlings' review: Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah, Vijay Varma shine in this black comedy|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/08/05/sarlings-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-shine.html|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The proceedings take on absurdist hues at times, but that sort of adds to the lure of the film. Watch ''Darlings'' for its message and for the fine acting displayed by the entire ensemble class".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Movie Review|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/darlings-movie-review-55184.html|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Tina Das of ''[[The Print]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Darlings'' is a dark comedy par excellence, helmed by powerful performances by Alia Bhatt and Shefali Shah".<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix's Darlings is a treat. A dark comedy pulled off by Alia Bhatt and Shefali Shah |date=5 August 2022 |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/netflixs-darlings-is-a-treat-a-dark-comedy-pulled-off-by-alia-bhatt-and-shefali-shah/1070293/ |publisher=[[The Print]] |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Darlings'' makes a compelling case study on domestic violence but it wouldn't be what it is, if it wasn't for Shefali and Alia. Both actresses speak through their eyes and make up for the dreary pace at times with their outstanding performances and chemistry".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Review : A satirical portrayal of love and abuse in a marriage|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/darlings/ottmoviereview/93290772.cms|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Darlings'' is a well-rounded effort by Jasmeet K. Reen, supported by bold ideas and clever imagery".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Review|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/darlings-review/20220805.htm|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' awarded the film a score of 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Satire is a tough tool and ''Darlings'' wields it well. Even though sometimes the satire might not translate and the pacing might wobble, the pros heavily outweigh the cons".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Review: Alia Bhatt's 'Darlings' Is a Mix of Clever Storytelling & Performances|url=https://www.thequint.com/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-film-darlings-full-movie-review-domestic-abuse-theme-vijay-varma|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Film critic based at ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Darlings'' is a hilarious entertainer and at the same time, it is also replete with some hard-hitting moments. The performances of Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah and Vijay Varma are award-winning and serve as the icing on the cake".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Movie Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/darlings/critic-review/darlings-movie-review/the-performances-of-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-and-vijay-varma-are-award-winning-and-serve-as-the-icing-on-the-cake/|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Fengyen Chiu of ''[[Mashable]]'' awarded the film a score of 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Domestic violence has been depicted in several Bollywood movie before, but ''Darlings'' has done it in a very creative and fresh way. Some aspects of the plot were indeed predictable, but some aspects also catch you off guard. All-in Alia Bhatt and Shefali Shah is definitely a must watch and will make you cry, angry, frustrated, and happy throughout the movie".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title='Darlings' Review: Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah Cook Up The Perfect Meal With Suspense, Violence And A Dash Of Humour|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36210/darlings-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-cook-up-the-perfect-meal-with-suspense-violence-and-a-dash-of-hum|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Darlings'' entices and thrills, even if I wish the film had gone all out. I wish it had killed its darlings".<ref>{{cite web |title='Darlings' movie review: Alia Bhatt lights up this dark comedy |date=5 August 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/aug/05/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-lights-up-this-dark-comedy-2484411.html |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> Avinash Lohana of [[Pinkvilla]] rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Darlings'' stays consistent even in the second half, and a few high points scattered periodically in the script keeps you hooked to the narrative. Watch it for the message and the performances".<ref>{{cite web |title=Darlings Review: Alia Bhatt, Vijay Varma, Shefali Shah and Roshan Mathew's film is a mirror and a reminder |date=5 August 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/darlings-review-alia-bhatt-vijay-varma-shefali-shah-and-roshan-mathew-s-film-mirror-and-reminder-1172230 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805072357/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/darlings-review-alia-bhatt-vijay-varma-shefali-shah-and-roshan-mathew-s-film-mirror-and-reminder-1172230 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Darlings'', which ploughs a dark furrow all its own while making judicious use of genre elements while shunning standard narrative tropes, is watchable all the way".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Review: Watchable All The Way With Fine Performances From Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/darlings-review-watchable-all-the-way-with-fine-performances-from-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-3-stars-3227073|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The National Herald (India)|The National Herald]]'' wrote, "The cast of ''Darlings'' makes it a riveting watch. Varma is terrifying and Roshan Mathew as believable as the tender man. Ultimately, it's all in the hands of the forever solid & reliable Shah and Bhatt, matching her in every beat".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title='Darlings' Review: A darkly funny journey to self-realisation and a road to salvation|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/reviews-recommendations/darlings-review-a-darkly-funny-journey-to-self-realisation-and-a-road-to-salvation|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[The National Herald (India)|The National Herald]]}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded the film 3 stars (out of 5) and wrote, "''Darlings'' is a film with a message. It touches upon the subject of domestic violence and addiction. Alia and Shefali's timing and Vijay Varma's acting save ''Darlings'' from becoming just another film with a social message".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Movie Review: Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah's daughter-mother act is the real star of this dark comedy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-s-daughter-mother-act-is-the-real-star-of-this-dark-comedy-1984035-2022-08-05|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Bohni Bandyopadhyay of [[CNN-IBN]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah and Vijay Varma's black comedy brings out laughs in tragic situations, but is ultimately a story about shattered hopes and dreams".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title=Darlings Movie Review: Alia Bhatt, Shefali Shah, Vijay Varma Shine Bright in Netflix's Dark Comedy|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-netflix-dark-comedy-5691787.html|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' wrote, "''Darlings'' has both laugh-out-loud comedy and suppressed giggles. Reen's control over the lengthier sequences, backed by Anil Mehta's sinuous camerawork and Nitin Baid's elegant editing, is strongest when Hamza drops the mask and lets the misogyny show".<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2022|title='Darlings' review: A dark comedy with sparkling performances|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1029597/darlings-review-a-wickedly-dark-comedy-with-sparkling-performances|access-date=5 August 2022|website=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Alia Bhatt, Vijay Varma, Shefali Shah and Roshan Mathew deliver excellent performances in a film that is aware of what it is. A few forced comic touches spoil the effect though".<ref>{{cite web |title=Darlings movie review: Alia Bhatt raises the bar for movies with meaning |date=5 August 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/darlings-movie-review-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-vijay-varma-netflix-8072049/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> [[Anna M.M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "This clarity and a certain energy are missing for the most part from the rest of ''Darlings''. Full marks to the squad for risk-taking. On the execution front though, it barely gets a passing grade".<ref>{{cite web |title=Darlings movie review: A faltering black comedy on marital violence that tips Alia Bhatt off balance |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/darlings-movie-review-a-faltering-black-comedy-on-marital-violence-that-tips-alia-bhatt-off-balance-11012911.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of the ceremony
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
{{small|(Web Original Film section)}}
| rowspan="11" | [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|26 November 2023]]
| Best Film
| ''Darlings''
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| rowspan="11" align="center" |<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html|title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out|date=22 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref name="filmfareW">{{cite news|title=Winners Of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=27 November 2023|access-date=27 November 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126194004/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html|archive-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| Jasmeet K. Reen
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Vijay Varma]]
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Alia Bhatt]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Shefali Shah]]
|-
| Best Story
| Jasmeet K. Reen
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Original Screenplay
| Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveez Sheikh
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveez Sheikh, [[Vijay Maurya]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Nitin Baid
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[Prashant Pillai]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| Anirban Sengupta
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[23rd IIFA Awards|26-27 May 2023]]
|rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tusing |first1=David |last2=Jhurani |first2=Aarti |date=2023-05-27 |title=All the winners at the IIFA Awards 2023 in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/05/27/winners-at-iifa-awards-2023-in-abu-dhabi/ |access-date= 8 October 2023 |website=The National |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611044359/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/05/27/winners-at-iifa-awards-2023-in-abu-dhabi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Darlings''
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|-
| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]] {{small|(Original)}}
|Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveez Sheikh
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|rowspan="4"|11 August 2023
|Best Film
|''Darlings''
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2023|title=Darlings, Kantara, Jubilee lead Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2023 nominations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-nomination-announced-lead-by-darlings-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-winners-announcement-august-11-2406585-2023-07-14|access-date=21 October 2023|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IFFM 2023 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Pathaan, Rani Mukerji, Sita Ramam win top honours|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=11 August 2023|access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|-
|Equality in Cinema Award
|''Darlings''
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|26 February 2023
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]]
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Zee Cine Awards 2023 Winners|url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2023/|website=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424023330/https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Most Promising Director|Best Debut Director]]
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[CNN-News18|News 18]] [[IReel Awards|Reel Awards]]
|rowspan="6" |26 February 2023
|Best Film {{small|(Jury)}}
|''Darlings''
|{{won}}
|rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=News 18 Reel Awards 2023 Winners|url=https://www.news18.com/reel-awards-2023/winners/|website=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=26 February 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008132809/https://www.news18.com/reel-awards-2023/winners/#popular-choice-web|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=News 18 Reel Awards 2023 Nominations|url=https://www.news18.com/reel-awards-2023/list-of-nominees/#films-cat-BEST_FILM|website=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=23 February 2023|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223114615/https://www.news18.com/reel-awards-2023/list-of-nominees/#films-cat-BEST_DIRECTOR|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|Best Performance in a Negative Role
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" |[[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest|Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest Awards]]
|rowspan="11" | 20 October 2023
|Best Feature Film
|''Darlings''
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|rowspan="11" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Netflix and Amazon Prime Video win big at the Bollywood Hungama India Entertainment Awards; take a look at the complete winners' list|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/netflix-amazon-prime-video-win-big-bollywood-hungama-india-entertainment-awards-take-look-complete-winners-list/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=20 October 2023|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest Winners|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=20 October 2023|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020153248/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php|archive-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|-
|Best Film {{small|(People's Choice)}}
|''Darlings''
|rowspan="8" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Actress {{small|(Popular)}}
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|-
|Best Actor {{small|(Popular)}}
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actor
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|[[Roshan Mathew]]
|-
|Mould-Breaking Actor Of The Year
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|Bankable Star Of The Year
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6" |[[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Streaming Awards]]
|rowspan="6"|19 July 2024
|Best Hindi Film
|''Darlings''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Congratulations to all the Winners of Indian Telly Streaming Awards 2024|url=https://indiantellystreamingawards.com/|website=indiantellystreamingawards.com|date=19 July 2024|access-date=21 July 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240721081850/https://indiantellystreamingawards.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director {{small|(Hindi)}}
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress {{small|(Hindi)}}
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actress {{small|(Hindi)}}
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|Best Actress in a Comedy Role {{small|(Hindi)}}
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role {{small|(Hindi)}}
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[https://www.foionlineawards.com/ FOI Online Awards]
| rowspan="7" | 20 January 2023
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="7" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=8thFOIOA Winners Announced: Badhaai Do bags the Best Feature Film|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-winners-announced-badhaai-do-bags-the-best-feature-film|website=foionlineawards.com|date=20 January 2023|access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=8thFOIOA 2023 Nominations Announced!|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-2023-nominations-announced|website=foionlineawards.com|date=13 January 2023|access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Ensemble
|Ensemble cast of ''Darlings''
|-
|Best Dialogues
|Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveez Sheikh, [[Vijay Maurya]]
|-
|Best Original Song
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Gulzar]] for "La Ilaaj"
|-
|Best Lyricist
|[[Gulzar]] for "La Ilaaj"
|-
|Special Jury Mention
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row"|[http://filmcriticsguild.com/ Critic's Choice Awards]
|29 April 2023
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Critics' Choice Awards 2023: Rishab Shetty Wins Best Actor, 'Rocket Boys' Bags Best Series; Check Full Winners List|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/critics-choice-awards-2023-rishab-shetty-wins-best-actor-for-kantara-rocket-boys-bags-best-series-award-check-full-winners-list-2598709.html|website=[[Zee News]]|date=24 April 2023|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[https://www.bfja.in/index.html Bollywood Film Journalists’ Awards]
| rowspan="4" |11 March 2023
|Best Supporting Actor {{small|(Female)}}
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|rowspan="4" {{won}}
|rowspan="4" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Power Brands Bollywood Film Journalists' Awards : Result 2023|url=https://www.bfja.in/result2023.html|website=bfja.in|date=11 March 2023|access-date=17 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317113331/https://www.bfja.in/result2023.html|archive-date=17 March 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Story {{small|(Original)}}
|Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveez Sheikh, [[Vijay Maurya]]
|-
|Best Screenplay
|Jasmeet K. Reen, Parveez Sheikh
|-
|Best Debutante Director
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |[https://www.ottdigitalawards.com/ Digital Reinvent Awards]
|rowspan="4"|1 December 2023
|Best Movie / Mini Series {{small|(Gold)}}
|''Darlings''
|rowspan="4" {{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web|title=DIGITAL REINVENT AWARDS 2023 - WINNERS GUIDE|url=https://www.ottdigitalawards.com/copy-of-finalist-guide|website=www.ottdigitalawards.com|access-date=2 December 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140222/https://www.ottdigitalawards.com/copy-of-finalist-guide|archive-date=2 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Direction {{small|(Gold)}}
|Jasmeet K. Reen
|-
|Lead Actress of the Year {{small|(Gold)}}
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Supporting Actress of the Year {{small|(Gold)}}
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |[https://www.radiocity.in/hitlistott Hitlist OTT Awards]
|rowspan="5" |17 March 2023
|Best Film
|''Darlings''
|rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Darlings For Hitlist OTT: Do You Think Alia Bhatt-Shefali Shah's Movie Is Award Worthy?|url=https://www.radiocity.in/entertainment/news/darlings-for-hitlist-ott-do-you-think-alia-bhatt-shefali-shah-s-movie-is-award-worthy-11492|website=[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]|date=16 February 2023|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Roshan Mathew]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" |[https://www.bollywoodlife.com/awards/bollywoodlife-awards-2024/ Bollywood Life Awards] {{small|([[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] Film Section)}}
|rowspan="3" | 24 March 2023
|Best Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=BL Awards 2023 Complete Winners List: Kartik Aaryan, Alia Bhatt, Fahmaan Khan, Ayesha Singh, Rishab Shetty And More Win Big|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bl-awards-2023-complete-winners-list-kartik-aaryan-alia-bhatt-fahmaan-khan-ayesha-singh-rishab-shetty-and-more-win-big-2379076/|website=BollywoodLife.Com|date=24 March 2023|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" |[https://www.iwmdigitalawards.com/ IWM Digital Awards]
|rowspan="5" | 16 June 2023
|Best Digital Film
|''Darlings''
|{{won}}
|rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Full Winner List: IWMBuzz Digital Awards Season 5, India's Biggest OTT and Web Entertainment Awards|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/full-winner-list-iwmbuzz-digital-awards-season-5-indias-biggest-ott-and-web-entertainment-awards/2023/06/20|website=IWMBuzz.Com|date=20 June 2023|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Digital Film {{small|(Popular)}}
|''Darlings''
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Alia Bhatt]]
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" |[https://www.femina.in/beauty-awards-2022/ Femina Beauty Awards]
|14 December 2022
|Rising Star Award
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{won}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Vijay Varma Wins The Rising Star Award At Nykaa Femina Beauty Awards 2022|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty/vijay-varma-wins-the-rising-star-award-at-nykaa-femina-beauty-awards-2022_-249704.amp|website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]|date=14 December 2022|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons|Bollywood Hungama Style Icons Awards]]
|14 April 2023
|Most Stylish Breakthrough Talent {{small|(Male)}}
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{nom}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 April 2023|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |[https://www.lionsclubs.org/en Lions Gold Awards]
|14 October 2022
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|[[Vijay Varma]]
|{{won}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Man Of The Hour – Vijay Varma|url=https://weddingaffair.co.in/man-of-the-hour-vijay-varma/|website=Wedding Affair|date=29 August 2023|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |[https://www.ottplay.com/awards OTTplay Awards]
|rowspan="2"|29 October 2023
|Best Film
|''Darlings''
|{{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=OTTplay Awards 2023 full list of winners: Rajkummar Rao wins big, Darlings is Best Film, Ayali Best Web Series|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ottplay-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-101698639229871.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 October 2023|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Most Promising Actor
|[[Roshan Mathew]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14152140}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2022 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]

List of ranas of Mewar

2026-03-18T21:27:21Z

Flash255: Made...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox noble house
| surname = House of Sisodia
| image = Map rajasthan mewar.png
| image_caption = Map of the [[Mewar]] Region
| type = 
| native_name = Sisodia
| native_name_lang = सिसोदिया
| other_name =
| coat of arms = [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Udaipur_State.png|150px]]
| country = [[Udaipur State|Kingdom of Mewar]]
| parent house = [[Guhila dynasty]]
| motto = Jo drirha rakhe dharma koun tihin rakhe katar
| motto_trans = The Almighty protects those who stand steadfast in upholding righteousness
| titles = ''[[Maharana]]'', ''[[Rana (title)|Rana]]''
| styles = [[His Highness]]
| founded = 1326
| founder = [[Hammir Singh]]
| final ruler = [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]]
| seat = [[Udaipur]]
| historic_seat = [[Chittorgarh]]
| current head = Disputed: [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]]
| dissolution =
| deposition =
| cadet branches = *[[Pratapgarh State|Sisodias of Pratapgarh]]
*[[Chundawat]]
*[[Shaktawat]]
}}
The [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] clan of [[Mewar]], also called the '''House of Mewar''', is a [[Brahmin|Rajput]] clan founded in 1325-1326 that ruled the [[Udaipur State|Kingdom of Mewar]], later called the [[Udaipur State]] under the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manoshi|first=Bhattacharya|title=The Royal Rajputs|year=2008 |isbn=9788129114013|pages=42–46|publisher=Rupa & Company }}</ref> The dynasty traces its ancestry back to Rahapa, a son of the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila]] king Ranasimha. [[Hammir Singh]], a scion of this branch family of the Guhilas, re-established the Kingdom of Mewar after defeating the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq sultans]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Rima Hooja |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa |oclc=80362053 |pages=328–329 |isbn=9788129108906 }}</ref><ref name="Naravane">''The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan'' by M. S. Naravane {{ISBN|81-7648-118-1}}</ref>

==List of Maharanas of Mewar==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Picture
!Name
!Reign
!Notes
|-
|
|[[Hammir Singh]]
|1326–1364
|He rebelled against the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] in 1326 and recaptured [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]] from them, which was [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|lost]] to Khijis in 1303. Defeated the Delhi Sultanate at [[Battle of Singoli|Singoli]].
Captured Ajmer, Ranthambor, Nagaur and Sopor.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=105-107}}
|-
|
|[[Kshetra Singh]]
|1364–1382
|Hammir's son. He increased the Mewar control over Madalgarh and [[Bundi]] and completely annexed [[Ajmer]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}
He also defeated Amin Shah of Malwa at the Battle of Bakrole and inflicted heavy casualties. He died in 1405 after reasserting the control of Mewar on a very large area.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=109-111}}
|-
|[[File:HansaBai&RanaLakha.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Lakha Singh]]
|1382–1421
|Khsetra's son. He suffered multiple initial setbacks against Zafar Khan of Gujarat, but quickly regrouped and re-established full control over all the territories. He rebuilt temples and shrines which had been destroyed by [[Alauddin Khalji|Allaudin Khilji]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=112-113}}
|-
|[[File:Rana Mokal Singh.jpg|frameless|208x208px]]
|[[Mokal Singh]]
|1421-1433
|Lakha's son. He defeated the Sultan of Nagaur, Gujarat. Later the Sultan of Gujarat invaded Mewar; during this invasion, he was assassinated, allegedly by his uncles.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=117-119}}
|-
|[[File:Kumbha of Mewar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Rana Kumbha]]
|1433–1468
|Mokal's son. His first important achievement was attacking and killing his father's assassins. His further accomplishments included absolute defeat of the Sultans of Nagaur, [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. Under his able leadership, Mewar became the strongest kingdom in North India. He built multiple strong forts in Mewar.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=122-144}}
|-
|[[File:Maharana-Udai-Singh-I-of-Mewar.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Udai Singh I]]
(Udaa singh)
|1468–1473
|Kumbha' son. Infamous for having assassinated his own father. He was defeated by his brother five years later.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=146-147}}
|-
|
|[[Rana Raimal]]
|1473–1508
|Son of Kumbha. Following the moral of the [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagvad Geeta]], he re-established ''[[Dharma]]''-righteousness, and showed that every [[Adharma|''Adharmi'']] (non righteous person)—even if he was a brother—deserved the strictest of punishments. He defeated and killed his brother, who had assassinated Rana Kumbha. He retained control over Mewar despite many attempts by the Sultan of Malwa to supplant him.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=146-148}}{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=151-153}}
|-
|[[File:Depiction of king Rana Sanga.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Rana Sanga]]
|1508–1527
|Raimal's son. Defeated the Sultan of Gujarat, Malwa and Delhi. Under his rule, Mewar attained peak power and prosperity. After a term of over 25 years, he was accidentally struck in the eye during [[Babur]]'s invasion and eventually lost when his army thought he had been killed.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=152-169}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race: Sarda, Har Bilas, Diwan Bahadur, 1867–1955 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanasangahin00sardrich |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Ratan Singh II]]
|1528–1531
|Sanga's son, defeated and killed by [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=171-181}}
|-
|
|[[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)|Vikramaditya Singh]]
|1531–1536
|Sanga's son, assassinated by his cousin Banvir Singh.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=189}}
|-
|
|[[Banvir|Banvir Singh]]
|1536–1540
|Usurper of the throne, defeated and expelled by his cousin [[Udai Singh II]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=189-193}}
|-
|[[File:Rana-udai-singh-ii.jpg|frameless|170x170px]]
|[[Udai Singh II]]
|1540–1572
|Sanga's son. Defeated Banvir. Fought against Mughals, and was defeated in the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=193}}{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=208-215}}
|-
|[[File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Maharana Pratap]]
|1572–1597
|Udai's son. Notable for his military resistance against the Mughals.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=220-230}}
|-
|[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Amar Singh - I.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Amar Singh I]]
|1597–1620
|Pratap's son, Notable for his struggle against Mughals and eventual treaty with the Mughals in 1615.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=253-259}}
|-
|[[File:Karan Singh.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Karan Singh II]]
|1620–1628
|Amar's son. Maintained good relations with Mughals, Built Temples, forts and strengthened existing ones.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=260}}
|-
|[[File:Jagat Singh I.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Jagat Singh I]]
|1628–1652
|Karan's son. Attempted to restore fort of Chittor, but [[Shah Jahan]] blocked his attempt.
|-
|[[File:Painting of Maharana Raj Singh - I (1652 - 80).jpg|frameless]]
|[[Raj Singh I]]
|1652–1680
|Jagat's son. Fought against Mughals many times. Regained territory and increased the wealth of the kingdom. Fought against [[Aurangzeb]], but eventually poisoned by Aurangzeb's loyalists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopinath |title=Rajasthan Ka Itihas |isbn=978-81-930093-9-0 |location=Agra |pages=278}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |date=2006-11-01 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=617 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=281-282}}
|-
|[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Jai Singh.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Jai Singh of Mewar|Jai Singh]]
|1680–1698
|Raj's son, Struggled to regain captured parts of Mewar from Mughals.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=183}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Maharana Amar Singh II.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Amar Singh II]]
|1698–1710
|Jai's son. Invaded neighboring territories, Formed an alliance against the Mughals with [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] and [[Marwar]].
Capitalized over a weak Mughal empire.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|pp=315}}
|-
|[[File:Maharana Sangram Singh Riding a Prize Stallion.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Sangram Singh II]]
|1710–1734
|Amar's son. Defeated Ranabaaz Khan at the [[Battle of Bandanwara]].
Reestablished relations with a weak [[Mughal Emperor]].
|-
|[[File:Maharana Jagat Singh II.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Jagat Singh II]]
|1734–1751
|Sangram's son. Started paying chauth to the Marathas. Heavily invested in placing [[Madho Singh I|Sawai Madho Singh]] on the throne of Jaipur, eventually bankrupting Mewar.
|-
|[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Maharaja Pratap Singh II of Mewar Hunting Boar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Pratap Singh II]]
|1751–1754
|
|-
|[[File:Equestrian portrait of Maharana Raj Singh II.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Raj Singh II]]
|1754–1762
|Pratap's son. Paid heavy tribute to Marathas, financially devastating Mewar.
|-
|[[File:Mewar Maharana Ari Singh.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Ari Singh II]]
|1762–1772
|Raj's son. Under him, Marathas raided Mewar several times for not paying tribute.
|-
|
|[[Hamir Singh II]]
|1772–1778
|Ari's son. Became Rana when underaged, and died.
|-
|[[File:Bhim Singh of Mewar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Bhim Singh of Mewar|Bhim Singh]]
|1778–1828
|Hamir's brother. Under him, Mewar was repeatedly raided by Pindaris, Marwar and Jaipur fought for his daughter Krishna Kumari. Accepted subordinance to [[East India Company]].
|-
|[[File:Maharana Jawan Singh.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Jawan Singh]]
|1828–1838
|Bhim's son. Abused alcohol, not interested in ruling Mewar, which became heavily indebted during his rule.
|-
|[[File:Maharana Sardar Singh of Udaipur riding an elephant.jpg|thumb]]
|[[Sardar Singh of Udaipur|Maharana Sardar Singh]]
|1838–1842
|
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Sarup Singh with attendants (after William Carpenter). Udaipur, 1851, City Palace Museum, Udaipur. (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|[[Swarup Singh of Udaipur|Swarup Singh]]
|1842-1861
|Ruler during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].
|-
|[[File:Maharana Shambhu Singh throwing a javelin, By Tara, Mewar 1866.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Shambhu Singh]]
|1861–1874
|Focused on education and social reforms.
|-
|[[File:Maharana Sajjan Singh.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]]
|1874–1884
|
|-
|[[File:Maharana Fateh Singh of Udaipur.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]]
|1884–1930
|
|-
|[[File:Maharana Bhupal Singh.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Bhupal Singh]]
|1930–1948
|He signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] through which he ceded the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] to the [[Dominion of India]].
|-
|
| colspan="3" |'''[[Titular ruler|Titular]] Maharanas'''
|-
|
|[[Bhupal Singh]]
|1948–1955
|He was appointed [[Rajpramukh|Maharajpramukh]] of [[Greater Rajasthan]] upon its establishment in 1949 and was given precedence over the [[Rajpramukh]] and [[Up-Rajpramukh]] of the state.
|-
|[[File:Maharana of Udaipur Bhagwat Singh at Lake Palace on Lake Pichola in India.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Bhagwat Singh Mewar|Bhagwat Singh]]
|1955 –1984
|The [[Privy purse in India|Privy Purse]] was abolished in 1971, and his title was derecognized by the [[President of India]] under the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]].
|-
| colspan="4" |'''[[Pretender]] Maharanas'''
|-
|[[File:The 76th Maharana of Mewar, Shri Mahendra Singh Mewar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Mewar|Mahendra Singh]]
|1984 – 2024
| rowspan="2" |Following the death of [[Bhagwat Singh of Mewar|Bhagwat Singh Mewar]], both his sons, [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]] and [[Arvind Singh Mewar]], claimed to be the 76th [[Maharana]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] and the head of the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]].
|-
|[[File:Maharana of Udaipur Arvind Singh Mewar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Arvind Singh Mewar]]
|1984 – 2025
|-
|[[File:Vishvaraj Singh Mewar (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|[[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]]
|2024 – present
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] is the son of [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]], while [[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar]] is the son of [[Arvind Singh Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-03 |title=Lakshyaraj Singh installed as Eklingji Temple 'Diwan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/lakshyaraj-singh-installed-as-eklingji-temple-diwan/articleshow/119916548.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=Maharana Pratap's descendant Arvind Singh Mewar passes away at 81 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/member-of-erstwhile-royal-family-arvind-singh-mewar-passes-away-9888934/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
Both claim to be the 77th [[Maharana]] of the now-defunct [[Kingdom of Mewar]] and the head of the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why BJP MLA Viswaraj Singh's coronation as 'Maharana of Mewar' sparked ruckus in Udaipur. Royal family feud explained |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/11/26/why-bjp-mla-viswaraj-singhs-coronation-as-maharana-of-mewar-sparked-ruckus-in-udaipur-royal-family-dispute-explained.html |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-04-02 |title=मेवाड़ पूर्व राजपरिवार के सदस्य लक्ष्यराज सिंह मेवाड़ का गद्दी उत्सव |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/member-of-former-royal-family-of-mewar-lakshyaraj-singh-mewars-gaddi-utsav-rajasthan-news-rjs25040201564 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar.jpg|frameless]]
|[[Lakshyaraj Singh Mewar|Laksyaraj Singh Mewar]]
|2025 – present
|}
==See also==

* [[Mewar family dispute]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-mewar.html#:~:text=epic%20'Ramayama'.-,Flag%3A,of%20it%20gold%20(yellow). Udaipur, Mewar –Indian Princely State: Flags]

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar| ]]

Coimbatore

2026-03-18T06:59:53Z

Flash255: refined page and cleaned formatting

{{Short description |City in Tamil Nadu, India }}
{{Other uses }}
{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2019 }}
{{good article }}
{{Use Indian English |date=June 2016 }}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Coimbatore
| native_name = 
| other_name = Kovai
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf|title=Chapter 3, Little Village of India|access-date=9 December 2017|publisher=Central Pollution Control Board, Govt of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210838/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>
| image_seal =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/2
|border = infobox
|total_width = 300
|image1 = CHIL SEZ.jpg
|caption1 = A [[Special Economic Zone]] in the city
|image2 = PERUR_PATTEESHWARAR_TEMPLE.jpg
|caption2 = [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]]
|image3 = Maruthamalai_Rajagopuram.jpg
|caption3 = [[Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple|Maruthamalai Murugan Temple]]
|image4 = Domestic terminal at CJB.JPG
|caption4 = [[Coimbatore International Airport]]
|image5 = Coimbatore Medical College Hospital India 201.jpg
|caption5 = [[Coimbatore Medical College]]
|image6 = Tidel park Coimbatore1.JPG
|caption6 = [[TIDEL Park, Coimbatore|TIDEL Park]]
|image7 = Town Hall, Coimbatore.jpg
|caption7 = [[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore|Town Hall]]
}}
| nickname = Manchester of South India
| image_map = {{Switcher
| {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id= Q1445|frame-width=275|frame-height=275|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=10.83|frame-long=78.60|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|11|01|00|N|76|57|20|E}}|marker-size2=small}}
| Location in Tamil Nadu
| {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|frame-height=275|frame-width=275|frame-lat=23.0681|frame-long=82.6115|zoom=3|
|type=shape-inverse|id=Q668|stroke-width=2
|type2=shape|id2=Q200130|stroke-width2=2
|type3=shape|id3=Q200697|stroke-width3=2
|type4=shape|id4=Q230830|stroke-width4=2
|type5=shape|id5=Q1819167|stroke-width5=2
|type6=point|coord6={{coord|11|01|00|N|76|57|20|E}}|marker-size6=small}}
| Location in India
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|11|00|03|N|76|57|48|E|display=inline,title }}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Coimbatore|Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = R. Ranganayaki ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 257.04
| area_metro_km2 = 696.25
| area_rank = 2
| elevation_m = 427
| population_total = 1,601,438
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|24th]]
| population_metro = 2,136,916
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|16th]]
| population_demonym = Coimbatorean
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641XXX
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-0422]]
| area_code_type = STD Code
| registration_plate = TN 37 (South), TN 38 (North), TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (West), TN 37Z (Sulur)
| blank2_name = [[GDP]] (2022-23)
| blank2_info = {{INRConvert|156287|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}<ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oyZO21UDZmbAW77x3j8TBi2qeORuMm-H/view?usp=sharing|title=Combatore-Economy-Page 41|work=Govt of TamilNadu|access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://coimbatore.nic.in}}
| footnotes = Population Note: The population as per 2011 census calculated basis pre-expansion city area of 105.60 sq.km. was 1,050,721.<ref name=2011city/> Post expansion of city limits to 257.04 sq.km.,<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/img/upload/Zone%20Map.pdf |title=Coimbatore Zone map |publisher=Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation |access-date=1 November 2023 }}</ref> the population including the new city limits was provided by Government of India for the smart city challenge was 1,601,438.<ref name="Smart"/> The 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has been provided.<ref name=2011city/>
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
| population_density_km2 = 6,441
}}
'''Coimbatore''' (Tamil: kōyamputtūr, {{IPA|ta|koːjɐmbut̪ːuːɾ|IPA|audio=Coimbatore pronounciation.wav}}), also known as '''Kovai''' ({{IPA|ta|koːʋaj|IPA|Kovai.ogg}}), is a [[Metropolitan cities of India|metropolitan city]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located on the banks of the [[Noyyal River]] and surrounded by the [[Western Ghats]]. It is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after [[Chennai]] in terms of population and the 16th largest [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|urban agglomeration in India]] as per the [[2011 Census of India|census 2011]]. It is the administrative capital of [[Coimbatore District]] and is administered by the [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]] which was established in 1981.

The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] during the [[Sangam period]] between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the [[Palakkad Gap]], the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route [[Rajakesari Peruvazhi]] that extended from [[Muziris]] to [[Arikamedu]] in South India. The [[medieval Cholas]] conquered the [[Kongu Nadu]] in the 10th century CE. The region was ruled by [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 15th century followed by the [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayaks]] who introduced the [[Polygar|Palayakkarar system]] under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 ''Palayams''. In the later part of the 18th century, the Coimbatore region came under the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and following the [[Siege of Coimbatore|defeat]] of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the [[British East India Company]] annexed Coimbatore to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second [[Poligar War]] (1801) when it was the area of operations of [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]].

In 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed [[Coimbatore district]] and in 1866, it was accorded [[municipality]] status with [[Robert Stanes]] as its chairman. The city experienced a textile boom in the early 19th century due to the decline of the cotton industry in [[Mumbai]]. Post [[Independence of India|Independence]], Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation and is one of the largest exporters of [[jewellery]], [[wet grinder]]s, [[poultry]] and [[Automobile|auto components]]. The [[Coimbatore Wet Grinder]] and the [[Kovai Cora Cotton]] are recognised as [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indications]] by the [[Government of India]]. Being a hub of textile industry in [[South India]], the city is referred to as the "Manchester of South India".

Coimbatore was ranked the best emerging city in India by [[India Today]] in the 2014 annual survey, fourth among Indian cities in investment climate by [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] and 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by Tholons. Coimbatore has been selected as one of the Indian cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under the [[Smart Cities Mission]] and [[List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu|AMRUT]] by Government of India. Coimbatore regularly features among the top ten best cities to live in India and is amongst the top three safest cities in India according to [[National Crime Records Bureau]] report in 2023.

== Etymology ==
According to one theory, "Coimbatore" is a derivation of {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Kōvanputtūr}} ({{lit|new town of Kovan}}), after chieftain Kovan or Koyan, evolved into {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Kōyamputtūr}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Coimbatore to be known by its old name-Koyampuththoor |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-53009388 |access-date=14 October 2019 |work=BBC Tamil |date=14 October 2019 }}</ref> and later anglicised as ''Coimbatore''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/coimbatore-turning-modern-yet-retaining-its-old-charm/article2114224.ece |title=Coimbatore: turning modern, yet retaining its old charm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/coimbatore-turning-modern-yet-retaining-its-old-charm/article2114224.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> Another theory states that the name could have been derived from {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|Kovaiamma}}. The word evolved from Koyamma, the goddess worshipped by Koyan which became Koniamma and later Kovaiamma.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitehead |first=Henry |title=The Village Gods of South India |publisher=Read Books |year=1921 |pages=121–2 |isbn=978-1-4067-3214-6 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Coimbatore |Timeline of Coimbatore history }}
[[File:SBI Coimbatore.jpg|thumb|left |The [[Sugarcane Breeding Institute]] at Coimbatore, 1928]]
The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] during [[Sangam period]] between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the [[Palakkad Gap]], the principal trade route between the west coast and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S |title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th |archive-date=19 September 2013 }}</ref> The [[Kosar people|Kosar tribe]] mentioned in the 2nd century CE [[Tamil language|Tamil]] epic ''[[Silappathikaram]]'' and other poems in [[Sangam literature]] is associated with the Coimbatore region.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]] |title=Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture | year=2009 | publisher=BiblioBazaar | isbn=978-1-113-17175-7 | page=27 }}</ref> The region was located along an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] trade route that extended from [[Muziris]] to [[Arikamedu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kovai's Roman connection |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/08/stories/2009010850970100.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |date=8 January 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601214044/http://hindu.com/mp/2009/01/08/stories/2009010850970100.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=On the Roman Trail |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160411/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> The [[medieval Cholas]] conquered the [[Kongu Nadu]] in the 10th century. A Chola highway called ''[[Rajakesari Peruvazhi]]'' ran through the region.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vanavarayar |first=Shankar |title=Scripting history |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/06/21/stories/2010062151120400.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160431/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/06/21/stories/2010062151120400.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Cholaroad">{{cite news |last=M |first=Soundariya Preetha |title=Tale of an ancient road |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/30/stories/2007063054660500.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |date=30 June 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161009/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/30/stories/2007063054660500.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> Much of Tamil Nadu came under the rule of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] by the 15th century. In the 1550s, [[Madurai Nayaks]], who were the military governors of the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region. After the Vijayanagara Empire fell in the 17th century, the Madurai Nayaks established their state as an independent kingdom. They introduced the [[Polygar|Palayakkarar system]] under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 ''Palayams''(towns).<ref>{{cite news |title=The land called Kongunad |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111902090200.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 November 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528171005/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/11/19/stories/2005111902090200.htm |archive-date=28 May 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:Coimbatore Townhall Aerial-view 1930.jpg|thumb|left |Aerial view of the city, circa 1930]]

In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], following a series of wars with the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]. After the [[Siege of Coimbatore|defeat]] of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the [[British East India Company]] annexed Coimbatore to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second [[Poligar War]] (1801), when it was the area of operations of [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Dheeran Chinnamalai |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/03/stories/2007080353100500.htm |access-date=15 January 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161023/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/03/stories/2007080353100500.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> On 24 November 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded [[municipality]] status.<ref name="NammaKovai">{{cite news |title=Namma Kovai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/namma-coimbatore/article5522897.ece |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/namma-coimbatore/article5522897.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Capital">{{cite news |title=The city that is Coimbatore |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005043001980300.htm&date=2005/04/30/&prd=mp& |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 April 2005 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726120742/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005043001980300.htm&date=2005%2F04%2F30%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> [[Robert Stanes|Sir Robert Stanes]] became the first chairman of the [[Coimbatore City Council]].<ref name="Stanes">{{cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S |title='Golden Tips' in the Nilgiris |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/14/stories/2003041400090300.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 April 2003 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807100133/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/14/stories/2003041400090300.htm |archive-date=7 August 2007 }}</ref><ref name="FL">{{cite news |title=The cotton classic |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2102/stories/20040130004511000.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=30 January 2004 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629220434/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2102/stories/20040130004511000.htm |archive-date=29 June 2006 }}</ref> The region was hard hit during the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] resulting in nearly 200,000 famine related fatalities. The first three decades of the 20th century saw nearly 20,000 [[black Death|plague-related deaths]] and acute water shortage.<ref>{{cite news |title=The perils of the past |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/05/28/stories/2005052802450300.htm |access-date=29 December 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 May 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161035/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/05/28/stories/2005052802450300.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chronicling the spirit of Coimbatore |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/03/stories/2009010358210200.htm |access-date=29 December 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161046/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/03/stories/2009010358210200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref>

The decline of the cotton industry in [[Mumbai]] fuelled an economic boom in Coimbatore in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="FL" /> The region played a significant role in the [[Indian independence movement]] with [[Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] visiting the city three times.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Mahatma's link with Coimbatore |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/10/01/stories/2005100101800300.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 October 2005 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810092413/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/10/01/stories/2005100101800300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2007 }}</ref> Coimbatore was the base of operations for such political figures as [[S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu]], [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]], [[C. S. Ratnasabhapathy Mudaliar]] and [[C. Subramaniam]] during the independence movement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Namma Coimbatore |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/namma-coimbatore/article5522897.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/namma-coimbatore/article5522897.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> Post independence, Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation and in 1981 it was constituted as a [[municipal corporation]].<ref name="Corporation">{{cite news |title=Keep politics out of Corporation Council |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122517080300.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161127/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122517080300.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> On [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|14 February 1998]], the radical [[Islamist]] group [[Al Ummah]] bombed 11 places across the city killing 58 people and injuring more than 200.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/10/09/35-convicts-sentenced-1998-coimbatore-blasts.html |title=35 convicts sentenced in Coimbatore blast case |work=One India |date=9 October 2007 |access-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213174252/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/10/09/35-convicts-sentenced-1998-coimbatore-blasts.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 }}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Coimbatore }}
[[File:The Majestic Western Ghats along the Palakkad - Coimbatore Hwy 47.jpg|thumb|[[Western Ghats]] along the Coimbatore-Palakkad National Highway]]

Coimbatore lies at {{Coord|11|1|6|N|76|58|21|E|}} in [[south India]] at {{cvt|427|m}} above sea level on the banks of the [[Noyyal River]], in northwestern Tamil Nadu. It covers an area of {{convert |642.12 |km2 |sqmi |abbr=on }}.<ref name="CP">{{cite web |title=INDIA: Tamil Nādu |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |publisher=citypopulation.de |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165154/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> It is surrounded by the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range to the west and the north, with [[reserve forest]]s of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]] on the northern side.<ref name="JReginald" /> The Noyyal River forms the southern boundary of the city, which has an extensive tank system fed by the river and rainwater.<ref name=businessplan>{{cite report |title=Business Plan for Coimbatore Corporation |work=[[Wilbur Smith Associates]] |url=https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/images/stories/CDP/City_Development_Plan.pdf |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815003407/https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/images/stories/CDP/City_Development_Plan.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A river runs through it |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/28/stories/2006012802630300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2006 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234829/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/01/28/stories/2006012802630300.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref> The eight major tanks and [[wetland]] areas of Coimbatore are namely, [[Singanallur Lake|Singanallur]], [[Valankulam Lake|Valankulam]], [[Ukkadam Lake|Ukkadam Periyakulam]], Selvampathy, Narasampathi, Krishnampathi, Selvachinthamani, and Kumaraswami.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maintenance of tanks not at cost of environment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/maintenance-of-tanks-not-at-cost-of-environment/article851556.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Multiple streams drain the waste water from the city.<ref name="businessplan"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Corporation begins storm water drain project in Coimbatore |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/05/stories/2011010551610300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2011 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604054241/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/05/stories/2011010551610300.htm |archive-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:CSI_church_and_LIC_building,_Coimbatore.jpg|thumb|left |[[Ukkadam Lake|Ukkadam Periyakulam]], one of the major lakes]]

The city is divided into two distinctive geographic regions: the dry eastern side which includes majority of the urban area of the city and the western region which borders the [[Nilgiris]], [[Anaimalai]] and [[Munnar]] ranges. [[Palghat Gap]], a mountain pass which connects the neighbouring state of [[Kerala]] to Tamil Nadu, lies to the west of the city. Because of its location in the [[biodiversity hotspot]] of the [[Western Ghats]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], the city is rich in [[fauna]] and [[flora]]. The Coimbatore urban wetlands harbours around 116 species of [[List of birds of Coimbatore|birds]], of which 66 are resident, 17 are migratory and 33 are local migrants.<ref name=birds>{{cite web |title=Conservation of bird life |url=http://eproceedings.worldscinet.com/9789814295048/9789814295048_0102.html |work=International Conference on CBEE, 2009 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company |access-date=9 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815185006/http://eproceedings.worldscinet.com/9789814295048/9789814295048_0102.html |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[spot-billed pelican]], [[painted stork]], [[Asian openbill|openbill stork]], [[ibis]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[teal]] and [[black-winged stilt]] visit the Coimbatore wetlands on their migration.<ref name="JReginald">{{cite journal |title=Birds of Singanallur lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu |author1=L. Joseph Reginald |author2=C. Mahendran |author3=S. Suresh Kumar |author4=P. Pramod |date=December 2007 |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=22 |pages=2944–2948 |url=http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2007/December/2944-2948.pdf |issue=12 |doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.1657.2944-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929013858/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2007/December/2944-2948.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> Apart from the species common to the plains, various threatened and endangered species such as [[Indian elephant]]s, [[wild boar]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[Bengal tiger]]s, [[gaur]]s, [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[sloth bear]] and [[black-headed oriole]] are found in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coimbatore – a hot spot of bio-diversity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article1463292.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114141453/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article1463292.ece |archive-date=14 January 2016 }}</ref>

The northern part of the city has a rich tropical [[evergreen forest]] with commercially significant trees such as [[teak]], [[sandalwood]], [[rosewood]] and [[bamboo]]. The soil is predominantly [[Chernozem|black]], which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but some [[red soil|red loamy soil]] is also found. According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], Coimbatore falls under the Class III/IV [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone]], having experienced an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]] on 8 February 1900.<ref name=earthquake>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1627/16270870.htm |title=Dams and earthquakes |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 December 1999 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811214221/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1627/16270870.htm |archive-date=11 August 2010 }}</ref>

== Climate ==
[[File:Bharathapuzha_map.PNG|thumb|Coimbatore gets majority of rains from monsoon winds passing through the [[Palghat Gap|Palghat gap]] (topography pictured)]]

Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], the city has a [[hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''), with a wet season lasting from September to November due to the [[northeast monsoon]]. The mean maximum temperature ranges from {{cvt|35.9|°C}} to {{cvt|29.2|°C}} and the mean minimum temperature ranges from {{cvt|24.5|°C }} to {{cvt|9.8 |°C}}.<ref name="SHB002">{{cite web |url=http://www.coimbatore.tn.nic.in/pdf/SHB002.pdf |title=Coimbatore Corporation |publisher=Coimbatore Corporation |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331164833/http://www.coimbatore.tn.nic.in/pdf/SHB002.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010 }}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded is {{cvt|42.6|°C }} on 22 April 1976 while the lowest is {{cvt|12.2|°C }} on 12 January 1957.<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M193 |access-date=7 March 2020 }}</ref>

Coimbatore has a tropical wet and dry climate. It experiences hot and humid summers from March to June with temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 38 °C. The monsoon season starts from July and lasts till October. The city receives moderate rainfall from the south-west monsoon and occasional heavy rainfall from the north-east monsoon. The winter season starts from November and ends in February. The temperatures during this season range from 20 °C to 30 °C.

Due to the south-west monsoon winds passing through the [[Palghat Gap|Palghat gap]], elevated regions of the city receive rainfall in the months from June to August. After a warm and foggy September, the north-east monsoon starts from October, lasting until early November. The average annual rainfall is around {{convert |600 |mm |1 |abbr=on }} with the northeast and the southwest monsoons contributing to 47% and 28% respectively to the total rainfall.<ref name="SHB002" /> This periodic rainfall does not satisfy the city's water requirements throughout the year and water supply schemes drawn from [[Siruvani River|Siruvani]] and Pilloor help supplant the requirements during low rainfall months.<ref>{{cite news |title=Experts to study feasibility of Athikadavu – Avanashi scheme |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/18/stories/2010031858940100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918211612/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/18/stories/2010031858940100.htm |archive-date=18 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coimbatore Corporation begins efforts to avoid water scarcity |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/18/stories/2010031858940100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918211612/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/18/stories/2010031858940100.htm |archive-date=18 September 2013 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Coimbatore ([[Coimbatore International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1948–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 35.9
| Feb record high C = 38.8
| Mar record high C = 40.8
| Apr record high C = 42.6
| May record high C = 41.2
| Jun record high C = 38.0
| Jul record high C = 38.1
| Aug record high C = 36.0
| Sep record high C = 37.8
| Oct record high C = 36.8
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 34.4
| year record high C = 42.6
| Jan high C = 30.9
| Feb high C = 33.2
| Mar high C = 35.6
| Apr high C = 36.4
| May high C = 35.0
| Jun high C = 32.4
| Jul high C = 31.5
| Aug high C = 31.8
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 30.2
| Dec high C = 29.5
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan low C = 19.2
| Feb low C = 20.3
| Mar low C = 22.3
| Apr low C = 24.1
| May low C = 24.0
| Jun low C = 23.0
| Jul low C = 22.4
| Aug low C = 22.4
| Sep low C = 22.5
| Oct low C = 22.3
| Nov low C = 21.5
| Dec low C = 19.7
| year low C = 22.0
| Jan record low C = 12.2
| Feb record low C = 12.8
| Mar record low C = 15.8
| Apr record low C = 18.2
| May record low C = 15.6
| Jun record low C = 18.3
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low C = 16.1
| Sep record low C = 16.7
| Oct record low C = 14.3
| Nov record low C = 14.1
| Dec record low C = 12.4
| year record low C = 12.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 4.1
| Feb rain mm = 10.3
| Mar rain mm = 15.6
| Apr rain mm = 43.3
| May rain mm = 57.4
| Jun rain mm = 24.6
| Jul rain mm = 27.6
| Aug rain mm = 44.3
| Sep rain mm = 62.4
| Oct rain mm = 156.1
| Nov rain mm = 139.7
| Dec rain mm = 33.1
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 2.9
| May rain days = 3.3
| Jun rain days = 2.6
| Jul rain days = 2.9
| Aug rain days = 3.0
| Sep rain days = 3.7
| Oct rain days = 8.0
| Nov rain days = 7.2
| Dec rain days = 2.1
| year rain days = 37.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 39
| Feb humidity = 32
| Mar humidity = 30
| Apr humidity = 42
| May humidity = 56
| Jun humidity = 64
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 67
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 54
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes /><ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Coimbatore (Peeamedu) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 203–204
| access-date = 7 March 2020 }}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|align = right|state=collapsed
|1871 | 35310
|1881 | 38967
|1891 | 46383
|1901 | 53080
|1911 | 47000
|1921 | 68000
|1931 | 95000
|1941 | 130348
|1951 | 198000
|1961 | 286000
|1971 | 356000
|1981 | 704000
|1991 | 816321
|2001 | 930882
|2011 | 1601438
|footnote = Sources:
* 1871–1901:<ref>{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 10 |orig-date=1908 |year=2015 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |isbn=978-1-343-35262-9 }}</ref>
* 1911–2001:<ref name="pop2" />
* 1981: Increase in population due to merger of Singanallur Municipality
* 2001:<ref name="Census2001" />
* 2011:<ref name="Smart" />
* 2011: Increase in population due to expansion of the city
}}

Coimbatore has a population of 1,601,438.<ref name="Smart">{{cite web |url=http://www.smartcitieschallenge.in/city/coimbatore |title=Smart city challenge, Coimbatore |publisher=Government of India |access-date=15 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220134501/http://www.smartcitieschallenge.in/city/coimbatore |archive-date=20 December 2015 }}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] based on pre-expansion city limits, Coimbatore had a population of 1,050,721 with a sex ratio of 997 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> It is the second largest city in the state after capital Chennai<ref name="ua_2011" /> and the sixteenth largest urban agglomeration in India. A total of 102,069 were under the age of six, comprising 52,275 males and 49,794 females. The average literacy of the city was 82.43%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard" /> There were a total of 425,115 workers, comprising 1,539 cultivators, 2,908 main agricultural labourer, 11,789 in house hold industries, 385,802 other workers, 23,077 marginal workers, 531 marginal cultivators, 500 marginal agricultural labourer, 1,169 marginal workers in household industries and 20,877 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Coimbatore |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=704539 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150524/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=704539 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

As per the [[2001 census of India|2001 census]],<ref name="Census2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 January 2008 |publisher= Census Commission of India }}</ref> Coimbatore had a population of 930,882 within the municipal corporation limits.<ref name=exp2>{{cite news |last=Madhavan |first=Karthik |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2249069.ece |title=Slim chances for 3 local bodies to be a part of Corporation |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182815/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2249069.ece |archive-date=16 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name=go1>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_219_2010.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu GO N0 219 |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912173441/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_219_2010.pdf |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pca2001" /> The population of the urban agglomeration as per 2011 census is 2,136,916 with males constituting 50.08% of the population and females 49.92%.<ref name="CP" /><ref name="ua_2011">{{cite web |title=Major Agglomerations |year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> Coimbatore has an average literacy rate of 89.23%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy is 93.17% and female literacy is 85.3% with 8.9% of the population under six years of age. The sex ratio was 964 females per 1000 males.<ref name=2011UA>{{cite report |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |year=2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]] |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 }}</ref> In 2005, the crime rate in the city was 265.9 per 100,000 people, accounting for 1.2% of all crimes reported in major cities in India. It ranked 21st among 35 major cities in India in the incidence of crimes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2012/cii-2012/Table%201.2.pdf |title=Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes Under Indian Penal Code (IPC)and Special And Local Laws (SLL)(2002–2012) |access-date=2 July 2015 |year=2005 |publisher=National Crime Records Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308080820/http://www.ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/CII/CII2012/cii-2012/Table%201.2.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2016 }}</ref> In 2011, the population density in the city was 10,052 per km2 (26,035 per mi2).<ref name=2011city>This is the population of the city limits prior to 2011 expansion{{cite report |title=Cities having population 100,000 and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]] |access-date=17 October 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref> Around 8% of the city's population lives in slums.<ref name=autogenerated1>"{{cite web |url=https://payment.ccmc.gov.in/dwnldforms/City_Development_Plan.pdf |title=City development plan |publisher=Coimbatore Municipal Corporation |page=82 |quote=There are 195 slums in 23 major identified locations inside the corporation limits with a total population of around 352,219, which include BPL population as well. Around 8 percent of the total population reside in slums |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044037/https://payment.ccmc.gov.in/dwnldforms/City_Development_Plan.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
{{Main|Administration of Coimbatore|Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Administrative officials
|-
!Title
!Name
|-
|[[Mayor of Coimbatore|Mayor]]
|R. Ranganayaki<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmks-ranganayaki-elected-unopposed-as-coimbatore-mayor-798331|title=DMK's Ranganayaki elected unopposed as Coimbatore Mayor|work=[[Daily Thanthi]]|date=6 August 2024|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Municipal Commissioner
|Sivaguru Prabakaran<ref name="corp1">{{cite web |title=Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation – Commissioner Profile |url=https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/index.php/administration |publisher=Coimbatore Corporation |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211338/https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/index.php/administration |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|Police Commissioner
|A. Saravana Sundar<ref>{{cite news |title=New Police Commissioner, DIG Coimbatore range assume office |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/new-police-commissioner-dig-coimbatore-range-assume-office/article69050708.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>
|}
Coimbatore is a [[municipal corporation]] administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation. It was accorded municipality status in 1866,<ref name="NammaKovai" /><ref name="Capital" /> and Coimbatore was elevated as a municipal corporation in 1981.<ref name="Corporation" /> The city is divided into five administrative zones – East, West, North, South and Central, each further subdivided into 20 wards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2475762.ece |title=Corporation to have five zones |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103141730/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2475762.ece |archive-date=3 November 2012 }}</ref> Each ward is represented by a councillor who is elected by direct election and the [[Mayor of Coimbatore]] is elected by Councillors. The executive wing of the corporation is headed by a Corporation Commissioner and maintains basic services like water supply, sewage and roads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coimbatore Corporation Citizens Charter |url=https://www.coimbatore-corporation.com/dwnldforms/CitizensCharterEnglish.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308165451/http://www.coimbatore-corporation.com/DwnldForms/CitizensCharterEnglish.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2005 |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=Coimbatore Corporation }}</ref><ref name="indirectelection">{{cite news |title=Enact anti-defection law for councilors, says Jayalalithaa |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/22/stories/2006092222060100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 September 2006 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918202432/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/22/stories/2006092222060100.htm |archive-date=18 September 2013 }}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the municipal corporation reported revenue receipts of {{INRconvert|9.89|b}} and expenditure of {{INRconvert|11.05|b}} in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 46.3% of the total revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/coimbatore |work=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

Coimbatore is the administrative headquarters of the Coimbatore district. It was established as the capital of the district in 1804.<ref name="NammaKovai" /><ref name="Capital" /> The district itself is administered by the [[district collector]] and the district court in Coimbatore is the highest court of appeal in the district. The [[Coimbatore City Police]] is headed by a [[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]] and there are 18 police stations in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Right to Information: Coimbatore City Police |url=http://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/pdfs/rti/rticities/cbecity.pdf |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Police]] |access-date=23 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928105952/http://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/pdfs/rti/rticities/cbecity.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2017 }}</ref> Coimbatore was ranked amongst the top three safest cities in India according to [[National Crime Records Bureau]] report in 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/web-stories/top-10-safest-cities-in-india-ranked-by-ncrb-1278911.html|title=Top 10 safest cities in India|work=Money control|date=6 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

A large part of the [[Coimbatore metropolitan area|Coimbatore urban agglomeration]] falls outside the municipal corporation limits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporation seeks to expand its area |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/06/stories/2007120654600100.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624052350/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/06/stories/2007120654600100.htm |archive-date=24 June 2010 }}</ref> These suburbs are governed by local bodies called [[Gram Panchayats]] and [[Panchayat town|Town Panchayats]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Directorate of Town Panchayats |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/ |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192300/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
Besides the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, the Coimbatore urban agglomeration comprises the Town Panchayats of [[Vellalore|Vellalur]], [[Irugur]], [[Pallapalayam, Coimbatore|Pallapalayam]], [[Kannampalayam]], [[Veerapandi, Coimbatore|Veerapandi]], [[Periyanaickenpalayam]], [[Narasimhanaickenpalayam]], [[Idikarai]], [[Vedapatti]], [[Perur]], [[Madukkarai]], [[Ettimadai]], [[Thondamuthur]], [[Uliyampalayam]], [[Thirumalayampalayam]], [[Othakalmandapam]], [[Alanthurai]], [[Pooluvapatti]], [[Thenkarai, Coimbatore|Thenkarai]], [[Karumathampatti]], [[Sarcarsamakulam]], [[Mopperipalayam]] and [[Gudalur (Coimbatore district)|Gudalur]], census towns of [[Ashokapuram, Coimbatore|Ashokapuram]], [[Kurudampalayam]], Malumichampatti, Selvapuram, [[Chettipalayam]], [[Sulur]], [[Chinniampalayam]], Somayampalayam, Muthugoundan Pudur, Arasur, [[Kaniyur]], Neelambur and municipalities of [[Kuniyamuthur]], [[Kurichi]] and [[Goundampalayam]].<ref name=UAcomp>{{cite report |title=Constituents of Urban Agglomeration, Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, [[Government of India]] |access-date=17 October 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112074554/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2011 }}</ref> These local bodies are in turn split into wards each electing a councillor through direct election. The head of these local bodies are elected by the respective councillors from amongst them.<ref name="indirectelection" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Bill on Pongal as New Year day introduced |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013060271000.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603050943/http://hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013060271000.htm |archive-date=3 June 2009 }}</ref>

Coimbatore has traditionally been a stronghold of the [[Dravidian parties]] with national parties such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) as well as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) also having a significant presence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/aiadmk-retains-its-stronghold-even-after-shuffling-of-constituencies-candidates/article34475287.ece |title=AIADMK retains its stronghold even after shuffling of constituencies, candidates |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-to-kick-off-mission-tamil-nadu-2024-with-jp-naddas-coimbatore-visit-3641003 |title=BJP To Kick Off "Mission Tamil Nadu 2024" With JP Nadda's Coimbatore Visit |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/gennext-comes-of-age-in-kovai-cpm/articleshow/11359091.cms |title=GenNext comes of age in Kovai CPM |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023 }}</ref> The city elects ten members to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and one member to the [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliament]]. The six legislative assembly constituencies in the city are [[Coimbatore North (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore North]], [[Coimbatore South (State Assembly Constituency)|Coimbatore South]], [[Kaundampalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kaundampalayam]], [[Singanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Singanallur]], [[Thondamuthur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thondamuthur]] and [[Kinathukadavu (State Assembly Constituency)|Kinathukadavu]] which form a part of the [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore Parliamentary Constituency]]. Part of the urban agglomeration comes under the [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]] and [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]] constituencies. In the [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2019|Indian general election]] held in 2019, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] candidate [[P.R. Natarajan]] defeated [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in the Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |access-date=31 January 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2008 }}</ref> In the last legislative assembly election held in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]], the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] led front won in all the assembly constituencies in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf |title=Report on General Election to the assembly of Tamil Nadu, 2011 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020743/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results in 2011 |publisher=elections.in |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301230839/http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html |archive-date=1 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Coimbatore }}
[[File:Lakshmi Mills, Coimbatore Northern Gate.JPG|thumb|[[Lakshmi Mills]] was one of the earliest textile mills in Coimbatore<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/when-the-gods-came-down/article5989549.ece |title=When the Gods came down |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=7 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.equitymaster.com/outsideview/detail.asp?date=01/28/2011&story=4&title=Lakshmi-Mills-100-years-old-and-showing-its-age-Luke-Verghese |title=Lakshmi Mills: 100 years old and showing its age |date=8 January 2011 |last=Verghese |first=Luke |publisher=equitymaster.com |access-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311095528/https://www.equitymaster.com/outsideview/detail.asp?date=01%2F28%2F2011&story=4&title=Lakshmi-Mills-100-years-old-and-showing-its-age-Luke-Verghese |archive-date=11 March 2016 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Coimbatore Oppanakara Street.jpg|thumb|Oppanakara Street]]

A major hub for manufacturing, education and healthcare in Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore is among the fastest growing [[Classification of Indian cities|tier-II cities in India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |title=Indian Government press release |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090345/http://citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |title=Urban growth statistics }}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the [[GDP]] was estimated to be {{USD|13.06|year=2020|link=yes}} billion.<ref name="GDP"/> It houses more than 25,000 small, medium and large industries with the primary industries being engineering and textiles. Coimbatore is called the "[[Manchester]] of South India" due to its extensive textile industry, fed by the surrounding cotton fields.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/BJP-Working-Hard-for-PM-Modif-Visits-Success/2016/01/28/article3248652.ece |title=BJP Working Hard for PM Modi Visit's Success |access-date=4 March 2016 |date=28 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129100448/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/BJP-Working-Hard-for-PM-Modi-Visits-Success/2016/01/28/article3248652.ece |archive-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=CNBC-TV18 |date=24 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311111630/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref> TIDEL Park Coimbatore in [[ELCOT]] SEZ was the first [[special economic zone]] (SEZ) set up in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bosch-picks-up-1-lakh-sqft-space-in-Kovai/articleshow/7506045.cms |title=Bosch picks up 1-lakh-sqft space in Kovai |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219231939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bosch-picks-up-1-lakh-sqft-space-in-Kovai/articleshow/7506045.cms |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref> In 2010, Coimbatore ranked 15th in the list of most competitive (by business environment) [[India]]n cities.<ref name="competitive cities">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-06/news/27618641_1_cities-infrastructure-fundamentals-underpinning-economic-growth |title=Delhi tops 2010 ranking of India's most competitive city |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 December 2010 |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210021103/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-06/news/27618641_1_cities-infrastructure-fundamentals-underpinning-economic-growth |archive-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Coimbatore also has a {{convert |160000 |sqft |m2 }} trade fair ground, built in 1999 and is owned by [[CODISSIA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intecexpo.com/ |title=About Intec Expo |publisher=Intecexpo.com |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923185204/http://www.intecexpo.com/ |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:TIDELPark Coimbatore.jpg|thumb|left |Coimbatore is one of the largest exporters of software.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20141201-best-cities-2014-favourable-environment-entrepreneurs-coimbatore-on-top-806035-2014-11-20 |title=Coimbatore: Rise of the self-made city |last=Chakrapani |first=Saranya |date=20 November 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307233227/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/best-cities-2014-favourable-environment-entrepreneurs-coimbatore-on-top/1/402940.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> Pictured is TIDEL Park, an IT SEZ.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/news/27577011_1_tidel-park-coimbatore-elcot-salem-and-hosur |title=Coimbatore gears up for IT revolution, Tidel park to be ready by April end |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 January 2010 |last=Sujatha |first=S |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405001919/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-13/news/27577011_1_tidel-park-coimbatore-elcot-salem-and-hosur |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]

Coimbatore region experienced a textile boom in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="FL" /> Though, Robert Stanes had established Coimbatore's first textile mills as early as the late 19th century, it was during this period that Coimbatore emerged as a prominent industrial centre. In 2009 Coimbatore was home to around 15% of the cotton spinning capacity in India.<ref name="millcapac">{{cite news |title=Coimbatore textile mills battle the odds |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/Coimbatore-textile-mills-battle-the-odds/article20074154.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] Businessline |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=30 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303163300/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/Coimbatore-textile-mills-battle-the-odds/article20074154.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018 }}</ref> Coimbatore has trade associations such as CODISSIA, COINDIA and COJEWEL representing the industries in the city. Coimbatore houses a number of textile mills and is the base of textile research institutes like the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management]], [[Central Institute for Cotton Research]] (CICR) and the [[South India Textile Research Institute]] (SITRA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sitra.org.in/index.php/sitra-about-us |title=About us, SITRA |publisher=SITRA |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233532/http://www.sitra.org.in/index.php/sitra-about-us |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Kovai Cora Cotton]] saree is a recognised [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kovai-kora-cotton-gets-gi-tag/article6190948.ece |title=Kovai Kora cotton gets GI tag |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |date=9 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 February 2018 |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205185715/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kovai-kora-cotton-gets-gi-tag/article6190948.ece |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/31-ethnic-Indian-products-given-GI-protection-in-0708/292305 |title= 31 ethnic Indian products given GI protection |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=4 April 2008 |access-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref> The Southern India Mills' Association (SIMA) founded in 1933 caters to the interests of the various textile mills and their employees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economy, Coimbatore District |url=https://coimbatore.nic.in/economy/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] }}</ref>

[[File:codissia-itfc.jpg|thumb|[[CODISSIA]] Trade Center]]

Coimbatore is the second largest producer of software in the state after Chennai. TIDEL Park Coimbatore and other [[Information technology]] parks in the city has aided in the growth of [[Information technology|IT]] and [[Business process outsourcing]] industries in the city. It is ranked at 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by Tholons.<ref name="Outsourcing cities">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/3566253.cms |title=Indian cities among global outsourcing cities |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303211736/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/3566253.cms |archive-date=3 March 2009 }}</ref> Software exports stood at {{INRConvert|7.1|b}} for the financial year 2009–10 up 90% from the previous year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bosch picks up 1 lakh sqft space in Coimbatore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bosch-picks-up-1-lakh-sqft-space-in-Coimbatore/articleshow/7489934.cms |access-date=14 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219012055/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bosch-picks-up-1-lakh-sqft-space-in-Coimbatore/articleshow/7489934.cms |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref> Coimbatore has a large and diversified manufacturing sector and a number of engineering colleges producing about 50,000 engineers annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110502-coimbatore-it-sector-on-the-fast-track-745770-2011-04-21 |title=Coimbatore: IT sector on the fast track |work=[[India Today]] |date=22 April 2011 |access-date=30 August 2011 }}</ref>

Coimbatore is a major center for the manufacture of automotive components in India with car manufacturers [[Maruti Udyog]] and [[Tata Motors]] sourcing up to 30%, of their automotive components from the city. [[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu|G.D. Naidu]] developed India's first indigenous motor in 1937.<ref name="Genius">{{cite news |title=A non-conformist genius Architects of Coimbatore |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/10/stories/2009011050160200.htm |access-date=31 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 January 2009 |location=Coimbatore, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803171033/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/10/stories/2009011050160200.htm |archive-date=3 August 2013 }}</ref> India's first indigenously developed diesel engine for cars was manufactured in the city in 1972. The city is also a major centre for small auto component makers catering to the automobile industry, from personal to commercial and farm vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/coimbatores-small-auto-component-makers-find-the-going-tough/article5608873.ece |title=Coimbatore's small auto component makers find the going tough |last=Yegya Narayanan |first=R |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/coimbatores-small-auto-component-makers-find-the-going-tough/article5608873.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> The city contributes to about 75% of the 100,000 total monthly output of wet grinders in India.<ref name="mint">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html |title=Poll code set to hit wet grinders business |newspaper=Live Mint |date=6 August 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820234015/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html |archive-date=20 August 2015 }}</ref> The industry employs 70,000 people and had a yearly turnover of {{INRconvert|28|b}} in 2015.<ref name="mint" /> The term "[[Coimbatore Wet Grinder]]" has been given a [[Geographical indication]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/03/24/stories/2005032401051700.htm |title=Wet grinder units form group to get SIDBI aid |date=24 March 2005 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |access-date=20 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712134027/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/03/24/stories/2005032401051700.htm |archive-date=12 July 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/05/stories/2007080559430300.htm |title=Common facility for wet grinders |date=5 August 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328085217/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/05/stories/2007080559430300.htm |archive-date=28 March 2008 }}</ref>

Coimbatore is also referred to as "the Pump City" as it supplies nearly 50% of India's requirements of motors and pumps.<ref name="Pump">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms |title=Poor sales hit pump unit owners, workers |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=26 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604112159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms |archive-date=4 June 2015 }}</ref> The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery renowned for diamond cutting, cast and machine made jewellery.<ref name="Jewellery">{{cite news |url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |title=India's Gems and Jewellery Market is Glittering |work=Resource Investor |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235942/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fashionunited.in/news/apparel/kirtilal-on-an-expansion-spree-080720112229 |title=Kirtilal on an expansion spree |work=Fashion United |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326185405/http://www.fashionunited.in/news/apparel/kirtilal-on-an-expansion-spree-080720112229 |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |title=India's gems and jewellery market is glittering |work=Resource Investor |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235942/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2007/8/Pages/India-s-Gems-and-Jewellery-Market-is-Glittering.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nmcc.nic.in/pdf/LABOURINTENSITY_REPORT_16May2008.pdf |title=Labor intensity report |publisher=National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325181715/http://nmcc.nic.in/pdf/LABOURINTENSITY_REPORT_16May2008.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2012 }}</ref> There are about 3,000 jewellery manufacturers employing over 40,000 goldsmiths.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/17/stories/2010081761890200.htm |title=Common facilities for jewellery cluster |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821234206/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/17/stories/2010081761890200.htm |archive-date=21 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article573945.ece |title=ID card mooted for migrant workers in jewellery units |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 August 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |first=V. S. |last=Palaniappan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414201143/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article573945.ece |archive-date=14 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1668723.ece |title=Kirtilal plans more jewellery stores in N. India |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=8 September 2007 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1668723.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> Coimbatore has a large number of poultry farms and is a major producer of chicken eggs. The city contributes to nearly 95% of processed chicken meat exports.<ref name="Poultry">{{cite news |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614 |title=Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |access-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114342/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/tamil-nadu-poultry-industry-seeks-export-concessions/88614 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Coimbatore has some of the country's oldest flour mills and these mills which cater to all the southern states, have a combined grinding capacity of more than 50,000 MT per month. The hospitality industry has seen a growth in the 21st century with new upscale hotels being set up.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2453287.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=Pankaja |last=Srinivasan |title=Suite promises |date=14 September 2011 |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224183930/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2453287.ece |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/news/30142352_1_starwood-hotels-aloft-hotels-rooms-with-nine-foot-ceilings |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide plans more Aloft hotels in India |date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120130085940/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/news/30142352_1_starwood-hotels-aloft-hotels-rooms-with-nine-foot-ceilings |archive-date=30 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2455731.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=Nithya |last=Sivashankar |title=For the young and restless |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824114519/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2455731.ece |archive-date=24 August 2012 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Coimbatore}}

Coimbatore and its people have a reputation for entrepreneurship.<ref name="mc1">{{cite news |title=Is Coimbatore the next BPO city? |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/is-coimbatorenext-bpo-city_345659.html |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[CNBC]]-TV18 |date=5 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119044052/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/is-coimbatorenext-bpo-city_345659.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German state keen to share expertise with Coimbatore |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/01/22/stories/2007012200821500.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=22 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108142152/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/01/22/stories/2007012200821500.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 }}</ref> Though it is generally considered a traditional city, Coimbatore is diverse and cosmopolitan.<ref name="mc1" /><ref name="et1" /><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Some-music-lovers-still-travel-to-Chennai-for-cultural-overdoze/articleshow/11101637.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126054133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-14/coimbatore/30515319_1_music-lovers-music-academy-music-festival | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=Some music lovers still travel to Chennai for cultural overdoze | date=14 December 2011 |access-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]] was held in Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/world-tamil-conference-begins-on-wed-in-coimbatore-33198 | title=World Tamil Conference begins on Wed in Coimbatore | work=[[NDTV]] | date=22 June 2010 | access-date=22 June 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625044115/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/world-tamil-conference-begins-on-wed-in-coimbatore-33198 | archive-date=25 June 2010 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The heavy industrialisation of the city has also resulted in the growth of trade unions.<ref name="fl1">{{cite news |title=A time of troubles |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1505/15050170.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=Frontline |date=7 March 1998 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607060308/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1505/15050170.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> The city is regularly features among the top 10 best cities to live in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad best cities in EoLI 2020 (Million Plus Category) |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1702417 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=pib.gov.in }}</ref> 24 November, the date of establishment of Coimbatore as a district is celebrated as "Coimbatore Day".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-day-celebrated/article20851618.ece |title=Coimbatore Day celebrated |date=25 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=14 December 2017 |issn=0971-751X |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303163259/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-day-celebrated/article20851618.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018 }}</ref>

=== Language ===

{{bar box
|title=Languages of Coimbatore (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Language
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|blue|67.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|green|16.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Malayalam]]|red|7.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|8.64}}
}}

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the official language and [[Kongu Tamil]] (also called ''Kangee'' or ''Kongalam''), a dialect, is predominantly spoken.<ref>{{cite book |quote=In the southern part of Mysore the Tamil language is at this day named the Kangee, from being best known to them as the language of the people of Kangiam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7c9AAAAMAAJ&q=kangiam+mysore |title=Toponomy of Canara |page=34 |year=1963 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |last=Silva |first=Severine }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlYIAAAAQAAJ&q=congoo+country&pg=PT69 |title=Tamil̲umaiṅakilēcumāyirukakir̲a akarāti |last1=Poezold |first1=F |last2=Simpson |first2=William |publisher=[[Oxford University]] |edition=2nd |year=1809 }}</ref> As per the 2011 census, Tamil is the most spoken language with 710,326 speakers, followed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (173,136), [[Malayalam]] (76,485) and [[Kannada]] (43,629). Other languages spoken in the city include [[Urdu]] (15,484) and [[Hindi]] (13,608).<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu (Urban) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10259/download/13371/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> During the 1970s the city witnessed a population explosion as a result of migration fuelled by increased economic growth and job opportunities.<ref name="pop2">{{cite book |title=GIS: Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations |last=Elangovan |first=K |isbn=978-81-89422-16-5 |page=143 |publisher=New India Publishing |year=2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Urban labour market structure and job access in India: a study of Coimbatore |year=1990 |publisher=International Institute for Labour Studies, Centre for Development Studies, [[University of East Anglia]] |isbn=978-92-9014-468-7 |pages=4–7 |first1=John |last1=Harriss | first2=Kappadath Parameswara |last2=Kannan |first3=Gerry |last3=Rodgers }}</ref>

=== Ethnicity and religion ===
The population of Coimbatore consists of majority of [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s with a significant number of [[Telugu people|Telugus]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXBAAAAAMAAJ&q=coimbatore+telugu |publisher=[[Government of India]] |year=1979 |pages=88–89 |last=Chockalingam |first=K }}</ref> [[Kannadiga]]s,<ref name="TI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kannadigas-outnumber-malayalis-21-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/2952062.cms |title=Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2008 }}</ref> [[Malayali]]s,<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajan |first=M.C. |title=It's passion for the mother tongue not chauvinism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/its-passion-for-the-mother-tongue-not-chauvinism-66784-2010-02-06 |access-date=23 April 2011 |work=[[India Today]] |date=7 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005516/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/It%27s+passion+for+the+mother+tongue+not+chauvinism/1/82836.html |archive-date=15 April 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Majority should protect the minority |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article28748.ece |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article28748.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keralites' wishes take flight on Paramount's wings |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keralites--wishes-take-flight-on-paramount-s-wings/383037/ |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308080730/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/keralites--wishes-take-flight-on-paramount-s-wings/383037/ |archive-date=8 March 2016 }}</ref> and [[North India]]ns,<ref name="et1">{{cite news |title=Residential space: Coimbatore spins a growth story |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-sunday-et/property/Residential-space-Coimbatore-spins-a-growth-story/articleshow/5454373.cms |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=17 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126021920/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The-Sunday-ET/Property/Residential-space-Coimbatore-spins-a-growth-story/articleshow/5454373.cms |archive-date=26 January 2010 }}</ref> mainly [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Providing quality education |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404010200.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117155617/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/24/stories/2006092404010200.htm |archive-date=17 January 2011 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Coimbatore (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.31}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|8.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|7.53}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.53}}
}}

The city's population is predominantly [[Hindu]] with minority [[Muslim]] and [[Christians|Christian]] population. [[Jain]]s, [[Sikh]]s and [[Buddhist]]s are also present in small numbers.<ref name="pca2001">{{cite report |title=Primary Census Abstract – Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3331_PART_B_DCHB_COIMBATORE.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |year=2011 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509064438/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3331_PART_B_DCHB_COIMBATORE.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KMK plans to overcome casteist tag |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052054210500.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606113031/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/20/stories/2009052054210500.htm |archive-date=6 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Roots of capital |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2514/stories/20080718251407800.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=Frontline |date=5 July 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623101613/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2514/stories/20080718251407800.htm |archive-date=23 June 2010 }}</ref> According to the religious census of 2011, Coimbatore has 83.31% Hindus, 8.63% Muslims, 7.53% Christians, 0.28% Jains, 0.05% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists and 0.01% Others. 0.17% of the respondents did not state their religion.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The [[Mariamman]] festivals at the city's numerous [[Mariamman]] temples are major events in summer.<ref name="Koniamman">{{cite news |title=Rajagopuram for Kovai Koniamman temple too |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article253830.ece |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093640/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article253830.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Major Hindu temples in the city include the [[Perur Temple|Perur Patteeswarar Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/05/27/stories/2005052700390300.htm |title=Rich in history and architecture |date=27 May 2005 |last=Suryanarayanan |first=R |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213215744/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2005/05/27/ | url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2021 }}</ref> [[Naga Sai Mandir]],<ref>{{cite book |last=R |first=Balapattabi |date=1 August 2006 |title=Nectarine Leelas of Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba |publisher=Sai Towers |page=108 |isbn=978-81-7899-009-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=N |first=Kasthuri |date=16 April 2014 |title=Sathyam Shivam Sundaram – Volume 1 |publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Sadhana Trust |isbn=978-93-5069-170-0 }}</ref> [[Koniamman Temple]],<ref name="Koniamman" /> [[Thandu Mariamman Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Traffic diversions for temple festival tomorrow |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/traffic-diversions-for-temple-festival-tomorrow/article7124256.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/traffic-diversions-for-temple-festival-tomorrow/article7124256.ece |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eachanarivinayagar.tnhrce.in/contactus.html |title=About us, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple |access-date=9 March 2016 |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309202018/http://www.eachanarivinayagar.tnhrce.in/contactus.html |archive-date=9 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=688 |title=Eachanari Vinayagar Temple |access-date=9 March 2016 |language=ta |newspaper=[[Dinamalar]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309192245/http://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=688 |archive-date=9 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple|Puliakulam Temple]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Spiritual India Handbook |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |pages=428–30 }}</ref> [[Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple|Marudamalai Murugan Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Domestic-tourism-flourishes-in-Coimbatore-district/articleshow/49123082.cms |title=Domestic tourism flourishes in Coimbatore district |last=Subburaj |first=A |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=27 September 2015 |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612073124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Domestic-tourism-flourishes-in-Coimbatore-district/articleshow/49123082.cms |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/thai-poosam-celebrated-with-fervour/article6854491.ece |title=Thai Poosam celebrated with fervourt |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 February 2015 |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000803/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/thai-poosam-celebrated-with-fervour/article6854491.ece |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Loga Nayaga Shaniswara Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.dailythanthi.com/showxml.aspx?id=16502117&code=1563 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141218083010/http://epaper.dailythanthi.com/showxml.aspx?id=16502117&code=1563 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2014 |title=Shani peyarchi celebrated in Shiva temples |language=ta |access-date=9 March 2016 |date=16 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Dina Thanthi]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.dinamani.com/397254/Dinamani-Coimbatore/17122014#page/3/2 |title=Shani peyarchi celebrated in Puliakulam temple |language=ta |access-date=9 March 2016 |date=17 December 2014 |newspaper=[[Dinamani]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310180851/http://epaper.dinamani.com/397254/Dinamani-Coimbatore/17122014#page/3/2 |archive-date=10 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=475 |title=Sri Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple |newspaper=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |access-date=29 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101255/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=475 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> [[Masani Amman]] Temple,<ref name="dupref">{{cite news |last=Rangaswamy |first=Sudhakshina |title=Transformation of the inner Self |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm |access-date=4 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109234053/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501630600.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> [[Ranganathaswamy temple, Karamadai|Karamadai Ranganathar Temple]],<ref>{{cite book |title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu |last=M. |first=Rajagopalan |pages=89–95 |publisher=Govindaswamy Printers |location=Chennai, India |year=1993 }}</ref> [[Isha Foundation|Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple]] and [[Adiyogi Shiva bust|Adiyogi Shiva]].<ref name=bust1>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/adiyogi-bust-declared-world-s-largest-by-guinness-book-of-world-records/story-3lqACHP7TUSz7Y8JklnxqM.html |title='Aadiyogi bust' declared world's largest by Guinness Book of World |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 May 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 }}</ref> The mosques on Oppanakara Street and Big Bazaar Street date back to the 18th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore |year=1966 |last=Baliga |first=B.S. |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxuAAAAMAAJ&q=coimbatore+tipu+sultan+mosque }}</ref> [[Christian missions]] date back to the 17th century when permission was granted by the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] rulers to set up churches in the region.<ref>{{cite book |title=When the Goddess was a Woman |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |page=388 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-19380-2 }}</ref> Sikh [[Gurudwara]]s and Jain temples are also present in Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/This-road-leads-to-Kovais-only-gurdwara/articleshow/32940179.cms |title=This road leads to Kovai's only gurdwara |date=30 March 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003095329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/This-road-leads-to-Kovais-only-gurdwara/articleshow/32940179.cms |archive-date=3 October 2016 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Tamil cuisine }}
[[File:Veg Full Meals in Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|A typical vegetarian meal]]

Coimbatore cuisine is predominantly south Indian with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavor, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serving on a banana leaf |url=http://www.iskconhighertaste.com/served-on-a-banana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114232758/http://www.iskconhighertaste.com/served-on-a-banana/ |archive-date=14 January 2016 |access-date=1 January 2016 |work=[[ISCKON]] }}</ref> Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html |title=The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves |work=India Times |date=9 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Indian cuisine|North Indian]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] and [[Continental breakfast|continental]] cuisines are also available. [[Idly]], [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], [[paniyaram]] and [[appam]] are popular dishes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/snack-street-combines-taste-of-street-food-with-hygiene-of-restaurant/article4930415.ece |title=Snack Street combines taste of street food with hygiene of restaurant |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221211858/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/snack-street-combines-taste-of-street-food-with-hygiene-of-restaurant/article4930415.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K.T. |title=The story of our food |date=1 November 2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |page=80 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |title=Changes in the Indian menu over the ages |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 October 2014 |last=Balasubramanian |first=D |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204643/http://www.thehindu.com/seta/2004/10/21/stories/2004102100111600.htm |archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kovakkai-kongunadu-and-quizzing/article1152872.ece |title=Kovakkai, Kongunadu and Quizzing |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2011 |access-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031055/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kovakkai-kongunadu-and-quizzing/article1152872.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>

Coimbatore has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining. ''Arisi paruppu sadam'' and ''sambar sadam'', made from a mixture of dal and rice, is a recipe that existed from the 4th century CE that is unique to the area. Ariseemparuppu or arisi paruppu satham (literally translated as Rice and dal) originated from Coimbatore and the people of the city celebrate January 8 as national Aruseemparuppu day, after given light by a popular influencer and food consultant.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Taste-some-cuisine-from-Kongunadu/articleshow/6067619.cms |title=Taste some cuisine from Kongunadu |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first=Rema |last=Nagarajan |date=26 March 2011 |access-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809003636/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Taste-some-cuisine-from-Kongunadu/articleshow/6067619.cms |archive-date=9 August 2017 }}</ref> ''Kaalaan'' is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-rainy-day/article4054482.ece |title=A rainy day |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 November 2012 |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |access-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/a-taste-of-tradition/article4756166.ece |title=A taste of tradition |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 May 2013 |access-date=1 October 2015 |last=Nath |first=Parthasarathy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221223236/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/a-taste-of-tradition/article4756166.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> ''Chaats'' made from potatoes and a mix of other vegetables and spices are also popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treebo.com/blog/street-food-in-coimbatore/ |title=Street Food in Coimbatore, 10 Best Food Places in Coimbatore |date=17 December 2017 |work=Treebo |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525162545/https://www.treebo.com/blog/street-food-in-coimbatore/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Arts ===
[[Samikannu Vincent|Swamikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of [[south India]] in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of ''Tent Cinema'' in which a tent was erected on an open land to screen the films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |title=He brought cinema to South |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India |date=30 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202215242/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |archive-date=2 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Swamikannu">{{cite news | url=http://o3.indiatimes.com/brahmanyan/archive/2007/09/21/4783241.aspx | title=Brahmanyan | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 July 2007 | access-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630202911/http://o3.indiatimes.com/brahmanyan/archive/2007/09/21/4783241.aspx | archive-date=30 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Central Studios]] was set up in 1935 while [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] established [[Pakshiraja Studios]] in 1945.<ref name="reeltime">{{cite news |title=Reel-time nostalgia |author=M. Allirajan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 November 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm |location=Chennai, India |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109071506/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> The city conducts its own music festival every year.<ref name="The Times of India" /> Art, dance and music concerts are held annually during the months of September and December (Tamil calendar month – Margazhi).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/In-December-all-the-citys-a-stage/articleshow/11101597.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719000313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-14/coimbatore/30515339_1_concerts-offer-coimbatore-artistes | url-status=live | archive-date=19 July 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | title=In December, all the city's a stage | date=14 December 2011 |access-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Coimbatore also houses a number of museums and art galleries like [[G. D. Naidu Industrial Exhibition|G.D. Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition]], H A [[Gass Forest Museum]], Government Museum, Kadhi Gandhi Gallery and Kasthuri Srinivasan Art Gallery and Textile Museum.<ref>{{cite news |title=The natural witness |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/19/stories/2009101950030100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 October 2009 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107222546/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/19/stories/2009101950030100.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gass Forest Museum to be reopened |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gass-forest-museum-to-be-reopened/article1785707.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2007 |access-date=8 August 2010 }}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Coimbatore }}

=== Air ===
[[File:Coimbatore Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Coimbatore International Airport]]]]
{{Main|Coimbatore International Airport }}
The city is served by the [[Coimbatore International Airport]] at [[Peelamedu]] {{cvt|10|km}} from the city center. The airport was established in 1940 with [[Air India]] operating scheduled services in 1948.<ref name="Report">{{cite report|url=https://aera.gov.in/uploads/airports/5c811040863a5order03181907.pdf|title=In the matter of Determination of Aeronautical Tariffs in respect of Coimbatore Airport|publisher=Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India|year=2019|access-date=1 December 2023|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=World Aviation Annual Report|year=1948|publisher=Aviation Research Institute, Washington D.C.|page=512}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft|volume=42|year=1951|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company}}</ref> Coimbatore flying club and aviation training academy was established in 1960.<ref>{{cite report|title=Parliamentary Debates:Official Report|volume=207|year=2006|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|page=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Armed Forces Year Book|year=1974|publisher=[[University of California]]|page=414}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=U.S. Army Area Handbook for India|publisher=Special Operations Research Office, United States Army|year=1964|page=646}}</ref> In 1987, the airport underwent modernization and further expansion of the existing runway to enable handling of larger jet aircraft.<ref name="Report"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Airports International|year=1990|publisher=IPC Transport Press|page=6}}</ref> On 6 June 2012, [[Prime Minister of India]] declared the [[Government of India|government]]'s intention to upgrade the airport to international status and the [[Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] granted it the status of international airport on 2 October 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/pms-growth-agenda-new-airports-mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-228203 |title=Prime Minister holds infrastructure meet, but Mukul Roy is missing |work=[[NDTV]] |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=13 June 2012 |quote=Prime Minister said this year will see a series of new projects being commissioned, including international airports for Lucknow, Varanasi, Coimbatore, Trichy and Gaya }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet grants international airport status to five airports |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/cabinet-grants-international-airport-status-to-five-airports/articleshow/16673279.cms |date=4 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303163612/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/cabinet-grants-international-airport-status-to-five-airports/articleshow/16673279.cms |archive-date=3 March 2018 }}</ref> The airport is operated by [[Airports Authority of India]] and caters to domestic flights to major Indian cities and international flights to [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1723859.ece |title=It's now a buzzing airport! |access-date=1 August 2015 |date=4 February 2006 |last=G |first=Gurumurthy |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}-24, the airport was the [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic|second largest]] airport in Tamil Nadu in terms of passengers handled.<ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-sees-growth-in-air-passenger-traffic/article6863100.ece |title=Coimbatore sees growth in air passenger traffic |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 February 2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-sees-growth-in-air-passenger-traffic/article6863100.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref> It has a single runway, which is {{cvt|2990|m|ft}} in length and is capable of handling medium sized aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042057760100.htm |title=Extended runway ready at Coimbatore Airport |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 April 2008 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217040303/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042057760100.htm |archive-date=17 February 2009 }}</ref>

[[Sulur Air Force Station]], located at [[Sulur]] is an air base operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] and accommodates [[Antonov An-32]] transport aircraft,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/43+Wing|title=Indian Air Force 43 Wing|work=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Mil Mi-17]] transport helicopters,<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas |first=Wilson|date=27 August 2018|title=How air warriors fromSulur flew to help Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-air-warriors-fromsulur-flew-to-help-kerala/article24795453.ece|access-date=2 May 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and the [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopters of the [[Sarang display team|Sarang helicopter display team]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/air-fest-the-flight-of-the-peacock/article7520652.ece |title=Air Fest: The flight of the Peacock |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=4 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |last=Srinivasan |first=Pankaja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221183601/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/air-fest-the-flight-of-the-peacock/article7520652.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> The first squadron of indigenous built [[HAL Tejas]] [[fighter aircraft]] was inducted in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=LCA Tejas to join IAF 18 Squadron today at Tamil Nadu's Sulur airbase |work=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/lca-tejas-to-join-iaf-18-squadron-today-at-tamil-nadus-sulur-airbase-2286345.html |access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft for Sulur IAF station by 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sukhoi30-mki-aircraft-for-sulur-iaf-station-by-2016/article4190345.ece |access-date=22 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107152642/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sukhoi30-mki-aircraft-for-sulur-iaf-station-by-2016/article4190345.ece |archive-date=7 January 2014 }}</ref>

=== Rail ===
[[File:Coimbatore junction.jpg|thumb|[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]], busiest railway station in the city]]
{{Main|Railway stations in Coimbatore }}
Train service in Coimbatore started in 1861, upon the construction of the [[Podanur]] – [[Madras]] line connecting Kerala and the west coast with the rest of India.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html | title = IR History – Early days | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 23 December 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050307181407/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html | archive-date = 7 March 2005 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Coimbatore lies on the [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line]] {{Track gauge |5ft6in |lk=on }} [[broad gauge]] railway line and the city falls under the [[Salem railway division|Salem division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. The major railway station is the [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] which is the second-largest income generating station in the Southern Railway zone after [[Chennai Central]] and is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation, Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raac.co.in/railway.php |title=Railways in Coimbatore |publisher=raac.co.in |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084528/http://www.raac.co.in/railway.php |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/coimbatore-junction-neglected/article2413499.ece |title=Coimbatore Junction neglected |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 August 2011 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221224314/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/coimbatore-junction-neglected/article2413499.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> Other major railway stations catering to the city include [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North Junction]], [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur Junction]] and minor stations at [[Pilamedu railway station|Peelamedu]], [[Singanallur railway station|Singanallur]], [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur Junction]], [[Periyanaickenpalayam railway station|Perianaikanpalayam]], [[Madukkarai railway station|Madukkarai]], [[Somanur railway station|Somanur]] and [[Sulur Road railway station|Sulur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/26/stories/2004012609450300.htm |title=Trains to be diverted near Coimbatore |date=26 January 2004 |access-date=27 June 2013 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227131739/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/26/stories/2004012609450300.htm |archive-date=27 December 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/podanur-junction-ptj/432 |title=Podanur Junction |publisher=Indian Rail Info |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906185804/http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/podanur-junction-ptj/432 |archive-date=6 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/will-coimbatores-gain-be-podanurs-loss/article3513609.ece | location=Chennai, India | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | first=V.S. | last=Palaniappan | title=Will Coimbatore's gain be Podanur's loss? | date=11 June 2012 | access-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221223249/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/will-coimbatores-gain-be-podanurs-loss/article3513609.ece | archive-date=21 December 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==== Metro rail ====
{{Main|Coimbatore Metro }}
The [[Government of India|Central Government]] proposed a [[Rapid transit|metro rail]] system for 16 tier-2 cities in [[India]] including Coimbatore in 2010. In 2011, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] shelved the proposal in favour of a [[monorail]]. Coimbatore Railway Struggle Committee has also protested to implement metro rail project in Coimbatore. In 2013, [[E. Sreedharan]] made survey and announced metro rail as suitable transport for Coimbatore In 2017, the Government of Tamil Nadu proposed a metro for Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-coimbatore-to-get-metro-second-phase-of-chennai-metro-worth-rs-88897-cr-cleared-3830313.html |title=Coimbatore to get metro |date=19 July 2017 |publisher=TheFirst Post |access-date=19 July 2019 }}</ref> Feasibility studies were completed in 2021 and five corridors were proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/feasibility-report-ready-for-6683-crore-coimbatore-metro-rail/article33912064.ece |title=Feasibility report ready for ₹6,683 crore Coimbatore Metro Rail |date=23 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 February 2021 }}</ref>

=== Road ===
[[File:PSG_tech_coimbatore.png|thumb|[[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]], one of the major arterial roads]]
[[File:Gandhipuram bus stand.jpg|thumb|Gandhipuram bus stand]]
There are six major arterial roads in the city: [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]], [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]], [[Sathy Road]], [[Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam Road]], [[Palakkad Road, Coimbatore|Palakkad Road]] and [[Pollachi Road, Coimbatore|Pollachi Road]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-city-getting-ready-for-flyover-works/article33539881.ece |title=Coimbatore city getting ready for flyover works |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/efforts-needed-to-improve-vehicle-movement-on-mettupalayam-road/article4424812.ece |title=Efforts needed to improve vehicle movement on Mettupalayam Road |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/work-begins-on-green-corridor-concept-for-mettupalayam-road/article4034204.ece |title=Work begins on Green Corridor concept for Mettupalayam Road |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 October 2012 |first=V.S. |last=Palaniappan |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221202807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/work-begins-on-green-corridor-concept-for-mettupalayam-road/article4034204.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> The [[Coimbatore bypass]] is a series of [[Bypass (road)|bypasses]] connecting the various [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] and [[Highways of Tamil Nadu|State Highways]] passing through and originating from Coimbatore. The first section of the bypass, a {{convert |28 |km |mi | |adj=on }} stretch from Neelambur to Madukkarai on [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] opened for traffic in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pppindiadatabase.com/Screens/frmView.aspx?PROJECTID=buOQITdE2o0=&AUTHORISEDUSER=N |title=Coimbatore Bypass Road |publisher=Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India |access-date=16 January 2012 |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126093158/http://www.pppindiadatabase.com/Screens/frmView.aspx?PROJECTID=buOQITdE2o0%3D&AUTHORISEDUSER=N |archive-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="www.hindu.com 2008083050220100">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/30/stories/2008083050220100.htm |title=Ring road to de-congest Coimbatore |last=Palaniappan |first=V.S. |date=30 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 February 2012 |location=Coimbatore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108074304/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/30/stories/2008083050220100.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 }}</ref> It was the first road privatisation project to be implemented on a [[build–operate–transfer]] model in South India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lntidpl.com/coimbatore-by-pass.aspx |title= Coimbatore By-pass (Tamil Nadu) |publisher= L&T IDPL |access-date= 1 February 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120317051320/http://www.lntidpl.com/coimbatore-by-pass.aspx |archive-date= 17 March 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lntecc.com/homepage/resources/brochures/Infrastructure/RoadsRunways/CoimbatoreBypassRoad.pdf |title= Coimbatore Bypass: First road Privatization Project |publisher= L&T ECC |access-date= 6 February 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130313014855/http://lntecc.com/homepage/resources/brochures/Infrastructure/RoadsRunways/CoimbatoreBypassRoad.pdf |archive-date= 13 March 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> In 2008, the State Highways department came up with a proposal to create a [[Ring road]] to help de-congest the main arterial roads and the 12 km road would extend from Peelamedu to Mettupalayam road.<ref name="www.hindu.com 2008083050220100" /> In 2011, the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] announced the construction of two new flyovers at Ukkadam and Athupalam to help de-congest the Palakkad Road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2632401.ece |title=Announcement on flyovers brings cheer to city |date=16 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 February 2012 |location=Coimbatore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118185914/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2632401.ece |archive-date=18 November 2011 }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] decided in favour of an eastern road that connected Mettupalayam Road with Avinashi Road and the existing bypass.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt revises bypass project to minimize displacement |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Govt-revises-bypass-project-to-minimize-displacement/articleshow/16346522.cms |date=11 September 2012 |location=Coimbatore |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913081139/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Govt-revises-bypass-project-to-minimize-displacement/articleshow/16346522.cms |archive-date=13 September 2015 }}</ref> The city municipal corporation is undertaking the construction of six rail-over-bridges in the city.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2785257.ece |title= Bridge works across six level crossings speed up |first= V. S. |last= Palaniappan |date= 8 January 2012 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 16 January 2012 |location= Chennai |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120112024518/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/article2785257.ece |archive-date= 12 January 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> There are five [[National highways of India|National Highways]] passing through the city:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | title = National Highways and their lengths | access-date = 12 February 2012 | publisher = National Highways Authority of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100210021118/http://www.nhai.org/nh.asp | archive-date = 10 February 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=Govt of India |url=http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001214827/http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Race Course Road, Coimbatore.JPG|thumb|Race Course Road]]

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+
! Highway Number !! Destination !! Via
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[National Highway 544 (India)|544]] || [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] || [[Perundurai]], [[Chithode]]
|-
| [[Kochi]] || [[Palakkad]], [[Thrissur]]
|-
| [[National Highway 948 (India)|948]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Kollegal]], [[Chamrajnagar]]
|-
| [[National Highway 81 (India)|81]] || [[Chidambaram]] || [[Karur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
| [[National Highway 181 (India)|181]] || [[Gundlupet]] || [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Ooty]]
|-
| [[National Highway 83 (India)|83]] || [[Nagapattinam]] || [[Pollachi]], [[Udumalaipettai]], [[Palani]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Dindigul]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Thanjavur]]
|}

Apart from State and National Highways, the city corporation maintains a {{convert |635.32 |km |2 |abbr=off }} long road network.<ref name="businessplan"/> The city is also served by [[auto rickshaw]]s and taxi services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/uber-expands-india-footprint-as-it-looks-beyond-metros-710196 |title=Uber Expands India Footprint as It Looks Beyond Metros |work=[[NDTV]] |date=1 July 2015 |access-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107153611/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/uber-expands-india-footprint-as-it-looks-beyond-metros-710196 |archive-date=7 January 2016 }}</ref> Coimbatore has four [[List of RTO districts in India|Regional Transport Offices]] viz. TN 37 (South), TN 38 (North), TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (West).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tngis1.tn.nic.in/gis-rto/rto.php |title=RTO Locations |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423053637/http://tngis1.tn.nic.in/gis-rto/rto.php |archive-date=23 April 2012 }}</ref>

==== Bus ====
[[File:Mettupalayam busstand coimbatore.jpg|thumb|Bus stand at Mettupalayam road]]
Town buses started operating in 1921 and serve most parts of the city, as well as other towns and villages in the district. The number of inter-city routes operated by Coimbatore division is 119 with a fleet of more than 500 buses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-cbe.pdf |title=TNSTC, Coimbatore |publisher=TNSTC |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222708/http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-cbe.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> It also operates town buses on 257 intra-city routes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/index.php/bus-services |title=Town bus services, Coimbatore |publisher=Coimbatore Municipal Corporation |access-date=3 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704181458/https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/index.php/bus-services |archive-date=4 July 2015 }}</ref> The intra-city buses operate from major bus stations in [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus]], [[Singanallur Bus Terminus]], [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] and [[Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus]] to other parts across the city. Inter-city and intra-city buses that connect Coimbatore operate from different bus stands:
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+
! Location !! Bus Station !! Destinations
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]] || [[Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus|Central]] || [[Avinashi]], [[Erode]], [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Sathyamangalam]], [[Tiruppur]]; Other locations in [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Salem district|Salem]], and [[Tiruppur district]]s<ref name="Bus"/><ref name="Special"/>
|-
| SETC || [[State Express Transport Corporation|Express]] services towards [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Pondicherry (city)|Puducherry]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/setc-to-launch-parcel-service-from-august-3/articleshow/93097379.cms|title=Tamil Nadu State Express Transport Corporation to launch parcel service|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2022|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Coimbatore Omni Bus Terminus|Omni Bus Stand]] || Private mofussil bus services towards [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Puducherry]] and [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Minister inaugurates omnibus stand |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/02/stories/2006070221400300.htm |access-date=22 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032017/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/02/stories/2006070221400300.htm |archive-date=18 February 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gandhipuram Town Bus stand|Town Bus Stand]] || Intracity services
|-
| [[Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus|Saibaba Colony]] || [[Saibaba Colony]] || [[Nilgiris district]]<ref name="Bus">{{cite web|url=https://www.coimbatoreguide.in/travelinfo.php?travel=mofussil|title=Mofussil bus services|publisher=Coimbatoreinfo|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Special">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/tnstc-to-operate-special-buses-from-coimbatore-for-deepavali/article67503738.ece|title= TNSTC to operate special buses from Coimbatore for Deepavali |date=9 November 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Buses to ply from Mettupalayam Road bus stand from today |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061752110300.htm |access-date=22 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624221540/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/17/stories/2010061752110300.htm |archive-date=24 June 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Singanallur Bus Terminus|Singanallur]] || [[Singanallur]] || [[Dharapuram]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madurai]], and South Tamil Nadu<ref name="Bus"/><ref name="Sing">{{cite news |title=Special buses to clear Pongal rush |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2008/01/08/stories/2008010855020500.htm |access-date=22 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414040951/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2008/01/08/stories/2008010855020500.htm |archive-date=14 April 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus|Ukkadam]] || [[Ukkadam]] || [[Palani]], [[Pollachi]], [[Udumalpet]]; Districts of [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]] and [[Theni district|Theni]];<ref name="Bus"/> State of [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-corporation-plans-20-crore-revamp-of-ukkadam-bus-stand/article68269440.ece|title=Coimbatore Corporation plans ₹20 crore revamp of Ukkadam bus stand|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 June 2024|access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

The [[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] planned at [[Vellalore]] was cancelled midway in 2023 due to a lack of sufficient approach roads to the terminus and a hazardous waste dump nearby.<ref>{{cite news |last=Palaniappan |first=V. S. |date=10 February 2023 |title=Integrated bus terminus project at Vellalore in Coimbatore dropped |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/integrated-bus-terminus-project-at-vellalore-in-coimbatore-dropped/article66493274.ece |access-date=6 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref> [[Coimbatore BRTS]] is a proposed bus rapid transit project under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission|JNNURM]] scheme of the Government of India. It is planned along a {{convert |27.6 |km |mi }} stretch connecting Avinashi road and Mettupalayam road.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coimbatore-corporation.com/dwnldforms/Transportation.pdf |title=Coimbatore BRTS |publisher=Coimbatore Corporation |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171513/http://www.coimbatore-corporation.com/dwnldforms/Transportation.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Coimbatore }}
[[File:Tnau_CBE.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], one of the foremost institutions of agriculture in India]]
Coimbatore is a major educational hub.<ref name="cbe_edu3">{{cite news |title=Coimbatore calling |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2009/12/28/stories/2009122850010300.htm |access-date=23 June 2010 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=28 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304123210/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2009/12/28/stories/2009122850010300.htm |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> The first school was established in 1831.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Over-150-year-old-school/article13993999.ece |title=Over 150-year-old school |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=9 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The first college [[Government Arts College, Coimbatore|Government Arts College]], was opened in 1875.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gacbe.ac.in/ |access-date=13 October 2011 |title=Government Arts College }}</ref> The first engineering college in the city, the Arthur Hope College of Technology (now known as the [[Government College of Technology, Coimbatore]]), was started by G.D. Naidu in 1945 followed later by private engineering colleges [[PSG College of Technology]], and [[Coimbatore Institute of Technology]] in the 1950s.<ref name="Educat"/> The [[Air Force Administrative College]], established in 1949, is the oldest training institute of the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=82 |title=Indian Air Force – AFAC |access-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=Indian Air Force |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028211612/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=82 |archive-date=28 October 2011 }}</ref> [[Coimbatore Medical College]] was opened in 1966 and a second Government run [[ESIC Medical College, Coimbatore|ESIC medical college]] was established in 2016. [[Government Law College, Coimbatore|Government law college]] is a public law college that started functioning in 1978.<ref name="Educat" /> The agricultural school established in 1868 was converted into [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] in 1971 and the [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]] was opened in 1990.<ref name="Educat" />

{{As of |2023 }}, the district is home to seven universities, 46 engineering colleges, 21 management schools, eight architectural schools, three medical colleges, two dental colleges, 27 polytechnics and 62 arts and science colleges.<ref>{{cite report |title=List of colleges, zone IX |url=https://coimbatore.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/ |publisher=Anna University |access-date=21 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://b-u.ac.in/sites/b-u.ac.in/files/Attachment/AFF_COLL_LIST_15032023.pdf |title=List of affiliated colleges, Bharathiar University |publisher=Bharathiar University |access-date=21 November 2023 }}</ref> The city houses three government run universities [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]], [[Bharathiar University]], [[Anna University Coimbatore]] and four private universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://coimbatore.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/ |title=Universities in Coimbatore, India |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=30 October 2023 }}</ref>

[[File:Bharathiar_university_entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Bharathiar University]] established in 1982 is based out of the city]]

The city houses Government research institutes including the [[Central Institute for Cotton Research]], [[Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute]], [[Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB)]], [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] and Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf |title=Working group committee on agriculture |publisher=Planning Commission of India |access-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407092417/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About ICFRE |url=http://www.icfre.org/index.php?linkid=left8311&link=1 |publisher=Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003624/http://www.icfre.org/index.php?linkid=left8311&link=1 |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education |url=http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/ |publisher=Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030151240/http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/ |archive-date=30 October 2013 }}</ref> In 2008, Government of India announced a plan to establish a world class university in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Land to be identified for World-Class University |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/09/stories/2008080954650500.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127150658/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/09/stories/2008080954650500.htm |archive-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |title=Tailor-made courses |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2515/stories/20080801251511300.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 July 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526121058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2515/stories/20080801251511300.htm |archive-date=26 May 2010 }}</ref>

Three types of schools operate in Coimbatore: government run schools, schools funded by the government but run by private trusts (aided schools) and schools funded completely by private trusts.<ref name="Educat">{{cite report |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/sedu/handbook-sedu.pdf |title=Manual under the RTI Act, 2005 |publisher=Department of Education, Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211852/http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/sedu/handbook-sedu.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Schools follow [[Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]], [[Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu|Matriculation]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE/ISC]] or Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian school board syllabus.<ref name="Educat" /> [[Samacheer Kalvi]] (Equitable education system) was introduced by the state government in 2010 to integrate the various school educational systems within the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIADMK to Implement Samacheer Kalvi From This Year|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/aiadmk-to-implement-samacheer-kalvi-from-this-year/730667|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216184732/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/aiadmk-to-implement-samacheer-kalvi-from-this-year/730667|archive-date=16 December 2021|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The city falls under the purview of Coimbatore education district and about 31320 students appeared for [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]] examinations in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 40,000 students appear for Class X public exam in Coimbatore district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/over-40000-students-appear-for-class-x-public-exam-in-coimbatore-district/article66706624.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 April 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 }}</ref>

== Utility services ==
=== Media ===
{{Main|Media in Coimbatore }}
{{See also|List of Tamil-language television channels }}
Four major English newspapers ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' and ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' bring out editions from the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.readwhere.com/publication/3360/The-New-Indian-Express-Coimbatore |title=The New Indian Express |publisher=readwhere.com |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308081725/http://www.readwhere.com/publication/3360/The-New-Indian-Express-Coimbatore |archive-date=8 March 2016 }}</ref> ''[[Business Line]]'', a business newspaper also brings out a Coimbatore edition. Tamil newspapers which have Coimbatore editions include ''[[Dinamalar]]'', ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'', ''[[Dinamani]]'', ''[[Dinakaran]]'', ''[[Tamil Murasu]]'' and ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' (both evening newspapers).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.dinamalar.com/ |title=Dinamalar |publisher=[[Dinamalar]] |access-date=4 March 2016 |language=ta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015043/http://epaper.dinamalar.com/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/District_main.asp?id=13&Cat=504 |title=Dinakaran |publisher=dinakaran.com |access-date=4 March 2016 |language=ta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322193950/http://www.dinakaran.com/District_main.asp?id=13&Cat=504 |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.dinamani.com/t/3364/Dimamani-Coimbatore/ |title=Dinamani |publisher=dinamani.com |access-date=4 March 2016 |language=ta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226201924/http://epaper.dinamani.com/t/3364/Dimamani-Coimbatore |archive-date=26 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Lotus News]] is based out of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29357630|title=Padmini Prakash: India's first transgender news anchor|date=29 September 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>

A [[Medium wave]] radio station is operated by [[All India Radio]], with programs in Tamil, English and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Services/Pages/Primary%20Channel%20Services.aspx |title=All India Radio Services |publisher=Prasar Bharti |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313143425/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Services/Pages/Primary%20Channel%20Services.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref> Five [[FM radio]] stations operate from Coimbatore – Rainbow FM,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/services/fm/pages/default.aspx |title=All India Radio FM Rainbow |publisher=Prasar Bharti |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029164706/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/services/fm/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Suryan FM]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suryanfm.in/coimbatore/ |title=Suryan FM, Coimbatore |publisher=suryanfm.in |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030923/http://www.suryanfm.in/coimbatore/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Radio Mirchi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/coimbatore |title=98.3 FM Coimbatore |publisher=radiomirchi.com |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222720/http://www.radiomirchi.com/coimbatore |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/radiocity/city/coimbatore |title=Radio City, Coimbatore |publisher=planetradiocity.com |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306061549/http://www.planetradiocity.com/radiocity/city/coimbatore |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pillay |first=Ashmita |url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/advertising/200701221649.htm |title=Radio City 91.1 FM forges a strategic alliance with 'Vibgyor Brand Services' |publisher=Indiaprwire.com |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921132114/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/advertising/200701221649.htm |archive-date=21 September 2011 }}</ref> and [[Hello FM]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hello.fm/2009/03/16153424/ContactUS.html |title=Hello FM, Coimbatore |publisher=hello.fm |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302230227/http://hello.fm/2009/03/16153424/ContactUS.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 }}</ref> All these private radio stations air exclusively [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-based programs, including film music. Television relay started in 1985 from Delhi [[Doordarshan]] and in 1986, after inception of the repeater tower at [[Kodaikanal]], telecast from Madras commenced. In 2005, Doordarshan opened its studio in Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/16/stories/2005081611440200.htm |title=Coimbatore gets modern Doordarshan Studio Centre |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 August 2005 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918191845/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/16/stories/2005081611440200.htm |archive-date=18 September 2013 }}</ref> Television services are accessible through [[Direct To Home|DTH]] or digital cable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Deadline-for-urban-cable-TV-viewers-ends-will-have-to-install-STBs/articleshow/50398156.cms |title=Deadline for urban cable TV viewers ends, will have to install STBs |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 December 2015 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103081854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Deadline-for-urban-cable-TV-viewers-ends-will-have-to-install-STBs/articleshow/50398156.cms |archive-date=3 January 2016 }}</ref>

=== Telecommunication ===
Coimbatore has a well-connected communications infrastructure. Till the 1990s the state owned [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL) was the only telecommunication service provider in the city. In the 1990s, private telecom companies too started offering their services. {{As of |2019 }}, [[BSNL]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Tata Communications]], [[Tata Teleservices]], [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] and [[Atria Convergence Technologies|ACT]] offer broadband service and fixed line services.<ref>{{cite news |title=BSNL's broadband facility launched in Coimbatore, Tirupur |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/25/stories/2005012501581900.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=25 January 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127105121/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/25/stories/2005012501581900.htm |archive-date=27 January 2007 }}</ref> Cellular telephony was first introduced in 1997 and mobile telephone services available.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infrastructure advantage |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2102/stories/20040130005311400.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 January 2004 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606205625/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2102/stories/20040130005311400.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref> Coimbatore is the headquarters of the Tamil Nadu circle of cellular service providers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aircel to create blood group database |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/10/03/stories/2002100301540600.htm |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=3 October 2002 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004153913/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/10/03/stories/2002100301540600.htm |archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
As of 2010, the size of the health care industry in Coimbatore is estimated at {{INRconvert |1500 |c }}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Super specialty hospitals: The latest fad in texcity |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcarel/Super-specialty-hospitals-The-latest-fad-in-texcity/articleshow/5832493.cms |access-date=14 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928105915/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcarel/Super-specialty-hospitals-The-latest-fad-in-texcity/articleshow/5832493.cms |archive-date=28 September 2017 }}</ref> There are around 750 hospitals in the city with an in-patient capacity of 5,000 beds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coimbatore health care sector facing staff shortage |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/05/31/stories/2007053101492100.htm |access-date=14 February 2011 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=31 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530034924/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2007/05/31/stories/2007053101492100.htm |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> These hospitals include single speciality institutions like eye care clinics (e.g. [[Aravind Eye Hospitals]]) and also multi special hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2021 |title=Eye Care Clinic in Coimbatore Area |url=https://www.gknmhospital.org/coimbatore-eye-care-centres/ |access-date=10 August 2021 }}</ref> The first health care centre in the city was started in 1909. Coimbatore Medical College Hospital and ESI Hospital are government run tertiary care hospitals and provide free health care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coimbatore Medical College Hospital |url=http://www.cmccbe.ac.in/cmccbe/index.jsp |publisher=[[Coimbatore Medical College]] |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312093205/http://www.cmccbe.ac.in/cmccbe/index.jsp |archive-date=12 March 2016 }}</ref> The city corporation maintains 16 dispensaries and two maternity homes.<ref name="businessplan"/> People from nearby districts and the state of Kerala visit Coimbatore for medical tourism due to the availability of hospitals and healthcare facilities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukerji |first=Chandralekha |title=Leaving The Big City |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/moneytoday/cover-story/10-indian-cities-quiet-peaceful-life-for-retirement/story/198976.html |access-date=4 March 2016 |newspaper=Business Today |date=1 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305182716/http://www.businesstoday.in/moneytoday/cover-story/10-indian-cities-quiet-peaceful-life-for-retirement/story/198976.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Super specialty hospitals: The latest fad in texcity |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/Super-specialty-hospitals-The-latest-fad-in-texcity/articleshow/5832493.cms |access-date=14 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928105913/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/Super-specialty-hospitals-The-latest-fad-in-texcity/articleshow/5832493.cms |archive-date=28 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/LifestyleDetailsPage/lifestyleDetails080711a.php |title=The caregivers |publisher=India Blooms |access-date=30 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031055/http://www.indiablooms.com/LifestyleDetailsPage/lifestyleDetails080711a.php |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Medical tourism on upswing in Coimbatore |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/04/stories/2006040412420100.htm |access-date=14 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629011355/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/04/stories/2006040412420100.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref>

== Sports and recreation ==
[[File:Racing action in Coimbatore.jpg|thumb|A typical raceday scene at [[Kari Motor Speedway]]]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru stadium, coimbatore.jpg|thumb|[[Nehru Stadium, Coimbatore|Nehru Stadium]]]]
Coimbatore is often referred to as "India's Motorsports Hub" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports".<ref>{{cite news |title=Coimbatore may have a Grade 3 circuit, says Narain |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 November 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece |access-date=5 March 2016 |last=Rozario |first=Rayan |quote=city, oft referred to as India's motor sport hub, may well have a Grade 3 racing circuit in the years to come |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221192154/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=City of speed |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 April 2006 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3191375.ece |access-date=3 January 2007 }}</ref> [[S.Karivardhan]] designed and built entry – level race cars and the [[Kari Motor Speedway]], a Formula 3 Category circuit, is named after him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120102260100.htm |title=To Kari, with Love |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 December 2003 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910162639/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120102260100.htm |archive-date=10 September 2009 }}</ref> Tyre manufacturer [[Madras Rubber Factory|MRF]] assembles Formula Ford cars in Coimbatore in association with former F3 Champion J. Anand and racing company [[Super Speeds]] designs Formula cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3876&Itemid=2 |title=MRF to assemble advanced F1 cars next year: Scouting for component suppliers |publisher=Machinist.in |date=26 October 2011 |access-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512052614/http://machinist.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3876&Itemid=2 |archive-date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> [[Rallying]] is another major event with rallies conducted in closed roads around Coimbatore. [[Narain Karthikeyan]], India's first [[Formula One]] driver hails from the city, and other motorsport drivers from Coimbatore include J. Anand and [[V. R. Naren Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A rage on the rally circuit |url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss2447/24470740.htm |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=Sports Star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025093055/http://sportstaronnet.com/tss2447/24470740.htm |archive-date=25 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naren Kumar aims to be best in Asia-Pacific zone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/06/stories/07060881.htm |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017031054/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/06/stories/07060881.htm |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>

[[Nehru Stadium, Coimbatore|Nehru Stadium]], built originally for football, also hosts athletic meets. The stadium has been renovated with Korean grass for the field and a synthetic track around it for athletics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/24/stories/2006042401150400.htm |title=Nehru stadium gets a makeover |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071311/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/24/stories/2006042401150400.htm |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> Apart from the stadium, other sporting venues include the [[Coimbatore Golf Club|Coimbatore Golf Course]], an 18 – hole golf course<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/world/india/southernindia/coimbatore.html |title=Location of Coimbatore golf club |publisher=Coimbatore Golf Club |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630162630/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/world/india/southernindia/coimbatore.html |archive-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> and [[Coimbatore Cosmopolitan Club]], which is more than 100 years old.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/09/25/stories/2006092500760100.htm |title=100-year-old club of Coimbatore |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 September 2006 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903152956/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/09/25/stories/2006092500760100.htm |archive-date=3 September 2009 }}</ref> Coimbatore Flying Club is located in the [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore Airport]] premises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgca.nic.in/flyclub/flyclub.pdf |title=List of Flying Clubs |publisher=DGCA |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927170854/http://dgca.nic.in/flyclub/flyclub.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref> The city hosts its own annual marathon called ''Coimbatore Marathon'' as an event to raise cancer awareness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coimbatoremarathon.com/ |title=Coimbatore Marathon |publisher=Coimbatore Marathon |access-date=28 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630145114/http://www.coimbatoremarathon.com/ |archive-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> Retired tennis player [[Nirupama Vaidyanathan]], who became the first Indian woman in the modern era to feature and win a round at a main draw [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] in [[1998 Australian Open – Women's Singles|1998 Australian Open]] hails from Coimbatore.<ref name="NV">{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/13/stories/0713102h.htm |title=Nirupama Vaidyanathan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 January 2001 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917184357/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/13/stories/0713102h.htm |archive-date=17 September 2009 }}</ref> Coimbatore District Chess Association (CDCA), established in 1940, is the oldest chess association in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/a-day-to-remember-for-cdca/article8090774.ece |title=A day to remember for CDCA |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111020315/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/a-day-to-remember-for-cdca/article8090774.ece |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref>

=== City based teams ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Home stadium !! Founded
|-
| [[Lyca Kovai Kings]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]
| [[SNR College Cricket Ground]]
| 2016
|-
| [[Chennai City F.C.]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/coimbatore-to-host-ileague-matches-this-season/article9967657.ece |title=Coimbatore to host I-League matches this season |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] BusinessLine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226102542/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/coimbatore-to-host-ileague-matches-this-season/article9967657.ece |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms |title=Chennai City to stay at Kovai for next 5 years |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=22 December 2017 |access-date=22 January 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms |archive-date=23 January 2018 }}</ref>
| 2016
|}

=== Recreation ===
[[File:VOCFountain.jpg|thumb|[[VOC park and zoo]]]]
{{Main|Entertainment in Coimbatore }}
There are several amusement parks around the city: [[Black Thunder (theme park)|Black Thunder]] water theme park near [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Kovai Kondattam]] amusement park at Perur and [[Maharaja Theme Park]] at Neelambur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbnaturepark.com/ |title=Nilgiri Biosphere Nature Park – Nature conservation organisation|publisher=Nilgiri Biosphere Natural Park |access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512071725/http://www.nbnaturepark.com/ |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 1980s, the city has had a few small shopping complexes and major shopping malls include [[Prozone Mall (Coimbatore)|Prozone Mall]], [[Brookefields Mall]] and [[Fun Republic Mall (Coimbatore)|Fun Republic Mall]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Coimbatore-based retail chain, Shri Kannan on expansion mode |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Retailing/Coimbatore-based-retail-chain-Shri-Kannan-on-expansion-mode/articleshow/5181355.cms |access-date=15 January 2011 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107205625/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/retailing/Coimbatore-based-retail-chain-Shri-Kannan-on-expansion-mode/articleshow/5181355.cms |archive-date=7 November 2009 }}</ref> The city also has a number of parks including the [[VOC park and zoo|VOC Park]], the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Park, Race Course Children's Park and Bharathi Park in Saibaba Colony. Coimbatore Zoo houses a number of animals and birds and is located near VOC Park.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/zoo-animal-adoption-programme-in-coimbatore-draws-a-blank/article6262909.ece |title=Animal adoption program draws a blank |date=26 October 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 July 2014 |last=Madhavan |first=Karthik |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221215950/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/zoo-animal-adoption-programme-in-coimbatore-draws-a-blank/article6262909.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/plans-on-to-revamp-voc-park/article6534951.ece |title=Plans on to revamp VOC Park |date=26 October 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130113312/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/plans-on-to-revamp-voc-park/article6534951.ece |archive-date=30 November 2014 }}</ref> The grounds are used for conducting fairs and events including the annual Independence day and Republic day celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/republic-day-celebrated-with-pomp-gaiety/article6825052.ece |title=Republic Day celebrated with pomp, gaiety |date=27 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221190040/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/republic-day-celebrated-with-pomp-gaiety/article6825052.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> [[Singanallur Lake]] is a popular tourist place and bird watcher destination.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073022630300.htm |title=Singanallur lake |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 July 2006 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918060809/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073022630300.htm |archive-date=18 September 2012 }}</ref> Popular cinemas include KG Cinemas,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/south-india-box-office-roundup-of-maryan-maryan-box-office-30-07-13.html |title=South India Box Office roundup of Maryan |date=13 July 2013 |access-date=4 March 2016 |work=Behind Woods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224339/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/south-india-box-office-roundup-of-maryan-maryan-box-office-30-07-13.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> [[PVR INOX|The Cinema at Brookfields]],<ref>{{cite web|title='Capture the Perfect Brew' contest presented by Kannan's Kaapi and The Hindu held in Coimbatore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/capture-the-perfect-brew-contest-presented-by-kannans-kaapi-and-the-hindu/article67368995.ece|date=1 October 2013|access-date=2 May 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Cinépolis|Cinepolis at Fun Republic]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/entertainment/cinepolis-opens-multiplex-in-chandigarh/50960503 |title=Cinepolis opens multiplex in Chandigarh |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016 |last=Jain |first=Varun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229194205/http://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/entertainment/cinepolis-opens-multiplex-in-chandigarh/50960503 |archive-date=29 February 2016 }}</ref> [[PVR INOX|INOX]] at Prozone,<ref>{{cite news |title=INOX Prozone Mall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/theatre/coimbatore/inox-prozone-mall-saravanampatty/4918 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref> [[Miraj Cinemas|Miraj cinemas]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Miraj Cinemas enters Coimbatore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/miraj-cinemas-enters-coimbatore/article33553487.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 January 2021 |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref> Karpagam cinemas,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/theatre/coimbatore/karpagam-cinemas-gandhi-puram/2109 |title=Karpagam Cinemas |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref> Senthil Kumaran cinemas,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/theatre/coimbatore/senthil-kumaran-cinemas-ramnagar/2125 |title=Senthil Kumaran Cinemas |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref> Baba complex<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/coimbatorenilgiris-boxoffice-collections-big-business/article8374463.ece |title=Big business |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=20 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> and Broadway cinemas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K |date=27 June 2023 |title=Broadway Cinemas opens in Coimbatore with IMAX Laser and EPIQ Premium Large Format screens |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/broadway-cinemas-opens-in-coimbatore-with-imax-laser-and-epiq-premium-large-format-screens/article66996385.ece |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref>

== Environmental issues ==
Air pollution, lack of proper waste management infrastructure and degradation of water bodies are the major environmental issues in Coimbatore. There is a [[sewage collection and disposal|sewage treatment]] plant at Ukkadam with the capacity to process 70 million litres of sewage water per day.<ref name="sewage treatment plant">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030262880300.htm |title=Sewage treatment plant inaugurated |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 August 2011 |date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305110035/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/02/stories/2011030262880300.htm |archive-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Vidhya Sivaramakrishnan |author2=John Samuel Raja D. |title=Coimbatore struggles to address its civic infrastructure woes |url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/27230638/Coimbatore-struggles-to-addres.html |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=The Mint |date=27 January 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406052012/http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/27230638/Coimbatore-struggles-to-addres.html |archive-date=6 April 2008 }}</ref> Garbage is collected by the corporation and sewage is pumped into the water tanks and the [[Noyyal River]] through streams.<ref>{{cite news |last=Madhavan |first=Karthik |title=Waste management to improve |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/14/stories/2010121461290300.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809075524/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/14/stories/2010121461290300.htm |archive-date=9 August 2011 }}</ref> This along with garbage dumping and encroachments has led to degradation of the water bodies and depletion in the groundwater table.<ref>{{cite news |title=Water resources under constant abuse |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/19/stories/2010121962660300.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222161424/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/19/stories/2010121962660300.htm |archive-date=22 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name=groundwater>{{cite web |author1=Lenin Sundar M |author2=M Sasidharan |title=Ground water quality in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu along Noyyal River |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Groundwater%20quality.pdf |publisher=Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering |access-date=9 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509051033/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Groundwater%20quality.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vinoj Kumar |first=PC |title=TN will face crisis warn experts |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=Ne240207TN_will.asp |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[Tehelka]] |date=24 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320131829/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main27.asp?filename=Ne240207TN_will.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 March 2008 }}</ref> The tanks are renovated by the city's environmental groups with their own fund-raising and the corporation.<ref>{{cite news |title=PWD hands over custody of tanks to Coimbatore Corporation |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/23/stories/2010072359610300.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726072628/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/23/stories/2010072359610300.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two major tanks in city to be linked |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/23/stories/2010072359610300.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726072628/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/23/stories/2010072359610300.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 }}</ref> The corporation is responsible and involved in clearing encroachment of the tanks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporation removes encroachment on tank |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/01/stories/2010080151930300.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |date=1 August 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809122753/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/01/stories/2010080151930300.htm |archive-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fresh efforts to remove encroachments |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122655470100.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109090222/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122655470100.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> [[Siruthuli]], an environmental organisation founded by the city's industrial houses, undertakes de-[[silting]] of tanks and cleaning of the Noyyal river.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=R.Y. |title=Drive to rejuvenate Coimbatore water tanks |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/07/25/stories/2003072500971700.htm |access-date=9 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530034454/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/07/25/stories/2003072500971700.htm |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> [[Environment Conservation Group]] based out of the city is also involved in conservation of trees and wetlands, monitoring wildlife crime and conducting awareness sessions for students.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/protest-against-felling-of-trees/article6732561.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2016 |title=Protest against felling of trees |date=28 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221223232/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/protest-against-felling-of-trees/article6732561.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/environment-organisations-oppose-tangedco-work/article3568121.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2016 |title=Environment organizations protest oppose |date=25 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/snares-to-trap-wild-animals-found-in-forest-area/article4427588.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2016 |title=Snares to trap wild animals found |date=18 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222000831/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/snares-to-trap-wild-animals-found-in-forest-area/article4427588.ece |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/twoday-bird-watching-excursion-at-atr/article5980701.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 April 2016 |date=6 May 2014 |title=Bird watching excursion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221211736/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/twoday-bird-watching-excursion-at-atr/article5980701.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Coimbatore }}

== International relations ==
Coimbatore has a [[Sister cities|sister city]] relationship with [[Toledo, Ohio]]. The relation has enabled exchange in the fields of arts and education between the cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/coimbatore-%20india/ |title=Coimbatore, India |work=toledosistercities.org |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304054732/http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/coimbatore-%20india/ |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Twin cities|twin city]] pact with the German city of [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]] was signed in July 2016, enabling the two cities to collaborate on areas of mutual interest, health, education, culture and social development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-inks-mou-with-esslingen/article8802797.ece |title=Coimbatore inks MoU with Esslingen |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703012146/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-inks-mou-with-esslingen/article8802797.ece |archive-date=3 July 2016 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Country
!City
!State / Region
!Since
|-
| {{flagicon|USA }} United States
| [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://toledoblade.com/article/20110214/NEWS16/102130351/-1/SRMain|title=10th sister to join in Toledo's alliances |date=14 February 2011 |newspaper=Toledo Blade |access-date=14 February 2011 }}</ref>
| [[File:Flag of Ohio.svg|25px]] [[Ohio]]
| 2009
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany }} Germany
| [[Esslingen am Neckar|Esslingen]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esslinger-zeitung.de/region/esslingen_artikel,-zwei-staedte-schreiben-geschichte-_arid,2057468.html |title=Two cities make history |work=Esslinger-zeitung |date=2 July 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817050653/http://www.esslinger-zeitung.de/region/esslingen_artikel%2C-zwei-staedte-schreiben-geschichte-_arid%2C2057468.html |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref>
| [[File:Flag of Baden-Württemberg.svg|25px]] [[Baden-Württemberg]]
| 2016
|}

[[Alliance Française de Madras]], a Franco-Indian non-profit association promoting the growth of [[French language|French]] in India, has a centre at [[PSG Institute of Management Coimbatore|PSG Institute of Management]] in Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madras.afindia.org/contacts/ |title=Alliance Française de Madras |publisher=AFI India |date=26 October 2013 |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106193301/http://madras.afindia.org/contacts/ |archive-date=6 November 2015 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of neighbourhoods of Coimbatore]]
* [[Velliangiri Mountains]]
* [[Aliyar Reservoir]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist |group=note }}

== References ==
{{Reflist |3 }}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary |Coimbatore }}
{{Commons category }}
* {{Wikivoyage inline |Coimbatore }}
* [https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ Coimbatore Municipal Corporation Website]
* {{cite NIE |wstitle=Coimbatore |short=x }}

{{Coimbatore }}
{{Kongu Nadu }}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Million-plus cities in India }}
{{Municipal corporations of Tamil Nadu }}
{{Coimbatore district }}
{{Tamil Nadu }}
}}

{{Authority control }}

[[Category:Coimbatore| ]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Coimbatore district]]

Siddha medicine

2026-03-12T15:12:56Z

Flash255: added new details

{{Short description|Traditional medicine system originating in southern India}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|small=yes}}
{{Alternative medical systems| image= [[File:Agathiyar statue-1-JNTBGRI-kerala-India.jpg | thumb | right | Statue of Sage Agathiyar, a principle founder of The Siddha Medicine System | 280px]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Hinduism |schools}}
{{Tamils}}
'''Siddha medicine''' is a form of [[traditional medicine]] originating in southern India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Siddha medicine|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Siddha-medicine|access-date=29 November 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> It is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="nis-o">{{cite web|url=https://nischennai.org/siddhamedicine.html|title=About Siddha medicine: Origins|publisher=National Institute of Siddha|date=2020|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> The [[Indian Medical Association]] regards Siddha medicine degrees as "fake" and Siddha therapies as [[quackery]], posing a danger to national health due to absence of [[evidence-based medicine|training in science-based medicine]].<ref name="ima14">{{cite web |title=IMA Anti Quackery Wing |url=http://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?scid=291 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193119/http://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?scid=291 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-01-31 |publisher=Indian Medical Association |first1=KK |last1=Aggarwal |first2=VN |last2=Sharma |access-date=28 November 2019 |date=2014}}</ref><ref name=safi/> Identifying fake medical practitioners without qualifications, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stated in 2018 that "unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people without having the requisite training and education in the science from approved institutions".<ref name="agrawal">{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2987190/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170708/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2987190/|url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2019 |title=Judgment by the Supreme Court of India: Kerala Ayurveda Paramparya vs State of Kerala|author=Justice RK Agrawal |date=13 April 2018 |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>

In rural India, {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|siddhars}} have learned methods traditionally through [[Traditional knowledge|master-disciple relationships]] to become local "healers" known as siddhars.<ref name=nis-o/> {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|Siddhars}} are among an estimated 400,000 traditional healers practicing medicine in India, comprising some 57% of rural medical care.<ref name=ima14/><ref name="safi">{{cite news |author1=Michael Safi |title=Indian doctors protest against plan to let 'quacks' practise medicine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/02/indian-doctors-protest-against-plan-to-let-quacks-practice-medicine |access-date=28 November 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=2 January 2018 |quote=The government is giving sanction to quackery. If those doctors make mistakes and people pay with their lives, who is going to be held accountable?}}</ref> Siddha practitioners believe that five basic elements<ref name="ayush-basic">{{cite web|url=http://ayush.gov.in/about-the-systems/siddha/basic-concepts|title=Siddha medicine: Basic concepts|publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India|date=25 February 2016|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> – earth, water, fire, air, sky – are in food, [[Humorism#Four humors|"humours"]] of the human body, and [[herbalism|herbal]], animal or [[inorganic]] chemical compounds, such as [[sulfur]] and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], used as therapies for treating diseases.<ref name="ayush-mm">{{cite web|url=http://ayush.gov.in/about-the-systems/siddha/materia-medica|title=Siddha medicine: Materia medica|publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India|date=25 February 2016|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy]] of the [[Government of India]] regulates [[National Institute of Siddha|training in Siddha medicine]] and other traditional practices grouped collectively as [[Ministry of AYUSH|AYUSH]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ccras.nic.in/ | title=About the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences |publisher=Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India|date=2017}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University]] offers courses with advanced degrees, such as BSMS (Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery), MD (Medical Doctor, Siddha) or [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)]].<ref name="mgr-uni">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/courses/indian-medicine-and-homoeopathy-courses.html|title=Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy Courses - The Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University|website=www.tnmgrmu.ac.in|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nischennai.org/main/phd-siddha/|title=PhD Siddha|date=28 August 2021|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> The [[Central Council of Indian Medicine]], a statutory body established in 1971 under [[AYUSH]], monitors education in areas of Indian traditional medicine, including Siddha medicine.<ref>[https://www.nhp.gov.in/UploadFiles/microsite/636150825210485897_1.pdf Central Council of Indian Medicine]</ref> Siddha degree holders can become registered Siddha practitioners and are allowed to prescribe drugs as per the standards recorded in the Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (SPI) under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940.<ref>[https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1940-23.pdf Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940]</ref><ref>[https://pcimh.gov.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=506&lid=6 Siddha system of medicine]</ref> However, modern medicine prescriptions by Siddha practitioners are also considered as quackery by the Indian Medical Association.<ref name="ima14" />

==History==
Siddha is an ancient Indian [[traditional medicine|traditional treatment system]] which evolved in [[South India]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HlRCwAAQBAJ|first=Sarah|last=Boslaugh|date = 15 September 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|page=2492|isbn=978-1-5063-4618-2}}</ref> chiefly in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karunamoorthi |first1=Kaliyaperumal |last2=Jegajeevanram |first2=Kaliyaperumal |last3=Xavier |first3=Jerome |last4=Vijayalakshmi |first4=Jayaraman |last5=Melita |first5=Luke |date=2012 |title=Tamil traditional medicinal system - siddha: an indigenous health practice in the international perspectives |url=http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201217136624975.page |journal= Tang: Humanitas Medicine |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=12.1–12.11 |doi=10.5667/tang.2012.0006 |issn=2233-8985|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to ancient literature of Siddha, it is said that the system of this medicine originated from Hindu God [[Shiva]] who taught it to his consort [[Parvati]]. Parvati then passed it on to [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] and Nandi taught about it to nine Devtas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Progress of diabetes research in India during 20th century|author1=S. K. Mukherjee|author2=A. M. Saxena|author3=Gyanesh Shukla|author4=Gian Singh|author5=Dr. T. K. Mukherjee|publisher=National Institute of Science Communication|year=2002|page=100}}</ref>

Though the origin of this system is considered to be divine, Siddhar Agasthyar is considered as the founding father of this medical system. There are 18 prominent siddhars who are the main contributors to this system of medicine.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/frequently-asked-questions_mtl | title=Frequently Asked Questions | National Health Portal of India }}</ref> The original texts and treatise for siddha are written in [[Tamil language]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Concept of disease and cause==
Siddha views disease as a condition caused when the normal equilibrium of the three humors (collectively called ''mukkuttram'') – ''vaadham'' (airy), ''pittham'' (fiery) and ''kapam'' (watery) – is disturbed.<ref>Concepts of body constitution in traditional Siddha texts: A literature review, Kannan Muthiah et al. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019 Apr-Jun.</ref> The factors assumed to affect this equilibrium are environment, climatic conditions, diet, physical activities, and stress. Under normal conditions, the ratio between Vaadham, Pittham, and Kapam are 4:2:1, respectively.<ref name="siddha remedies">{{cite web|author=Guruji Murugan Chillayah|publisher=[[Varma Kalai]] |title=Siddha Therapy, Natural Remedies and Self-Treatment|date=20 October 2012|url=https://silambam.com.my/ayurveda-siddha.html|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

According to the Siddha medicine system, diet and lifestyle play a major role in health and in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha medicine is termed as ''pathiyam'' and ''apathiyam'', which is essentially a rule-based system with a list of "do's and don'ts".

==Herbalism==
The [[herbalism|herbal agents]] used by the {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|siddhars}} could be classified into three groups: ''thavaram'' (herbal product), ''thadhu'' (inorganic substances) and ''jangamam'' (animal products).<ref name="siddha remedies"/> The thadhu agents are further classified as: ''uppu'' (water-soluble inorganic substances that give out vapour when put into fire), ''pashanam'' (agents not dissolved in water but emit vapour when fired), ''uparasam'' (similar to ''pashanam'' but differ in action), ''loham'' (not dissolved in water but melt when fired), ''rasam'' (substances which are soft), and ''ghandhagam'' (substances which are insoluble in water, like sulphur).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/1023/1/IJTK%206%284%29%20%282007%29%20678-686.pdf|title=Herbs used in Siddha medicine for arthritis - A review|date=October 2007|publisher=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |access-date=10 November 2011}}</ref>

==Siddha today==
Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-year course in Siddha medicine (BSMS: Bachelor in Siddha Medicine and Surgery). The Indian Government also gives its focus on Siddha, by starting up medical colleges and research centers like National Institute of Siddha.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nischennai.org/| title=National Institute of Siddha | publisher=NIS, Chennai | access-date=25 December 2010 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and Central Council for Research in Siddha.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ccras.nic.in/| title=Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha| publisher=CCRAS |access-date=25 December 2010 | location=India}}</ref> Commercially, Siddha medicine is practiced by {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|siddhars}} referred in Tamil as {{Transliteration|ta|italic=no|vaithiyars}}.

==Regulation==
Practicing Siddha medicine and similar forms of rural alternative medicine in India was [[ban (law)|banned]] in [[The Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act, 1953|the Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act of 1953]],<ref name="act">{{cite web|title=Travancore-Cochin Medical Practitioners' Act, 1953|url=http://www.medicalcouncil.kerala.gov.in/pdf/tcmpact1953.pdf|publisher=Medical Council of Kerala, Kerala Adaptation of Laws|date=1956|access-date=29 November 2019}}</ref> then reinforced in 2018 by the Supreme Court of India which stated that "A number of unqualified, untrained quacks are posing a great risk to the entire society and playing with the lives of people."<ref name=agrawal/><ref name="bstd">{{cite news |title=Quacks practising medicine great risk to society: Supreme Court |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/quacks-practising-medicine-great-risk-to-society-sc-118041301019_1.html |access-date=28 November 2019 |work=Business Standard|date=13 April 2018|quote=People having no recognised and approved qualifications, having little knowledge about the indigenous medicines are becoming medical practitioners and playing with the lives of thousands and millions of people. Sometimes such quacks commit blunders and precious lives are lost.}}</ref> The Act requires that qualified medical practitioners be trained at a recognized institution, and be registered and displayed on a list of valid physician practitioners, as published annually in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''.<ref name=act/> The Gazette list does not recognize practitioners of Siddha medicine because they are not trained, qualified or registered as valid physicians.<ref name=ima14/><ref name=bstd/><ref name=agrawal/>

==Criticism==
Since 2014, the Supreme Court of India and Indian Medical Association have described Siddha medicine as [[quackery]],<ref name=ima14/><ref name=bstd/><ref name=agrawal/> and there is no governmental recognition of {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|siddhars}} as legitimate physicians.<ref name=ima14/> The Indian Medical Association regards the Indian institutions that train people in Siddha medicine, the supposed degrees granted, and the graduates of those programs as "fake".<ref name=ima14/><ref name=agrawal/> Since 1953, the Indian national government has not recognized Siddha medicine or any alternative system of medicine as valid, and there is no proposal to integrate Siddha medicine into conventional medicine practiced in India.<ref name=ima14/><ref name=agrawal/>

There may be as many as one million quack "doctors", including {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|siddhars}}, practicing medicine in the rural regions of India, a condition not actively opposed by the Indian government out of concern for serving some health needs for the large rural population.<ref name=ima14/><ref name=bstd/><ref name="pseudo">Sources that criticize AYUSH as a pseudoscience:
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/policy-and-issues/ayush-ministry-rails-against-global-study-on-homeopathy/article8561466.ece|title=AYUSH Ministry rails against global study on homeopathy|last=Krishnan|first=Vidya|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 May 2017|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1492838/how-scientists-are-fighting-fake-news-and-superstition-in-india/|title=Indian academia is fighting a toxic mix of nationalism and pseudoscience|last=Kumar|first=Ruchi|website=Quartz India|date=13 December 2018 |language=en|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="safi"/><ref name="novella">{{cite web |author1=Steven Novella |title=Indian doctors fight against quackery |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/indian-doctors-fight-against-quackery/ |publisher=Science-Based Medicine |access-date=14 September 2019 |date=3 January 2018}}</ref> The Indian Medical Association emphatically opposed this position in 2014.<ref name=ima14/> In 2018, licensed Indian physicians staged [[demonstration (political)|demonstrations]] and accused the government of sanctioning quackery by proposing to allow rural quacks to practice some aspects of clinical medicine without having complete medical training.<ref name=safi/>

==See also==
* [[Yoga]]
* [[Naturopathy]]
* [[Sowa Rigpa]]
* [[Tattva (Siddha medicine)]]
* [[Lehyam]]
* [[Manual therapy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Traditional Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddha Medicine}}
[[Category:Siddha medicine| ]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian medicine]]
[[Category:Massage therapy]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Veeramalla Prakash

2026-03-08T01:10:03Z

Flash255:

{{Short description|Indian advocate and writer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Context|date=May 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veeramalla Prakash
| image = Veeramalla Prakash Rao Photo.jpg
| office= Chairman of Telangana Water Resources Development Corporation
| caption =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| party=[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Palampet, Mdl Venkatapur, [[Mulugu district]], [[Telangana]]
| mother = Kousalya
| father = Raja Narsinga Rao
| occupation = Politician, Writer, Lawyer
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Veeramalla Prakash Rao''' (born 15 January 1958), known as Telangana Prakash, is an advocate, writer and the co-founder of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], a [[List of political parties in India|regional party]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/12/andhra-crisis-telangana-issue-being-put-in-cold-storage.htm|title = 'Telangana issue being put in cold storage'}}</ref>

He worked as the General Secretary and spokesperson for the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS party]]. He is a policy advisor to the Chief Minister of Telangana and the Chairman of Telangana Water Resources Development Corporation. Prakash played an active role in channelizing the Telangana Statehood agitation since the formation of TRS party. He is considered an expert on the irrigation sector and policy making.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-25/india/27799960_1_telangana-issue-hunger-strike-trs-members |title=Telangana issue: TRS chief ends hunger strike |website=Times of India |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-25/india/27799960_1_telangana-issue-hunger-strike-trs-members |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:V. Prakash With CM KCR.jpg|thumb|V. Prakash With CM KCR in Delhi]]

==Early life==
Prakash's full name is Veeramalla Prakash Rao. He was born in Palampet of [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]] . His father is Raja Narsinga Rao and his mother Kousalya. The Nizam Government appointed his father as Assaldar Mali Patel. His grandfather and great-grandfather served as Mali Patel of Palampet Village.

==Education==
He completed primary, upper Primary and Secondary education in Palampet, Nallagunta, Hanamkonda and Mulug Government Schools. Later he joined the AVV Junior College for Intermediate and CKM College for Graduation (B.Sc.), both are aided colleges founded by Late Chanda Kantaiah in Warangal. Prakash qualified his MA in philosophy at the [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]] in 1981 and Law at the [[Kakatiya University]], Warangal.

==Movements==
Prakash participated 1969 - 1970 in the Telangana Separate State Movement when he was a student of 7th and 8th class.

He has shown interest on Radical Students and Revolutionary Movements in post emergency period. He met Comrade [[Kondapalli Seetharamaiah]], KG [[S. Satyamurti|Sathyamurthy]] founders of People's War in 1977 - 1978 and argued on their tactics, Strategies and path of revolution to liberate India. Prakash strongly criticized the Annihilation line. Later Prakash joined the Democratic Student movement as the Secretary of Democratic Students Organization which was started by [[T. Nagi Reddy|Tarimela Nagi Reddy]] and [[Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao]].

Prakash moved to Warangal in January 1981 on the instructions to build Peasants movement in this district. He mobilized poor and middle-class farmers and agricultural labour in Malkapur area of Station Ghanpur Assembly Constituency on their challenges and fought against the Government. He built Student movements in and around Warangal district.

DV Rao asked him to come back to Hyderabad and gave him new responsibility editing the "Vadisela" Telugu literary and cultural monthly magazine. He also transcribed his experiences of Telangana peasants Armed Struggle (1944–51).

Prakash spent almost a year and above on these two assignments. First Part of the book was edited by DV himself and published but second part (1948–51) is yet to come.

After the demise of DV Rao in July 1984 Prakash quit the Party and enrolled as an Advocate and started practising at Hyderabad. 1987 he moved to Mulug Court.

Prakash received a good reputation as a Lawyer in 5–6 months and focussed on Adult Education in rural areas including few tribal villages. After court hours he found time to visit villages up to 10 pm. He got partial financial assistance from Govt. of India to run night schools for Adult illiterate people.

In combined AP state most of the Judges and Magistrates are recruited from the Andhra region. Prakash warned a corrupted Magistrate and tried to correct him. As a result, Suo-motto registered Contempt of Court Case against Prakash in 1996, and he had to leave advocate practice. He met Prof. Jayashankar, a former VC of Kakatiya University, to take active part in Telangana Separate State Movement.

==Career==
Veeramalla Prakash started his career as an advocate in High Court of Andhra Pradesh.
He is also well known as an author of the book "History of Telangana Movements and State formation" which is a reference book on Telangana history for all Telangana people, especially for the aspirants who are preparing to get a government job in newly formed Telangana state.

==Politics==
He is the co-founder of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]. He was appointed as the Chairman of Telangana Water Resources Development in March 2017.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Veeramalla}}
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Anubandham (1985 film)

2026-03-07T04:56:02Z

Flash255: brief added page for accuracy

{{short description|1985 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anubandham
| image = Anubandham (1985 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster designed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = [[Raju Mathew]]
| writer = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[Shobana]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Century Films
| distributor = Century Release
| released = {{Film date|1985|3|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Anubandham''''' ({{Translation|Relation}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and directed by [[I. V. Sasi]]. It stars [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], and [[Shobana]]. The film won four [[Kerala State Film Awards]]—[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] ([[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]), [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Seema), [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] (Vimal), and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] (K. Narayanan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1716|title=Anubandham|access-date=2014-10-21|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=July 2019}}
A widow, Sunandha, lives in poverty with her child. Bhaskaran and Vijayalakshmi live with their son, Jayan, in the neighbourhood. Desperate to earn a living, Sunandha starts a [[kindergarten]] with the help of her silent admirer, teacher, and ex-lover, Murali Mash. Just as her life seems to be headed toward stability, a tragic event complicates their living situation in the village.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as Muraleedharan Master
* [[Mohanlal]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Sunanda
* [[Shobana]] as Vijayalakshmi
* Master Vimal as Harimon
* Master Prasobh as Jayan
* [[Thilakan]] as Menon
* [[Sukumari]] as Malu
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Krishnankutty
* [[Sankaradi]] as Joseph
* [[Premji]] as Valiya Nampoothiri
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Bhaskaran's Father
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Rtd Judge (Vijayalakshmi's Father)
* [[Bahadoor]] as Madhavan
* [[Kunjandi]] as Hydrose
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Police Officer
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]]
* [[Jalaja]] as Sindhu
{{colend}}

==Release==
The film was released on 29 March 1985

===Box office===
The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |author=C S Venkiteswaran|title=Trendsetting titan|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/trendsetting-titan/article9947168.ece/|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=ശങ്കർ|first=അനൂപ്|title=മറക്കാനാവില്ല അനുബന്ധം : Superhit Movies|url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/Super-Hit-Movies.aspx?Anubandham-malayalam-movie&ID=1012 |access-date=22 July 2019 |work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]|date=22 December 2017|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-v-sasi-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-the-film-industry/article19924652.ece|title=The End of an Epoch|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by Panthalam K. P. and [[Bichu Thirumala]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Akhilaandamandalam" || [[P. Susheela]], Chorus || Panthalam K. P. ||
|-
| 2 || "Kannaanthaliyum" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Bichu Thirumala]] ||
|}

==Awards==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |title="Kerala State Film Awards"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |date=19 November 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2009|work=prd.kerala.gov}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] - Master Vimal
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] - [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] - K. Narayanan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246432}}
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2100 ''Anubandham''] at the Malayalam Sangeetham database

{{I. V. Sasi}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jagathalapratapan

2026-03-06T03:42:19Z

Flash255: creating a post

{{About||1961 dubbed film|Jagadekaveeruni Katha|the 1990 film|Jagathalaprathapan (1990 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jagathalapratapan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
| writer = Vadivelu Nayakar
| based_on = 
| starring = [[P. U. Chinnappa]] M. S. Sarojini
| cinematography = V. Krishnan
| editing = Surya
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = [[Pakshiraja Films]]
| distributor = Narayanan & Company
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1944|4|13}}
| runtime = 176 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=54}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jagathalapratapan''''' is a 1944 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film starring [[P. U. Chinnappa]] and M. S. Sarojini. A film adaptation of a folk tale "12 Minister's Tale", the film also features P. B. Rangachari, [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]] and [[N. S. Krishnan]] playing supporting roles. The film revolves around the theme of a prince who through his talents wins over several girls and marries them. The film was released on 13 April 1944 and became a box-office success and established Chinnappa as one of the top stars in Tamil cinema.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2025}}
Jagathalapratapan is a prince who is to be punished from his kingdom for expressing his desire for four celestial maidens: Indrani, Nagakumari, Agnikumari and Varunakumari. However, he escapes punishment and roams in disguise in the company of a friend when he meets a damsel who is Indirakumari in disguise. He marries her and settles down in a kingdom whose king falls in love with his wife and sends the prince away to Nagaloka in order to covet her. Jagathalapratapan, however, succeeds in finding Nagakumari in Nagaloka, Agnikumari in Agniloka and Varunakumari in Varunaloka and succeeds in winning them as wives.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.JagathalaPrathapan_S.M.SreeramuluNaidu_1944/53.%20JagathalaPrathapan_S.M.SreeramuluNaidu_1944.pdf |title=ஜகதலப்ரதாபன் |publisher=[[Pakshiraja Films]] |year=1944 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]] |access-date=4 February 2023 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
* [[P. U. Chinnappa]] as Jagathalapratapan
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Vichitran
* P. B. Rangachari as Ulakathi King
* [[M. V. Mani]] as Vishwaranjithapuri King
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Gururakarman, Minister
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Devendran
* Kulathumani as Brahaspathi
* B. Paramasivan Nadar as Devaloka Wrestler
* M. S. Murugesan as Fisherman
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="songbook" />
* M. S. Sarojini as Indrakumari, Sasirekha
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] as Mohana, Sasirekha's friend
* [[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]] as Queen Vilasavathi
* [[U. R. Jeevarathnam]] as Nagakumari, Rathnaprabha
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as Akinikumari, Prakashini
* T. A. Jayalakshmi as Varunakumari, Vahini
* P. Saradambal as [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvai]]
;Dance<ref name="songbook" />
* [[Kumari Kamala|Baby Kamala]] as [[Patala|Nagalokam]] Dancer
* Yogambal, Mangalam as [[Devaloka]]m Dancers
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Aryamala]]'' (1941) and ''[[Sivakavi]]'' (1943), K. S. Narayana Iyengar and S. M. Sriramulu Naidu launched their next production under the Pakshiraja Films banner at Central Studios, titled ''Jagathalapratapan''.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=14 August 2010 |title=Jagathalapratapan 1944 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/jagathalaprathapan-1944/article569093.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170314063738/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Jagathalaprathapan-1944/article16130728.ece |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The snake dance performed by Baby Kamala was popular.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=55}} There was also a dance by the famous duo Yogambal-Mangalam. These dances were choreographed by [[Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai|V. B. Ramaiah Pillai]].<ref name="hindu" /> The final reel length of the film was {{Convert|6003|metres|feet}}.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=54}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[G. Ramanathan]] and lyrics were written by [[Papanasam Sivan]]. The song "Thaayai Paniveneh" was not recorded in gramophone due to the length of the song.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=55}}<ref name="hindu2" /> In this song sequence, Chinnappa sings like it's being rendered in a concert, with the accompanists playing the violin, mridangam, ghatam and ‘konnakol', all played by Chinnappa himself who appears in a single frame.<ref name="hindu2">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 October 2010 |title=Gone, but not forgotten |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gone-but-not-forgotten/article805318.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615140445/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gone-but-not-forgotten/article805318.ece |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=55}}<ref name="hindu" />

== Release ==
''Jagathalapratapan'' was released on 13 April 1944.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 1944 |title=Jagathalapratapan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19440413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 November 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film became a commercial success and established Chinnappa as a top star of Tamil cinema, with some critics equating him with Thyagaraja Bhagavathar.<ref name="hindu" /> [[Randor Guy]] wrote that film is remembered for the interesting storyline, song and dance numbers, and Chinnappa's impressive performance.<ref name="hindu" /> In 1947, the film was re-released after being partially colourised.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 1947 |title=Jagathala Prathapan (in Tamil) |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19471201-1.2.49.2?ST=1&AT=filter&K=tamil%20partly%20coloured&KA=tamil%20partly%20coloured&DF=&DT=&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=&CTA=&NID=&CT=&WC=&YR=1947&QT=tamil,partly,coloured&oref=article |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |pages=6 |via=[[NewspaperSG]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1944 Indian films]]
[[Category:1944 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1944 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Force (2014 film)

2026-03-04T00:28:37Z

Flash255: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Force
| image = force2014.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Force 2014 first look
| director = [[Raja Chanda]]
| producer = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] Nittin Keni
| writer = Anindya Bose (Screenplay & Dialogues) [[G. N. R. Kumaravelan]]
| starring = Prosenjit Chatterjee [[Arpita Chatterjee|Arpita Pal]] Arya Dasgupta Joyjit Banerjee Tathagata Mukherjee Debranjan Nag Sudipta Ballav Jayanta Hore
| music = Saptarishi Mukherjee
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Saptarishi Mukherjee
| studio = [[Essel Vision Productions]] NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd.
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|11|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Force''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action drama film]] directed by [[Raja Chanda]] and produced under the banners of Essel Vision Productions and NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd. The film features actors [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Arpita Pal]] in the lead roles. It is a remake of 2013 Tamil superhit [[Haridas (2013 film)| Haridas]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/prosenjit-arpita-forced-to-come-together/|title=Prosenjit, Arpita Forced to come together -The Indian Express|date=9 May 2014 |publisher=indian express |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Prosenjit-ChatterjeeArpita-Chatterjee-shoot-for-movie-Force-at-the-Maidan-in-Kolkata-63543.html|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee, Arpita Chatterjee shoot for movie Force at the Maidan in Kolkata|publisher=newswala|accessdate=2014-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140114/http://www.newswala.com/Entertainment-News/Prosenjit-ChatterjeeArpita-Chatterjee-shoot-for-movie-Force-at-the-Maidan-in-Kolkata-63543.html|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollyplanetbangla.com/2014/03/after-12-years-prosenjit-arpita-are.html|title=After 12 years Prosenjit & Arpita are coming together - Tolly planet bangla|publisher=|accessdate=2014-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805011736/http://www.tollyplanetbangla.com/2014/03/after-12-years-prosenjit-arpita-are.html|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Force is a new commercial Bengali movie, based on the love and relationship of a father and a son. Arjun ([[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]) is an encounter specialist police officer whose goal is to eradicate both crime and criminals from the society. He lost his wife during the birth of his son, Abhimanyu. His son is autistic and has neurodevelopmental disabilities.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as ACP Arjun Roy - Encounter Specialist.
* [[Arpita Pal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/showbiz-details/T/62/prosenjit-arpita-star-in-force.html|title=Prosenjit, Arpita star in 'Force' -Indiablooms|publisher=Indiablooms |accessdate=2014-07-12}}</ref> as Labanya
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] as Shivaji Rakshit
* [[Ena Saha]]
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] as Police Commissioner
* Arya Dasgupta as Abhimanyu Roy
* Joyjit Banerjee Krishna
* Debranjan Nag
* Sudipta Ballav as Adinath, leader of coal mafia gang
* Jayanta Hore
* Sumit Ganguly as Debu Barman - sports committee member

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Force
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Saptarishi Mukherjee
| cover =blank
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2014}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Essel Vision Productions NIdeas Creations & Productions Pvt Ltd.
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration (min:sec) !! Music !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Take It Easy" || [[Usha Uthup]] || 2:42 || Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|-
| 2 || "Palabi Aye" || [[Sonu Nigam]] || 4:16 ||Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|-
| 3 || "Police" || [[Timir Biswas]] & Ujjaini || 3:18 || Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|-
| 4 || "Force" || [[Rupam Islam]] || 2:38 || Saptarishi Mukherjee || Prosen
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4195244}}

{{Raja Chanda}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raja Chanda]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Aakasame Haddu

2026-03-03T21:53:01Z

Flash255: Made New Data

{{Short description|2011 Telugu film directed by Ravi Charan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aakasame Haddu
| image = Aakasame Haddu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Ravi Charan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Navdeep]]
*Rajeev Saluri
*[[Panchi Bora]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Anand
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|9|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aakasame Haddu''''' ({{Translation|The sky's the limit}}) is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Ravi Charan and starring [[Navdeep]], Rajeev Saluri and [[Panchi Bora]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Navdeep]] as Karthik
*Rajeev Saluri as Narayana
*[[Panchi Bora]] as Keerthi
*Monisa
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Keerthi's father
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Narayana's father
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as College Principal
*[[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] as L. Wooda
*[[Suman Shetty]] as Aravindh
*Shashi as Sasi
*Chinni Kiran as Kiran
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Police Inspector
*Surekha Vani as College Professor
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Narayana's mother
*Sandhya Janak
*[[Allari Subhashini]] as Janu
*[[Venkatesh Maha]] as Narayana's friend<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/director-venkatesh-maha-on-co-kancharapalem-want-to-make-telugu-films-for-global-audiences-5142681.html|title=Director Venkatesh Maha on C/O Kancharapalem: 'Want to make Telugu films for global audiences'|date=8 September 2018|first=Haricharan|last=Pudipeddi|work=Firstpost|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215070746/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/director-venkatesh-maha-on-co-kancharapalem-want-to-make-telugu-films-for-global-audiences-5142681.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
₹1.72 crore of [[Enforcement Directorate]]'s loan funds were used to make this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/properties-worth-3339-crore-attached-in-pisciculture-bank-fraud-case/article32910054.ece|title=Properties worth ₹33.39 crore attached in pisciculture bank fraud case|date=21 October 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215070752/https://www.thehindu.com/business/properties-worth-3339-crore-attached-in-pisciculture-bank-fraud-case/article32910054.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assets-worth-rs-33-crore-of-andhra-pisciculture-firm-directors-attached-2313841|title=Assets Worth ₹ 33 Crore Of Andhra Pisciculture Firm, Directors Attached|date=22 October 2020|work=NDTV|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215070752/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assets-worth-rs-33-crore-of-andhra-pisciculture-firm-directors-attached-2313841|url-status=live}}</ref> The film caused a loss of ₹54.64 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/bank-fraud-ed-charge-sheets-against-ex-andhra-bank-chief-manager-others/950606/|title=Bank fraud: ED charge sheets against ex-Andhra Bank chief manager, others|date=10 May 2022|work=ThePrint|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215070746/https://theprint.in/india/bank-fraud-ed-charge-sheets-against-ex-andhra-bank-chief-manager-others/950606/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Not a bad watch at all and if you want to know why the film has been titled ''Aakasame Haddu'' (The sky's the limit), it is imperative that you wait till the film finishes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aakasame-haddu-love-guru-weaves-the-magic/article2442150.ece|title=Aakasame Haddu - Love guru weaves the magic|work=The Hindu|first=Y. Sunitha|last=Chowdhary|date=10 September 2011|access-date=15 December 2022|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215070742/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aakasame-haddu-love-guru-weaves-the-magic/article2442150.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6418442}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]

Dharmayudham

2026-03-03T21:05:00Z

Flash255: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dharmayudham
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[A. Vincent]]
| producer =
| writer = V. T. Nandakumar
| screenplay = V. T. Nandakumar
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Srividya]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = Soorya Prakash
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Karthika Films
| distributor = Karthika Films
| released = {{Film date|1973|09|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Dharmayudham''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by A. Vincent. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Srividya]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=494|title=Dharmayudham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3642|title=Dharmayudham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/dharmayudham-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092125/http://spicyonion.com/title/dharmayudham-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Dharmayudham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Kochaniyan
*[[Nanditha Bose]] (dubbed by [[KPAC Lalitha]])
*[[Srividya]] as Sridevi
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[P. J. Antony]]
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
*[[S. P. Pillai]]
*Rony Vincent
*[[Philomina]] as Narayani
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Avarachan

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and G. Kumarapilla.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Dukhathin Kaippuneer" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kaamukahrithil Kavitha" || [[P. Madhuri]] || G. Kumarapilla ||
|-
| 3 || "Mangalaam Kaavile" || P. Jayachandran, P. Madhuri, [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] || P. Bhaskaran||
|-
| 4 || "Praananadha Enikku" || Ayiroor Sadasivan || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 5 || "Sankalpa Mandapathil" || P. Jayachandran || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 6 || "Smarikkan Padippicha" || [[P. Susheela]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 7 || "Thrichevadikal" || P. Susheela || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0276904|Dharmayudham}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Vincent]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

24 Mani Neram

2026-03-03T05:15:13Z

Flash255: Made New Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 24 Mani Neram
| image = 24 Mani Neram.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = S. N. S. Thirumal
| starring = [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Sathyaraj]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathi
| editing = B. Kandasamy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Thirupathisamy Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|07|20}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''24 Mani Neram''''' (read as "Irupatthi Naalu Mani Neram"; {{Translation|24 Hours}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Manivannan]], starring [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Sathyaraj]], and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? - மவுன ராகம் |url=http://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89884 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142746/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89884 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with editing by B. Kandasamy and cinematography by A. Sabapathi.

The film was released on 18 July 1984 and was a commercial success, running for 27 weeks.<ref name="mohan">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=Happy Birthday, Mohan: 'Payanangal Mudivathillai' to 'Mouna Ragam', six films of the lovable star that had a Silver Jubilee in theaters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-mohan-payanangal-mudivathillai-to-mouna-ragam-six-films-of-the-lovable-star-that-had-a-silver-jubilee-in-theaters/photostory/77675366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509180449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-mohan-payanangal-mudivathillai-to-mouna-ragam-six-films-of-the-lovable-star-that-had-a-silver-jubilee-in-theaters/photostory/77675366.cms |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Jayabheri'' (1989).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayabheri – ಜಯಭೇರಿ (1989/೧೯೮೯) |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/04/08/jayabheri-1989/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124171835/https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/04/08/jayabheri-1989/ |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |work=Kannada Movies Info|date=8 April 2013 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2021}}
X. W. Ramarathinam is a wealthy businessman known for his immoral and murderous behaviour toward women. One day, he notices Janaki and her husband, Raj, celebrating their wedding at his luxury hotel. Drawn to Janaki, Ramarathinam attempts to manipulate her into becoming his mistress. Disturbed by his advances, Janaki informs Raj, a reporter.

Upon learning of Janaki’s complaint, Ramarathinam retaliates, leading to Janaki’s death, with Raj wrongfully implicated in the incident. Determined to clear his name and seek justice, Raj vows to bring down Ramarathinam within 24 hours.

Later, Ramarathinam turns against his personal assistant and henchman — Swapna’s brother — for failing to complete an assignment. Seeking to avenge her brother, Swapna confronts Ramarathinam. However, he discovers her intentions and kills her.

In the end, Raj follows through on his vow, ensuring Ramarathinam is held accountable for his actions within the promised 24 hours.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Raj<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Venkatachari |first=Shashank |date=20 January 2023 |title=10 Riveting Kollywood Thrillers That Take Place In A Day |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/10-riveting-kollywood-thrillers-that-take-place-in-a-day |url-status=live |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130050327/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-lists/10-riveting-kollywood-thrillers-that-take-place-in-a-day }}</ref>
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Ramarathinam<ref name="filmcompanion" />
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Janaki
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Vijay
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Lakshmi, Raj's mother
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Swapna
*[[Ilavarasi]] as Rekha
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Seenu
*[[Senthil]] as Sidekick
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]] in a special appearance
*[[Jayamalini]] in a special appearance
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] in a special appearance
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Marutha Muthu
}}

== Production ==
[[Manivannan]] retained three actors from his ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' – [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] – for this film.<ref name="news18" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sunil |first=K. P. |date=29 November 1987 |title=The Anti-Hero |url=https://ibb.co/426dJsW |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |volume=108 |pages=40–41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303083322/https://ibb.co/426dJsW |archive-date=3 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> Sathyaraj initially suggested [[S. Balachander]] or [[M. N. Nambiar]] for the role of the antagonist, but Manivannan urged him to do the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2016 |title=மொட்டைத் தலையுடன் சத்யராஜ் நடித்த நூறாவது நாள் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/08220155/1031520/cinima-history.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509180441/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/08/08220155/1031520/cinima-history.vpf |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics were written by [[Pulamaipithan]] and composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=24 Mani Neram Tamil FIlm EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/24-mani-neram-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509180453/https://mossymart.com/product/24-mani-neram-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 1984 |title=24 Mani Neram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/pt/album/24-mani-neram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1601502264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626154710/https://music.apple.com/pt/album/24-mani-neram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1601502264 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kulikkum Pothile
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Kalloori Manavaraa
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''24 Mani Neram'' was released on 20 July 1984.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட மணிவண்ணனின் த்ரில்லர் திரைப்படம் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-manivannans-thriller-movie-celebrates-silver-jubilee-774352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230124180715/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-manivannans-thriller-movie-celebrates-silver-jubilee-774352.html |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the story was old fashioned, but praised the manner in which it was told.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=5 August 1984 |title=24 மணி நேரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-08-05/page/n83/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230123153102/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-08-05/page/n83/mode/2up |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=13 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=82–83 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised acting, music and cinematography and praised Manivannan for directing the film without losing the pace from beginning to end.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=22 July 1984 |title=24 மணி நேரம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_270/3.jp2/full/1000,1386/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624004457/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_270/3.jp2/full/1000,1386/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 June 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film was a success, and is considered among the most significant projects for Mohan, Sathyaraj and Nalini.<ref name="mohan" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesavan |first=N. |date=14 April 2016 |title=Villains with heroic pasts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203016/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=5 December 2019 |title=ஒரே வருடத்தில் மோகன் 15 படங்கள்; ஒரேநாளில் 3 படம் ரிலீஸ்; அத்தனையும் ஹிட் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/528829-mohan-1984.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320104001/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/528829-mohan-1984.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0319576}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|24_mani_neram}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 thriller films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]
{{Improve categories|date=April 2024}}

Marumunai

2026-03-03T03:31:44Z

Flash255: Stub...

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Mariesh Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marumunai
| image = Marumunai.jpg
| caption =
| director = Mariesh Kumar
| producer = PL Babu PL Subbu
| writer = Mariesh Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Maruthi
*[[Mrudhula Bhaskar]]
}}
| music = Sathyadev (songs) [[Taj Noor]] (score)
| cinematography = ‘Punnagai’ Venkatesh
| editing = Sathish B. Kottai
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2014|3|28|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Marumunai''''' ({{Translation|The other end}}) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Mariesh Kumar starring Maruthi and [[Mrudhula Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title=Marumunai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/marumunai/articleshow/32788828.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*Maruthi as Kathir
*[[Mrudhula Bhaskar]] as Charumathi
*[[Manobala]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Kathir's father
*[[Rajendran]] as a resort owner
* Rajasimman
*Cheran Raj
*[[C. Ranganathan]]
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*Anjali Devi
*[[Dr. Sharmila]] as Charu's mother
*John Ranjith
*[[Gana Bala]] in a special appearance
{{Colend}}

==Production==
Mariesh Kumar, who worked as an assistant to K. Bhagyaraj and R. Pandiarajan, and wrote television serials before directing this film. Maruthi worked as an assistant director to [[Yaar Kannan]] and [[Vikraman]] before becoming an actor. The producers PL Balu and PL Subbu handled film distribution in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] area.<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=18 January 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Marumunai - Musical spectrum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-marumunai-musical-spectrum/article5590133.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was shot in 60 locations in [[Salem district]] including [[Yercaud]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=மறுமுனை - முன்னோட்டம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1313/Marumunai/ |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Songs by debutante Sathyadev, who worked for musician Prem Kumar. The soundtrack is composed of four songs:<ref name="H" />

*"Vazhkaithan" is written and is sung by [[Gana Bala]]
*"Penne Penne" is written by Mariesh Kumar and is sung by [[Silambarasan]] and [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
*"Kadhal Endru" is written by [[Piraisoodan]] and is sung by [[Velmurugan]]
* "Ivan Thano Margazhi" is written by Palani Bharathi and is sung by [[Aalap Raju]]

== Release and reception ==
''Marumunai'' is released on 28 March 2014.<ref name=":0" />

Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "''Marumunai'' is an attempt to be different and a promising effort from a debutant".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2014 |title=Rough Around the Edges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/mar/29/rough-around-the-edges-592020.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and wrote that "Mariesh Kumar succeeds in getting your attention. His problem is he has trouble retaining it for the entire film".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2014 |title=Marumunai Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Marumunai by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/marumunai/movie-review/32832275.cms |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalaimalar]]'' criticised the title, old age story while praising the songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2014 |title=மறுமுனை |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2014/03/28114146/marumunai-movie-review.vpf |website=maalaimalar.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13070626}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Agnibina Express

2026-02-24T16:08:43Z

Flash255: Made New Stub

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 25em
| name = Agnibina Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1976|08|15}}
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|Asansol}} (ASN)
| distance = {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 3 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Daily{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 12341 / 12342
| el =
| speed = {{convert|63|km/h|0|abbr=on}} avg
{{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} max
| map =
}}

The 12341 / 12342 '''Agnibina Express''' is a daily superfast train that runs in the state of [[West Bengal]], between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}. The train belongs to [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], maintained at Howrah. It connects the major coal and steel industrial cities of [[Asansol]], [[Raniganj]], [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] and [[Durgapur]] to the capital city of [[Kolkata]], and is therefore, a very important train on the route for daily passengers.

Initially known as the Asansol Express, the train was renamed the Agnibina Express as a tribute to [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], whose birthplace is near Asansol and whose first poetry book was titled ''[[Agnibeena|Agnibina]]''. However, unofficially, the train is often referred to as the Bidhan Express.

==Route and halts==
* {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
* [[Mankar]]
* [[Panagarh]]
* {{stnlnk|Durgapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Andal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Raniganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}

==Schedule==
''Agnibina Express'' runs 7 days a week in both directions. 12342 departs Asansol Jn at 05:30 and reaches Howrah Jn at 08:50, while 12341 departs Howrah Jn at 18:20 and reaches Asansol Jn at 21:30, covering 200 km in 3 hours and 10–20 minutes. The average speed remains around {{convert|60–63|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, and the maximum permissible speed is {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} throughout its journey.

=== 12342 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No. !! Station code !! Station name !! Time (IST) !! Distance (KM) !! Day
|-
| 1 || ASN || {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}} || 05:30 || 0 (Source) || 1
|-
| 2 || RNG || {{stnlnk|Raniganj}} || 05:41 || 19 || 1
|-
| 3 || UDL || {{stnlnk|Andal Junction}} || 05:48 || 26 || 1
|-
| 4 || DGR || {{stnlnk|Durgapur}} || 06:01 || 43 || 1
|-
| 5 || PAN || Panagarh || 06:15 || 58 || 1
|-
| 6 || MNAE || {{stnlnk|Mankar}} || 06:25|| 68 || 1
|-
| 7 || BWN || {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}} || 07:05|| 106 || 1
|-
| 8 || HWH || {{stnlnk|Howrah}} || 09:00 || 200 (Destination) || 1
|}

=== 12341 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No. !! Station code !! Station name !! Time (IST) !! Distance (KM) !! Day
|-
| 1 || HWH || {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} || 18:20|| 0 (Source) || 1
|-
| 2 || BWN || {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}} || 19:17 || 95 || 1
|-
| 3 || MNAE || Mankar || 19:52|| 132 || 1
|-
| 4 || PAN || Panagarh || 20:02|| 143 || 1
|-
| 5 || DGR || {{stnlnk|Durgapur}} || 20:15 || 159 || 1
|-
| 6 || UDL || {{stnlnk|Andal Junction}} || 20:29|| 175 || 1
|-
| 7 || RNG || {{stnlnk|Raniganj}} || 20:42 || 182 || 1
|-
| 8 || ASN || {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}} || 21:30 || 200 (Destination) || 1
|}

==Coach composition and rake sharing==
The train consists of 18 coaches which includes 2 air-conditioned chair cars, 5 second seating chair cars, 10 general cars (including 1 SLR and 1 LDS) and 1 EOG cum luggage break van. The train has run with [[LHB coach|LHB]] rakes since 2018.

It shares its rakes with the [[Shantiniketan Express]] and the [[Coalfield Express]].

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] locomotive throughout its entire journey.

==Notes==
The train started as [[Chittaranjan railway station|Chittaranjan]]–Howrah Bidhan Express, but was later temporarily terminated at [[Asansol]] for operational reasons during the 1970s.

== See also ==

* [[Howrah Junction railway station]]
* [[Asansol Junction railway station]]
* [[Shantiniketan Express]]
* [[Coalfield Express]]
* [[Black Diamond Express]]

==External links==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2 12341/Agnibina (Bidhan) Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/agnibina-bidhan-express-12342/3/7/1 12342/Agnibina (Bidhan) Express] India Rail Info

==References==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agniveena Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Asansol]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1976]]
<references />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

Valay Shende

2026-02-12T03:21:27Z

Flash255: added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Valay Shende
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|09|15}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| alma_mater = Govt. Chitrakala Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur. Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art Mumbai University
| occupation = Contemporary artist and sculptor
| website = {{URL|www.valayshende.com}}
}}
'''Valay Shende''' (15 September 1980, [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India) is a sculptor and artist.<ref name="The Economist 2012-01-31">{{cite news|date=31 January 2012|title=India Art Fair: A change is gonna come|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2012/01/india-art-fair|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref> In 1999 he received his diploma in Art Teaching from Govt. Chitrakala Mahavidyalaya, [[Nagpur]], and then he went on to train at the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]], Mumbai, from which he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] in sculpturing in 2004. Shende later completed an artist residency at the Open 'Air' Program, [[Point Éphémère]], Paris in 2006.His latest exhibition, ''Migrating Histories of Molecular Identities'', shows artwork that represent situations through "the deconstruction of matter in the form of molecular discs of metal and portraits".<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Soma|date=12 January 2015|title=Back to the future|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/back-to-the-future/15918177|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref> His work has been exhibited in [[Mumbai]] at the [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lobo|first=Kevin|date=12 January 2015|title=Mould in India|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mould-in-india/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref> and [[#Selected solo and group exhibitions|various other cities]]. Shende's work has been featured in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=ARCO contemporary art fair in Madrid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/4604425/ARCO-contemporary-art-fair-in-Madrid.html?image=7|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

==Career==
As a [[multimedia artist]], Valay Shende, works with the mediums of sculpture, photography, video and installation. His works aim to create a "language that communicates beyond borders to act as a contribution of knowledge and references of our histories and present times to future generations".{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} In 2011, Shende installed a large-scale truck installation, entitled TRANSIT, at the [[Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon]] (Lyon Museum of contemporary Art) in France.

==Selected exhibitions==
{{BLP sources|date=July 2021}}

===Selected Solo Exhibitions===
*2019 ‘Marriott, Champs Elysees', Curated by [[Opera Gallery]], Paris.
*2019 ‘Spirit Of Bombay', Palladium Mumbai.
*2015 ‘From Day to Day’, Opera Gallery, Paris
*2015 ‘Migrating Histories of Molecular Identities’, special project at [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]], Mumbai
*2009 'Indian Encounters', Kashya Hildebrand, Zurich
*2009 'Recent Works by Valay Shende', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai
*2007 'Recent Works by Valay Shende', Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai

===Group Shows on Artsy===
* 28 May - 11 June 2020 - "Sculptures", Opera Gallery Dubai
* 13–28 December 2019 - Masters and Contemporary, Opera Gallery Miami
* 05 - 19 October 2017 - Gold, Opera Gallery Paris

===Fair History on Artsy===
* India Art Fair, New Delhi, 2019
* Giving Back to Nature, Opera Gallery Beirut, 17 May - 3 June 2017
* Opera Gallery at Art Central Opera Gallery, 2017
* The Public House of Art at Art Aspen 2017, The Public House of Art, 2017
* Grand Opening: Miami Design District, Opera Gallery, Miami, USA 2016
* 19 June - 9 July 2015 - Candyland, Opera Gallery Hong Kong

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Exhibition
! Type
! Museum
! City
! Year
|-
| "Migrating Histories of Molecular Identities"
| solo
| [[Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum]]
| Mumbai, India
| 2013
|-
| "Recognition System" (Kuandu Biennale)<ref name="KdMoFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.kdmofa.tnua.edu.tw/en/index.php?REQUEST_ID=bW9kPWV4JnBhZ2U9ZGV0YWlsJllZPTIwMTQmRUlEPTE1NA==|title=Recognition System–2014 KUANDU BIENNALE|publisher=[[Kuandu Museum of Fine Arts]]|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref>
| group
| [[Kuandu Museum of Fine Arts]]
| Taipei, Taiwan
| 2014
|-
| "Indian Highway"
| group
| [[MAXXI]]
| Rome, Italy
| 2011
|-
| "Indian Encounters"
| solo
| Galerie Kashya Hildebrand
| Zürich, Switzerland
| 2009
|-
| "Recent Works by Valay Shende"
| solo
| Sakshi Gallery
| Mumbai, India
| 2009
|-
| "Still Moving Image"
| group
| Devi Art Foundation
| Gurgaon, India
| 2008
|-
| "Recent Works by Valay Shende"
| solo
| Sakshi Gallery
| Mumbai, India
| 2007
|-
| "Bombay Maximum City"
| group
| Lille 3000
| Lille, France
| 2006
|-
| "Between Myth and History" (Indian Video Art)
| group
| [[Tate Modern]]
| London, UK
| 2006
|-
| "Indian video Art: History in Motion"
| group
| [[Fukuoka Art Museum]]
| Fukuoka, Japan
| 2004
|-
| "Seni, Art & Contemporary"
| group
| [[Singapore Art Museum]]
| Singapore
| 2004
|-
| "I Love My India"
| group
| [[Total Museum of Contemporary Art]]
| Seoul, South Korea
| 2003
|-
| "Move on Asia"
| group
| Alternative Space LOOP
| Seoul, South Korea
| 2003
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.mid-day.com/articles/yeh-hai-mumbai-meri-jaan/21167159
*https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/130619/ode-to-the-blue-collars.html
*https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2019/jun/09/spirit-of-bombay-a-show-of-large-scale-sculptures-by-valay-shende-set-to-go-on-show-at-palladium-15610.html
*https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-sculpture-artist-valay-shendes-tribute-support/
*https://www.vogue.in/content/valay-shendes-teddy-bear-sold-22k-euro-charity
*https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/artist-valay-shendes-sculpture-exhibition-aims-to-capture-the-chaotic-and-vibrant-spirit-of-bombay-2188235.html
* {{Official website|www.valayshende.com}}
* [http://www.aaa.org.hk/BeyondAAA/WorldEvents/Search?category=0&country=0&status=0&keyword=Valay%20Shende Valay Shende] at the [[Asia Art Archive]]
* [http://netdost.com/profiles/blogs/ornate-indian-truck-sculpture-installation-valay-shende Article about Valay Shende's Transit] at Netdost.com
* {{in lang|it}} [http://www.romacapitale.net/cultura/arte/4064-al-maxxi-indian-highway-tra-vecchio-e-nuovo-mondo.html Article about Valay Shende] at Romacapitale.net
*https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/mumbai-dabbawalas-celebrate-labour-day/articleshow/69131049.cms

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shende, Valay}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Public art in Mumbai]]

Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering and Technology

2026-01-25T16:45:43Z

Flash255: added new details!

{{Short description|Engineering College in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox university
|name= Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology
|image=File:SNGCET.jpg
|motto=
|established= 2003
|type= [[Private university|Self-Financing-Engineering-College]]
|principal= Leena A V
|undergrad= B.Tech
|postgrad= M.Tech
|city= [[Payyanur|Kannur]]
|state= [[Kerala]]
|country= [[India]]
|coor = {{Coord|12.141541|N|75.250120|E|display=inline,title}}
|campus=
|accreditation= [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
|affiliations= [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram]]
|website= {{URL|https://www.sngcet.org}}
|image_name =
}}
'''Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology''' was established in 2003 by Sree Bhakthi Samvardhani Yogam in Payyanur, Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ltd |first=Infokerala Communications Pvt |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Campus_Plus_2019/zeipDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |title=Campus Plus 2019 |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-934567-7-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering And Technology |url=https://education.indianexpress.com/college/sree-narayana-guru-college-of-engineering-and-technology |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=IE Education |language=en}}</ref> It is named after [[Sree Narayana Guru]] (1855–1928), the social reformer who rewrote caste equations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Rare works on Sree Narayana Guru to get a digital home |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rare-works-on-sree-narayana-guru-to-get-a-digital-home-101697952803092.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608031129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rare-works-on-sree-narayana-guru-to-get-a-digital-home-101697952803092.html |archive-date=2025-06-08 |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Campus ==
Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology is located at Korom, a rural village 6 km from [[Payyanur]], a town in north [[Kerala]]. It is approximately {{convert|40|km|mi}} from [[Kannur]] and {{convert|58|km|mi}} from [[Kasaragod]].

== History ==
Sree Bhakthi Samvardhani Yogam was established in 1907.

In the early 2000s, there were hardly any self-financed colleges of engineering and technology in Kerala. The seats available in government engineering colleges were limited. When the government permitted the establishment of self-financed engineering colleges, Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology was established in 2003. Sree Narayana Guru was a great Saint Philosopher and Social Reformer of Kerala. The Yogam embarked on a noble project Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering And Technology(SNC) an Engineering College in Payyanur, Kannur in 2003. The college was named after the Great Saint cum Social Reformer of Kerala, Sree Narayana Guru (1855-1928)

Other education institutions managed by Sree Bhakthi Samvardhini Yogam.
Sree Narayana I.T.C, Talap, Kannur
Sree Narayana Nursery School, Kannur
Sree Narayana Vidhya Mandir Senior Secondary School, Kannur.

=== Activities ===
In January 2015, the students of the college joined other colleges to create awareness about wastage of food. They did street plays and Mob Flash in Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-05 |title=Students stage street plays, flash mob for social cause {{!}} Students stage street plays, flash mob for social cause |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150105/nation-current-affairs/article/students-stage-street-plays-flash-mob-social-cause |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Courses offered ==
The following Under Graduate/Post Graduate Courses are offered by Sree Narayana Guru College of Engineering & Technology, Payyanur.
* [[Civil engineering|B Tech in Civil Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical engineering|B Tech in Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Electrical and electronics engineering|B Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Communication Engineering|B Tech in Electrical and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering|B Tech in Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Structural engineering|M Tech in Computer Aided Structural Engineering]] (Civil Engineering)

== See also ==
* [[Sree Sundareswara Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram]]

Joseph Pallikaparampil

2026-01-24T18:35:06Z

Flash255: creating post

{{Short description|Indian bishop (born 1927)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=March 2023}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Bishop Joseph Pallikaparampil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1927|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mutholapuram]], India
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry]]
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]]
| see = Pala
| ordination = 23 November 1958
| appointed = Episcopal Ordination as Auxiliary Bishop; 15 August 1973 Bishop; 6 February 1981
| predecessor = [[Sebastian Vayalil]]
| successor = [[Joseph Kallarangatt]]
| motto = ''that they may have life''
| parents = Varkey Devasia & Katri
}}

Mar '''Joseph Pallikaparambil''' (born 10 April 1927) is a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and the current Bishop Emeritus of [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Kottayam]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAR JOSEPH PALLIKAPARAMBIL |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/Bishops/12 |website=kcbc.co.in}}</ref> He was the Second Bishop of Palai after [[Mar Sebastian Vayalil|Bishop Sebastian Vayalil]].

On 18 March 2004, [[Joseph Kallarangatt]] was appointed as the 3rd Bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]], after the resignation of Bishop Pallikaparampil.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallikaparampil, Joseph}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic bishops]]

Serangdag

2026-01-24T03:43:59Z

Flash255: added new post!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Serangdag
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.364048|N|84.453768|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1091
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835220
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06524
| registration_plate = JH 07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 37.12%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bishunpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishunpur]]
| website = {{URL|gumla.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Serangdag''' is a village/ [[Bauxite mining]] centre in the [[Ghaghra block|Ghaghra]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Gumla subdivision]] of the [[Gumla district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|6|0|N|84|32|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Gumla district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre, B: Bauxite mining centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|52|32|N|84|49|27|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Basia | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Basia, Gumla]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|6|N|84|53|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bharno| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bharno]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|22|53|N|84|22|18|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bishunpur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bishunpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|8|8|N|84|14|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Chainpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Chainpur, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|8|N|84|8|10|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Dumri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dumri, Gumla (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|15|N|84|12|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jari| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Jari, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|54|45|N|84|54|58|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Kamdara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kamdara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|52|28|N|84|38|43|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Palkot| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Palkot]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|57|19|N|84|27|17|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Raidih| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Raidih]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|10|9|N|84|45|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sisai| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Sisai, Gumla]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|2|40|N|84|32|30|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Gumla| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Gumla]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|16|17|N|84|33|6|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Ghaghra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Ghaghra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|8|43|N|84|30|13|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Toto | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Toto, Gumla]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|19|26|N|84|15|9|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gurdari| numbered14=B| mark-title14=[[Gurdari]] (B) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|25|26|N|84|25|21|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Jalim| numbered15=B| mark-title15=[[Jalim]] (B) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|21|50|N|84|27|13|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Serangdag| numbered16=B| mark-title16= Serangdag (B) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|56|29|N|84|28|39|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Marda| numbered17=H| mark-title17=[[Marda, Gumla]] (H) | shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|6|35|N|84|47|1|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Navratangarh| numbered18=H| mark-title18=[[Navratangarh]] (H) | shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|7|31|N|84|40|52|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nagfeni| numbered19=H| mark-title19=[[Nagfeni]] (H) | shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|17|35|N|84|13|30|E}} | label-pos20= right|label20=Sadni |labela20= Falls| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Sadni Falls]] (T) |shape-color20= #74C365
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21=Palkot |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label22= South Koel |labela22= River |label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 20| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|3|0|N|84|18|0|E}} |label23= Sankh River |label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 40| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|0|0|N|85|3|0|E}} |label24= North Karo |labela24= River |label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -60| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|58|0|N|84|7|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-125| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5}}

===Location===
Serangdag is located at {{coord|23.364048|N|84.453768|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside presents a rugged area, consisting partly of flat-topped hills called ''pat'' and partly of an undulating plateau, in the south-western portion of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Three major rivers – the [[Sankh River|Sankh]], [[South Koel River|South Koel]] and [[North Karo River|North Karo]] - along with their numerous tributaries, drain the area. The hilly area has large deposits of [[Bauxite]]. 93.7% of the population lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII A| work= page 7: Natural Divisions, Page 38: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Chota-Nagpur |title = Chota Nagpur plateau |publisher= Britannica| access-date = 29 October 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Serangdag had a total population of 1,091, of which 562 (52%) were males and 526 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 229. The total number of literate persons in Serangdag was 320 (37.12% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2021_PART_B_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Gumla, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 375545, pages 66-67|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Ghaghra block#Language and religion]])

==Bauxite mining==
"Jharkhand holds a very large potential of [[Bauxite]] amounting to a reserve of 117.54 MT (Source-IBM as on 1/4/2005)" - these deposits are found mainly in Lohardaga, Latehar and Gumla districts and the adjoining plateau region. Deep forest cover makes these areas inaccessible. Suitable communication channels are not there.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration/Mineral%20exploration%20project%20phase%201%20(%20Bauxite).pdf | title = Project Report: Mineral Exploration Project, Phase I (Bauxite) | publisher = Jharkhand Space Applications Centre, Ranchi | access-date = 25 October 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

In 2016-17, Jharkhand produced 2,289,825,000 tonnes of Bauxite.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ibm.nic.in/writereaddata/files/04242019155740Jharkhand.pdf| title = Indian Minerals Yearbook 2017| work = Table 4: Mineral Production in Jharkhand, 2014-15 to 2016-17| publisher = Indian Bureau of Mines, Government of India| access-date = 25 October 2021}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Bauxite and laterite (aluminium ore) is found in "villages of Amtipani, Langdatanr, Chirodih, [[Jalim]], Narma, Bahagara and [[Gurdari]] of Bishunpur block, Langatanr, Lupungpat and Chota-agiatu in Chainpur block and Hanrup, Serengdag and Jalim in Ghaghra block. The total number of bauxite mines is twenty one".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | title = District Gumla:Backward Region Grant Fund, Annual Action Plan, 2011-2012 | work = Page 6: Natural Resources / Minerals | publisher = District Administration, Gumla | access-date = 25 October 2021 | archive-date = 7 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220807211338/http://www.nrcddp.org/District_Plans/Gumla_BRGF_District_Plan_2011-12.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Gumla district the mines are operated manually/ semi-mechanised methods. After blasting, manual sorting and sizing of bauxite from the run of mine ore is practiced in the mine.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/07172017171755Monograph_Bauxite_ch9.pdf | title = Mining and Production of Bauxite in India| publisher = Bauxite Monograph | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ibm.nic.in/writereaddata/files/06122017111931mcdr_jalim%20sanai_05102016.pdf | title = MCDR Inspection Report | work= Page 6: Exploitation| publisher = Indian Bureau of Mines – Minerals Development and Regulation Department | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bauxite is ferried in trucks from the mines in Gumla and Lohardaga districts to the plants of [[Hindalco Industries]] in [[Muri, Ranchi|Muri]] and [[Renukoot]]. Hundreds of trucks carrying bauxite ply on the Netarhat-Bishunpur-Ghaghra-Lohardaga route. However, in 2009, when Maoists torched some vehicles in Ghaghra block, Hindalco mines at Serengdag and Gurdari in Gumla district and Bagru and Pakhari in Lohardaga district were affected.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/maoist-fear-disrupts-bauxite-supply/cid/626731| title= Maoist fear disrupts Bauxite supply| publisher= The Telegraph, 21 May 2009 | access-date = 25 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Gumla district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Hidimba

2026-01-22T22:36:44Z

Flash255: reworked article additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Powerful demon king of the Mahābhārata}}
{{for|his sister also sometimes called Hiḍimbā|Hidimbi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Death of Hiḍimba
| name = Hiḍimba
| affiliation = [[Rakshasa]]
| Devanagari = हिडिम्ब
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Hiḍimba
| region =
| predecessor =
| siblings = [[Hidimbi]]
| abode = [[Kamyaka Forest|Kāmyaka Forest]]
| consort =
}}
'''Hidimba''' ({{langx|sa|हिडिम्ब|Hiḍimba}}) was a powerful demon king who is mentioned in the epic [[Mahābhārata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.himvani.com/688/hidimba-the-unsung-heroine-of-mahabharata/|title=Hidimba: The unsung heroine of Mahabharata|last=HimVani|first=Team|date=2007-03-28|website=HimVani|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> He was killed by [[Bhima]] and this is recounted in the 9th sub-parva (Hidimba-vadha Parva) of the [[Adi Parva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Hidimva-vadha Parva: Section CLIV|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01155.htm|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
The demon Hidimba lived during a forest along with his sister Hidimbi. While travelling, the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] stopped in that forest to rest while Bhima stood on guard. Hidimba ate human flesh and became eager to devour them. He sent [[Hidimbi]] to kill the Pandavas and to bring them back to him. Hidimbi went on his instructions, but her mind changed on seeing Bhima. She assumed the form of a beautiful woman and told Bhima about her brother, whilst also requesting him to marry her.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Mahabharata|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2015|isbn=9780143425144|volume=1|pages=265–272|translator-last=Debroy|translator-first=Bibek}}</ref>

Hidimba got furious at his sister and rushed towards her to kill her. Bhima interjected Hidimba and challenged him to fight him instead. The sleeping Pandavas woke up on hearing the sounds of them fighting and offered to help Bhima in killing Hidimba but Bhima asked them to watch the duel as spectators. [[Arjuna]] reminded Bhima that daybreak was about to set in and that demons become stronger at that time. So, he advised Bhima to kill Hidimba as soon as possible. Thereafter, Bhima ended up crushing and tearing Hidimba into two pieces.<ref name=":0" />

==Temples==
There are a few temples dedicated to Hidimba's sister [[Hidimbi|Hidimbi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].

The most famous temple is the [[Hidimba Devi Temple|Hiḍimbā Devi Temple]] in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. Some of the sacred objects enshrined here include chariots, footprints and a small statue. Hidimbi is one of the most powerful deities in [[Kullu Valley]]. The pagoda-shaped wooden temple, situated in the [[Deodar forests]], has intricately carved wooden doors and wooden [[shikhara]]. It is believed to be over 500 years old.

==Festivals==
Believers may travel to the town of [[Kullu]] to participate in the annual festival of [[Kullu Dussehra|Dussehra]], where Hidimbi's chariot leads a rally of gods from all over the Kullu valley, escorting the main chariot of [[Rāma|Raghunāth]]. At the end of the seven-day festivities, on the Lanka Dahan day, sacrifices are made to Hidimbi. [[Ghatotkacha|Ghaṭōtkaca]] is also a popular deity in the neighboring [[Banjari, Gopalganj|Banjar]] village and [[Sirajganj District|Siraj]] district.

==See also==
*[[Hidimba Devi Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Rakshasa in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Masuma Sultan Begum

2025-12-27T01:37:49Z

Flash255: Done

{{about|the wife of Babur|their daughter|Masuma Sultan Begum (daughter of Babur)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Masuma Sultan Begum
| image =
| caption =
| title = [[Timurid princess]] [[Queen consort]] of the [[Ferghana Valley]] [[Queen consort]] of the [[Samarkand]]
| succession =
| reign =
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Babur]]|1507}}
| issue = [[Masuma Sultan Begum (daughter of Babur)|Masuma Sultan Begum]]
| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ''(by birth)''
| father = [[Sultan Ahmed Mirza]]
| mother = Habiba Sultan Begum
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{circa}} 1508
| death_place = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| date of burial =
}}

'''Masuma Sultan Begum''' ({{Abbr|d.|died}} {{circa|1508}}) was the [[Queen consort of Ferghana Valley]] and [[Queen consort of Samarkand|Samarkand]] as the fourth wife of Emperor [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] and the first [[Mughal emperor]].

Masuma was a [[first cousin]] of her husband and a [[Timurid princess]] by birth. She was the fifth and youngest daughter of Babur's paternal uncle, [[Sultan Ahmed Mirza]], the [[King]] of [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]].

==Family and lineage==
Masuma Sultan Begum was born a Timurid princess as the fifth and youngest daughter of [[Sultan Ahmed Mirza]], the [[King]] of [[Samarkand]] and [[Bukhara]], and his fifth wife Habiba Sultan Begum, niece of Sultan Husain Aghun. She had four elder half-sisters, among whom one, [[Aisha Sultan Begum|Aisha Begum]], was a former wife of her husband [[Babur]], and two more became her sisters-in-law.

She was the step-daughter of [[Mihr Nigar Khanum]], sister of Babur's mother [[Qutlugh Nigar Khanum]]. She was also the half sister of Aisha Begum, the first wife of Babur, whom he later divorced, under the influence of their eldest sister Rabia Sultan Begum.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bābur (Mogulreich, Kaiser), John Leyden, William Erskine|title=Memoirs of Zehir-ed-Din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of Hindustan|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirszehiredd00bbgoog|publisher=Longman|year=1826|pages=[https://archive.org/details/memoirszehiredd00bbgoog/page/n96 22]–3}}</ref>

Her father was the eldest son and successor of [[Abu Sa'id Mirza]], the Emperor of the [[Timurid Empire]]. Masuma's paternal uncles included [[Umar Sheikh Mirza]], the ruler of [[Ferghana Valley]], who later became her father-in-law as well while her first cousins included her future husband, Babur, and his elder sister, [[Khanzada Begum]].

==Marriage==
Following Babur's loss of [[Samarkand]] and [[Andijan]], Habiba Sultan Begum, Masuma'a mother, brought Masuma to [[Herat]]. One day when Babur was visiting an elder relative on his expedition to Khosran, Masuma came there with her mother. Masuma fell in love with him. As Babur tells it, "At once I felt a rising in her great inclination towards me." Babur asked her hand in marriage. After an exchange of private messages, Babur's elder relative and Payanda Sultan Begum (wife of [[Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara]]) settled with Habiba Sultan Begum that the latter should bring her daughter to [[Kabul]] for Babur.<ref>{{cite book|author=Babur (Emperor of Hindustan)|title=Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2006|pages=172|isbn=978-0-144-00149-1}}</ref> Babur then moved to Kabul where he married her in 1507.<ref name="masuma">{{cite book|author=Begum, Gulbadan|author-link=Gulbadan Begum|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|page=262}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jl Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=1986|pages=16|isbn=978-8-120-71015-3}}</ref>

==Death==
A year after her marriage she gave birth to a girl, at the time of whose birth she was taken ill, and died. Her daughter was given her name.<ref name="masuma"/><ref>{{cite book|author=William Erskine|title=History of India Under Baber|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|date=January 1, 1994|pages=526|isbn=978-8-171-56032-5}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Timurid princesses]]
[[Category:Wives of Babur]]
[[Category:1508 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]

British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia

2025-12-22T13:40:12Z

Flash255: minor cleanup

{{redirect|Bacsa|the surname|Bacsa (surname)}}

{{more citations needed|date=January 2009}}
[[File:Bacsalogo.png|thumb|right|BACSA logo]]

'''British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia''' ('''BACSA''') is an organisation founded in 1977 that seeks to maintain and record for posterity European [[cemetery|cemeteries]] in former [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] territories of the [[East India Company]] such as [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Burma]] and [[Malaysia]]. It is based in [[London]].<ref name=Caravan>{{Cite web|last=Deboo|first=Khorshed|title=A British journal documents peoples' history in South Asian cemeteries|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/a-british-journal-documents-peoples-history-in-south-asian-cemeteries|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The BACSA was founded, in October 1976, by Theon Wilkinson who was a captain in the [[3rd Gorkha Rifles]] during [[World War II]].<ref name=Caravan />

==Scope==
BACSA estimates that two million Europeans are buried in the Indian [[subcontinent]]. They provide financial aid to people in these areas who are willing to restore European cemeteries. They state that it is only by the impetus for restoration coming from the local community, that there is a chance that the old cemeteries will survive, and not relapse back into ruin and desolation in a few more years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bacsa.org.uk/ |title=About BACSA |accessdate=30 December 2008 |publisher=www.bacsa.org.uk}}</ref>

==Work==
As well as facilitating [[conservation-restoration|restoration]], [[Historic preservation|preservation]] and maintenance work in cemeteries in South Asia, the organisation supports and publishes books detailing cemetery [[monumental inscription]]s that have been transcribed by members. BACSA also publishes a bi-annual journal, ''Chowkidar'', other works relating to cemeteries and keeps an archive that forms a unique record of over 1,300 cemeteries based on official sources with inscriptions and photographs.<ref name=Caravan /> Some of these records are published on-line for free searching using the Frontis Archive Publishing System.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bacsa.frontisgroup.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709074659/http://bacsa.frontisgroup.com/bin/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=Jul 9, 2009 |title=Homepage |website=bacsa.frontisgroup.com }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Families In British India Society]]
*[[Former cemeteries in Singapore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bacsa.org.uk BACSA website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071207081604/http://www.indian-cemeteries.org/ Indian cemeteries]

{{Cemeteries in India}}

[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Singapore]]
[[Category:Anglican cemeteries in Asia]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1977]]

INS Sindhughosh

2025-12-20T13:20:37Z

Flash255: creating a entry

{{Short description|1985 Sindhughosh-class submarine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INS Sindhughosh (S55).JPEG
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Sindhughosh''
|namesake="Roar of the Sea"
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=29 June 1985
|acquired=
|commissioned=30 April 1986
|decommissioned=19 December 2025
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=
|status=Decommissioned
|badge = }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}
|type=
|displacement=*2325 tons surfaced,
*3076 tons submerged
|length={{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam={{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion=*2 × {{convert|3650|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × {{convert|5900|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*2 × {{convert|204|hp|abbr=on}} auxiliary motors
*1 × {{convert|130|hp|abbr=on}} economic speed motor
|speed=*Surfaced; {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosoboron exports - Project 636|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/}}</ref>
*Snorkel mode; {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged; {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosoboron exports - Project 636|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/}}</ref>
|range=*Snorting:{{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Submerged:{{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}
|endurance=Up to 45 days with a crew of 52
|test_depth=*Operational depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Maximum depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|complement=52 (incl. 13 Officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher
*[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]
*[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo
*TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
*24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sindhughosh'' (S55)''' ({{Lit|Roar of the Sea}}) is the [[lead ship]] of [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|her class]] of diesel-electric [[submarine]]s of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-sg>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |title=Submarines of Indian Navy |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071559/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |archive-date=2009-06-19 }}</ref>

The submarine was commissioned on 30 April 1986 in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] under the command of Commander K C Varghese.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/865186208145481730|title=SpokespersonNavy on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref> The submarine is diesel-powered and has a total of six motors. INS ''Sindhughosh'' was the first submarine in Indian Navy to be equipped with the Klub ZM-54E SS-N-27 antiship cruise missiles with a range of {{convert|220|km}}. The submarine has a displacement of nearly 3,100 tons when submerged, a maximum diving depth of {{convert|300|m|ft}}, speed of up to {{convert|17|kn|km/h}}, and is able to operate solo for 45 days with a crew of 52.

==Service history==
=== Collision with a foreign vessel (2008)===
INS ''Sindhughosh'' collided with a foreign merchant vessel - MV ''Leeds Castle'' - while trying to surface in the seas north of [[Mumbai]] on 7 January 2008. The submarine was taking part in fleet level war games when the accident occurred. The boat has reportedly suffered slight damage to the conning tower area. Naval officials said the submarine was submerged and had its radars off and periscope down when it slammed into the merchant vessel off India's [[Diu Island]], {{convert|400|nmi|km}} from Mumbai. The boat was apparently maintaining total radio and radar silence to escape detection, when the accident took place. It has also been reported that the indigenously developed USHUS sonar malfunctioned and played a direct role in the accident. A Navy officer, on condition of anonymity, stated that the MV ''Leeds Castle'' was in restricted waters and in that area the ocean depth is not great and thus the reason for the mishap. Other naval officials expressed surprise that how in the high seas, the submarine was cruising at only at a depth of 10 to {{convert|20|ft|m}}. The submarine was towed to a naval dockyard at Mumbai and a [[Board of Inquiry]] was ordered to probe the mishap. The crew of INS ''Sindhughosh'' had a miraculous escape as the accident was caused at surface level. The reports of structural damage is a cause of concern. Normally the submarine has two hulls. But any damage to structure means checking the entire review of the whole structure. Even if one steel bar has a weakness, the submarine will face adverse conditions at {{convert|250|m|ft}} below sea level.

===Fire damage (2013)===
On 14 August 2013, ''Sindhughosh'' sustained minor damage in a fire which caused explosions and the sinking of {{INS|Sindhurakshak|S63|6}}, while at dock in Mumbai. The navy did not release any details of the extent of damage on ''Sindhughosh''.<ref name=bs0991>{{cite news|title=International help to salvage sunken submarine|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/international-help-to-salvage-sunken-submarine-113081900991_1.html|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

===Runs aground (2014)===
On 17 January 2014, INS ''Sindhughosh'' ran aground due to the low tide, while returning to [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)|Naval Dockyard, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Submarine hits ground due to low tide, no casualty | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/others/Submarine-hits-ground-due-to-low-tide-no-casualty/articleshow/29021702.cms | newspaper=Mumbai Mirror | date=19 January 2014 | access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Decommissioning ===
''Sindhughosh'' was decommissioned after 40 years of service in Mumbai in the presence of the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command|Western Naval Command chief]], [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]]. The submarine was paid off under the command of [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]] Rajat Sharma.<ref name="X-1912252">{{cite tweet |number=2002227582222414199 |user=IN_WNC |title=INS Sindhughosh, the lead submarine of her class in service with the #IndianNavy, was decommissioned at sunset on 19 Dec 25... |date=19 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080212072136/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Sindhugosh.html INS Sindhughosh and her collision at Bharat-Rakshak]

{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhughosh (S55)}}
[[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Sevmash]]
[[Category:1985 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]
[[Category:Indian submarine accidents]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Beti Hamari Anmol

2025-12-04T04:37:45Z

Flash255: Made New Details

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Beti Hamari Anmol title card.jpg
| caption = Title card
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| screenplay = Sarvesh V Pandey
| story = {{ubl|Rakesh Paswan}}'''Dialogues''' Shivendra Singh
| director = Shravan R Sivach
| starring = {{ubl|Pratham Kunwar|[[Juhi Aslam]]|[[Rani Chatterjee]]}}/ Garima dixit
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Sanjay Sompura
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 120 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Rakesh Paswan}}
| cinematography = SAJID SHAIKH / Daini
| editor = Jay B Gadiwali Harveer Singh Pal
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Balark Entertainment
| network = [[Nazara TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|11|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|04|23|df=y}}
}}
'''''Beti Hamari Anmol''''' ({{translation| Our Precious Daughter Anmol}}) an Indian Hindi-language Drama series starring [[Juhi Aslam]] and Pratham Kunwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राव रणविजय दिखेंगे बेटी हमारी अनमोल धारावाहिक में |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/aurangabad/obra/news/rao-ranvijay-will-be-seen-in-the-serial-beti-hamari-anmol-132084540.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी क्वीन रानी चटर्जी ने काली साड़ी पहन बिखेरा जलवा, फैन्स बोले- फायर हैं आप तो... |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/hindi/bhojpuri-news/bhojpuri-queen-rani-chatterjee-spread-the-magic-wearing-a-black-saree-fans-said-you-are-fire-article-105748484 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Zoom TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nazara announces new show 'Beti Hamari Anmol' |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/nazara-announces-beti-hamari-anmol/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Indian Broadcasting World |date=6 November 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was Produced by Rakesh Paswan under Balark Entertainment. It premiered on 6 November 2023 and aired on [[Nazara TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब भोजपुरी क्वीन रानी चैटर्जी ने गोरिल्ला संग किया डिस्को डांस, लोग बोले- टाटावली ने तो कर दिया कमाल |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/rani-chatterjee-in-tv-serial-beti-hamari-anmol-dance-with-gorilla-video-viral-4744234 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=NDTVIndia |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='बेटी हमारी अनमोल' में दिखेंगे मुजफ्फरपुर के सूरज: बीबीए कर फिल्में करने गए मुंबई; छोटे कद की वजह से प्रताड़ना झेलती लड़की की है कहानी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/muzaffarpurs-suraj-kumar-daughter-will-be-seen-in-hamari-anmol-serial-132117947.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about a girl named Anmol who lives in a small town. She faces many challenges because of Her Short Height. Girls like her are not allowed to study, work or choose their own husband. Anmol is also short, and people call her a "Dwarf," which makes her feel bad. But she doesn't give up and works hard to become a doctor. Her father works as a custodian in the same hospital where she becomes a doctor. Anmol's family is proud of her, and she proves that with determination, one can overcome any obstacle in life.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-09 |title=Bihar के सूरज 'बेटी हमारी अनमोल' सीरियल में जीतेंगे दिल,एक छोटे कद की लड़की की है कहानी |url=https://newstobihar.in/2023/11/bihars-suraj-will-win-hearts-in-anmol-serial/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=newstobihar |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Juhi Aslam]] as Anmol, Rishi's wife
*Pratham Kunwar<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pratham Kunwar on bagging his first lead role after seven years: It's a dream come true |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pratham-kunwar-on-bagging-his-first-lead-role-after-seven-years-its-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/104770466.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Pratham Kumar roped in for the lead role in Rakesh Paswan's new show Beti Hamari Anmol |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/entertainment/television/pratham-kumar-roped-in-for-the-lead-role-in-rakesh-paswans-new-show-beti-hamari-anmol/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Business Upturn |language=en-US}}</ref> as Rishi, Anmol's Husband
===Recurring===
● S Ashraf Karim as Kaptan Singh
*[[Rani Chatterjee]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='बेटी हमारी अनमोल' सीरियल में 'भोजपुरी क्वीन' रानी चटर्जी, जानिए कब और कहां देख सकते हैं शो |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/rani-chatterjee-in-tv-serial-beti-hamari-anmol-know-what-is-the-story-of-this-show/articleshow/105115344.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> as Tata Wali
*Kapil Soni<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kasam Ki Kasam': Rani Chatterjee drops a video on a romantic song with Bhojpuri actor Kapil Soni {{!}} Bhojpuri Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/kasam-ki-kasam-rani-chatterjee-drops-a-video-on-a-romantic-song-with-bhojpuri-actor-kapil-soni/videoshow/105481908.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> as Prasadi
*Garima Dixit as arti
*Shailly Shukla as Dadi
*Mohini Singh as Pinky
*Dhanshree Patil as Nilam
*Golu Tiwari as Chirag
*Anusha Sharma as Jugni
*Ranvijay Rao
*Shalini Srivastav
*Soma Aakarshan as Santoshi
*Rinku Ghosh as Shanta Devi

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Beti Hamari Anmol<ref>{{Citation |title=Beti Hamari Anmol - Title Song{{!}} Soumee Sailsh {{!}} Nazara Tv | date=21 November 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHXRoy8pBEE |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en}}</ref>
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Soumee Sailsh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2023||}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Social issue]]
| length = 4:44
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[IN10 Media]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklisting
| total_length = 4:44
| title1 = Beti Hamari Anmol
| note1 =
| extra1 =
| length1 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|29804394}}
*[https://devepicon-v3.epicon.in/tv-shows/beti-hamari-anmol ''Beti Hamari Anmol''] on ''[[Epic TV|Epic On]]''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Raghuvir

2025-11-28T15:48:53Z

Flash255:

{{Wikt|sa:रघुवीर}}

'''Raghuvir''' is another name for the Hindu deity [[Rama]], as an Indian male given name it may also refer to:

*[[Raghuvir (spiritual leader)]], Hindu religious leader
*[[Raghuvir Patel]], Kenyan cricketer
*[[Raghuvir Sahay]], Hindi poet
*[[Raghuvir Sharan Mitra]], Hindi poet
*[[Raghuvir Singh Kadian]], Indian politician
*[[Raghuvir Singh Shastri]], Indian politician
*[[Anisetti Raghuvir]], Governor of Assam, India

==See also==
*{{In title}}
*[[Raghu Vira]] (1902–1963), Indian linguist, scholar, politician and member of the Constituent Assembly
*[[Raghuvira Gadyam]], Hindu hymn about Rama
*[[Raghuveer (disambiguation)]]
*[[Raghubir]], alternative form of the Indian male given name
**[[Raghubir Singh (disambiguation)]]
*[[Raghu (disambiguation)]]
*[[VIR (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|given name|surname}}

Ashadhi Puja

2025-11-24T17:56:57Z

Flash255: Made A Article

{{Short description|Festival in India}}
{{Infobox holiday
|image =
|caption =
|holiday_name = Ashadhi Puja
|observedby =
|observances = [[Jharkhand]]
|type =
|significance =
|date = [[Ashadha]] (June)
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = annual
|relatedto =
}}
'''Ashadhi Puja''' is a festival of [[Jharkhand]]. The festival is observed for good rain and harvest in the month of [[Ashadha]] before sowing seedlings. It is celebrated by the [[Sadan peoples|Sadan]] and tribal of Jharkhand.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlFREAAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA117|title=JPSC GENERAL STUDIES PRELIMS EXAM GUIDE – SANJAY SINGH, IPS (HINDI)|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Sanjay Singh|year=2021|page=117|isbn=9789354880025 |language=Hindi|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarkarilibrary.in/2021/05/festival-of-jharkhand-sarkari-library.html?m=1|title=Festivals of Jharkhand|website=sarkarilibrary|date=17 May 2021|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

==Celebration==
It is celebrated in the early half in the month of [[Ashadha]] which falls on June. It is celebrated before sowing seedlings of rice for good rain and harvest. In this festival people sacrifice chicken or goat and offer tapan (liquor) to sun in courtyard.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan"/> People also offer water in Sacred fig tree and pray for good rain and harvest.<ref name="Jagran">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/khunti-traditionally-performed-ashadhi-puja-21757093.html|title=पारंपरिक रूप से की गई आषाढ़ी पूजा|publisher=jagran|language=hi|date=10 June 2021|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Pahan also sacrifices black chicken or goat for good rain and harvest.<ref name="livehindustan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-ashadhi-puja-organized-in-bodeya-6715071.html|title=बोड़ेया में आषाढ़ी पूजा का आयोजन|publisher=livehindustan|language=hi|date=30 June 2022|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Festivals in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Nagpuri culture]]

{{India-festival-stub}}
{{hindu-festival-stub}}

English cricket team in India in 2024–25

2025-11-23T18:54:00Z

Flash255: Added New Info Basic Info

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = English cricket team in India in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 22 January
| to_date = 12 February 2025
| team1_captain = [[Rohit Sharma]] (ODIs) [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Jos Buttler]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shubman Gill]] (259)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Ben Duckett]] (131)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (6) [[Harshit Rana]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Adil Rashid]] (7)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 4
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (279)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Jos Buttler]] (146)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (14)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Brydon Carse]] (9)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind)
}}

The [[England cricket team]] toured India in January and February 2025 to play the [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India to host Bangladesh, New Zealand and England during 2024-25 home season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-bangladesh-new-zealand-and-england-during-2024-25-home-season-1439839 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and five [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 20 June 2024|title=India announce international fixtures for home season 2024-25 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-announce-international-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en}}</ref> In June 2024, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2024–25 home international season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI release India's 2024-25 home season schedule, Tests vs Bangladesh and New Zealand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-bangladesh-home-tests-fixtures-bcci-new-zealand-england-2555774-2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[India Today]] |date=20 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The ODI series was used as preparation ahead of the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Anukul |date=2024-06-21 |title=India's schedule raises concerns for ODI Champions Trophy in Pakistan |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/india-cricket-team-schedule-raises-concerns-for-odi-champions-trophy-in-pakistan/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref>

On 13 August 2024, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] swapped the venue of first and second T20I match, because a request from Kolkata Police to the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] (CAB) regarding their prior [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] commitments and obligations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-makes-changes-to-india-s-home-season-schedule-1447312 |title=BCCI makes changes to India's home season schedule |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131307/dharamsala-t20i-between-india-and-bangladesh-moved-to-gwalior |title=Dharamsala T20I between India and Bangladesh moved to Gwalior |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="2" |{{cr|IND}}
!colspan="2" |{{cr|ENG}}
|-
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133141/bumrah-shami-picked-in-indias-champions-trophy-squad |title=Bumrah, Shami picked in India's Champions Trophy squad|work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date= 18 January 2025}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s squad for T20I series against England announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/yg8bS1yM |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |language=en}}</ref>
!ODIs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Root returns for England's Champions Trophy campaign |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/joe-root-returns-england-champions-trophy-campaign-1466150 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{Cite web |title=England Men’s squads announced for India tour and ICC Men’s Champions Trophy 2025 |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4189604/england-mens-squads-announced-for-india-tour-and-icc-mens-champions-trophy-2025 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shubman Gill]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Axar Patel]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]]
* [[Shivam Dube]]{{efn|name="Squad2345"|In squad for last 4 T20Is only.}}
* [[Dhruv Jurel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Harshit Rana]]
* [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]{{efn|In squad for first T20I only.}}
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Abhishek Sharma]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]]{{efn|name="Squad2345"}}
* [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]{{efn|In squad for first, fourth and fifth T20I only.}}
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Tilak Varma]]
|
* [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Jofra Archer]]
* [[Gus Atkinson]]
* [[Tom Banton]]{{efn|In squad for third ODI only.}}
* [[Jacob Bethell]]
* [[Harry Brook]]
* [[Brydon Carse]]
* [[Ben Duckett]]
* [[Jamie Overton]]
* [[Jamie Smith (cricketer)|Jamie Smith]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Liam Livingstone]]
* [[Adil Rashid]]
* [[Joe Root]]
* [[Saqib Mahmood]]
* [[Phil Salt]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
|
* [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rehan Ahmed]]
* [[Jofra Archer]]
* [[Gus Atkinson]]
* [[Jacob Bethell]]
* [[Harry Brook]]
* [[Brydon Carse]]
* [[Ben Duckett]]
* [[Jamie Overton]]
* [[Jamie Smith (cricketer)|Jamie Smith]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Liam Livingstone]]
* [[Adil Rashid]]
* [[Saqib Mahmood]]
* [[Phil Salt]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
|}

On 25 January, [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] was ruled out of the T20I series after he sustained a side strain injury,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Updates: Nitish Kumar Reddy & Rinku Singh |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556177/medical-updates-nitish-kumar-reddy-rinku-singh |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]}}</ref> and [[Shivam Dube]] and [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] were added into the squad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reddy and Rinku injured, Dube and Ramandeep join India's T20I squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shivam-dube-to-join-india-s-squad-for-last-three-t20is-against-england-1470419 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

On 4 February, [[Varun Chakravarthy]] was added into the ODI squad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Chakravarthy added to India's ODI squad for series against England |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-2025-varun-chakravarthy-added-to-india-odi-squad-for-the-series-against-england-1471795 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

On 8 February, [[Tom Banton]] was added to the ODI squad as a cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/4213002/england-men-call-up-tom-banton-as-cover-for-third-odi-against-india |title=England Men call up Tom Banton as cover for third ODI against India |work=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 January 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 132 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 68 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/3 (12.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 79 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Jofra Archer]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439899.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] became India's [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Most career wickets|leading wicket taker in T20Is]] (97) going past [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (96).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/arshdeep-singh-overtakes-yuzvendra-chahal-as-india-s-highest-t20i-wicket-taker-closes-in-on-iconic-100-milestone-101737553667177.html |title=Arshdeep Singh overtakes Yuzvendra Chahal as India’s highest T20I wicket-taker, closes in on iconic '100' milestone |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 January 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 45 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166/8 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 72[[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets2 = [[Brydon Carse]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439900.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jamie Smith (cricketer)|Jamie Smith]] (Eng) made his T20I debut.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 January 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 171/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ben Duckett]] 51 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 5/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 145/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 40 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Overton]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 26 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439901.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Niranjan Shah Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 January 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 181/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 53 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Saqib Mahmood]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harry Brook]] 51 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439902.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shivam Dube]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Saqib Mahmood]] (Eng) became only the second bowler, after West Indies' [[Jerome Taylor]] to complete a triple wicket maiden over in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/ind-vs-eng-4th-t20i-englands-saqib-mahmood-registers-historic-triple-wicket-maiden-india-left-shell-shocked-9209932.html |title=England Pacer Saqib Mahmood Registers Historic Triple-Wicket Maiden Against India in 4th T20I |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/series/india-vs-england-m-2025/cricket-news/watch-england-outsmart-sky-with-funky-leg-side-trap-to-cap-off-mahmood-triple-wicket-maiden |title=Watch: England Outsmart SKY With Funky Leg-Side Trap To Cap Off Mahmood Triple-Wicket Maiden |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]}}</ref>
* [[Harshit Rana]] (Ind) made his T20I debut after replacing [[Shivam Dube]] (Ind) as a [[Substitute (cricket)#Concussion substitute|concussion substitute]] for India during the second innings. He became the first player from a [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|full member team]] to make his T20I debut as a concussion substitute.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 January 2025 |title=Harshit Rana first Indian cricketer to make T20I debut as concussion sub, wins match vs England by replacing Shivam Dube |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/harshit-rana-becomes-first-indian-cricketer-to-make-t20i-debut-as-a-concussion-sub-replaces-shivam-dube-vs-england-101738341025105.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 January 2025 |title=England fume after Harshit Rana debuts as a concussion sub for Shivam Dube |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/india-vs-england-4th-t20i-harshit-rana-debuts-as-a-concussion-sub-for-shivam-dube-1312025-1738341509793 |work=Cricket.com}}</ref>
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 February 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 247/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 135 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Brydon Carse]] 3/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 97 (10.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Phil Salt]] 55 (23)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/25 (2.3 overs)
| result = India won by 150 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439903.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Abhishek Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = India made their highest powerplay score (95/1).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 February 2025 |title=IND vs ENG, 5th T20I: India scores its highest PowerPlay score in T20 Internationals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-highest-powerplay-95-runs-score-record-ind-vs-eng-5th-t20i-mumbai/article69172978.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
* [[Abhishek Sharma]] (Ind) set the highest individual score (135) surpassing [[Shubman Gill]] (126) and hit most sixes in an innings (13) going past [[Rohit Sharma]] (10) by an Indian player in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 February 2025 |title=IND vs ENG: Abhishek Sharma registers highest individual score by an Indian in T20Is |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/abhishek-sharma-registers-highest-individual-score-by-an-indian-t20is-shubman-gill-india-vs-england-5th-t20i/article69173229.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/ind-vs-eng-5th-t20-abhishek-sharma-hits-most-sixes-registers-highest-t20i-score-by-an-indian/3735622/ |title=Abhishek Sharma hits most sixes, registers highest T20I score by an Indian |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>
* India recorded their second-biggest victory in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 February 2025 |title=IND vs ENG, 5th T20I: India thumps England by 150 runs to register its second-biggest win in T20Is |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-beats-england-150-runs-second-biggest-win-margin-of-runs-t20i-cricket-news/article69173683.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 February 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 248 (47.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 52 (67)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/26 (9 overs)
| score2 = 251/6 (38.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 87 (96)
| wickets2 = [[Adil Rashid]] 2/49 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439904.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] and [[Harshit Rana]] (Ind) both made their ODI debuts.
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) took his 600th wicket in international cricket,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/ravindra-jadeja-becomes-fifth-indian-cricketer-to-take-600-international-wickets-9217492.html |title=Ravindra Jadeja Becomes Fifth Indian Cricketer To Take 600. International Wickets |work=[[News18]] |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> and thus became the first Indian spinner to complete 6000 runs and 600 wickets in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/england-tour-of-india-2025/6000-runs-and-600-wickets-ravindra-jadeja-joins-elite-club/articleshow/117999273.cms |title=6,000 runs and 600 wickets: Ravindra Jadeja joins elite club |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>
* Harshit Rana became the first Indian bowler to take a 3-wicket haul on debut in all three formats of international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.one/match-hub/dream-debut-alert-harshit-rana-becomes-the-first-indian-to-achieve-special-feat/67a4a330968452cc54ce7ae6 |title=Dream Debut Alert! Harshit Rana Becomes The First Indian To Achieve Special Feat |work=OneCricket |access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 February 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 304 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Joe Root]] 69 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/35 (10 overs)
| score2 = 308/6 (44.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 119 (90)
| wickets2 = [[Jamie Overton]] 2/27 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439905.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) played his 50th ODI as captain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/ind-vs-eng-2nd-odi-rohit-sharma-joins-ms-dhoni-and-virat-kohli-in-elite-list-of-indian-captains-9220703.html |title=IND Vs ENG 2nd ODI: Rohit Sharma Joins MS Dhoni And Virat Kohli In Elite List Of Indian Captains |work=[[News18]] |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Joe Root]] (Eng) scored his 56th fifty-plus score in ODIs, the most for England breaking the record of [[Eoin Morgan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/england-tour-of-india-2025/joe-root-surpasses-eoin-morgan-for-most-fifty-plus-scores-in-englands-odi-history/articleshow/118108794.cms |title=Joe Root surpasses Eoin Morgan for most fifty-plus scores in England's ODI history |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
* Rohit Sharma surpassed [[Sachin Tendulkar]] to become the 2nd highest run-scorer as an opener for India in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news24online.com/sports/india-vs-england-rohit-sharma-surpasses-sachin-tendulkar-in-a-stunning-record-details-inside/468482/ |title=India vs England: Rohit Sharma Surpasses Sachin Tendulkar In A Stunning Record |work=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]] |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 February 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 356 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 112 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Adil Rashid]] 4/64 (10 overs)
| score2 = 214 (34.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gus Atkinson]] 38 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/22 (6.2 overs)
| result = India won by 142 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1439906.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shubman Gill]] (Ind) became the fastest batsman to cross 2,500 runs, in terms of innings (50), surpassing South Africa's [[Hashim Amla]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/shubman-gill-creates-history-becomes-fastest-batter-in-the-world-to-9224345.html|title=Shubman Gill becomes fastest to 2,500 ODI runs, surpasses Amla |work=[[News18]] |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored 16,000 runs across all formats in Asia, becoming the 4th player overall to achieve this milestone. He also became the fastest to reach this feat in just 340 innings, surpassing [[Kumar Sangakkara]]'s 410 innings record.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/virat-kohli-becomes-fastest-player-to-score-16000-runs-across-formats-in-asia-during-ind-vs-eng-3rd-odi-enn25021203603|title=Virat Kohli Becomes Fastest Player To Score 16,000 Runs Across Formats In Asia |work=[[ETV Network]] |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
* Shubman Gill (Ind) scored his 5,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/shubman-gill-7th-odi-hundred-ahmedabad-ind-vs-eng-records-9831973/|title=Shubman Gill hits 7th ODI hundred vs England in Ahmedabad, becomes fastest batter to complete 2500 runs |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
* Shubman Gill (Ind) became only the fifth player in international cricket history to score a century in all three formats at a single venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/england-tour-of-india-2025/shubman-gill-scripts-history-with-century-in-50th-odi/articleshow/118174697.cms|title=Shubman Gill scripts history with century in 50th ODI |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-india-2024-25-1439850 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2024–25}}
{{International cricket tours of India}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in English cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:English cricket tours of India]]

Manish Borundia

2025-11-18T05:19:38Z

Flash255: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manish Borundia
| caption =
| birth_name =
| othername = Akash
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| parents =
}}

'''Manish Borundia''' is an Indian actor and model who has appeared in lead and supporting roles in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He has done around 95 ad films and been a brand ambassador for Sprite. He has done few music albums and gained popularity for a [[Malayalam]] music album.

==Career==
Born and brought up in [[Chennai]], Manish began a modelling career while managing his father's business and regularly appeared in commercials and music videos. He became acquainted with [[Ajith Kumar]] during their time as models, and often visited the actor during his film shoots.<ref name="mb">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajith-sir-introduced-me-to-the-movies-manish-borundia/articleshow/71024795.cms |title=Ajith sir introduced me to the movies: Manish Borundia | Tamil Movie News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2019-09-08 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Ajith requested Manish to play a minor acting role in ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999) after the original actor did not turn up, and thus Manish made his first on-screen appearance. In the early 2000s, Manish continued to portray supporting roles in Tamil films, often as the lead actor's friends, and notably appeared in [[S. J. Surya]]'s ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000), [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001) and [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]'s ''[[12B]]'' (2001).<ref name="mb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nameeta.co.in/rendezvous-with-manish-borundia/ |title=Rendezvous with Manish Borundia | Nameeta Renchi |publisher=Nameeta.co.in |date=2018-01-22 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thandoratimes.com |url=https://thandoratimes.com/news-id-this-handsome-actor-thanks-ajith-kumar-for-introducing-him-into-acting2198.htm |title=This handsome actor thanks Ajith Kumar for introducing him into acting - Mission Mangal- Ajithkumar- Amarkalam- Manish Borundia |publisher=Thandoratimes.com |date= |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Manish-admires-actors-like-Kamal-Haasan-and-Ananth-Nag/articleshow/33559418.cms|title=Manish admires actors like Kamal Haasan and Ananth Nag - Times of India|website=The Times of India|last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Manish-Waiting-for-good-news/articleshow/4234521.cms|title=Manish: Waiting for good news - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Manish then signed on to appear in the lead role of [[P. C. Sreeram]]'s ''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]'' (2004) and was attached to the project for six months, before being dropped due to his strong Hindi accent. The role was eventually taken by [[Karthik Kumar]]. Manish starred in his first lead role through the Kannada film ''[[Jootata]]'' (2005), appearing alongside [[Sameer Dattani|Dhyan]] and [[Richa Pallod]]. For the project, he took up the stage name of Akash, though the film did not perform well commercially and received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jootata-review-kannada-movie-7865|title=Jootata review. Jootata Kannada movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> His second Kannada film, ''[[Nannusire]]'', also under performed commercially but Manish's role was described as "short, sweet and attractive."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nannusire-review-kannada-movie-10618|title=Nannusire review. Nannusire Kannada movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He also portrayed a character in [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]'s Tamil film, ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' (2006). As his acting career failed to take off, Manish took up a job in [[Hong Kong]] before moving to [[Bengaluru]] to continue looking after his family's jewellery business.<ref name="mb"/>

In 2019, he made a comeback through Jagan Shakti's Hindi drama film ''[[Mission Mangal]]'', based on the life of scientists at the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) who contributed to the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]. Featuring among an ensemble cast including [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Vidya Balan]], Manish appeared in a supporting role of an ISRO employee.<ref name="mb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bengaluru-based-actor-manish-borundia-bags-a-role-in-mission-mangal/articleshow/67406371.cms |title=Bengaluru-based actor Manish Borundia bags a role in Mission Mangal | Kannada Movie News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2019-01-07 |accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' || Kishen || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2000 || ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' || Shiva's friend || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' || Sarika's brother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2001 || ''[[Minnale]]'' || Manish || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' || Siddhu's friend || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[12B]]'' || Shakti's coworker || Tamil || Uncredited role
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Jootata]]'' || Vicky || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' || Raja || Tamil ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nannusire]]'' || Harsha || Kannada ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' || Kaushal Saini || [[Hindi]] ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borundia, Manish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Akhil Chandra Banerjea

2025-10-31T06:24:13Z

Flash255: Made New Info

{{Short description|Indian virologist (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Akhil Chandra Banerjea
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular biology]] | [[Biochemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institutes of Health]] | [[National Institute of Immunology, India]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Gorakhpur University]] | [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology|G. B. Pant University]] | [[National Institute of Virology]] | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] | [[Duke University Hospital]] | [[Colorado State University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[viral pathogenesis]] and [[gene therapy]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2001 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2016 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] | [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]] National Foreign-Assocaiateship | [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Shakuntala Amir Chand Award }}
}}
'''Akhil Chandra Banerjea''' (born 1956) is an Indian virologist and is currently the Director at Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala. He was earlier an emeritus Scientist at the [[National Institute of Immunology, India]]. Known for his studies on [[viral pathogenesis]] and [[gene therapy]], Banerjea is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2001.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:VC Office building Pantnagar.JPG|thumb|left|G. B. Pant University]]
Akhil C. Banerjea, born in 1956<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315081652/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=K |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], did his under-graduate studies at [[Gorakhpur University]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P12-1567 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-22 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204223005/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P12-1567 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and after earning a BSc, he continued his studies at [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]] to obtain a master's degree (MSc).<ref name="Akhil C. Banerjea - faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nii.res.in/research/akhil-c-banerjea |title=Akhil C. Banerjea - faculty profile |date=2017-11-29 |website=National Institute of Immunology |access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined [[National Institute of Virology]] for his doctoral research in [[virology]] which earned him a PhD from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]. His post-doctoral work was in the US where he did research at [[Duke University Hospital]], simultaneously working as an assistant professor from 1984 to 1990 and spent the next four years (1990–94) at the [[National Institutes of Health]] as a senior staff fellow.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> On his return to India, he joined the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] and chaired the department of virology for a while. After superannuation from service, he continues his association with the institute as an emeritus Scientist.<ref name="Akhil C. Banerjea - faculty profile" /> In between, he had a two-year stint at Colorado State University as a visiting professor during 2002–04.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Legacy ==
Banerjea's research has been focusing on [[HIV/AIDS]] with special emphasis on the [[pathogenesis]], host-gene interactions and the genetic as well as the functional characterization of [[HIV-1]].<ref name="Akhil C. Banerjea - faculty profile" /> He worked on developing catalytic nucleic acids for antiviral uses and later, at [[Colorado State University]], his research was centered around conversion of [[Small interfering RNA]] (siRNA) into stem cells which was reported inn 2003 by ''[[The New York Times]]''; the approach was subsequently put on clinical trial in the US.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has also worked on the effect of lentiviral vectors, stem cells, catalytic nucleic acids and siRNA for developing gene therapy against HIV/AIDS as well as the study of host or viral genes in understanding the HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 103 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akhil_Banerjea |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> He has delivered key note or invited speeches at seminars and conferences at places such as [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], [[Duke University]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]], [[National Cancer Institute]], [[Drexel University]] and [[National University of Singapore]]. He has also mentored many research scholars in their studies.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded Banerjea the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2001.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" /> The same year, he was elected as a fellow by the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-11-24 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a recipient of the National Foreign-Associateship of the Department of Biotechnology and the Shakuntala Amir Chand Award of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="WebmedCentral Editor">{{Cite web |url=https://www.webmedcentral.com/wmc_editor_details/2877 |title=WebmedCentral Editor |date=2017-12-04 |website=WebmedCentral |access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected him as a fellow in 2012;<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-11-26 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> INSA would honor him again in 2016 with the Senior Scientist Award.<ref name="INSA Senior Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=https://insaindia.res.in/name1.php |title=INSA Senior Scientist Award |date=2017-12-04 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-04 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112121310/https://www.insaindia.res.in/name1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |author=Swagata Roy |author2=Nidhi Gupta |author3=Nithya Subramanian |author4=Tanmoy Mondal |author5=Akhil Chandra Banerjea |author6=Saumitra Das |title=Sequence-specific cleavage of hepatitis C virus RNA by DNAzymes: inhibition of viral RNA translation and replication |journal= Journal of General Virology |date=2008 |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=1579–1586 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.83650-0|pmid=18559927 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Lata S, Ali A, Sood V, Raja R, Banerjea AC|title=HIV-1 Rev downregulates Tat expression and viral replication via modulation of NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) |journal=Nat. Commun. |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=7244 |article-number=7244 |doi=10.1038/ncomms8244|pmid=26059226 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.7244L |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Rameez Raja |author2=Larance Ronsard |author3=Sneh Lata |author4=Shubhendu Trivedi |author5=Akhil C. Banerjea |title=HIV-1 Tat potently stabilises Mdm2 and enhances viral replication |journal=Biochem. J. |date=2017 |volume=474 |issue=14 |pages= 2449–2464 |doi=10.1042/BCJ20160825
|pmid=28468838 |pmc=5509382 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Larance Ronsard |author2=Tripti Rai |author3=Devesh Rai |author4=Vishnampettai G Ramachandran |author5=Akhil C Banerjea |title=In silico Analyses of Subtype Specific HIV-1 Tat-TAR RNA Interaction Reveals the Structural Determinants for Viral Activity |journal=Front Microbiol |date=2017 |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages= 1467 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01467|pmid=28848502 |pmc=5550727 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Larance Ronsard |author2=Nilanjana Ganguli |author3=Vivek K Singh |author4=Kumaravel Mohankumar |author5=Tripti Rai |author6=Subhashree Sridharan |author7=Sankar Pajaniradje |author8=Binod Kumar |author9=Devesh Rai |author10=Suhnrita Chaudhuri |author11=Mohane S Coumar |author12=Vishnampettai G Ramachandran |author13=Akhil C Banerjea |title=Impact of Genetic Variations in HIV-1 Tat on LTR-Mediated Transcription via TAR RNA Interaction |journal=Front Microbiol |date=2017 |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages= 706 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00706|pmid=28484443 |pmc=5399533|doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[RNA interference]]
* [[Gene knockdown]]
{{Portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Banerjea%20AC%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=28468838 |title=A. C. Banerja on PubMed |date=1 December 2017 |publisher=US National Library of Medicine |access-date=1 December 2017}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjea, Akhil Chandra}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]

Congratulations (2023 film)

2025-10-11T18:46:42Z

Flash255: Added First Info More To Come

{{Short description|Upcoming film directed by Rehan Chaudhary}}
{{Tone|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Congratulations
| image = Congratulations (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rehan Chaudhary
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sharman Joshi]]
* [[Jeegar Chauhan]]
*Vedant Maheshwari
*Rehan Chaudhary
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Rehan Chaudhary
}}
| music = Kedar - Bhargav
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sharman Joshi]]
* [[Manasi Parekh]]
* Archan Trivedi
* Swati Dave
* Jayesh Barbhaya
* Ami Bhayani
}}
| cinematography = Bhavik Hiralal Charania
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Sharman Joshi Productions
* Rehan Chaudhary Films
}}
| distributor = Rupam Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|03}}

}}

'''''Congratulations''''' is a 2023 Indian Gujarati-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Rehan Chaudhary.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/rehan-chaudhary-is-set-to-direct-a-family-drama-next/videoshow/89183050.cms?from=mdr|title= Rehan Chaudhary is set to direct a family drama next – Times of India|newspaper= The Times of India|access-date= 28 January 2023|archive-date= 17 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230117160133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/rehan-chaudhary-is-set-to-direct-a-family-drama-next/videoshow/89183050.cms?from=mdr|url-status= live}}</ref> Starring [[Sharman Joshi]] and [[Manasi Parekh]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/sharman-joshi-on-congratulations-truly-humbled-by-the-positive-response-to-my-debut-gujarati-movie-exclusive/videoshow/96773451.cms |title=Sharman Joshi on 'Congratulations': Truly humbled by the positive response to my debut Gujarati movie - Exclusive – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126072423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/sharman-joshi-on-congratulations-truly-humbled-by-the-positive-response-to-my-debut-gujarati-movie-exclusive/videoshow/96773451.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> it is produced by [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Jeegar Chauhan]], Vedant Maheshwari and Rehan Chaudhary, and distributed by Rupam Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.

== Plot ==

Aditya marries his college girlfriend Ragini. Ragini is ready to have children however, Aditya is not. After a miscarriage and delivering a stillborn, Ragini cannot conceive a baby. Aditya will find out how far he will go to revive his love life with Ragini and what he will do to conceive children with her.

== Cast ==
* [[Sharman Joshi]] as Aditya<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/sharman-joshi-drops-first-look-from-congratulations20230102193050/|title= Sharman Joshi drops first look from 'Congratulations' – ANI|access-date= 28 January 2023|archive-date= 23 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230123191709/https://aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/sharman-joshi-drops-first-look-from-congratulations20230102193050/|url-status= live}}</ref>
* [[Manasi Parekh]] as Ragini<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/sharman-joshi-and-manasi-parekh-to-star-in-rehan-chaudharys-comedy-drama-exclusive/articleshow/89496731.cms |title=Sharman Joshi and Manasi Parekh to star in Rehan Chaudhary's comedy-drama - Exclusive! – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127164021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/sharman-joshi-and-manasi-parekh-to-star-in-rehan-chaudharys-comedy-drama-exclusive/articleshow/89496731.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Jayesh Barbhaya as Dr Kartik <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/jayesh-barbhaya-i-was-very-reluctant-to-do-a-gujarati-film-exclusive/articleshow/97171718.cms |title=Jayesh Barbhaya: I was very reluctant to do a Gujarati film- Exclusive! – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Rathod |first1=Vaishali |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/jayesh-barbhaya-i-was-very-reluctant-to-do-a-gujarati-film-exclusive/articleshow/97171718.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Ami Bhayani as Dr. Ira
* Archan Trivedi as Kamlesh Mehta
* Swati Dave as Ramila Mehta

== Production ==
The film is produced by [[Sharman Joshi]], Jeegar Chauhan, Vendant Maheshwari and Rehan Chaudhry. [[Sharman Joshi]], Jayesh Barbhaya and Ami Bhayani made their Gujarati Cinema debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/check-out-these-exclusive-pictures-from-the-set-of-congratulations/articleshow/96765032.cms|title= Check out these EXCLUSIVE pictures from the set of 'Congratulations' – Times of India|newspaper= The Times of India|access-date= 28 January 2023|archive-date= 17 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230117142544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/check-out-these-exclusive-pictures-from-the-set-of-congratulations/articleshow/96765032.cms|url-status= live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Congratulations
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Kedar - Bhargav
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|14}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Gujarati
| label = Jeegar Chauhan Productions
}}
The soundtrack was composed by Kedar - Bhargav.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Congratulations (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Gujarati Songs by Bhargav Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/congratulations-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=21 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Bhargav Purohit
| title1 = Bekhabar
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Manasi Parekh]]
| length1 = 3:53
| title2 = Saari Saari
| extra2 = Vrattini Ghadge
| length2 = 2:13
| title3 = Jaage Jaage
| extra3 = [[Jigardan Gadhavi]]
| length3 = 3:45
| total_length = 9:51
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The first poster was released on 3 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/congratulations-poster-out-sharman-joshis-pregnant-avatar-grabs-major-eyeballs/articleshow/96683642.cms|title= 'Congratulations' Poster Out! Sharman Joshi's pregnant avatar grabs major eyeballs – Times of India|newspaper= The Times of India|access-date= 28 January 2023|archive-date= 3 January 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230103074532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/congratulations-poster-out-sharman-joshis-pregnant-avatar-grabs-major-eyeballs/articleshow/96683642.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> The trailer was released on 13 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/rehan-chaudhary-on-congratulations-i-was-really-nervous-before-the-trailer-launch-exclusive/articleshow/97049721.cms |title=Rehan Chaudhary on 'Congratulations': I was really nervous before the trailer launch- Exclusive! – Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Rathod |first1=Vaishali |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123044255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/rehan-chaudhary-on-congratulations-i-was-really-nervous-before-the-trailer-launch-exclusive/articleshow/97049721.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film released on 3 February 2023.

== Accolades ==
The film received 2 nominations at the 21st Transmedia Gujarati Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=21st Transmedia Award: Nominations of Gujarati dramas and films announced, see full list here {{!}} ટ્રાન્સમીડિયા એવૉર્ડના ૨૧મા વર્ષના ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો-નાટકોના નૉમિનેશન જાહેર, જુઓ લિસ્ટ |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/21st-transmedia-award-nominations-of-gujarati-dramas-and-films-announced-see-full-list-here-212272 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2023]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title| 25436804}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]

The Stone Boy (TV series)

2025-10-08T13:20:15Z

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{{Short description|Indian children's television series}}
{{italic}}
{{moresources|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
'''''The Stone Boy''''' is an Indo-Mauritius short film <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/stoneboy-doordarshan-old-tv-serial-stone-boy-281974.html|title=Stoneboy Doordarshan Old Tv Serial Stone Boy|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 July 2016|access-date=2022-09-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19910415-master-manjunath-now-in-new-teleserial-stone-boy-814352-1991-04-15|title=Master Manjunath now in new teleserial 'Stone Boy'|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> broadcast as a children's television series that aired on the Indian television channel [[DD National]] in 1991. It was directed by [[T.S. Nagabharana]]. The story was based on a fantasy story of a poor farmer/milkman boy who was cursed by fairies.

== Plot ==
Ajith and his sister Archana have to shift to a new country as their father's job gets transferred for a year to write about the history of Mauritius. They get admitted to a new school. Initially they find it difficult to befriend their new classmates and end up fighting with Bholu and his group. They seem envious of Ajit and are not ready to accept him and try to bully him always. During a school mountain trekking event Ajit learns of a mountain called Stone Boy as a big stone on the top of the mountain resembles a rock. The rumors were that whosoever goes to the mountain vanishes. During that night, Ajit climbs that mountain and sings a song "Aaa gaya hoon paas tere, chod ke sab yaar mere, karle mujhse dosti, Stone Boy". Miraculously a friendly boy appears in front. The stone boy immediately befriends Ajit and informs him that he had been cursed and every 50 years he would appear for only three days only by a call from the true heart of friendship. Ajit asks Stone boy about his story and Stone boy recites that a long, long time ago his name was Dhinu and he was the son of a poor farmer/milkman. He was very wise. He owned a cow and selling that cow's milk was his only source of income. Every day he used to milk his cow and went selling that milk. One day when he was returning home from his business, he saw a group of very beautiful fairies who were dancing and singing. He saw their whole "leela" by hiding behind a large stone. Eventually a fairy happened to see him. The head of the fairies got very angry and gives order to kill the stone boy. But the poor boy pleads for forgiveness. One of the fairies feels pity on him, and asks for forgiveness from the head fairy. As the curse could not be taken back thus the Head fairy asks stone boy to make a promise of not telling about the fairies to anyone and that would in turn give him riches else he would turn into stone and only once in 50 years for three days he would turn back to life. The fairy says "From now onward, you will get prosperous. All your problems will get solved. But only while you keep this secret that we fairies visit this place on earth. You shall have to keep this secret. If you ever tell this to anyone, all your prosperity will be lost and you will get transformed into a stone. You can only appear on being called as a normal human being once in fifty years, for just three days. After three days of your coming back to humans you shall again be transformed into stone for another fifty years waiting for someone to call you. This would be your punishment for not keeping our secret."

As days pass Dhinu starts getting rich as his cow starts giving more milk. This makes the villagers jealous and envious of Dhinu and family. The villagers decide to find the truth. One day during his return from work Dhinu is stopped by the villagers and they threaten to beat him and his family. Fearing this Dhinu starts telling the truth about fairies and no sooner than he utters the secret his body is transformed into a stone of arbitrary shape. That mountain has been called the Stone Boy ever since. The stone boy then informs Ajit that only Ajit can see and hear him.

Ajit takes stone boy home where stone boy finishes up the entire ration of the house as he was very hungry. The next day Ajit and stone boy visit the supermarket and later that day Ajit introduces stone boy to his sister as well. The next day in the school Ajit is challenged for a football match by Bholu where stone boy helps Ajit to win.

They enjoy the day at the beach where Stone boy takes them to the caves where antique items were lying. Ajit and Archana take an ancient bell home which is later noticed by their father. Their father later finds out from his colleagues that the bell was a part of a treasure-laden ship Solomon which was lost at sea.

Later that day stone boy shows the treasure to Ajit and friends and asks them to use the treasure to build a heaven for the kids. They are followed by Bholu who traps them in that cave. Stone boy helps all to come out and realizes that his three days are over and he must return to the top of the mountain or else he will turn into ash. Ajit and friends assist the stone boy to go to the top of the mountain and he is losing his strength. They are followed by Bholu and his friends who try to stop them. Bholu mistakenly falls into a swamp and is drowning. Hearing his shouts the stone boy helps Bholu and saves his life. Bholu realizes his mistake and takes the stone boy to the top of the mountain along with Ajit. The stone boy bids farewell to all and hands over his flute to Ajit as a token of friendship. The Stone boy turns into stone. Ajit and friends tell the truth about the stone boy to their parents who do not believe it.

After another 50 years, the granddaughter of Ajith, again calls the Stone Boy on the same mountain and he returns to life and reunites with Ajith, Archana and Ajith's granddaughter.

== Cast ==

* [[Master Manjunath|Manjunath]] as Ajit
*Neha Contractor as Archana
*[[Sridhar (actor)|Shridhar]] as Ashok, Ajit and Archana's father
* Ankur Zaveri as Stone Boy
*Rajesh Chand as the Bholu
*Parikshit Ambatkar as Vijay
*Dinesh Chand as Gopi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0245666}}

{{Children television series in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stone Boy}}

[[Category:Indian children's television series]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 television films]]
[[Category:1991 in Indian television]]
[[Category:Doordarshan television films]]

Dal bati churma

2025-09-22T13:16:37Z

Flash255: Added Some Post V1

{{Short description|Dish in Rajasthani cuisine}}
{{nofootnotes|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Rajasthani Dal Bati Churma - Gurugram - Haryana - 03.jpg|thumb|Dal (bottom right), bati (bottom left), and churma (top right)]]
'''Dal bati churma''' is the most popular dish in [[Rajasthani cuisine]]. It is made up of three components of ''[[Baati|bati]]'', ''[[dal]]'', and ''[[churma]]''. Dal is lentils, bati is a baked wheat ball, and [[churma]] is powdered sweetened cereal. ''[[Churma]]'' is a popular delicacy mostly served with ''[[baati]]s'' and ''[[dal]]''. It is coarsely ground wheat crushed and cooked with ''[[ghee]]'' and sugar. Traditionally it is made by mashing up wheat flour baatis or left over [[roti]]s in ghee and [[jaggery]].

== External links ==
* [http://www.rajasthanatoz.com/rajasthan-cuisine.html Rajasthan Cuisine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302065931/http://www.rajasthanatoz.com/rajasthan-cuisine.html |date=2 March 2010 }}
* [http://www.bawarchi.com/contribution/contrib4083.html Recipe for Churma Ladoo]
{{Legume dishes}}
[[Category:Rajasthani cuisine]]
[[Category:Legume dishes]]

[[gu:દાલ બાટી]]
[[hi:दाल बाटी चूरमा]]

Tanka Bahadur Subba

2025-08-21T15:46:00Z

Flash255:

{{short description|Indian anthropologist from Darjeeling, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Tanka Bahadur Subba
| image =
| image_size = 400*150
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling district, West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of North Bengal]]|[[Darjeeling]]|[[North Eastern Hill University]]}}
| awards =
| signature =
}}

'''Tanka Bahadur Subba''' is currently the visiting professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT Gandhinagar {{!}} Tanka B. Subba |url=https://iitgn.ac.in/faculty/hss/fac-tanka |website=iitgn.ac.in |language=en}}</ref> He was the second vice chancellor of [[Sikkim University]] in [[India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sikkimuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=216|title=Vice-Chancellor's Office|publisher=Sikkim University|accessdate=24 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110160519/https://www.sikkimuniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=216|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikkimtimes.com/?p=262|title=Prof TB Subba takes charge as new VC of Sikkim University|last=Gurung|first=Anusha|date=19 October 2012|publisher=[[Sikkim#Media|Sikkim Now]]|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northeasttoday.in/our-states/sikkim/prof-tanka-bahadur-subba-new-vc-of-sikkim-university/|title=Prof Tanka Bahadur Subba, New VC of Sikkim University|publisher=Northeast Today|date=26 September 2012|accessdate=24 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103025627/http://www.northeasttoday.in/our-states/sikkim/prof-tanka-bahadur-subba-new-vc-of-sikkim-university/|archivedate=3 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Earlier, he was Head of [[Anthropology]] Department and [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of School of Human and Environmental Sciences, [[North Eastern Hill University]], [[Shillong]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/tribaltransitions/team/tanka-subba.html|title=tanka-subba|publisher=SOAS, University of London|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref> He was a gold medallist in MA in 1980 and his PhD, awarded in 1985 by [[University of North Bengal]], was on "Caste, Class and Agrarian Relations in the Nepali Society of Darjeeling and Sikkim". Since then he has been researching on various aspects of the eastern Himalayas like ethnicity and development, cultural adaptation, politics of culture and identity, health and disease, and [[People of Nepal|Nepali]] diaspora. Professor Subba has held prestigious academic positions throughout his career and has received awards like the [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] Fellowship (Mumbai), Dr. Panchanan Mitra Lectureship (Asiatic Society, Kolkata) and DAAD Guest professorship at the Free University of [[Berlin]] and Baden-Wuerttemberg Fellowship at the South Asian Institute of [[Heidelberg University]].

He is a member of the Advisory Board of the National Museum of Mankind in [[Bhopal]], India. He has authored and edited about a dozen books and over 60 articles on various issues related to the eastern [[Himalayas]]. He is the editor of an internationally refereed biannual journal called The NEHU Journal for the past nine years and is a member of the editorial advisory boards of several international journals like Contributions to Indian Sociology (Delhi) and Asian Anthropology (Chinese University of Hong Kong).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/stipendiaten/subba.php|title=Prof. Dr. Tanka B. Subba|publisher=South Asian Institute|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The quiet hills: a study of agrarian relations in Hill Darjeeling'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba. Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, India by the I.S.P.C.K, 1985.
* ''Dynamics of a hill society: the Nepalis in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba. Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1989.
* ''Flight and adaptation: Tibetan refugees in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1990.
* ''Religion and society in the Himalayas'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba and Karubaki Datta. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, India, 1991.
* ''Ethnicity, state, and development: a case study of the Gorkhaland movement in Darjeeling'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba. Har-Anand Publications in association with Vikas Publications House, New Delhi, 1992.
* ''Politics of culture: a study of three Kirata communities in the eastern Himalayas'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba. Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi, 1999. {{ISBN|8125016937}}.
* ''The Nepalis In Northeast India: A Community In Search Of Indian Identity'', by T.B. Subba, A.C. Sinha, B.G. Tandon. Indus Publishing Company, 2000. {{ISBN|9788173871382}}.
* ''Anthropology of North-East India: A Textbook'', by Tanka Bahadur Subba and G. C. Ghosh Orient Longman Limited, New Delhi, 2003. {{ISBN|8125023356}}.
* ''Indigeneity in India: Studies in Anthropology, Economy and Society'', by B. G. Karlsson and Tanka Bahadur Subba. Kegan Paul, 2006. {{ISBN|9780710312105}}.
* ''Indian Nepalis: Issues and Perspectives'', edited by Tanka Bahadur Subba, A. C. Sinha, G. S. Nepal, D. R. Nepal. Concept Publishing Company, 2009. {{ISBN|9788180694462}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subba, T.B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sikkim University]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Limbu people]]
[[Category:Indian university and college faculty deans]]

Mr. Bond

2025-08-12T18:25:23Z

Flash255: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[James Bond]]

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}}

Yerambam

2025-07-22T10:06:05Z

Flash255: minor edit

{{italics title}}
{{Short description|Ancient Indian mathematical treatise}}
'''Yerambam''' ({{langx|ta|ஏரம்பம்}}) was an ancient [[Indian mathematics|Indian mathematical]] treatise in the [[Tamil language]]. It was among the few ancient Tamil works on mathematics such as the work of Kanakkadhigaram and the manuscripts of Kilvaai and Kulimaattru.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?SectionName=Tamil%20Mani&artid=386276&SectionID=179&MainSectionID=179&SEO=&Title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D
| title = தமிழின் கண்கள் [The eyes of Tamil]
| last = Selvaganapathi
| first = A. K.
| date = 6 March 2011
| website = Tamilmani
| publisher =
| access-date = 18 March 2011
| quote =
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==The work==
Yerambam was one of the works in the corpus of ancient Tamil mathematical works, which includes several other works such as ''Kilaralaabam'', ''Adhisaram'', ''Kalambagam'', ''Thribuvana Thilagam'', ''Kanidha Rathinam'', and ''Sirukanakku''. In addition to these, there were two other works for which the name of the author is known: ''Kanakku Nool'' by Kaakkai Paadiniyaar and ''Kanakkadhigaram'' by Kaarinaayanar.<ref name="PudhuvaiNandhivarman"/>

Kaarinaayanar cites Yerambam and the six other works in the ancient corpus as the sources of his work ''Kanakkadhigaram''.<ref name="PudhuvaiNandhivarman"/> Yerambam is also explicitly mentioned by name by [[Parimelalhagar]] in his commentary on Thirukkural.<ref>{{Cite web |title=திருக்குறள் பரிமேலழகர் உரை/பொருட்பால்/40.கல்வி |url=https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D/40.%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF}}</ref>

According to [[Devaneya Pavanar]], the work is completely lost to modern times.<ref name="PudhuvaiNandhivarman">{{cite book
| last = Nandhivarman
| first = Pudhuvai
| author-link =
| title = தமிழர் நாடும் தனிப் பண்பாடும் [The land of the Tamils and their unique culture]
| publisher = Arjuna Padhippagam
| series =
| volume =
| edition =
| date = n.d.
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
| mr =
| zbl =
| jfm = }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kaṇakkatikāram]]
* [[Kaṇita Tīpikai]]
* [[Tamil literature]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ta.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D Yerambam, Tamil Wiktionary entry]
{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yerambam}}
[[Category:Sangam literature]]
[[Category:Books about mathematics]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian mathematical works]]

Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai

2025-07-12T15:47:37Z

Flash255: creating a article

{{Short description|Indian scholar, journalist, philosopher (1900–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai
| image =
| native_name =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1900|8|1}}
| birth_place = Kuttipuzha, [[Paravur, Ernakulam, Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|2|11|1900|8|1}}
| death_place = Angamali, [[Ernakulam, Kerala]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Critic, scholar, journalist
| alma mater = {{ublist|||}}
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist|Sankaran Nambuthiri|Devaki Amma}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Granthavalokanam''|''Sahitheeyam''|''Vicharaviplavam''|''Vimarsanavum Veekshanavum''}}
| website =
| awards = Soviet Land Nehru Award
}}
'''Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai''' (1 August 1900 – 11 February 1971), was an Indian scholar, journalist, philosopher, atheist and critic of [[Malayalam language]]. Counted among the prominent literary critics of the language, he wrote a number of books covering the genres of literary criticism and philosophy. He presided over the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], chaired the advisory board of the [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] as an [[ex-officio]] member and was a recipient of the [[Soviet Land Nehru Award]].

== Biography ==
[[File:UC College Aluva.JPG|thumb|left|U. C. College Aluva]]
Krishna Pillai added the moniker Kuttipuzha to his name after the village in [[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]] in [[Ernakulam district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] where he was born on 1 August 1900 to Oorumanakkal Sankaran Nambuthiri and Kurungattuveettil Devaki Amma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KuttipuzhaKrishnaPillai/Html/Kuttipuzhagraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-22 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> His schooling was at Ayiroor Primary School and St. Mary's High School, [[Aluva]] and after passing the school final examination in 1921, he joined the [[Alwaye Advaita Ashram]] school the next year. He stayed at the school until 1928 during which time he resumed his studies to pass the vidwan examination of the [[University of Madras]] to join the [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] as a faculty at the department of Malayalam, without interrupting his own studies to pass the degree of BOL in 1940. Before his superannuation from service as a professor in 1961, he sat in the senate of the [[University of Kerala]] in 1958.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Krishna Pillai, who remained a bachelor throughout his life, served as the president of the [[kerala Sahitya Akademi]] during 1968–71and was an [[ex-officio]] member of the advisory council of the [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]].<ref name="Kerala Bhasha Institute - History">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralabhashainstitute.org/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |title=Kerala Bhasha Institute - History |date=2019-04-22 |website=Kerala Bhasha Institute |access-date=2019-04-22 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He also held several noted positions such as those of the convener of the text book committee and the director of the Children's literature workshop. It was during a function in [[Aluva]] on the last day of 1970, he fell unconscious and was taken to a hospital in [[Angamali]] where he died on 11 February 1971, at the age of 70.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Legacy and honours ==

Krishna Pillai was known to have been among the writers who led Malayalam literature forward from the narrative prose of earlier writers such as [[Kottarathil Sankunni]].<ref name="Birth Anniversary Celebrations">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/apr/05/birth-anniversary-celebrations-738231.html |title=Birth Anniversary Celebrations |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 April 2015 |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref><ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1226|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1226–}}</ref><ref name="Raveendran2002">{{cite book|author=P. P. Raveendran|title=Joseph Mundasseri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mU7zHtik0ZoC&pg=PA25|year=2002|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1535-1|pages=25–}}</ref> He was a scholar of western and oriental philosophy and his book on philosophy, ''Vichara Viplavam'' was considered by many as an influential philosophical text.<ref name="Remembering a legendary writer">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/remembering-a-legendary-writer/article24585815.ece |title=Remembering a legendary writer |date=2018-08-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref><ref name="Sivasankari2017">{{cite book|author=Sivasankari|title=Knit India Through Literature Volume 1 - The South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168|date=5 March 2017|publisher=Pustaka Digital Media|pages=168–|id=PKEY:6580101802203}}</ref> He was an atheist and he introduced different philosophical schools to Malayalam language through his works.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA251|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=251–}}</ref> His oeuvre comprises 19 books, which include ''Kuttipuzhayude Prabandangal - Thatwachitha'', ''Kuttipuzhayude Prabandangal - Sahityavimarsham'' and ''Kuttipuzhayude Prabandangal - Nireekshanam'', all the three published by Kerala Sahtya Akademi.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KuttipuzhaKrishnaPillai/Html/Kuttipuzhabooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-22 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref> [[Changampuzha Krishna Pillai]] was among the writers who were impressed by his scholarship and the poet dedicated one of his poems, ''Yavanika'' to Krishna Pillai.<ref name="Guptannāyar2001">{{cite book|author=Es Guptannāyar|title=Changampuzha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOGaL2CIquEC&pg=PA17|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1292-3|pages=17–}}</ref>

Krishna Pillai was a recipient of Soviet Land Nehru Award.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> The Union Christian College where he spent most of his career, have instituted an annual scholarship, ''Prof. Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai Memorial Endowment Scholarship'' and an annual award, ''Prof. Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai Memorial Prize'', in his honour.<ref name="Prof. Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai Memorial Endowment Scholarship">{{Cite web |url=http://malayalam.uccollege.edu.in/scholarships/ |title=Prof. Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai Memorial Endowment Scholarship |date=2019-04-22 |website=UC College Department of Malayalam |access-date=2019-04-22}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=212113 |title=Chintha Tharangam |last=Krishna Pillai. Kuttipuzha |date=1960 |publisher=N.B.S |location=Kottayam }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133132&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kuttipuzha%2520Krishna%2520Pillai |title=Grandhaavalokam |last=Krishna Pillai |first=Kuttipuzha |date=1990 |location=Thrissur, Kerala Sahitya Academy}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=133762&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kuttipuzha%2520Krishna%2520Pillai |title=Kuttipuzhayude prabhandangal: saahityavimarsanam |last=Krishna Pillai |first=Kuttipuzha |date=1990 |series=1 |location=Thrissur, Kerala Sahitya Academy}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=170071&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Kuttipuzha%2520Krishna%2520Pillai |title=Smarana manjari |last=Krishna Pillai |first=Kuttipuzha |location=Thrissur, Current Books |language=Malayalam}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/7559 |title=Critical works of Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai: a study |last=Unnikrishnan |first=K. N. |date=1998 |website=INFLIBNET |language=Malayalam |access-date=2019-04-22}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/203367 |title=Kuttipuzha Krishnapillai |last=B |first=Nair P. K. |date=1973 |website=find.uoc.ac.in |language=Malayalam |access-date=2019-04-22}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KuttipuzhaKrishnaPillai/Html/KuttipuzhaKrishnaPillai.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KuttipuzhaKrishnaPillai/Html/KuttipuzhaScript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-15 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-15}}
* {{cite book|author=Ke. Vi Rāmakr̥ṣṇan|title=N.V. Krishna Warrior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wl09A6HRO2YC&pg=PA103|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0950-3|pages=103–}}
* {{cite book|author=Mervin Shinoj Boas|title=Encounter Between Marxian Philosophy and Theology of Humanisation in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wNPh13UumdsC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-984-0|pages=23–}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Kuttipuzha Krishna}}
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]

Ishq In The Air

2025-07-04T13:03:46Z

Flash255:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ishq in the Air.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Akshay Jhunjhunwala|Ayush Sharma|Chiranjeevi Bajpai|Riya Poojary}}
| director = Tanmai Rastogi
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shantanu Maheshwari]]
* Medha Rana
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Rajarshi Sanyal
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 5 
| list_episodes =
| producer = Sameer Gogate Deepali Handa
| location = [[Indore]] [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Sayak Bhattacharya
| editor = Manish Jaitly
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 32-37 mins
| company = [[BBC Studios]]
| budget =
| network = [[Amazon miniTV]] [[MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|9|20}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Ishq In The Air''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama]] television series directed by Tanmai Rastogi and written by Akshay Jhunjhunwala, Ayush Sharma, Chiranjeevi Bajpai and Riya Poojary.<ref>{{cite web | title='Ishq In The Air' trailer showcases brewing romance between a photographer, hair stylist | website=DT Next | date=18 September 2024 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ott/ishq-in-the-air-trailer-showcases-brewing-romance-between-a-photographer-hair-stylist-804164 | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=26 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926003015/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ott/ishq-in-the-air-trailer-showcases-brewing-romance-between-a-photographer-hair-stylist-804164 | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced under [[BBC Studios]], it stars [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] and [[Medha Rana]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Shantanu Maheshwari, Medha Rana to star in romantic-drama series Ishq In The Air | website=Cinema Express | date=18 September 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Sep/18/shantanu-maheshwari-medha-rana-to-star-in-romantic-drama-series-ishq-in-the-air | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=26 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926004349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2024/Sep/18/shantanu-maheshwari-medha-rana-to-star-in-romantic-drama-series-ishq-in-the-air | url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]] on 20 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Sanghamitra | title=Shantanu Maheshwari and Medha Rana's Ishq In The Air to hit Amazon MX Player this month; trailer out | website=Telegraph India | date=18 September 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shantanu-maheshwari-and-medha-ranas-ishq-in-the-air-to-hit-amazon-mx-player-this-month-trailer-out/cid/2048749 | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=26 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926002347/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shantanu-maheshwari-and-medha-ranas-ishq-in-the-air-to-hit-amazon-mx-player-this-month-trailer-out/cid/2048749 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] as Naman
* [[Medha Rana]] as Kavya
* Vandana Joshi
* Brij Bhushan Shukla
* Abhishek Sharrma
* Sanjeev Vats
* Sanjay Motilal Gurbaxani

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[BBC Studios]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Kharbanda | first=Navya | title=Exclusive: Shantanu Maheshwari, Medha Rana's romantic show titled Ishq In The Air; details inside | website=Hindustan Times | date=3 September 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-shantanu-maheshwari-medha-ranas-romantic-show-titled-ishq-in-the-air-details-inside-101724504322939.html | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=3 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903060316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-shantanu-maheshwari-medha-ranas-romantic-show-titled-ishq-in-the-air-details-inside-101724504322939.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 19 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title='Ishq in the Air' trailer shows Shantanu Maheshwari's romantic adventure | website=The Statesman | date=19 September 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/ishq-in-the-air-trailer-shows-shantanu-maheshwaris-romantic-adventure-1503344821.html | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=19 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919051022/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/ishq-in-the-air-trailer-shows-shantanu-maheshwaris-romantic-adventure-1503344821.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News]]'' reviewed the series.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bhatia | first=Amit | title=Ishq In The Air Review: Shantanu Maheshwari And Medha Rana Steal the Show | website=ABP Live | date=23 September 2024 | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/ishq-in-the-air-review-starring-shantanu-maheshwari-and-medha-rana-on-amazon-mini-tv-1719316 | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=24 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924013601/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/ishq-in-the-air-review-starring-shantanu-maheshwari-and-medha-rana-on-amazon-mini-tv-1719316 | url-status=live }}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=Ishq in the Air Season 1 Review: Shantanu Maheshwari and Medha Rana's love journey is sweet but not without turbulence | website=The Times of India | date=21 September 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ishq-in-the-air/ishq-in-the-air-season-1/seasonreview/113523432.cms | access-date=25 September 2024 | archive-date=26 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926112221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/ishq-in-the-air/ishq-in-the-air-season-1/seasonreview/113523432.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.amazon.in/minitv/tp/2c4dc863-74f0-4b00-944a-2af29b3b37d5 ''Ishq In The Air''] on [[Amazon miniTV]]
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-ishq-in-the-air-series-online-221aebdd3ef31ed1464a0ac9443df97a ''Ishq In The Air''] on [[MX Player]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Prajapati (novel)

2025-06-24T16:01:29Z

Flash255: formatting fix

{{Short description|1967 novel by Indian writer Samaresh Basu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{about|the novel||Prajapati (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox novel
| name = Prajapati
| image =
| caption = Cover page of the second edition
| author = [[Samaresh Basu]]
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| publisher = [[Ananda Publishers]]
| published = 1967
}}

'''''Prajapati''''' ({{lit|Butterfly}}) is a 1967 novel by Bengali author [[Samaresh Basu]]. It was first published in the puja issue of ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'', by [[Ananda Publishers]]. The novel is about a young boy who is used as the premises to understand his background and the society in which he lives.

On 2 February 1968, a lawyer named [[Amal Mitra]] filed a charge of [[obscenity]] against Basu and the publisher [[Shitangshu Kumar Dasgupta]]. The [[Government of West Bengal]] supported Mitra and spoke against ''Prajapati''. The lower court ruled the novel is obscene and has no [[Artistic value|literary value]]. [[Calcutta High Court]] upheld the lower court's verdict. After seventeen years, ''Prajapati'' was [[List of books banned in India|unbanned]] after a ruling by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in its favour.

Ananda Publishers had published ''Prajapati'' as a hard-cover book before the charge of obscenity was made against it. In its second edition in 1985, soon after the verdict was overturned, it made record sales. The 11th [[Edition (book)|edition]] of ''Prajapati'' states the first edition had a print-run of 8,800 copies but the second-to-tenth editions (from 1985 to 2003) sold 48,000 copies.

==Plot summary==

Sukhen, the protagonist, is trying to capture a butterfly. Sukhen goes to his lover's house early in the morning. As he tries to catch a butterfly, he is talking with his lover and analysing his own life as he recollects the past. Sukhen had been brought up in a family where he had found no love or affection. His mother died, leaving behind her husband and three sons: Keshav, Purnendu, Sukhendu. Both of Sukhen's elder brothers are politicians and according to Sukhen, mere opportunists. The brothers use people for their own benefit and cheat them without remorse. Sukhen remembers his mother as a flirtatious woman, and his father is devoid of any moral depth and realisation, and is mean and money-minded. Sukhen He became adventurous and had no respect for his elders and women. Sukhen's mostly-rich neighbours feared him. Mr. Chopra, manager of neighbouring industry and Mr. Mittir, the labour advisor, flattered Sukhen out of fear. Sukhen remembers Jina, the daughter of Mr. Mittir, who had been seduced by her uncle Mr. Chatterjee, a colleague of her father. Sukhen also had seduced Jina.

Sukhen had become addicted to women and alcohol soon after having entered college. He became attracted to a woman named Shikha. Sukhen fell in love with Shikha when he was taking part in a [[hunger strike]] conducted to demand the rehabilitation of a recently dismissed teacher of the college and to stop the construction of a multi-storeyed building close to the college gate.

Shikha is from a poor family and her father is a drunkard. Shikha's two brothers were subordinates of Sukhen's brothers in Sukhen's brothers' political parties. Her only sister Bela was married but lived at her father's house and flirted with several men.

The presence of Shikha in Sukhen's life offered him respite from his careless, perplexed life. This relationship helped revive his latent sense. Sukhen hates hypocrisy and politicians who cheated and oppressed people for their own needs, and teachers who used their students as a political weapon for personal benefits. Sukhen also hates the owners and governing-body members of industries who squeeze the labourers; he also hates parents who were indifferent to their children, and those who [[Commercial sexual exploitation of children|abused children for sexual satisfaction]]. He also disliked the heinous attack of [[List of United States military bases|American soldiers]] on prostitutes. The atrocities around him agonised and traumatised him. He sometimes suffers from a subtle pain to his shoulder, and channelled his energy into anger to numb the pain. Sukhen urinates under his father's table, untidies his brothers' rooms, and calls out to servants to divert his attention.

Sukhen, who was otherwise brash, respected Shulada, an elderly servant of their house. Keshob, Sukhen's elder brother, is a powerful political leader who allegedly illegally traded in baby foods and railway spare parts. Keshav has several extramarital affairs with married women and young women who were members of his own party. Purnendu, Sukhen's immediate elder brother, is also a political leader and an employee in a governmental office. Purnendu's political party apparently worked for the poor and fought for justice but Purnrndu has sex with their maidservant's daughter. Both of Sukhen's brothers want him to join their parties. Sukhen refuses to join either of them and severely criticises their agendas. Sukhen becomes the enemy of both groups.

Sukhen breaks off one wing of the butterfly; Shikha tries to revive it but the butterfly eventually dies. After having talked with Shikha, Sukhen leaves for home but instead goes to visit Nirapadbabu, a primary school master watching Ramesh, a worker of Purnendu's party, delivering a lecture. He wonders about Nirapadababu's peaceful life and dreams of having a wife like Nirapadababu's. Sukhen plans to marry Shikha and live peacefully like Nirapadababu. Sukhen also enjoys the company of N’Kori Haldar, the superintendent of police at the local police station; and Bimal, a devoted worker of Purnendu's party. As he thinks of living a simple life with Shikha as his wife, Sukhen goes to see Mr. Chopra and get himself a job but Chopra refuses him, knowing Sukhen is a hooligan. Perturbed, Sukhen wonders who are the simple and good boys?

Sukhen goes in search of his friend Shutka but finds Shibe, another friend of his, in Dayalda's tea stall. Suddenly, Sukhen feels the strange pain close to his shoulder; to suppress it, he drinks alcohol and goes to Shibe's house, where he meets Manjari and falls asleep. In the evening, Sukhen awakens and finds Shutka close to him. Sukhen goes to Shikha's house, where he had promised to go that evening. Sukhen returns home at night, takes a bath and sleeps without having eaten. The next day, there is a strike. In the evening, Sukhen goes out and finds himself in the midst of two processions. He is severely injured in a bomb explosion and is admitted in a hospital. One of Sukhen's arms has been blown off and he finally dies due to the injury.

==Controversies==

===Charge===
On 2 February 1968, Bengali lawyer [[Amal Mitra]] complained in the court of [[Magistrate|Chief Presidency Magistrate]] in [[Calcutta]] ''Prajapati'' "contains matters which are obscene and both the accused persons have sold, distributed, printed and exhibited the same which has the tendency to corrupt the morals of those in whose hands the said ''Sharadiya Desh'' may fall". Both Samaresh Basu and Shitangshu Kumar Dasgupta, the publisher and printer of ''Desh'', were said to have committed an offence punishable under Section 292 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) and under Section 292 read with Section 109 IPC (abetment).<ref>[http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Broadcast-Laws-and-Regulations/Obscenity-under-the-law-A-review-of-significant-cases.html Obscenity under the law: A review of significant cases]. ''infochangeindia.org''.</ref>

===Supreme Court trial===
{{refimprove section|date=November 2023}}
Samaresh Basu and the owners of ''Desh'' appealed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 9 July 1973 by [[Special Leave Petitions in India|Special Leave]] according to Article 136 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. This appeal was fixed with Justice [[Hans Raj Khanna|H. R. Khanna]] and Justice Algiri Swami on 24 August 1973. The Supreme Court accepted the appeal against the order of [[High Court of Calcutta]], giving the case the appeal number 174/1973 for ''Samaresh Basu and Shitangshu Kumar Dasgupta versus Amal Mitra and West Bengal Government''.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

On 24 September 1985, the Supreme Court announced its verdict, declaring ''Prajapati'' free from obscenity and all overturned the complaints about Samaresh Basu and Shitangshu Kumar Dasgupta. The court concluded: <blockquote>On a very anxious consideration and after carefully applying our judicial mind in making an objective assessment of the novel, we do not think that it can be said with any assurance that the novel is obscene merely because slang and unconventional words have been used in the book in which there have been emphasis on sex and description of female bodies and there are the narrations of feelings, thoughts and actions in vulgar language.{{cn|date=January 2024}}</blockquote>
It took 12 years and the verdict of the Supreme Court for the novel to be cleared of charges. [[Sagarmoy Ghosh]], the working editor of ''Desh'' of that time, noted this event as an historical landmark in Bengali literature. He said there were some books that got banned and subsequently released from conviction from the local court. He also said he did not know of any such event like ''Prajapati'' that had gone on to face conviction for seventeen years. Following the Supreme Court's verdict, the novel was republished.<ref>''Prajapati'' (11th edition). "Appendix". Compiled by Bijit Kumar Basu. {{ISBN|81-7066-469-1}}</ref>

===Effects of judgement===

Several important propositions were raised on the law of obscenity in India while dealing with this case, such as the definition of obscenity and the determinants of obscenity in literature. ‘…legal concept used to characterize certain (particularly sexual) material as offensive to the public sense of decency. A wholly satisfactory definition of obscenity is elusive, however, largely because what is considered obscene is often, like beauty, in the eye of the beholder. Although the term originally referred to things considered repulsive, it has since acquired a more specifically sexual meaning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obscenity |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/obscenity |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=[[Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>{{not in source|date=January 2024}}

The conviction was made about using slang words in ''Prajapati'' that were unfamiliar with the literature of the time. P. M. Bakshi stated in his article "The Need for a New Convention": <blockquote>... the mere fact that the language used was vulgar would not be enough to render the book as obscene. Vulgar writing is not necessarily obscene. The essence of obscenity of a novel is the effect of depraving, debasing and corrupting the morals of the readers of the novel. Vulgarity may arouse disgust and revulsion but does not necessarily corrupt the morals of the reader.<ref>P. M. Bakshi. "The Need for a New Convention". ''[[Times of India]].'' 22 July 1986.</ref></blockquote>

==Adaptation==
In 1993, an Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali-language film]] [[Prajapati (film)|''Prajapati'']] was made by [[Biplab Chatterjee]] based on the novel. [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Satabdi Roy]], [[Robi Ghosh]] and [[Mamata Shankar]] acted in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samaresh Basu |url=http://newsmidnight.online/tag/Samaresh-Basu |access-date=11 September 2018 |website=News Midnight}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*''Prajapati'' (11th edition). "Appendix". Compiled by Bijit Kumar Basu. {{ISBN|81-7066-469-1}}.
*"Samaresh Bose and Another v. Amal Mitra and Another". ''Obscenity under the law: A review of significant cases''. Siddharth Narrain (editor).
*[[Satinath Bhaduri]] Endowment Lecture. 2. ''Amader Bastob O Samaresh Bosur Kathasilpa''. Satyajit Chaudhury.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prajapati (Novel)}}
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:1967 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels set in one day]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in literature]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Book censorship in India]]
[[Category:Indian political novels]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Obscenity case law]]
[[Category:Free speech case law]]
[[Category:Criminal law]]
[[Category:Realist novels]]
[[Category:Social realism]]
[[Category:Indian bildungsromans]]